Introduction And Usage
Contents
1. Each node consists of three pointers A leaf node begins with 0 is followed by a pointer to the string for that animal and finishes with a dummy 0 When we add the eats meat rabbit item we get Now we have three nodes the does it Eat Meat question node and two leaf nodes A question node begins with a pointer to the string for its question and is followed by a pointer to the left node then a pointer to the right node Each of these nodes are just leaf nodes Finally we add the purr dog item and get this AN O A ae CO CON This time the pink node has become the does it purr question node lt begins with a pointer to purr is followed by a pointer to the dog leaf node and then a pointer to a new cat node In this way the correct data structure is maintained without the program having to shift the data around Zoo Commands Stack Inputs Command Post Command over Duplicates the second item on the stack to the top of the stack str gt here Shere allocates space for string str and copies it to here returning the address it was copied to q a f addNode Adds a first leaf node with it s string containing a adds a second leaf node with it s string containing q s string If f 0 makes q s left and right pointers point to the first then second nodes otherwise makes them point to the second then first nodes Waits for the user to type y or n and returns true if y was2. maxAnim initpos O clock i 49 rot begin dup udgmove fps inkey doKey doKey expects a key code on entry When responding to key codes in a program you often have to test for multiple keys and modify other items on the stack based on whether they match However if the key code is the top item on the stack all this time it gets clumsy By shifting the key code to the return stack gt r we can easily keep testing the key code while having easy access to the data on the stack we want to change Puts it all together It initializes all the positions then sets the fps timeout to 49 1 frames from now and then enters a loop moving each udg and acting upon any inkey keypress until until the user presses lt space gt Finally it drop drop drop quits dropping all the value it s been temporarily using on the stack Nyan Race Introduction And Usage NyanRace is a simple blitter demonstration Load the program by typing 238 load lt exe gt and when it s loaded type nyans lt exe gt 10 cats appear randomly on the screen and on each frame they move forward by a ran dom number of pixels eventually getting to the bottom of the screen where they re appear at the top At the top of the screen the number of cats are shown along with the frames per second are shown If you press lt right gt the number of cats will increase and if you press lt left gt they ll de crease As you increase the number of cats the spe
3. udgs vram 600 64 We can copy udg data to the UDG area in internal RAM as immediate commands we don t have to insert it into a program This saves space tudgs displays the UDGs for test i 256 emit ing purposes It runs through all the character codes 0 7 but adds 256 before emitting them that way emit never treats the character as a con trol code e g 13 emit displays a lt cr gt but 269 emit displays UDG 13 dup vram lt if This wraps an address to between 600 vram and vram 599 It s faster in then theory than using mod dup vram 599 gt if 600 then vcalc 3 rnd 1 25 3 rnd 3 rnd 1 creates a random number l range one of 1 O or 1 Here we use it for generating a random one step direc tion for each object udgmove To update each object dup we first get its old position then du plicate it old new and then calculate the new one We swap ic do this before updating the display in over ic order to minimise flicker We also make use of the stack to hold the new object location before storing it gt r swap 1 swap The fps displays the frames per sec dup clock i 0 lt if ond in the top left However if the fps 0 0 at Fps drop is high the action of displaying the T ag ae ae fps might slow it down significantly clock i 49 so we only display the fps every then second r gt Command s doKey gt r r 9 if 1 maxAnim min then r 8 if l1 1 max then r gt 32
4. 154 145 Benchmark 6 but copies the calculation result to an element in the array m in dexed by do loop counter value eo ins ros rs comen 0 36 100000 277 777 Tests the simple arithmetic logical op erations neg and or xor Note the raw performance is 90000 Test 3I time Test 1 Time 398 2KIPs 1g 1 1 99400 90 363 Tests plotting The lo res timing is given It can be run in hi res mode by executing 1 vmode cls time bm bm1g key O vmode which gives a value of 1 7s or 57 905KIPs or a raw plotting speed of 24000 1 1 2 5 2 13 4 0 024 36 4K pixels s in low res mode and 19 1K pixels s in hi res mode Code Description time bm time bm bmx finds the execution find lfa gt cfa address of the following word the bmx It waits for a video frame to complete to make timings deterministic O clock if swap exec pause then gets the current clock value clock i executes the benchmark swap exec O pause Afterwards it gets the new clock time and substracts the old one This time is in frames which is 50 frames per second for PAL FIGnitions clock i swap We convert this to milliseconds by multiplying by 20 and display the re sult ON OUP Le Introduction And Usage Chessica is a simple 2 player chess game It generates a set of chess pieces draws a board and allows 2 players to move pieces around the board To use it load the program 107 load lt exe gt and the
5. Introduction And Usage Luna is a simple interactive version of Lunar Lander It s a bitmapped version of the game using the blitter for moving sprites Type 119 load lt exe gt to load the game Type luna lt exe gt to load the game Your Lunar lander is heading for the moon as it drifts along guide it down gently to the landing pad by pressing SW 7 to provide thrust if necessary Your Lunar lander will crash if you hit the regolith or hit the landing pad at a velocity over 200 Be careful not to Life Introduction And Usage Life is a simple artificial life simulation A number of living cells are placed on a grid and ecah cell obeys a few simple rules yet the result generates complex patterns On each generation each grid location is examined along with its neighbours If less than 2 neigh bours are alive the current cell is said to die from starvation if it was alive Or if more than 3 neighbours are alive the current cell will die from over population If there are 2 or 3 living neighbours it will survive if it s alive and if there are exactly 3 and the cell is empty a new cell will be born Life was originally written by J H Conway in 1972 but versions exist for pretty much every computer ever designed Type 130 load lt exe gt to load the game and for example 49152 life lt exe gt to start life Anew generation appears roughly every 1 9s and you can quit by pressing lt enter gt This version of life is as f
6. Logging Region If you press H then the v turns into and you can pan and zoom around the graph when in play mode The cursor control keys pan left right up and down Tapping then a cur sor key zooms the display in 4 or out gt along the time axis or in amp W or out 2 A along the y axis Inside Logger Logger Data Format Logger data is stored as an array of pairs of 16 bit numbers an adc value followed by a timestamp in the current timebase for the clock If you re using Flash to store the data then the logs are stored from flash blocks 400 to 1399 up to 256Kb of Flash can be used You can load in each block using n b1k gt lt exe gt and do further analysis on the data without needing logger Logger data is stored with a timestamp in the current timebase For sampling rates lt 50Hz the timebase is the 50Hz or 60Hz frame counter clock and for sampling rates above 50Hz the timebase is timer counter 1 which operates at 2 5MHz
7. in lo res mode At the bottom of the logging region is the sample scale and a v or symbol to let you know which region you re using Logger starts off in Monitor mode so that you can see analog readings as they take place and callibrate them Ideally you should place a 100nF capacitor between AVCC and ground as well as a 1 to 100KQ resistor inline with a 14pF capacitor between any channel and Vcc 2 This is covered on sections 24 6 1 and 24 6 2 in the AtMega328 Manual Making a Log To make a log you d normally take the following steps 7 Make sure the sensors are wired up correctly with the correct capacitor between AVCC and the ground and the correct analog connections made 2 Put the logger into monitor mode so you can see the output this is the default mode 3 Setthe sampling rate so that you can calibrate the sensor a sampling rate of 10Hz would be fine for this 4 Decide how many samples you need to take If it s only a few hundred then you might want to switch to hi res mode so that you can see the output in finer detail 5 Set the zoom so that the full expected range for the sensor is visible 6 Decide whether you need to save the logger output to flash or just keep it in RAM If you re using a USB battery pack e g RS part 775 7508 and you won t need to power off the FlIGnition before analysis then RAM will be OK However if you save to flash then you ll be limited to a maximum of 100Hz for sampling and there w
8. after which it adds the question and answer to the database Inside The Program Zoo is an interesting program because it demonstrates how FIGnition can be used to process text and build data structures Conceptually the 20 database is a binary tree containing a series of questions with the names of animals at the leaf nodes Does it eat meat bray purr Rabbit Donkey True responses take the right branch and false responses take the left one until we arrive at a leaf node Building Up A Zoo by Hand Zoo is designed so that the binary tree can be built up programmatically as well as interac tively The initial Zoo is built up that way by starting with an initial animal then adding questions along with new animals that are distinguished by each new question We start the zoo by creating the name of the first animal like this create yourAnimal yourAnimal Then we need to create a root node for the zoo which starts at the current end of the dic tionary here dup animals 0 yourAnimal 0 Next we need to add a question and a new animal to the zoo and also decide whether the new animal should be on the false branch 0 or the true branch 1 0 addZoo eat meat rabbit This adds the question does it eat meat to the zoo and makes rabbit the false answer Finally we need to decide whether to follow the right branch of the binary tree rightZoo or the left branch 1eftZo0 Here we choose the r
9. and their inverse characters can be used to build up the whole of the X UDG2 UDG3 i uoce f Base vol E Inverse UD iy a nverse UDG6 J A Large O requires 12 UDGs Here it s done by noticing that if we make the thickness of an O about a character then the inner edge of the O is approximately like the inverse of the outer edge Therefore we can define 12 UDGs to represent the inner boundary of the O three for each quadrant and re use their inverses on the outer edge The O looks slightly odd because of this but it s still passable Strategy The first challenge for any Oxo game is to be able to test for winning lines and potential winning lines on any edge and corner in any direction There s quite a lot of combinations there so to reduce them full screen Oxo like miniOxo represents the grid clockwise around the centre with the central square added as the last location When we do this we find that there are only two cases we need to look at an edge case where squares 0 1 and 2 are tested and a centre case where squares 0 4 and the centre square are tested Like miniOxo compP lay executes the computer s strategy It works by testing some rules of thumb for playing Oxo cornerPlay centrePlay and edgePlay one after another As soon as one rule succeeds the computer makes that move and doesn t check any fol lowing rules If none of them succeed the computer plays a random move using rnd
10. and walls are made up from FIGnition s built in graphics characters The design of Brikky is interesting in that it handles starting and stopping sounds in the background while the ball and bricks are still moving It does this using a timeout routine called audEnd which ends a sound whenever the clock reaches the current audStop time out value Enough of the description let s play the game Type 140 load lt exe gt The game first loads beep from block 131 and then proceeds to load the game itself Brikky is just 7 pages of code just 1283b of RAM when loaded slightly over 1Kb You ll need to use SW1 cursor left to move the bat left and SW3 cursor right to move the bat right To run the game type 5 brikky lt exe gt The 5 represents the speed lower values are faster A speed of 2 or less is pretty unplay able and a speed of 10 or more is fairly boring TJoy Introduction And Usage TJoy is a joystick demo program When FIGnition reads keypresses it scans the FlGgypad contacts 100 times per second You can read the raw contact values by defining this con stant sysvars 11 const joy lt exe gt And then executing joy ic lt exe gt will display what keys are being pressed joy Is much better for real games because it Keeps reading whatever is pressed as long as you hold it and it can read multiple keys at the same time Type 141 load lt exe gt then tJoy lt exe gt note the capital J The current keypress
11. at str lt obtains the length of the string dup len so that the 0 do will loop once for each character in the string In the loop we fetch the current character from the string dup cf display it using cBig and then in crement the string address to point to the next character 1 Finally we 1oop round and then drop the string address banner banner banner uses big interactively begin tib dup query It gets the user to input a string into the tib using query cls 0 xp 0 yp 1 dup big Then the screen is cleared the xp and yp coordinates are reset to the top left the tib s first proper charac ter address is calculated 1 and a big version of the string is displayed big len O until lf the input string wasn t empty len 0 we repeat it all again until Benchmarks Introduction And Usage Benchmarks allow you to test the performance of FIGnition There are 9 benchmark tests test Timers instructions Kes Comment 1 340 100000 74 626 Tests a simple do loop 90000 173 076 A count up loop using begin until 3 2 7 690000 255 555 Tests arithmetic using the stack 4 2 8 690000 246 428 Tests arithmetic using literal numbers 710000 230 519 Benchmark 4 but with a subroutine call return in each loop 3 86 790000 204 663 Benchmark 5 but with a small do loop with 5 loops in each begin until loop 7 7 72 1190000
12. de MO AOM UNO ON a M OMMOAAGNO MANGAO NAAG q 39 3 2 BRP e AN ANN doo ORD OA OIONNOANONO OAHOAD e op E N OO o5 M OMANO AAN Wes OM NOR MMMA AAGONO ABONO e ss 26 SO 490 fh Oo dO dO OOM G OOO OOH WANG HAHAM O of eG EVs YOO M pf ed OWN MANAN MAHATMA Weng Hew n m E 5 EQ 582 202 NOR ANA Wd OBP NOs AYO OANONO D a agg gg ES Je Hat ANO We Un E O ONO ANO AHI 4H cl GN O 2 59 2 oo ae Od A Udo HOO E ON MMMOOOMG UAFONO NADO D D o gt 6 o zoe YU OO AR doo One DAR OATNAHONS HAOONO WAN A o 7o o Ta ZNS 2 ve 2st vo Sas ad Du opm Dd 9 a gt Y EE ao ES F L T ouv O ces O S Pela of 31298 na IgLa example 133213 133241 and 133253 were the last 3 primes generated when held down a key The key optimisations are to only test for odd numbers which doubles the performance and to only test for prime factors below the square root of the current number Because there s no square root function and if we wrote one it d be slow we instead square the maximum divisor and test it against the current prime number candidate primed is a double number version of the same thing except it s able to explore primes all the way up to 2billion Here we can t use a do loop because they re only 16 bit loops So instead we use begin until loops FlGnition s Forth has limited 32 bit number support but with careful planning we can make efficient use of them to execute the algorithm Again we work out limits for testing primes by
13. debugged lt up gt steps into the current command q Quits the debug ger returning to the command line traceDepth The trace stack manages pending breakpoint instructions lt has a depth of 16 meaning it can debug commands that use other commands for a depth of 16 16 const traceDepth traceDepth arr traces Haces O var traceSp traceSp dbCondStep dbCondStep bp bp dup 1 dup condRef dup condBp swap dup 3 fallThru condTrace bpUI bp bp key key dup 8 if xchVram key drop xchVram then dup 9 if drop dbOStep condRef is the jump target address condTrace is the cfa at the jump tar get address condBp should point to condBp for the jump target address fallThru is the address for a User interface for the debugger lt left gt switches the debugger video with the main video lt right gt Steps over the next command lt down gt Steps into the next com mand Views the next 16 bytes of memory b Views the previous 16 13 bytes of memory then dup 10 if drop dbIStep 13 then The way the tracestack works is that every time we step over an instruction the following instruction is patched to point to the breakpoint command Also on a jump instruction the jump target is patched and on breakpoint in instruction we push the target address onto the stack Then we return from the debugger and continue which executes the next in struction and then ca
14. simply retrieve the direction in the current maze location and move in the opposite direction by subtracting rather than add ing its displacement Eventually we ll fill the entire screen with maze walls To set it up we need to make sure the outer edges of the maze are no go areas which we do by filling them with Os not empty The clever part about FlGnition s algorithm is that we don t need special checks for when we backtrack to the start instead we simply define the direction at our starting position which is 1 1 as 1 right and then set maze 0 to empty Then when we backtrack from 1 1 we move left to 0 1 and do a search The algorithm finds that to the right it s filled as is the bottom as is the left which corresponds to the top right corner of the maze But then it finds that 0 0 is empty so it moves there and since the terminating condition happens before the move is displayed the maze generation stops Mini Oxo E e me an Y Y a a r3 A Y e a K F kd 4 4 LS LS w n r 5 me me an MIO D 4 4 E gt Di gt e OXIDO Introduction And Usage Mini Oxo is a minimal version of noughts and crosses or Tic tac toe The computer al ways plays first and cannot be beaten though you can draw Load the program by typing 173 load lt exe gt and type oxo lt exe gt Acrude oxo grid appears with the centre position already taken by
15. the calendar month for that year the days are still presented in English though Debugger bo D m O TEN 11M S C r jm a 0 0000 MITO 00 e 0 ASAM non RR MONO 990M UNEN Coo Oe NOOO JAGM MeN POR Introduction And Usage Debugger is a debugger for FlGnition Forth written in Forth itself It demonstrates the power of Forth and provides a means of stepping through Forth programs in order to de termine where mistakes have been made You load the debugger by typing 253 load lt exe gt You then need to load the code you want to debug Typing in 254 load lt exe gt will load the example program to debug The debugger uses addresses 600 to 1 to store the screen background If you are using this area of RAM for other purposes you ll need to move the background screen address You can do this by typing newSaveArea vback lt exe gt To start the debugger type debug memoryArea commandToDebug lt exe gt The debug ger will then start showing the debugging screen which looks like IP The address in the program currently being debugged CFAs A Stack of debug addresses with the most current one at the top Data The values on the stack Ret The return stack The debugger has a few useful commands lt left gt flips between the running screen and the debugger screen lt right gt steps to the next command lt down gt steps out of the cur rent routine being
16. the computer s first move and the other positions marked with digits from 1 to 8 Pick a digit from 1 to 8 and an O will be placed in the corresponding box The computer will then make another move and you both keep playing until you either draw or it wins Strategy In miniOxo the strategy is controlled through a table of values called compMoves and the command compPlay Normally we would order an Oxo grid like a phone keypad left im age But here the grid is ordered clockwise from the top left as on the right E o DOBBE Ba BOB The computer s strategy is to first play one square on from your first move This will force you to play opposite the computer to stop it from winning If you do that and keep blocking it it then plays two squares on from its last move then 3 squares on from its third move and 6 squares on 2 squares back from its fourth move E CES palo B DEI o jols OBE OBE EEES GBE MOE Boe So if you start on a corner and keep blocking the computer it ll result in a draw If you fail to block it at any point then the computer plays the opposite side of the grid on its next move and wins If you play to a side square and then block the computer it will create two possible winning lines after its third move and if you block the opposite corner it then plays to one square back from its previous move and wins The computer can therefore reduce the complexity of an Oxo g
17. this should lead to better factorisa tion shorter definitions and you think more about what your program is really doing Sometimes though it really is helpful to handle a set of local variables For example the FIGnition ragged line editor uses about 32 bytes of storage but they re needed only tem porarily Moreover on a FIGnition putting them in external RAM means access will be relatively slow So the editor uses locals to provide fast access to a set of temporary vari ables FIGnition Forth provides the following commands Stack Inputs Command Post Command Parameter inputs Stack Inputs c returnAddr Deallocates the current stack frame and returns from the current procedure value sf value Fetches the item on the stack frame offset by value bytes n gt value Stores n in the item on the stack frame offset by value bytes lo I gt Ret to main undefined a 100 Previous Rp A it f rp P The main routine calls LocTest locTest allocates 4 bytes of locals and sets local a to 100 la 100 A Ret to locTest sf rp locTest calls 1ocSub which still has access to the same local variables With FIGnition s locals feature the scope of locals persists through any number of nested calls until new locals are defined We can also define constants to represent the offsets for each local and gt 1 and 1 gt will inline the actual constant values Turt
18. 0 r gt r gt line cface 1 vmode cls nums 3 pen O 12288 60 0 do hand 0 16384 60 0 do hand 50 pause hand sin6 cos6 rotc loop drop drop hand sin6 cos6 rotC loop drop drop key drop 0 vmode These numbers are sin and cosine values for sin 30 0 5 cos 30 0 866 the angle between each number on a clock face and sin 6 0 1045 cos 6 0 9945 the angle moved by the second hand each second Because FIGnition can only currently work with whole numbers we scale them by 32768 I multiplies these sin and cos frac tions by a whole number to give a whole number result We need to do a bit of shifting to correct errors You can rotate a coordinate by an angle by performing the following calculation new_x x sin angle y cos angle new_y y sin angle x cos angle That s all this code does hand draws a hand of the clock It scales down the coordinates by 256 then draws a line given those coor dinates as a direction starting at 80 80 cface draws the animated clock It goes into hires mode and clears the screen uses an xor pen There s an outer loop for minutes 60 O do which starts by placing the minute hand at the top 0 12288 and then an in ner loop for seconds which starts by placing the second at the top 0 16384 These values are the true coordinates scaled up by 256 To erase and draw a hand we first draw it then wait 1s then draw over it Finally we rotate a hand by 6 Luna
19. P lay This version of Oxo is designed to lose sometimes it does this by randomly failing a rule of thumb causing it to fall through to an inferior rule of thumb or even make a random move The variable ski11 determines how often full screen Oxo will randomly fail Oxo doesn t require a lot of memory to represent the board There are only 9 squares and each of them can be empty or contain O or X Therefore each cell requires only 2 bits of information an entire grid consuming only 18 bits By managing the grid as an 18 bit num ber we can easily rotate the grid to test for various cases and test all the required posi tions on the grid simultaneously Full screen Oxo employs rough heuristics as a strategy there are many better computer playing techniques starting with the minimax algorithm FigTris 2 LCOm lt e a IS A oe E A A Lowina K ii 5 1010 TH ai C4 gt Y Mon wi M i d Fan ll Oo a A M 0 M 1 Called Heuristics in Computer Science 2 http en wikipedia org wiki Minimax Introduction And Usage FIGTris is a fairly complete version of Tetris for FIGnition it was written by David Bam brough and is about 3 6Kb long Load the program by typing 207 load lt exe gt and when it s loaded type figtris lt exe gt and the instructions appear Press e to start A shape made from 4 blocks will fall from the top of screen to the bottom followed by anoth
20. The inFUZE Bundle Contents Introduction 4 Quick Reference 5 Banner 6 Introduction And Usage 6 Code Description 6 Benchmarks 9 Introduction And Usage 9 Code Description 10 Chessica 11 Introduction And Usage 11 Circles 11 Introduction And Usage 11 Lines 12 Introduction And Usage 12 Code Description 12 Luna 14 Introduction And Usage 14 Life 14 Introduction And Usage 14 Beep 15 Introduction And Usage 15 How To Play the Flute 15 How To Play Tunes 15 How Beep Works How pitch gt works How the Audio Hardware Works Brikky Introduction And Usage TJoy Introduction And Usage Slides Introduction And Usage Producing and loading FlGgy Images How does The SlideShow Work MiniRace Introduction And Usage How MiniRace Works Joggle Introduction And Usage How Joggle Works Mazes Introduction And Usage How It Works Mini Oxo Introduction And Usage Strategy Full Screen Oxo Introduction And Usage Graphics Strategy 16 17 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 23 23 25 25 25 27 27 27 28 28 28 29 30 30 31 FigTris Introduction And Usage Snake Introduction And Usage Locals Introduction And Usage Explanation Turtles and TurtleCrypt Introduction And Usage How To Use The Turtle Graphics Blitz Introduction And Usage Zoo Introduction And Usage Inside The Program GDem Introduction And Usage Inside GDem Nyan Race Introduction And Usage Primes Introduction And Usage Cal Introduction And Usage Techn
21. ame to a table of 8 num bers and 3 simple rules by going first with an X in the centre Full Screen Oxo Introduction And Usage It s amazing to see how an Oxo game can be played with such few rules but playing the game when only the computer can win quickly becomes tiring Full Screen Oxo is a more sophisticated version of noughts and crosses or Tic tac toe In this version you can choose whether to play first or let the computer play first and the computer can sometimes be beaten It takes more effort to write a game of Oxo that can be beaten Load the program by typing 189 load lt exe gt and type oxo lt exe gt The computer asks for a skill level a digit 1 to 9 and then y if you want to play first or n if you want the computer to play first The flashing block is where you will place your piece You move it to a free location using the cursor keys and then press lt enter gt when you want to place your piece The com puter then places its piece somewhere else on the board In this version it s possible for you to win draw or lose Graphics Full screen Oxo needs to fill the screen with its Oxo grid So each grid cell is 6x6 charac ters This means we d normally need 2 6 6 72 UDGs to represent both an O and an X However with a bit of careful thought it s possible to design them in as little as 14 UDGs UDG1 UDGO A Large X only requires 2 UDGs that divide the character on each diagonal line They
22. ast as it is because the routine to calculate neighbour ing cells is tailored for different parts of the screen which makes the program longer The cells are generated using 16 UDGs Each UDG is divided into 2x2 grid locations so there are 4 grid locations in each UDG and each grid location can be empty or contain a living cell This means 2x2x2x2 16 UDGs are required Beep Introduction And Usage Beep adds some audio commands beep and pitch gt a command for playing simple tunes play an interactive flute and Happy Birthday tune demonstration birth day To use audio you need to connect a lead from the audio phono output to the Televi sion and adjust the volume To load the demonstration type 133 load lt exe gt Type flute lt exe gt to play the flute How To Play the Flute The flute is pitched so that middle C is on the letter a and that notes go up one semitone per letter as follows Ot Note co cs o jor e e Fe alar a ase D A amp un lt space gt stops the sound lt enter gt ends the flute How To Play Tunes Every tune is made up from sequence of pairs of bytes where the first byte in a pair is the pitch in semitones above middle C and the second byte in a pair is the duration of the note in frames The note 96 is silent because its pitch is too high to be heard and the se quence is terminated by a pitch of 128 In normal musical notation each note symbol has a durat
23. cal notes a rocketship a mouse cursor a man or a dog The UDGs move around randomly either left right up or down At the top of the screen the frames per second are shown along with the number of UDGs lf you press lt right gt the number of UDGs will increase and if you press lt left gt they ll de crease As you increase the number of UDGs the speed of movement will slow down be cause it takes longer to move them around slowing down to about 12 frames per second with about 100 UDGs on the screen Inside GDem GDem has the basic framework of a game some UDGs are defined the demo is initialized and then it enters a loop where the udgs are moved the keyboard is read and the status is updated until the demo quits GDenm is helpful for illustrating how simple UDGs can be moved on the screen In udgmove The old position of a UDG is read i poz dup the new position is calculated a space is placed over the old position to erase it and then the UDG s position is updated with the new location Finally GDem shows a number of ways UDGs can be defined In block 230 the first UDG is defined in binary the space invader followed by a UDG in decimal then one in hex and finally 5 more UDGs are defined as pairs of hex bytes For beginners it s easiest to define UDGs in binary because that way they can be easily visualized but it s not very efficient unlike the 5 UDGs defined as pairs of hex bytes Some useful aspects of Gem are
24. ches the match_ value it will switch the voltage on port D6 pin 12 from 5v to Ov or back to 5v and reset the timer If you put this together it means port D can be made to oscillate at 20000000 2 match_value prescalar And it turns out we can pick match_values and prescalars which give sensible audio fre quencies This is all that beep does first you provide the prescalar and match_value beep turns off the timer then configures the timer as described above then we set the match_value and prescalar value and setting the prescalar value starts the timer which generates a note To use beep you must first type aud lt exe gt to the turn the audio on it makes port D6 an output Then to make a beep you type prescalar freq beep lt exe gt However only prescalar values in the range 3 to 5 are useful For example if you type aud lt exe gt then 4 100 beep lt exe gt A note near G on a piano will start Type 0 0 beep lt exe gt to end it beep and pitch gt can be used by themselves by typing 131 load lt exe gt How pitch gt works To make tuneful music you need a fine control of the pitch It s possible to set a wide range of pitches using just different match_values but as the match_values get lower the jumps in pitch get increasingly large For example if the match_value was 2 and you change it to 1 then the pitch will double a jump of one octave But if the match_value was 255 and you Change it to 254 then the
25. comparing the square of the current limit with the next number we re testing Cal o gt ffi CO bo y 03 T PA T Ue P ONNE T SOTMA DEP MS MNE io APN OU l Introduction And Usage Cal is a calendar generator It was originally written for the Jupiter Ace by Ricardo Lopez and converted to FlGnition by Dave Bambrough You load calendar by typing 243 load lt exe gt and when it s loaded you can generate a calendar month by typing year month lt exe gt For example the screenshot at the start was generating by typing 2013 jun lt exe gt And shows the calendar month for July 2013 Technical Details Cal works in quite a clever Forthy way by creating a month defining command called month that does all the work for you All you have to do then is create a set of months such as 4 30 month apr 6 30 month jun And month will calculate all the details you don t even need to include all the months nor put them in order Cal correctly calculates leapyears including whether a century is divis ble by 4 and then handles the date conversions Multiple Languages Because of the way cal works it s possible for Cal to support multiple languages simulta neously In this case cal in French has been added try typing 2012 aout HE H i Y pa 4 G o 4 L ALM T MANOR M UNE T PP JOT ANGE S D MN JAHM ph y Re ff 12 13 265 UP MS Mp And you ll be able to see
26. done that it stores the image as a set of 7 hex files You will need to copy them to the FIGnition To do this you ll need avrdude 1 Set up a command line window on your desktop laptop computer 2 cd to the directory where your image s hex files are 3 In the command line window type but don t press enter yet avrdude c usbasp p m328p u U eeprom w YourImageHexFile00 hex 4 On the FlGnition side unplug the FlGniton s USB power connector 5 Hold down SW1 and plug in the FlGnition s USB power connector the LED should start flickering you will need to keep SW1 held down until after step 6 6 On your main computer press Enter avrdude should connect to the FlGnition and the EEPROM should download This will take about 2s or so 7 Now you can let go of SW1 FlIGnition should reboot 8 type 1 destinationBlockNumber cp to copy the eeprom to the flash block you want to start storing the image 9 Repeat steps 4 to 8 for each hex file YourImageHexFile01 hex to YourImageHexFile06 hex and remember to add one to the destinationBlockNum ber each time How does The SlideShow Work FIGnition s hi res mode can represent any bitmapped image up to 160x160 pixels and the bitmapped image is stored at SRAM addresses from 3200 to 1 For example if you turn on FIGnition and type 1 vmode cls 85 1520 c key drop 0 vmode lt exe gt You ll see 4 dots near the middle of the screen that s because the binary pattern for the numb
27. dress dst in EEProm Writing to EEProm requires approxi matly 3 3ms per byte emove gt src dst len emove gt Copies len bytes from address src in EEProm to address dst in SRAM addr len val efill Fills len bytes of the EEProm starting at EEProm address addr with the byte val Filling the EEProm requires approximatly 3 3ms per byte Technical Details The EEPRom is documented in the AtMega328 user manual and is controlled via 3 regis ters the EEProm Address register eearh and eear1 2 bytes the EEProm data register eedr and the EEProm Control Register eecr Reading an EEPRom byte is pretty simple you just write to the EEPRom address register and then set bit O of the EEProm Control register which just means executing 1 2 eecr gt port gt However EEProm is one of the few internal AVR peripherals that can t be written to just using Forth because the write operation requires a sequence that must be executed within 4 AVR clock cycles namely setting bit 2 then setting bit 1 of eecr The FIGnition firmware provides that operation via the kernal vector 10 kern which ec accesses by inserting 10 kern into its own code Transferring data from FlGnition to a Host Computer Using gt emove e or ec it s possible to transfer data from FlGnition to a host computer via the EEPROM For example 100 blk gt drop 512 0 512 gt emove Would copy the banner program to eeprom Then switching to a host computer w
28. e angle setH setPos X y y fixPoint x fixPoint jump dist dup dx x dy y home puts FIGnition into bitmapped mode clears the screen puts the turtle in the middle of the screen fac ing up Is used to end turtle graphics and return to text mode angle setH set Heading sets the heading for the turtle to one of 60 angles starting at O straight up and going clockwise in 6 steps so that 15 is right 30 down and 45 left etc distance fd Moves the turtle distance steps forward with the current heading drawing a path as it goes angle rt Turns the turtle s heading angle steps clockwise x y setPos moves the turtle s cur rent position to x y on the screen where 0 0 is the centre of the screen distance jump moves the turtle distance steps forward with the current heading without drawing a path FIGnition s turtle graphics commands differ from standard turtle graphics commands in that normal turtle graphics don t have jump instead they have penup and pendown com mands which cause fd to draw a path if the pen is down and to move without drawing a path if the pen is up LELE P aie AALAA LAA AA AAA ALALLALA cr Y AS IRMA MIMI MIMI ete ARIETE sanan na Y sanan 4 IBID MI DIA Y sanan Y sn 4 Introduction And Usage Blitz is a version of the classic VIC 20 game of the same name lt
29. ed of movement will slow down be cause it takes longer to move them around slowing down to about 11 to 12 frames per second with about 50 cats on the screen Although the graphics rate appears to be half of that in the GDemo Demonstration in fact it is about 6x higher because each cat consists of the equivalent of 12 UDGs Because Using the Blitter is more complex than most of the other demos further explana tion of Nyan race and the blitter can be found in the User guide Primes a D D Q 5 Q Q 7 E 1 S O V 0 Q 2 a o E ez E a 2 o og E D 0 O 0 5 WU E A 2 O A f HON AMN UP NNM BIN MMA ddd ANNO 0 v gt f N Y UN ANO Ale Ud ON Od MOMO AANONO HAAMO gt yO a q oe ea ANO Uda MA N DTH AONO MADONO HARO D JE E HG YO ARO AON OM MOON GANSH MACON we S A Son 00 GA ANO OSS MON N TO0NA AANONO ddd t _o D A S OMANA AAM WOW NON dq MMMA MANONO Naman D o E c 523 DN Pp dd NON ANUN N MOM TAINS HAMONG NAM D pla Ler Ap 0 ApA ON 4 NADO MM AANONO HAVO wo a EN a 232 TNO ANA OO MOON NOOO MOO AANOAO HANOAG 25 iS x S oe s E i RAND ANO AUM MoO MTOM O O if Ang y EE 5 Y D di odds WOW Wah t M OMOUNTGAONH MAAGAD wet O 2 2 Ss 2 o x 0 AO AO OA 00 TONG AAAONO AHON SC co 52 o n O O NON HOR UMD OOM SOO AAI AAAA HANAN N g E UE T Da AN deaf AOA WON ON ONO TIAGO HAMONG Nel gt aa oh fs 5735 ta Al MORA eh Oy MNA M DANAA NAHANG 10 B3 52 D 2 eS 3 Ah did UA Odo oO y TOM 19 AANONO 4906 E 28 3 583
30. er 85 is 01010101 and 1520 is the location half way down the screen and half way across By copying raw bitmapped data to the screen memory an image will appear It s possible to copy Flash blocks to SRAM using blockNumber b1k gt drop so all we need to do is read the blocks in copying each one to the correct part of screen memory in turn This is what slide does There is one complication though b1k gt always copies a block first to internal text mode video memory and then out to the address 512 which is also used for the high res mode Therefore slide must copy the last two blocks in a different way to avoid them being overwritten b1k gt and gt b1k are versatile commands you can use for copying data you ve generated to flash and back again It s also used by the data logging program MiniRace Introduction And Usage MiniRace is a really simple racing game it illustrates how simple games with UDGs can be written To load it type 165 load lt exe gt To run ittype 5 race lt exe gt A road will start appearing from the bottom of the screen and you have to press the left or right keys SW1 and SWS to move the car to avoid the sides When you typed 5 race lt exe gt the 5 was the speed as in the game brikky lower numbers make the game faster O is completely unplayable How MiniRace Works Forth programming is usually done bottom up which means that we start with the most rudimentary parts of the program and grad
31. er random shape made from 4 blocks The objective is to fit them in so that you can make whole rows of blocks which disappear causing the blocks above to fall down When your blocks reach the top of the screen the game is over FIGtris is simple but ad dictive Use 4 to move a shape left gt to move it right Y to drop the shape and to rotate the shape clockwise Snake Introduction And Usage Snake is a simple version of snake for FlIGnition it was also written by David Bambrough Load the program by typing 211 load lt exe gt and when it s loaded type snake lt exe gt The objective is to guide your snake using the cursor keys 4 gt Y or A to eat the mushrooms Each time you eat one the snake grows longer be careful not to run into a wall or into yourself Locals Introduction And Usage Locals is some demonstration code on how to use locals on FIGnition It s really an ad vanced topic Load the block by typing 212 load lt exe gt and when it s loaded type testLocal lt exe gt Keep pressing enter and you ll see the numbers 1234 5678 then 1234 anoth erNumber and 5678 Explanation Most computer languages support locals for passing parameters and maintaining sets of temporary variables Forth uses a data stack for handling parameters and calculations but beyond a few items it can get unwieldy That s a deliberate design choice in FIGnition to motivate you keep stack operations relatively simple as
32. es are shown in the top left hand corner and the block moves around when you press up down left or right it will even move diagonally if you hold down two keys at the same time The objective is to move the block over the near the middle of the screen It s like a tiny version of snake but with only one meal Not bad for a 169 byte program though tJoy also uses x y at gt to obtain the screen address for the given coordinates it s a handy command for being able to determine what s on the screen at that location Slides Introduction And Usage Slides is a simple slideshow demo program It displays a series of slides on the FIGnition screen The program itself is only 1 block long You can download it as 142 load lt exe gt and start the default slideshow with 200 143 3 slides Which shows 3 slides at blocks 143 150 and 157 for 4 seconds each which look like this A freee LA A full image takes about 0 5s to load and as it does a scrambled text version appears on the screen before the proper bitmapped version appears Press lt enter gt to quit Producing and loading FIGgy Images FIGnition Images can be converted by the little Java utility FIGgylmg on this website Choose File Open to open a suitable image Jpeg or PNG and then you can convert it to a version suitable for FlGnition FIGgylmg converts the image into a 1 bit per pixel image and grey tones are simulated using a technique called dithering When it s
33. g inkey 8 swap decrements the car s position if you press lt left gt char 8 increments it 9 1 and if you press lt right gt char 9 0 max 24 min dup 12 Keeps the car s position on the hit screen Checks to see if the car will at 1 emit swap hit the edge of the road then dis 11 at 32 emit swap plays the car UDG at the new coor dinate and a space on the row above A variable to hold the score l sc Increments the score and displays it 00atsct at the top left hand corner cls 12 10 0 sc Clears the screen sets the car s po sition to 12 and the start of the road to position 10 and zero s the score begin nupath path Generates a new path position and mv displays the path moves the car score gt r over updates the score then pauses ac pause r gt cording to the speed you specified hi ld amp de mer Finally if hit had set hit to any character apart from a space then the game is over otherwise we con tinue with the game lt Introduction And Usage Joggle is a random word game similar to another game you may have heard of Load the program by typing 167 load lt exe gt and type joggle lt exe gt A 4x4 grid of letters is shown You have two minutes to come up with as many words as possible start at any location and step up down left right or on any diagonal to get to the next letter You can t go over the same letter twice and only words gt 3 letters count The person with the
34. h gt comes with beep and is loaded by typing 131 load lt exe gt How the Audio Hardware Works The audio hardware on FIGnition is pretty simple and works for both audio input and out put Audio is output from pin 12 of U1 as a simple square wave that flips from O to 5v ever time the timer matches the match_value However audio standards require voltages in the range 1v to 1v To do this we connect a pair of 10KO resistors to the signal one pulling the signal up to 5v and the other down to Ov With the audio turned off this will balance the output to 2 5v We also need to filter the audio to around 10KHz to 20KHz To do this we put a 100nF ca pacitor in line with the signals before it is sent to the phono itself 5v En R19 C7 ay AVR pin 12 By LY A R18 Y Audio Ov GND Phono Introduction And Usage Brikky is a simple breakout clone lt makes use of beep mentioned in the previous section In Brikky you have a wall on three sides and a bat at the bottom A ball bounces down and your objective is to bat it back up to the bricks which will disappear whenever they re hit by the ball The ball also changes direction when it hits a ball and it also bounces off the walls and the bat at two different angles depending on where it hits the bat If you man age to clear all the bricks on any level another level appears with bricks slightly lower and the game plays a bit faster Brikky uses 8 UDGs for the bricks but the ball bat
35. ical Details Multiple Languages 32 33 34 34 34 34 34 37 38 38 40 40 40 41 42 46 46 46 48 48 49 49 90 50 51 51 Debugger 52 Introduction And Usage 52 EEProm 54 Introduction And Usage 54 They are used to provide these operations in block 258 54 Technical Details 55 Image Loader 55 Introduction And Usage 55 Using The Autosaver Autoloader 56 Logger 57 Introduction And Usage 57 Layout 57 Making a Log 57 Control Region 58 Logging Region 58 Inside Logger 58 Introduction FIGnition inFUZE comes with roughly 400Kb of Flash storage and 100Kb of it contains 32 demonstration programs to help you explore the kinds of things FlGnition can do You can try out the programs without understanding how to program FIGnition but as you learn more they will help you to discover programming techniques You will need to know how to type on the keypad this is covered in the build leaflet The programs themselves cover simple games like Brikky FlGtris and Luna demonstrate User defined graphics and high resolution graphics show you how the blitter works how to generate audio load data in and out of the Flash chip sense time read the keypad manipulate strings perform calculations measure the performance and connect to the outside world All the programs make use of the latest features in the firmware Quick Reference The table below lists all the available programs the flash blocks they occupy and which block
36. ight branch rightZoo As we move to a new branch the computer remembers the list of nodes So far it has re membered the root node and the right node from the root node rootNode CatNode is remembered on the data stack as it happens We can add another node using addZoo By default it adds does it purr and puts dog on the false branch However we could have done 1 addZoo bark dog Which would have added the question does it bark and set dog to the true branch putting cat on the false branch for that question At this point there s still two nodes on the stack rootNode CatNode We could carry on and add another node but in the actual program we want to backtrack and then add a left node So we execute drop leftNode Which drops CatNode and then appends a pointer to the RabbitNode on the data stack In this way we can traverse the original tree adding nodes How Does Zoo Represent The Data Structure Advanced Topic FIGnition doesn t support the kinds of memory allocation features available on modern or basically any operating system This makes it harder to construct dynamic data struc tures because all we can easily do is add to the end of the dictionary The Zoo program can add nodes but it can t remove them It s further complicated by the fact we need to store both nodes and strings The representation of each node is as follows Initially there s just the Cat string and a leaf node
37. ill be small sampling gaps every 128 samples every second or so at that rate You re finally ready to log your data Press to start sampling and again when you ve finished Control Region At all times the current control is highlighted To change which control you re using press lt or Band to change the value of the control press A or V The controls are as fol lows e Chn There are 4 channel options 4 Ext 5 Ext 4 5Ext and 8 Int Chan nel 8 uses an internal adc source and the others use an external adc source e Mon There are 3 logging options Mon for realtime calibration and monitoring Play for playing back recorded logs and Rec for recoding logs e Lo There are two display modes Lo for low resolution graphics and hi for high resolution graphics A higher resolution gives you more detail but limits the amount of logging that can take place as well as the maximum logging frequency You can t change the display mode if you re recording or playing back a previous log Rate There are a number of logging rates from 400Hz to 400s the default is 50Hz Log ging rates above 100Hz won t be recorded on time e Zoom This controls the vertical zoom with a default zoom of 1 32 e Save This controls whether the logging is saved to Ram or to Flash Saving to Flash al lows up to 64K samples to be saved but the logging rate consistency may be reduced because the logger can t log when it s writing a block to Flash
38. ines It can draw circles in low res and hi res modes To load the program lines load the first block 110 load lt exe gt You can then draw lines by setting the pen e g by typing 1 pen to plot white pixels then executing for ex ample 20 20 17 19 line This starts a line at 20 20 then draws a line 17 pixels right and 19 pixels down To draw lines to specific points you can use lineTo so 20 20 49 36 lineTo Will draw a line from 20 20 to 49 36 line and lineTo work in hiRes mode As for the circles example it s much easier to test hires code by putting it in a command for exam ple hiLine 1 vmode 5 5 90 120 line key drop 0 vmode lt exe gt and then you can test it by typing hiLine lt exe gt A line drawing demo program is supplied on blocks 111 and 112 To load the line drawing feature and the demo type 112 load lt exe gt and then type cface lt exe gt to run it It shows a minute and second hand and does 50 pause between redrawing each second hand but you ll find it s a little slow because the line drawing takes up a bit of time how do you think you might fix 1t Code Description Command s 16384 const sin30 28378 const cos30 3425 const sin6 32588 const cos6 e 1 m 1 lt lt swap 2 u swap drop s rotc x y s Cc gt r gt r XY S5 C 2dup r 1 swap r gt 1l1 r gt swap gt r swap gt r gt r r 1 swap r gt 1l1 r gt swap r gt i y hand xp8xy gt r gt r 80 8
39. ion half that of the previous note symbol but you can create durations of 1 5 x as long by adding a dot after the symbol This means that natural note lengths are multiples of 3 a power of 2 Therefore if we have a tempo of 125 beats per minute we end up with pauses that can be easily divided into standard note lengths breve semi quaver semi demi breve quaver semi AN duration dotted du 18 ration For NTSC FIGnitions the most useful tempo is 112 beats per minute which gives a dura tion of 32 for a crotchet breve semi quaver semi demi breve quaver semi CO duration 1 128 dotted du 192 ration Musical notation isn t quite this restrictive you can add a second dot to produce a note length 1 75 x the original and other note lengths are acheived by tying standard notes to gether You can load beep pitch gt and play without the demonstration block by typing 131 2 loads lt exe gt How Beep Works beep works by making use of a timer circuit inside the FlGnition s processor the AVR The timer circuit is fairly simple at least it is the way beep uses it There is an internal 8 bit counter which increments every CPU clock cycle divided by either 1 8 64 256 or 1024 which is held in a 3 bit internal variable called the prescalar There s also a match_value which is just another internal 8 bit variable called an output compare register Finally we can configure the timer so that whenever its value rea
40. ith avr dude and typing at a terminal cat gt bannerO00 hex avrdude c usbasp p m328p u U eeprom r banner0 hex i But don t press re turn yet Then Unplug the FIGnition Hold down the xxx key and plug in the USB The LED should start flashing as it establishes communication with the host computer While keeping the xxx key held press Return on the computer Ah Od Ny The whole of the eeprom would then be copied to banner00 hex as a hex file Image Loader Introduction And Usage The Image Loader provides some low level routines for copying blocks of memory to ex ternal flash and reading them back It also supports an autoloader autosaver so that you can create programs which load quickly lf you want just the block loading and saving routines you can load them by typing 261 load lt exe gt The following commands are provided dst blk len bload Copies len bytes rounded up to a multiple of 512 from address dst to Flash starting at block b1k dst blk len bsave Copies len bytes rounded up to a multiple of 512 from Flash starting at block b1k to address dst Using The Autosaver Autoloader The autosaver autoloader allows you to save and load FlGnition programs very quickly as ram images To use them you must Make sure the program is saved the normal way on external Flash memory Reset FlGnition Load the autoloader block by typing 259 load lt exe gt Load the program you want to autosa
41. les and TurtleCrypt Introduction And Usage Turtles is a two block library which provides some basic turtle graphics commands for hi res mode as used in the 80s language Logo It s followed by a turtle graphics demonstra tion program Load the demo by typing 216 load lt exe gt and when it s loaded type turtles lt exe gt A sequence of graphics demos are displayed with a 10s pause between each one If you keep pressing lt enter gt when each image pauses it will eventually take you back to FIGni tion You can load a shorter version of the same demo without repeats by typing 218 load lt exe gt Then type d lt exe gt This is the compact version of the TurtleLib demo originally written by Ashley Fenilo The only difference with the other one is that there the turtle commands are made more meaningful How To Use The Turtle Graphics To load Turtle graphics by themselves you would cold start FIGnition and then type 214 load lt exe gt Turtle graphics provides a number of simple commands home which puts FIGnition into bitmapped mode clears the screen puts the turtle in e home 1 vmode 1 pen cls O O setPos 0 setH gt turtleEnd 0 0 at Press a key to end key 0 vmode setH angle dup angle dup cos dy 45 cos dx fd dist gt r dx x y dy r 0 do gt r r gt r over dup 8 gt gt r 8 gt gt plot r gt r gt loop drop y x drop r gt drop rt angl
42. lls the debugger When the debugger is entered due to hitting a breakpoint we unpatch the current in struction replacing it with the word from the trace stack and then enter the debugger Ul Some instructions are handled differently when the true or false target of a conditional in struction is breakpointed we need to unpatch both When a return instruction is encoun tered we un patch as normal but stepping over a return instruction doesn t patch the fol lowing instruction EEProm Introduction And Usage EEProm provides some low level routines for reading and writing the EEProm You can read and write individual bytes individual integers fill a region of the eeprom with a byte copy eeprom blocks to and from RAM You load the routines by typing 258 load lt exe gt If you don t need the fill and copy rou tines you can just load the primary byte and integer read write routines by typing 257 load lt exe gt The following primary commands are provided val addr ec Stores the byte val at EEProm loca tion addr val addr e Stores the integer at EEPRom loca tions addr and adadr 1 The integer is stored big endian with the high byte at addr addr e addr e Returns the integer at EEPRom loca tions addr and adadr 1 The integer is read big endian with the high byte at addr They are used to provide these operations in block 258 gt emove src dst len gt emove Copies len bytes from address src in SRAM to ad
43. most words wins wrote this version because a me and my wife have been playing the similar game you may have heard of but the sand timer s broken Rather than just fixing it thought I d write a computer program To no avail she still beats me Now you too can share my misery with your friends Joggle the random letter game that requires a millionth of the computing power a face book version would How Joggle Works create dice Creates a set of 16 x 12 character ZBBOJO strings one for each Joggle dice Joggle uses the built in command to enter strings The start of any string is calculated as 12 dice Command s Explanation aud 164 191 42 gt port gt drop Activates the output at port D6 to turn Audio on o 0 69 ic sound Dee O 110 ic no ints 2 66 68 ic ctc mode 71 ic pitch 7 and 69 ic oct on cls dice 16 0 do dup 6 rnd 2 c 0 begin drop 4 rnd 2 4 rnd 2 at gt dup ic 32 until 101 13 loop drop 0 120 do 0 9 at i 60 mod 3 spaces 50 pause 1 loop 4 200 beep 50 pause 0 69 ic aud begin init countdown key 32 until Given an input prescalar and fre a a beep gt Initializes the joggle grid For each dice it chooses a random face and then keeps trying different random joggle locations until it finds one that s free because it s vram location is a space code 32 Joggle uses the built in command x y a
44. n type chessica Type a pair of coordinates e g if you want to move F1 to F5 which is technically illegal as a first move then type F then 1 then lt space gt then F then 5 then lt enter gt Typing a letter or digit always changes the value in the correct column lt space gt always switches between the from and to coordinates As you can see it s pretty simple and only requires 547b including graphics It doesn t check for any illegal moves nor can the computer play chess against you that s for the future Circles Mean ey A Sora i ivy gt pail iit is AE ATA IA TOEA A O ik Fine A MIL J ae re Will PY 5 J Introduction And Usage Circles is a circle demonstration It can draw circles in low res and hi res modes To run the demo it load the program 109 load lt exe gt and then type hiCirc It will display and erase sets of concentric circles until you press lt enter gt circle uses a standard Bresenham circle drawing algorithm You can use circle by first set ting the pen mode e g by typing 1 pen to plot white pixels then executing e g 24 24 24 circ lt exe gt You can experiment with this easily in low res mode by just typing them as commands In hi res mode you cant see what you re typing so it s easier to put it all in a command and run it For example hiTest 1 vmode 40 50 20 circ key drop 0 vmode Lines Introduction And Usage Line is command for drawing straight l
45. p 1 and O for white 1 for black and add 1 1 to get the pen mode 1 for plot 2 for unplot 1 gt gt We then shift the pixels down one rot rot 2dup plot pixel obtain the coordinates rot rot duplicate them 2dup and plot the pixel swap 1 swap We then decrement the x coordinate Loop round for another pixel and fi loop nally drop the row and coordinates drop drop drop cBig CBig ch 8 chrset 8 0 do dup c xp yp bigRow 1 yp 1 loop xp 8 dup 42 lt if 8 yp else drop 0 then xp drop e 1 big str dup len 0 do dup cf cBig 1 ch cBig displays a whole character ch It calculates the row address where the character begins and then the 8 O do loop loops once for each of the 8 pixel rows We duplicate and fetch the cur rent pixel row of the character ap pend the coordinates and use bi gRow to display it Then we incre ment yp for the next row 1 yp coordinate and increment the char acter row address Then we loop round for the next row After the character is displayed we update the x and y coordinates The xp value is incremented by 8 xp 8 and if the next character will fit on the screen dup 42 lt we reset yp back to the same initial row coor dinate as before 8 yp Oth erwise we reset to O drop 0 and finally store it in xp and then drop the row address str big displays a whole string of characters
46. pitch will jump by a small fraction of a semitone For tuneful music we therefore need to use large match_values lt turns out we can create a useful range of about 2 octaves from match_values of about 64 to 255 and because the prescalar shifts by 2 octaves at a time we can obtain a continual musical range of about 8 octaves The frequency calculations are given in the AVR datasheet as Z OCnx OLN 1 OCRnx The standard concert pitch is A440 which is at 440Hz so we need to find N and OCRnx to match that N 1 OCROA fclk fOCOA which is 20x108 440 45 454 which means that N the prescalar value must be about 256 so that OCRnx is lt 256 If N is 256 then OCROA will be 88 Higher pitches are lower values by successively dividing by 20 2 Similarly lower pitches are higher values by successively multiplying by 20 2 This gives the following pitch table n pitch gt converts a semitone pitch of n in the range 128 to 127 into the correct presca lar and match_value from the pitch table It offsets n by the value in the variable trans pose so that by default a pitch of O is middle C on a piano You can change the value of transpose to change the key that pitch gt works in You use pitch gt and beep together to make musical notes For example if you have typed aud lt exe gt to turn the audio on then typing 12 pitch gt beep lt exe gt Will play the C above middle C Type 0 0 beep lt exe gt to end it pitc
47. pressed new dst Interactively gets a string from the user and allo cates it to here old newQ Adds a new Question in the case where the com puter didn t get the right animal Inputs the new name of the animal and the question to distinguish it along with whether the new animal is the true answer Adds a new item for that animal and ques tion old f addZoo Question Ani Programmatically adds a new question Adds the mal following question string from the command line to here followed by another animal string and finally uses the old and f to add a new item e leftZoo er q q 2 Follows the left branch from the current node righiZoo pf gh gta q 4 Follows the right branch from the current node root guessing Given a root node traverses the zoo asking distin guishing questions and obtaining yes no responses until a leaf node is found Plays zoo Asks the user to think of an animal then it tries to guess the animal displaying Woohoo got it right if it found it or prompting for a new question and animal otherwise root tour Displays the graph of questions and animals be ginning at root Return Stack Inputs Introduction And Usage Gdemo is a simple UDG demonstration Load the program by typing 233 load lt exe gt and when it s loaded type 10 gdem lt exe gt 10 UDGs appear randomly on the screen they could be a space invader a pac man a pacman ghost a pair of musi
48. t gt which returns the video address for the screen coordinate x y Starts a 120 to O second countdown loop In each second it displays the time as minute second and then waits for 1 second Finally it beeps at the end for 1s and then stops the beep Turns on the audio then enters the game loop It initializes a joggle grid then performs the countdown At the end it reads a key and plays another joggle game unless you press lt space gt Introduction And Usage Mazes is a little program which can quickly generate mazes Load the program by typing 170 load lt exe gt and type mazes lt exe gt Anew random maze appears every 10 seconds However you can skip to the next maze by pressing lt enter gt make it wait on the current maze by holding down a key or end the maze gen erator by pressing lt space gt How It Works Mazes is a brute force random maze generator There is a maze array which stores 128 s in empty locations and any other value represents a filled location in the maze At each step it just picks a random direction to go in and if it s empty it calculates the new location and stores the direction in the new location in the maze If it was filled it tries for the next direction in a clockwise sequence and if it gets back to the first direction it backtracks Backtracking is pretty simply too by storing the direction in each new location we visit it provides backtracking information so to backtrack we
49. to load to run each program arnes 100 froo onssa roer for prome wren e oes roo fres an 134 140 w h SlideShow 142 163 ion 166167 168 170 14 ESE come nase a trees EC E paor s aw fee fae a merase 252200 ase wove rez a Introduction And Usage banner allows you to display enlarged messages 4x the size of normal messages across the FIGnition screen You load banner by typing 100 load lt exe gt You can use it by typ ing banner lt exe gt or by creating messages which you can display enlarged for exam ple create msg Hello lt exe gt msg big lt exe gt xp and yp control the current pixel coordinates where 0 xp 0 yp isthe top left hand corner chr cBig displays a single character at the current banner coordinates Code Description O kern const chrset 0 kern returns the memory address of the character set which we define as the constant chrset xp yp 0 var xp 0 var yp xp and yp are simple variables we use to hold the coordinates for the next banner character on the screen bigRow bigRow n x y n x y bigRow displays 8 pixels of swap 7 swap a row of a character n based on the current coordinates x y Pixels are displayed right to left so we first add 8 0 do 7 to the x coordinate Then the 8 0 do loop loops once for each of the 8 pixels rot dup 1 and 1 pen We calculate the color of the pixel we obtain the pixel value rot ob tain the bottom bit du
50. ually build it up until we can put the whole pro gram together Many simple games have the following basic layout aGame initializeTheScreenAndPlayersAndObjects drawTheInitialStateOfPlay begin getAKeyPress HandleTheKey moveThePlayer moveTheObjects UpdateTheScreen PauseUntilNextFrame gameover until 5 var seed A simple random number generator rnd range ran with period 32768 seed is incre dom mented then multiplied by 75 to pro seed 1 75 dup duced the next seed value Repeat ing this operation has the effect of scrambling the seed from a human view though in fact it s completely predictable seed u swap drop create udg SBAFE These hexadecimal numbers define BA38 28AA FE82 the bit pattern for the car Creates a random displacement from 1 to 1 adds it to the previous posi 0 max 20 min tion of the road and finally keeps it in the range O to 20 udg vram 608 8 cmove This line copies the udg data to UDG 1 So 1 emit lt exe gt will display it hit 2dup 25 Examines vram where the car will be vram ic hit next and stores the character code found there in hit 24 23 at cr Causes the screen to scroll 25 0 do Displays a line of the road For each i over lt over x coordinate across the screen dis 4 i lt or 128 play a space if it s between the road and 32 emit offset and road offset 4 or an in loop verse space otherwise swap dup inkey dup Reads the keypad usin
51. ve by typing yourProgBlk load lt exe gt Load the autosaver block by typing 260 load lt exe gt Decide where you want to the ram image to be saved this should be a spare place on the Flash and not yourProgBlk Type autoSaveBlk autoSave firstAutoSaved Command lt exe gt and the program image will be autosaved DaAAWNDH gt To autoload the program reset the FlGnition and type autoSaveBlk load lt exe gt the autoloader will load taking 1s or so and then the rest of the program will load very quickly Using the autoloader will use about 100b of RAM The auto saver requires about another 100b of RAM You load the routines by typing 259 load lt exe gt If you don t need the fill and copy rou tines you can just load the primary byte and integer read write routines by typing 257 load lt exe gt Logger Introduction And Usage Logger is a simple interactive analog logging program for FlGnition It can use ports C4 and C5 for logging the other ports C pins are used for the keypad Using C4 will require the FIGnition to be modified with the LED LK1 option Development You load the logger by typing 290 load lt exe gt When the logger has loaded you can run it by typing logger lt exe gt Layout When logger runs you ll first see something like The screen is divided into a logging region and a control region The bottom of the screen is the control region and occupies 160x128 pixels in hi res mode or 50x82 pixels
52. was written largely by Carl Attril Load the program by typing 224 load lt exe gt and when it s loaded type blitz lt exe gt Your plane is running out of fuel while flying over a derelict city you must bomb the build ings using the lt space gt key before you hit a building and to avoid runaway explosions only one bomb can be dropped at a time ZOO mh M ix D Md wm ly Tehn HH Y Y SHOOT moony AOU Fas SWC D H imal mi to rr i t y A JO y il J OY A x 7 y a mT 2 tT 3 cmotuw I 4 i 4 X HOOD TRMOO JT Ver MMM eme iin ia a ar OC Ml i se O y ad JJ 0 FO ell MMMM CJ 7 H Js U IC iC A eA roma J Und J 5 nih i pa JJ fio hn T Pr D D D rm IL Ol ry Jr w iis y Ww iON JM it Introduction And Usage Zoo is a FIGnition version of the animals program released with the ZX Spectrum on its Horizons tape Load the program by typing 228 load lt exe gt and when it s loaded type zoo lt exe gt Zoo is really a kind of 20 questions game where the computer builds up a database of animals and then performs a binary search asking questions until it gets to the end of its choices If it got the animal right it repeats the game asking for another animal but if it got it wrong it will ask you for a question to distinguish the animal then the name of the ani mal
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