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Hands-On-SDR

1. e 5 V DC 500 mA power supply e Short Cat5 Ethernet cable e SMA adapter to your antenna feed Here is the hardware you will need for the SDR IQ receiver e RFSpace SDR IQ receiver Figure 2 e USB type A to type B cable typical USB printer cable e BNC adapter to your antenna feed Here is the hardware you will need for the Softrock RX Ensemble II receiver e Softrock RX Ensemble II receiver Figure 3 e USB type A to type B cable typical USB printer cable e Audio patch cord 3 5 mm stereo male to male e 12 V DC 500 mA power supply e Enclosure optional e BNC adapter to your antenna feed There are six pieces of software you need to make these receivers operate with HDSDR We will cover software downloading and installation in the next section e HDSDR application for all receivers e FTDI USB driver for SDR IQ e LibUSB driver for Softrock receiver e ExtlO_SDRSTICK dll file for SDRstick receiver e ExtlO_SDRIQ dll file for SDR IQ receiver e ExtIO_Si570 dll file for Softrock receiver Software Download and Installation Installing the software is by far the most complicated and time consuming task of the project Here we will show you where to get each piece of the software and show you some tips for download and installation that will save you some time For all receivers we need the HDSDR User Interface Download the HDSDR installer by going to www hdsdr de and clicking
2. Windows will not be able to power the receiver without the Altera USB Blaster driver however Again refer to the HF1 users manual for instructions if you want to power your receiver this way When the receiver is correctly powered up LED V701 lights on the BeMicroSDK board and LED1 and LED2 flash at about 1 Hz Connect the BeMicroSDK Ethernet port either directly to your PC or to a port on an Ethernet switch that is on the same subnet as your PC Most home networks have only one subnet so a free port on your router s internal Ethernet switch will work fine Connect your antenna or signal generator to the SMA antenna connector J4 and your hardware setup is complete To set up the SDR IQ receiver connect it to the PC with a USB type A to USB type B cable These are commonly used to connect printers to your PC The USB driver may install automatically if a suitable FTDI driver is already on your system but if it doesn t point the installer to the USB driver folder to where you unzipped the driver that you downloaded As an alternative you can go to the Device Manager and update the driver that way again pointing to the unzipped driver folder Connect your antenna or signal generator to the BNC antenna connector and your hardware setup is complete When the receiver is correctly powered up the green power light should be on and the yellow LED next to the antenna icon should be slowly pulsing To set up the Softrock
3. RX Ensemble II receiver connect it to the PC with a USB type A to USB type B cable The USB driver will install automatically since you have already installed the LibUSB software Connect the Line in connector of the Softrock to the Line in connector of your PC sound card using a 3 5 mm male to male audio patch cord Note that you must use the Line in connection typically the Microphone in connection will not work because it is a monaural input Connect 12 V power to the front panel power connector the pin is positive Connect your SDRSTICK discovered at 192 168 1 26 Model HF1 FW Version 6 A antenna or signal generator to the BNC antenna connector and your hardware setup is complete Operating and Troubleshooting We are now ready to fire up our SDR receivers Each receiver communicates with the PC differently If this communication channel is not working our SDR will not work either Let s tackle the most difficult interface first the Ethernet interface on HF1 HF1 Operation HDSDR operation with HF1 is normally quite simple but there are a few network hurdles that you might face the first time you start the software If you have a DHCP server running on your network and use it to assign addresses to both your PC and SDR you will have the least problems since the PC and radio will be on the same subnet by design If you use a fixed address for either the PC or the radio you must make sure that the
4. addresses are unique and that they are on the same subnet The default IP address for HF1 is 192 168 1 25 on the 192 168 1 x subnet Go ahead and start the HDSDR application see Figure 4 Since you have three ExtIO dll files in the HDSDR working directory you will have to choose the one to use Select ExtIO_SDRSTICK dll from the list and click OK HDSDR will perform a network discovery and with any luck find your HF1 SDR Figure 5A The network discovery dialog box see Figure 5B and 5C will warn you if your HF1 cannot be found or if your HF1 and PC are on different subnets If you get one of these warnings you must fix the problem before your receiver will work properly If you start HDSDR and see no dialog box of any kind check to make sure that you placed the three ExtIO dll files in the correct HDSDR installation directory Also check to make sure that your PC and radio IP addresses are on the same subnet Open a Windows Command Shell and ping the BeMicroSDK IP address it should respond B If not check your network addresses and connections Another thing to be aware of is that multiple available networks on the PC confuse HDSDR network discovery The most common occurrence of this problem is when you have your wireless network turned on Disable your wireless network connection and it will work just fine You can even turn the wireless network back on after successful network discovery Speaking of wireless ne
5. F5 Bandwidth F6 Options F7 Help Update F1 Full Screen F11 Stop F2 Minimize F3 Exit F4 n men Ox OA rfall RM rew 5 9 Hz Spectrum emee Z00M sem Speed Windows XP is C Program Files CFGSR and for Windows 7 it is C Program Files x86 CFGSR Look in this subfolder to find the file ExtlO_Si570 dll copy this file into the HDSDR install directory Now that the software and its three ExtIO dll translators are installed we are ready to hook up the hardware Hardware Programming If you purchased your SDRstic BeMicroSDK and HF1 from iQuadLabs the BeMicroSDK is already programmed and no hardware programming is needed If you purchased your boards from Arrow www arrownac com solutions bemicro sdk you must program the BeMicroSDK yourself before it will work The procedure is outlined in the HF1 user s manual so we will not cover it here gt No hardware programming is required for the SDR IQ or Softrock RX Ensemble II receivers k Hardware setup To set up the HFI receiver first plug the HF front end board onto the BeMicroSDK making sure to line up the pin 1 marks See the HF1 users manual for details Plug the 5 V DC power supply into the J3 connector on the HF1 board Alternatively you can plug the BeMicroSDK HF1 combination into a 5000 5500 Figure 4 Screen shot of the HDSDR user interface application 34 QEX September October 2014 USB port on your PC
6. SB connection This is the analog receive data that the PC sound card processes to form the digital I Q data stream that HDSDR demodulates and filters The term analog 36 QEX September October 2014 should give away the reason that the sound card is used to transport the data instead of the USB port The Softrock uses separate control USB and data soundcard ports while the HF1 and SDR IQ each use only one port for both control and data Ethernet and USB respectively The HF1 and SDR IQ have on board Analog to Digital converters so their receiver data is digital and can be easily sent over the digital interfaces USB and Ethernet It is beyond the scope of this column to cover all of the Softrock ExtIO options here but there are a few settings that you need to make before you can use the receiver These settings only need to be made once the first time you run HDSDR with new hardware In the USB tab click on the USB device from the list in the bottom window there will likely only be one device in the list and then click the Open button at the bottom of the window In the Init tab click the button next to the radio type in our case Ensemble RX II LF HF HF You can now click on the Hide button to dismiss the ExtlO window and get back to using the radio To open the ExtIO window again just click on the ExtIO button on the main HDSDR screen at any time There is a wealth of information on the Softrock RX Ensemble II
7. Scotty Cowling WA2DFI PO Box 26843 Tempe AZ 85285 scotty tonks com Hands On SDR You ve been hearing about it you ve even read about DSP techniques now it s time to actually put your hands on some hardware and install some software I often find that the fascination with something that works comes first and the understanding of exactly how it works comes later I can actually pull music from out of the air with that little glass bead How does that crystal set work anyhow In this new QEX column I will show you how to combine off the shelf hardware and software components to make a working software defined radio SDR Our focus won t be as much on how it works as how do I make it work The digital signal processing DSP heavy lifting complex mathematical functions and data transport the Ethernet interface for example have already been implemented by others We will hook up existing hardware and software blocks in order to build a working SDR While I won t delve into the internal workings of each block at least not too much I will show you how to get on the air with as little pain and confusion as possible The main focus will be on the software or user interface UI The UI acts as a virtual front panel in other words generated by software of our SDR We will control the operation of the radio from this virtual front panel The UI that we will be using is called HADSDR short for High Defin
8. and Finish to complete the LibUSB driver installation Finally click Finish to exit the Driver Setup wizard If it seems like you are stepping through two installation wizards it is because you are The first Driver Setup wizard checks for the ROOT certificate and prompts you to install it if needed This certificate is used to validate the driver After the certificate is installed the second Device Driver wizard installs the LibUSB driver itself The ExtIO_Si570 dll file that we need is part of an install package that includes the CFGSR exe configuration utility which we do not actually need To get both of these download the setup program from peOfko nl CFGSR setup exe and save it to a folder of your choice Run this program and it will automatically download and run the correct Windows installer version for your operating system You will need to click the Next button to get to the Select Installation Folder dialog box Accept the defaults and click Next then confirm that you want to install by clicking Next yet again before installation will commence After installation is complete click Close to complete the setup Now navigate to the CFGSR installation folder and find the subfolder Extl1O_Si570 If you didn t make a note of it the default installation folder for HDSDR default version 2 70 _ Ae ESS FP TSB USE CW SORT Low nnn1 500 00n Tune 001 240 0900 o z Pe ed Soundcard
9. d low pass filters but unfortunately it has no overload indicator Overload indications are distortion in the audio accompanied by a general rise in the noise floor as seen on the panadapter display and or appearance of many spurious signals across the viewable spectrum If you get stuck and just can t make your receiver work there is help available For the HF receiver the SDRstick Yahoo group has about 250 members and is a friendly group For the SDR IQ the SDR IQ group is your resource The Softrock Yahoo group is named Softrock 40 after the first radio in the series Just ask a question on any of these forums and you will very likely get help quickly Next Installment Interesting SDR Applications Now that we have a working SDR what can we use it for Get ready to do some broadcast band DXing where you can see the signals listen to digital shortwave broadcasts or copy one of the new digital modes Scotty Cowling WA2DFI was first licensed in 1967 as WN2DFI and has been continuously active since that time An Extra Class licensee and ARRL Life Member Scotty is active while mobile on HF CW and on APRS He is an advisor for Explorer Post 599 a BSA affiliated ham club for teens in the Phoenix Arizona area He also enjoys minimalist QRP operating He has participated in every ARRL Field Day since 1968 Scotty has been involved in the openHPSDR project for the last 8 years and has served on the TAPR Boar
10. d of Directors 2006 2012 and as TAPR Vice President 2011 2012 He is active in the production of openHPSDR components and with other TAPR projects He is a co founder of iQuadLabs LLC a supplier of openHPSDR systems and other Software Defined Radio components and is President of Zephyr Engineering Inc an engineering consulting firm Scotty s professional specialty is FPGA and embedded systems hardware design He designed his first project with a microprocessor in 1975 and his first FPGA project was in 1987 He holds a BSEE from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and an MSEE from Arizona State University Notes BeMicroSDK and UDPSDR HF1 are avail able for 243 from either iQuadLabs www iQuadLabs com or Arrow Electronics www arrow com Scotty Cowling WA2DFI Hardware Building Blocks for High Performance SDRs QEX Jul Aug 2014 pp 28 40 3SDR IQ receivers are available for 525 from RFSPACE Inc www rfspace com RFSPACE SDR IQ 4Softrock RX Ensemble II kits are available for 67 from Five Dash Inc www fivedash com index php main_page product_ info amp cPath 1 amp products_id 7 Assembled boards are available for 92 and metal enclosures for 20 5The HF1 User s Manual can be downloaded at www sdrstick com manuals UDPSDR_ HF1_users_manual_V1_1 pdf The power connector for the HF1 is a 2 35 mm x 0 7 mm barrel CUI part number PP 012 DigiKey CP 012 ND 7Softrock RX Ensemble II information is availabl
11. e at these links www wb5rvz org ensemble_rx_ii index projectld 16 www wb5rvz org common softwareinstal lation The SDRstick Yahoo group is at www groups yahoo com groups sdrstick The SDR IQ Yahoo group is at www groups yahoo com groups SDR IQ The Softrock Yahoo group is at www groups yahoo com groups softrock40
12. e of these features Lastly you are more likely to have access to the hardware if we show three examples if SDR hardware is not in your budget right now you might be able to borrow some from one of your buddies in the local club Beware This is a fun part of amateur radio After playing with your SDR Elmer s borrowed hardware you might just have to go out and get your own Is this for me With the limited space available within Notes appear on page 37 each column I must assume some technical knowledge on the reader s part In general what do you as the reader need to know What equipment do you need to have available Keep in mind that many of the procedures are the same or similar for all SDRs Even if you do not have the hardware you may pick up some tricks by following along with the text Note that things like programming knowledge advanced math skills and RF design experience are conspicuously absent We are assembling an SDR not designing one A Good Windows PC While the Marines need a few good men we need one good PC If you are a Linux or a MAC guy you can still play with SDRs but the experiments here require a Windows PC running XP 7 8 or later What is a good PC I am not trying to be evasive but the answer is it depends Generally any mid grade PC built within the last few years will do but here are some guidelines e At least two cores at 2 0 GHz or faster e 8 GB o
13. ermined times it is under the Options menu The advantage of recording the entire spectrum is that while playing back your recording you can tune within the recorded spectrum just as if you were listening to the airwaves live One other thing to be aware of is ADC overload As we have already described the SDR IQ has an internal 20 dB attenuator that you can use to prevent overload The HF front end uses a 20 dB preamp that provides sufficient sensitivity for reasonable size antennas but has no way to adjust any gain settings and can be overloaded when using a large antenna The Softrock can also be overloaded with RF from a large antenna If you have a Yagi at 150 feet or live next door to a 50 kW broadcast station you may overload the receiver front end For HF1 LED8 on the BeMicroSDK indicates ADC overload On the SDR IQ front panel the red LED above the clipped sine wave icon is the ADC overload indicator You should never see these light up for more than an occasional flicker If they do you must reduce the level of the offending signal Remember the front end has a broadband frequency response The offending signal could be almost anywhere You can just reduce all signals by adding an in line attenuator or using the SDR IQ built in attenuator or you can selectively remove the culprit with an external notch low or high pass filter if you can identify it The Softrock does have four internally switche
14. f memory e Atleast 10 GB of free disk space e Gigabit Ethernet port minimum 100 Mb Ethernet is required e Minimum display resolution of 1024 x 768 the bigger the better e One free USB 2 0 port e Sound system with line input and speakers The ultimate test of a computer s suitability is simply to try it Just be prepared to upgrade if you are using an old workhorse PC it is likely not up to the task QEX September October 2014 31 Operating System Knowledge I assume that you know your way around the operating system and can perform the following tasks as a minimum There are many on line references to help you if you need to learn or just to brush up on the finer points of your particular operating system e Install applications e Check system information and update hardware drivers e Enable disable both wired and wireless network ports e Change PC IP address and network mask e Enable and disable PC DHCP client e Use Windows Command Shell to check IP addresses and ping network devices e Check set environment variables using the system properties dialog box e Navigate the PC file system to copy move and unzip files You will need a signal source This could be a resonant amateur band antenna or non resonant wire to gather interesting signals or a signal generator not so interesting but good for testing Attenuators and high pass filters are helpful too especially if you live next doo
15. ile in the HDSDR install directory You did write down the Destination Location during the install didn t you Just in case you didn t the default destination location for Windows QEX September October 2014 33 XP is C Program Files HDSDR and for Windows 7 it is C Program Files x86 HDSDR For the SDR IQ receiver download the USB driver from rfspace com support_ files SDR14IQUSBdriver zip and save it to a folder of your choice Unzip the archive to either the same folder or a subfolder Note the location of this folder because we will need it to install the USB driver when we first plug in the SDR IQ receiver Next download the zip archive from www hdsdr de download ExtIO ExtlIO_SDRIQ14 _Bonito zip and save it to a folder of your choice The archive contains two files unzip it and copy the ExtIO_SDRIQ dll file into the HDSDR install directory The Softrock procedure is a bit different We need the LibUSB driver to talk to the Softrock USB port Download the driver installer from peOfko nI SR V9 Si570 PEOFKO USB Driver installer exe Save this installer to a folder of your choice and run it The Driver Setup wizard will guide you through the steps necessary to install the LibUSB driver Use the defaults for Destination Location and Start Menu Folder and click Next after each selection If you are prompted to install the certificate click Install Cert Click Install to run the Device Driver wizard then Next
16. ition Software Defined Radio Even though we will focus on the software we still need some hardware to pull signals from the ether In this first installment of the column I will describe how to set up and use three different sets of commonly available hardware with the HDSDR software You will want to select one of these radios to follow along The first option I will describe uses the SDRstick HF1 boards that I described in the July August 2014 issue of QEX The second option will be to set up an SDR IQ receiver from RFSpace Last we will install and configure a Softrock RX Ensemble II receiver available from Five Dash Inc The end result of each lash up will be a working SDR receiver You might ask Why set up three different radios when I only have two ears There are several reasons Each of these receivers connects to the computer in a different way Ethernet USB or PC sound card each has its own capabilities display bandwidth frequency range and the price range is wide from a 67 kit to a 525 assembled unit By showing different connection methods you will be more prepared to hook up any SDR than if we just showed one example Taken together these three radios are representative of the majority of SDRs that you are likely to encounter in the amateur marketplace By looking at different capabilities you will become familiar with the features of more than one SDR and learn the relative importanc
17. ng rate choices 55 555 kHz Error SDRstick appears to be located on an unreachable network segment Computer IP Address 192 168 1 32 SDRstick IP Address 10 0 0 201 C Figure 5 HDSDR Network Discovery Dialog Boxes A indicates that everything is okay B is seen when no SDRstick can be found and C tells you that the PC and radio are not on the same subnet QEX September October 2014 35 111 111 kHz or 196 078 kHz Just like before choose the higher sampling rate to see more of the band at once or the lower sampling rate if you have a slower PC Two other settings that you can choose are only found in the SDR IQ but not in the HF1 or Softrock the RF attenuator and IF gain settings Click on the ExtlO button to see the controls and settings that are implemented within the Extl1O_SDRIQ dll file Note that you can set the IF gain RF attenuation level and the sample rate within the ExtIO dialog box While you can set the sample rate elsewhere as we have shown the other two settings can only be made from the ExtIO dialog box Softrock RX Ensemble IT Operation Start the HDSDR application As usual you will have to choose which ExtIO dll to use For the Softrock select ExtIO_Si570 dil from the list and click OK No network discovery is performed and you can click the Start button to turn the radio on To select the display bandwidth click on the Bandwidth F6 button or press F6 This time there i
18. on line and you can research and dig into the finer nuances of Si570 settings to your heart s content HDSDR Operation for All Receivers You can adjust the frequency by mousing over the fields in the Tune section and using your mouse wheel If your mouse has no wheel use the left mouse button for up and the right mouse button for down As already described use the Bandwidth or F6 button to choose to see either more or less bandwidth on the panadapter and waterfall displays Choose narrower bandwidths if you are running a less powerful PC and experience audio dropouts The lower waterfall and panadapter windows are just zoomed in versions of the pass band that is highlighted in the upper window Slowing the screen update rates with the Speed sliders below each panadapter window can also ease the load on your creaky old PC if you experience audio problems Go ahead and play around with the settings in the user interface You can grab either edge of the pass band in the lower panadapter window and drag it to perform low cut or high cut on the audio You can click in the upper panadapter window to instantly change frequency You can record and playback using the controls just below the Volume and AGC sliders Keep in mind that when you record you are recording the entire spectrum not just your selected pass band This uses a lot of disk space at the wider bandwidth settings HDSDR even has a scheduler for recording at predet
19. r to a high powered MW broadcast station More on this later We will list the specific hardware you need for each project before we show you how to put it all together to make an SDR Today s Project Let s Make a Receiver The SDRs we will put together today are receivers that cover some or all of the medium wave band 300 kHz to 3 MHz and all of the shortwave band 3 MHz to 30 MHz We will use HDSDR software for our user interface for each receiver and connect each SDR to the PC in a different way In spite of the simplicity of some of the hardware all of these receivers perform well What You Need Hardware and Software We will work with three different receiver hardware configurations We will show you how to set up the software for all three of these and become an expert at assembling different SDR systems When you run the HDSDR software you will select the hardware that you want to use Note that the three configurations were not chosen at random each setup connects to the PC in a different way The three different connection methods are the three most commonly used by modern SDRs If you can make these three different setups work you can hook up just about any SDR See table 1 for a quick comparison of the three receivers we will set up In addition to your Windows PC here is the hardware you will need for the SDRstick receiver e BeMicroSDK development board and a UDPSDR HF1 receiver board Figure 1
20. s no selection box but you can choose from the sample rates in the Input column The highest rates may not be supported by your sound card try them to see how they work Typical rates will be 48 kHz 96 kHz or 192 kHz Just like before choose the higher sampling rate to see more of the band at once or the lower sampling rate if you have a slower PC Click on the ExtIO button to see controls and settings that are implemented within the ExtIO_Si570 dll file Wait what is all this There are dozens of settings here and things are complicated It is time for a more detailed explanation of the Softrock RX Ensemble II architecture so we know what we are doing at least more than we know now The Softrock uses what is called a Quadrature Sampling Detector or QSD This detector is similar to two conventional mixers one operating in phase the I channel and one operating in quadrature or shifted by 90 the Q channel The Softrock uses a Silicon Labs i570 IC hardware frequency synthesizer for its local oscillator The center frequency of the display bandwidth is determined by the frequency of this local oscillator that feeds the two mixers The Softrock uses the USB port to control the i570 chip The i570 is very versatile and many settings are needed to configure it This is why you see so many tabs when you click on the ExtIO button Note that the I and Q data from the mixer is sent to the PC soundcard line in and not over the U
21. s that you want I suggest that you accept the defaults on all of these choices You will then be shown a summary of all of the selections that you have made At this step write down the Destination Location because you will need to know it later Finally click the Install button to install the HDSDR user interface software The final dialog box gives you the option to Launch HDSDR Uncheck this box since we have a few more things to do before we are ready to run the software Click the Finish button to complete the installation We will use this software to operate all three radios but we are not quite there yet In order for HDSDR to recognize and talk to our receiver hardware we need one more file This file is generically called an ExtlO dll file and we need a different one for each kind of hardware that we want to use This means that there are three of these ExtIO dll files that we will need one for each receiver Take a look at the list of software above for the three file names Think of the ExtIO dll files as translators that sit between the HDSDR software and our hardware The translators convert the data from our hardware in three different formats a different one for each receiver into the single native format that HDSDR understands For the SDRstick HF1 receiver download the file ExtlIO_SDRSTICK dll from svn sdrstick com in the sdrstick release software extio section Place this f
22. the Download button at the bottom of the page Table 1 Feature Comparison of the Three SDR Receivers SDRstick HF1 SDR IQ Softrock RX Ensemble II Receiver type DDC DDC QSD mixer PC Connectivity Ethernet USB Soundcard USB Freq Coverage 100 kHz to 30 MHz 100 Hz to 30 MHz 1 8 MHz to 30 MHz Display Bandwidth 1 25 MHz 190 kHz 96 kHz A D Converter 14 bit 80 Msps 14 bit 67 Msps soundcard Case no included 20 option Power USB or external 5V USB only external 12V Cost 243 assembled 525 assembled 67 kit 92 assembled amp LEDS naa OO e LEDS asis LEDS vim LED4 nw LEDS sua LEDZ Pap EDI B7O1L Figure 1 The BeMicroSDK data engine together with the HF1 RF front end board 32 QEX September October 2014 VU R18 Oe Figure 2 The SDR IQ receiver from RFSpace _ RX Ensemble 11 F 2 KB9YIG COM 671571 N R24 7 R c a gt HF jumper 4 die ww a g Saria 3 US aa ECLI Figure 3 The Softrock RX Ensemble II Receiver from Five Dash Inc Save the software to a folder of your choice Next run the installer by using Windows Explorer to navigate to the folder where you saved the program and double click on HDSDR_install exe You will have to accept the license agreement click on the T accept the agreement button You will also have to select the Destination Location the Start Menu Folder and the icon
23. tworks the HF1 can operate over a wireless connection but it uses a large chunk of bandwidth on the network at the higher bandwidth setting HFI is capable of two display bandwidth settings 384 kilo samples per second Ksps and 1 25 million samples per second Msps At 384 Ksps it uses about 15 million bits per second Mbps of network bandwidth and at 1 25 Msps it uses about 50 Mbps Some wireless networks cannot handle the lower rate and most wireless networks cannot handle the higher rate Wired Ethernet is recommended Once HDSDR is running click the Start button to turn the radio on To select the display bandwidth click on the Bandwidth F6 button in the lower left of the display or just press F6 At the bottom of the dialog box that pops up there is a selection box click on the down arrow to see the two sampling rate choices 384 kHz or 1 25 MHz Choose the higher sampling rate to see more of the band at once or the lower sampling rate if you have a slower PC SDR IQ Operation Start the HDSDR application Again you will have to choose which ExtIO dll to use For SDR IQ select ExtlO_SDRIQ dll from the list and click OK In this case there is no network discovery since the SDR IQ is connected to a USB port Just click the Start button to turn the radio on To select the display bandwidth click on the Bandwidth F6 button or press F6 Click on the down arrow in the selection box to see the three sampli

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