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Manual for Spectran Meter

1. The device is maintenance free Only clean it externally with a damp cloth Do not use any kind of detergent WARNING Avoid to high signal power at the SMA input You could distroy your SPECTRAN The maximum power the SPECTRAN units can handle is 0dBm Only the HF 6080 can handle higher power up to 10dBm HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 5 ah w AARONIA AG 2 0 Scope of delivery ey t Please check the package contents for completeness before first operation Reclaim possible missing parts instantly with Aaronia or your Aaronia dealer The package should include 1 Aluminum carrycase 2 HyperLOG xxxx measurement antenna 3 SMA cable 1m 4 Aaronia handle miniature tripod 5 Battery charger mains adapter 6 SMA tool 7 SPECTRAN HF xxxx device 8 SMA adapter 9 SMA rod antenna Aaronia 1300mAh Power battery already fitted Express manual This manual Registration card Aaronia product information and respective pricelist Yeo amp 6 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com NE Aak w AARON A AG Www AARONI DE k E w D N O g D O D lt OQAOVONG OIOIOIOIOIOIO 1 BATTERY display 2 BARGRAPH 50 segments 3 Bargraph scaling 6 number blocks 4 STATUS field SETUP REF UNCALL OVERLOAD NUMERIC ENTRY MIN MAX LOW HIGH MAX MIN ZOOM USB PC 5 AUDIO S
2. at Y w 12 0 Connections AARONIA AG Ret 12 1 External DC input battery charging All SPECTRAN RF measurement devices contain a high performance battery package which is already installed in the unit However this battery is not yet charged due to safety reasons Hence you should charge it with the included charger For this connect it to your usual mains and plug the small phone jack into the DC input on the SPECTRAN Now turn OFF your SPECTRAN and the battery pack will be auto matically charged Full charge is reached after about 24 hours for the standard 1300mAh battery and about 36 hours for the 2200mAh version Operating with an external power supply As described above the DC input is meant for charging the internal battery pack However it can also be used for operating SPECTRAN independently of the internal battery pack You can also connect other DC power sources from 8V to 12V max using a 3 5mm phone jack Polarization of the jack needs to be as follows The inner conductor must be the outer conductor must be Using our optional car power adapter see price list you can also operate SPECTRAN devices in your car Should you wish to operate SPECTRAN via the wall power supply please note that the power supply will cause additional interference This may lead to mis measurement in extreme cases If you wish to use an adequately clean power supply for long term measure ment it is recommended to
3. Now attach the other end of the SMA cable to the HyperLOG antenna Again first screw the plug on the socket then slightly tighten using the SMA tool Final ly screw the included pistol like grip to the bottom side of the HyperLOG antenna in a way that the HyperLOG antenna points away from yourself see picture Now you can handle both the SPECTRAN and the HyperLOG antenna with one hand each Like this the HyperLOG antenna can be used in parallel to SPECTRAN and rotated and adjusted independently for example for finding the signal maximum using the so called panning approach SPECTRAN s keypad can be used during the whole measurement by just using your thumb 11 3 Single hand use with attached HyperLOG antenna Using this method you can directly attach the HyperLOG antenna to SPECTRAN to build a single compact unit This offers a few advantages for making adjustments during measurement as keys can now be pressed all the time using your index fin ger However the HyperLOG antenna cannot be used independently of SPECTRAN anymore HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 41 4h w AARONIA AG 11 0 Antenna mounting and handling Ry t First carefully screw the SMA adapter to the SMA socket on the SPECTRAN Screwing should be pos sible without much resistance Do not use excessi ve force As soon as you notice a resistance slight ly tighten the connection using the SMA
4. 1 1 000 000 000 000 f 1 1 000 000 000 000 000 In our example the display reads 797 21nW m or 797billionth W m or in other words 0 000 000 797 21 W m As this example clearly shows one would actually drown in the huge number of zeros without the autorange function By the way the practical HOLD feature is also available in this mode for keeping the display smoother Better yet you can even display a percentage relative to a an exposure limit as vastly different exposure limits PESA exist depending on your measurement s purpose and cir i ope lt cumstances SPECTRAN offers several exposure oe Lik right away You can change between exposure lt limits with the left right arrow keys 3 Jue 9 Stic a ee Further explanation of exposure limits can be found I CMT Re in the Exposure limits chapter in this manual fn SES Just try for yourself Select the different limits and com pare the results The available choices are HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 13 w AARONIA AG 5 0 Your first measurements Modes kak ICNIRP International exposure limit a complex formula Salz 1 Old Salzburg precautionary value 1mW m Salz 2 Salzburg precautionary value outdoors 2002 10uW m Salz 3 Salzburg precautionary value indoors 2002 1uW m In our fictional example the bargraph display shows approximation to the
5. these parameters and transfer them to SPEC TRAN Generally the following rules apply to most signals 1 Whenever possible use only small frequency ranges SPAN from 10 20MHz to eliminate interference or aliases and to have fast sweep times 2 RBW setting of 3MHz and SpTime of 5 is optimal 3 ONLY use Pulse mode on pulsed signals Should you e g want to measure the GSM900 Uplink active mobile phone use flow 876 fHigh 915 RBW 3MHz SpTime 0 5 Pulse Pulse Analysis on your PC We offer the FREE PC analysis software LCS for SPECTRAN on our home page This really versatile PRO software unleashes SPECTRAN s full potential Whenever possible you should use this software for getting everything possible out of your SPECTRAN device 36 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 10 0 Exposure limits AARONIA AG kak 10 1 Exposure limits for personal safety For radio transmitters including mobile phones cell towers internationally approved exposure limits but also various precautionary limits and recommen dations exist Depending on the context and country however exposure limits and recommendations differ vastly The German limits are defined by the Regulierungsbeh rde f r Telekommuni kation und Post Reg TPY a subsidiary of the Bundesministerium f r Wirtschaft und Arbeit BMWAY They are mainly based on the heat generati
6. Private 5 725 5 825 DECT2 Private UL Uplink mostly means portable device mobile transmitter which transmits towards the base station e g a cellphone DL Downlink mostly means base station fixed transmitter which transmits towards the portable device e g a base station License expired CT1 Cordless phone analogue License expires 1 1 2009 10mW EIRP DECT Base station always transmits even when not handling calls 250mW EIRP DECT2 New generation of cordless phones DECT successor 25mW EIRP Significantly more extensive lists available on the Aaronia homepage To get the full luxury get our free PC analysis software directly from there 66 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 20 0 Frequency tables k k u AARONIA AG WWW AARONIA DE Re Table 7 German GSM900 frequencies and providers Start Stop frequency Abbreviation 876 2 880 1 885 1 890 2 892 6 900 0 906 2 910 6 914 4 921 2 925 1 930 1 935 2 937 6 945 0 951 2 955 6 959 4 880 0 885 1 890 1 892 4 899 8 906 0 910 4 914 2 914 8 925 0 930 1 935 1 937 4 944 8 951 0 955 4 959 2 959 8 GSM R UL GSM900 UL GSM900 UL GSM900 UL GSM900 UL GSM900 UL GSM900 UL GSM900 UL GSM900 UL GSM R DL GSM900 DL GSM900 DL GSM900 DL GSM900 DL GSM900 DL GSM900 DL GSM900 DL GSM900 DL Provider Deutsche Bahn E Plus N
7. Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 51 w AARONIA AG 15 0 RF exposure in practice ta 15 2 GSM and UMTS cellular phones So called cellphones are getting more and more popular and already surpassed the number of conventional telepho ne network subscribers in 2005 With cellphones radio trans mission is digital and mostly pulsed UMTS however is not pulsed The transmitting frequencies are depending on the network between 876MHz and 2 2GHz See extensive tables on pages 64 65 You should observe that cellphones steadily increase or decrease their transmitting power depending on reception quality This means The further away you are from the next celltower when placing calls the higher the exposure to radiation from the cellphone If you place calls with a cellphone from your car you will receive a yet signifi cantly higher exposure to radiation as the metal cage of your car restricts reception quality it will mostly switch to full power and additionally the radia tion is being reflected in large amounts To avoid exposure to this strong radiation you should definitely use an external antenna for your car Exposure then becomes minimal and reception quality will also be significantly better Likewise your cellphone will also transmit with full power inside buildings due to their strong absorption characteristics When you are not placing a call y
8. The conversion table demonstrates a 10 fold reduction of power density with each 10dB step Likewise the 1dB intermediate steps also express a constant ratio each Consequently this table provides a straightforward way to quickly convert dBm figures into W m Of course this table can also be utilized in conjunction with other antennas attenuators or cable types For example when using our 20dB attenuator option you would refer to those rows in the table which are 20dB higher i e 10dBm instead of 30dBm Likewise when using an antenna with 24dBi gain you would use those values which are 19dB below 24dBi 5dBi because the values are already pre multiplied by 5dBi Example 43dBm instead of 24dBm When using a cable with 5dB damping you would use values 4dB higher 5dB 1dB because the values are already pre multiplied by 1dB Example 24dBm instead of 28dBm 64 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 19 0 Conversion tables k k u AARONIA AG WWW AARONIA DE y 4 Table 1 Conversion between W m W cm and mW cm 0 000 001 W m 0 000 01 W m 0 000 1 W m 0 001 W m 0 01 W m 0 1 W m 1 W m 0 000 1 W cm 0 001 W cm 0 01 uW cm 0 1 W cm 1 uW cm 10 uW cm 100 pW cm 0 000 000 1 mW cm 0 000 001 mW cm 0 000 01 mW cm 0 000 1 mW cm 0 001 mW cm 0 01 mW cm 0 1 mW cm Table 2 Conversion between pW cm V m and A m 0 000 1 W cm 0 001
9. any time 7 After calling the menu system a convenient menu navi gation is at your disposal the currently selected menu entry is displayed in inverse black bar In this example Center is selected For the currently selected menu entry the current set ting is being displayed in clear text in the large info field at the top In our example it is the currently set center frequency 940 This way you save yourself a _ lot of manually checking each menu entry The marker blocks 1 3 permanently show the following information from left to right START CENTER and STOP frequency each in full MHz Below the current values are shown for from left to right Range MrkLvl and Reflev This is very practical It e g allows you to quickly call the menu during a measurement and check the current frequency range etc which is otherwise hardly visible After checking the values in question just press the menu key again and the measurement continues without any change of parameters To move between menu entries use the up down arrow keys or the as Jog Dial aa Use the Enter key to activate the currently selected menu entry which will 4 allow you to perform input using the keypad or make a selection using the up down arrow keys Input selection can be confirmed with the Enter key which will return you to the menu Any changes will only take effect when you finally leave the menu Next each menu entry
10. anymore The smaller the bandwidth the longer the sweep will take but the display will be more pre cise and weaker signals can still be displayed Thus for example a single sig nal initially sweeped with high bandwidth can turn out to be a number of sever al narrow close together signals However this gain in accuracy has its downsi de in the far longer sweep times Bye SMe ia b3a aan b35 Bu RBW 1MHz RBW 3MHz Attention Please note that a few special digital protocols like e g cell phones can often be unmeasurable with wrong bandwidth as the hit rate will dramatically decrease For these you should always use high bandwidth 3MHz for optimal measurement results HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 23 a AARONIA AG 7 0 The main menu 7 5 VBW Video filter The so called Video filter is intended for optical smoothing of the signal The lower the Video filter setting the broader and smoother the display of the sig nal becomes Using this filter you can mostly suppress unwanted noisefloors harmonics or sporadic peaks However with a low Video filter setting the dis play can become less meaningful In our example there might be three sepa rate signals present However the low video filter straightens these signals out to become one single smooth signal The alleged noise band around the sig nal has also been smoothed out Thus wh
11. inter national ICNIRP limit by 0 06 As you can see with this exposure limit even a relatively strong signal of 45dBm only generates a few hundredth of a per cent namely 0 06 of deflection However if you change to one of the Salz burg limits the unit will quickly indicate even excess of the exposure limit When EXCEEDING a limit the display shows percentages above 100 for example 128 00 excess of exposure limit by 28 When the percentage is greater than 999 99 is displayed This means overflow HINT You can download new and or updated exposure limits which con stantly change from Aaronia s homepage and keep SPECTRAN up to date at any time You should also check out our PC analysis software which offers a whole range of additional features Please note that the values in the graphic display can slightly change even if the value at the main display is stable because SPECTRAN also uses the non visi ble fractions of the main display value to calculate the graphic display values One more alternative for finding the location of a signal source or for identifica tion further processing of signals is the so called Demodulation Here modula tion and pulsing of signal sources if they exist can be converted to sound and thus become audible SPECTRAN offers a special mode for this 14 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com _h A 5 0 Your first meas
12. operate SPECTRAN on an external large battery which would be able to operate SPECTRAN for several weeks We particularly recommend the Aaronia powerbag or a comparable third party product These offer a regular 12V car adapter and thus can be used directly with our car power adapter cable All cables devices used for connection to the external DC input must supply a DC voltage between 8 and 12V via a standard 3 5mm phone jack inner con ductor PLUS outer conductor MINUS HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 43 at P w AARONIA AG 12 0 Connections kek 12 2 Audio output This is a standard 2 5mm STEREO phone jack that can be connected to any device which offers an audio input Depending on model and manufacturer these are labeled differently e g PHONO CD LINE IN MIC etc Depen ding on the kind of input you need a fitting adapter cable which you can purchase from any third party dealer NOTE The internal speaker will not be disabled if you use the audio output 12 3 Jog Dial Volume control a The Jog Dial like on modern cell phones or PDAs repla ces the up down arrowkeys turn the jog dial and the Enter key briefly press the jog dial Like this you can e g control the complete menu system just with this prac tical little wheel However with the demodulator activated this jog dial serves as a volume control As a precaution before connec
13. range is exactly stored Like this we also learn what signal strength was present on which frequency range Real world examples Let s assume that we want to exactly evaluate the frequency range from 1GHz to 6GHz and that the following 3 radio applications were active simultaneous ly with various signal strengths in practice though it will mostly be A LOT MORE different applications Frequency range MHz Application Reading 1 880 1 900 DECT portable phone 40 2 320 2450 Amateur radio 11cm 20 5 725 5 825 WLan 802 11a 80 How can this be visually displayed on a measurement device Well first we will map the frequency range from 1GHz to 6GHZ on a line from left to right X axis R2 _ _ _ _ a GHZ Ok this was still pretty simple Now we tag each of the 3 applications depen ding on their frequency on the right spot of the X axis and can thus see where they can be found 48 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 14 0 Spectrum analysis basics AARONIA AG ey N A N Bi ov yy Ke ay AV KP a Well this was again pretty simple And finally we display the strength of each of the 3 readings as vertical bars on the Y axis 80 40 20 1GHz r 73 6GHz ve amp WRK y N o S D Additionally we have also adapted the width of each vertical bar to the width of the respective frequency range of each radio application the so called band width DECT only h
14. sed by the mains supply is often as high as the high frequency load from CPU or insert cards Because of this computers and auxiliary equipment should be operated with screened cables see Aaronia price list and cable bro chure Microwave Ovens Although the appliances are well shielded by their steel housing the residual radiation emis sion can still be detected by SPECTRAN even at big distance their mains cords We recommend replacing these cables and possible power strips with our screened cables and power strips to avoide EMFs This is a quick and easy task and provides a very good protection efficiency 15 09 Microwave ovens The microwave loved by almost everyone actually is just a high frequency transmitter with extremely high trans mitting power While authoritative exposure limits for cell phones try to avoid warming up of tissue in the head exac tly this effect is utilized in a microwave oven The electro magnetic waves generated in the oven excite vibrations in the water molecules The energy from these vibrations in turn causes warming up of food etc The transmitting power used is so extremely high that food heats up in a matter of only a few seconds Microwave ovens use high frequencies of about 2 45GHZ A bit higher than UMTS but one thousand times as much power These devices are screened badly against the inside RF radiation The radiation leakage is very well measurable at large distanc
15. to know exactly what is happening on the motorway and this for every single lane However the motorway is incredibly wide so you would need rather good binoculars to be able to even look a few km far Let s just imagine that your binoculars have a range of 6km 6000m Now you would like to know how much traffic there is on a specific lane and how fast it is travelling So you ll take a piece of paper and write down the number of the lane and the data you evaluated Starting at lane 1 you see nothing OK lets go on with lane 2 nothing either Now lane 3 OK there is some traffic going at 18km h Continuing with lane 4 Nothing etc until you have reached the last lane What have you accomplished now You ve performed an ANALYSIS of the entire range of lanes from 0 6km Or in other words You performed a RANGE ANALYSIS As you know to analyze something means breaking it down into smaller parts which can be evaluated In this case the 6km wide motorway was that big something and the smaller parts were the individual lanes The word range can now be replaced by the word SPECTRUM and there we are You have performed a SPECTRUM ANALYSIS Who would have thought that you are a Spectrum analyser Jokes aside If you now in addition have a lanes plan telling you which lane is assigned to which kind of vehicle you can exactly determine what kinds of vehicles have just been travelling Spectrum analysis in high frequency technolog
16. tool Again do not apply excessive force Never trigger the over torque protection the SMA tool features an overtor que protection as soon as excessive force is applied Now attach the HyperLOG antenna For this the HyperLOG s guide rails need to be pushed carefully and without force into the designated sensor pickups on the SPECTRAN until the SMA socket of the HyperLOG antenna snaps and locks into the SMA adapter Now screw the SMA adapter to the HyperLOG antenna as described before While doing so slightly and continuously push the HyperLOG antenna further into the sensor pickups on the SPECTRAN As soon as the SMA adapter is screwed to the HyperLOG antenna slightly tighten the connection with the SMA tool as described above Now attach the included pistol like grip to the bot tom side of the HyperLOG antenna such that the antenna and the SPECTRAN device make a single unit and can be handled as shown in the image on the left The SPECTRAN device itself should be sup ported by the user s arm You now have a single compact easy to handle measurement package Using the grip on the HyperLOG antenna the com plete package can easily be adjusted as needed After unmounting the grip the measurement package can be stowed completely as is into the Aaronia carrycase As such it is ready to use for the next time without further hassle 4 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com
17. user In practice this works as follows Say you are walking through a pedestrian area placing a call with your cell phone Your phone will automatically recognize which cell is closest and yields the best reception and constantly jump automatically to that with the best reception quality such that you will always have an optimal drop out free reception This whole procedure happens unnoticeable for the user HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 53 e w AARONIA AG Www AARSMIA DE T Radio cell map divided into base stations micro and pico cells 15 0 RF exposure in practice The range of these radio cells also called radius is hig hly variable In good geographic conditions and with small amounts of users the radius of such cells can span sever al km So in rural areas you might travel several km until the phone changes cells That is why in such areas there are mostly only a few large base stations In contrast if many users are to be expected and reception quality is decreased like in cities with large amounts of buildings walls etc these cells might just have a radius of 100m To take this into account of course the number of radio cells in cities must be increased significantly Thus in big cities like Munich you will find hundreds of individual radio cells As even the capacity and range of these cells is often not sufficient they are of
18. value can be found using SPECTRAN and the Hyper LOG antenna using the so called panning approach The panning approach is already officially approved in many countries Application is as follows Choose the desired frequency range In our example we already did this GSM900 using the 7 key and activate HOLD mode dot key as explained above Now turn and tilt the antenna slowly in all directions until the value stops changing completely You have now determined the signal maximum However should you wish to evaluate the signal maximum in a room you addi tionally need to take into account all locations Walk through the entire room Measure especially in corners and near windows as these often produce the hig hest readings During measurement the maximum reading will also quickly increase until it finally does not change anymore and freezes on its highest level When measuring a whole room this may well take a few minutes Mostly you will be able to find the highest reading by rotating the antenna to the left or right by 90 degrees as this corresponds with the alignment of the trans mission antennas As this antenna is directional you can even do a bearing of the transmission tower However often this is only possible outside as inside rooms there are too many reflections which produce erroneous bearings Now just try to find the maximum in several rooms to get comfortable with the panning approach and the importa
19. we have only used the preset frequencies available on the various hot keys However you can also set a highly precise frequency range so called sweep range manually Like this the frequency range can be configured for one particular application to measure only these signals Additionally a smaller frequency range increases sweep speed enormously and improves accuracy For setting this frequency range you only need to know the start and stop fre quencies of the corresponding application and program it in SPECTRAN You will also find an excerpt of various radio applications along with their start and stop frequencies in the frequency tables on pages 64 and 65 Subsequently we will illustrate custom configuration using the new mobile com munications standard UMTS as an example In our case we only want to find and evaluate UMTS cell towers of the provider Vodafone For this proceed as follows First check the UMTS frequency list on page 65 UMTS uses frequencies between 1 900 1 and 2 200 0MHz As we only want to measure the cell tower and not the cell phone we only need the so called downlink frequency This frequency according to the frequency list ranges from 2 019 7 to 2 200 0 MHz The Vodafone cell towers according to the list only use frequencies between 2 110 3 and 2 120 2MHz These are the start and stop frequencies we were looking for Program them as follows Press the menu key a ove Using the arrow keys n
20. will be explained in detail step by step HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 21 w AARONIA AG 7 0 The main menu kagt There are TWO ways to manually set the frequency range Center Center frequency and Span Frequency range width or flow amp fHigh Start and stop frequency 7 1 Center Center frequency Chooses the frequency displayed in the middle of the readout When changing the Center frequency the SPAN parameter see following description is pre served Thus you can quickly evaluate different frequency ranges with identical SPAN and without tedious re adjustment of Start Stop frequencies Yes Cue tee SAJ bJJ3M 2333M 4233M Center Frequency 7 2 Span Frequency range width Span adjusts the width of the sweep Changes are relative to the aforementio ned Center frequency of the display By changing Span the Start Stop fre quency see following description is automatically adjusted to be able to con form to the Span Thus the Span function can be compared to a magnifying glass though only operating in the X axis Wee Coe tie GJ bJJ3M 2333M 4233M Ta Les SPAN eee EXAMPLE You chose 945MHz as the Center frequency Now choose 10 as Span and the sweep will range from 940 to 9SOMHz Choose 200 as Span and the sweep will be performed from 845 to 1 045 MHz etc In other words you always increase or decrease the resolution cent
21. 05 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 37 w AARONIA AG 10 0 Exposure limits Also the difference between the exposure limits for a certain group of people and the corresponding maximum limits are well visible Some math For D Net GSM900 cell towers this means that the electrical field strength needs to stay below V 1 375 935 MHz or approx 42 V m For E Net GSM1800 base stations this means that the electrical field strength needs to stay below 1 375 1800 MHz or approx 58 V m A huge difference Please note that the allowed absolute maximums are another 32 times hig her The highest exposure to high frequency radiation is mostly caused by the high transmitting powers of TV and radio broadcast towers Contrary to widespread belief however often it s not the cell towers that cause the strongest exposure to radiation in homes it s often portable phones so called DECT phones or microwaves ovens 10 2 Device exposure limits Contrary to the personal security limits the so called device exposure limits are often SIGNIFICANTLY more restrictive and much more frequency dependent For example a cell phone has a totally different device exposure limit than a TV broadcast station Here the allowed limits can easily vary by a factor of millions Still all device exposure limits also need to adhere to the personal securi ty limits and are thus a subset of those A particularly restrictive exampl
22. 8 3 Calculating power density W m from power dBm 19 0 Conversion tables dBm to W m with HyperLOG antenna 20 0 Frequency tables Cellphones amp GSM900 GSM1800 amp UMTS 21 0 Registration card and warranty 22 0 Frequencychart Spectrum Analyzer and Antennas 23 0 For your notes 4 a Contents Page 35 37 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 1 0 Safety precautions AARONIA AG kak ATTENTION Always attach antennas and adapters without excessive force To attach and release SMA connections ONLY use the included plastic SMA tool as it offers an over torque protection Never expose the device to water Never use it outdoors while raining Otherwi se the sensitive electronics could be damaged Avoid excessively high temperatures Do not leave the device on heatings in direct sunlight or in your car Due to the high sensitivity the sensors and display of this device are sensitive to shock hence it should be handled with care Do not drop the device or antennas as they could be damaged or destroyed We strongly recommend using our carrycase for storage and transport Even though the device is well secured through the use of counter sunk screws it should still not be reachable by children as it could easily be diverted from its intended use Especially the SMA antenna even though already protected by a soft plastic layer represents a potential thread eyes etc
23. 8 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 33 ah w AARON A AG 8 0 Correct measurement ey 8 6 The cursor and zoom functions eS Using the Jog dial you can activate a cursor in spectrum analysis mode This cursor allows you to display the exact frequency and signal level of a certain point on the display To activate the cursor simply turn the Jog dial and the cursor appears as a line in the spectrum display You can deactivate the cursor by pressing the menu key twice The portion of the spectrum display under the cur sor is drawn in inverse so its information is preserved Frequency and level at the current cursor position Cursor The spectrum portion under the cursor is drawn in inverse By turning the Jog dial the cursor can be positioned freely on the display The readout on the big main display and the exposure limit display and demodulati on now ONLY belong to the current cursor position The current frequency and level display of the cursor are only updated after a complete sweep and shown in the first leftmost marker field As such the auto marker feature is principally disabled When you press the Jog dial after positioning the cursor you can zoom into a signal Here the CENTER frequency will be shifted to the indicated cursor posi tion and frequency the SPAN is reduced by one half and a new sweep is initia ted So you have zoomed into the signal by 50 This function can be repea ted as often as you
24. ECT phones By pressing the DECT key 0 key more than once you can even ana lyze all 10 channels display reads DECT 0 9 INDIVIDUALLY You will quick ly be able to see which of the 10 channels is currently being used and when channel hopping occurs This channel separation is particularly practical in Audio mode However a very special feature is the AUTOMATIC DECT CHANNEL HOPPING MODE DECT Auto Rotate It is automatically activated after pres sing the DECT key for the first time Here all 10 channels are CONSTANTLY being measured and displayed one after the other Like this you will never miss a channel hopping and can e g quickly evaluate the exposure caused by ALL channels using HOLD mode Also see chapter 7 11 Exposure limit calculation and display in W m with weak signals Simply set the marker level Marker to 90dBm Conversion of measurement results to other physical units As you know using the HOLD function you can freeze readings Now simply change the unit V m mA m dBm dByV in the Unit menu and the old reading will instantly be converted after leaving the menu Correct settings for manual input measurement For this it is best to use our PC analysis software LCS Here dozens of opti mized profiles ranging from model making to 5GHz WLan are available at a mouseclick Additionally information like channel number provider etc is being displayed You can simply copy
25. EU O2 Germany NEU Vodafone T Mobile Vodafone T Mobile Vodafone T Mobile Deutsche Bahn E Plus NEU O2 Germany NEU Vodafone T Mobile Vodafone T Mobile Vodafone T Mobile UL Uplink mostly means portable device mobile transmitter which transmits towards the base station e g cellphones Pulsed at 217Hz Power variable between 20mW 2W Peak DL Downlink mostly means base station fixed transmitter which transmits towards the portable device e g cell towers Pulsed at 217Hz Control channel pulsed at 1 736Hz Power variable between 0 5 and 400W ERP Range of up to 32km Significantly more extensive lists available on the Aaronia homepage To get the full luxury get our free PC analysis software directly from there HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 67 k k a AARONIA AG WWW AARONIA DE 20 0 Frequency tables Table 8 German GSM1800 frequencies and providers Start Stop frequency Abbreviation 1 710 0 1 725 0 1 725 2 1 730 0 1 730 2 1 752 4 1 752 8 1 758 0 1 758 2 1 780 4 1 805 0 1 820 0 1 820 2 1 825 0 1 825 0 1 847 4 1 847 8 1 853 0 1 853 2 1 875 4 GSM18K UL GSM18K UL GSM18K UL GSM18K UL GSM18K UL GSM18K DL GSM18K DL GSM18K DL GSM18K DL GSM18K DL Provider Military T Mobile O2 Vodafone E Plus Military T Mobile O2 Vodafone E Plus UL Uplink mostly means portab
26. HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com _e S 7 0 The main menu AARONIA AG y 7 12 Hold activate HOLD mode With On you can activate the HOLD mode and the Mode status field will read HOLD With Off the HOLD mode is turned back off In HOLD mode the spectrum display does not get erased anymore thus all measured signals peaks stay visible all the time In this mode the display can only be overwritten by even stronger signals Likewise only the highest three markers since the activation of HOLD mode will be displayed along with their frequencies and levels in dBm As such the HOLD mode in SPECTRAN turns into a true Jack of all trades and is also called ADVANCED HOLD mode You can use this mode to create full day diagrams Simply leave SPECTRAN in HOLD mode for e g 24 hours and the next day you will see exactly what hap pened in the past 24 hours In the same way you can use it as an EVENT RECORDER should you want to catch signals only occurring in certain inter vals Simply leave SPECTRAN running in HOLD mode until it caught the result Another situation where HOLD mode is indispensable is the panning approach described in the following chapter Another situation where HOLD mode is very helpful is exposure limit calcu lation You can use the readings acquired in HOLD mode for quick and easy comparison with exposure limits without acquiring new read
27. I series Customers which sent back their Multidetektor 1 only had to pay half the price for the new Multidetektor Il series device The used returned units have subsequently been disposed of ecologically friendly by Aaronia 10 year warranty on all models We offer 10 years warranty on our measurement equipment We immediately and unbureaucratically replace defective units without further questions HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 69 w AARONIA AG 0 Analyzer amp Antenna Frequencychart 22 WWW AARONIA DE Eagt ZHO00T 2HO00T ZHDOT OS 4N aqoid eua anlo y BIUGAEY ZHAT 2HDOTI JazAjeuy winujo9dS NYNLOAdS NeyoAousenbal HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 70 23 0 For your notes AARONIA AG kak HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 71 w AARONIA AG 23 0 For your notes kak 72 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com
28. W cm 0 01 upW cm 0 1 W cm 1 W cm 10 W cm 100 uW cm 0 019 4 V m 0 061 4 V m 0 194 V m 0 614 V m 1 94 V m 6 14 V m 19 4 V m 0 000 051 5 A m 0 000 162 A m 0 000 515 A m 0 001 62 A m 0 005 15 A m 0 016 2 A m 0 051 5 A m Table 3 Conversion between dBm dBW and W 0 dBm 10dBm 20dBm 30dBm 40dBm 50dBm 60dBm 70dBm 30dBW 40dBW SOdBW 60dBW 0dBW 80dBW 90dBW 100dBW 0 001W 0 000 1W 0 000 01W 0 000 001W 0 000 000 1W 0 000 000 01W 0 000 000 001W 0 000 000 000 1W dBm DecibelmilliWatts dBW DecibelWatts W Watts mW MilliWatts uW MicoWatts nW NanoWatts pW PicoWatts Table 4 Frequency wavelength and frequency band abbreviations 3 Hz 30 Hz 30 Hz 300 Hz 300 Hz 3 kHz 100 000 km 10 000 km ULF 10 000 km 1 000 km ELF 1 000 km 100 km VF 3 kHz 30 kHz 30 kKHz 300 kHz 300 kKHz 3 MHz 3 MHz 30 MHz 30 MHz 300 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 100 km 10 km 10 km 1 km 1 km 100 m 100 m 10m 10m 1m 1m 10cm 10 cm 1 cm HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 65 AARONIA AG WWW AARONIA DE 19 0 Conversion tables 10 000 000 dB Decibel Table 6 Cellphone frequencies and providers Start Stop frequency Abbreviation Provider 864 1 868 1 CT2 Private 885 0 887 0 CT1 UL Private 914 0 915 0 CT1 UL Private 930 0 932 0 CT1 DL Private 959 0 960 0 CT1 DL Private 1 880 1 900 DECT
29. a a AARONIA AG WWW AARONIA DE sete Please read the following manual carefully before using your measurement device This manual contains important information on how to properly operate this unit IMPORTANT Be sure to send us the included registration card should you NOT have purchased this unit directly from us Version 1 03 E HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 1 kk U AARONIA AG WWW AARONIA DE y Congratulations You ve already won By purchasing this SPECTRAN high frequency measurement device you acquired a professional piece of equipment which allows measurement of high frequency fields Please note For measurement of low frequency fields high voltage lines trac tion power various household appliances etc you additionally need one of our EMF NF SPECTRAN models Thus we recommend to buy one of our cost effective measurement BUND LES Bundles can be purchased from Aaronia at any time by paying the cor responding price difference Also please use our free PC Software LCS It offers much more features then the basic SPECTRAN unit a hughe number of optimized settings from GSM to WLan shows chanelnumber and provider offers a PEP measurement and can reduce modulation based measurement errors WLan and others In case of replacement our devices are optimally recycled including all cir cuitry In this regard also check our war
30. again at a totally different location Hence even well screened rooms can become contaminated again just due to a trivial mains cable To avoid this screened rooms must be equip ped with so called mains filters Especially however the utilization of usual power cables for data transmission e g Internet signal video and audio transmission is a serious source of inter ference and radiation 8 1 Noise floor The so called noise floor indicates the limit below which real measurements become impossible Here only interference will be detected Visually SPEC TRAN would display this as a collection of small points or bars which either stay statically at the same place or change with every sweep noise Depen ding on frequency though the noise floor may get extremely varied Usual ly it increases with higher frequencies The noise floor for the GSM1800 hotkey key 8 for example is at around 70dBm However professionals with a lot of experience can still tease out a lot they can still well differentiate between the usual noise and genuine signals You can detect the level of the noise floor by measuring WITHOUT antenna or signal Yee Cue tie SAJ bJJIM 2333m 4233M Noise floor below the imaginary line HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 31 a AARONIA AG 8 0 Correct measurement 8 2 Aliases and mirror frequencys Those are typ
31. ager Now click on the left hand Special at logger data After a view seconds the logger data will show up as a table first power dBm then frequency MHz This data can easily be imported in spread sheet software like Lotus123 Just use the well known windows copy and paste function NOTE It can take some time to transfer bigger data volume from your SPEC TRAN to the PC ATTENTION Please note that the internal 64K memory can quickly be filled Thus we strongly recommend our 1MB memory expansion Option 001 99 95 Euros for using the Logger function 7 21 RunPrg Run program SPECTRAN has its own filesystem where various programs are stored Even you can write programs and store them in SPECTRAN s program memory Also SETUPs see the following paragraph are stored as programs Every program is stored under its specific program number Program numbers can be called with this function and the corresponding program can be run For this simply enter the desired program number 7 22 Setup Configuration Using Setup you can maintain individual configurations and programs Store saves the current configuration fLow fHigh RBW VBW SpTime Atten Reflev Range Pulse as a mini program For this enter a number above 1000 under which you would like to save Using the previously described RunPrg fun ction you can recall it later Del deletes a previously stored configuration Enter the number of the confi
32. as 20MHz 1 880 1 990MHz 20MHz of bandwidth a very small range Amateur radio in contrast already uses a far higher bandwidth 2 320 2 450 130MHz and so on Well this wasn t all that difficult was it We can now see ALL information con cerning these three signal sources In practice this will look similar on the SPECTRAN display Were Coe tie SB dia bJJ3M 2333M 4233M a In this example we also have 3 main signal sources from left to right Signal 1 942MHz at 63dBm Signal 2 2 024MHz at 23dBm Signal 3 5 823MHz at 42dBm HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 49 a AARONIA AS 14 0 Spectrum analysis basics These are displayed as vertical bars The same rule as in our example applies here too The higher the measured signal strength the higher the bar Further information regarding each of the bars is displayed from left to right as markers in the upper display area On the left marker 1 is displayed the first bar from the left with 942MHz at 63dBm In the middle marker 2 the second bar from the left 2 024MHz at 23dBm On the right marker 3 the last rightmost bar is displayed 5 823MHz at 42dBm Notice The configured frequency range is constantly being scanned Thus the display will also constantly change This is recognizable because of a small dot above the graphics display which moves from left to right This procedure of con tinuous scanning is call
33. avigate to the menu entry labeled flow Again press the ENTER key A zero appears on the large main display Additionally the big status field reads START Now enter the START frequency in full MHz using the number keys In this case we want to start at 2 110 3MHz So enter 2110 rounded and cor rect any typos by pressing the CLR key and repeating the input When finis hed press Enter again for confirmation You are now being returned to the main menu The next menu entry fHigh has already been automatically selected Now press the Enter key once more a HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 19 hh AARONIA AG 6 0 Setting a custom frequency range kykt A zero appears in the main display Additionally the status field reads STOP Now enter the STOP frequency in full MHz using the number keys In our case we want to measure up to 2 120 2MHz So enter 2121 rounded up and press Enter again for confirmation You are now being returned to the main menu The next menu entry RBW has already been automatically selected Again press the Enter key 4 Now a list of various filter bandwidth is displayed 3MHz has been chosen automatically and is ideal for measurement of cell towers Thus you can confirm this setting by pressing Enter You are now being returned to the main menu Finally press the menu key again and all settings are being confirmed and the sweep
34. big Tenes gt goa sun beta rams cP Usually you will use the Freq mode as the frequencies are often the most 28 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com kkk u 7 0 The main menu AARONIA AG kak 7 17 AntTyp Choose connected antenna AntTyp needs to be used to set the connected antenna as otherwise serious mismeasurement can occur Here HL7025 is used for HyperLOG7025 etc If there is no antenna connected choose None as type 7 18 Cable Choose connected cable or attenuator Cable needs to be used to set the connected cable leading from SPECTRAN to the antenna as otherwise serious mismeasurement may occur Here 1m Std is used for the included 1m SMA cable If no cable is connected choose None as type The HF 6080 also offers 20dB to use the optional external 20dB attenuator to expand the range from 10dBm to 30dBm 7 19 Bright Set display brightness The Bright option allows you to change display brightness Simply turn the Jog Dial until the desired brightness level is reached and confirm the setting by pres sing the Enter key The new setting will be permanently saved 7 20 Logger Start recording Data Logger With Logger you can start a long term recording Log ger in the current frequency range HF 4040 and above Here the highest reading and the corresponding level and frequency is regularly recorded over and over Using this
35. d to know their characteristics as in practice both systems are only rarely really active to allow measurement With cell phones you should actively place a call Please also note that cell phones actively decrease transmitting power with good reception conditions or when you are not talking An example for best parameters for a GSM1800 cell phone follows flow 1710 fHigh 1781 RBW 3MHz SpTime 0 5 Pulse Pulse With Wifi or WLan you should operate with continuously transfer data because simple Pin mode operation would need a quite long time to detect and measu re a signal An example for best parameters for a 2 4GHz WLan measurement follows or just use hotkey 6 flow 2400 fHigh 2490 RBW 3MHz SpTime 5 Pulse Pulse Also note to add about 8dB to the signal strength because the WLan signal is 20MHz wide but in this case we measures with a 3MHz RBW 32 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com kk w p 8 0 Correct measurement AARONIA AG kak 8 4 Sensitivity Please note that the noise floor and sensitivity can vary widely with spectrum analysers depending on frequency They can be quite different even with only small frequency changes of a few 100 MHZ In general however the following rule applies The higher the frequency the higher the noise floor and thus the worse the sensitivity In practice this means You can measure significantly w
36. e first measurement the Reference level should be set as low as possible to find even the weakest sig nals properly 24 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 7 0 The main menu AARONIA AG ye HINT Using the up down arrow keys you can directly move the position relati ve to the Reference level Wee Coe tie GEJ bJJIM 2333M 4273M Reflev Reference level 7 8 Range Dynamics Range sets the size of the visible range Setting Range to 100dB maximum will give you the best possible overview of all signal sources The vertical bars of the individual signals are virtually being squeezed from top to bottom to fit all signals into the display On the other hand when Range is set to 50 more details will become visible though a few signals might now be cut off at the top or bottom In the end the Range function is comparable with a magnifying glass though it only works in the Y axis Yer Cue tee SA0 Jz bJJJM 2333M 4233M Range dynamics 4 Y 7 9 Atten Attenuator o An attenuator attenuates weakens the input signal by the corresponding dB amount This makes sense especially with very strong signals to avoid overloa ding the RF input Available choices are Auto The attenuator is chosen automatically default setting 0dB No attenuator 10dB Attenuate input by 10 dB 20dB Attenuate input by 20 dB only HF 6080 30dB Attenuate in
37. e following formula still allows a calculation of S assuming 377 Ohms as the so called field resistance of air spe E 3779 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 61 _e K AARONIA AG 18 0 Some high frequency math In contrast if E is not known calculation of S is still possible as follows 2 SiH m 3770 Should you wish to calculate the electric field E use the following formula E S 3770 The magnetic field H can be calculated as follows SiE H n 377Q 18 1 Calculation of wavelength Wavelength can be calculated using the formula Here c corresponds to the speed of light in m s rounded to 300 000km s in our example f to the frequency of the radiation in Hz and to the wavelength in m Examples 300 000 000 900 000 000 Hz 0 33m For 900 MHz the result is 0 33m m i Tan boy on HZ 0 17m For 1 8 GHz the result is 0 17m m 5 oe 000 000 0 15mM For 2 GHz the result is 0 15m Further information concerning wavelength is contained in table 4 on page 64 62 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 18 0 Some high frequency math AARONIA AG kak 18 2 Calculating the close up range in m If you want to perform a measurement you need to do this outside the so cal led close up range of the transmitter The close up range depends on the trans mitter frequency Acc
38. e is the ISM868 band It offers extreme dynamics inside a very small frequency range ERP mW 568 0 368 6 869 2 8694 669 65 3700 MHz 868 7 869 3 869 7 38 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 10 0 Exposure limits AARONIA AG kak 10 3 Architecture biological limits The architecture biological limits are vastly different to the official personal safety limits They are mostly significantly stricter Well this would be fine on its own However to our big surprise in contrast to the highly complex official ICNIRP limits which are also authoritative in Germany they have no frequency com ponent at all meaning that these exposure limits are absolutely identical both at e g 9OOMHz and 2GHz Thus professional technicians and experts in the area are mightily surprised by this curious manner of handling exposure limits There is a simple explanation though As the measurement devices used in the architecture biological field are cheap and broadband frequency selective professional measurement is impossible with these Thus frequency selective architecture biological expo sure limits would simply not be measurable with these devices Though we hope that this will change quickly with SPECTRAN as the frequency should definitely not just be ignored Below you will find an overview of the most common architecture biological limits which can all be selected and displayed in
39. eaker signals at 2GHz than at 6GHz with the same filter settings etc 8 5 Measurement inaccuracy Aaronia states a typical accuracy for each SPECTRAN model However this means that higher deviations are entirely possible Especially when you approach the so called noise floor or the maximum sensitivity of a spectrum ana lyser accuracy decreases by principle Even though SPECTRAN devices offer an impressive sensitivity considering their price a yet higher measurement inaccuracy than the base device itself has is assumed in practice The reason behind this are further factors which can influence measurement inaccuracy Some of them are temperature dependen ce repeatability antenna errors modulation dependence etc According to BUWAL see also www BUWAL ch one should always expect an extended measurement inaccuracy of at least 35 even with absolutely profes sional equipment So expressed in dB you should always expect a rounded 3dB and consider this in every measurement Example You measure a value of 45dBm So the actual result could according to the mentioned measurement inaccuracy vary between 42dBm 45dBm 3dB and 48dBm 45dBm 3dB Thus as you want to measure exposure due to radiation you should always assume the highest value namely 42dBm In simple words Always add another 3dB to the measurement inaccuracy of the SPEC TRAN device with all measurements HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 200
40. ed sweeping So what kinds of information have we acquired now 1 In the entire frequency range from 0 6GHz there are 3 main signal sources 2 The frequency and signal strength of all 3 sources is exactly known So we have acquired a quick overview of WHAT is active in this frequency range As the exact frequency of the signal sources is now know it is easy to determine the exact applications emitting these signals see also our fre quency tables on pages 64 65 or the more extensive frequency tables on the Aaronia homepage On the basis of these frequency tables we can determine for e g 942MHz 937 6 to 944 8MHz GSM 900 DL T Mobile meaning that this is a GSM900 celltower DL Download of the provider T Mobile 50 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 15 0 RF exposure in practice AARONIA AG kak In the real world you will find hundreds of different high frequency radiation sources In the following pages we have collected the most popular ones explaining a few peculiarities about each of them We will be especially precise with cell towers and cell phones as that is the field where we receive the largest amount of inquiries 15 1 Portable phones CT1 amp DECT Portable phones more and more replace the regular permanently installed phone in home and office The two most important available standards are sig nificantly different concerning their communications tec
41. ely suppressed using certain settings As soon as you set SpTime to 1 or higher AND use an RBW setting from 300kHz 3MHz an ADDITIONAL Anti aliasing interleave sampling algo rithm is being added which almost completely eliminates the aliases Though this filter is obviously not available in PULSE mode Allocate keys with your own parameters The keys 0 to 9 can be allocated with custom configurations incl start stop fre quency RBW etc For this program numbers 100 to 109 correspond to the keys 0 to 9 Simply store the current configuration via the Setup amp Store menu entries using one of these program numbers and they will be available at any time using the corresponding key Its even easier with our free PC analysis soft ware LCS Here you can even attach info texts To recall the factory settings select Factor under the Setup menu Force display of the used physical unit After leaving the main menu and after the first complete sweep the physical unit dBm V m A m or dBuV is displayed in the big info field As soon as you press a hotkey however the display is being overwritten by the hotkey s info text By pressing the menu button twice however you can force redisplay of the unit HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 35 hh AARONIA AG 9 0 Tips and tricks DECT analysis Using the 0 key you can call up the DECT analyser to measure active D
42. en dealing with weak signals the Video filter should be used only at a higher setting G42 ac SY sic 632D 63BIN VBW Full VBW 100KHz 7 6 SpTime Sampletime Sets the time per sample As a measurement consists of several samples the time needed for a complete sweep will thusly increase too The higher the sampletime the more accurate the measurement but the longer it will take too Sampletime is measured and set in seconds from 0 05 to 9 999 Attention Please note that special digital communication standards like e g cell phones often might not be recognized well or at all with wrong sampletimes as the hit rate will then greatly decrease Here you should always work with the sampletime 0 5 seconds and a small SPAN Also note the optimized settings in our free LCS PC Software 7 7 Reflev Reference level The so called Reference level sets the position of the signal display relative to the upper display border The smaller the setting the closer you get to the so called noise floor and the greater the amount of visible interference The Refe rence level thus can be used for example for optically suppressing distracting weak signals The higher the Reference level the smaller the amount of weak signals that get displayed Only the peaks of the strongest signals will be shown the rest is cut off Like this you can for example achieve a clearer dis play of an interesting strong signal Though for th
43. ered around the Center fre quency HINT The right left arrow keys can be used to directly move the sweep range one SPAN unit to the right or left 22 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 7 0 The main menu AARONIA AG ey 7 3 flow amp fHigh Start amp Stop frequency fLow start frequency sets the frequency where the sweep should begin whe reas fHigh stop frequency sets its ending frequency From these two the com plete frequency range which gets sweeped is derived Please note that a large frequency range will badly squeeze the display hori zontally in the X axis and thus significantly reduces measurement accuracy Individual signals especially when close together will often not be distinguisha ble anymore However if you narrow the frequency range you will be able to analyze the sweep range more precisely You will be able to see far more detail and higher accuracy A large frequency span is thus mostly useful for a broad overview not for exact measurements Yess Cue tee 682s b3JJJM 2333M 4233m fLow Start frequency N ga fHigh Stop frequency 7 4 RBW bandwidth By adjusting bandwidth you can adjust detail clarity and sensitivity at once When bandwidth is set to a very high value or even to FULL the sweep will be very fast however the display becomes comparatively inaccurate and sensitivi ty is low Hence very weak signals will not be picked up
44. es Thus satellite technology only causes a very low amount of radiation exposure If at all the recei ver may cause radiation as it amplifies and converts sig nals for later sending them to the TV For measuring this radiation you additionally need an LF measurement devi ce from the SPECTRAN series HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 55 ah w AARONIA AG www AARONA DE T An amateur radio stati on High RF power of up to 750W is possible Lise k Ericsson Bluetooth From camera to cellpho ne via radio Bluetooth module in the year 2000 Newer deve lopments are just a tenth in size Ericsson Bluetooth headset significantly lower radiation exposure compared to cellphones 15 0 RF exposure in practice 15 6 Radio amateur and CB radio Radio amateurs are allowed transmitting powers of up to 750W divided into two license classes CB radio however is limited to a maximum 4W of trans mitting power even though sometimes significantly higher transmitting powers are used by illegally employing power amplifiers 15 7 Bluetooth the end of all cables The radio transmission system Bluetooth certainly will find its way into almost all technical appliances during the next years Bluetooth is a new very affordable world wide standard using approx 2 4GHz and a high data transfer rate Transmission is intended to be extremely resistant
45. es without problems using SPECTRAN HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 57 N bd w AARONIA AG 15 0 RF exposure in practice Rye 15 10 Radio controlled alarm clocks These devices do not emit radio waves themselves they just receive them Radio controlled clocks do not emit radio waves themselves They only receive them 58 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 16 0 What is electrosmog AARONIA AG kak The word electrosmog is an artificial term coined in the 70s The smog part is a compound of the two English words smoke and fog Thus smog is roug hly equivalent to dirt Finally electrosmog could alternatively be described as electric dirt In contrast to normal smog which is year after year easily noticeable in the cities with our eyes and nose electrosmog is not detectable with our sense organs Thus we can only measure and evaluate electrosmog using dedicated electrosmog measurement devices Commonly electrosmog is divided into two types low frequency electrosmog e g traction power mains cables high voltage lines etc high frequency electrosmog e g cellphones cell towers satellites radar radio and TV broadcast CB radio etc With our RF HF SPECTRANs you can only measure high frequency elec trosmog For measuring low frequency elec
46. execute program 30 7 22 Setup configuration 30 8 0 Correct measurement 31 8 1 Noise floor 31 8 2 Aliases and mirror frequencys 32 8 3 Measuring WLan and cellphones 32 8 4 Sensitivity 33 8 5 Measurement inaccuracy 33 8 6 Cursor and zoom functions 34 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 3 AARONIA AG WWW AARONIA DE Re Chapter 9 0 Tips amp tricks 10 0 Exposure limits 10 1 Limits for personal safety 10 2 Device limits 10 3 Architecture biological limits 11 0 Antenna mounting and handling 11 1 Single hand usage with the SMA rod antenna 11 2 Two hands usage with the HyperLOG antenna 11 3 Single hand usage with the HyperLOG antenna 12 0 Connections 12 1 External DC input battery charging 12 2 Audio output 12 3 Jog Dial Volume control 12 4 USB connector 13 0 Hardware setup 14 0 Spectrum analysis basics 15 0 RF exposure in practice 15 1 Portable phones 15 2 GSM amp UMTS cellular phones 15 3 Cell towers 15 4 TV and radio broadcast stations 15 5 Satellites 15 6 Radio amateurs amp CB radio 15 7 Bluetooth the end of all cables 15 8 Computers monitors cables 15 9 Microwave ovens 15 10 Alarm clocks and radio controlled clocks 16 0 What is electrosmog 17 0 Physical units 17 1 Measuring power dBm dBuV 17 2 Field strength V m A m and power density W m 18 0 Formulas for high frequency 18 1 Calculating wave length in m 18 2 Calculating the close up range in m 1
47. function you can create perfect intraday dia grams of cell phones or similar After processing this data with a spread sheet software like Lotus123 on the PC the EESTETENTT result might e g look like the diagram on the left After starting the following parameters will be queried Count Set the number of logs Time Set the length of the pauses between the individual logs recordings in seconds FILEId Set the program number under which the recorded data should be stored Using the PC analysis software you can read out the data using this number ATTENTION At the moment only the usage of program number 1000 is possible After inputting FILEId the memory status field will read RECORD The Log ger is now ready Press the menu button again and the recording starts During recording the number of remaining logs is briefly being displayed in the pixel HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 29 4 AARONIA AG WWW AARONIA DE Ry t 7 0 The main menu display on each log event counter This allows you to monitor how long the recording is still going to take Furthermore on every log event a short beep is emitted When recording is complete RECORD disappears from the memory status field and the data can be read out using our free PC analysis software LCS Just start the LCS software Go to Extras and then activate Fileman
48. gate to the lt gt AntTyp menu entry Activate the menu entry by pressing the ENTER key or clicking the jog dial You are now being shown a list of antennas Using the up down arrow keys or the jog dial choose the connected antenna Here HL7025 cor paa gt responds to the HyperLOG7025 etc If you do not have an antenna connected choose None as antenna type Confirm your entry by pressing the ENTER key or clicking the jog dial You are now being taken back to the main menu Now again using the up down arrow keys or the jog dial navigate to the lt 5 menu entry Cable Activate the menu entry by pressing the ENTER key or clicking the jog dial lt You are now being presented a list of cables Choose the connected E cable by using the up down arrow keys or the jog dial The 1m Std entry corresponds to the 1M SMA cable included with delivery If there is no cable connected choose None as cable type Confirm your selection by pressing the ENTER key or clicking the jog dial lt 4 You are now being taken back to the main menu Press the MENU button once more and the new values are being confir jm med and stored ATTENTION All settings regarding antennas and cables are stored perma nently even after switching the unit off Hence each time you use the unit you should make sure that the connected antenna and cable really correspond with the settings made in the Hardware SETUP as otherwise se
49. guration which is to be deleted Factor resets the device into the default configuration factory settings This function is particularly useful for novices to undo unwanted modificati ons to the configuration HINT If you use program numbers between 100 and 109 you can later recall these programs or configurations using the number keys 0 to 9 30 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com kk w p 8 0 Correct measurement AARONIA AG Kak Note that when measuring high frequency radiation you will encounter some strange characteristics which can be pretty irritating particularly for novices In practice high frequency radiation rarely constantly fades with distance from the source due to reflections diffusion and diffraction by houses trees walls etc massive selective concentration so called Hot Spots is often noti ceable especially inside rooms Here the difference in measured signal strength can easily vary by a factor of 10 or 100 in a range of just a few cm Thus it is sometimes pretty difficult to find the actual source or the maximum strength of RF radiation High frequency fields are often also measurable on metal objects as these act like antennas and cause the corresponding concentration or forwarding of high frequency radiation Thus electrical cables are another medium for high fre quency radiation and can catch it and release it
50. hnology CT1 Transmission with this standard is analogue and not pulsed thus not audible even with activated demodulation and only happens during a call The trans mitting power is around 10 mW with frequencies of 885 887MHz uplink por table phone and 930 932MHz downlink base station The base station ONLY transmits during a call DECT Radio transmission is done digitally and pulsed at approx 100Hz which is well audible with SPECTRAN with activated demodulation even when no call is being placed as the base station of a DECT phone always transmits with full power The DECT phone in contrast ONLY transmits during a call and also only when the user is actively talking The transmitting power is approx 250 mW at frequencies between 1 880 and 1 900MHz CT1 in contrast to common misconceptions the transmission voice quality is virtually identical to that of the digital DECT standard however transmission is done with very low transmitting power approx 10mW and only during a call Until recently only discontinued models of CT1 have been available anymore However recently these phones reappear in shops just because of the afore mentioned optimal radiation characteristics Just ask your dealer By the way the utilized communications standard is mentioned in the product manual and mostly also on the phone packaging Please note however that operation authorization for these phones expires on Dec 31 2008 HW
51. i on transmission via satellites y _ 15 4 TV and radio broadcast towers TV and radio broadcast towers are a relic from the stone age of information transmission They are among the strongest radiation sources in existence The highest transmitting powers are used by TV broadcast stations which may employ more than 1000kW for comparison a cell tower uses about 40 watts 0 04kW Short wave radio stations employ transmitting powers of up to approx 600kW FM radio broadcast employing approx 100 kW are already more conservative in this respect Recently these are being converted to digital standards DVB T and T DAB Seeing the enormous transmitting powers involved it is not surprising that close to these stations approx 100m even the extremely high official exposure limits are excee ded 15 5 Satellites Satellites are gaining an ever increasing importance for information transmission nowadays They orbit the earth at i a height of approx 36000 km in a geostationary orbit Even though these satellites employ a high transmitting power 1 in the high GHz range the radiation exposure on earth is so extremely low due to the vast distance that you need the well known dish antennas seen everywhere to focus the radiation like a lens These dish antennas and the cor responding LNB receivers do not radiate in contrast to popular misconceptions They are completely passive reception devic
52. ian may only walk at up to 5 km h Cars in change may speed at up to 300 km h Exposure limits for radio applications work similarly Here however the word speed is replaced by the transmitting power E g a broadcast station may have an enormous transmitting power of 1 000 000W or more in contrast a radio controlled car lock only a few mW 1mW 0 001W etc 3 examples of exposure limits in practice Frequency range MHz Application Power limit W EIRP 1 880 1 900 DECT phones 0 25 2 320 2450 Amateur radio 11cm 750 5 725 5 825 WLan 802 11a 0 025 It is easily visible that each radio application may only use one EXACTLY DEFINED frequency range Also the high differences in admissible transmit ting power are noticeable Why spectrum analysis There are 2 main reasons 1 You would like to know WHICH radio applications are active 46 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 14 0 Spectrum analysis basics AARONIA AG kak 2 You would like to measure the exposure caused by each of the radio appli cations separately e g for evaluating exceeding of exposure limits Regarding 1 Let s reconsider our giant motorway example Remember that every lane was only intended for use by a single kind of vehicle Now imagine that a huge bridge crossed this motorway with you standing on the bridge and looking down on the motorway Wow what a mess Now for example you would like
53. ical effects found in spectrum analysers when you find a rather strong signal additional phantom signals appear next to the actual signal at fixed distances These are not real signals A 400MHz signal also shows up at 800MHz 1200MHz 1600MHz a 1800MHz signal also at 3600MHz and 5400MHz Those are the so called mirror frequencys Also aliases can show up The distance between aliases and the main signal is steps of 2OMHz The level difference between those signals and the main sig nal is typically very large 20 30dB When evaluating exposure limits they mostly do not even matter at all Please note when using the 100kHz filter Two SMHz Aliases will show up and are almost as strong as the main signal D Ihar D Soe This example in GSM900 mode key 7 shows a rather strong 1G Ses 45 main signal of 45dBm at 950MHz and to the left aliases at 930MHz with 75dBm Level difference typically 20 30dB 20MHz gt Distance between aliases is around 20MHz HINT When using a sampletime of gt 1 aliases using RBW 300kHz 3MHz are suppressed by almost 100 Here an additional Anti alias Interleave Sampling Algorithm is hooked up Obviously though this does not work with activated pulse mode 8 3 Measuring WLan and cell phones NOTE All Revision3 SPECTRANs offer a hardware aliases reduction and have almost no aliases at all if you use RBW 300kHz 3MHz To measure WLan and cell phones you nee
54. ill perform our measurement as follows As a basic prerequisite you should know that there are three different kinds of cell towers in Germany GSM900 GSM1800 and UMTS The optimal measurement parameters are already preprogrammed in SPEC TRAN on hotkeys 7 GSM900 8 GSM1800 and 9 UMTS As GSM900 has the highest availability it is measurable almost everywhere and thus optimally suited for explaining usage of SPECTRAN Now simply press the 7 key for set ting up optimal parameters for measurement of GSM900 cell towers The Sta tus display should now show GSM 900 Now you only need to choose the correct operation mode The SPECTRAN devices offer 4 different OPERATION MODES SPECTRUM analysis EXPOSURE LIMIT calculation AUDIO output Broadband PEAK Detector Powermeter Option Only 2025E Rev3 up You can change the operation mode at any time using the Enter key 5 1 Operation mode Spectrum analysis The DISPLAY MODE status field shows SPECTRUM Now press the Enter key until the Display Mode sta tus field reads SPECTRUM Should you have good reception and a properly aligned antenna this is impor tant you should now have results similar to those shown in the image on the left However should the big Main display show or 1720 no signal is being received GI BS Pan and you need to change your location or align the anten oes na differently During every measurement a lit
55. ings as even the markers along with all information are stored Simply switch to exposure limit calculation mode after the measurement and you can instantly see the results Fb 3 Hei g sei A typical result after a 20 minute car drive with activated HOLD sae mode Easily visible During the whole drive only transmitters from T Mobile 952 amp 942MHz and Vodafone 936MHz have been M active HINT You can also turn HOLD mode on off by using the Dot key erase memory 7 13 Unit set physical unit With Unit you can set the physical unit used by SPECTRAN to show results Available choices are dBm DecibelMilliWatts dBuV DecibelMicroWatts V m VoltMeter and mA m MilliAmpereMeter Hint In EXPOSURE LIMIT analysis mode SPECTRAN additionally displays power flux density in W m incl Autorange Thus in this mode you can show three units SIMULTANEOUSLY as in addition the bargraph shows values in dBm HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 27 k AARONIA AG 7 0 The main menu kagt Hint2 Using this function you can also convert units Simply freeze the rea ding with HOLD and then choose a different unit The conversion is being shown immediately Hint3 You can force display of the selected unit in the large Info field by pres sing the menu key twice The text in the large Info field will then be overwritten by display of the unit 7 14 MrkCnt Set n
56. ional measurement technology mostly only the manageable electric field strength is measured using the unit V m As with dBm V m produces manageable readings without endless rows of zeroes In contrast cheap broadband devices often only provide readings of power density mostly in W m to confuse the customer with allegedly huge changes in electrosmog strength This is just as if you measured distances on motor ways in mm Frankfurt to Munich 400 000 000mm Certainly impressive but just pure showiness as it s just 400km Manageability and readability is left behind as the display constantly changes in huge steps Of course SPECTRAN can also display power flux density in uW m or other Giga units However in contrast to the aforementioned cheap devices SPECTRAN offers a practical Autorange feature in W m mode e g instead of displaying an endless num ber of zeroes it just displays the corresponding abbreviation f p n p or m befo re the unit 60 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com ah S 18 0 Some high frequency math AARONIA AG kyk Operators various governmental authorities and also scientists themselves actually have fun jumping around between units wildly in their publications Con sequently the casual reader loses track of the relationships between units com pletely To spare you these problems SPECTRAN offers functionality to convert betwee
57. le device portable transmitter which transmits towards the base station e g cellphone Pulsed at 217Hz Power variable between 25mW 1W Peak DL Downlink mostly means base station fixed transmitter which transmits towards the portable device e g cell tower Pulsed at 217Hz Control channel pulsed at 1 736Hz Power variable between 0 5 and 300W ERP Range of up to 16 km Significantly more extensive lists available on the Aaronia homepage To get the full luxury get our free PC analysis software directly from there Table 9 German UMTS frequencies and providers Start Stop frequency Abbreviation 1 920 3 1 930 2 1 930 3 1 940 2 1 940 3 1 950 2 1 950 0 1 959 9 1 959 9 1 969 8 1 969 8 1 979 7 2 110 3 2 120 2 2 120 2 2 130 1 2 130 1 2 140 0 2 140 0 2 149 9 2 149 9 2 159 8 2 159 8 2 169 7 UMTS DL Provider Vodafone Group 3G e plus MobilCom 02 T Mobile D Vodafone Group 3G e plus MobilCom 02 T Mobile D UL Uplink mostly means portable device portable transmitter which transmits towards the base station e g cellphone Power variable between 2 5mW 250mW Peak DL Downlink mostly means base station fixed transmitter which transmits towards the portable device e g cell tower Power variable between 0 5 500W ERP Range of up to 8 km Significantly more extensive lists available on the Aaronia homepage To get the full luxury get our free PC analysis software direct
58. lso turn the antenna by 45 or 90 degrees like shown in the illustration on the left a Finally you can also screw the included pistol style handle to the bottom side of SPECTRAN Like this you can handle SPEC TRAN more easily or place it permanently on e g a table for this unfold the handle to become a miniature tripod Please note that you cannot take bearings measure where radiation comes from with the included SMA rod antenna Furthermore the SMA antenna CAN NOT be used for measuring power flux density W m or field strength V m or A m This is only possible by using the HyperLOG antenna Hence the SMA antenna is not listed in the AntTyp menu either For best results ALWAYS use the HyperLOG antenna Usage of the HyperLOG antenna is explained in detail on the following pages 40 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com _h A 11 0 Antenna mounting and handling AARONIA AG y 11 2 Handling with two hands using the HyperLOG antenna First carefully screw the included SMA cable to the SMA plug on the SPECTRAN Screwing should be possible easily and without force Do not apply excessive force As soon as there is resistance slightly tighten the plug using the SMA tool Again don t use excessive force Never trigger the over tor que protection the SMA tool has an overtorque pro tection and starts slipping as soon as excessive force is applied
59. ly from there 68 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 21 0 Registration card and warranty AARONIA AG kak The registration card AARONIA products are constantly being improved As we offer you our replacement and upgrade service for all of our future measurement devices we kindly ask you to send us the included stamped regi stration card immediately Only registered customers can make use of this ser vice and only registered clients receive a 10 year warranty on their measure ment device See The AARONIA warranty The AARONIA warranty Replacement guarantee to bigger models You can exchange your measurement device against a higher grade model of the same series at any time by simply paying the price difference For example if you have purchased a SPECTRAN HF 2025E and notice that you need a higher sensitivity after some time you could replace it with the SPECTRAN HF 4060 by just paying the difference to this model However for taking advantage of this service you need to be a registered custo mer Thus you should definitely fill the included registration card and send it to Aaronia Replacement guarantee to newly developed models As soon as we present new products you can replace your model with a new Aaronia measurement device of your choice at any time This has been realized for the first time in the year 2000 when we introduced the new Multidetektor I
60. measurement starts The big status field reads CUSTOM indicating a custom configuration Now only the configured frequency range between 2 110 and 2 121MHz is being sweeped measured thus all operation modes exposure limit calculati on spectrum display now only refer to this frequency range Now you can precisely evaluate if a Vodafone UMTS cell tower is active and how strong the exposure exactly is Using the HyperLOG antenna you can quickly take a bearing and locate the cell tower HINT You can also save this setting on one of the keys 0 to 9 as a custom Hot key More on this on the following pages HINT2 Using the Enter key you can change between Spectrum analysis exposure limit calculation and audio reproduction modes at any time Though as UMTS is an unpulsed signal audio mode does not make sense here Further tips and information regarding the configuration of a custom fre quency range and other main menu entries can be found on the following pages covering the main menu 20 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com a 7 0 The main menu AARONIA AG kak _ 7 Ja_ gt JL By pressing the menu key you get to the heart of E TA SPECTRAN the menu system Here you can control the entire device change various settings but also do things like starting the datalogger or save and recall your own programs By pressing the menu button again you can exit the menu at
61. n units or directly display measurements in the unit of your choice Furt hermore we have collected several tables for simple comparison and conversi on of units and values For our mathematically adept customers we also inclu ded the most important basics and formulas dealing with high frequency radiati on Power flux density of high frequency radiation is measured among others in W m or W cm Conversion is simple 1 W cm 0 01 W m 0 001 mW cm and 10 W cm 0 1 W m 0 01 MW cm etc respectively See also table 1 on page 64 More rarely values in dBm m and dBW m can be found Conversion is equal ly simple 1 W cm 10dBm m 20 dBW m and 10 W cm 20dBm m 10 dBW m etc respectively However the most frequently used unit is V m see table 2 on page 64 Here you should remember that power flux density S measured in W m really con sists of two separate fields The electric field E measured in V m and the magnetic field H measured in A m However as these do not exist separately anymore at high frequencies their separate indication is not really interesting for RF exposure However this is only the case outside the so called close up range How you calculate the close up range and how the relationship between the different radiations works is described below Power flux density S also called electromagnetic field or power density is calculated as follows S E H If H is unknown th
62. nt HOLD function Now a measurement result is of course not too useful if it cannot be compared to some kind of reference limit Until now this has been extremely complicated using complex tables and converting between units An often exhausting task even for some professionals and particularly for the novice Thus SPECTRAN offers a separate very easy to use mode specifically for exposure limit calcula tion 12 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com _h A 5 0 Your first measurements Modes AARONIA AG y 5 4 Operation mode Exposure limit calculation Lhe Display status field shows EXPOS LIMITS m Now press the Enter key until the Display Mode status field shows EXPOS LIMITS om5 3 AC eer Firstly the strongest signals are shown along with their LI E frequencies and levels using markers just like in spec i m trum mode The large main display shows the level of the gata J43 95000 strongest signal as usual __ Inthe graphics display below the strongest signal is con verted to power flux density W m and displayed The cable and antenna data is already considered in these calculations paniculaiy practical the so called Autorange function the W m display is complemented with the correct fractional unit automatically m 1 1000 one thousandth u 1 1 000 000 one millionth n 1 1 000 000 000 one billionth p
63. nt result in dBm or dBuV The noisefloor is about 50dBm In addition a potentially existing amplitude modulation AM will be made avai lable on the audio output feature in development The display mode status field then will also display AM Broadband measurements with SPECTRAN offer an instant level display in contrast to spectrum analysis mode of the PEAK power in the complete measurable frequency rage By utilizing a high end state of the art Silicon Germanium SiGe technology detector chip we even provide detection of ultra short pulsings This opens up a whole new range of possibilities For example measurement of ultra short RADAR bursts or other short pulses The optional drastically enhanced frequency range of up to 10GHz 12GHz is significantly larger than what the spectrum analysis of SPECTRAN can current ly offer currently 7GHZ maximum 9 3GHz is in development and thus allows among others detection of PAR airport radar in the 9 GHz band Obviously the usefulness of this kind of measurement is limited in certain ways as it does not offer any frequency filter BUT you can use extrenal filter at any time or frequency display Thus neither direct display of power density or field strength nor calculation of exposure limit calculation or antenna corection is pos sible BUT if you know the transmitter frequency you can calculate the power HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Ge
64. on caused by high frequency fields It is assumed that effects harmful to health only occur when tissue warms by more than 1 C These exposure limits are mostly accep ted by all national and international committees For Germany these limits are recorded in the Verordnung Uber elektromagnetische Felder 26 BlmSchV and are mostly derived from the international recommendations As an approval for the compliance with these exposure limits radio installations acquire the Reg TP Standortbescheinigung The German exposure limits are designed for squared averages recorded over intervals of 6 minutes and are categorized by frequency ranges Depending on the affected group of persons different limits apply As an example we will use the limit defined for the general population Frequency MHz E field strength V m M field strength A m 1 10 87 If 0 73 4f 10 400 27 5 0 073 400 2 000 1 375 4f 0 0037 4f 2 000 300 000 61 0 16 This graphic shows a visual 7 representation of aforementioned formulas over a frequency range from 1Hz to 100GHz The graph _ clearly shows that the simple wide spread broadband ap EE Ne i devices CANNOT measure and ao evaluate exposure limits cor L rectly as they are not frequen cy dependent i Beviiiccrung Spitzenwert Bev Berufl Exposition Spitzenwert b E HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 20
65. on spreads almost equally in all directions Most base stations however can provide service to a much larger amount of customers In these cases a group of antennas so called radio cells is installed on radio towers Ps i a which then only provides service for a certain direction so Called sector Here when doing measurements you will lt measure different amounts of radiation depending on the position of the antenna group see also the radiation pat i he tern on the left Using this antenna technology a signifi Sector base station with 3 radio cells Each cell serves a 120 degree sector Layout of the base stati on shown above Cone shaped radiation diagram of a sector seen from above cantly higher transmitting power is possible using the same amount of space and the same licensing class In most cases you will find the version with three radio cells triangular installation with 3 sectors spanning 120 degre es each see image Here you will find a transmitting antenna on every side with two similar reception antennas on either side of the transmitting antenna Construction of these antennas is very different from that used for regular rod antennas see picture They rather resemble some kind of fence post All radio cells together make up a huge transmitter network available all over the country always appearing as a single always optimally working radio cell to the
66. ording to the aforementioned formula the close up range can be determined quickly Here you simply need to multiply the resulting wave length by a factor of 10 there are some sources which only use a factor of 3 The result is the close up range i e the minimum distance to the transmitter in which a sensible measurement can be achieved Example For a 900MHz cellphone the wavelength is __ 3000000005 _ 900 000 000 Hz 923m Hence the close up range is 0 33m 10 3 3m It is easy to see that e g measurements taken directly next to the cellpho ne will definitely result in WRONG readings Notice Inside the close up range E and H fields would need to be measured separately However outside the close up range both field types are coupled tightly to each other so knowing the strength of one of them will be enough to derive the other 18 3 Calculating power density W m from power dBm ONLY if you know the transmitter frequency you can calculate power density W m from power dBm You also need the antenna gain of the used antenna The formula you need looks like this cB S represents the power density W m p is the measu _ 1010 4 m_ red power dBm is the wavelength of the tranmitter 4000 a2 frequency m and G the antenna gain dBi dBd values can be converted to dBi by adding 2 15 You get the dBi antenna gain of the HyperLOG antennas easily by looking at the antenna ini file used with ou
67. orient yourself better in the following steps the most important parts of the SPECTRAN display are briefly explained here BARGRAPH trend display Depending on signal strength the half circle will grow or shrink A very handy function for quickly changing levels On all SPECTRAN models with broadband detector the bargraph dis play will ALLWAYS show the broadband power even in spectrum mode MODE status field PEAK amp HOLD Shows the currently active mode Possible modes PEAK PULSE mode and HOLD Advanced HOLD mode INFO display Shows the selected preset frequency range Using the keys 0 9 furt her presets DECT UMTS etc are available DISPLAY MODE status field Shows the current operation mode of the SPECTRAN Possible modes SPECTRUM spectrum analysis EXPOS LIMITS exposure limit calculation AM FM audio output and RF BB Detector mode MAIN display Displays the level signal strength of the strongest signal in dBm MARKER block 1 to 3 Show frequency and signal strength of the strongest signals Up to 3 markers can be displayed simultaneously GRAPHICS display here spectrum display This highly flexible display field allows display of a great variety of information both textual and graphical spectrum exposure limits menu text etc HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 9 k k U AARONIA AG 5 0 Your first measurement Modes Now we w
68. our cellphone also stops radiating Like wise when you stop talking during a call the cellphone strongly turns down the transmitter power When the cellphone is turned on it will just sig nal its presence to the network once every 1 to 6 hours using a short transmis sion impulse Otherwise it is completely dead In contrast if you move around with a cellphone it will depending on movement speed and network availability repeatedly emit short pulses to login or logout to the respective cell towers Attention Recently so called positivising tachyon stickers positivising chips crystals etc are offered particularly for cellphones These products are as you can see for yourself with SPECTRAN total nonsense and complete ripoffs They have no effect whatsoever 52 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 15 0 RF exposure in practice AARONIA AG Omnidirectional base station with a single cell kk u kak 15 3 Cell towers Cell towers can be seen nearly everywhere these days There are only a few places like large woodlands which are still radiation free The most obvious installations are the up to 100m high cell towers base stations In case of only a few customers needing service these base stations consist of so called omnidirectional antennas mostly one transmitting antenna in the middle and two reception antennas at either side Here the radiati
69. put by 30 dB only HF 6080 ATTENTION When Auto is switched off you NEED to manually select an attenuator with signals over 20 dBm to avoid mismeasurement 7 10 Demod Demodulator Audio analysis The Demodulator allows you to make pulsing and modulation up to approx 3 5kHz audible SPECTRAN distinguishes between two modulation modes AM amplitude modulation and FM frequency modulation The dot key can later be used to switch between AM and FM at any time By pressing Off or by pressing the menu key the demodulator is switched off HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 25 kk u AARONIA AG 7 0 The main menu In contrast to simple broadband detectors demodulation only takes place aro und the center frequency The bandwidth can be set with RBW Thus you can tune in to individual small frequency ranges very selectively Though in this mode the filter is a bit weaker Hence very strong signals from neighboring frequencies could overshoot into the actually selected frequency range and become audible too Example You are demodulating the signal of a DECT phone key 9 but there is also a GSM900 transmitter nearby Depending on the alignment of the anten na you might also hear the GSM modulation simultaneously The frequency exact systematic acoustical analysis is very helpful when iden tifying signal sources As demodulation is performed in
70. r LCS PC Software Example Pretend you measure 40dBm at 950MHz with a HyperLOG 7025 antenna this antenna offers 4 9dBi at 950MHz The result is 40 4 J 10 10 Aen _ 000003236 12 566 1000 0315794 1000 0 0997 0 00000458 W m 4 08uW m Also see the following conversion table HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 63 AARONIA AG 19 0 Conversion tables Table 0 Conversion dBm to W m with HyperLOG antenna Assuming the use of an idealized HyperLOG antenna with 5dBi gain and an idealized RG316U cable of 1m length and a constant damping of 1dB the following conversion table can be applied to the signal sources below all figures in W m dBm GSM900 GSM1800 UMTS WLan 10 0 45 Ls Ze 3 3 9 0 36 1 5 1 8 2 7 8 0 28 1 2 1 4 2 1 7 0 23 0 95 1 1 1 7 6 0 18 0 76 0 89 1 3 5 0 14 0 60 0 70 1 06 4 0 11 0 48 0 56 0 84 3 0 09 0 38 0 44 0 67 2 0 07 0 30 0 35 0 53 1 0 06 0 24 0 28 0 42 0 0 045 0 019 0 022 0 033 10 0 004 5 0 001 9 0 002 2 0 003 3 20 0 000 45 0 000 19 0 000 22 0 000 33 30 0 000 045 0 000 019 0 000 022 0 000 033 40 0 000 0045 0 000 0019 0 000 0022 0 000 003 3 50 0 000 000 45 0 000 000 19 0 000 000 22 0 000 000 33 60 0 000 000 045 0 000 000 019 0 000 000 022 0 000 000 033 We assume the following center frequencies f GSM900 f 900MHz GSM1800 DECT f 1850MHz UMTS f 2000MHz and WLan micro wave ovens f 2450MHz
71. ranty s terms and conditions in the chapter The Aaronia warranty Here you will see yourself With Aaronia client is king 2 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com mE a ps Contents AARONIA AG Ret Chapter Page 1 0 Safety precautions 5 2 0 Scope of delivery 6 3 0 LC display 7 4 0 Key layout 8 5 0 Your first measurements modes 9 5 1 Operation mode spectrum analysis 10 5 2 The HOLD function 11 5 3 The panning approach 12 5 4 Operation mode exposure limit calculation 13 5 5 Operation mode_audio output demodulation 15 5 6 Operation mode_broadband detector RF power detector 17 6 0 Setting a custom frequency range 19 7 0 The main menu 21 7 1 Center center frequency 22 7 2 Span frequency range width 22 7 3 flow amp fHigh Start amp Stop frequency 23 7 4 RBW bandwidth 23 7 5 VBW video filter 24 7 6 SpTime sample time 24 T T Reflev reference level 24 7 8 Range dynamics 25 7 9 Atten attenuator 25 7 10 Demod demodulator audio analysis 25 7 11 Pulse measurement of pulsed signals 26 7 12 Disp activate HOLD mode 27 7 13 Unit set physical unit dBm V m mA m dBuV 27 7 14 MrkCnt set number of markers 28 7 15 MrkLvl set starting level of markers 28 7 16 MrkDis set marker position 28 7 17 AntTyp setup antenna 29 7 18 Cable setup cable 29 7 19 Bright set display brightness 29 7 20 Logger start data logger 29 7 21 RunPrg
72. realtime it is also ide ally suited for quickly taking a bearing locating a signal source 7 11 Pulse measurement of pulsed signals This mode allows both measurement of pulsed signal sources as well as sig nals working with Frequency hopping Examples of devices falling into this category include DECT phones cell phones microwave ovens etc By choosing Pulse the mode is activated and the Mode status field reads PEAK By selec ting Std pulse mode is turned back off When set to Pulse real signals display hatched ATTENTION If possible only use Pulse mode with small frequency ranges SPAN as in this mode aliases and interference signals are NOT being sup pressed Measurements taken with a broad frequency range e g 1GHz sweeps in Pulse mode can lead to significant mismeasurements Also note that in this mode the noise floor is principally higher a Doaz Using the DECT hotkey key 0 a DECT phone is being measured 4g pulse mode is being activated automatically Also the Time Domain Mode is activated Real DECT signals are shown as a view peaks GSM signals would be shown as a stable number of peaks similar to a fence This offers the ability to differ between those signals Our free PC software LCS offers a even better feature The Timeslot Analysis mode This mode offers a 3D view of the DECT signal HINT You can also toggle PULSE mode at any time using the Shift key 26
73. rease decrease RBW bandwidth 5 Dot key 1 In Spectrum amp Exposure limit calculation modes HOLD on off 2 In Audio mode Switch between AM FM 6 Shift key In Spectrum amp Exposure limit calculation modes PULSE on off 7 Enter key 1 Switches between the operation modes spectrum analysis audio exposure limit calculation and broadband detector power meter 2 With main menu active Confirms current input ENTER key 8 Menu key Call Dismiss Main menu for changing various settings 8 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 5 0 Your first measurement Modes AARONIA AG kak To explain how to use SPECTRAN we will perform measurement of a cell tower Doing this you will get to know the 3 different operation modes of SPECTRAN including the important HOLD function and the panning approach It is really very simple just follow these instructions step by step Prepare SPECTRAN for operation as follows Remove the protective film from the display Now connect the triangular HyperLOG antenna with the SPECTRAN using the included 1m SMA cable more details on page 38 Should you not yet have charged the internal battery you can also operate SPECTRAN with the included power supply further information on page 41 Now press the On Off button found at the bottom left of the device O SPECTRAN is now powered on and starts a short calibration procedure To be able to
74. reproduction of signals you can select different filter band width using the Up Down arrow keys The selected filter is displayed in neg large INFO displ ible filters ar gt ge splay possible filters are FULL 50MHz 3MHz 1MHz 300kHz 100kHz HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 15 a AARONIA AG 5 0 Your first measurements Modes Often you will not be able to exactly hit the center frequency of a signal and demodulation is bad or impossible Thus you can fine tune the center fre 4 E quency using the right left arrow keys The step width used is derived 7 from the selected filter Should you have chosen for example the 1MHz filter steps are 1MHz wide etc When changing the center frequency it will be shown on the main INFO display full MHz Examples Cell towers cell phones A GSM900 GSM1800 cell tower keys 7 8 emits a beeping or crackling noise with many interruptions and morse like pulsing This is the so called control channel which is always active and beeps exactly at 1733 33Hz When one or more cellphones are active you can recognize an additional 217Hz crackling noise similar to morse code An optimal reproduction can be achieved with the 1MHz or 3MHz filter DECT phones An easily recognizable signal source is the base station of a DECT phone Key 0 It produces a 100Hz humming sound Yo
75. rmany www Spectran com 17 AARONIA AG 5 0 Your first measurements Modes kakt density W m or field strength V m A m from power dBm Have a look on page 63 64 in chapter 18 3 There you get the needet formula sample calcula tions and a easy to use conversion table too To detect a signal maximum you should definitely use the HOLD function see chapter 5 2 and the so called panning approach see chapter 5 3 This is the only way to accomplish a useful measurement Needless to say you can also use the broadband option as a power meter Its high temperature stability guarantees very well reproducable results As the input impedance of the unit is standard 50 Ohms connection to other measu rement equipment is straightforward HINT You can extend your unit with the broadband PEAK detector option at any time Depending on your SPECTRAN detectors for up to 10GHz 12 GHz are available Just contact us should the need for one arise NOTE On all SPECTRAN models with broadband PEAK detector option the bargraph display will ALLWAYS show the broadband PEAK power even in spectrum analyzer mode This means you can get TWO displays in one Broadband PEAK power and frequency selective RMS power at the same time on the same display A great function 18 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 6 0 Setting a custom frequency range AARONIA AG Kak So far
76. smitter More details on this on page 44 ff or in the frequency tables on pages 64 ff 5 2 The HOLD function The MODE status field displays HOLD As you have probably noticed the display constantly changes This is completely normal as the signal strength of the high frequency radiation also constantly changes This also depends on the alignment of the antenna Moving it only a few cm or a different bearing can cause abrupt changes in readings Just try it yourself by aligning your antenna differently and checking out the display Often you will only want to evaluate the highest reading Though as the display constantly changes this proves rather difficult Thus the so called HOLD function is used To activate press the Dot key HOLD appears in the Mode status field From now on only the highest value will be displayed Also the spectrum display does not get erased anymore The complete display now appears frozen HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 11 k k u AARONIA AG 5 0 Your first measurements Modes If you press the dot key for a second time HOLD disappears again from the MODE status field and the HOLD mode is deactivated For finding the absolu te maximum the so called panning approach is used 5 3 The panning approach When evaluating conformance of exposure limits usually only the maximum signal is considered This
77. stantly using SPECTRAN s Exposure limit calculation mode by using the right left arrow keys Salzb1 Salzburg precautionary limit OLD 1mW m Salzb1 ECOLOG recommendation indoors 1mW m Salzb2 Salzburg precautionary limit outdoors 2002 10uW m Salzb3 Salzburg precautionary limit indoors 2002 1 W m Salzb3 Citizen forum electrosmog for daytime areas indoors 1uW m Note 1mW 1 000uW 1 000 000nW 1uW 0 001mW 1 000nW 1nW 0 000 001mW 0 001uW HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 39 w AARONIA AG 11 0 Antenna mounting and handling Ky t At your choice you can use SPECTRAN either for a quick frequency measure ment with the small SMA rod antenna or for professional measurement with the HyperLOG antenna 11 1 Single hand operation with the SMA rod antenna The quickest and easiest way to measure frequen cies with SPECTRAN is using the small included SMA rod antenna This antenna can be directly mounted to the SPECTRAN device making a com pact easy to handle measurement unit For this carefully screw the included SMA rod anten na to the SMA socket on the SPECTRAN Screwing should be possible with only very slight force requi red Never use excessive force As soon as you notice resistance the antenna should be attached firmly enough After attaching the antenna must not wiggle around and should be seated firmly You can a
78. tatus field AM FM LEVEL NORM 6 MODE Status field AVG PEAK HOLD TIME MIN MAX 7 MARKER block 1 8 Graphics display Pixel display 9 MULTIPLICATOR field 10 MEMORY Status field STORE RECALL RECORD RESET 11 DISPLAY MODE Status field SPECTRUM RF AM FM EXPOS LIMITS 12 INFO display 13 MAIN display 14 MARKER block 2 15 MARKER block 3 Depending on the model not all display elements may be available HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com T7 w AARONIA AG 4 0 Key layout 1 Numeric block Hotkeys 1 Scan 0 1 GHz 2 Scan 1 2 GHz 3 Scan 2 3 GHz 4 Scan 3 4 GHz 5 Scan 4 5 GHz 6 Scan WLan 2 4GHz 7 Scan GSM900 D1 amp D2 Cell towers no cellphones 8 Scan GSM1800 E Plus Cell towers no cellphones 9 Scan UMTS UMTS cell towers no cellphones 0 DECT Analyser Measure DECT phones 2 On Off button Turn the unit on off 3 Clear Reset key 1 ESCAPE key Reset settings and start CW sweep 700MHz to 2 5GHz 2 With main menu active Delete input 4 Arrow keys 1 With main menu active Selection of menu entries 2 In Spectrum analysis mode Right Left keys Move frequency range by one SPAN Up Down keys Move Reference Level by 10dB 3 In Exposure limit calculation mode Right Left key Select Exposure limits or W m Display 4 In Audio mode Right Left key Increase decrease Centerfrequency by one RBW Up Down key Inc
79. ten subdivided once more into smaller so called micro cells If even these are not small enough they are further subdivided into the so called pico cells Micro and pico cells are very inconspicuous as they are mostly mounted without any kind of mast or tower and are also of an extremely small size by themselves Thou sands of micro and pico cells can be found in most cities often on the walls of buildings but also inside buildings As peoples acceptance of mobile communications facili ties constantly decreases though they are increasingly being disguised They are hidden in billboards company logos spires below roofs etc For the new generation of Very hard to find A micro cell on a buil ding wall above and below a billboard Would you have known Disguised base station in a spire mobile communications UTMS the number of cells will need to be tripled meaning that hundreds of thousands of new well disguised cells will become necessary These will only be detectable with high performance measurement equipment like SPECTRAN Thus you should keep checking your personal exposure monthly even though you can t see any new antennas 54 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com at Y w 15 0 RF exposure in practice AARONIA AG Stone age technology Thousands of these bro adcast towers are in operation Modern and anit exposure free Informat
80. ting anything to the audio output you should turn this volume control all the way down to zero to avoid over load 12 4 USB connector The 5 pin mini USB B connector on the SPECTRAN allo ws fast communication with a computer or notebook With this feature you can e g download data from SPEC TRAN s data logger perform software firmware updates or perform advanced signal analysis using your PC with our SPECTRAN PC software For this connection you need a high grade shielded USB 2 0 cable with USB A to Mini USB B 5 pin see Aaro nia accessory list 44 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 4h h st 13 0 Hardware Setup AARONIA AG y Before taking any measurement you must tell SPECTRAN WHICH antenna and or which cable is connected Otherwise SERIOUS mismeasurement can occur aS every antenna and every cable has totally different characteristics All Aaronia antennas and cables have thus been calibrated You can select these pre defined calibration data on SPECTRAN but also load your own custom cali bration settings As a factory default on delivery the recommended configuration HyperLOG antenna with 1m SMA cable is selected Thus you do not need to make any changes now if you are using this configuration For hardware setup press the menu key now You will be directed to the EE main menu os Now using the up down arrow keys or the jog dial first navi
81. tle dot moves from left to right in the Graphics display Only ii when this dot reaches the right border the current measurement is finished and all readings are updated The Main display always shows the level of the strongest signal 45 in our example The bigger this figure is the closer it gets to O or a positive value the stronger the received signal for example 35 is much stronger signal than 45 shown in our example 10 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 4e S 5 0 Your first measurements Modes AARONIA AG y Directly beneath a max of 3 so called Markers are being displayed They show the frequencies and levels of the strongest signal sources In our example we got two Markers Marker1 at 930MHz at 75dBm and Marker2 at 950MHz at 45dBm 45dBm also being the strongest signal and thus also shown on the Main display Marker1 Marker2 930MHz 950MHz 75dBm 45dBm Graphics display with spectrum Beneath the Markers a araphic with several hills is shown It displays the level distribution over the indicated frequency range This is the so called SPEC TRUM DISPLAY The higher the hills the stronger the signal at the respective frequency The aforementioned markers display the frequency and level at the peaks of these hills The indicated frequencies allow exact mapping to origin and provider of the tran
82. to interference by using frequency hopping and also very secure by using automatic data encryption It will replace both the annoying connection cables used for stereos speakers monitors printers PCs etc as well as enable communication between up to 8 devices like e g UMTS cellphones or portable PCs Just a few years ahead it will be pretty normal that the coffee maker will be able to talk to the washing machine or the coke vending machine Transmitting power and thus exposure to radiation is extremely low with bluetooth devices as power is limited to just imW However its range is also limited to only 10m Though suitable amplifiers will also be available exten ding the range to several 100m By the way U S market researchers forecast more than 1 4 billion sold bluetooth devices for 2005 alone 56 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com kk u AARONIA AG 15 0 RF exposure in practice WWW AARONIA DE kak 15 8 Computers monitors and accessories An ever increasing number of employees nowadays use a PC at work However more then one out of two German households today owns a PC PCs not as much the moni tors create large amounts of EMFs Particularly the CPU and various expansion cards emit high doses of high fre quency EMFs Also various PC accessories like monitors 5 printers scanners etc emit low frequency EMFs through The radiation load cau
83. trosmog you additionally need one of our LF NF SPECTRAN models The electrosmog itself consists of electric and magnetic fields Electric fields These fields result from a voltage between two poles The nearer these poles are to each other and the higher the voltage the stronger the electric fields for med between them Thus electric fields are present even when no current is flo wing meaning that even though your lamp TV etc might be turned off its elec trical field is still present at full power Every cable especially those hidden behind walls is a potential source Electric fields can be easily screened using conductive materials Thus you should if possible replace ALL cables with our screened versions see attached brochure and price list Alternating magnetic fields These fields form when current flows through a conductor The higher the cur rent and the wider the conductors are placed to each other the stronger the magnetic field The only way to effectively screen against magnetic fields is the utilization of Aaronia Magno Shield foil or panels High frequency fields As electric and magnetic fields do not form separately anymore at higher fre quencies they are mostly measured as the sum of both field types expressed as power flux density W m or V m HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 59 k k u AARONIA AG 17 0 Units of measurement kak SPECTRAN offers se
84. u can simply prove this by dis connecting the mains from the base station the hum disappears When you turn the power back on the hum will reappear after a few seconds Optimal reproduction is achieved by using the 1MHz filter ATTENTION for optimal reproduction of a signal its level should be at least 70dBm even better stronger than 60dBm HINT Optionally you can even visualize the demodulation using a LF spectrum analyser The SPECTRAN NF series lends itself optimally for this purpose as the NF 5010 and above offer the required signal input 16 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com A 5 0 Your first measurements Modes AARONIA AG kat 5 6 Operation mode broadband detector RF power detector The DISPLAY MODE status field displays RF All SPECTRAN models with power detector option fea ture a integrated PEAK power detector power meter allowing you to do BROADBAND PEAK measurements of high frequency power up to 10GHz 12GHz in dBm or dBuV The measurement sensitivity is about 50dBm The hig hest usable level is 10dBm A principal limitation of this mode is that frequency display is NOT possible thus only a OHz marker is displayd The graphics display now offers a Time Domain Display and shows the power vs time You can change the display speed with the sampeltime menu SpTime The large main display and the bargraph show you the measureme
85. umber of markers MrkCnt is used to set the number of markers Possible values are 1 2 or 3 If you only need to measure one frequency you should reduce the number of markers to 1 You then get a very stable display with no jumping markers after every sweep 7 15 MrkLvl set starting level of markers With MrkLvI you can configure the reference level from which markers or exposure limit calculations and readings in W m will be displayed Three settings ranging from 30dBm to 90dBm are available At the 30dBm setting markers are only shown starting from a very high signal strength of 30dBm At 90dBm even the weakest signals but also other inter ference and noise are being shown as markers The 70dBm setting mostly offers the best results default setting 7 16 MrkDis change marker display The Marker Display Mode configures how markers are displayed As the indi vidual display fields for markers are very different regarding size and readabili ty two configurations are available Freq frequency displays the frequency of the markers in the bigger display and the amplitude signal strength in dBm is displayed in smaller versions Ampl amplitude displays the amplitude signal strength in dBm of the mar kers in the bigger display The respective frequencies are displayed in smaller Mew Coe tier S823 2 _ bJJIM 2333M 4233M 777 A Freq frequency displayed in big Amp amplitude displayed in
86. urements Modes AARONIA AG y 5 5 Operation mode audio output Demodulation The DISPLAY MODE status field shows AM or FM All SPECTRAN units offer a so called Demodulator The demodulator makes pulsing and modulation of a signal pts source audible if it exists O65 SLL lt The frequency exact selective acoustic reproduction of a D dy signal can be very helpful with identifying and finding a signal source As demodulation takes place in realtime it 9 30 BoP is also perfectly suited for quickly locating a signal sour A ce pis ett SPECTRAN offers two demodulation modes pixel sis AM amplitude modulation FM frequency modulation To switch between the two modes use the dot key the DISPLAY MODE sta tus field shows AM or FM Volume can be adjusted with the volume control on the left ATTENTION During audio analysis the complete dis play is frozen and the pixel display is shut off to free up enough CPU power for demodulation Hence ONLY an acoustic reproduction takes place In contrast to simple broadband detectors demodulation only happens at a certain single frequency center fre quency with SPECTRAN Hence you can selectively monitor very narrow frequency ranges Please note though that in this mode filtering is a bit less effective which might lead to very strong neighboring sig nals also being audible on the actually selected frequency For optimal acoustic
87. veral physical units to choose from These can be selected at any time in the Unit menu Possible choices are dBm dByV V m and A m In Exposure limit calculation mode additionally also W m 17 1 Measuring transmission power dBm dBpV Measurements of communications equipment often show extremely big diffe rences between levels Therefore it is useful to express signal levels in loga rithmic units to avoid drowning readings in an endless number of zeros Thus our SPECTRAN HF 2025 e g already comes up with a measurement range of 80dBm to OdBm As amplification increases 10 fold once every 10dB readings of O to 100 000 000 would need to be displayed Though these numeric giants would be nearly unreadable and result in steady drastic chan ges of the displayed values So we use the much easier to handle logarithmic unit dB As logarithms are dimensionless logarithmic readings are always relative to a certain reference level i e a relationship between two levels is established A common reference level that has become a standard in radio technology is 1mW or 1pV So logarithmic level readings are expressed in dB milliwatts dBm or dB microvolts dBuV 17 2 Field strength V m A m and power density W m If you don t feed signals directly and instead perform measurements using an antenna you will mostly want to measure the so called field strength or power flux density instead of power In profess
88. vere mis measurement may occur HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 45 a AARONIA AG 14 0 Spectrum analysis basics What is a frequency range Imagine a giant motorway several kilometers wide with thousands of lanes On this motorway every imaginable kind of vehicle can be found motorcycles cars trucks etc To not let them get into each other s way every lane is reserved for only a single group of road users e g lane 1 ONLY for cyclists lane 3 ONLY for pedestrians lane 40 ONLY for trucks etc Depending on the traffic caused by the individual groups these lanes also have different widths For example the lane reserved for cyclists is far narrower than that reserved for trucks etc High fre quency works exactly like this just that here the lanes are the so called fre quency ranges and the road users are applications for example a cell phone a microwave oven a radio controlled car lock in effect all appliances that somehow work with radio waves So every application has its own frequency range for EXCLUSIVE use By assigning a separate frequency range for each application conflicts between different road users can be avoided so that e g a cell phone cannot be dis rupted by a microwave oven Big differences between exposure limits Back to our motorway Of course all road users also have their own specific speed limits For our example a pedestr
89. wish until the desired resolution is reached An incredibly practical feature Deactivate the cursor again by pressing the menu button twice ATTENTION The cursor does NOT get erased when in HOLD mode 34 HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 9 0 Tips and tricks AARONIA AG kak Quick Zero span sweep Time Domain Mode A quick measurement at a fixed frequency almost in realtime is achievable with the so called zero span Should you have found a signal on e g Hotkey 7 GSM900 simply set the correct center frequency using the cursor Now set Span to 0 and SpTime to 0 05 The level at the center frequency is now con tinuously and quickly being updated incl time domain display Optimal for taking bearings and finding maximums using the panning approach 50MHz turbo sweep Quick measurement of big frequency spans is possible using the 50MHz filter Set RBW to FULL 50MHz and SpTime to 0 05 The sweep now can take less than a second even with bigger frequency ranges Of course the frequen cy and level display is now only a very coarse approximation due to the extreme filter bandwidth and some noise can show up Also levels must now be above 45dBm or even much higher depending on frequency to still be recognized Still a great feature for a coarse overview Measurements without aliases phantom signals Aliases phantom signals can be almost complet
90. y works exactly like that There are lanes here as well Though these lanes are called frequency ran ges The width of these frequency ranges is measured in the unit Hz Hertz However as the frequency ranges are mostly found in high Hz ranges writing them in plain Hz would require huge numbers Thus the unit Hz is often exten ded to MHz 1 000 000Hz and GHz 1 000 000 000Hz Like this the whole thing becomes much clearer So 1 000 000 000Hz can also be written as 1 000MHz or 1GHz HW Rev3 Firmware V2 1 2005 2008 by Aaronia AG Germany www Spectran com 4T a AARONIA AG 14 0 Spectrum analysis basics But let s go on The different kinds of vehicles are called radio applications and have their own abbreviations e g the radio application UMTS the new digi tal mobile communications standard has its own frequency range which spans 1 900 to 2 200MHz 1 9 2 2GHz The speed at which the vehicles are travelling can now be replaced by a new expression the signal strength or level So far we have now explained the used expressions and units Now high fre quency analysis works just as our motorway example For example our measurement device should evaluate all frequency ranges from 1MHz to 6 000MHz in pictures our 6 000m wide motorway Step by step every frequency range is evaluated precisely First 0 to 1MHz then 1MHz to 2MHz etc until 6 0OOOMHz Also the signal strength of every frequency

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