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1. Table of symbols and notation Preface Inner chapters mainmatter Appendices Bibliography List of acronyms backmatter Index 3 1 Title page Since the thesis layout and contents are usually defined by university require ments the title page often needs to be created ad hoc The title page is often formed by two pages the first one reports just the name of the candidate and the second one also that of the advisors the department chair and their signatures The standard IAIFX commands 4 7 8 10 16 18 21 should be sufficient to create these pages Some hints on how to set the code are available on the Web 4 The symbol indicates optional sections and indicates sections that must not be in the table of contents 5 http zoonek free fr LaTeX LaTeX_samples_title 0 html 34 UNIVERSIT DI PISA Lapo F Mori Facolt di Ingegneria so cialis in INGEGNERIA MECCANICA Indirizzo PROGETTAZIONE DI MACCHINE METODI NUMERICI PER IL CALCOLO DELLA RESISTENZA A FATICA DI GIUNTI SALDATI METODI NUMERICI PER IL CALCOLO DELLA RESISTENZA A FATICA DI GIUNTI SALDATI Tesi di Lapo F Mori Tesi di Laurea Specialistica Relatori Prof Marco Beghini Prof Leonardo Bertini Candidato Ing Lapo F Mori Universit di Pisa Luglio 2005 a b Figure 1 Example of title page In order to place the university coat of arms in the page background a
2. 1 1 Customizing the data in Each semester s process starts with an email to the academic Vice President and to the Department Chairs This mail has a link to an online form For instance the VP s form allows the input of questions that will eventually appear on each evaluation seen by each student in each class in the college These questions will appear either at the top of those evaluations or at the bottom Similarly each Chair can enter questions for the courses in their department These questions appear either at the top of the forms below the VP s questions or at the bottom above the VP s Each administrator s form comes up already filled out with last semester s questions Thus if the administrator does not respond or makes no changes then last semester s questions will just be reused this is what will typically happen If they do edit the form then for each question there is a place to write the text of the question such as I learned a great deal in this course They also select among question types including choose types such as choose one to five paragraph answer types and many others adding new types is easy For choose types they also insert a space for students to make a brief comment Next each instructor gets an email It has links to a page where the instructor can add questions to the forms for their classes One link allows them to put in questions on each form for any of their students O
3. Q Dear Nelly When I tried to co author a paper I ran into trouble because my colleague did not have some of the files needed to properly compile the document I am aware of the list files directive which can be added to the preamble in order to get a list of files included by LaTeX In some cases however when trying to locate these files on my system I find multiple versions Yes I know I should take better care of my system but there you have it Is there a way to get the file list with the full path to each file A The problem here is that the TeX engine is not actually aware of path names Luckily there is a way around this If you use the option recorder with tex latex pdflatex etc you will get a file with extension f1s that contains every file opened for input as well as output including their pathnames As an example I did a LaTeX run on a tiny example file as follows pdflatex recorder centaurtestje And the resulting file centaurtestje fls has the following contents PWD home yuri texmf knoeien PUT home yuri texlive2007 texmf var web2c pdftex pdflatex fmt UT centaurtestje tex PUT centaurtestje log UT usr local texlive 2007 texmf dist tex latex base article cls UT usr local texlive 2007 texmf dist tex latex base article cls UT usr local texlive 2007 texmf dist tex latex base sizel0 clo UT usr local texlive 2007 texmf dist tex latex base sizel0 clo UT centaurtestje aux centaurtestje aux centaurt
4. Similar results can be obtained with the cases environment provided by the ams math package 6 6 Acronyms Acronyms can be conveniently handled with the acronym package which can au tomatically generate hypertext links between the acronyms in the text and their definition in the list of acronyms An example of a list of acronyms is reported in Fig 10 33 EF Elementi Finiti In numerical analysis the finite element method FEM is used for solving par tial differential equations PDE approximately Solutions are approximated by either eliminating the differential equation completely steady state problems or rendering the PDE into an equivalent ordinary differential equation which is then solved using standard techniques such as finite differences etc The use of the fini te element method in engineering for the analysis of physical systems is commonly known as finite element analysis GUI Graphical User Interface interfaccia grafica Si riferisce alle tecniche che utilizzano la grafica la tastiera e il mouse per fornire una interfaccia di facile utilizzo per un programma Tipo di ambiente in cui programmi file e opzioni sono rappresentati da icone menu e finestre di dialogo L utente pu selezionare e attivare queste opzioni facendo clic su di esse con il mouse oppure utilizzando la tastiera Figure 10 Example of list of acronyms 6 7 Codes and algorithms The verbatim package can be used to add pieces of
5. invertibile e che dunque non possibile risolvere il problema con questa via Conclusioni Interessante individuare l origine della lineare dipendenza dei vettori di I Come gi osservato l insieme di vettori II un buon candidato a divenire base di RS purch nella scelta dei 12 elementi non nulli si rispetti la condizione 2 4 Tale condizione viene dunque a mancare nel momento in cui si impongono i vincoli 2 5 in altre parole il metodo viene a fallire quando si impone che le condizioni di carico di base siano una ad una equilibrate D altronde il vincolo di condizioni di carico di base equilibrate imprescindibile dato che altrimenti risulta impossibile risolvere con metodi numerici agli EF il sottomodello dunque necessario trovare un altra strada per risolvere il problema della scomposizione della condizione di carico generica applicata al giunto D b with the indentfirst package Figure 5 Example of indentation on the first paragraph 23 6 2 2 Accented letters Accented letters can be inserted into IATFX code with the standard commands fe V fe etc or directly from the keyboard etc using the inputenc package with the appropriate encoding The inputenc options depend on the editor that is used ansinew has to be used with most editors on Windows e g WinEdt and TpXnik Center latini or latin9 with most editors on Linux UNIX and Mac OS X applemac with Macint
6. 6 1 Hyphenation 6 2 Languages other than English ce seca vs 6 3 The layout 6 4 The style 6 5 Mathematics 6 6 Acronyms 6 7 Codes and algorithms 6 8 Cross references 6 9 Reviewing the code 7 Useful websites References 16 19 19 20 21 21 22 24 27 30 33 34 34 35 35 36 This article is not a guide on how to write a thesis but explains how to rightly use IATEX resources when writing it I will not cover all variant details because there are many so I prefer to focus on specific problems and offer practical solutions In order to follow this article the reader should already know the basics of ISIEX and should already have read a guide 1 2 7 12 21 25 27 or a book 4 8 10 11 13 14 16 18 1 The document class The book class is the most suitable to write a thesis The author has freedom to choose the following class options font size 10pt paper size typically a4paper or letterpaper if having the text on both sides of the page twoside or only on the front oneside if placing the chapter titles only on right pages openright or any openany The book class has some advantages over the report class since it defines three commands frontmatter mainmatter and backmatter that control the page number and chapter numbering formats In the frontmatter pages are numbered with lower case Roman numbers i ii iii e
7. Abstract Normal LaTeX and TeX usage does not require touching existing bst files nor creating new ones However BibTeX offers several interesting commands which can be used to do many things apart bibliography generation In this article it is demonstrated how customized layouts for a database can be created without much trouble Yogeshwarsing Calleecharan can be reached at mt ate ing paccagen se PDF version of paper datab bst datab bib datab tex Comment on this paper Send submission idea to editor Page generated April 13 2008 TUG home page search contact webmaster http dw tug org pracjourn 2008 1 calleecharan For submission to The PracTfX Journal Article revision 2008 02 07 Using BiBTeX to produce customized layouts Yogeshwarsing Calleecharan Email yogeshwarsing passagen se Abstract Normal I4TEX and TFX usage does not require touching existing bst files nor creating new ones However BIBTEX offers several interesting commands which can be used to do many things apart bibliography gen eration In this article it is demonstrated how customized layouts for a database can be created without much trouble 1 Introduction To many EX users BIBTEX and its commands remain a mystery Yet as pointed out in 1 IATRX users can play with BisTFX commands and use it for purposes other than bibliography generation Since I started using L TEX in 2005 I realized that handling LATEX and TfX as programmi
8. Distractions Spirograph with PSTricks The Editors ix Be a sponsor Web site regeneration of April 13 2008 v21f TUG home page search contact webmaster http dw tug org pracjourn Journal home page THE General information Submit an item Download style files r at O T d Copyright Contact us TEX SCO From the Editor In this issue Next issue Class and Style Editorial LaTeX niques Yuri Robbers e Commenton this paper e Send submission idea to editor In this issue Next issue Class and Style Thanks Editorial LaTeXniques In this issue This first issue of 2008 is a small one but each of the four papers teaches valuable new LaTeXniques fitting the theme as does Dave Walden s column All of these papers are hands on technical papers The first one by Lapo Filippo Mori shows the use of many different packages tools and TeXniques that will come in handy when writing a thesis Most of this article will however be equally useful to people working on different kinds of manuscripts Jim Hefferon shows us a LaTeXnique pur sang how to employ LaTeX in an automated work flow His particular project is a way to automatically generate nicely laid out reports from a database but his TeXniques are applicable in other situations as well Ista Zahn shows the use of the Sweave package which allows one to weave code written in the statistical language R into LaTeX sou
9. G GRATZER 1999 First Steps in TFX Springer Verlag 1 edition 11 G Gratzer 2007 More Math Into ATEX Birkhauser 4 edition 12 E Grecorio 2007 KTFX Breve guida ai pacchetti di uso pi comune URL http profs sci univr it gregorio breveguida pdf 13 J HAHN 1993 ZTEX for Everyone A Reference Guide and Tutorial for Typeset ting Documents Using a Computer Prentice Hall 14 D HicHam AND D GrIFFITHS 1997 Learning TEX Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 15 ISO 5966 1982 Documentation Presentation of scientific and technical reports 16 D KNuTH 1984 The TrXbook Reading Massachusetts Addison Wesley 37 17 H Kopka AND P Dary 1999 A Guide to TX Document Preparation for Beginners and Advanced Users Addison Wesley 3 edition 18 L Lamport 1994 ATfxX A Document Preparation System User s Guide and Reference Manual Addison Wesley Professional 2 4 edition 19 P LEHMAN 2004 The Font Installation Guide URL http www ctan org tex archive info Typelfonts fontinstallationguide fontinstallationguide pdf 20 L F Mori 2007 Tables in IMIRX2e packages and methods The PracTFX Journal 4 URL http www tug org pracjourn 2007 1 mori mori pdf 21 T OETIKER H Parti I Hyna AND E ScHLEGL 2007 The Not So Short Introduction to ATFX2 URL http www ctan org get info lshort english lshort pdf 22 S PAKIN 2005 The Compr
10. Search courtesy of Google The online journal of the TeX Users Group ISSN 1556 6994 About The PracTeX Journal General information Submit an item Download style files Copyright Contact us About RSS feeds Archives of The PracTeX Journal Back issues Author index Title index BibTeX bibliography aE Next issue Approx July Ist 2008 SS SS Editorial board Lance Carnes editor Kaveh Bazargan Kaja Christiansen Peter Flom Hans Hagen Robin Laakso Tristan Miller Tim Null Arthur Ogawa Steve Peter Yuri Robbers Will Robertson Other key people More key people wanted Sponsors racTEX Journal 2008 Number 1 Published 2008 04 01 Current Issue Notices From the Editor In this issue Next issue Class and Style Editorial LaTeX niques Yuri Robbers News from Around TeX program updates Bigelow introduces Grotesque Day of LaTeX Keming 2 The Editors Whole Issue PDF for PracTeX Journal 2008 1 The Editors Articles Writing a thesis with LaTeX Lapo Mori LaTeX goes with the flow Jim Hefferon Learning To Sweave in APA Style Ista Zahn Using BiBTeX to produce customized layouts Yogeshwarsing Calleecharan Columns Travels in TeX Land Another ornament for thought breaks David Walden Ask Nelly How do I create math mode columns in tabular environments How do I find the files required to compile my document The Editors
11. bottom box 4 You can download the Sweave sh script from http cran r project org contrib extra scripts 4 Sweave basics In this section I give an overview of and basic introduction to Sweave As you will soon find it is not difficult to learn but it does require that you have some knowledge of both R and BIEX To create a Sweave document simply set up your LATRX preamble as usual use the Sweave package and save the file with a Rnw extension For example the first two lines of the present article read documentclass pracjourn usepackage Sweave and the file is named LearningToSweaveAPAStyle Rnw 4 1 What happens when you run Sweave When you run Sweave the output is a regular IATRX file with the R code and results included If you have your system set up as described above this is all hidden from view because the program is set up to automatically run IATFX on the Sweave output But what looks like a single seamless process is actually a two stage affair This is useful in an important way namely that we can run Sweave and then edit the resulting tex file to make any manual changes we wish to the results returned from R 4 2 Details about Sweave syntax Unlike ATRX and R Sweave is not extensive or complicated This is because Sweave has a relatively simple purpose it allows you to combine IATFX and R code into a single document The basic Sweave syntax consists simply of a lt lt gt gt marker indicat
12. ing that we want to begin an R code section followed by one or more R commands followed by a marker indicating you are done writing R commands and wish to switch back to IATRX Although this basic syntax is extremely simple it s actually slightly more complicated than this because you can put option commands inside the openning marker In the following I discuss only a few of the more commonly used options for a full description the available options see the Sweave user manual 4 In the examples that follow I use a simple contrived data set that takes the following form lt lt echo false gt Participant lt c 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Condition lt factor c 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 Score lt c 4 3 5 4 4 2 2 6 5 6 Data lt data frame Participant Condition Score Data These R commands create the following simple data frame Participant Condition Score 1 1 1 4 2 2 1 3 3 3 1 5 4 4 1 4 5 5 1 4 6 6 2 2 7 7 2 2 8 8 2 6 9 9 2 5 10 10 2 6 If you don t understand what these commands are doing make sure to consult an introductory R guide before proceeding 4 3 The echo option The echo option dictates whether the R input is incorporated into the typeset docu ment For example if we want to calculate the grand mean of the Score variable for the Data dataset created above we could say lt lt echo true gt gt mean Score which gives us gt mean Score 1
13. str_ptr 3 gt max_ strings in end name together with the fact that area_delimiter 0 in that procedure because cur_area provides the extra breathing space But I changed init_gf anyway Anomalies that won t be changed Autorounding does not work properly when filling certain nonconvex shapes such as http dw tug org pracjourn 2008 1 news knuth html pickup makepen 6 0 6 0 cycle filldraw 2 0 up 0 1 down 1 0 down 0 1 down cycle at point 1 0 Pens whose width and height are not integers are deprecated there s no point cluttering up the code with stuff that benefits only them One of MF s and MP s most interesting algorithms is the way it chooses control points and directions for paths that are partially specified I ran into a curious glitch some years ago when preparing an illustration for my book Selected Papers on Computer Languages The two paths 0 0 dir45 15 0 0 0 dir150 and 0 0 dir 45 15 0 0 0 dir 150 turn out to have amazingly different shapes The first one twists around almost unbelievably while the second looks reasonable I tracked this down to the equations in MF s solve_choices routine which chooses the desired turning angle at the point 15 0 In both cases this value psi 1 is set to n_arg 983040 0 here 983040 is the internal scaled representation of 15 and n_arg is supposed to determine the value of angle 15 0 See page 67 of the MF
14. 4 1 or we could say lt lt echo false gt mean Score which gives 1 4 1 Notice that in the first case the command returned both the command and the result while in the second case only the result appears 5 Many excellent and free guides are available at http www r project org 4 4 The results option The results option tells Sweave how we want the results formatted We can hide the results completely as in lt lt echo false results hide gt gt mean Score We can return the results already formated in IATRX code useful especially when we have R create TEX tables for us more on this later as in lt lt echo false results tex gt mean Score or we can have the result returned verbatim the default as in lt lt echo false results verbatim gt gt mean Score The reader is encouraged to play around with these options in order to see what they do first hand 5 Including results from R into your document The main purpose of Sweave is to allow you to perform statistical analyses and include the results directly into your ATRX document without the need to switch programs copy and paste or re type results In this section I provide examples illustrating how to do this Many of the examples use the Prestige dataset from the car 1 R package The Prestige data set contains six variables as described in the car package documentation education Average education of occupatio
15. Contact us Writing a thesis with LaTeX Lapo Mori Abstract This article provides the tools to write a thesis with LaTeX It analyzes the typical problems that arise while writing a thesis and suggests solutions mainly referring to existing packages Many suggestions can also be applied to other kinds of document such as a book and a journal article Lapo Mori is a graduate student in Mechanical Engineering at Northwestern University Evanston IL USA He started using LaTeX in 2003 while working on his B S thesis and has been an enthusiastic user since then He became a member of GulT Italian TUG in 2003 an administrative member in 2003 and the vice president in 2007 He was among the founders of Ars TeXnica in 2006 the first Italian journal on TeX and LaTeX and has served as an editor since then You can reach Lapo at www lapomori com PDF version of paper Article source Bibliography style file Bibliography database Additional style file Comment on this paper Send submission idea to editor Page generated April 13 2008 TUG home page search contact webmaster http dw tug org pracjourn 2008 1 mori For submission to The PracTFX Journal Draft of April 12 2008 Writing a thesis with LATEX Lapo F Mori Email mori northwestern edu Address Mechanical Engineering Department Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA Abstract This article provides useful t
16. Here are the most significant ones in decreasing order of importance 1 Leaders with mskip glue never worked properly this feature has now been disallowed 2 Error recovery was incorrect when an extra right brace appeared within a macro parameter 3 TeX s inner loop now runs a bit faster http dw tug org pracjourn 2008 1 news knuth html 4 The size of insert boxes is now displayed more accurately by showlists 5 A restriction on tfm files enforced by TFtoPL namely that there must be at least one entry in each of the width height depth and italic correction tables is now enforced also by TeX since noncompliance could cause a mess 6 TeX used to leak four words of memory if arithmetic overflow occurred when multiply or divide was applied to glue or muglue 7 The old iniTeX could leak four words of memory in another way but at most four total if last_glue pointed to a glue specification when the format file was created There s an undocumented feature which is inconvenient to explain anywhere in The TeXbook pagedepth is cleared to zero when the current page disappears into box255 but pagetotal pagestretch pagefilstretch pagefillstretch pagefilllstretch and pageshrink are zeroed later when the current page becomes nonempty That s the time pagegoal is set and recorded in the log file with a line if you re tracing pages I don t recall why there is a discrepancy but I certainly don t w
17. TeX s input at the prompt There are many many such Before TeX knows the job name it outputs just to the terminal Log file output won t happen until an input command has occurred or input line one has been processed whichever comes first because the log file is given its name at that time For example showhyphens whatever will show what ever on the terminal but not in the log file Same for showhyphens whatever input foo but in this case the log file is called foo log instead of texput log With input foo showhyphens whatever you see what ever also in foo log plain TeX format Version 3 141592653 of plain tex is identical to version 3 14159265 except that errorstopmode is no longer invoked by the tracingall and loggingall macros That mistake had been in plain tex for more than 25 years and I thank David Kastrup for the wakeup call Turning now to METAFONT Thorsten Dahlheimer gave the whole program a much needed scrutiny and came up with a number of bugs that have now been corrected in version 2 718281 Incidentally he has also given me invaluable help finding mistakes in the darker corners of TAOCP Only one of those bugs was serious enough to affect real programs with high probability the others are the sorts of things that a good nitpicker will spot when reading code although the actual misbehavior requires weird scenarios As usual you can find details of the signific
18. You can reach him at jhefferon smevt edu PDF version of paper Article source sphyg sty Comment on this paper Send submission idea to editor Page generated April 13 2008 TUG home page search contact webmaster http dw tug org pracjourn 2008 1 hefferon The PracTfX Journal 2008 No 1 Article revision 2008 03 14 LATEX goes with the flow Jim Hefferon Abstract One advantage of TEX and friends is that they fit naturally into a work flow where there are many tools each good at its own job This paper gives an example involving a system for doing class evaluations online My college gives students in every class a chance to provide feedback on that class We now use a paper based form but are looking toward online evaluations Some advantages of an online system would be timeliness reports for a class would be available immediately after the feedback period instead of six months later flexibility for instance data could easily be tracked over time and cus tomizability more on this below So for the institution all of the bullet points lead in the same direction We ve had no luck finding a vendor As one approach I wrote some scripts In my system called Sphyg part of the job involved moving the data from the database to the summary documents For that the right tool was ATEX 1 Sketch of the system To understand how IATFX fits into its flow we must first understand the evalua tion system
19. a species name I quickly fell into the trap of getting things wrong that way One journal used emph to typeset the abstract in italics which meant my species names were no longer italicised in the abstract Luckily I didn t just go ahead and change every emph around a species name into itshape I did at least realise that if this was again not the best way of doing it I wouldn t want to go over my document again Instead I created a new command newcommand 1 species itshape 1 and changed every affected emph into a species That solved the problem and is of course a trick that even most absolute beginners already master Over the years however I have made additions to my species command which I use when working on a book The command also automatically adds entries into my Index Taxonomicus an index of species names The basic version of this command is defined like this newcommand 1 species itshape 1 index 1 Soon I needed more than that still If I had several species in the same genus I d want them to be indexed together Barbus tetrazona Barbus cumingii and Barbus melanampyx all as sub items http dw tug org pracjourn 2008 1 editor under the Barbus item for example So I came up with newcommand 2 species itshape 1 2 index 1 1 2 This is of course a rather significant alteration It requires changing each and every species command in the text into species L
20. break that doesn t exceed a height of 30 089pt That is what s left after we start with plain TeX s vsize of 8 9in and subtract the page total so far http dw tug org pracjourn 2008 1 news knuth html which is 8 2in for the vrule plus 1pt of lineskip plus 7 5pt for the height of Some text plus 12pt to separate the text from its first footnote The vsplit algorithm discovers two ways to break the footnote One has height 8 5pt the height of A bigbreak follows depth 1 94444pt and penalty 200 at the bigbreak the other has natural height 32 5pt depth 3 5pt which comes from a strut placed by plain TeX and penalty 10000 the force out penalty at the very bottom of the footnote This latter break is considered viable because 4pt of glue shrinkage is available to bring the height down to 30 089pt Naturally vsplit chooses the latter alternative Then TeX does something dumb It records the result of the split in the list of contributions to the current page in such a way that the first part of the split will be included on the page only if there s room for its natural height depth namely 36pt in this case And in this case the first part of the split actually turns out to be the whole footnote Therefore when TeX next finds a legal breakpoint the current page limit has been exceeded and the line with its footnote is deemed not to be permissible The previous break which leaves an underfull vbox is c
21. code to the text The listings package which recognizes many computer programming languages allows a broader control of the code typographic style Another alternative is the fancyvrb package The algorithm and algpseudocode packages can be used for the algorithms the first one generates floating objects the second one non floating objects 6 8 Cross references Sometimes it might be useful to use the ref and pageref commands together to refer to figures and table especially when there are several pages between the object and the reference For this purpose some authors use commands like newcommand fullref 1 ref 1 on page pageref 1 However it is not possible to know beforehand the position of the object and may happen that the pageref refers to the same page The varioref package defines 34 the vref command in order to take care of these exceptions This package works together with babel to adapt to the language in use For example see Fig vref f5 produces depending on where is the figure something like see Fig 3 1 on the next page or see Fig 3 1 on page 24 As regards equations the eqref command should be used instead of ref For example defined in eq eqref e2 produces defined in eq 3 6 6 9 Reviewing the code When reviewing the code it is highly recommended to analyze accurately the log file and to use the refcheck and showkeys packages to check how label and r
22. heading levels The APA manual specifies different heading styles depending on the total number of headings in a manuscript In order for IATFX to figure out how to set your headings you therefore need to tell it how many headings you have This is done by issuing the headinglevels command in your preamble Note that the number of headings is specified by verbal rather than numeric arguments Thus if your manuscript has four headings you need to issue the command headinglevels four NOt headinglevels 4 The manual specifies heading schemes for up to five heading levels Once you have specified the number of heading levels in the preamble you issue section commands as follows section subsection subsubsection paragraph subparagraph Note that all of these may or may not be used depending on the number of headings For example if you have only three heading levels you should use only the section subsection and subsubsection headings If you decide to change the number of heading levels LATEX will automatically adjust the appearance of the headings appropriately 2 4 Enumeration and seriation Itemized and enumerated lists can appear in APA style manuscripts but their use is not common To create bulleted or numbered lists you can simply use the standard itemize and enumerate environments More commonly in APA style documents one wishes to have itemized lists that appear in the body of the text like a thi
23. http www tug dk FontCatalogue mathfonts html and other informartion can be found in 5 28 6 4 3 Lists The enumerate package allows to modify the item numbering of enumerate like environments It can change the counter style and the delimiter symbol 58 6 4 4 Minitoc When the chapters have a very complex structure it may be convenient to report a table of contents of the chapter on its first page Fig 7 These minitocs can be automatically produced by the minitoc package 6 4 5 Epigraphs The epigraph package allows to insert an epigraph in the first page of each chapter An example is reported in Fig 8 6 4 6 Footnotes By default L TEX produces high quality footnotes When it is really necessary however the user can change the footnote layout with some dedicated pack ages and commands The footmisc package provides many options to control the footnotes such as bottom which places the footnotes at the bottom of the page Fig 9 5 In order to prevent a single footnote from spreading over several pages the user can set a high penalty to this behavior with the command interfootnotelinepenalty 10000 The part of the page assigned to the footnotes can be controlled with the command 37 It is possible to use Arabic numerals 1 2 3 uppercase LILIIL and lowercase i ii iii Roman numerals uppercase A B C and lowercase a b c Roman alphabet letters 38 Every cha
24. in the text as follows pagestyle fancy fncyfront frontmatter fncymain mainmatter The openright class option might cause a blank page at the end of the chapter The following command can be added to the preamble to avoid headers and footers on this blank page makeatletter def cleardoublepage clearpage if twoside ifodd c page else hbox thispagestyle empty newpage if twocolumn hbox newpage fi fi fi makeatother 6 3 2 Page layout University rules very often require a page layout different from that of the stan dard ISIFX classes It could be changed using IMTFX primitive commands such as textwidth oddsidemargin etc but this is not advisable for several reasons 5 26 A better solution consists in using rigid packages such as layaureo 50 30 Other packages such as widemargins a4 and a4wide could be used to modify the layout but they are not suggested because they are obsolete 25 i Thesis _ MS 2005 7 11 14 36 page 32 56 il 2 SCOMPOSIZIONE DELLA CONDIZIONE DI CARICO sistema 2 1 diventa F F F 0 2 11a TER 2 11b Ma My Me Fec i Ta hz 0 2 11c Analogamente a quanto fatto nel par 2 2 conveniente riportare tutte le forze sulla stessa retta d azione riscrivendo il sistema 2 11 come Fa Fp Fe 0 Ty T Te 0 Ma My MZ 0 Figure 6 Example of page crop marks which are very easy to use but do no
25. incorporate into the major distributions of TeX and they will presumably soon be available on CTAN In general the changes can be characterized as a general cleanup especially to the documentation The new versions don t affect old documents except when the existing behavior was seriously incorrect And except for the fact that TeX will often run a bit faster now To do this revision I waded through more than 600K bytes of text files not counting the binary pdf and png files that were also submitted Barbara Beeton faithfully compiled all of this material during the years 2003 2007 and organized it so that my task wasn t hopeless She had many volunteers helping to separate wheat from chaff needless to say I m extremely grateful for all of this assistance http dw tug org pracjourn 2008 1 news knuth html The total number of independent topics about which I had to make a decision after they had come come through the filtering process was approximately 335 Some of these needed several days of thought and careful study some of them needed only a few seconds More than a hundred of them were nontrivial and I did my best So now I send best wishes to the whole TeX community as I leave for vacation to the land of TAOCP until 31 December 2013 Au revoir http dw tug org pracjourn 2008 1 news knuth html Journal home page THE General information Submit an item Download style files r at O T d Copyright
26. is simply lt lt echo false results hide gt gt pdf file splot12 pdf width 6 height 5 qplot education income shape type size women colour prestige xlab Education ylab Income dev off begin figure centering includegraphics width 6in height 5in splot12 pdf caption A scatterplot displaying the relationships among Income Education Prestige Type of occupation and percentage of Women in the field label fig fig12 end figure The result is displayed in Figure 1 and really shows off the impressive capabilities of gplot The R command pato tells R to save the graph to a pdf file Then we include the graph with the standard includegraphics command making sure to specify the same size in the options as we did in the options to the pdf command Note that the pdf command expects the units to be in inches so just write the number of inches you want while the includegraphics command needs to be told that the values are in inches i e write includegraphics width 3in file rather than just includegraphics width 3 file which will make IATfX complain that you didn t tell it what to do 14 Type e bc 4 prof WC Women e 0 e 20 40 60 380 Income prestige e 20 e 30 e 40 e 50 e 60 e 70 e 80 Education Figure 1 A scatterplot displaying the relationships among Income Education Pres tige Type of occupation and percentage
27. of the function and as second argument its definition which usually contains a useful sequence of in structions On line 9 we find the internal command write which interprets the sequence of instructions between the function argument name print and itself on the same line and it writes the output in a bbl file which is generated on running BIBTEX On line 4 is the first function called print which will pop out the topmost item from the stack via the pop command The user can change the argument name print on line 4 to anything that he or she likes e g rambo provided the same argument name is written on line 9 as well But as in pro gramming it is always better to work with meaningful names Finally the other important function is on line 8 and it takes as first argument style1 and defines the sequence of instructions on line 9 as second argument This function also defines an entry type style1 which shall appear in the first bib file as well Moving further down in the file listing first bst to line 14 is the READ command which is advisable to be placed after all functions have been defined Occurring just once in a bst file it processes only from the first bib file the entries listed in the first aux file generated on TEX compilation Next on line 15 is the ITERATE command which should come after the READ command This command is executed for a number of times that equals to the number of entries in the first bib file subject that
28. per le forze si assegna valore unitario a tutti i momenti puri in modo da semplificare I sistemi di forze applicate sono equilibrati se soddisfatta l eq 2 11b 32 a with the bottom option mm ETTE Tutti i possibili sistemi equilibrati di forze non nulle applicate al giunto sono riportati nella tab 2 3 risulta evidente che la condizione js ottenibile con una combinazione lincare delle altre tre Scelta della base In modo analogo a quanto fatto nel par 2 5 2 per le forze si assegna valore unitario a tutti i momenti puri in modo da semplificare I sistemi di forze applicate sono equilibrati se soddisfatta l eq 2 11b b without the bottom option Figure 9 Position of the footnotes 32 32 1 um 6 5 4 Other packages The empheq package can be used to highlight mathematical environments The theorem package can be used to customize theorem like environments The xfrac package allows to write fractions in the text and in the mathematics e g 5 7 6 5 5 System of equations It is sometimes useful to group a system of equations with a curly brace A convenient way to do it is by defining a new environment newenvironment sistema left lbrace begin array 10 end array right For example the following code begin sistema x_1 sigma_b72 sigma_a x_2 sigma_a72 sigma_b end sistema produces GV 0 2 X2 0 p
29. the data is inserted 2 The SIX generation There are many ways to get data out of a database and into a report Just to name one the programming language Perl makes generating plain text reports straight forward But plain text has shortcomings such as a lack of graphics capability and colors and character encodings can be awkward I wanted the reports to be nicer than that for instance to show bar charts for choice type questions That and also that everyone can read it means that the natural format for the report is PDF Since direct production of PDF would be very hard generating the reports using ATEX makes the most sense So Sphyg s document work flow is a Python script takes the data from the database and outputs LATEX source files These are turned into a report by run ning them through Xq4TEX The variant XqlTEX was chosen because it makes convenient the use of a wider character set I wrote a custom sty file for the reports That means that less of the ATRX code is mixed in with the Python Here is an example showing part of a page using some of the sample data MA 406 A 2007 Fall page 5 Responses for MA 406 A Abstract Algebra There are 21 students enrolled of which 2 returned a survey Grades in this section are 2 A s 9 B s 7 C s O D s O F s with O other 3 none and a quality point ratio of 2 7 Question 1 The instructor is knowledgable about the subject No response 90 oe ee SA A
30. which are usually in the first few lines The details on how to use figures with PDFISIFX and to convert them from eps to pdf are reported in sec 5 2 11 http potrace sourceforge net 12 http www ctan org tex archive help Catalogue entries ghostscript afpl html 13 http www ctan org tex archive help Catalogue entries gsview html 14 File PS to EPS Automatically calculate Bounding Box 14 4 1 2 Useful packages The graphicx package needs to be loaded in order to insert figures Its guide is very useful 5 Subfigures Fig 1 can be obtained with the subfig package In many cases this package is not even needed since more than one figure or table can be inserted into a figure or table environment as shown in the following example begin figure tb includegraphics width 0 3 textwidth fig a caption caption a label fig a hspace 4em includegraphics width 0 3 textwidth fig b caption caption b label fig b end figure This is a good way to reduce the number of floating objects and to facilitate their placement It is advisable to collect all the figures in one or more subfolders to keep the source files in order If the fig a figure is inside the fol_1 folder the user should specify it includegraphics fol_1 fig a By the way it is far more convenient to specify the folder s name just once in the preamble with the command graphicspath fol_1 fol_2 The path declared with graphicspath can be r
31. work but my experience suggests that LATEX based solutions have significant advantages This article describes how to use Sweave to write ATEX documents in APA style complete with results tables and figures generated by R 1 Why I made the switch to TFX and R I am the only person in my department who uses IATRX and R Because Sweave simply provides a way to integrate these two programs it follows that I am the only Sweave user as well Why have I taken the time and effort to learn these programs instead of following the crowd and sticking with Word and SPSS Quite simply I made the switch because using TEX and R is actually easier It took me some time to become familiar with these programs but after using them for a couple of months I am firmly convinced that I am more productive with these programs than I ever was with Word and SPSS 1 1 Advantages to using IATRX and R There are a number of major advantages to using IATRX and R rather than Word and SPSS For example LATEX users who need to write documents in APA style can use 1 Ris an open source implementation of the S statistical programming language Sweave stands for S weave i e weaving S code and results into a ATEX document This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial Share Alike 3 0 United States License To view a copy of this license visit creativecommons org apa cls 6 to completely specify the final appearance of the docum
32. xtable inside a Sweave tag Once the libraries are loaded you are almost ready to begin making tables To make a table of descriptive statistics we need to do a bit of work in R before calling xtable Specifically we need our descriptive statistics to be formatted in a data frame after which we can run xtable on the data frame Here is an example that creates a table displaying descriptive statistics for the income and education variables found in the Prestige dataset lt lt echo false results tex gt means lt c mean income mean education sds lt c sd income sd education mins lt c min income min education maxs lt c max income max education descriptives lt data frame means sds mins maxs row names c Income Education names descriptives lt c Mean SD Min Max descriptives table lt xtable descriptives caption Descriptive Statistics label tab descriptive2 print descriptives table include rownames IRUE This will produce the result displayed in Table 1 Table 1 Descriptive Statistics Mean SD Min Max Income 6797 90 4245 92 611 00 25879 00 Education 10 74 2 73 6 38 15 97 The xtable package also has extensive methods for creating tables displaying the results of inferential statistics For example we can create an ANOVA table summa rizing the results of a linear regression model predicting income from educ
33. 100 2 2 t 100 2 sin t 80 sin 100 2 2 t end pspicture end document Note that I have had to fill in the numbers in the equations by hand Also I have had to adjust the coordinates in the begin pspicture command I chose 100 because that is slightly more than R r Finally I have had to adjust xunit and yunit so that the total picture ends up fitting on the page In this case it ll be two by two inches http dw tug org pracjourn 2008 1 distract The result looks like this Hypertrochoid example Similarly it is easy to convert the epitrochoid equations x R r cos dcos 2 r y R r sin0 dsin 0 r into PSTricks code choosing the same values as before R 100 r 2 d 80 documentclass amsart usepackage pstricks usepackage pstricks add usepackage pst plot begin document thispagestyle empty psset xunit 0 0lin yunit 0 0lin algebraic begin pspicture showgrid false 102 102 102 102 parametricplot plotstyle curve linewidth 0 1pt plotpoints 1000 0 360 102 cos t 80 cos 51 t 102 sin t 80 sin 51 t end pspicture end document And the result of this code looks like this Epitrochoid example Happy Spirographing Page generated April 13 2008 TUG home page search contact webmaster http dw tug org pracjourn 2008 1 distract
34. 8 10 and 11 respectively and they act as second argument to the style2 function More will be said on the formatting techniques used in Section 3 1 The final step is to write the tex file Here we have three entries corresponding to the three elements of Table 1 and as in the previous section the entries can be outputted through nocite Elem1 nocite Elem2 and nocite Elem3 respectively The output for instance from a dvi file if a dvi viewer has been called is shown in Fig 1 1 Hydrogen H It is classified as nonmetal and is found in group I Note 2 Helium He It is classified as noble gas and is found in group VIII Note A very light gas 3 Lithium Li It is classified as alkali metal and is found in group I Note Lithium salts are known to enhance moods Figure 1 Customized layout 1 obtained with style2 Two things are noteworthy here Firstly one is free to output the information that is desired This can be achieved in two ways Commenting the whole of line 8 6 of the style2 function in the bst file listing would prevent the note field from being outputted Inserting the symbol normally after write in the style2 function enables one to control which information is to be outputted This is a huge convenience in getting desired information from a database That said the attention of the reader is drawn to the verbatim style2 function listed where the symbols have only been included so as the listing can fit w
35. FX and TEX users will be encouraged to consider digging into BrsIEX commands BisIfX is a well suited tool to han dle static database information The user is expected to realize that almost any information which can be treated as a database can benefit from the formatting techniques shown Readers conversant with the Extensible Markup Language XML will find that BIBTEX perhaps is not as flexible in terms of simplicity and capabilities But let us remind ourselves of two important things Firstly BIBTEX and XML were created for different purposes and secondly BisTfX has been here before XML came to life Hence any comparison is unfounded and unfair That said this gap can lessened if BisTFX is combined with JabRef 4 to un veil similar XML capabilities like filtering sorting and information retrieval 5 JabRef 4 is a very flexible tool where the user can create custom fields and maybe through custom filters it can produce better results than given in this article I will not venture in this alley as tweaking deep with JabRef 4 remains a mystery for me Nevertheless even without JabRef 4 smart constructs can be made with BrsIpx as we have seen in Section 4 with commands like if and empty With the sky being the limit for IMEX TEX fans who knows how BisIpxX will spice up our world in the future Disclaimer The codes available with this article are named datab tex datab bib and datab bst respectively Compilation is ac
36. N D SO NR Agree Neutral Disagree 1 50 0 0 0 0 1 50 In this section the mean is 4 5 and the standard deviation is 0 7 with 2 responses For 2 sections in the Mathematics Department the mean is 4 5 and the standard deviation is 0 7 with 2 responses For 2 sections across all departments the mean is 4 5 and the standard deviation is 0 7 with 2 responses Additional comments a laf a f Ikasj dlk al s dflkaj flk A number of things appear in this sample For instance LATEX generates page headers that change depending on the class section Also notice that the mean and standard deviation summary information about responses are given for this single section across the department and across the college Finally notice the optional comment shown with the question summary here there is just one com ment but had there been more they would have been listed in alternate shadings An advantage of using IATFX in this work flow is that some of its features make easy things that might otherwise be quite hard One example is that the document style uses the graphicx package to make a macro to draw the bar charts as shown in the screenshot above Another example of leveraging TEX is that the report style uses the longtable package to alternatively shade adjacent comments and to automatically insert continued on next page where appropriate Still another example is that the hyperref package makes document navigatio
37. Quick Build tool on any of these files Enough of talking now Displaying the words Hello World has nothing to do with formatting a database of information but it can be useful to illustrate the structure of a bst style file For a database one would normally start with the bib file and think of the fields required for different entry types But here for this simple example we directly create the bst file as one entry is enough to display Hello World We will need to create three files first bst first bib and first tex Next is shown the first bst file listing ENTRY toDisplay Fi FUNCTION print cite pop FUNCTION style1 print toDisplay write FUNCTION fin newline READ ITERATE call type EXECUTE fin oO wan DBD oOo fa WIN e OH e e I ao Ae QO N e O m a We shall give a short attempt to dissect the first bst file listing and detailed information of the commands used are available in 1 We begin on line 1 with the BIBTEX ENTRY command which is used to create a field named toDisplay 2 which will be defined later in the first bib file The two pairs of matching braces on line 3 are for internal variables and will not be discussed further The next important command is FUNCTION All the macro functions in our example are user defined Furthermore a function can also be made to run via the EXECUTE command refer to line 16 The FUNCTION command takes as first argument the name
38. The average income was Sexpr mean income with a standard deviation of Sexpr sd income The average level of education was Sexpr mean education with a standard deviation of Sexpr sd education The correlation between income and education was Sexpr cor income education This will be typeset as The mean income was 6798 with a standard deviation of 4246 The mean level of education was 11 with a standard deviation of 2 7 The correlation between income and education was 0 58 Once I got used to reporting results this way it s hard for me to imagine how I ever worked without it It s so simple so easy that I can t help but wonder why anyone would go to all the trouble of having separate interfaces to their statistical and document preparation software And it gets even better with Sweave as we can do exactly the same kind of operations with tables and figures that we just did with single values 11 5 2 Including tables in your document with xtable There are two separate R libraries that can be used to create IATfX tables in R The first is the xtable package 8 which was designed exclusively for this purpose The other is the Hmisc package 3 which includes the latex command I m going to illustrate the use of xtable because I ve found it easier to use xtable formats table results in IATFX style turning the utilitarian R output into nicely formated tables To load the xtable package simply write library
39. an entry is called in the first tex file In this first example there is just one entry as will be seen later in the file first bib The ITERATE command has as argument call type which looks for the name of each entry to be executed in the first bib file and takes this name as argument And this call type command works together with the cite on line 6 to treat each entry in the first bib file in turn Finally on line 16 is the EXECUTE command which is required to generate an output from a bst file It has been found necessary to add an arbitrary function named fin with newline as argument so that BIBTEX compiles correctly The newline command begins a new line The next step is to write the bib file where one entry is sufficient to display the words Hello World Thus we will have the entry type stylei defined in first bst a key named arbitrarily as Elemi and then one field named toDisplay taking as argument the words Hello World The listing of the first bib file is 1 stylei Elem1 2 toDisplay Hello World a H In last we write the first tex file Omitting for brevity the compulsory documentclass commands and the document environment the listing of the tex file is 1 nocite Elem1 2 bibliographystyle first 3 bibliography first We should note two things here Firstly the nocite command is used instead of the usual cite for bibliography generation The interested reader can try the la
40. ant changes to Pascal code in the file errata mf84 bug The complete source file mf web shows many instances of improved commentary http dw tug org pracjourn 2008 1 news knuth html 1 The serious bug arose from user input such as boolean b b1 true b2 earlier versions of MF would go into an infinite loop from such constructions so evidently nobody ever writes code like this Strings paths and pictures have similar problems not just booleans No problem would occur if the statement had been b1 b2 true instead I forgot to include one instruction in my program and it s a glaring error in section 1003 This bug is also in the METAPOST source mp web which I assume somebody else will fix Whoever does that should also look carefully at the other changes just made to mf web since so much of the code is common to both 2 There also were problems in the TFM files when extremely large characters or dimensions were present For example from mode lowres mode _ setup designsize 10pt beginchar 160pt 160pt 160pt endchar end you get a tfm file with a bad character width and depth because of an off by one error in my code TFtoPL doesn t complain about the character height which violates some but not all of the documentation of TFM files A fix_word is supposed to lie between 2048 and 2048 21 20 inclusive but the MFbook says that no TFM dimension should result in the fix_word value 2048 TeX has no prob
41. ant to diddle with any of that logic at this late date Here are some other things that I don t want to touch i David Kastrup found a glitch in plain TeX s footnote splitting mechanism Everything works according to the documentation in The TeXbook and I can t possibly make a change to such a sensitive part of TeX s logic at this late date But his example is quite interesting and I d like to discuss it here for the benefit of people planning other systems Here s his construction to be used with plain TeX def testpage 1 dimen0 1 vrule height 5 dimen0 depth 5 dimen0 quad 1 par Some text footnote A bigbreak follows bigbreak A bigbreak preceded par vfill supereject testpage 8 17in testpage 8 23in testpage 8 2in The first test page is an example where the entire footnote fits fine In the second one the footnote needs to be split so two pages are generated one with the first half of the footnote as desired The third test page illustrates the problem Plain TeX uses the worst of both strategies Namely it generates two pages in which the first is underfull while the second has the text and footnote that would have fit on the first page Why does plain TeX screw up here Well TeX knows that the footnote doesn t fit when typeset at its natural height depth of 36pt So it tries to split it by choosing a height threshold It says to the vsplit routine Please give me your best
42. ation as follows lt lt echo false results hide gt gt library xtable 12 xtable anova Im income education caption ANOVA Table label tab anovatablel The results are displayed in Table 2 This basic method can be applied to just about any model object About the only thing that you might object to is the somewhat unconventional labels used across the top of the table It is possible to modify these values in the model object before calling xtable but I find that this is often more trouble than it s worth and I m usually better off just using xtable to get an approximate result of what I want and then tweaking the table by editing the IATFX file that Sweave produces to get the details right Table 2 ANOVA Table Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr gt F education 1 00 607421386 02 607421386 02 50 06 0 00 Residuals 100 00 1213392025 00 12133920 25 To do this simply open up the file and find the table generated by xtable In the present case we find latex table generated in R 2 6 2 by stable 1 5 2 package Fri Mar 28 13 02 56 2008 begin table ht begin center caption ANOVA Table label tab anovatablel begin tabular lrrrrr hline amp Df amp Sum Sq amp Mean Sq amp F value amp Pr gt F hline education amp 1 amp 607421386 02 amp 607421386 02 amp 50 06 amp 0 0000 Residuals amp 100 amp 1213392025 00 amp 12133920 25 amp amp hlin
43. bols are all the symbols that cannot be typed directly from the key board For the mathematical symbols you should refer to the amssymb package provided by the AMS For all the other kinds of symbols there are specific pack ages that can be easily identified with 22 30 Capitolo 3 Implementazione su codici agli elementi finiti Everything should be made as simple as possible but not simpler ALBERT EINSTEIN 1879 1955 German physicist In questo capitolo si utilizza la strategia di ridurre le condizioni di carico generiche agenti sul giunto ad una combinazione lineare di soluzioni note a priori risultato del cap 2 al fine di sviluppare un algoritmo che superi Figure 8 Example of an epigraph 6 5 2 Numbers numprint is a very useful package to represent numbers Among the other func tions provided it can automatically insert a separator every three figures and approximate a number For example numprint 2 742647826672E 01 gives 2 743 1070 6 5 3 Units To avoid formatting by hand the units it is advisable to use the Slunits package For example unit 32 1 micro metre gives 31 0 y j m zit a a Tutti i possibili sistemi cquilibrati di forze non nulle applicate al giunto sono riportati nella tab 2 3 risulta evidente che la condizione p ottenibile con una combinazione lineare delle altre tre Scelta della base In modo analogo a quanto fatto nel par 2 5 2
44. book The answer is 180 which is appropriate in the second case but the first case really wants the answer to be 180 I made a noticeable change to the shape of one and only one letter in the CM family namely the calligraphic F The new one has a slightly different swash which pleases me more when I look at it in The Art of Computer Programming The change is small yet it would be nice if people would remake the Type 1 versions of the fonts that use calu mf namely cmsy and cmbsy The lowercase Greek nu could develop a tiny notch at the bottom especially at high resolutions of boldface versions brought to my attention by Charles Duan who conjectured its existence by reading the source code So I corrected that problem Duan also found a few other places where the source code was logically wrong in greekl mf I fixed those too However those changes don t actually show up in the generated font since the differences in point positions are minuscule Karel Piska noticed that the bulbs of lowercase a and c are positioned rather differently when the blacker parameter of a mode varies He blamed it on varying resolution but that s because my code was obscure In those characters I essentially try to move strokes apart so that there s twice as much white space as the thickness of the pen therefore a blacker pen makes the strokes go further apart My logic was faulty because the blacker setting was intended to comp
45. can visit http www radamir com tex ttf tex htm The microtype package is highly recommended when using PDFI TEX because it im proves line filling with font expansion it horizontally expands the characters in order to optimally fill each line character protrusion it let some characters to protrude into the margins typ ically the hyphens and punctuation signs These two modes are already enabled when the package is loaded without any options usepackage microtype 6 Useful packages 6 1 Hyphenation Hyphenation is controlled by the babel package and depends on the active lan guage If the thesis is in English the following command should be used usepackage english babel or epstopdf both of them from command prompt All these programs just use GhostScript to convert eps into pdf 26 Even some dvi viewers support hypertext links 21 The babel package is necessary to have hyphenation but not sufficient the file with the hyphenation patterns for the used language should be active refer to the documentation of the IATgX distribution used For English the definition file is hyphen tex ISTFX correctly syllabifies almost every English word However in some cases when using rare words or names the author might need to suggest the correct hyphenation with the command hyphenation in the preamble The words must be between curly braces and separated by a space as in the following example hyphena
46. ciably improve solution speed method convergence and resolution of the fatigue stress intensification coefficient Ky over the joint This technique valid for any two dimensional submodel is potentially extensible to three dimensional submodels a b Figure 3 Example of abstract in two languages The result is reported in Fig 3 3 4 Table of contents and other lists The table of contents and the other lists usually come right after the abstract in the following order table of contents list of figures list of tables other lists These are automatically created with ISTFX using the commands tableofcontents listoffigures listoftables The float package with the newfloat and listof commands can be used to create lists of custom floating objects e g programs algorithms etc The tocloft package can be used to modify their layout 3 5 Table of symbols and notation It is sometimes useful to give the reader a table with the symbols and the notation used in the thesis Fig 4 The nomencl package automatically generates such a list with the Makelndex program It is otherwise possible to manually create the table with the tabular environment 3 6 Appendices The appendices are normal chapters whose numbering is with the Roman al phabet letters They can be created just by using the chapter command preceded by appendix as in the following example 7 appendix mu
47. cified B amp W rather than color I had scanned the earlier image in color and later converted it to B amp W in Photoshop This resulted in approximately the following image gt lt 4 which has a few white spots and some non smooth corners but looked pretty good So I tried autotrace again which resulted in the following as an EPS or PDF file gt lt lt That s only slightly worse than the scan which still leaves me sort of im pressed with that capabilities of autotrace But of course I could have just converted my improved bitmap to EPS or PDF with Photoshop and skipped us ing autotrace so it was actually not much help in my situation versus just using 4 the scan itself with includegraphics embedded in a new ATEX command such as dropinornament See also the Appendix Third approach Thus it seemed like it was time to try Yuri s third suggestion trying to figure out some curves in MetaPost for instance that approximate the desired orna ment I looked at the documentation in the Graphics Companion for a few minutes and got discouraged about figuring out how to find the points to generate splines B zier curves etc like many or perhaps most people I have a pretty short atten tion span for reading documentation So I looked again at the high resolution scan of the previous section this time with Illustrator With Illustrator it was pretty easy to select the pen tool touch points approximately on
48. d In fact on the one hand the conversion from vector e g eps or pdf to bitmap image e g bmp jpg or png eliminates all the information on the geometry contained in the figure and deteriorates the quality of the image and the possibil ity to resize it without losing any detail On the other hand the conversion from a bitmap to vector graphics does not improve its quality it just inserts the bitmap inside a vector frame The only way to obtain a true vector graphic image from a bitmap is to trace it with dedicated applications such as Potrace The bounding box is a fundamental parameter of eps files It defines the size of the image and is used by IXIFX to compute how much space to assign to the figure The bounding box should ideally be the minimum rectangle that contains the image Sometimes however graphics applications leave margins i e empty space between the image and its bounding box This may cause some confusion because although ISIFX is assigning to the figure the right space it 12 can be used may seem that the figure is too small not centered etc Ghostview to open the figure visualize the bounding box and check if the dimensions are correct If they are not the best option is to change settings in the application that generated the eps Alternatively GSView can compute the optimal bounding box or the user can directly open the eps file with a text editor and modify the values defining the bounding box
49. d compared with the scan from the book on page 2 so I think I ll end this column now The graphic for this ornament is in the file two half ornaments jpg which can be accessed via this column s HTML page Postscript The 2008 Major League Baseball season is about to start and the Red Sox Annual 2008 from Maple Street Press Hanover MA has been published and uses the following ornament for its thought breaks I love it Addendum After I thought I was finished with this column I received an email from Aditya Mahajan who had read the column on the journal s staging website before this issue was officially posted for public viewing He said I do not understand why ultimately you are using the ornament as a jpg Since you have created the ornament from MetaPost you can simply include either a pdf or eps into your document That way you retain the advantage of having the ornament as a vector graphic A jpg is a bitmap format and will not look good when zoomed in the pdf eps format will look good even when zoomed in Since you are using MetaPost inside ConTEXt you can just say starttext startMPpage metapost code stopMPpage stoptext and you will get a pdf whose page size is same as the size of the ornament There were two reasons why I used a jpg First I only created half the orna ment in MetaPost and it was easier for me to use Photoshop to create the other half of the ornament and save the two halves a
50. d with links once they have filled out the evaluation then in the place of the link appears their grade For this incentive we must temporarily suppress access to the mechanism that or dinarily allows students to see their transcript online At the moment the online evaluation initiative is stalled at this point our online transcript vendor wants a great deal of money In short whether Sphyg will ever get running is unclear What is clear however is that IATFX fits well into this kind of flow For exam ple if I had instead tried writing the PDF directly from the database then graphics and pagination would be quite a problem Instead with TEX and friends it was a solved problem Journal home page General information TH IC Submit an item Download style files ra O T d Copyright Contact us Learning To Sweave in APA Style Ista Zahn Abstract Until recently I used MS Word and clones such as OpenOffice to write academic manuscripts as do most in my field The standard software toolkit for many psychology professors and graduate students also includes SPSS for performing statistical analyses and perhaps EndNote or similar reference manager software for generating bibliographies These tools work but my experience suggests that LaTeX based solutions have signicant advantages This article describes how to use Sweave to write LaTeX documents in APA style complete with results tables and figures generated by R I
51. e end tabular end center end table Now all we need to do is edit the table to make it look exactly like we want it to and re typeset the document 13 5 3 Graphics in Sweave documents The beauty of Sweave is that we can use R to create the graphics and include the results all from a single unified and consistent interface i e our text editor In the following sections I will walk you through a way of doing exactly this R comes with robust plotting capabilities and there are several add on packages that extend these capabilities I m going to use the ggplot2 package 7 in the following examples but the general procedure should work even if you use another plotting package To generate a figure we simply place the required R code inside the lt lt gt gt tags There are actually a few different ways to go about inserting the figure The method I m going to present here is specifically chosen because it makes it easier to produce figures that are sized appropriately with appropriately sized axis labels and legends something that can be tricky with other methods Specifically I recommend creating your graphic and saving it to a pdf file and then inserting the image into a figure environment For example we can easily represent the relations among income education type of occupation percentage of woman in a field and the prestige of a field all in one information dense graphic The code for doing all this
52. e the abstract in the preamble the code that follows is the definition used by the report class 6 Instructions on how to use the fancyhdr package can be found in sec 6 3 1 7 Figure 2 Example of dedication usepackage fancyhdr pagestyle empty newenvironment abstract cleardoublepage null vfill begin center bfseries abstractname end center vfill null Sometimes it is useful to have the abstract written in two languages The babel package can be used to select the correct name of the abstract and the hyphen ation If for example you need to write the abstract both in Italian and in English you need to load the babel in the preamble with usepackage english italian babel and then use the following commands in the text 8 Sommario La presente tesi presenta una tecnica per valutare la resistenza a fatica di giunti saldati con cordoni d angolo valida per qualunque geometria del giun to e qualunque condizione di carico e basata sulla teoria della tensione locale di Neuber Radaj A differenza della procedura standard di Radaj che preve de la soluzione in serie di sottostrutture del giunto si mostra che possibile studiare modello globale e sottomodello in parallelo Modello e sottomadello sono disaccoppiati grazie ad una procedura fondata sul principio di sovrap posizione degli effetti che permette di scomporre una qualunque condizione di carico agente sul giunto
53. ef have been employed in the text Moreover the draft option of the documentclass can be used to highlight with black bands the points where the text goes out of the margins 7 Useful websites In addition to the guides and the manuals cited in the bibliography the Web offers several resources to solve problems that might show up while writing a thesis with ATEX Google provides besides the traditional one a search engine dedicated to 40 http www google com 35 IATFX 4 The Usenet newsgroup comp text tex available also in other lan guages contains a lot of information The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network CTAN which hosts most of the TEX and IATFX material available in the Web has a powerful search engine Sarovar is a large catalog of packages and pro grams connected with TEX and MEX Among the types of search provided the topical is particularly useful when you don t know the name of a package but you know what it should be able to do Many universities and research labs offers guides on ISIFX usually targeted to beginners We will just mention here Cambridge University Nottingham University Helsinki University and Emory University Moreover David R Wilkins released his book Getting Started with TFX in html format References 1 AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY 2002 AMS LTEX User s Guide URL ftp ftp ams org pub tex doc amsmath amsldoc pdf 2 M BaupoIn 1997 Ap
54. ehensive TeX Symbol List URL http www ctan org tex archive info symbols comprehensive symbols a4 pdf 23 K RECKDAHL 2006 Using Imported Graphics in IATFX2e URL http www ctan org tex archive info epslatex pdf 24 N TaLBor 2004 Creating a PDF document using PDFIATEX URL http theoval cmp uea ac uk nlct latex pdfdoc pdfdoc a4 pdf 25 THe TurorIaL TEAM 2000 On line Tutorial on Tex Indian TEX Users Group URL http www tug org in tutorials html 26 M TRETTIN 2007 An essential guide to LTEX2e usage Obsolete commands and packages URL ftp ftp tex ac uk tex archive info 12tabu english 12tabuen pdf 27 H Voss 2007 Mathmode URL www ctan org tex archive info math voss mathmode Mathmode pdf 38 28 H Voss 2007 Rotating Text Tabulars and Images URL http perce de LaTeX PDF rotating pdf 39 Journal home page General information THE Submit an item Download style files r at O T d Copyright Contact us LaTeX goes with the flow Jim Hefferon Abstract One advantage of TeX and friends is that they fit naturally into a work flow where there are many tools each good at its own job This paper gives an example involving a system for doing class evaluations online Jim Hefferon is a professor of Mathematics at Saint Michael s College Colchester Vermont USA He is also the maintainer of the US CTAN site and is a member of the TeX User Group board
55. elative to the folder hosting the main tex file as in the previous example or absolute as for example graphicspath c documents thesis images The caption package allows to easily format captions 15 http tug ctan org tex archive macros latex required graphics grf guide pdf 16 This package supersedes the subfigure package which has been declared obsolete by its own author 17 On Linux or UNIX systems the absolute path cannot take advantage of the tilde expansion For example graphicspath home lapo documents thesis images should be used instead of graphicspath documents thesis images 15 4 2 Tables The ctable package improves the spacing of the standard tabular environment The xcolor package with the table option can be used to color the background or rows columns and cells When dealing with big tables it is possible to scale down the table for example with the following commands begin center resizebox 0 95 textwidth begin tabular end tabular end center rotate the table by 90 with the rotating package 8 break the table over several pages with the supertabular package For further details the reader can refer to a specific guide such as 20 4 3 Controlling the floating objects ISTFX users often complain about the position of figures and of floating objects in general In most cases this is due to a wrong use of the position options for t
56. ensate for differences in the device that make its apparent pen width too small thereby making the actual appearance after printing only as black as it would have been on an ideal device increasing blacker by 1 shouldn t make me reposition any strokes Yet I do actually reposition them on the lowercase a by roughly 2 pixels per unit of blacker And the bulb on c is positioned to be like that of a Still the repositioned bulbs look OK and I m happy to continue forever with this wart in the design TFtoPL version 3 2 is identical to version 3 1 except that a missing http dw tug org pracjourn 2008 1 news knuth html newline character now appears after one of the warning messages Computers amp Typesetting Dozens of corrections were made to Volumes A B C D and E of the books Computers amp Typesetting bringing everything uptodate with respect to the latest sources This includes The TeXbook which is a paperback Volume A and The METAFONTbook which is a paperback Volume C Copies of the corrected books won t be available for sale until the publisher s stock of already printed volumes is depleted but I ve prepared detailed errata from which you can make hardcopy inserts to paste into the books you have Summary All of the results of my changes appear in the following files tex texbook tex source file for The TeXbook tex tex web complete master file for TeX in Pascal tex tri
57. ent Unlike the writer using Word the INTFX user does not need to manually set page numbers figure out where to place the running head affiliation information etc The INTFX user does not even need to fiddle with the style of the headings This is one especially irritating aspect of APA style because the headings used differ depending on the number of headings one must alter headings throughout the document if the number of heading levels is changed With ISTFX these details are handled by the computer allowing the author to almost forget about formatting and concentrate on the content of the article There are additional advantages to using IATfX was well such as the ability to easily create indexed pdf files that can be navigated using free PDF viewers like Acrobat Reader and the ability to easily create reference lists without manual formatting When used together with R the IATRX document becomes an almost self contained environment in which the author can perform statistical analyses present the results in standard APA style compose the prose of the article and create and display tables and figures All of these activities can take place within a single computer program your favorite text editor reducing distractions and facilitating complete immersion in the writing process This article documents some of my experiences using LAT RX and R and highlights some of the features I find most useful including automatic formatting of tit
58. er basic formatting techniques that do not necessarily comply with typographic conventions Essentially two features will be demonstrated and the codes accompanying the discussions are available Briefly the two features are as follows Firstly it will be shown how to add another function which will give a different formatting style to other entries In addition the function will be created in a manner so that it will have the possibility to filter out a field which is note in our case when it is empty Secondly a different layout in the form of a table will be created and as in the first case we shall see how we can take advantage of table properties from a IATEX package 4 1 Filtering Out An Irrelevant Field Referring to Fig 1 in Section 3 we see that unlike the elements Helium and Lithium Hydrogen has an note field Say that a user would not like BisIfX to output a blank note field as he or she considers it to be a waste of space Be sides say the user would not like information contained within the field group for the element to be displayed In this case one has to write another function say style3 This new function can be included in the same bst file datab bst containing the function style2 listed in Section 3 Also one might want to in clude headings in the output file so that the two styles style2 and style3 can be distinguished from each other To our rescue there is the well established longtable 3 package We will
59. esponse is null let s give a help message This modification should be handled by change files keeping the master files tex web and mf web and whatever web as they are I never have intended to control the aspects of user interaction on particular systems Maybe also introduce a finite loop with or quit replaced by or I ll quit the third or fourth time I agree that infinite loops are evil and I m sorry that prompt_file_ name is invoked only within infinite loops in my own programs If I had thought of this idea earlier I d have added a global variable like max prompt repeats and initialized it to 3 or 4 just before those infinite loops then prompt_file name would decrement it or give up if it s zero Another possibility is or quit or retry except the last time That wording is a bit more suited to computer geeks who have ideas about fixing things by repairing file permissions etc if the user responds with either retry or null the intention is clearly to try again because of some reason to hope for success Still I prefer the non geek version because it reaches more people and enables the null for help option Let the geeks type a few more keystrokes they get satisfaction in other ways TeX version 3 1415926 corrects a few minor bugs following major studies by David Fuchs A summary of the noteworthy changes to the Pascal code in tex web can be found near the end of the long file errata tex82 bug
60. estje aux centaurtestje pdf Tr usr local texlive 2007 texmf var fonts map pdftex updmap pdftex map 7 UT centaurtestje aux zz zzz zo Luv Y w o w a Aa av C pra 3 a Hj c GH 3 3 uo G 2 n HHOOHHHHHHOHH zz J g c 2 J Hot a This is probably sufficient information for you You could however go one better still if you so desire Scott Pakin http dw tug org pracjourn 2008 1 asknelly created the bundledoc package available from CTAN It can find all files needed to compile a LaTeX document and automatically bundle them in an archive file As a bonus bundledoc includes the program arlatex written in perl which can create a single tex file which contains all the other files needed to compile your document Running the resulting tex file through latex recreates all the original files again bypassing the need for external archievers such as tar zip etc bundledoc can easily be configured to use arlatex as its archiver The above question was answered by Yuri Robbers a member of the editorial board of this journal He can be reached at yuri robbers gmail com Tp Page generated April 13 2008 TUG home page search contact webmaster http dw tug org pracjourn 2008 1 asknelly Journal home page THE General information Submit an item Download style files r at O T d Copyright Contac
61. ext startuseMPgraphic dummy path p p 1 145 4 156 5 13 5 162 5 27 5 164 42 163 555 160 68 5 155 83 149 92 150 96 160 5 91 170 86 182 5 82 5 198 5 84 207 5 89 211 5 96 211 5 102 205 107 193 5 115 183 125 172 136 5 163 5 155 155 5 171 5 152 187 150 208 5 149 5 221 5 148 5 228 148 333 233 167 148 5 234 833 148 5 235 149 667 234 167 150 667 230 151 883 223 212 204 199 198 199 203 208 210 216 225 233 241 251 258 267 274 284 293 304 313 317 321 322 322 fill draw path q 5 fill draw 167 155 833 161 333 833 167 333 5 175 167 182 333 833 186 667 167 189 667 167 189 667 939418 6 5 180 667 5 173 333 833 168 167 166 167 164 833 162 667 167 161 333 5 160 333 167 160 5159 5158 167 155 667 833 153 667 167 151 5 145 667 5 145 cycle p withcolor black P q p reflectedabout 0 145 335 145 q withcolor black q stopuseMPgraphic useMPgraphic dummy stoptext I learned about filling a closed cycle by glancing at Troy Henderson s A begin ner s guide to MetaPost for creating high quality graphics http www ursoswald ch metapost tutorial html I learned about creating the bottom half of the
62. features of ATX and friends In addition I ve learned how to convert pdf s to html which means I can still collaborate effectively with Word users and I can always convert my documents before submitting them for publication if I have to In sum my experience with ATfXand R have been very rewarding I hope that by sharing these experiences and giving a few pointers I have inspired you to give Sweave a try References 1 John Fox car Companion to Applied Regression 2007 R package version 1 2 7 I am grateful to many people for various suggestions and contributions 2 John Fox and with contributions from many others Remdr R Commander 2008 R package version 1 3 12 3 Frank E Harrell Jr and with contributions from many other users Hmisc Harrell Miscellaneous 2007 4 Friedrich Leisch Sweave User Manual 2007 17 Erik Meijer The apacite package Citation and reference list with LATEX and BibT EX according to the rules of the American Psychological Association 2005 Athanassios Protopapas APA LaTex Class File 1 3 2 edition 2006 Hadley Wickham The ggplot book 2007 David B Dahl with contributions from many others table Export tables to LaTeX or HTML 2007 R package version 1 5 2 18 Journal home page THE General information Submit an item Download style files r at O T d Copyright Contact us Using BiBTeX to produce customized layouts Yogeshwarsing Calleecharan
63. ge of the microtype package see sec 5 2 19 There is actually a third option the PostScript file ps but it has been substituted by the pdf format as the de facto standard 20 YAP MiKIFX dvi viewer solved this problems since the 2 5 version 19 The pdf format on the other hand although it does not allow direct and inverse search renders correctly all the effects of the graphicx package takes advantage of the microtype package is a very popular format even outside the TEX and IATFX community takes advantage of the hypertext links of the hyperref package and allows to restrict the document access with a password In conclusion it is recommended to use the dvi while writing and the pdf for printing the thesis and distributing it in electronic format 5 2 Creating a PDF There are several ways to create a pdf with IATFX such as converting a dvi or a ps file with Ghostscript directly compiling the source tex code with PDFIATRX Without going into the details for which a good reference is 24 in order to exploit all the potential of the PDF format it is necessary to use PDFIATFX which is available in most IAT X distributions The main difference between the two methods is the file format for the fig ures while the conversion from dvi or ps files requires eps images PDFIATEX requires pdf if vector graphics or jpg and png if bitmap In order to use PDFI TEX the user is
64. graphics salt ornament alone 3 jpg hfil which results in the following gt lt That looks pretty good especially on the printed page print it out Blown up about eight times it looks like this But those little imperfections aren t really visible in the size I would use it in a book as shown above However I thought that it might be more pure to somehow recreate the ornament in METAFONT MetaPost or some IATEX graphics package At this point I got to chatting via email with issue editor Yuri Robbers He noted three possibilities that came to mind for him for creating the desired graphic 1 using a large print on graph paper and hand coding the outline of the orna ment 2 using autotrace and pstoedit 3 from MetaPost to METAFONT or an otherwise usable glyph or font First approach The first approach had already come to mind before I talked with Yuri As Yuri noted this was the approach used by Donald Knuth and described in his Digital Typography book to develop his early fonts and also used by Knuth with Zapf to develop the Euler Math Fonts However the 600 dpi scan I have would still need to be blown up by a factor of four or more to be big enough to measure and hand code its coordinates but at that magnification it no longer is made up of smooth curves and straight lines rather it s made up of lots of pixels that would require lots of interpolation e g using a French curve to draw the outli
65. h it to be robust under reasonable use by people who are trying to get productive work done Almost every limit can be abused in extreme cases and I don t think it useful to go to extreme pain to prevent such things Computers have general protection mechanisms to keep buggy software from inflicting serious http dw tug org pracjourn 2008 1 news knuth html damage TeX and MF are far less buggy than the software for which such mechanisms were designed For instances of the philosophy that I had while writing these programs see for instance TeX S9 and MF S9 which say that I expected the programs to be run with arithmetic overflow interrupt turned on also TeX S104 TeX does not check for overflow when dimensions are added or subtracted the chance of overflow is so remote that such tests do not seem worthwhile MF S369 says that the total weight in a picture will be less than 21 31 unless the edge structure has more than 174 762 edges MF S558 we shall assume that the coordinates are sufficiently non extreme MF S930 users aren t supposed to be monkeying around with really big values I think the following change would be nice for the next versions of TeX MF etc In place of the current message Please type another s file name produced by prompt_file name let s substitute Please type another s file name or quit and then if the user s response is quit we do the equivalent of control C If the r
66. he element Helium for instance is converted to a bib entry as shown next Table 1 First Three Elements in the Periodic Table Atomic Element Symbol Type Group 1 Hydrogen H Nonmetal I 2 Helium He Noble gas VII 3 Lithium Li Alkali metal I 1 style2 Elem2 2 atomicNumber 2 3 name Helium 4 symbol He 5 type noble gas 6 group VIII 7 note A very light gas 8 We have taken the liberty to add a field named note in the style2 function and it will become useful in Section 4 1 The next file to write is the bst file and here we will concentrate on writing the style2 function The reader is referred to the available file datab bst which contains this function The style2 function is given next FUNCTION style2 bf write print atomicNumber write write print kern 2 6mm write write name write write symbol write newline newline print write It is classified as write type write and is found in group write group write newline newline print write sl write Note write newline print note write write print write 1 print write Oo oo N Si dI OA OO N m In the style2 function the symbol denotes that the successive line does not start a new line but instead continues just afterwards In essence there are just five lines with formatting commands starting on line numbers 2 5
67. he floating objects This section explains what should be done while writing sec 4 3 1 and what while reviewing the text sec 4 3 2 4 3 1 What to do while writing First of all the user should accept the fact that IATEX moves a floating object either because there is no space on a given page or for esthetic reasons Luckily when using the right commands TEX does a very good job The very first thing to do is to avoid commands like clearpage and let L TEX choose automatically the position of the floating objects while writing the thesis 18 Other techniques to rotate tables and figures are reported in 28 16 the author should be focused only on the content and not be concerned about the layout Almost any interference in the complex routine that LATEX uses to place the floats causes the result to be worse The following suggestions assure that the floats are placed as close as possible to their insertion point without any intervention by the author One of the major causes of dissatisfaction is the use of the h option which asks IATEX to place the figure at the same point where it appears in the code Even worse than h are the htbp and the h t options It is common belief that this option is the best to guarantee that the object remains close to the point where it appears in the code It actually works only when the object is very small compared to textheight The only thing that the author should determine is whe
68. here being a section or subsection title Such breaks are often indicated by some extra vertical space and some sort of ornament or by some extra vertical space and perhaps a different font face for a character few characters or few words as shown at the beginning of the following paragraph this particular style of thought break including the seemingly odd half line indent is used in the U S hardback edition of Robertson Davies book The Cunning Man published by Viking in 1994 Dese my health situation I spent some of my time reading The Book of Salt by Monique Truong I read the paper back edition from the A Mariner Book imprint of Houghton Mifflin Company Copyright 2008 David Walden Boston and New York that was first published in 2004 This book used an orna ment to indicate thought breaks see page 36 for example that I greatly admire Thus I thought I would try to replicate it bitter in the back of my throat I point to a table on which sev eral quinces sit yellowing in a blue and white china bowl I shake my head in their direction and I leave the room speechless gt lt Paper white narcissuses one hundred bulbs in shallow pools of moistened pebbles their roots exposed clinging pale anchors in some way that allowed me to use it with TEX The easiest thing is to scan the ornament clean it up a bit with Photoshop and access it as a graphic e g noindent hfil scalebox 12 include
69. hieved through running I4TpX BisTpx Tex ATEX sequentially No guarantee is made for the accuracy of the information contained in the database nor the codes provided are warranted to be fit for any particular application 11 References 1 Nicolas Markey Tame the Beast The B to X of BibTeX Version 1 3 October 2005 2 TeXMAKER 1 2 1 2004 2005 http www xm1math net texmaker 3 David Carlisle The longtable Package CTAN http www ctan org tex archive help catalogue entries longtable html 4 JabRef Reference Manager 2 3 1 2008 http jabref sourceforge net 5 Michael J Young Formation A XML Microsoft Press 2000 Translated to French from English James Guerin 12 Journal home page THE General information Submit an item Download style files r at O T d Copyright Contact us Travels in TeX Land Another ornament for thought breaks David Walden Abstract In this column in each issue I muse on my wanderings around the TeX world In this issue I touch again on a topic from my column in TPJ 2005 4 another ornament to use for thought breaks David Walden is retired after a career as an engineer engineering manager and general manager involved with research and development of computer and other high tech systems More information is available at www walden family com He may be contacted at dave walden family com A complete list of his travels in TeX Land pieces is at htt
70. hosen instead of overfilling the page even though there is really enough shrinkability to bring the page back to size As I said it s too late now to correct my age old faulty reasoning If I d known about the problem twenty years ago I may well have decided to make the change that seems most appropriate to me today which is this x module 974 best_height plus depth cur_height prev_dp y best_ height plus depth cur_height prev_dp if best height plus_depth gt h prev_dp and b lt awful_bad then best _ height plus depth h prev_dp z In other words the log file with tracingpages 1 now gets the line split254 to 30 08878 36 0 p 10000 but after that patch it would instead say split254 to 30 08878 33 58878 p 10000 and the footnote would wind up on the first page where it belongs When I made the mistake ages ago I probably wasn t thinking of shrinkability inside the footnote only in the virtual amount of space within skip254 that separates the text from its footnotes Indeed the present problem goes away if one sets skip254 12pt minus 8pt But that workaround would be appropriate only for this particular example ii Section 798 could be made more robust with until q cur_align moved down one line Implementors can put this into a change file if they like iii The format plain tex leaves box0 hbox tenex B and it also defines to be a macro such that 10pt expands to 10 for exa
71. i assegnati alle sei coppie di elementi non nulli della matrice Conseguenza immediata che la matrice TI non invertibile e che dunque non possibile risolvere il problema con questa via Conclusioni Interessante individuare l origine della lineare dipendenza dei vettori di tl Come gi osservato l insieme di vettori II un buon candidato a divenire base di RS purch nella scelta dei 12 elementi non nulli si rispetti la condizione 2 4 Tale condizione viene dunque a mancare nel momento in cui si impongono i vincoli 2 5 in altre parole il metodo viene a fallire quando si impone che le condizioni di carico di base siano una ad una equilibrate D altronde il vincolo di condizioni di carico di base equilibrate imprescindibile dato che altrimenti risulta impossibile risolvere con metodi numerici agli EF il sottomodello dunque necessario trovare un altra strada per risolvere il problema della scomposizione della condizione di carico generica applicata al giunto a without the indentfirst package Problema Il metodo appena presentato nel par 2 5 1 presenta un serio problema di fondo Esso infatti valido nell ipotesi che l insieme di vettori II costituisca una base di R ovvero che essi siano linearmente indipendenti Tuttavia facile dimostrare che det II 0 indipendentemente dai valori assegnati alle sei coppie di elementi non nulli della matrice Conseguenza immediata che la matrice TI non
72. icles and provided useful comments and feedback Editorial LaTeXniques TeX LaTeX ConTeXt LuaTeX Omega Aleph etc all have one thing in common Well many things actually but one thing that I would like to explore in depth here the propensity for configuration adaptation and automation I don t think most serious users have written many papers before they started defining their own macros searching CTAN for additional packages and programs or even writing their own extensions of the system Such TeXniques can make life a whole lot easier Two of the advantages of thinking things through properly and using a package or creating a macro rather than resorting to ad hoc hacks are that solutions to a problem encountered while working on one project can easily be transferred to the next project and the fact that improved solutions can easily be dropped in as a replacement of the previous version I ll give an example As a biologist I used species names in many of my papers from the first time I used LaTeX in 1995 onwards Species names traditionally consist of two names the first one of which the genus name is capitalised the second one of which is never capitalised and both are italicised An example is Homo sapiens It is possible to add the name of the taxonomist who first described the species and the year this happened Those bits of information should never be italicised My naive first approach was to use emph every time I used
73. ied as nonmetal 2 Helium He It is classified as noble gas Note A very light gas 3 Lithium Li It is classified as alkali metal Note Lithium salts are known to enhance moods Figure 2 Customized layout 2 obtained with style3 4 2 Yet Another Formatting Style The objective here is to create a tabular structure like Table 1 but this time dis playing only three fields Atomic Number Element and Symbol The function is named style4 and by making use of the longtable 3 running headings can be easily made for example when a table continues to a new page The function tablesection given in the attached datab bst file handles the headings in this case It contains only some basic formatting and a user can easily bring modifica tions 5 Some Useful Information The user is referred to the datab bib and datab tex files where entry types style2 style 3 and style4 or styles are grouped under argument key en vironment such as begcla2 and endcla2 The user is invited to mix styles under a given argument key environment Nevertheless BIBTEX is stubborn in that it will not allow a key referring here to elements Elemi Elem2 etc as in the datab bib file to be repeated A simple workaround would be to give the duplicate key a different name as under the tablesection function in the datab bib file and to adjust the corresponding entries in the tex file accordingly 10 6 Conclusion By writing this article I hope that more ISI
74. ilable at http www tug org utilities texconv textopc html 7 Available at http sourceforge net projects pdftohtml 8 Available at http www adobe com products acrobat access_onlinetools html 16 In the summer of 2007 I taught an introductory statistics course I needed to prepare lecture slides that included a lot of math and Google pointed me towards IATgXit a small OS X program for typesetting math based on LATEX I was so impressed with LAT PXit that I started teaching myself to use ATEX It didn t take long for me to find out about Sweave and since that time I ve used IAT fXand R for all my papers as well as my presentations using the Beamer package In this way I found myself using tools that are completely different from those used by the majority of my colleagues and different from the tools I ve learned to use since grade school In general my impressions so far are that a ATEX is both easier to use and produces better output than Word and b R is easier to use and produces better output that SPSS Of course neither of those statements were true when I first started Indeed I almost gave up on R at one point because it seemed more difficult than SPSS But once I took a few months to learn it it became quite natural and easy to use Overall then I am quite happy to be the only one in my department using LATEX and R I don t have to pay expensive licensing fees and I get to take advantage of all the wonderful
75. ill need to install a shell script To in stall the script copy it to usr local bin then open the Terminal program and type sudo chmod x usr local bin Sweave sh to make it executable At this point you should be able to call Sweave from the command line If you want to call Sweave from within TeXshop you need to tell TEXShop where to find the Sweave sh shell script Open TEXShop and click TrXShop Preferences Click the Misc tab and type usr local bin Sweave sh Id in the LaTeX Progam Personal Script field 3 3 Setting up Sweave on Linux The procedures involved in setting up a Linux workstation are also very straightfor ward although the details will vary depending on which distribution and text editor you are using The present example is based on Kubuntu Linux using Kile If you want to be able to call Sweave outside of R you will need to install a shell script see footnote 4 To install the script copy it to usr local bin then open the Konsole program and type sudo chmod x usr local bin Sweave sh to make it executable Next you may want to tell Kile where to find the Sweave sh shell script Open Kile and click Settings Configure Kile Click the Tools tab on the left hand side of the preferences window and select Build Click the New Tool button at the bottom of the preferences window Name the new tool Sweave click next and then Finish In the resulting screen type Sweave sh in the top box and ld source in the
76. iners will decide how to incorporate his changes so that a future release of your TeX or LaTeX system will include Professor Knuth s updates Some trivia the current version of TeX is 3 1415926 which is closing in on pi and the current version of METAFONT is 2 718281 approaching the mathematical constant e The reward for the first finder of a bug in TeX or METAFONT is 327 68 software types reading this will http dw tug org pracjourn 2008 1 news recognize that sum as a power of two Given the currently weak dollar that amount of money will probably buy only a beer and a pizza outside the U S but most bug finders who receive a check from Don Knuth don t cash it but keep it as a souvenir See Rewards at http www cs faculty stanford edu knuth abcde html abcde for information on his bug finding bounties Bigelow introduces Grotesque Charles Bigelow the designer of Lucida and other typefaces will appear at the Dryden Theater s series on Graphic Design in Film The movie Helvetica will be shown there on April 19 and 20 and Charles will introduce the April 19 showing with a talk on the evolution of the grotesque style of type of which Helvetica is the most famous example If you are in Rochester in mid April catch Chuck and the movie http dryden eastmanhouse org program highlights a curious type graphic design in film Day of LaTeX Since there are no scheduled LaTeX or TeX meetings in the US this year w
77. istory is at www walden family com dave 11 Journal home page THE General information Submit an item Download style files r at O l T d Copyright Contact us Ask Nelly How do I create math mode columns in tabular environments How do I find the files required to compile my document The Editors Abstract Ask Nelly is a question and answer column Nelly is the quiet person who sits at the back corner desk who knows a lot and when asked any question is always ready with a patient answer If Nelly doesn t know the answer Nelly will know an expert who has the answer Feel free to Ask Nelly about any aspect of LaTeX TeX Context etc e Comment on this paper e Send submission idea to editor TpJ Q Dear Nelly When I create tables with columns for which each and every cell contains mathematical content I keep on switching into and out of Math mode all the time Surely there is a better way to do this A There is indeed Frank Mittelbach and David Carlisle names probably not unfamiliar to you have solved this problem for you with their wonderful array package This package among many other things redefines the tabular environment in such a way that it allows you to already declare mathematical mode when defining your table so instead of for example using begin tabular 111 when you want all three columns to just contain material to be typeset in math mode anyway you could use begi
78. ithin the text width of this article A second method is to extract only specific entries by choosing which of the three entries from Table 1 is to be outputted This can be easily be done in two easy ways Either the entry to be hidden is commented in the tex file as nocite Elem3 for the key entry of Elem3 for instance defined in the bib file or the entry in question is modified by removing the symbol appearing in front of the key entry in the bib file This feature helps the user to pick out which entry that he or she needs This issue will be re visited with the final example in Section 4 3 1 Formatting Techniques In this subsection we will focus a bit on the formatting used in the previous bst file listing Formatting with BIBTEX commands bears resemblance to those of IATRX but there are some new commands like write and newline which have to be inserted at the right places The print function plays a central role here It has the effect to get something outputted after compilation For example the se quence of instructions print It is classified as write will output the line It is classified as and typing print type write as on line 9 will output the type of the element as per Table 1 If more complex formatting is desired as shown on line 2 the following sequence of instructions bf write print atomicNumber write write will write the atomicNumber in bold Finally the newline command is a native B
79. le pages and section headers the creation of tables and figures cross referencing and the generation of APA style reference lists IATFX and R are both wonderful tools in their own right ATEX is a powerful flexible and free alternative to the more standard what you see is what you get ap proach to document creation such as taken by Microsoft Word and OpenOffice R is a powerful extremely flexible and free tool for performing statistical analyses and computations It can replace costly alternatives such as SPSS or STATA and can easily handle the relatively simple analyses I need to perform including analysis of variance multiple regression and structural equation modeling Sweave is a system that brings these two wonderful tools together A Sweave document is basically a I8TRX document interspersed with R code 1 2 Disadvantages to using TgX and R Unfortunately there are also drawbacks to using ITFX The most serious drawback I have encountered is that it can be difficult to collaborate with colleagues who do not use BIFX Those unfamiliar with LATRX are unlikely to appreciate being sent a IATRX file and it can be difficult to convert IATfX files to a format Word can read If your collaborators or perhaps more importantly journal editors won t accept ATEX documents you are going to have to figure out a way to do this conversion I provide instructions for how to do this in Section 6 The main disadvantage to using R is the start
80. le to set the baselinestretch appropriately 6 4 The style 6 4 1 Fonts The T1 encoding which is the new standard for TEX should always be used This encoding is not the default yet to guarantee backward compatibility but can easily be selected with the command usepackage T1 fontenc Some problems such as fuzzy fonts might arise when visualizing the PDF 5 The cm super font is a simple solution to this problem since it provides a PostScript Type 1 font with the same shape as cm and tc families with several improvements such as support for non ASCII characters In addition the latin modern family is a vastly expanded computer modern with even more support for non ASCII characters than cm super Further details about this family can be found in its doc umentation and in 19 When writing a scientific thesis it is convenient to load the amsfonts package which provides some mathematical fonts by the AMS and the amsmath package which provides several extensions to typeset mathematics The relsize package allows to modify the size of the font with relative commands smaller and larger in addition to the standard IATEX commands 33 http en wikipedia org wiki ASCII 34 tiny scriptsize footnotesize small normalsize large Large LARGE huge and Huge 27 I4TRX users who come from the What You See Is What You Get WYSIWYG world at least in the beginning often wish to change font This phenomenon is probab
81. left half of the ornament by reflection in MetaPost from the same few pages at the beginning of Hans manual The figure produced by the above MetaPost code is the following which I converted into a JPG so I could include it here using includegraphics Obviously at this point I could have tuned up some of the coordinates in my MetaPost file to eliminate slight imperfections in the ornament However when the ornament is reduced to the appropriate size for use in a book or paper I doubt these imperfections will show and so I will not bother trying to make things more perfect Now I suppose I need to learn how to give a name to the above drawing in my MetaPost code and then rotate it about a vertical axis to get the other half of the ornament And I also suppose I need to learn to input the Postscript from MetaPost into ISTFX file However it really is easy to just copy the half ornament in Photoshop rotate it paste the rotated copy and save the pair of half ornaments as a graphic e g which I can insert into any text file by defining a macro with the appropriate scaling and with an appropriate name e g into a thoughtbreak macro such as I illustrated in my 2005 4 column newcommand thoughtbreak vskip2pt 1 You can get the file itself half ornament mp from the HTML page for this column centerline scalebox 05 includegraphics two half ornaments jpg vskip2pt noindent gt gt This looks pretty goo
82. lem inputting that value 3 Another TFM problem was tweaked with ultralarge design sizes fontmaking 1 designsize 2000 fontdimen 2 3000 shipout nullpicture end used to set fontdimen 2 the SPACE parameter to be about 32000 points The correct behavior is to reduce fontdimen 2 to just less than 2048 points 4 Weird behavior could previously occur with transform T T identity xscaled 4 yscaled 3 rotated 180 pickup pencircle transformed T show currentpen which always came out correctly without the redundant rotation by 180 5 Another bug arose in code fragments like string a b a b lost outer a numeric a c showvariable a the string a b was indeed now lost METAPOST probably fails in the same way 6 METAFONT now checks that serial numbers don t overflow Actually I had recommended that the program always be run with arithmetic integer overflow trapped but this doesn t seem to be current practice If a user creates 2 25 distinct numeric variables the METAFONT capacity exceeded error now occurs formerly this would have caused arithmetic overflow Well this correction was actually made already in TeX live change files some years ago I ve now introduced it into the master file mf web ina slightly different way Not a bug The init_gf procedure has an assignment to str_start str_ptr 1 that looks like it could cause a segmentation fault if str ptr max_ strings Actually however that can t happen The test
83. ly due to the fact that the WYSIWYG software provides such bad to pographic output that the disappointed user often tries to improve it changing the font I suggest sticking with the ISTFX default font family that is to say the Computer Modern family which was developed by the very same inventor of TEX Donald Knuth Changing a font with LATEX is not as easy as with a WYSIWYG editor and for a reason When changing a font four families Serif Sans serif Typewriter and mathematical fonts such as A A A and 2 which form a good typographic combination need to be chosen Moreover most fonts do not provide all the mathematical symbols and so can be used just in the text 5 If you do want to change the font many packages can be used to change font e g pxfonts math pazo courier eulervm literat lucida pandora mathptmx helvet courier kerkis kmath qpxmath qtxmath Otherwise it is always possible to manually install a font as it is accurately explained in 19 6 4 2 Chapter titles The fncychap package allows to modify the format of chapter titles The default format produced by the book class is reported in Fig 8 while the command usepackage Lenny fncychap was used in Fig 7 The quotchap package can also be used to customize the titles altough it offers many fewer options than fncychap 35 http en wikipedia org wiki WYSIWYG 36 The Danish TUG hosts a web site that reports all the fonts that support mathematics
84. mated document open it in your word processor and fix the formatting which will usually be close but not exactly right and save it in doc format The conversion to doc format will usually be easier if you set your TEX doc ument to left justified aka ragged right raggedright and if the margin settings in INTRX match the margin settings in your word processor If you use apa cls in manuscript mode you shouldn t have too much trouble 7 Conclusions and final thoughts The preceding sections document some of the things I ve learned to do with BT X and R Some sections descended into detailed discussions of various techniques taking us a long way from the general largely personal tone of the opening section In this final section I want to step back from the discussion of specific techniques and offer my personal thoughts about using Sweave In the summer of 2006 I was looking for a calculator program for OS X I had trouble finding one I liked and eventually started using R as a simple calculator I can almost hear the R developers shrieking in horror to think that someone would use their powerful and sophisticated program as a calculator but the truth is that R serves this function very well As time went on I started using R for analysis of variance and linear regression as well Over the course of several months I gradually began using R more and more and SPSS less and less 6 A list of conversion programs is ava
85. mple I could have cleaned these up by saying something like setbox 1 box0 let undefined but I decided not to change it since plain tex is so widely used as is http dw tug org pracjourn 2008 1 news knuth html iv Frank Mittelbach reported a construction of Morten H o gholm Pedersen parindent 0pt setbox0 hbox p hsize wd0 discretionary m h p par It gives an overfull box because TeX doesn t see any feasible breakpoint More precisely the pre break part exceeds the line width and TeX doesn t look ahead to see if some fairy godmother is going to save us Thus TeX is resigned to making an overfull box and it takes the only legal breakpoint it knows This must be considered a feature of TeX s line break algorithm Namely a discretionary break is normally never taken when the pre break part would make an overfull box but it is always taken in the unusual case that no other feasible break is possible without looking ahead at the third unbroken alternative of the discretionary A problem can arise only if an unhyphenated word is actually shorter than its first hyphenated fragment What me worry Amusingly if you put the line spaceskip Opt plus 1 fill discretionary p kern 2em before the other discretionary you get two p s and nothing overfull v Jonathan Kew mentioned some of the surprising effects that occur when you try to do things in the command line or in the very first line of
86. n easy For instance administrative reports have a table of contents with a link from the instructor s name to the first page of the summary for that instructor There is also an index with a link to the summary for each section of each course Those links are created automatically obviously The final aspect of the reports to note is that they can be quite long The Vice President s report has a summary of all of the college wide questions including students s optional comments for each instructor In the tests using dummy data this report was over a thousand pages While that length would be a cause for worry with some document handling programs IAT X has no trouble Further compilation of the document takes less than a minute 3 Status Sphyg s IATFX subsystem performed flawlessly In particular for the characters encountered in testing only Latin 1 characters Xql TEX had no trouble at all The main challenge with the larger project of online evaluations is that stu dents do not fill them out in one of my experiments the most common return rate was 0 A person can reflect on the desirability of collecting responses that users seem not keen on giving but at my college there is a mandate to be proac tive about feedback So we need an incentive One is to only allow students to see their grades online after they have filled out the evaluation That is why in the 4 system described above students are sent to a page fille
87. n Knuth 2008 03 18 I ve written this note while going through the long long file of bug reports and suggestions that were submitted during the years 2003 2007 You know that I am committed to keeping TeX and MF as stable as possible while also correcting serious blunders that are likely to be harmful if left as is It is certainly not always obvious where to draw the line I intend to keep drawing it as close to the existing implementations as I can without feeling extremely guilty The index to Digital Typography lists eleven pages where the importance of stability is stressed and I urge all maintainers of TeX and MF to read them again every few years Any object of nontrivial complexity is non optimum in the sense that it can be improved in some way while still remaining non optimum therefore there s always a reason to change anything that isn t trivial But one of TeX s principal advantages is the fact that it does not change except for serious flaws whose correction is unlikely to affect more than a very tiny number of archival documents Let me give two examples First David Kastrup observes that TeX doesn t do the best possible rounding when it converts units One inch is exactly 72 27 points which is exactly 4736286 72 scaled points When you say lin TeX converts it to 4736286sp when you say 72 27pt TeX converts it 4736287sp which is about 23 6 Angstrom units closer to the truth With a simple change t
88. n tabular gt 1 lt gt 1 lt gt 1 lt which creates a table with three left aligned columns all three of which are to contain mathematical content Should you want to create many such tables in your document array even allows you to define new column types to make your life easier still To define the mathematical equivalents of the three standard column types just use newcolumntype L gt 1 lt newcolumntype C gt c lt newcolumntype R gt r lt and then whenever you need to create a three column table with three left aligned columns containing mathematical http dw tug org pracjourn 2008 1 asknelly contents all you need to do is begin tabular LLL Although remember to use multicolumn to change a cell back to regular type if you need non mathematical information in a cell as is often the case in for example column headings An example assuming the new column types having been defined as explained above begin tabular LLL hline multicolumn 1 1 Function amp multicolumn 1 1 Derivative amp multicolumn 1 1 Primitive hline ax n amp nax n 1 amp frac l nt tl ax n 1 C sin x amp cos x amp cos x C cos x amp sin x amp sin x C hline end tabular The above question was answered by Yuri Robbers a member of the editorial board of this journal He can be reached at yuri robbers gmail com TPJ
89. nagement software and found most of them to be complicated and or buggy BibTEFX on the other hand is easy to use and it just works 3 Installing and setting up Sweave The preceding sections focused on features of IAT EX that I find particularly useful In this section I show how the usefulness of TEX can be further enhanced by combining it with R The documentation accompanying R and various IATFX distributions covers the installation and configuration of these programs quite well and so I will not discuss their installation here However having these programs installed and working prop erly is a pre requisite for setting up Sweave so make sure you have both working on your computer before following the instructions below I prefer to run Sweave from within a text editor I use TextMate on OS X and therefore these instructions are geared towards setting things up this way If you prefer to run Sweave from the command line simply disregard the parts about configuring your text editor 3 1 Setting up Sweave on a Windows computer In the following I assume you are using TrXmaker with the MikTfX distribution of ATEX but the general procedure should be very similar with alternative TEX distributions front ends Sweave comes with the standard distribution of R and can be run from within the R program without any additional configuration However I prefer to run Sweave directly i e from outside of R and this requires a few extra
90. nal incumbents years in 1971 income Average income of incumbents dollars in 1971 women Percentage of incumbents who are women prestige Pineo Porter prestige score for occupation from a social survey con ducted in the mid 1960s census Canadian Census occupational code type Type of occupation A factor with levels note out of order bc Blue Collar prof Professional Managerial and Technical wc White Col lar In the following I ll present a number of examples using these data First I illustrate how to calculate statistics and included them in the text of you document 10 Next I ll show you how to make R create IATEX tables for you Finally PI show you how to create graphics in R and incorporate them into your IATFX document 5 1 Incorporating R results using the Sexpr command There is another way to insert short chunks of R code into your IATFX document Quite simply you can issue the Sexpr command and put your R code inside the brackets For example if I say Sexpr 2 2 I will get 4 The nice thing about this command is that the indexes i e those pesky 1 s peppered throughout the examples above are automatically suppressed and the result is returned in the same font as the rest of the normal text in your document The Sexpr command can be very useful Instead of copying and pasting results from SPSS into Word we can do all our calculations right in our ATEX document Here is a brief example
91. ne Second approach The second approach had immediate appeal because it sounded like a program would do the tracing for me as described by Karl Berry in Making outline fonts from bitmap images TUGboat Volume 22 2001 Number 4 pp 281 295 which Yuri pointed me to So I downloaded an already compiled Windows ver sion of the autotrace program from http autotrace sourceforge net un zipped it into a folder autotrace opened salt ornament alone 3 jpg with Pho toshop saved it as a bitmapped file salt ornament alone 3 bmp in the directory autotrace read the README file a tiny bit and gave the command autotrace exe output format eps output file out eps salt ornament alone bmp This ran to completion but produced the following file blown up so you can see the details i which is not usable But it is sort of amazing that it managed to find the outline at all To make autotrace do what I wanted was maybe going to take more reading of the options described in the README file But before taking the big step of reading and understanding the autotrace man page all the documentation it has apparently I decided to first bash ahead and see if a better scan of the ornament would help I rescanned the ornament at 2400dpi 4 times more resolution than the first scan had and specified for the scanner to directly output a bitmap image rather than outputting a JPG which I later converted to a bitmap using Photoshop and spe
92. nella combinazione lineare di condizioni di carico elementari A titolo di esempio si presenta l implementazione di tale tecnica sul codice agli elementi finiti ANSYS Rispetto alla procedura standard di Radaj tale procedura permette a parit di onere computazionale di miglio rare significativamente la velocit di soluzione la convergenza del metodo e la risoluzione del coefficiente di intensificazione degli sforzi a fatica K lungo il giunto Questa tecnica valida per qualunque sottomodello bidimensionale potenzialmente generalizzabile anche a sottomodelli tridimensionali Abstract This thesis presents a technique based on Neuber Radaj s local stress theory and valid for every joint shape and load condition that permits to evaluate the fatigue strength of fillet welded joints with the finite elements method According to the standard Radaj s procedure the joint substructures have to be solved in series on the contrary we show that is possible and even suitable to study the global model and the submodel in parallel Model and submodel are uncoupled by an algorithm based on the principle of linear superposition which allows to decompose any load condition of the joint in the lincar combination of elementary load conditions An implementation of this technique on ANSYS finite elements code is showed as an example Referring to the standard Radaj s procedure this algorithm permits with the same computation cost to appre
93. ng languages can really make one abandon traditional word processing packages as the sky certainly becomes the limit The article 1 is regarded as the most exhaustive source of information on BIBTEX BIBTEX is a powerful tool for handling a database and in this article I have a modest goal To show how BIBTEX can be used to create customized layouts for a database I am sure that any IATFX user will be able to create more interesting layouts given here and to adapt them for their own needs 2 A Simple Example Programming books often begin their first program with the traditional words Hello World displayed on the screen We shall remain faithful to this tradition and use BisIfX to this end By displaying just two words the codes shown next serve to outline the minimal structure of a bst file which is the key file in creating any desired style or layout Copyright 2008 Yogeshwarsing Calleecharan No part of this publication may be copied or reproduced without obtaining permission from the author through email Normally where a bib file is involved it is useful to run the minimal com mands LATEX BisIX LATEX ATEX in succession I use the TEXMAKER 2 IDE to do the compilation and the IDE built in Quick Build tool permits constructions of macro like commands that save button presses Further time can be saved by giving the same filename to the tex bib and bst files as in first tex first bib and first bst as this allows running the
94. o TeX S458 namely to add denom div 2 before dividing by denom the rounding would be slightly better But that would invalidate the line break and page break decisions of an enormous number of documents It s unthinkable to change TeX in such a way today But of course the authors of other systems should adopt superior methods when they want to Second I recently installed MetaPost version 0 993 which corrected a bug in the calculation of the bounding box of its outputs I m a user of MetaPost not a developer but I m sort of glad that the developers had fixed this bug On the other hand it was a tremendous headache for me because it affected nearly 200 of the illustrations for The Art of Computer Programming and caused severe changes to the layouts of more than a dozen pages even though the individual corrections to the box sizes were typically 2pt or less I spent three days going over everything so that I could once again typeset the volumes of my main life s work I couldn t reasonably insist that the MetaPost developers retain such a serious bug as a feature With TeX on the other hand it s a different story because people s accumulated investment in TeX documents is more than a million times the total current investment in MetaPost documents If a comparable bug had showed up in TeX I would it notV have changed it Let me also observe that I never intended TeX to be immune to vicious cracker attacks I only wis
95. of Women in the field 6 Collaborating with those who don t use Sweave One of the most frustrating things about learning to use Sweave is that it can be difficult to collaborate with colleagues who do not A related concern is that journals will not accept articles in LATEX format Both of these are valid concerns They can be worked around but in my experience there is no completely satisfying solution There are a number of programs that can convert simple IATfX files to rtf or html both of which can be read by most word processors including Microsoft 15 Word Such programs include latex2rtf and latex2html and others Unfortunately my experience is that such converters do not handle APA formated TEX documents well if they can even be coaxed into producing any output at all As strange as it sounds my advice is to forget about converting your LXTRX doc ument to a Word readable file directly Instead typeset the document as a pdf file and then convert the pdf file to html html files can be read by most modern word processors including Microsoft Word There are stand alone conversion pro grams that will do this for you such as the excellent pdftohtml If you have Gmail you can send the pdf document to yourself and click the View as HTML button in the Gmail web interface Finally Adobe has an on line converter that can convert pdf s to html although this can be slow for long documents Once you have the html for
96. onal cases Unfortunately research other work with and on TeX and maybe even Real Life kept on providing me with excuses not to clean up my species code base Excuses I seemed all too eager to grab I even fixed one or two rather minor bugs in AMS LaTeX rather than publish my first ever package And then in 2001 6 years after my first feeble attempt Pieter Edelman published his package biocon It does many things much better than my package ever did It also does things I hadn t solved yet or hadn t even realised It doesn t do indices though So instead of making my own code publication ready I decided to see if I could merge my code for dealing with indices with Pieter s code and propose to him that he submit an updated version And that was in 2001 Now it is 2008 I have spent lots of time on Biology on TeX and on life in general I have published several papers a book and several megabytes worth of source code What I haven t even started though is merging my species code with biocon So if you were reading this editorial hoping for a Good Example I have probably disappointed you The authors of the various papers in this issue however will certainly not disappoint you I urge you therefore to bravely soldier on to the rest of this issue Happy TeXing Yuri Robbers Page generated April 13 2008 TUG home page search contact webmaster http dw tug org pracjourn 2008 1 editor Journal home page THE Gene
97. ools to write a thesis with LATEX It analyzes the typical problems that arise while writing a thesis with LaTeX and suggests improved solutions by handling easy packages Many suggestions can be applied to book and article styles as well I would like to thank Fabiano Busdraghi who helped me to write sec 4 Massimiliano Do minici who took care of the Linux and UNIX systems in sec 4 1 2 and Riccardo Campana who took care of the Macintosh system in sec 6 2 2 I would also like to thank everyone else who contributed and in particular Valeria Angeli Claudio Beccari Barbara Beeton Gustavo Cevolani Massimo Guiggiani Maurizio Himmelmann Caterina Mori Lorenzo Pantieri Francisco Reinaldo Yuri Robbers and Emiliano Vavassori Without their help this article wouldn t have reached the current form Copyright 2007 Lapo F Mori Permission is granted to distribute verbatim or modified copies of this document provided this notice remains intact Contents Preface 1 The document class 2 Organizing the files 3 Sections of the thesis Ol Title page isa 3 2 Dedication 3 3 Abstract 6 6 206 3 4 Table of contents and other lists 3 5 Table of symbols and notation 3 6 Appendices 3 7 Index 3 8 Bibliography 4 Objects re 4 2 Tables Preface 43 Controlling the float TO Objects o sso Compiling the code 5 1 Choosing the format 5 2 Creating a PDF Useful packages
98. osh computer using an operating system prior to OS X and even OS X depending on the encoding used by the editor utf8x can be used only on some editors such as on Linux and TeXShop on Mac OS X 6 3 The layout 6 3 1 Headers and footers The fancyhdr package is very useful to customize headers and footers In a thesis headers and footers usually differ from one part to the other It is convenient to define commands that change their behavior as in the following example newcommand fncyfront fancyhead R0 footnotesize rightmark fancyfoot RO thepage fancyhead LE footnotesize leftmark fancyfoot LE thepage fancyhead RE L0 fancyfoot C renewcommand headrulewidth 0 3pt newcommand fncymain 28 See 22 for a list of these commands 29 applemac corresponds to the MacOSRoman encoding which is used by default by Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X It is however possible to use other encodings depending on the editor used For example TEXShop allows to save files with every encoding MacOSRoman by default but also Latin1 Latin9 Unicode and all the others The software deriving from nix systems on the Macintosh platform e g Emacs usually uses the latini encoding 24 fancyhead R0 footnotesize rightmark fancyfoot RO thepage fancyhead LE footnotesize leftmark fancyfoot LE thepage fancyfoot C renewcommand headrulewidth 0 3pt These commands are then used
99. ould you like to attend a Day of LaTeX A Day of LaTeX is usually held in a meeting room equipped with a computer projector and features several speakers who present hands on tutorials on the use of LaTeX Each presenter prepares a 60 90 minute tutorial on some aspect of LaTeX such as LaTeX basics LaTeX and graphics typing math and others Each presenter also provides one or more sample documents which attendees will work on during the session Attendees are typically new LaTeX users or those who want to brush up on their skills Some recent days of LaTeX were sponsored by UK TUG and PCTeX To be a presenter doesn t mean you have to be a LaTeX expert Your job is to introduce a subject to beginners that you have some experience with For example if you have written documents that include bibliographies you can show how you do this If you are interested in being a presenter or attendee or if you would like to host a Day of LaTeX please send a note to the editor Some possible venues are San Francisco Los Angeles New York Boston Chicago or your town or campus If you are in Europe consider attending workshops at one of the scheduled conferences TUG08 in Ireland or BachoTeX in Poland New advances in typography department keming Page generated April 13 2008 TUG home page search contact webmaster http dw tug org pracjourn 2008 1 news The TeX Tuneup of 2008 Email to tex implementors tug org list from Do
100. p www walden family com dave index htm travels in texland PDF version of paper two half ornaments jpg half ornament mp yuri mp Comment on this paper Send submission idea to editor Page generated April 13 2008 TUG home page search contact webmaster http dw tug org pracjourn 2008 1 walden The PracTfX Journal 2008 No 1 Article revision 2008 02 20 Travels in T X Land Another ornament for thought breaks David Walden Abstract In this column in each issue I muse on my wanderings around the TEX world I suggested at the end of section 2 of my last column that I would continue my investigation of colors and TEX in this issue However I was distracted for much of the period between issues by a health problem now resolved Thus in this issue I only have time to touch briefly again on a topic from my column in TPJ 2005 4 another ornament to use for thought breaks Another ornament to use with thought breaks Before reading the rest of this column you might look up my column in issue 2005 4 and read section 4 on thought breaks http www tug org pracjourn 2005 4 walden You might also look at Steve Peter s piece in the same issue on swelled rules http www tug org pracjourn 2005 4 peter In the previous column I began using the words thought breaks to describe those points in the text of a book or article where a new train of thought begins without t
101. p fot torture test terminal output tex tripin log torture test first log file tex trip log torture test second log file tex trip typ torture test output of DVItype texware tftopl web complete master file for TFtoPL in Pascal mf mfbook tex source file for The METAFONTbook mf mf web complete master file for METAFONT in Pascal mf trap namely trap fot trapin log trap log trap typ trap pl mf trap fot torture test terminal output mf trapin log torture test first log file mf trap log torture test second log file mf trap typ torture test output of GFtype mf trap pl torture test output of TFtoPL cm calu mf master source file for calligraphic capital letters cm greekl mf master source file for lowercase greek letters cm symbol mf master source file for special symbols errata errata ten changes to Volumes ABCDE before 2001 errata errata eleven changes to Volumes ABCDE in 2001 errata errata tex changes to Volumes ABCDE since the 2001 boxed set errata tex82 bug changes to tex web since the beginning errata mf84 bug changes to mf web since the beginning errata cm85 bug changes to Computer Modern metafont sources since 1985 These files are available in directory pub tex dist of the ftp server cs stanford edu which accepts anonymous as a login name They are a subset of the files in pub tex dist tex08 tar gz which you can compare to pub tex dist tex03 tar gz if you like Hopefully they will be easy to
102. prends E TpX URL http tex loria fr general apprends latex pdf 3 P Dary 1998 Graphics and Colour with TeX URL http tex loria fr graph pack grf grf pdf 41 http directory google com Top Computers Software Typesetting TeX LaTeX 42 http groups google com group comp text tex 43 http www ctan org 44 http texcatalogue sarovar org 45 http www h eng cam ac uk help tpl textprocessing 46 http www cs nott ac uk TSG manuals latex intro 47 http www physics helsinki fi tfo_www instr latex guide html 48 http www emerson emory edu services latex latex2e latex2e_toc html 49 http www maths tcd ie dwilkins LaTexXPrimer 36 4 A DiLLER 1999 IATFX Line by Line Tips and Techniques for Document Process ing John Wiley amp Sons 2 edition 5 R FAIRBAIRNS 2007 The UK TeX FAQ URL http www ctan org tex archive help uk tex faq letterfaq tex 6 S FEAR 2005 Publication quality tables in TeX URL http www ctan org tex archive macros latex contrib booktabs booktabs pdf 7 P FLYNN 2005 A beginner s introduction to typesetting with TEX URL http ctan tug org tex archive info beginlatex 8 M Goossens F MITTELBACH AND A SAMARIN 2004 The LATEX Companion Addison Wesley 24 edition 9 M Goossens S RAHTZ AND F MITTELBACH 2007 The TEX Graphics Com panion Tools and Techniques for Computer Typesetting Addison Wesley 2 4 edition 10
103. r maximum number of floats in b position for each page 18 def bottomfraction maximum page fraction for floats in b position for each page setcounter totalnumber maximum number of floats in the same page setcounter dbltopnumber maximum number of big floats in the same page def textfraction minimum fraction of the page for the text def floatpagefraction minimum page fraction for floats in p position for each page def dbltopfraction maximum part of a two column text page that can be occupied by two column floats at the top def dblfloatpagefraction minimum part of a page that has to be occu pied by two column wide floating objects before a float page is produced 5 Compiling the code 5 1 Choosing the format The IATEX code can be compiled to obtain a DeVice Independent file dvi or a Portable Document Format file pdf Each format has advantages and disad vantages On the one hand the dvi allows a direct search with a double click on the code inside the text editor the dvi viewer finds the corresponding out put and inverse search with a double click on the output inside the dvi viewer the text editor positions the cursor at the corresponding position in the code that are very useful when writing the thesis Unfortunately most dvi viewers do not render properly the effects of the graphicx package such as resizebox and rotatebox 0 and cannot take advanta
104. racter can be used as a delimiter obtaining for example 1 1 1 39 LATEX by default places the footnotes after the last line of the page thus when a page is not fully covered the footnotes are not at the bottom of the page 29 Capitolo 3 Modello bidimensionale Contenuto 3 1 Definizione del sistema di riferimento secondario 12 3 2 Descrizione della semplificazione 12 3 3 Rigidezza del sistema nel piano ry ky o oona aaa aa 12 3 3 1 Caso ditremolle i Li ee 12 goo Case dim molle 6 sugar da dea fa 16 3 4 Rigidezza del sistema lungo l asse z kz 0 0 i7 3 4 1 Caso diuna molla ee Sdn CLT 3 4 2 Caso di n molle 4 di 18 3 5 Analisi delle rigidezze kz e kp 22 18 Forze esercitate dalle molle 20 Sidi Modulo enie oA EA pae oo sassi 20 3 6 2 Direzione Relate pe litio Bilan Ge Marte id Rea 21 3 7 Condizioni di equilibrio per la parte mobile della bilancia 22 3 7 1 Equilibrio delle forze 22 3 7 2 Equilibrio dei momenti hah iano A 22 3 8 Sistema di equazioni DE E RE E a 24 In questo capitolo si sviluppa un modello bidimensionale del sistema da uti lizzare per l analisi statica valido per un numero di molle per attacco qualunque purch maggiore o uguale a tre In primo luogo si dimostra che il modello svi Figure 7 Example of a minitoc dimen footins 2cm 6 5 Mathematics 6 5 1 Special symbols Special sym
105. ral information Submit an item Download style files r at O T d Copyright Contact us News from Around TeX program updates Bigelow introduces Grotesque Day of LaTeX Keming 2 The Editors e Commenton this paper e Send submission idea to editor Knuth updates TeX Bigelow introduces Grotesque Day of LaTeX Keming Don Knuth s recent TeX and METAFONT program bug fixes The programs that format our LaTeX and TeX documents are based on the TeX program developed by Donald Knuth during 1978 1982 MetaPost a program for drawing figures is based on Knuth s METAFONT Professor Knuth updates these programs from time to time Recently he released a set of corrections for a few minor bugs and gives his rationale for not correcting all known bugs Reading his note is instructive and shows his concern for the stability of the underlying system References such as TeX S9 and MF S9 refer to sections in the actual code of TeX see TeX The Program and METAFONT see METAFONT The Program The TAOCP he mentions is The Art of Computer Programming currently a three volume set with Volume Four in preparation Many of the concepts and algorithms presented in TAOCP are used in the implementation of TeX and METAFONT There are several people in the TeX community who maintain the programs we all use for example pdfeTeX and more recently XeTeX which are based on Knuth s TeX program The mainta
106. rce code for one integrated document He also teaches the use of the APA classes in this context Yogeshwarsing Calleecharan uses BibTeX for purposes it was not originally intended for He shows that BibTeX can be very useful indeed for working with information that is not bibliographic in nature Such information can often be stored in BibTeX databases making it easy to format the output exactly as desired Dave Walden in his column has provided us with a new type of thought break and at least as important if not more so his diligent exploration of the various ways of implementing this symbol using a plethora of tools Thank you and enjoy this issue Next issue Class and Style For the next issue we invite readers to submit articles on Class and Style How do you create the overall look of your paper How do you design your chapter titles How is this done in ConTeXt how in LaTeX and how in ePlain Let us now by submitting your papers http dw tug org pracjourn 2008 1 editor Send your article idea to the editors Thanks Many people have collaborated directly or indirectly to the success of this electronic journal the authors particularly the ones who have worked with me in the revision process the production editors and the readers Thanks to my fellow issue editor Keith Jones production editor Lance Carnes reviewers Francisco Reinaldo Will Robertson and Jon Breitenbucher and to others who proofread the art
107. re are too many floats to be processed this amount of memory might be insufficient 5 This problem can be solved with the FloatBarrier command provided by the placeins package which cannot be crossed by floating objects and forces ISIFX to place all the ones that are still in memory If possible even the clearpage command can be used It inserts a page break and also places all the unprocessed floats The morefloats package increases the number of floats that can be held in memory from 18 to 36 Some journals require that all the figures are placed at the end of the draft The endfloat package does that automatically Should all these tricks not be enough the user can make some manual adjust ments just before printing as explained in the next section 4 3 2 What to do while reviewing Just before printing the thesis it might be necessary to adjust manually the posi tion of some floating objects such as tables and figures The float package pro vides the H position option which make the floating objects non floating and forces their placement in the exact place in the text The FloatBarrier com mand see sec 4 3 1 can even be used to fine tune the position of some objects ISTFX provides some commands to globally control the floating objects setcounter topnumber maximum number of floats in t position for each page def topfraction maximum page fraction for floats in t position for each page setcounter bottomnumbe
108. required to convert all eps into pdf files The conver sion can be easily done with Ghostscript by using the graphical user interface eps2pdf If the document has to be compiled both with IATFX and PDFIATRX it is 21 The MacTeX distribution for Apple computers allows direct and inverse search even with pdf files 22 A password can be used to limit access to the document to limit the print options restrict it or allow it only at low resolution and to limit changes text extraction page extraction or removal etc 23 The PDF format allows to use hypertext bookmarks thumbnails and document information which are not available when converting dvi and ps files 24 The details about image format are reported in sec 4 1 1 25 eps2pdf is a graphical user interface for Windows and is available on CTAN http www ctan org tex archive support eps2pdf Linux users can use the homonymous sh procedure 20 advisable not to specify the extension of the image files in the includegraphics command if for example the document has the figure_01 eps image the user need to convert it into figure _01 pdf with eps2pdf and then add to the code includegraphics figure_01 In this way TEX automatically loads figure_01 eps and PDFIMIFX figure_01 pdf The hyperref package needs to be loaded in order to create hypertext links in a document To learn how to use TrueType fonts with TEX LATEX and PDFTFX PDFIATEX the reader
109. rgTgX that functions as the newline n command in C programming However newline on its own might not suffice and it has been found that two newline commands one after the other will force BrgIFX to move to a new line If an empty line is to be inserted then the sequence of instructions on line 10 will do the job 3 2 Taking It A Bit Further In the same bst file datab bst the user can define another function say style3 that produces a different formatting from that of the style2 function Consider ing more elements in the Periodic Table a user can choose between style2 and style3 the formatting style that he or she would like to apply to an individual element and its associated information like Atomic Number etc Now it might be a good idea also to have the possibility to group the elements pertaining to one formatting style under a heading or title But what if the information outputted spans more than a page Then it will be convenient to have the relevant headings at the beginning of each page This issue will be covered in the next section 4 An Elaborate Example This section aims to combine some various features of BIs TEX commands so as to give the reader a bigger perspective of what can be done We will still work with the Periodic Table Since formatting with BrsT X can be trickier than TEX it should be noted that the examples given only serve to introduce the capabilities of BIBTEX and as such these examples only off
110. s b that and c the other thing This can be accomplished using the seriate environment as in begin seriate item this item that and item the other thing end seriate and has the advantage of being automatically relabeled if you change the order 2 5 Cross references in text citations and reference lists Cross referencing in IAT X is easy and very useful Basic cross referencing can be implemented using just two commands In order to refer to something later on in your document you need to give it a label as in label ex label Then you can refer to it by it s label as in ref ex label This is especially useful for tables and figures because if you change the order the in text references to them will automatically be updated You can also label sections equations and footnotes For citations apa cls uses the apacite package which makes formatting cita tions a very easy process For the most part citations in APA style should be very familiar to BibTfX users For example assuming I have an entry for the present work in my bib file with the cite key Zahn2008 I can cite it by writing cite Zahn2008 This will result in Zahn 2008 appearing in the text of the document and the reference will be automatically inserted into the reference list at the end of the document For details on the apacite package refer to the manual 5 Using BibTgX is very simple and it works great I ve used several different reference ma
111. s a jpg than it was to learn how to create the other half of the ornament using some symmetry operation in Meta Post Second I did not know how to get a PDF page which was only as big as the ornament when included as a graphic Aditya Mahajan s set of commands above apparently solves that problem Appendix Yuri s experiment with autotrace After reading the subsection on my efforts with the second approach Yuri Rob bers tried the second approach himself using my 2400dpi scan He cleaned up the scanned image using Gimp the free equivalent of me using Photoshop and then ran autotrace The autotrace processing created the file yuri mp which in turn was converted into an EPS file which produce the following image His result is not quite as good as my result from using the third approach but it is obviously a pretty good result The content of Yuri s MetaPost file yuri mp can be seen by looking at the link on the HTML page for this column 10 Acknowledgments Issue editor Yuri Robbers provided editorial and editing help and other guidance and ideas Karl Berry caught several typos and made other useful suggestions Biographical note David Walden is retired after a career as an engineer engineering manager and general manager involved with research and development of computer and other high tech systems He holds an undergraduate math degree and completed a graduate school sequence of courses in computer science More h
112. s in Fig la the eso pic package and the following command can be added to the preamble newcommand AlCentroPagina 1 AddToShipoutPicture AtPageCenter makebox 0 0 includegraphics width 0 9 paperwidth 1 and then use it as AlCentroPagina seal_name The dots on which to place the signature Fig 1b can be obtained with the dotfill command The titling package allows one to modify the behavior of the maketitle command However the thesis title page is usually so different from that produced by the standard TEX classes that it is easier to redefine it from scratch 3 2 Dedication The dedication when present can have many different formats depending on the author s taste Usually Fig 2 it is just a line aligned to the right which can be obtained with begin flushright end flushright The vertical position of the dedication can be arbitrary An easy way to control it is with a couple of vspace stretch commands which let the user decide the ratio between the space preceding and the one following the line For example in order to set the space following the dedication twice as wide as that preceding it is possible to use the command null vspace stretch 1 vspace stretch 2 null 3 3 Abstract The abstract is generated by the environment begin abstract end abstract which is available for the article and report classes When using the book class it is necessary to defin
113. separate the content of the bibliography stored in bib databases and the style defined by bst files The bib files are just text files that can be created with any text editor but it is advisable to use bibliography dedicated editors JabRef is one of the best bibliography managers and being based on Java VM it is available for all platforms Windows Linux and Mac OS X The natbib package is a very useful and flexible tool to format both the bibliog raphy and the references in text as it is thoroughly described in its guide Every IATRX distribution and the natbib package offer several bibliography styles it is however possible to create a custom style The user just needs to compile the makebst tex file and interactively answer the questions This process creates a dbj file that just needs to be compiled with LATEX to produce the bst style The url command provided by the url package automatically breaks long URLs over several lines The bibliography can be added to the table of contents with the addcontentsline command 9 http jabref sourceforge net 12 The following code typesets the references with the plain style adds the bibli ography to the table of contents for a thesis the bibliography section is a chapter and loads the ThesisBib bib database The name of the bibliography section is added to table of contents with the bibname command in order to let it be de pendent on the language used cleardo
114. ss is a good alternative since it is very flexible and customizable headers and footers chapter titles footnotes table of contents other lists etc 2 Organizing the files Managing a complex document such as a book or a thesis can be complicated and so it is advisable to divide it into several files LATEX allows to work with several files but a main file should control them with include or input com mands On the one hand the input filename command can be used to call a file It can even be nested so that an inputed file can input files of its own On the other hand the include filename command defines the com mand includeonly with features to compile just some of the files that are called throughout the document includeonly filenamei filename2 When us ing includeonly filenamei filename2 LATEX compiles just the files that are between the curly braces and does not update the counters i e page numbers footnote numbers etc making the process faster 3 Sections of the thesis The structure of a thesis is broadly discussed in specific books and especially by specific ISO rules that treat about the presentation of technical reports 15 This section proposes a possible structure and analyzes the problems that arise for each section A thesis can have the following structure Title page Dedication Abstract Acknowledgements frontmatter Table of contents and other lists
115. st be used only once even if there are multiple appendices 10 A ee Teoria della tensione locale Ky coefficiente di intensificazione degli sforzi o di intaglio a fatica il pedice el significa che ci si riferisce ad una condizione di carico elementare ovvero appartenente alla base mentre il pedice eg significa equivalente Ki coefficiente di intaglio DI lunghezza di supporto microstrutturale mm Po raggio dell intaglio reale mm Figure 4 Example of a list of symbols mainmatter include chapteri include chapter2 include chapter3 appendix include appendix1 include appendix2 3 7 Index The index can be automatically created with the makeidx package and the Makeln dex program The makeindex command must be in the preamble In order to bal ance the columns of the last page of the index it can be inserted into a multicols environment redefining the theindex environment with the following code let orgtheindex theindex 8 This environment requires the multicol package 11 let orgendtheindex endtheindex def theindex def twocolumn begin multicols 2 def onecolumn clearpage orgtheindex def endtheindex end multicols orgendtheindex 3 8 Bibliography The bibliography like the index can be automatically generated by IATRX It can be created with the thebibliography environment but it is far better to use BIBTEX a program that allows to
116. sta Zahn is a graduate student in the Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology at the University of Rochester in Rochester NY He started using LaTeX during the Summer of 2007 to typeset equations for use in powerpoint lectures and now uses LaTeX to write scientific articles presentations and even posters He has benefited greatly from the wealth of freely available information about LaTeX available on the World Wide Web and has recently started work on a manual describing the use of LaTeX and R an wai source IAC programming environment as a way of giving back to the community You can reach Ista at e PDF version of paper e Commenton this paper e Send submission idea to editor Page generated April 13 2008 TUG home page search contact webmaster http dw tug org pracjourn 2008 1 zahn The PracT X Journal 2008 No 1 Article revision 2008 4 4 Learning to Sweave in APA Style Ista Zahn Email izahn psych rochester edu Address University of Rochester Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology Meliora Hall Rochester NY 14627 Abstract Until recently I used Micorsoft Word and clones such as OpenOffice to write academic manuscripts as do most in my field The standard software toolkit for many psychology professors and graduate students also includes SPSS for performing statistical analyses and perhaps EndNote or similar reference manager software for generating bibliographies These tools
117. start with putting headings in our style files The longtable 3 package offers a convenient feature to have a table spanning the full width of a page via the commands setlength LTleft Opt and setlength LTright Opt A function arbitrarily named createsection containing mostly commands from the longtable 3 package permits headings to be created and classification and demarcation of entries refer to the datab bib file attached One can further make use of commands like endfirsthead and endhead for better structure The next thing that we shall investigate is how to display the note field only when this field in the bib file is not empty To this end we shall make use of the Bs TEX commands if and empty The if internal command like in programming languages allows decisions subject to some defined conditions while the empty command elegantly fits our specific need here as in combination with an if command it allows an output to be written or not The output from the style3 function is shown in Fig 2 and the reader is invited to compare this figure to Fig 1 from Section 3 The reader is also directed to 1 for deeper insights Headings do not accompany Fig 2 in order to save space but the user is reminded again that the createsection function is responsible for the headings and also commands like the key environment nocite begcla1 and nocite endcla1 are required refer to the file datab tex 1 Hydrogen H It is classif
118. steps First you will need to install a batch file so you can call Sweave from your text editor To install the file you can either place it somewhere in your PATH or simply place it anywhere you like and add the directory to your PATH At this point you should be able to run Sweave from the command line If you prefer to call it directly from within your text editor you will need to tell your text editor where to find the sweave bat file Open TfXmaker and select Edit Preferences Next select a function you won t need I recommend DVI viewer replace the command with sweave bat pdf Rnw and click OK 2 I am currently working on a complete Sweave guide that among other things details the installation and set up of Sweave assuming no previous experience with either IAT Xor R Please contact me at the e mail address listed at the beginning of this document to obtain this guide 3 You can download the file from http cran r project org contrib extra batchfiles On Windows it is common to encounter difficulties because INTFX cannot find the Sweave sty file To correct this copy the sweave sty file from C Program Files R R 2 6 2 share texmf and paste it somewhere your IATFXprogram can find it 3 2 Setting up a Sweave on Mac OS X The procedures involved in setting up a Mac OS X workstation are even easier than those required for setting up a Windows workstation If you want to be able to call Sweave outside of R you w
119. t let the user define the layout If none of these rigid packages produces the desired layout the geometry package which is very flexible is recommended The chngpage package allows to change single pages or paragraphs In order to bind the thesis it might be convenient to indicate where to cut the pages Fig 6 This can be easily done with the packages geometry and crop IATRX tries by default to cover the entire page height and if necessary it ex pands the space between paragraphs list items and so on This behavior can be disabled with the raggedbottom command which leaves empty space at the bottom of pages if necessary In order to improve page coverage it is possible to let the mathematical display environments break across two pages with the allowdisplaybreaks command 31 The layaureo package provides two layouts with and without the big option and allows to easily set the binding space with the binding command 32 The default behavior is obtained with the flushbottom command 26 6 3 3 Line spacing University rules often require a line spacing different from single spacing which is the IATFX default There are many ways to modify the line spacing 26 but the best one is to use the setspace package It provides three predefined line spacings with the commands singlespacing onehalfspacing and doublespacing If a different spacing is required then the setstretch baselinestretch command can be used in the preamb
120. t us Distractions Spirograph with PSTricks The Editors e Comment on this paper e Send submission idea to editor Spirograph with PSTricks Once upon a time 1965 to be precise a children s toy called the Spirograph was invented by the British engineer Denys Fisher It consisted of a set of gears of varying size One gear was pinned to a sheet of paper and one or two other gears were rotated along the fixed gear using a pen or pencil This way a fascinating trail was left on the paper A trail known to mathematicians as a Hypotrochoid when the fixed gear is circumambulated on the inside or a Epitrochoid when the fixed gear is circumambulated on the outside Spirographs have remained popular ever since The mechanical version is still for sale in many toy stores It is however also possible to create these lovely figures with PSTricks The parametric equations for a hypotrochoid are x R r cos 4 dcos 29 r y R r sin dsin 29 r And these can be entered into a simple PSTricks document choosing for example R 100 r 2 and d 80 documentclass article usepackage pstricks usepackage pstricks add usepackage pst plot begin document thispagestyle empty psset xunit 0 0lin yunit 0 0lin algebraic begin pspicture showgrid false 100 100 100 100 parametricplot plotstyle curve linewidth 0 1pt plotpoints 1000 0 360 100 2 cos t 80 cos
121. tc and the chapters are not numbered as if the asterisk version chapter was used In the mainmatter pages are numbered with Arabic numbers the numbers start from 1 and the chapters are numbered with Arabic numbers as well In the backmatter the pages are numbered as in the mainmatter numbering continues but the chapters are not numbered The twoside option is recommended because it halves the waste of paper it allows to have different headers for left and right pages 1 For good readability on A4 and letter paper it is advisable to use a base font size of 11 pt 2 Information on how to use these commands is reported in sec 3 3 Unfortunately most students try to use every typographic trick to increase the number of pages of their thesis widening the margins increasing the font size increasing the line spacing adding a lot of figures printing on one side only etc Beside the fact that the quality of the content is far more important than the quantity these tricks usually produce an ugly layout The advice is to focus on the content and leave the typographic job to ATEX which is by the way pretty good at it it produces the same layout as most books For example the following command formats the thesis on both faces of letter paper with an 11 pt base font size with chapter titles always on the right hand page documentclass iipt letterpaper twoside openright book The memoir cla
122. the outline of the scan fuzzy though it was at the edges and read the X Y coordinates of the pen position from Illustrator s GUI display Thus I collected points along the top half of the left half of the ornament I put these into Excel thinking that I would use Excel to create a reflected set of points with which to draw the bottom half of the left half of the ornament In the end I didn t need Excel for this but it was handy to have the points in Excel for converting all of the points to positions where both their X and Y coordinates were positive MetaPost apparently didn t like points with negative X values that I had recorded from the images position in Illustrator I next looked up how to use MetaPost to draw a set of connecting curves from point by looking at the first 20 or so pages of Hans Hagen s MetaFun manual www pragma ade com general manuals metafun p pdf I tried one small test using his instructions on page 9 for running MetaPost directly but immediately switched over to running ConTfXt s texexec as also described on page 9 so I could easily go straight to a PDF without having to run Adobe s Distiller Of course I could also have looked at MetaPost output using MiKTfX s YAP dis player of DVI files It took me at least an extra hour to get all the X Y coordinates typed correctly into my text editor just using the scan directly is looking better all the time Here is what I fed into MetaPost via texexec startt
123. ther links go to different pages for each section that the instructor is teaching That is evaluation forms can be customized not only by college by department and by instructor but also by section As with the administrators if an instructor does not respond then Sphyg uses the questions asked last semester by this instructor on all forms Now with the forms made up each student gets an email It links to a page listing the student s classes and linking to the evaluations for those classes Of course students can submit at most one evaluation per section When the period for evaluations closes Sphyg generates the reports Each instructor gets a summary of all responses for all questions from students in each of their sections That summary preserves the students s anonymity 1 2 Customizing the data out As described above the system allows extensive customization of the input But the output is customized as well Administrators do not get the same reports as instructors The Vice President s report shows only the summaries for institution wide questions And each De partment Chair s report summarizes only the questions for the institution or for the department This allows the instructor to ask developmental questions such as What could I have done better that would not fit in an evaluative context However this customization adds complexity to the production of the reports since they cannot just be forms into which
124. ther the object is small enough to appear on a page with other text or will require a whole page to itself In the first case the best option is tb in the second p If there are no floats left to place then in the first case LATEX will place the object just before its insertion point which cannot happen when using h or on the following page When using the p option for big objects they will be placed on a separate page right after the insertion point and not at the end of the chapter as in the case of tbp This is what is done in every book with a good layout the figures are either at the top or at the bottom of a page in a blank page if very big and in the text if very small Some users are annoyed by figures that precede their reference in the text e g a figure that appears at the top of the page of its reference in the text This problem can be easily solved with the flafter package that prevents the floating object from appearing before its definition in the text In general IATEX chooses a good place for figures if the ratio text figures is sufficiently high Thus it is advisable not only from a typographic point of view to write something interesting instead of filling up the thesis with figures 17 If this ratio is too low BIEX may produce this error LaTeX Error Too many unprocessed floats This is due to the fact that IATFX can allocate only a limited amount of memory to place the floating objects If the
125. tion hy phen a tion mar vel ous ly This command can even be used to force that some words are not syllabified they just need to be written without hyphens as in the following example hyphenation MATLAB Mathematica When a word appears just once or only a few times it is possible to suggest the hyphenation directly in the text with the command as in the following example hy phen a tion The author should always remember that all manual operations on the hy phenation should be done only during the review process immediately before printing It is often better to rewrite a sentence that causes an overfull warning than to impose a certain hyphenation 6 2 Languages other than English 6 2 1 Indentation In some languages e g Italian the first paragraph needs an indentation on the first line Fig 5 This can be easily achieved with the indentfirst package 27 Here is reported as an example the procedure to activate the hyphen tex file on MiKTeX from the languages panel on MiKTeX options activate english hyphen tex and then update the formats with Update Formats in General 22 Problema Il metodo appena presentato nel par 2 5 1 presenta un serio problema di fondo Esso infatti valido nell ipotesi che l insieme di vettori TI costituisca una base di R ovvero che essi siano linearmente indipendenti Tuttavia facile dimostrare che det II 0 indipendentemente dai valor
126. tter command to see why nocite is better Secondly since we have created a custom bst file whose objective is not principally for bibliography genera tion we choose the bibliographystyle and the bibliography to be the style file first bst After running IMEX for the first time aux and log files are generated Then running BisIfX yields bbl and blg files and finally a run with TEX twice again gives the dvi file with the words Hello World displayed There is nonetheless one serious drawback to use BIBTEX as we have been showing Most of the time the user will make a BrsTpxX related error in the bib and bst files In this case BrsTpxX will only complain of undefined citation s During compilation many files are created and the TeXMAKER 2 IDE offers a tool to clean these compilation time files except for the blg file This is a convenient feature that allows to isolate the tex bib and bst files quickly and hence investigate any mistake s 3 A Database Example Table 1 shows a few entries of a tiny database which contains some information on the first three elements of the Periodic Table We will see how BIBTEX may be used to create a custom layout to present the data in Table 1 in a different way Here unlike in our first example we will first identify the fields from Table 1 and thus create the bib file There are five fields namely Atomic Number Element Symbol Type and Group The second line from Table 1 concerning t
127. tual limit is six affiliations rather than six authors For example the following is perfectly reasonable twoauthors First Author Second Author and Third Author twoaffiliations Affiliation of First Author Affiliation of Second and Third Authors and will result in the affiliation of the first author being typeset below the first author s name and the affiliation of the second and third author s being typeset below their names 2 2 Title and header information There are a total of four title and header related fields that can be specified Note that if you do not specify all the fields the information from the fields you do specify will be used in place of the missing fields The four fields are title shorttitle rightheader leftheader Note that there is some possibility for confusion here as these commands are labeled according the where the information will go in the published version of the paper and not in the manuscript version Thus the shorttitle command actually contains the information that will go in the right header of the manuscript while the rightheader command contains the information that will be printed as the running head in the manuscript The leftheader command contains information to be printed in the left header of the published manuscript usually the author s name and is not used in manuscript mode Finally the title command contains the full title of the article 2 3 Headings and
128. ublepage bibliographystyle plain refstepcounter chapter addcontentsline toc chapter bibname bibliography ThesisBib 4 Objects 4 1 Figures Figures are one of the most popular subject for LATEX guides There are even guides and books 3 9 23 completely dedicated to this subject The reader should refer to them for the details IATEX users are usually faced with two kinds of problems regarding the fig ures The first kind has its origin in the figure file itself and will be discussed in sec 4 1 1 the second kind regards their placement and will be discussed in sec 4 3 4 1 1 Formats Images can be divided into two big classes vector images and bitmap images The format to use should not be chosen arbitrarily since each one is suitable for different purposes The first class defined as groups of geometric shapes can be scaled and deformed without losing definition or sharpness and is recommended 10 bibname becomes Bibliography with the english option Bibliografia with the italian option 13 for graphs schemes and every other image that can be defined in terms of simple geometric entities The second class defined as matrices of colored pixels cannot be deformed without altering the information content and should be used only in cases in which vector graphics are not usable i e for photographs artistic paintings etc The conversion between vector and bitmap graphics should always be avoide
129. uckily I already had a species command to begin with and all of them had to be changed as opposed to the emph situation where only some had to be changed but not all so a clever macro in my text editor jed sufficed And still it didn t end When one keeps on using the same names over and over again in the same paper one tends to abbreviate the genus name Barbus tetrazona becomes B tetrazona If I did that I still wanted them to be indexed properly so I needed an optional argument in which I could pass the full genus name for indexing purposes To cut a potentially long story short after one or two years of continuous improvements and changes I had come up with a solution that seemed to cover most cases fairly well The code had grown in length and complexity and I started passing it on to some of my fellow LaTeX users within the department It seemed to be becoming a proper LaTeXnique saving people work Since there were still an increasing number of exceptions popping up though luckily they were also increasingly rare or even downright obscure uses of species names that had to be dealt with by hand and since the code was by now ugly incomprehensible to others and not unlike a spaghetti bolognese I thought it wasn t quite ready for submission to CTAN yet Maybe I was just too shy I intended to clean up the code write some proper documentation in Web of course and maybe along the way deal with some more of the excepti
130. up cost in terms of learning the syntax There are graphical user interfaces available such as R Commander 2 but generally speaking if you want to use R you are going to have to learn to write R commands In my case it took about two months to become comfortable enough with R to let my SPSS license lapse 2 Formatting your document in APA style Because I need to write documents in APA style I am extremely fond of the APA document class 6 Although this article is primarily about Sweave I m going to take a moment to highlight some of the features of this of apa cls that I find most useful To use apa cls write documentclass man apa in your preamble This will cause your document to be typeset in APA manuscript style If you want to see approx imately what the published article will look like you can use the journal mode by replacing man with jou 2 1 Multiple authors and affiliations apa cls supports multiple authors by defining the commands author twoauthors and so on up to sixauthors For example if you have three authors specify the author information as follows threeauthors First Author Second Author Third Author If you specify multiple authors you must specify an affiliation for each of them For the example above you could specify threeaffiliations Institution A Institution B Institudion C You can specify up to six affiliations Note that some mixing and matching is possible here and that the ac

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