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IRIS Workstation Guide

1. Phase 1 or Phase 1b have found duplicate blocks or bad blocks associated with directory entry F inode I The owner O mode M size S modify time T and file name F are printed See Section 4 2 3 and 4 2 4 Possible responses to the REMOVE prompt are YES the directory entry F is removed NO ignore this error condition Phase 3 Check Connectivity This phase concerns itself with the directory connectivity seen in Phase 2 This section lists error conditions resulting from unreferenced directories and missing or full lost found directories UNREF DIR I I OWNER O MODE M SIZE S MTIME T RECONNECT The directory inode I was not connected to a directory entry when the file system was traversed The owner O mode M size S and modify time T of directory inode I are printed See Section 4 4 and 4 2 2 Possible responses to the RECONNECT prompt are YES reconnect directory inode I to the file system in the directory for lost files usually lost found This may invoke the lost found error condition in Phase 3 if there are problems connecting directory inode I to lost found This may also invoke the CONNECTED error condition in Phase 3 if the link was successful NO ignore this error condition This will always invoke the UNREF error condition in Phase 4 SORRY NO lost found DIRECTORY Version 1 0 Appendix B IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 63 There is no lost found directory in the root directory of the file system fsck ignores the re
2. Timings indicate that these modifications have produced a run time improvement of 15 in cascaded floating point operations and a slight code density improvement Hardware Floating Point Enhancements On IRIS Workstations which have hardware floating point capability the C compiler may be told to generate instructions for the Sky floating point processor Additionally at load time a special version of the math library is loaded which uses the floating point processor whenever possible The compiler uses in line code to invoke the Sky floating point processor for simple operations such as add subtract multiply and divide Additionally long integer multiply divide and remainder both signed and unsigned use the Sky floating point processor with in line code Single precision simple operations are approximately a factor of three faster in hardware than in software When double precision operands are used the speed improvement is approximately a factor of five Math library routines using hardware in single precision are approximately an order of magnitude faster than their software counterparts Version 1 0 98 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix E Version 1 0 Appendix F Manual Pages CC 1 Silicon Graphics CC 1 NAME cc pe 77 C Pascal and FORTRAN compilers for the 68000 SYNOPSIS cc options files pc options files 77 options files DESCRIPTION cc is the UNIX C Pascal and Fortran compiler for
3. means Lopen See Appendix A 2 Set the switch on the Cabinet to the position A variation of this boot procedure can be used explicitly through the PROM Monitor See the entries for the PROM Monitor th command in Table 6 1 PROM Monitor The PROM Monitor is a simple command interpreter through which each IRIS Workstation boot environment can be accessed If the configuration switches are set to 01000 the IRIS Workstation will be under the control of the PROM Monitor when the system power is turned on 1 Set the configuration switches switches 4 through 8 to 01000 where 0 means and 1 means open See Appendix A Set the switch on the Cabinet to the position The PROM Monitor prompt should appear on the IRIS Monitor screen If it doesn t press the button on either the IRIS Control Panel on the front of the Monitor or the I O Panel on the back of the Cabinet iris gt 4 Boot the UNIX kernel iris gt d This command causes the IRIS Workstation to search for and read a boot file named defaultboot in the root file system Version 1 0 System Administration IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 29 Since the IRIS Workstation can be booted from different environments hard disks tape drives etc it may be useful to find the names of the files on a tape or disk before booting the IRIS Workstation This information can be found with the PROM Monitor For example iris gt d bin etc stand unixt defaultb
4. s as o 0 s fc o cc CFLAGS c c mkf2c lt s as o wo s ld r 0 wo mv a out o j 77 c lt clean rm f osj test fc wo Using a makefile like this one additional modules may be added to the executable by one of the following steps 1 If the file is a native C file whose routines are only to be called by other C routines simply add the o to the specification of the final make target 2 If the file is a native FORTRAN file whose routines are only to be called by other FORTRAN routines simply add the jj to the specification of the final make target 3 If the file is a FORTRAN file containing routines that must be called from C dummy entries for those routines must be hand coded in C into a file with the extension cf In this case a o and a Jj specification must be added to the make target Thus if the file is newf f the entries must be coded and placed in newf cf and both newf o and newf j must be added to lines four and five of the makefile Version 1 0 84 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix D 4 If the file is a C file containing routines to be called from FORTRAN the comments for extcentry 1 must be placed in the C source and the o file placed in the target list In addition the dependency of the o file on the fc file must be placed in the makefile in the same way as callf o depends on callf fc in the example above line seven The programs mkc2f mkf2c a
5. 3 Fix the Control Cable into place by tightening the captive screws on each side of both plugs 4 5 Monitor to Cabinet AC Power Cable Connection The Monitor power outlet is located on the Cabinet Power Panel see Figure 34 This switched AC outlet is controlled by the Cabinet switch 1 Connect the female end of the AC power cable to the power socket on the Monitor Back Panel 2 Connect the male end of the Monitor power cable to the AC outlet labeled on the Cabinet Power Panel 4 6 IRIS Workstation to Serial Line Connection The IRIS Workstation can be connected to a modem a terminal or a printer through a serial line attached to Port 2 or on the Cabinet I O Panel The connection for each of these devices are slightly different Each physical device connection also has a corresponding UNIX software configuration procedure Sections 6 8 6 9 and 6 10 describe these procedures Terminal Connection 1 Attach an RS 232 cable from the ASCII terminal to or on the Cabinet I O Panel Appendix H has a description of the RS 232 interface for the IRIS Workstation serial ports These are Data Terminal Equipment DTE type RS 232 ports If the ASCII terminal is also DTE type then a null modem is required for the connection If the terminal is Data Communication Circuit Terminating Equipment DCE type then a simple connection can be made without a null modem The manual for the ASCII terminal should have a specification of its RS 232 inter
6. DESCRIPTION sgboot is a daemon that provides XNS boot service to IRIS Terminals on an Ethernet local area network This service is provided on the socket BOOT SOCKET defined in usr include xns Xns h After the client obtains a connec tion sgboot expects the client to supply the name of the boot file to send sgboot then transmits the file and closes the connection The pathname of the boot file may be absolute or relative to the boot directory specified on the command line The system name on the command line should be identical to the kernel s idea of the host name i e bin hostname This daemon is normally run in the background For example sgboot bin hostname usr iris boot amp sgboot can be started by hand as shown above but should normally be started in the file etc rc local NOTE Multiple copies of sgboot may be running at a given time The total number of instances of sgboot equals the number of IRIS Terminals that may be booted in parallel SEE ALSO Silicon Graphics Inc IRIS Terminal Guide Appendix B sgbounce 1M Version 1 0 1 October 1984 SGBOUNCE 1M Silicon Graphics SGBOUNCE 1M NAME sgbounce provide network name service SYNOPSIS sgbounce system name boot directory DESCRIPTION sgbounce is a daemon that provides name service to IRIS Terminals on an Ethernet local area network The system name on the command line should be identical to the kernel s idea of the host name i e bin
7. In the earlier examples the name ttyd2 is used System File Each entry in usr lib uucp L sys represents a system that can be called by the local uucp programs More than one line may be present for a particular system In this case the additional lines represent alternative communication paths that will be tried in sequential order The fields are described below system name Name of the remote system time This is a string that indicates the days of week and times of day when the system should be called e g MoTuTh0800 1730 The day portion may be a list containing Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa or it may be Wk for any week day or Any for any day The time should be a range of times e g 0800 1230 If no time portion is specified any time of day is assumed to be allowed for the call Note that a time range that spans 0000 is permitted 0800 0600 means all times are allowed other than times between 6 and 8 am An optional sub field is available to specify the minimum time minutes before a retry following a failed attempt The subfield separator is a e g Any 9 means call any time but wait at least 9 minutes before retrying the call after a failure has occurred device This is either ACU or the hard wired device name to be used for the call For the hard wired case the last part of the special file name is used e g ttyd2 class This is usually the line speed for the call e g 1200 or xns for Ethernet XNS p
8. help Print command usage information about the command Count is ignored Smt returns a 0 exit status when the operation s were successful smt will return a 1 if the command was unrecognized and 2 if an operation failed Smt without any arguments will print the help command FILES dev rgic Raw magnetic Quarter Inch Cartridge Tape drive dev nrqic No rewind Quarter Inch Cartridge Tape drive dev nrmt No rewind Quarter Inch Cartridge Tape drive dev rmtioctl Default Raw magnetic Quarter Inch Cartridge Tape drive BUGS Smt will sleep when accessing the tape it tape is busy and will awaken only after the tape is closed from a previous operation Smt will do some very standard things to the tape when using the standard devices such as dev rqic or dev rmt and might do some very nasty things not intended by the user unless very careful when using smt SEE ALSO smtio 4 Version 1 0 1 October 1984 TAR 1 Silicon Graphics TAR 1 NAME tar tape archiver SYNOPSIS tar key name DESCRIPTION Tar saves and restores multiple files on a single file usually a magnetic tape but it can be any file Tar s actions are controlled by the key argument The key is a string of characters containing at most one function letter and possi bly one or more function modifiers Other arguments to far are file or direc tory names specifying which files to dump or restore In all cases appear ance of a directory name refers to the f
9. makeobj The IEEE GE conversion routines got an illegal number You can only rotate about the x y and z axes in the rotate command This is not implemented yet It cannot happen You specified an illegal device number This is not implemented yet It cannot happen This is not implemented yet It cannot happen This is not implemented yet It cannot happen The curve precision must be 1 Attribute stack overflow Attribute stack underflow Matrix stack overflow 164 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix L Error Error number Description ERR_POPMATRIX 50 Matrix stack underflow ERR_PUSHVIEWPORT 51 Viewport stack overflow ERR_POPVIEWPORT 52 Viewport stack underflow L 9 Curves The curve routine specifies only a geometry matrix The precision and basis matrices are set up in separate calls The curvs routine creates a different interface to the curve routines allowing multiple splines to be drawn with one call Instead of only 4 control points it specifies an arbitrary number n gt 4 defbasis id basis long id Matrix basis Defines a basis matrix and associates an id with it In this way one can have predefined bases for B spline Cardinal spline etc curvbasis basisid long basisid Sets the current basis matrix curvprecision nsegments short nsegments Explicitly sets the number of segments used to approximate the curve curve geom Coord geom 4 3 curvs n g
10. there or have been modified since last put on the tape c Create a new tape writing begins on the beginning of the tape instead of after the last file This command implies r C Compare files on tape against existing files For each specified file print a line with a key character followed by the file name linked to an earlier file on the tape symbolic link block special file character special file named pipe can t read the disk file so can t compare disk file doesn t exist VY NDOQUNR October 1984 1 Version 1 0 TAR 1 Silicon Graphics TAR 1 P files compare files don t compare The following characters may be used in addition to the letter which selects the function desired d On output tarnormally places information specifying owner and modes of directories in the archive Former versions of tar when encountering this information will give error message of the form lt name gt cannot create This option will suppress the directory information This option implies D D On output tar normally places information specifying owner modes and device numbers of character block and named pipe fifo special files and named pipes in the archive Former versions of tar when encountering this information will create an ordinary file of the same name whose contents is the device number in binary This option will suppress the special file information Pp This option says to restore files t
11. xlogin times out after 60 seconds if no login is attempted SEE ALSO xcp 1 xx 1 BUGS More terminal characteristics should be propagated Version 1 0 1 October 1984 MT 4 Silicon Graphics MT 4 NAME mt TM78 TU 78 MASSBUS magtape interface SYNOPSIS master mt0 at mba drive tape mu0 at mt0 slave 0 DESCRIPTION The tm78 tu 78 combination provides a standard tape drive interface as described in smtio 4 Only 1600 and 6250 bpi are supported the TU 78 runs at 125 ips and autoloads tapes SEE ALSO mt 1 tar 1 tp 1 DIAGNOSTICS mu d no write ring An attempt was made to write on the tape drive when no write ring was present this message is written on the terminal of the user who tried to access the tape mu d not online An attempt was made to access the tape while it was offline this message is written on the terminal of the user who tried to access the tape mu d can t switch density in mid tape An attempt was made to write on a tape at a different density than is already recorded on the tape This mes sage is written on the terminal of the user who tried to switch the density mu d hard error bn d mbsr b er x ds b A tape error occurred at block bn the mt error register and drive status register are printed in octal with the bits symbolically decoded Any error is fatal on non raw tape When possible the driver will retry the operation which failed several times before reporting the error mu d
12. 1 15 pin D socket labeled connects the IRIS Workstation to an Ethernet drop cable e 1 BNC socket labeled is a port for the video sync cable connecting the Cabinet and the Monitor e 1 BNC socket labeled is a port for transmitting the red video signal from the Cabinet to the Monitor through a coaxial cable e 1 BNC socket labeled is a port for transmitting the green video signal from the Cabinet to the Monitor through a coaxial cable e 1 BNC socket labeled is a port for transmitting the blue video signal from the Cabinet to the Monitor through a coaxial cable e1 button is located on the Cabinet I O Panel Pressing this button resets the processor which in turn resets the rest of the system After the button has been pressed the IRIS Workstation must be rebooted This switch and the light correspond to the button and light on the IRIS Control Panel on the Monitor Either button may be used Version 1 0 12 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE IRIS Workstation Specifications HO Panel NATTA NI CONTROL PANEL ORT 1 je CED ea S PORT 3 a p PORT 4 BoE CONFIGURATION ETHERNET Figure 3 4 IRIS 1400 Cabinet Back Panel Version 1 0 IRIS Workstation Specifications IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 13 WARNING Do not press the button while the IRIS Workstation is running UNIX If the IRIS Workstation is not running UNIX and is under control of the PROM Monitor then the buttons or
13. 5 3 Monitor Adjustment 5 4 Network Software 5 6 Shutdown System Administration 6 1 6 2 Startup Automatic Disk Drive Boot Automatic Tape Drive Boot PROM Monitor Boot Checkout Information ONNN FOO W e 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 6 6 7 6 8 6 9 6 10 6 11 6 12 6 13 6 14 UNIX Single User Mode File Systems and fsck 1M Configuring UNIX on an IRIS Workstation Configuration Files Naming an IRIS Workstation Adding a New Account Connecting an ASCII Terminal to the IRIS Workstation Connecting a Modem to the IRIS Workstation Connecting a Printer to the IRIS Workstation Enabling a Network Connection to the IRIS Workstation Tape Drive Shutdown Crash Recovery Appendix A Configuration Switches Appendix B Fscx The Unix File System Check Program Appendix C Diagnostics Appendix D The C FORTRAN Interface Appendix E IRIS Floating Point Appendix F Manual Pages Appendix H IRIS Workstation RS 232 Interface Appendix I UUCP Administration Appendix J OEM Kernel Generation for the IRIS Workstation Appendix K The IRIS Terminal Programming Environment Appendix L GL1and GL 1 9 Software Differences i 29 32 32 32 34 34 36 38 39 40 41 41 42 45 47 71 75 89 99 127 131 141 147 155 1 Introduction This document explains how to install test and operate an IRIS Workstation It contains step by step procedures for installing the components that make up an IRIS Workstation This document sho
14. T of inode I are printed See Section 4 2 2 Possible responses to the RECONNECT prompt are YES reconnect inode I to the file system in the directory for lost files usually lost found This may invoke the lost found error condition in Phase 4 if there are problems connecting inode I to lost found NO ignore this error condition This will always invoke the CLEAR error condition in Phase 4 Version 1 0 64 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix B SORRY NO lost found DIRECTORY There is no lost found directory in the root directory of the file system fsck ignores the request to link a file in lost found This will always invoke the CLEAR error condition in Phase 4 Check access modes of lost found SORRY NO SPACE IN lost found DIRECTORY There is no space to add another entry to the Jost found directory in the root directory of the file system fsck ignores the request to link a file in lost found This will alwavs invoke the CLEAR error condition in Phase 4 Check size and contents of lost found CLEAR The inode mentioned in the immediately previous error condition can not be reconnected See Section 4 2 2 Possible responses to the CLEAR prompt are YES de allocate the inode mentioned in the immediately previous error condition by zeroing its contents NO ignore this error condition LINK COUNT FILE I I OWNER O MODE M SIZE S MTIME T COUNT X SHOULD BE Y ADJUST The link count for inode I which is a file is X but shoul
15. Workstation Specifications IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 9 Workstation must be rebooted This switch and the light correspond to the button and light on the I O Control Panel on the Cabinet Either button may be used WARNING Do not press the button while the IRIS Workstation is running UNIX If the IRIS Workstation is not running UNIX and is under control of the PROM Monitor then the buttons or the switches may be used See the discussion on Crash Recovery in Section 6 14 Monitor Control Panel The Monitor Control Panel has several features for adjusting the Monitor see Section 5 3 and a switch for the Monitor see Figure 3 2 e 1 knob labeled adjusts the white and black levels equally Turning this knob clockwise increases the Monitor s brightness 1 knob labeled adjusts the white levels Turning this knob clockwise increases the Monitor s contrast e 1 button labeled demagnetizes the Monitor screen e 1 light labeled indicates that power for the Monitor is switched on and most of the Monitor is operating properly 1 switch labeled controls power for the Monitor Monitor Back Panel The Monitor Back Panel has several ports that connect the Monitor to the Cabinet see Figure 3 3 e 2 BNC sockets labeled are used for the video sync connection from the Cabinet e 2 BNC sockets labeled are not used e 2 BNC sockets labeled R receive the red video signal from the Cabinet e 2 BNC sockets labeled receive the green v
16. Workstation is under the control of the PROM Monitor then the buttons and the switch may be safely used 1 To shut down UNIX type the etc reboot q command etc reboot q NOTE etc reboot q is a privileged command requiring super user permission 2 Set the switch on the Cabinet to the position Version 1 0 26 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Operation Version 1 0 6 System Administration The system administrator is responsible for configuring the IRIS Workstation to meet local requirements The sections that follow explain how to boot the IRIS Workstation check the file system configure UNIX add new accounts add ASCII terminals and modems make backups shutdown the IRIS Workstation and recover from a crash This document uses the standard UNIX convention for refering to entries in the UNIX reference manual The entry name is followed with a section number in parentheses For example cc 1 refers to the cc manual entry in Section 1 in the UNIX Programmer s Manual 6 1 Startup Startup options can be selected by setting certain configuration switches on the Cabinet Back Panel These switches control the environment the IRIS Workstation will be booted from and the display of checkout information about the boot state see Appendix A The IRIS Workstation can be booted from either a disk drive or a tape drive These devices can be used automatically or explicitly through the PROM Monitor Automatic boot procedures involv
17. always invoke the BAD FREE LIST condition in Phase 5 See Section 4 1 2 X BAD BLKS IN FREE LIST X blocks in the free block list have a block number lower than the first data block in the file system or greater than the last block in the file system This error condition will always invoke the BAD FREE LIST condition in Phase 5 See Section 4 1 2 and 4 2 4 X DUP BLKS IN FREE LIST X blocks claimed by inodes or earlier parts of the free list block were found in the free block list This error condition will always invoke the BAD FREE LIST condition in Phase 5 See Section 4 1 2 and 4 2 3 X BLK S MISSING X blocks unused by the file system were not found in the free block list This error condition will always invoke the BAD FREE LIST condition in Phase 5 See Section 4 1 2 FREE BLK COUNT WRONG IN SUPERBLOCK FIX The actual count of free blocks does not match the count in the super block of the file system See Section 4 1 3 Possible responses to the FIX prompt are YES replace the count in the super block by the actual count NO ignore this error condition Version 1 0 68 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix B BAD FREE LIST SALVAGE Phase 5 has found bad blocks in the free block list duplicate blocks in the free block list or blocks missing from the file system See Section 4 1 2 4 2 3 and 4 2 4 Possible responses to the SALVAGE prompt are YES replace the actual free block list with a new free block list The
18. compiler ccom will give additional diagnostics This includes such things as flagging any use of the C type double and complaining about too many register declarations Print a trace of all exec calls pass the remainder of the string to as Thus the cc switch ZA q will pass as the switch q pass the remainder of the string to ccom Thus the cc switch ZC p will pass ccom the switch v October 1984 3 Version 1 0 CC 1 Silicon Graphics CC 1 ZF pass the remainder of the string to the FORTRAN compiler front end fortran Thus the cc switch ZF d will pass fortran the switch d This switch with or without a switch to pass to the FOR TRAN front end also informs cc that FORTRAN files were present in the compilation ZM Cause the FORTRAN pre linker to generate a load map of the FOR TRAN program This will be placed in a file by the same name as the executable file with the added extension fmap ZP Pascal files are present in this compilation cc cannot determine this unless it sees a p file or the name pc is used ZZ Load the program for the standalone environment This causes substitutions to be made for the C library and the C run time startup Other flags are passed to Id The files may consist of any mix of C object FORTRAN assembler binary or library files The files are passed to ld if opted in the order given to produce an executable program named a out or that specified by the o option FILES f
19. error conditions resulting from checking inode types setting up the zero link count table examining inode block numbers for bad or duplicate blocks checking inode Version 1 0 58 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix B size and checking inode format UNKNOWN FILE TYPE I I CLEAR The mode word of the inode I indicates that the inode is not a special character inode special character inode regular inode or directory inode See Section 4 2 1 Possible responses to the CLEAR prompt are YES de allocate inode I by zeroing its contents This will always invoke the UNALLOCATED error condition in Phase 2 for each directory entry pointing to this inode NO ignore this error condition LINK COUNT TABLE OVERFLOW CONTINUE An internal table for fsck containing allocated inodes with a link count of zero has no more room Recompile fsck with a larger value of MAXLNCNT Possible responses to the CONTINUE prompt are YES continue with the program This error condition will not allow a complete check of the file system A second run of fsck should be made to re check this file system If another allocated inode with a zero link count is found this error condition is repeated NO terminate the program B BAD IFI Inode I contains block number B with a number lower than the number of the first data block in the file system or greater than the number of the last block in the file system This error condition may invoke the EXCESSIVE BAD
20. inode and continue checking with the next inode in the file system This error condition will not allow a complete check of the file system A second run of fsck should be made to re check this file system NO terminate the program DUP TABLE OVERFLOW CONTINUE An internal table in fsck containing duplicate block numbers has no more room Recompile fsck with a larger value of DUPTBLSIZE Possible responses to the CONTINUE prompt are YES continue with the program This error condition will not allow a complete check of the file system A second run of fsck should be made to re check this file system If another duplicate block is found this error condition will repeat NO terminate the program POSSIBLE FILE SIZE ERROR I I The inode I size does not match the actual number of blocks used by the Version 1 0 60 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix B inode This is only a warning See Section 4 2 5 DIRECTORY MISALIGNED I I The size of a directory inode is not a multiple of the size of a directory entry usually 16 This is only a warning See Section 4 2 5 PARTIALLY ALLOCATED INODE I I CLEAR Inode I is neither allocated nor unallocated See Section 4 2 1 Possible responses to the CLEAR prompt are YES de allocate inode I by zeroing its contents NO ignore this error condition Phase 1B Rescan for More DUPS When a duplicate block is found in the file system the file system is rescanned to find the inode which p
21. is dealing with the backlog of jobs that cannot be transmitted to other systems The following cleanup activities should be routinely perfonned by shell scripts started from cron 1 Cleanup of Undeliverable Jobs The uudemon day procedure usually contains an invocation of the uuclean command to purge any jobs that are older than some fixed time usually 72 hours A similar procedure is usually used to purge any lock or status files An example invocation of uuclean 1M to remove both job files and old status files every 48 hours is usr lib uucp uuclean pST pC n48 Cleanup of the Public Area In order to keep the local file system from overflowing when files are sent to the public area the uudemon day procedure is usually set up with a find command to remove any files that are older than 7 days This interval may need to be shortened if there is not sufficient space to devote to the public area Version 1 0 Appendix I IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 139 Compaction of Log Files The files SYSLOG and LOGFILE that contain logging information are compacted daily using the pack command from the shell script uudemon day and should be kept for 1 week before being overwritten Polling Other Systems Systems that are passive members of the network must be polled by other systems in order for their files to be sent This can be arranged by using the uusub 1 command as follows uusub cmhtsd which will call mhtsd when it is invoked
22. name of the scratch file The file chosen should not be on the file system being checked and if it is not a special file or did not already exist it is removed when fsck com pletes q Quiet fsck Do not print size check messages in Phase 1 Unrefer enced fifos will silently be removed If fsck requires it counts in the superblock will be automatically fixed and the free list salvaged D Directories are checked for bad blocks Useful after system crashes f Fast check Check block and sizes Phase 1 and check the free list Phase 5 The free list will be reconstructed Phase 6 if it is neces sary If no file systems are specified fsck will read a list of default file systems from the file etc checklist Inconsistencies checked are as follows 1 Blocks claimed by more than one inode or the free list 2 Blocks claimed by an inode or the free list outside the range of the file system 3 incorrect link counts 4 Size checks Incorrect number of blocks Directory size not 16 byte aligned Bad inode format Blocks not accounted for anywhere 7 Directory checks File pointing to unallocated inode inode number out of range 8 Super Block checks More than 65536 inodes More blocks for inodes than there are in the file system 9 Bad free block list tormat 10 Total free block and or free inode count incorrect nor Orphaned files and directories allocated but unreferenced are with the operator s concurrence r
23. occurred because the data blocks containing the directory entries were modified and written to the file system while the inode was not yet written out Version 1 0 54 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix B If a directory entry inode number is pointing beyond the end of the inode list fsck may remove that directory entry This condition occurs if bad data is written into a directory data block wn The directory inode number entry for should be the first entry in the directory data block Its value should be equal to the inode number for the directory data block on The directory inode number entry for should be the second entry in the directory data block Its value should be equal to the inode number for the parent of the directory entry or the inode number of the directory data block if the directory is the root directory If the directory inode numbers are incorrect fsck may replace them by the correct values Fsck checks the general connectivity of the file system If directories are found not to be linked into the file system fsck will link the directory back into the file system in the lost found directory This condition can be caused by inodes being written to the file system with the corresponding directory data blocks not being written to the file system Free List Blocks Free list blocks are owned by the super block Therefore inconsistencies in free list blocks directly affect the super block Inconsistenc
24. should be made to re check this file system If the block was part of the virtual memory buffer cache fsck will terminate with the message Fatal I O error NO terminate the program CAN NOT READ BLK B CONTINUE Fsck s request for reading a specified block number B in the file system failed This should never happen See a guru Possible responses to the CONTINUE prompt are YES attempt to continue to run the file system check Often however the problem will persist This error condition will not allow a complete check of the file system A second run of fsck should be made to re check this file system If the block was part of the virtual memory buffer cache fsck will terminate with the message Fatal I O error NO terminate the program CAN NOT WRITE BLK B CONTINUE Fsck s request for writing a specified block number B in the file system failed The disk is write protected See a guru Possible responses to the CONTINUE prompt are YES attempt to continue to run the file system check Often however the problem will persist This error condition will not allow a complete check of the file system A second run of fsck should be made to re check this file system If the block was part of the virtual memory buffer cache fsck will terminate with the message Fatal I O error NO terminate the program Phase 1 Check Blocks and Sizes This phase concerns itself with the inode list This section lists
25. systems The other members of the network must make a similar decision for the new system The UNIX system password mechanism is used to grant access to other systems The file usr lib uucp USERFILE restricts access by other systems to parts of the file system tree and the file usr lib uucp L sys on the local processor determines how many other systems on the network can be reached When setting up more than one processor the administrator has control of a larger portion of the network and can make more decisions about the setup For example the network can be set up as a private network where only those machines under the direct control of the administrator can access each other Granting no access to machines outside the network can be done if security is paramount however this is usually impractical Very limited access can be 1 This appendix is modified from Chapter 10 of UNIX System V Administrator s Guide Version 1 0 132 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix I granted to outside machines by each of the systems on the private network Alternatively access to from the outside world can be confined to only one processor This is frequently done to minimize the effort in keeping access information passwords phone numbers login sequences etc updated and to minimize the number of security holes for the private network Hardware and Line Speeds There are three supported means of interconnection by uucp 1 1 Direct connection u
26. that something is wrong with the disk controller a dsd couldn t start b qicstart couldn t start c dsd no status posted d dsdstatus e dsdstart unknown type II SYSTEM SOFTWARE DIAGNOSTICS A getmajor While attempting to boot the system configured a disk drive which had no entry in the bdevsw array the array of block devices The system was incorrectly configured out of memory during boot The system is too large to run in the given memory The following diagnostics indicate that something is wrong with the buffer cache inode tables Version 1 0 72 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix C a devtab b bflush bad free list c no fs d noimt e dsdattach geteblk failed D swap error swapping beyond process Something is wrong with the user memory management code E timeout table overflow The system attempted to put a time driven event on a queue and there was no room in the queue If this happens often then the system has been incorrectly configured F no procs The system decided that it had a process slot available for a fork and then redecided that it didn t If this happens often then the system has been incorrectly configured G init died The init process was killed If done with a user program or the Shell kill command then nothing is wrong If this happens during the boot procedure then something is wrong with the root file system H out of swap space Too many proces
27. the inodes equals the total number of blocks in the file system If anything is wrong with the free block list then fsck may rebuild it excluding all blocks in the list of allocated blocks Free Block Count The super block contains a count of the total number of free blocks within the file system Fsck compares this count to the number of blocks it found free Version 1 0 Appendix B IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 51 within the file system If they don t agree then fsck may replace the count in the super block by the actual free block count Free Inode Count The super block contains a count of the total number of free inodes within the file system Fsck compares this count to the number of inodes it found free within the file system If they don t agree then fsck may replace the count in the super block by the actual free inode count Inodes An individual inode is not as likely to be corrupted as the super block However because of the great number of active inodes there is almost as likely a chance for corruption in the inode list as in the super block The list of inodes is checked sequentially starting with inode 1 there is no inode 0 and going to the last inode in the file system Each inode can be checked for inconsistencies involving format and type link count duplicate blocks bad blocks and inode size Format and Type Each inode contains a mode word This mode word describes the type and state of the inode
28. used if the parameter is sent by the remote host upper case is used for parameters received For example in the entry k s the k means that the logical type is Colorindex and the s means that a Colorindex is actually a 16 bit short Since s is lower case this means that a short is transmitted from the host to the IRIS Terminal The third part of triplet entries is used for lengths of arrays of items It can be a constant or have the form arg lt m gt or lt n gt arg lt m gt where lt n gt and lt m gt are constants arg5 or 3 arg4 for example If it is a constant then it is the absolute size of the array Arrays whose size depends on other parameters to the function are described with the other form For example the actual entry for poly is V V poly u 1 L f 3 arg1 The first entry is u l meaning that the first parameter from the poly routine is of type integer and is transmitted as a 32 bit long The second entry L f3 arg1 means that the next parameter is of type Coord _ J the data to be transmitted is of type float and the number of floats to be transmitted is 3 times the value of the first argument to the routine Some of the entries in the table have the following form I flen F len F This means that any of these forms are legal I filen I F len I F lt returntype gt is similar to the entries in the lt parameterdescription gt Note that entries with a non void lt returntype gt always return values to the host
29. 10 30 65 L 4 Programming the IRIS This section is primarily of interest those wishing to program the IRIS terminal The califunc command is however available on both the workstation and the terminal The easiest way to program the terminal is to write a routine in C add it to a dispatch table see the document on programming the IRIS terminal and then make the program and remote host stubs Such a routine will be part of the terminal program but cannot be compiled into a display list callfunc procname nargs argi arg2 argn lets you call an arbitrary routine from within a display list procname is the name of the procedure to be called nargs is the number of arguments and the arguments are arg1 argn If procname returns a value it is ignored All arguments are called by value Version 1 0 158 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix L L 5 Changes to existing commands width iN linewidth width can be arbitrary in GL 1 it had to be 1 or 2 The matrix stack depth is no longer limited to 8 There is a hardware stack limit of 8 but on overflow the extra matrices are stored in software Obviously pushing and popping matrices is faster if the stack is shorter than 8 L 6 Additional commands blankscreen on off turns off the display This is useful during massive color map changes garbage does not appear on the screen getcpos amp ix iy get the current character position and returns it in the variab
30. 16 bit value e 8 bit data The char type in C corresponds to the character 1 type in FORTRAN 77 and the parameter is altered accordingly There is no way to have a small integer value in FORTRAN 77 i e integer 1 passed as a value to C A pointer to the value can be passed by declaring the parameter as int character string When calling C from FORTRAN a COPY is made of the string is null terminated and passed as a character pointer to C Any modifications that C makes to the string will not affect FORTRAN When calling FORTRAN from C the length of the string as determined by strlen and its address is passed to FORTRAN Any modifications that FORTRAN makes to the string will affect C The C type char is reduced to this type e character array When calling C from FORTRAN the address of the character variable is passed This character array can be modified by C It is not guaranteed to be null terminated The length of the Version 1 0 Appendix D IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 79 FORTRAN character variable is treated specially as discussed in the next section When calling FORTRAN from C the address of the string and a length is passed The length defaults to one In this case the FORTRAN declaration for the parameter carray will be effectively character 1 carray and the FORTRAN routine must access characters of the array individually If an array length is given in the parameter list mkc2f will pass this length to FORTR
31. 3 Tape Drive Procedures Backup cpio ohal tar cv Incremental Backup find mtime 7 print cpio oha1 find mtime 7 print tar cv Read Tape cpio ihum1 tar xv List Tape Contents cpio iht1 cpio ihtv1 tar tv Table 6 5 Tape Drive Procedures Version 1 0 44 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE System Administration Version 1 0 Appendix A Configuration Switches 1 2 Serial line 300 baud 01 19 200 baud 10 1200 baud 11 9600 baud Checkout 0 No additional testing 1 Additional testing time consuming 4 8 Boot environment 00000 Floppy disk boot 00001 Disk boot 00100 Network boot 01000 PROM Monitor 01100 Serial line boot 10000 Tape boot all others Undefined Table A 1 IRIS Workstation Configuration Switches 1 0 means and 1 means open Version 1 0 46 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix A Version 1 0 Appendix B Fscx The Unix File System Check Program B 1 Introduction When a Unix operating system is brought up a consistency check of the file systems should always be performed This precautionary measure helps to insure a reliable environment for file storage on disk If an inconsistency is discovered corrective action must be taken No changes are made to any file system by fsck without prior operator approval The purpose of this memo is to dispel the mystique surrounding file system inconsistencies It first describes the updating of the file syste
32. AN If the parameter list entry for carray above is char carray 20 FORTRAN will treat the passed character array as if its individual elements were of the FORTRAN type character 20 The C type char array is treated in this fashion pointer The value found on the stack is treated as a pointer and is passed without alteration Any array or pointer that is not of char type any multiply indirect object or any indirect array is assumed to be of pointer type If the type of a parameter is specified but is not one of the standard C types mkf2c and mkc2f assume it to be a pointer test i s c ptri ptr2 ar1 u f d d1 str1 str2 str3 short s unsigned char c int ptri char ptr2 short ari sometype u float f long float d d1 char stri char str2 str3 30 The C function body may go here Nothing except the opening and closing braces are necessary The above would be an example of a C specification for a function If this were a function passed to mkf2c the parameters would be transformed as follows e ptrl ptr2 arl dl and u would be passed as simple pointers mkf2c will complain about not understanding the type sometype but will use its default rule of reducing unknown types to pointers e s f d and c would be passed as values of length 16 32 64 and 8 respectively Since the type of i is not specified it is assumed to be Version 1 0 80 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix D in
33. Administration IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 31 Kernel Number SYSTEM 5 UNIX 135 Fri May 4 11 15 09 PST 1984 Release ID Release Beta 1 5 C Copyright 1983 UniSoft Corporation C Copyright 1983 Silicon Graphics Inc Kernel Size kmem 290816 Approximate Available Memory avail 1282048 Hardware Configuration dsd at mbio Oxif00 ipl 1 qicO QIC Quarter Inch Cartridge Tape slave 0 mdO Vertex V170 Name XORN drive 0 slave 0 mdi Vertex V170 Name Beta Version 1 2 4 10 84 slave 1 mfO not installed nxO at mbio 0x0010 ipl 2 geO at mbio 0x1400 ipl 4 fbcO at mbio OxicOO ipl 3 Root File System Device Name root on md0a Swap Space Device Name and Size swap on mdOb 8865K of swap space Single User Mode Banner INIT SINGLE USER MODE Silicon Graphics Inc IRIS 1400 Workstation Single User Prompt Figure 6 1 IRIS Workstation Boot Information Version 1 0 32 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE System Administration File Systems and fsck 1M The disk drive on an IRIS Workstation has several partitions that are represented by device files in the dev directory Three of them are of interest to the user the root file system dev md0a the swap space dev swap and the usr file system dev md0c The root file system is always mounted when UNIX is running The usr file system is unmounted in single user mode These file systems should be checked with fsck before multi user mode is started and the o
34. BLKS error condition in Phase 1 if inode I has too many block numbers outside the file system range This error condition will always invoke the BAD DUP error condition in Phase 2 and Phase 4 See Section 4 2 4 EXCESSIVE BAD BLKS I I CONTINUE There is more than a tolerable number usually 10 of blocks with a number lower than the number of the first data block in the file system or greater than the number of the last block in the file system associated with inode I See Section 4 2 4 Version 1 0 Appendix B IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 59 Possible responses to the CONTINUE prompt are YES ignore the rest of the blocks in this inode and continue checking with the next inode in the file system This error condition will not allow a complete check of the file system A second run of fsck should be made to re check this file system NO terminate the program B DUP I I Inode I contains block number B which is already claimed by another inode This error condition may invoke the EXCESSIVE DUP BLKS error condition in Phase 1 if inode I has too many block numbers claimed by other inodes This error condition will always invoke Phase 1b and the BAD DUP error condition in Phase 2 and Phase 4 See Section 4 2 3 EXCESSIVE DUP BLKS I I CONTINUE There is more than a tolerable number usually 10 of blocks claimed by other inodes See Section 4 2 3 Possible responses to the CONTINUE prompt are YES ignore the rest of the blocks in this
35. Data Carrier Detect DCD 0 Data Terminal Ready DTR 2 Ring Indicator RI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 2 Table H 1 RS 232 Pin Definitions The serial ports on the Cabinet I O Panel are Data Terminal Equipment DTE type RS 232 ports The IRIS Workstation asserts the Data Terminal Ready DTR signal on pin 20 This is provided for hosts that expect to see Data Carrier Detect DCD on pin 8 and or Data Set Ready DSR on pin 6 DCD or DSR signals are not required for a serial line connection Figure H 1 shows a three wire connection for the IRIS Workstation Transmit Data on pin 2 Receive Data on pin 3 and Signal Ground on pin 7 Figure H 2 shows a five wire connection that can be enabled by connecting pin 20 Data Terminal Ready from the IRIS Workstation port to pin 8 Data Carrier Detect on the modem Then connect pin 20 on the modem to pin 8 on the IRIS Workstation port A full modem can be connected to the IRIS Workstation by connecting each pin on the modem side to its partner on the IRIS Workstation port Note that lines 6 Data Set Ready and 22 Ring Indicator are not required for the IRIS Workstation Version 1 0 128 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix H A full modem connection with Request to Send RTS and Clear to Send CTS can be made by connecting pin 2 on the IRIS Workstation port to pin 3 on the modem 3 Wire Connection 1400 Terminal 2 2 3 3 i 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 20 20 a F
36. FILES etc checklist contains default list of file systems to check SEE ALSO clri 1M ncheck 1M checklist 4 fs 4 crash 8 Setting up the UNIX System BUGS inode numbers for and in each directory should be checked for validity DIAGNOSTICS The diagnostics produced by fsck are intended to be self explanatory October 1984 3 Version 1 0 MKF2C 1 Silicon Graphics MKF2C 1 NAME mkf2c mkc2f generate C FORTRAN interface routines SYNOPSIS mkc2f dummyfortran cf dummyfortran s mkf2c cprog tc cprog s DESCRIPTION mkf2c and mkc2f are used to generate assembly language routines to interface C functions to FORTRAN routines mkc2f generates an interface for C func tions to call FORTRAN routines mkf2c generates an interface for FORTRAN routines to call C functions Both programs accept as input a set of C functions and produce an assembly language interface routine in the output file In the case ot mkc2f the input may be a copy of the actual C file being interfaced perhaps fil tered by the program extcentry 1 In the case of mkf2c the FORTRAN rou tines must have their parameter lists coded in C for input to the program This must be done manually Refer to Appendix D of the IRIS Workstation Guide In all cases mkf2c and mkc2f generate a s file that must be assembled with as 1 and loaded with the FORTRAN and C routines that are to be interfaced mkc2f and mkf2c use the parameter declarations in the C function head
37. ID_OP_C Multiplication 0 x Division One of 1 INVALID_OP_D1 0 0 2 INVALID_OP_D2 Taking a remainder Two errors can occur during x REM y a INVALID_OP_E1 y is zero b INVALID_OP_E2 x is INVALID_OP_F2 The operand was which is illegal in the indicated context INVALID_OP_G Conversion of a floating point number when the number is NaN or too large to be 3 The possible values are contained in fperr h Version 1 0 96 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix E represented INVALID_OP_H A comparison was performed when one of the operands was NaN OVEREFL The operation did or will overflow DIVZERO Division by zero has occurred not 0 0 UNDERFLOW_A After the operation was performed the result could not be represented in the target format except by denormalizing CONVERT_INFINITY An attempt was made to print or to disassemble it using frexp The following type codes are for use specifically by the math library 1 UNDEREL The operands provided for the operation will cause underflow DOMAIN_ERROR The operands provided were illegal e g sqrt 1 CANT_REDUCE_RANGE In a call to a transcendental function the argument was so large as to lose significance upon range reduction PARTIAL_SLOSS The algorithm used for the function does not behave nicely in the range of the argument although the result will not overflow or underflow A code is placed in the global int _mathfun
38. IRIS Workstation Guide Version 1 0 Silicon Graphics Inc Mountain View California 94043 Documentation Daniel Sears Marcia Allen Robin Bristow Diane Wilford Drawings Annette Whelan Copyright 1984 Silicon Graphics Inc This document contains proprietary information of Silicon Graphics Inc and is protected by Federal copyright law The information may not be disclosed to third parties or copied or duplicated in any form in whole or in part without prior written consent of Silicon Graphics Inc IRIS Workstation Guide Version 1 0 Document Number 5001 092 001 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 CONTENTS Introduction 2 Unpacking the IRIS Workstation Components 3 IRIS Workstation Specifications Hardware Components Ethernet Equipment Cables Monitor IRIS Control Panel Monitor Control Panel Monitor Back Panel Cabinet Power Switch Cabinet I O Panel Cabinet Power Panel Power Switch Documentation Hardware Installation 4 1 Keyboard to Monitor Connection 4 2 Mouse to Monitor Connection 4 3 Monitor to Cabinet Video Connections 4 4 Monitor to Cabinet Control Cable Connection 4 5 Monitor to Cabinet AC Power Cable Connection 4 6 IRIS Workstation to Serial Line Connection Terminal Connection Modem Connection Printer Connection 4 7 IRIS Workstation to Ethernet Connection 4 8 Cabinet AC Power Connection 4 9 Cabinet to Dial and Switch Box Connection Operation 5 1 Boot 5 2 Demonstration Programs
39. Inodes may be one of four types regular inode directory inode special block inode and special character inode If an inode is not one of these types then the inode has an illegal type Inodes may be found in one of three states unallocated allocated and neither unallocated nor allocated This last state indicates an incorrectly formatted inode An inode can get in this state if bad data is written into the inode list through for example a hardware failure The only possible corrective action is for fsck is to clear the inode Link Count Contained in each inode is a count of the total number of directory entries linked to the inode Fsck verifies the link count of each inode by traversing down the total directory structure starting from the root directory calculating an actual link count for each inode If the stored link count is non zero and the actual link count is zero it means that no directory entry appears for the inode If the stored and actual link counts are non zero and unequal a directory entry may have been added or removed without the inode being updated Version 1 0 52 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix B If the stored link count is non zero and the actual link count is zero fsck may link the disconnected file to the lost found directory If the stored and actual link counts are non zero and unequal fsck may replace the stored link count by the actual link count Duplicate Blocks Contained in each inode
40. LOSS it will contain the possibly erroneous result e Unless the call to fpsigset has opted to continue after exceptions the program will abort taking the optional again specified by the call to fpsigset core dump The following example is a call to fpsigset that will disable error messages continue after exceptions and not specify a user exception handler The result of any operation triggering an exception will be set to zero fpsigset 0 INHIBIT_FPMESSAGE CONTINUE_AFTER_FPERROR To abort ona signal with a message and no core dump INHIBIT_DUMP could be used as the second argument in the above call to fpsigset As mentioned previously the circumstances surrounding a floating point exception are recorded in the global data structure _fperror This structure definition is contained in usr include fperr h struct union float fval long float dval val unsigned char operation precision unsigned short type _fperror A description of the information contained in these fields is given below The definitions are contained in fperr h e The precision field contains SINGLE DOUBLE or UNKNOWN as the precision of the operation causing the error This field is used to decide whether the dval or fval field must be used to set the result e The operation field contains the operation code This is one of ADD SUB MUL DIV FIX PRECISION MOD CMP CONVERT or MATH This operation was in progress when the error occurr
41. ME cpio copy file archives in and out SYNOPSIS cpio o aBchv name list cpio i BcdhmrtuvfsSb6 patterns cpio p adlmruv directory DESCRIPTION Cpio o copy out uses the name list arguments or reads the standard input to obtain a list of path names and copies those files onto the standard output or to the device dev rmt together with path name and status informa tion Cpio i copy in extracts files from the standard input or from the device dev rmt which is assumed to be the product of a previous cpio o Only files with names that match patterns are selected Patterns are given in the name generating notation of sh 1 In patterns meta characters and match the slash character Multiple patterns may be specified and if no patterns are specified the default for patterns is i e select all files The extracted files are conditionally created and copied into the current directory tree based upon the options described below Cpio p pass reads the standard input to obtain a list of path names of files that are conditionally created and copied into the destination directory tree based upon the options described below The meanings of the available options are Use dev rmt as input for i or output for o Note 6 has another meaning described below Reset access times of input files after they have been copied B Input output is to be blocked 5 120 bytes to the record does
42. N This character value will be transformed to a character 1 by the wrapper If FORTRAN modifies this variable the C routine will be unaffected This is not the case with the string str e Note that the braces for a function body must be included in the input to mkc2f mkc2f will ignore anything found between these braces Makefile Considerations It is relatively simple to add automatic control of wrappers to a general makefile The makefile below contains the rules necessary for creating an executable from the files mainf a FORTRAN main program callff and callc c In this program main calls a C routine in callc c that calls a FORTRAN routine in callf f The extensions cf and fc have been adopted for C to call FORTRAN wrappers and FORTRAN to call C wrappers respectively As the creation of the C to call FORTRAN wrappers cannot be automated dummy C entries for the routines in callf f have been coded and placed in callf cf The FORTRAN to Version 1 0 Appendix D IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 83 call C wrapper callc fc is automatically created from callc c when the C source file changes This is caused by the dependency of callc o on callc fc The programmer is responsible for placing the special comments for extcentry 1 in the C source SUFFIXES SUFFIXES o j fc cf f c test main j callf o callf j callc o cc o test main j callf o callf j callc o callc o callc fc C ic extcentry c fc C 0 mkc2f lt
43. OTE to write portable code with double precision floating point use the type long float instead of double This implementation has several nice properties e Current C programs that use float s and double s will compile without alteration although double will be single precision e C programs will execute correctly under other implementations since long float is usually synonymous with double so long as double s and long float s are not intermixed e Single precision math routines exp sin etc can now be used These offer significant speed improvements over the double precision versions for those applications that do not require the extra precision Version 1 0 92 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix E e When parameters are passed or expressions are calculated float s do not require a conversion It is the user s responsibility to guarantee that the caller and callee agree when intermixing float or double and long float Long floats should be used only in instances needing the extra precision To aid in the transition from double to long float the verbose switch v may be used with cc When this switch is used the C compiler gives a diagnostic message when it sees the type double Function Return Values Functions in the C language specification always return their declared type This is the case in the current implementation The user should exercise caution when using functions returning floating point v
44. Problems The following sections list the most frequent problems that appear on systems that make heavy use of uucp 1 Out of Space The file system used to spool incoming or outgoing jobs can run out of space and prevent jobs from being spawned or received from remote systems The inability to receive jobs is the worse of the two conditions When file space does become available the system will be flooded with the backlog of traffic Bad ACU and Modems The ACU and incoming modems occasionally cause problems that make it difficult to contact other systems or to receive files These problems are usually readily identifiable since LOGFILE entries will usually point to the bad line If a bad line is suspected it is useful to use the cu 1 command to try calling another system using the suspected line Administrative Problems Some uucp networks have so many members that it is difficult to keep track of changing passwords changing phone numbers or changing logins on remote systems This can be a very costly problem since ACU s will be tied up calling a system that cannot be reached I 5 Debugging In order to verify that a system on the network can be contacted the uucico daemon can be invoked from a user s terminal directly For example to verify that mhtsd can be contacted a job would be queued for that system as follows Version 1 0 140 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix I uucp r file mhtsd tom The r option forces the
45. R_BADINDEXBUG 26 ERR_ZEROVIEWPORT ERR_DIALBUG ERR_MOUSEBUG ERR_RETRACEBUG ERR_MAXRETRACE ERR_NOSUCHTAG ERR_DELBUG ERR_DELTAG ERR_NEGTAG Appendix L Description This should not happen Please report it to your Silicon Graphics representative One of your viewport s dimensions is zero This should not happen Please report it to your Silicon Graphics representative This should not happen Please report it to your Silicon Graphics representative This should not happen Please report it to your Silicon Graphics representative There can be at most 20 retrace events probably blink commands active at one time The tag you specified does not exist This should not happen Please report it to your Silicon Graphics representative This should not happen Please report it to your Silicon Graphics representative You specified a negative tag number Version 1 0 Appendix L Error ERR_ TAGEXISTS ERR_OFFTOOBIG ERR_ILLEGALID ERR_GECONVERT ERR_BADAXIS ERR_BADTIMER ERR_BADDEVICE ERR_BADSCRBUTTON ERR_PATCURVES ERR_PATPREC ERR_CURVPREC ERR_PUSHATTR ERR_POPATTR ERR_PUSHMATRIX Version 1 0 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 163 Error number 36 37 Description The tag you are trying to create already exists The offset you specified is too big Your object does not contain that many entries You have given an illegal object identifier in
46. T 19847 y or n n Enter the correct date 0322091484 Is the date Thu Mar 22 09 14 01 PST 1984 y or n y If the time zone appears to be incorrect see Section 6 5 and TZ 4 A UNIX login prompt should then appear Log into a UNIX account The IRIS Workstation is shipped with three user accounts rootcsh root and guest The rootcsh account is a privileged account with a C Shell environment The root account is a privileged account with a Bourne Shell environment The guest account is a sample user account with a C Shell environment New accounts can be added by the system administrator see Section 6 7 login guest Accounts frequently have passwords for protection Enter the password password The password s characters will not be echoed onto the terminal screen Note that the guest does not have a password See passwd 1 and Section 6 7 for information on how to add or change a password for an account 5 2 Demonstration Programs After the IRIS Workstation has been booted it can be tested by running the demonstration programs included in the directory usr demos These include some simple programs like particles and some more sophisticated programs like flight To run any of these programs simply type its name For example Version 1 0 Operation IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 23 cd usr demos particles 15 runs the particles program In this demonstration program 15 particles are set in random motion in a cube When on
47. Terminal Version 1 0 14 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE IRIS Workstation Specifications e The C and FORTRAN editions of the IRIS Graphics Library are quick reference cards with overviews of each command in the IRIS Graphics Library e The UNIX Programmer s Manual is a set of reference manuals and tutorials for the UNIX System Version 1 0 4 Hardware Installation This section describes how to install and connect the components that make up an IRIS Workstation system see Figure 4 1 Prior to installation each component should be unpacked and placed near its final location Since the IRIS Workstation components are delivered assembled they only need to be connected with the cables provided in the delivery cartons WARNING Do not connect the IRIS Workstation to an external power source until each cable has been connected and checked 4 1 Keyboard to Monitor Connection The Keyboard cable is connected to the IRIS Control Panel located on the lower left front of the Monitor see Figure 3 2 1 Connect the DIN plug on the Keyboard cable to the DIN socket labeled on the IRIS Control Panel 4 2 Mouse to Monitor Connection The Mouse cable is connected to the IRIS Control Panel located on the lower left front of the Monitor see Figure 3 2 1 Connect the slide locking D socket on the Mouse cable to the D plug labeled on the IRIS Control Panel 4 3 Monitor to Cabinet Video Connections The color coded bundle of coaxial video c
48. The system makes it possible to treat the tape like any other file Seeks do not have their usual meaning and it is not possible to read or write a byte at a time Writing in very small units 512 5120 bytes is inadvis able because this tends to create large record gaps and causes the tape to dis continue streaming The tape drive must then reposition the tape cartridge for the next write or read This causes a great delay with the tape moving backwards and forwards The smt 1 manipulation program discussed above is useful when it is desired to access the tape in a way compatible with ordinary files When foreign tapes are to be dealt with and especially when long records are to be read or written the raw interface is appropriate The standard format for referring to the blocked device is dev mt1 but the raw and the blocked devices are the same for the Quarter Inch Streaming tape drive The associ ated files are named dev rmt1 dev rgic but the same minor device con siderations as for the regular files still apply A number of ioctl operations are available on raw magnetic tape Refer to smt 1 for additional informa tion for use with dev nrmtl The following definitions are from lt sys mtio h gt hg Structures and definitions for mag tape io control commands structure for MTIOCTOP mag tape op command struct mtop short mt_op operations defined below daddr_t mt_count how man
49. a is passed as a pointer reference parameter rather than as a value Thus it is imperative that the caller specify the correct type for each parameter in each call to a graphics routine from FORTRAN Commonly used constants have been placed in the common blocks GL and DEVICE in the include files described previously and initialized correctly in the block data routine GLDATA in the file fgldat j for convenience Care must be exercised when using user defined variables as parameters to graphics routines so that the parameter types are correct A particularly troublesome case is the use of numeric constants as parameters For example it is tempting to call a routine such as curveit CURVEI in FORTRAN with a numeric constant call curvei 4 This will not produce the desired result The definition for CURVEI in FORTRAN is subroutine curvei count integer 2 count The numeric constant 4 will be passed by FORTRAN as an integer 4 and the IRIS Graphics Library will receive the constant zero 0 not 4 In cases like this the user must place the constant 4 in a variable of type integer 2 The following code sequence gives the desired result integer 2 s4 data s4 4 call curvei s4 One further confusing situation occurs when using the type logical The IRIS Graphics Library expects this type to occupy a single byte of storage and when it returns such a value only the least significant byte of the result is valid The FORTRAN
50. ab file etc telinit q This causes init to read etc inittab and enable ports for modem use Edit the file usr lib uucp L devices This file contains line speed entries for each port See Section 1 3 for a description of the fields in each line of usr lib uucp L devices Edit the file usr lib uucp L sys This file contains information about sites that uucp can communicate with See Section 1 3 for a Version 1 0 System Administration IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 39 co_9600 B9600 B9600 SANE TAB3 r n nIRIS login co_4800 co_4800 B4800 B4800 SANE TAB3 r n nIRIS login co_2400 co_2400 B2400 B2400 SANE TAB3 r n nIRIS login co_1200 co_1200 B1200 B1200 SANE TAB3 r n nIRIS login co_300 co_300 B300 B300 SANE TAB3 r n nIRIS login co_9600 dx_9600 B9600 B9600 SANE TAB3 r n nIRIS login dx_9600 dx_4800 B4800 B4800 SANE TAB3 r n nIRIS login dx_4800 dx_1200 B1200 B1200 SANE TAB3 r n nIRIS login dx_1200 du_1200 B1200 B1200 SANE TAB3 r n nIRIS login du_300 du_300 B300 B300 SANE TAB3 r n nIRIS login du_1200 Figure 6 5 Sample etc gettydefs File description of the fields in each line of usr lib uucp L sys 6 Test the serial line with cu 1C the UNIX terminal emulator cu s1200 lttyd3 9603515 7 Test the serial line with uucp 1C the UNIX serial line file transfer program See Appendix I for an explanation of UUCP system administration The procedure above is intended fo
51. ables is connected between the Cabinet I O Panel and the Monitor Back Panel see Figures 3 3 3 4 and 4 1 1 For single Monitor operation set all of the input impedance switches to the position If several Monitors are connected in a series daisy chain set the input impedance switches to the position for all but the last Monitor which should be set to the fre pocition 2 Connect each cable end to an input socket on the Monitor Back Panel Since they are identical either socket can be used Version 1 0 16 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Hardware Installation Cabinet aa Ki IL ss a i a IAM aye E TTo a LM z f o em an m ee IAAT we camel i i CTI Video O a eas Monitor Power Cable Ethernet rop Power Cabie Cable A 115 VAC 15A Ethernet Figure 4 1 IRIS 1400 Monitor to Cabinet Connections Version 1 0 Hardware Installation IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 17 Push each cable into its connector and rotate its lock into place 4 Connect the other end of each color coded cable to the corresponding output socket on the Cabinet I O Panel 5 Push the cable into the connector and rotate the lock into place 4 4 Monitor to Cabinet Control Cable Connection The Control Cable connects the Cabinet and the Monitor 1 Connect the female end of the Control Cable to the 25 pin socket on the Monitor Back Panel 2 Connect the male end of the Control Cable to on the Cabinet I O Panel
52. ag One can begin an insertion following ENDTAG but as each item is added ENDTAG moves to the end of the object 2 There are no offsets in object editing commands All deletions are tag to tag All insertions and replacements begin immediately following a tag The delete command is now delete tagi tag2 the replace and insert commands become replace tag and insert tag 3 To edit between two tags we provide the command nevwtag newtag oldtag offset that makes a new tag offset commands ahead of oldtag 4 Tags retain their ordering In GL 1 if tag and tag2 point to the same place within a display list it is impossible to insert items after tag1 but before tag2 In GL 2 even if there are no items between tag1 and tag2 but tag1 is before tag2 insert tagi will add items between the two tags In GL 2 tags can be thought of as being physically in the display list 5 There is a deletetag tag routine L 3 Picking Picking has changed considerably You now have explicit control of a name stack with pushname name loadname name and popname Names are 16 bits long if you need more than 16 bits call pushname more than once A hit in pick select mode returns the entire name stack The buffers for endpick buffer and endselect buffer consist of name lists of 16 bit names each corresponding to a single hit The first number in each name list is the length of the name list The endpick and endselect routines return t
53. alues When IEEE format is used mismatching float and long float between external and actual declarations will cause an incorrect result This mismatch may have gone undetected if a floating point format was previously used in which the two precisions differed only in the size of the mantissa as in IEEE format Standard C Library Floating Point Routines Additions have been provided to some standard C library routines to support this implementation e The usual formats f g and e assume single precision floating point The additional formats lf lg and le have been added for use with long float quantities e The usual set of math routines expect and return single precision floating point quantities There is an additional set of math routines that expects double precision floating point quantities In most instances these routines are named by prefixing the name of the standard routine with _l Thus _Isin is the double precision counterpart of sin etc The user is urged to include the definitions file math h in any C program that must use these routines Floating Point Exception Handling With respect to the draft standard this implementation has the following characteristics e All not a numbers are trapping not a numbers e All exceptions as outlined in section 8 of the draft standard are implemented for single precision floating point numbers None of these exceptions are currently implemented for double precision f
54. ample if the C function header is specified as funci stri i cptr j str2 char stri cptr str2 int i j mkf2c will pass a total of seven parameters to C The sixth parameter will be the length of the FORTRAN character variable corresponding to str1 and the seventh will be the length str2 The C function funcl must index off of the stack to retrieve these hidden parameters In the case above the length of strl as passed by FORTRAN could be copied into str1_len by char s int stri_ten s amp char str2 stri_ien int s 1 Similarly the length of the array str2 can be accessed by int s 2 Version 1 0 Appendix D IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 81 Invoking mkf2c and mkc2f mkc2f and mkf2c are invoked by a command line as mkc2f lt input file gt lt output file gt The output file contains assembly language routines that must be assembled and linked with the FORTRAN and C routines Input for mkf2c and mkc2f mkf2c and mkc2f understand common C syntax for function entry points will ignore C style comments and will pass over function bodies They cannot understand constructs such as typedefs or external function definitions It is necessary to exclude these constructs from the wrapper input This can be accomplished by placing special comments in the code to designate those functions for which FORTRAN to C wrappers are to be generated The code is then passed through the program extcentry 1 extcentry w
55. ample the user must have an account with the same user name on each host The first example copies a file in the current directory of the remote machine to the file sgiral c in the directory oh4 doc install on the host named olympus The second example copies a file from the host olympus to the local machine The third example copies a file from one remote machine named puppy to another named sting The second command xx is useful for running short commands on a remote host Again this command assumes that the user has an account on the remote machine with the same user name as on the local machine For example it may be useful to find what the load average is on another machine xx olympus uptime 1 51pm up 21 14 30 users load average 12 14 11 34 10 25 The third command xlogin allows the user to login across a network on a remote host All that is needed is a host name For example xlogin olympus login For more information about the network software for the IRIS Workstation see the manual entries in Appendix F Version 1 0 Operation IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 25 5 5 Shutdown The IRIS Workstation should not be left on indefinitely However since the Monitor has a long warmup period the IRIS Workstation should be left on continuously during work hours WARNING Do not press either button or the switch while the IRIS Workstation is running UNIX without first using the etc reboot q command listed below If the IRIS
56. and precision matrices are specified separately see curve section modify is not available e The name of sync has changed to gsync sync conflicts with a UNIX system call e The type definition for RcBvalue is now unsigned char instead of short e swapbuffers can be put into a display list L 2 Display List Editing Internal Format Display list internal format has changed to make insertion deletion more efficient Graphical objects now use a linked structure that is occasionally compacted This makes better use of memory even if the IRIS main memory is badly fragmented it will all be available for display list space since even a long display list can be kept in pieces When an object is closed it may be Version 1 0 156 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix L compacted depending on how much space can be recovered The new routine compactify object gives users explicit control of the compactification With the ability to program the terminal display list editing becomes much less important With the GL 2 hardware it will become even less so In principle terminal programmers can develop their own display list structure and interpreters Tag handling GL 2 will make the following changes to object editing 1 Every object automatically has two tags marking the beginning and end of the object STARTTAG and ENDTAG These tags cannot be deleted and no items can be added before the first nor after the last t
57. as a user 5 1 Boot The IRIS Workstation can be booted in many different ways but the simplest and most common is to boot off of a disk NOTE UNIX single user mode should be used only for system maintenance Normal operation should occur only in multi user mode 1 Check the configuration switches on the I O Panel on the rear of the Cabinet see Figure 3 4 Switches 4 through 7 should be in the position Switch 8 should be in the position 2 Turn on the power for the IRIS Workstation These steps will boot the IRIS Workstation in single user mode A UNIX prompt will appear 4 The file system will be checked automatically during the boot process to insure their integrity fsck is mostly automatic If fsck finds anything out of the ordinary it will prompt the user for a decision See Section 6 and Appendix B or consult with the system administrator Version 1 0 22 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Operation 5 6 Start multi user mode with the multi command multi Set the date CAUTION It is important to accurately set the date since many system programs depend on the time Also several user programs like make determine their actions based on the relative dates of files Accurate system time is even more important for program development distributed across a network The input format of the date command is mmddhhmmyy month day hour minute year optional For example Is the date Wed Mar 21 14 16 42 PS
58. asswords your current local login name must exist on rhost and allow remote command execution via xlogin 1 If path is not a full path name it is interpreted relative to your login directory on rhost A path ona remote host may be quoted using or so that the metacharacters are interpreted remotely xcp handles third party copies where neither source nor target files are on the current machine If the argument r is specified and any of the source files are directories xcp copies each subtree rooted at that name in this case the destination must be a directory SEE ALSO xlogin 1 xx 1 BUGS Doesn t detect all cases where the target of a copy might be a file in cases where only a directory should be legal Is confused by any output generated by commands in a login profile or cshre file on the remote host Version 1 0 1 October 1984 XX 1 Silicon Graphics XX 1 NAME xx remote shell SYNOPSIS xx host command DESCRIPTION xx connects to the specified host and executes the specified command xx copies its standard input to the remote command the standard output of the remote command to its standard output and the standard error of the remote command to its standard error Interrupt quit and terminate signals are propagated to the remote command xx normally terminates when the remote command does The remote login name must be equivalent in the sense of sh 1 to the ori ginating account no provision i
59. ber 2 for the file system See Section 4 2 3 and 4 2 4 Possible responses to the CONTINUE prompt are YES ignore the DUPS BAD error condition in the root inode and attempt to continue to run the file system check If the root inode is not correct then this may result in a large number of other error conditions NO terminate the program I OUT OF RANGE I I NAME F REMOVE A directory entry F has an inode number I which is greater than the end of the inode list See Section 4 4 Possible responses to the REMOVE prompt are YES the directory entry F is removed NO ignore this error condition UNALLOCATED I I OWNER O MODE M SIZE S MTIME T NAME F REMOVE A directory entry F has an inode I without allocate mode bits The owner O mode M size S modify time T and file name F are printed See Section 4 4 Possible responses to the REMOVE prompt are YES the directory entry F is removed NO ignore this error condition DUP BAD I I OWNER O MODE M SIZE S MTIME T DIR F REMOVE Version 1 0 62 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix B Phase 1 or Phase 1b have found duplicate blocks or bad blocks associated with directory entry F directory inode I The owner O mode M size S modify time T and directory name F are printed See Section 4 2 3 and 4 2 4 Possible responses to the REMOVE prompt are YES the directory entry F is removed NO ignore this error condition DUP BAD I I OWNER O MODE M_ SIZE S MTIME T FILE F REMOVE
60. blank tape An attempt was made to read a blank tape a tape without even end of file marks mu d offline During an I O operation the device was set offline If a non raw tape was used in the access it is closed BUGS If any non data error is encountered on non raw tape it refuses to do any thing more until closed October 1984 1 Version 1 0 SMTIO 4 Silicon Graphics SMTIO 4 NAME smtio UNIX streaming magtape interface DESCRIPTION The special file dev rmt1 refers to the UNIX streaming magtape drive which is on the MULTIBUS using the DSD 5217 controller The following descrip tion applies to any of the transport controller pairs The special files dev rmt1 dev rgic dev mt1 are 10000fci 450ft 45ips 45MByte Quarter Inch Tape streaming drives eg Archive Wangtek or Cipher dev nrqic dev nrmt1 dev nmt1 are no rewind devices with the same specifica tions as above dev nrmt1 is the special file meant as the default to smt com mands Refer to smt 1 for the specifications of ioctl commands to manipu late the tape drives The files dev rqic dev rmt1 dev mt1 are rewound when closed the others are not These files will also close by writing a file mark The other files will not rewind upon close They will also write a file mark but will be positioned at the file mark for additional files to be added to the tape cartridge A standard tape consists of a series of 512 byte records terminated by an end of file
61. c_id to indicate the math function that raised the exception This code is valid whenever _fperror type is MATH The possible codes are SIN COS TAN LOG EXP SQRT POW ASIN ACOS SINH COSH ATAN2 ATAN UuP_I GAMMA HYPOT Jo J1 YO Y1 YN LOG10 TANH and JN Examination of this code together with the precision found in _fperror completely identify the function raising the exception E 4 Compiler Enhancements The IRIS Workstation contains a hardware floating point option This option currently uses a multibus board from Sky Computer The C compiler on the IRIS Workstation has been quite heavily optimized for floating point operations in both hardware and software floating point mode 4 Hardware or software floating point mode is determined at compile time by use of the Zf switch to cc Version 1 0 Appendix E IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 97 Software Floating Point Enhancements The 68000 C compiler and the floating point library on the IRIS Workstation have been modified to expect parameters in volatile registers whenever possible These are the same registers used for function return values This reduces the overhead of floating point operations considerably When operations are cascaded return values of an operation may be used as a parameter of the next without being moved Additionally compiler generated calls to integer long multiplication division and remainder routines have been modified to pass operands in registers
62. can be connected to an Ethernet local area network while the network is operating 1 Select an appropriate tap point on the Ethernet coaxial cable NOTE Approved Ethernet coaxial cable is marked with rings at 8 2 foot intervals Transceivers should be placed at these rings to minimize the chance of transceiver reflections with phase angles that add and cause transmission errors Tap into the Ethernet cable instructions are included with each transceiver Version 1 0 Hardware Installation IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 19 Connect the transceiver to the Ethernet cable Connect the male end of the drop cable to the Ethernet port on the Cabinet I O Panel Connect the female end of the drop cable to the transceiver 4 8 Cabinet AC Power Connection The Cabinet power socket is located on the Cabinet Power Panel CAUTION Do not connect the IRIS Workstation to a switched power outlet Connect the female end of the AC power cable to the power socket on the Cabinet Power Panel see Figure 3 4 Connect the male end of the Cabinet power cable to an appropriate outlet See Table 2 1 for a specification of the power requirements of the IRIS Workstation 4 9 Cabinet to Dial and Switch Box Connection The IRIS Workstation can be connected to an optional Dial and Switch Box for sending information to an application program on the IRIS Workstation 1 Connect the 37 pin flat cable from the port on the Dial Box to the bottom left por
63. cated to float The implementation of floating point in C on the IRIS Workstation defines the C types double and float to be the same precision that of single precision This decision was made on the following basis e Many of the operations performed on the IRIS Workstation provide results destined for the Geometry Engine pipeline Since the precision of Geometry Engine format floating point is somewhat less than that of IEEE floating point single precision it is inefficient to perform all floating point operations in double precision e There are many calculations in which double precision is not needed Since conversion between single and double precision is expensive in IEEE format passing float s between routines is inefficient if they must be extended to double precision This problem is amplified when the receiving routine does not want the added precision and converts the incoming value back to float All floating point numbers that are declared as either double or float will be single precision on the IRIS Workstation All operations on them will also be single precision This includes most calls to the standard set of math routines sin cos sqrt etc See Section 3 of the UNIX Programmer s Manual for an exact list The special type combination long float can be used to specify double precision where it is needed This implementation differs from the C standard since the types long float and double are not synonymous N
64. ch constructs as external declarations typedefs and C preprocessor directives FILES usr bin extcentry C shell script SEE ALSO FORTRAN REFERENCE MANUAL mkf2c 1 Version 1 0 1 October 1984 FSCK 1M Silicon Graphics FSCK 1M NAME fsck dfsck file system consistency check and interactive repair SYNOPSIS etc fsck y n sX SX t file q D f file systems etc dfsck options1 filsys1 options2 filsys2 DESCRIPTION Fsck Fsck audits and interactively repairs inconsistent conditions for UNIX System files If the file system is consistent then the number of files number of blocks used and number of blocks free are reported If the file system is inconsistent the operator is prompted for concurrence before each correction is attempted It should be noted that most corrective actions will result in some loss of data The amount and severity of data lost may be determined from the diagnostic output The default action for each consistency correc tion is to wait for the operator to respond yes or no If the operator does not have write permission fsck will default to a n action Fsck has more consistency checks than its predecessors check dcheck fcheck and icheck combined The following options are interpreted by fsck y Assume a yes response to all questions asked by fsck n Assume a no response to all questions asked by fsck do not open the file system for writing sX Ignore
65. clear uon color S isobj 1B getmatrix F 16 All of the routines in the IRIS Graphics Library as well as a few others appear in this table The characters in the parameters column indicate the types of arguments the commands take fff means that the move command takes 3 floating point numbers ll means two longs 32 bit integers means that the clear command has no parameters s means a short a 16 bit integer IB means that the isobj command is sent a long and returns a byte boolean values are returned as bytes The last example getmatrix requires no input parameters and returns 16 floating point numbers 1 See also IRIS Terminal Guide Appendix F Version 1 0 Appendix K IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 149 Every graphics command from the remote host is preceded by a graphics escape character indicated here by lt GESC gt The command token is sent encoded as two bytes and is followed by byte encoded versions of all the other input parameters The dispatch routine decodes the command and its parameters and calls the command on the IRIS If any values are returned they are sent by the dispatch routine to the remote host K 2 Software Installation The IRIS Terminal programming environment can be installed anywhere in the UNIX file system 1 Make a directory to hold your IRIS Terminal programming environment This document assumes that this directory is called usr progenv
66. compiler expects a function of type logical to return a four byte quantity The definitions of graphics routines of type logical have been altered in the include file usr include fgl h to be of type logical 1 to alleviate this problem So long as this include file is used the problem should not occur Version 1 0 86 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix D NOTE It is tempting to use the PARAMETER statement in FORTRAN to define constants for passing to the IRIS Graphics Library The user is forewarned that any constants defined in a FORTRAN PARAMETER statement are of type integer 4 Specifically declaring these constants to be of another type has no effect This set of problems changes if the INT2 option to the FORTRAN compiler is used Refer to this option in the FORTRAN Reference manual for more information D 5 FORTRAN 77 Revision Notes In order to ease the task of porting FORTRAN 66 programs to FORTRAN 77 Hollerith is now supported in the following contexts e Hollerith in DATA Statement Values may now be expressed in Hollerith notation nHxxxx Each Hollerith value initializes a single data item If the number of bytes required to fill the data item exceeds the number of characters in the Hollerith data value the lengths are matched by padding the Hollerith value with blanks on the right If the Hollerith value is longer that the required number of bytes trailing bytes of the value are discarded If non character data items ar
67. d be Y The owner O mode M size S and modify time T are printed See Section 4 2 2 Possible responses to the ADJUST prompt are YES replace the link count of file inode I with Y NO ignore this error condition LINK COUNT DIR I I OWNER O MODE M SIZE S MTIME T COUNT X SHOULD BE Y ADJUST The link count for inode I which is a directory is X but should be Y The owner O mode M size S and modify time T of directory inode I are printed See Section 4 2 2 Possible responses to the ADJUST prompt are YES replace the link count of directory inode I with Y Version 1 0 Appendix B IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 65 NO ignore this error condition LINK COUNT F I I OWNER O MODE M SIZE S MTIME T COUNT X SHOULD BE Y ADJUST The link count for F inode I is X but should be Y The name F owner O mode M size S and modify time T are printed See Section 4 2 2 Possible responses to the ADJUST prompt are YES replace the link count of inode I with Y NO ignore this error condition UNREF FILE I I OWNER O MODE M SIZE S MTIME T CLEAR Inode I which is a file was not connected to a directory entry when the file system was traversed The owner O mode M size S and modify time T of inode I are printed See Section 4 2 2 and 4 4 Possible responses to the CLEAR prompt are YES de allocate inode I by zeroing its contents NO ignore this error condition UNREF DIR I I OWNER O MODE M SIZE S MTIME T CLEAR Inode I which is a di
68. d by colons See Table 6 2 for a list of the correspondences between device files and physical ports on the Cabinet I O Panel Find the line in etc inittab for the selected port and delete the x in the second field Figure 6 4 contains an example etc inittab file See inittab 4 for more information init must be informed of the change to the etc inittab file etc telinit q This causes init to read etc inittab and start getty processes on each Version 1 0 System Administration IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 37 console floppy kmem mdOa md0c md1la mdic mem mti nrtape null rmd0a rmd0c rmdla rmdic rmtl rqic swap syscon systty tty ttyd1 ttyd2 ttyd3 ttyn EXOS Console terminal Optional floppy disk drive Kernel memory used by ps 1 See mem 7 Disk zero root file system Disk zero usr usr file system Optional disk one first file system Optional disk one second file system Memory used by ps 1 See mem 7 Cartridge magnetic tape Cartridge magnetic tape no rewind on open or close Null device zero length on input data sink on output See null 7 Disk zero root file system raw device Disk zero usr usr file system raw device Optional disk one first file system raw device Optional disk one second file system raw device Cartridge magnetic tape treated as a blocked device Cartridge magnetic tape treated as a blocked device Swap device used by ps 1 Sys
69. d command that changes the ownership of the directory 4 The new user can create a password with the passwd command when he or she first logs in passwd New password Re enter new password 5 The final step is to add startup files like cshrc login and profile in the new user s home directory This is largely a matter of personal Version 1 0 36 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE System Administration sys 0 system 0 daemon 1 bin 2 adm 3 sgi_use 4 uucp 5 uucp sgi_use 6 sgi_use 1 uucpadm 8 uucp lp 9 sgi_use sgi_use sgi_use sgi_use 210 Hala 212 213 215 216 sgi_use sgi_use sgi_use 11 sgi_use 18 sgi_use 19 guest 998 games 999 user 20 sgi_use 14 Figure 6 3 Sample etc group File taste For examples see the files in usr guest Copy these files into the new home directory and edit them to suit the needs of the new user See csh 1 and sh 1 6 8 Connecting an ASCII Terminal to the IRIS Workstation ASCII terminals can be connected to the IRIS Workstation through Port 2 or on the Cabinet I O Panel see Figure 3 4 T Connect a serial line to Port 2 or Port 4 See Section 4 6 for instructions on how to physically connect the IRIS Workstation to a terminal with an RS 232 serial line Edit the file etc inittab Each line corresponds to a device file in dev and contains four fields separate
70. denormalized number is used in an arithmetic operation Warning mode is not implemented e Rounding to nearest is implemented using at least seven guard bits No sticky bit is used Directed rounding modes are not implemented The implementation of exception handling is treated in Section E 3 E 3 The C Floating Point Implementation IRIS Floating Point Types The C language specification includes two types for floating point float single precision floating point and double It specifies that both of these types must be implemented although they may be synonymous In some floating point formats notably IEEE conversion between these types is simple involving only the addition or removal of mantissa bits Such conversion can easily be done in software with in line code In the IEEE floating point format however conversion between these types is expensive as their formats differ considerably Numbers of type float in C are perhaps best thought of as abbreviated forms of the true floating point format double This is seen in the following two rules 2 Kernighan B W and Ritchie D M The C Programming Language Prentice Hall 1978 Version 1 0 Appendix E IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 91 e When a float is passed as an argument to a function it must be extended to double e An arithmetic operation performed on float s is done by first extending the operands to doubles After the operation is performed the result is trun
71. e byte arrays with no alignment of elements If the array sarray is declared as character sarray the length of the individual elements will be determined by the length passed at run time This length is important for doing indexing into the array mkf2c and mkc2fhave special constructs for dealing with the lengths of FORTRAN character variables Parameter Reductions mkf2c and mkc2f reduce each parameter to one of the following simple objects e 32 bit value When C is calling FORTRAN mkc2f will pass FORTRAN the address of the data value on the stack When FORTRAN is calling C mkf2c will use the address on the stack to retrieve a 32 bit data value This data value is passed to C The C types int float double and long are reduced to 32 bit values Any parameter whose type is unspecified is assumed to be int e 64 bit value The quantity is loaded indirectly from the address on the stack and passed when calling C from FORTRAN The address of the value on the stack is passed when calling FORTRAN from C Only the C type long float is reduced to a 64 bit data value e 16 bit value When calling FORTRAN from C the address of the value found on the stack is passed When calling C from FORTRAN a 16 bit value is loaded using the address on the stack The value is either extended or masked depending on whether its type in the function parameter list is specified as signed or unsigned and passed to C The C type short is reduced to a
72. e initialized using Hollerith notation the CHAREQU option must be set e Hollerith in SUBROUTINE and FUNCTION calls Actual arguments may be expressed in Hollerith for user subroutine and function calls The address of a read only temporary that is initialized to an array of characters as specified in the actual argument is passed to the subprogram Hollerith actual parameters are considered numeric or logical corresponding to formal parameters typed INTEGER REAL DOUBLE PRECISION COMPLEX or LOGICAL any length array or non array Formal parameters that are of a CHARACTER type should not be used with actual parameters expressed in Hollerith The CHAREQU option must be set in order to use Hollerith in actual argument lists e Hollerith in Assignment Statements Assignment statements in which the expression on the right hand side is a Hollerith value are accepted If the type of the left hand side is CHARACTER the Hollerith notation is considered the same as a quoted character string In all other cases the CHAREQU option must be set and assignment uses the same conventions as data initialization as described above e Using arrays as FORMAT specifiers The system accepts an array name as a format specifier Thus the following example Version 1 0 Appendix D IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 87 CHAREQU INTEGER IA 4 DATA IA 4H 2F1 4H2 4 4H3X I 4H8 WRITE IA iolist is equivalent to WRITE 2F12 4 3X 18 iolis
73. e of the particles touches a boundary of the cube it emits a square bubble that inflates to a certain size and then pops Generally these demonstration programs can be exited by typing conrrot c To clear the screen of graphics leftovers type the command gclear The IRIS User s Guide documents the IRIS Graphics Library the software that a programmer uses to write applications for the IRIS Workstation In the second section of that manual the IRIS Graphics Library there are a few sample programs that illustrate how the graphics software is used On page 2 57 of that manual there is a program listing for a program called track This program can be compiled and run on the IRIS Workstation For example cc track c o track Zg See cc 1 for information on the C and FORTRAN compilers for the IRIS Workstation After track has been compiled it can be run track A blue box will appear on the screen which can be moved around with the Mouse To exit track press all three Mouse buttons or Leonor c 5 3 Monitor Adjustment The Monitor Control Panel on the right side of the Monitor has several knobs for adjusting the brightness and contrast of the Monitor NOTE Color rendering and stability may drift for the first 45 minutes after startup 1 After the Monitor has warmed up adjust the control knob until the gray raster is barely brighter than the black areas on the edge of the screen Lighter brightness settings will impa
74. e record has the same length as the buffer given except when using tar 1 with the V option Each tape write will write one file mark on dose and will either rewind or position itself at the file mark Addition writes will be positioned after the file mark and can be accessed by using the smt 1 streaming tape manipulating program FILES dev rmt1 dev rqic dev rmtioctl dev mt1 The minors for each of the above devices to build special files using mknod 1 is that the standard default minor is 0x00 The minor for the dev nrmt dev nrqic is 0x01 The above minors refer to tape drive 0 of the DSD controller and at present the hardware only supports this one tape drive October 1984 2 Version 1 0 SMTIO 4 Silicon Graphics SMTIO 4 SEE ALSO smt 1 tar 1 cpio 1 BUGS The status should be returned in a device independent format but the status returned is very device independent Version 1 0 3 October 1984 126 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix F Version 1 0 Appendix H IRIS Workstation RS 232 Interface An IRIS Workstation can be connected to a serial line through or on the Cabinet I O Panel These serial ports can be used with terminals see Sections 4 6 and 6 8 modems see Sections 4 6 and 6 9 and printers see Sections 4 6 and 6 10 RS 232 Pin Definitions Protective Ground PG Transmit Data TD Receive Data RD Request To Send RTS Clear to Send CTS Data Set Ready DSR Signal Ground SG
75. e setting configuration switches and turning on the system power The PROM Monitor is a simple command interpreter through which all boot environments can be accessed The user gives a PROM Monitor command that specifies the boot device NOTE If a non existent device is specified as a boot environment then the IRIS Workstation will ignore the request and wait to be reset Automatic Disk Drive Boot If the configuration switches are set to 00001 the IRIS Workstation will search for and read a boot file named defaultboot in the root file system after the system power is turned on 1 Set the configuration switches switches 4 through 8 to 00001 where 0 means and 1 means open See Appendix A Version 1 0 28 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE System Administration 2 Set the switch on the Cabinet to the position A variation of this boot procedure can be used explicitly through the PROM Monitor See the entries for the PROM Monitor d command in Table 6 1 Automatic Tape Drive Boot If the configuration switches are set to 10000 the IRIS Workstation will search for and read a boot file named defaultboot from the tape drive The IRIS Workstation will be booted automatically after the system power is turned on NOTE If the IRIS Workstation is to be booted from a tape drive the tape must be in cpio 1 format 1 Set the configuration switches switches 4 through 8 to 10000 where 0 means and 1
76. e used a negative index ina routine such as linestyle or texture In a clippoly command you didn t specify any clippers If this is what vou really want use transform instead This should not happen Please report it to your Silicon Graphics representative You tried to issue a curve Command and there is no current basis matrix In defbasis that identifier is already defined This is not implemented yet It cannot happen Feedback is not allowed in picking or selecting mode Version 1 0 Appendix L IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 161 Error Error number Description ERR_INPICK 16 You tried to do something that is illegal in picking mode ERR_NOTINPICK You tried to do something that is illegal except in picking mode ERR_ZEROPICK You have specified a zero size picking window ERR_FONTBUG This should never happen Please report it to your Silicon Graphics representative ERR_INRGB You are in RGB mode and tried to issue a command that deals with the color map ERR_NOTINRGB You are not in RGB mode and tried to issue an RGB command ERR_BADINDEX You used an illegal index in some color command ERR_BADVALUATOR You tried to use an invalid valuator number ERR_BADBUTTON You tried to use an illegal button number ERR_NOTDBMODE You tried to issue a command that is legal only in double buffer mode Version 1 0 162 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Error Error number ER
77. e will be a subset of the L sys file and can be used to prevent forwarding to systems that are very expensive to reach but to which Version 1 0 138 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix I access by local users is allowed e g links to overseas universities If neither of these files exist uucp will be perfectly happy to forward for any system As an example if the entry for system australia were in the ORIGFILE but not in the FWDFILE on system mhtsa it would mean that system australia would be capable of forwarding jobs into the network via system mhtsa However no system in the network could forward a job to australia via system mhtsa 1 4 Administration The role of the uucp administrator depends heavily on the amount of traffic that enters or leaves a system and the quality of the connections that can be made to and from that system For the average system only a modest amount of traffic 100 to 200 files per day pass through the system and little if any intervention with the uucp automatic cleanup functions is necessary Systems that pass large numbers of files 200 to 10 000 may require more attention when problems occur The following parts describe the routine administrative tasks that must be performed by the administrator or are automatically performed by the uucp package The section on problems describes the most frequent problems and how to effectively deal with them Cleanup The biggest problem in a dialup network like uucp
78. eaning can be specified than is possible with FORTRAN types D 2 Generating C FORTRAN Interface Routines Assembly language wrapper files are generated by giving a copy of a C function to one of the programs mkf2c or mkc2f Both programs use C type declarations for the parameters to generate the correct assembly language interface To generate a FORTRAN entry point for an existing C function the function is simply passed through mkf2c To generate a C entry point for an existing FORTRAN routine the FORTRAN routine declaration and parameter list must be coded as if it were a C function and passed through mkc2f Each function given to mkf2c or mkc2f must have the standard C function syntax The function body must exist but may be empty Function names will be transformed as necessary in the output The simplest case of a function used as input to mkf2c or mkc2f would be Version 1 0 Appendix D IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 77 Func i Here the function Func has no parameters If mkf2c is used to produce a FORTRAN to C wrapper the FORTRAN entry would be FUNC FUNC would transform the stack for C and call the C routine Func If mkc2f is used to produce a C to FORTRAN wrapper the entry would be _Func that would call the FORTRAN entry FUNC simplefunc a int a In this example the function simplefunc has one argument a that is of type int mkf2c would produce a FORTRAN entry SIMPLE for this function that would call the C rout
79. econnected by placing them in the lost found directory if the files are nonempty The user will be notified if the file or directory is empty or not If it is empty fsck will silently remove them Fsck will force the reconnection of nonempty directories The name assigned is the inode number The only restriction is that the directory lost found must preexist in the root of the file system being checked and must have empty slots in which entries can be made This is accomplished by making lost found copying a number of files to the directory and then removing them before fsck is executed Checking the raw device is almost always faster and should be used with everything but the root file system Dfsck Dfsck allows two file system checks on two different drives simultaneously options1 and options2 are used to pass options to fsck for the two sets of file Version 1 0 2 October 1984 FSCK 1M Silicon Graphics FSCK 1M systems A is the separator between the file system groups The dfsck program permits an operator to interact with two fsck 1M programs at once To aid in this dfsck will print the file system name for each message to the operator When answering a question from dfsck the operator must prefix the response with a 1 or a 2 indicating that the answer refers to the first or second file system group Do not use dfsck to check the root file system EXAMPLE fsck dev rdisk0 checks the consistency of device rdisk0
80. ed a FIX denotes float to integer conversion The source precision is given in the precision field b PRECISION denotes a precision change The source precision is given in the precision field Version 1 0 Appendix E IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 95 CONVERT denotes an interpretation of a floating point number was in progress This occurs when a number is being printed when an ascii string is being interpreted as a floating point number using atof or _latof or when a floating point number is being assembled or disassembled Idexp _Ildexp frexp _Ifrexp MATH indicates that the error originated in the math library The global _mathfunc_id is set to indicate the routine causing the error In this case the data value of _fperror is set to the argument that caused the problem unless the type of the exception _fperror type is PARTIAL_SLOSS In this case a result has been calculated but has probably suffered from a partial loss of significance This result is left in the _fperror structure and will eventually become the result of the operation unless altered e The type field indicates the exact nature of the error The following exception types are listed in the draft standard Type codes with alphanumeric suffixes correspond to the exception number provided in that document a INVALID_OP_A An operand was a NaN and no other exception was raised INVALID_OP_B2 Magnitude subtraction of infinities co INVAL
81. eom long n Coord geom 3 Version 1 0
82. eration if one is needed User control over floating point exception processing consists of calling fpsigset fpsigset takes two arguments The first is a pointer to a user handler function or NULL if none The second is a flag word in which individual bits indicate e whether an error message should be printed on stderr concerning the exception e whether the process should abort at the end of processing the exception e if the process is to abort whether or not it should make a core dump The file usr include fperr h contains the definitions for the various bits in this flag word as well as the definition for the _fperror structure fpsigset sets a routine to catch the SIGFPE signal When this routine gains control it will do the following e If a user handler was specified in the last call to fpsigset it will be called The user routine may diagnose the error by examining the structure _fperror and alter the value for the result if so desired If Version 1 0 94 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix E no handler is specified the data value in _fperror is set to zero except in the special case of the operation MATH and the type PARTIAL_SLOSS e If error message printing has not been disabled by a call to fpsigset an error message concerning the exception will be printed on stderr In the case of exceptions arising from the math routines this error message may contain the erroneous operand In the case of PARTIAL_S
83. ers to transform each parameter of the calling language to that of the receiving language The standard basic C types attached to the parameters are used to determine the object each parameter represents i e whether it is a value or pointer its size whether it is unsigned etc Character strings are handled specially the reader is referred to the paper on the programs Only the opening and closing brace of the function body must be present Informa tion in the body of the function is ignored fhe programs cannot understand C constructs other than functions and comments e g external declarations typedefs C preprocessor constructs etc Such unrecognized constructs must be eliminated from the input this is the purpose of extcentry 1 EXAMPLE A sample C function given to the programs as input might be test i s c ptr1 ptr2 ar1 f d d1 str1 str2 str3 u short s unsigned char c int ptr1 char ptr2 short ar1 float f long float d d1 char str1 char str2 str3 30 Version 1 0 1 October 1984 MKF2C 1 Silicon Graphics MKF2C 1 sometype u ie The C function body may go here Nothing except the opening and closing braces are necessary j A complaint will be given about not understanding the type of parameter u It will be assumed to be a simple pointer FILES usr bin mkc2f C to FORTRAN interface generator usr bin mkf2c FORTRAN to C interface generator SEE ALSO IRIS Workstation Guide A
84. es past its maximum a fairly simple trap occurs In the IEEE standard however a number with its exponent equal to the maximum may either be signed infinity if the mantissa is zero or a special encoding called not a number NaN The standard provides for several user selectable modes of operation to deal with these numbers 1 A Proposed Standard for Binary Floating Point Arithmetic Computer March 1981 Version 1 0 90 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix E In addition the standard specifies that the user should have control over how rounding is to occur The user may opt to round toward nearest toward zero toward or toward oo Because of the user control provided the IEEE standard is quite difficult to implement and can suffer from unnecessary inefficiency due to the large number of special cases The IRIS implementation provides user control only over exception conditions The other modes specified as user selectable are implemented as follows e Affine mapping for infinities is used In this mode lt any number lt c The default specified in the standard is projective in which infinities compare equal regardless of sign and do not compare to other numbers e Normalizing mode is used for arithmetic In this mode denormalized numbers are normalized in extended precision before operations are performed on them The default specified in the IEEE standard is warning mode in which NaN is generated when a
85. ev console 2 gt amp 1 run com powerfail etc powerfail 1 gt dev console 2 gt amp 1 power fail routines respawn etc getty console co_9600 respawn etc getty ttyd1 dx_9600 respawn etc getty ttyd2 dx_9600 x respawn etc getty ttyd3 dx_9600 x respawn etc getty ttyn1 dx_9600 x respawn etc getty ttyn2 dx_9600 Figure 6 4 Sample etc inittab File tset 1 and ttytype 4 If necessary edit the file etc termcap to contain entries for terminals not described there See termcap 4 Login on the ASCII Terminal 6 9 Connecting a Modem to the IRIS Workstation A modem can be connected to the IRIS Workstation through or on the Cabinet I O Panel This modem can then be used by the UNIX utilities cu and uucp should be used first since the serial line configuration files are prepared for it To attach a modem to any of the other ports requires modification of the serial line configuration files jp See Section 4 6 for instructions on how to physically connect the IRIS Workstation to a modem with an RS 232 serial line Edit the file etc inittab Each line corresponds to a device file in dev and contains four fields separated by colons See Table 6 2 for a list of the correspondences between device files and physical ports Find the line for the selected port and put an x in the second field This prevents a getty process from being started on the port See inittab 4 init must be informed of the change to the etc initt
86. face Version 1 0 18 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Hardware Installation Turn on the power for the ASCII terminal See Section 6 8 for instructions on how to enable a serial port for a terminal This involves editing system configuration files and resetting the software that enables the serial port on the IRIS Workstation Modem Connection 1 Attach an RS 232 cable from the modem to or on the Cabinet I O Panel Appendix H has a description of the RS 232 interface for the IRIS Workstation serial ports Turn on the power for the modem See Section 6 9 for instructions on how to enable a serial port for a modem This involves editing system configuration files and resetting the software that enables the serial port on the IRIS Workstation Printer Connection T Attach an RS 232 cable from the printer to Port 2 or on the Cabinet I O Panel Appendix H has a description of the RS 232 interface for the IRIS Workstation serial ports The manual for the printer should have a specification for its RS 232 interface Turn on the power for the printer See Section 6 10 for instructions on how to enable a serial port for a printer This involves editing system configuration files and resetting the software that enables the serial port on the IRIS Workstation 4 7 IRIS Workstation to Ethernet Connection The IRIS Workstation can communicate with other hosts and terminals through an Ethernet local area network The IRIS Workstation
87. follow the BREAK e g BREAK1 will send 1 null character instead of the default of 3 Note that BREAK1 usually works best for 300 1200 baud lines There are several character strings that cause specific actions when they are a part of a string sent during the login sequence s Send a space character d Delay one second before sending or reading more characters c If at the end of a string suppress the new line that is normally sent Ignored otherwise N Send a null character These character strings are useful for making uucp communicate via direct lines to data switches A typical entry in the L sys file would be sauron Any xns xns xns M c ogin ogin uucp assword censored The expect algorithm matches all or part of the input string as illustrated in the password field above Version 1 0 136 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix I Dialing Prefixes This file contains the dial code abbreviations used in the L sys file e g py mh boston The entry format is abb dial seq where abb is the abbreviation and dial seq is the dial sequence to call that location The line py 165 would be set up so that entry py7777 would send 1657777 to the dial unit Userfile This file contains user accessibility information It specifies four types of constraints 1 Files that can be accessed by a normal user of the local machine 2 Files that can be accessed from a remote computer 3 Login name used by a particu
88. g a single routine to the remote graphics library requires changing only two files These are RIS lib lib prim and IRIS src term local c local c contains the source code for all the additional routines and lib prim describes the parameters and return values of each of the IRIS Graphics Library routines lib prim is used by awk scripts to generate both the dispatch table in the IRIS terminal program and the remote graphics library for C and FORTRAN The first part of the file contains documentation for the table entries and serves as a good source of examples Most routines can be added to the list by following the pattern of a similar existing entry Details of the lib prim entry format are provided in the next section The position of an entry in the lib prim file determines its dispatch number New routines should therefore be added to the end of the list or all previously compiled programs may become incompatible Additions or deletions from the middle of the list will cause this problem To delete a routine from the standard library replace the entry with V V bogus Note that there are already some bogus entries in the list They hold places for commands from older versions of the IRIS Graphics Library that have changed or disappeared At the end of the list is another special entry called lastone New entries to lib prim should be made just before this special entry The makefile in the IRIS src term directory assumes that a
89. h field is type Two keywords are used to describe whether a line is directly connected to another system DIR or uses an automatic calling unit ACU d An Ethernet XNS connection would use the DIR keyword line This is the device name for the line e g ttyd2 for a direct line cul0 for a line connected to an ACU and xns for Ethernet XNS call device If the ACU keyword is specified this field contains the device name of the ACU Use xns for Ethemet XNS Otherwise the field is ignored however a placeholder must be used in this field so that the protocol field can be interpreted speed The line speed that the connection is to run at Use xns for Ethernet XNS protocol This is an optional field that needs only be filled in if the connection is for a protocol other than the default terminal protocol Use xns for Ethernet XNS The following entries illustrate various types of connections Version 1 0 134 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix I DIR ttyd2 0 4800 ACU ttyd3 cua0 1200 DIR xns xns xns The first entry is for a hard wired line running at 4800 baud between two systems Note that the acu device field is zero The second entry is for a line with a 1200 baud ACU The last entry is for an Ethernet XNS connection Naming Conventions It is often useful when naming lines that are directly connected between systems or which are dedicated to calling other systems to choose a naming scheme that conveys the use of the line
90. he number of name lists If it returns a positive number then all the hit data is in the buffer if it is negative its magnitude is the number of valid name lists in the buffer there was not enough room in the buffer to Version 1 0 Appendix L IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 157 hold all the hit data For example suppose that the following sequence of events occurs pick 100 pushname 10 lt hit gt pushname 20 lt hit gt lt hit gt popname pushname 30 pushname 65 lt hit gt popname popname popname endpick foo Each lt hit gt above stands for a graphics library command that would have caused something to be drawn on the screen Other drawing commands that would cause no hits could be arbitrarily interspersed among the commands above with no effect on the final contents of the array foo In the example above endpick would return 4 the number of hits 4 is positive so all hits that occurred are recorded in the buffer If the result of endpick were negative some unknown amount of information would be missing If there is missing data then the recorded hits are the first ones that occurred after pick select was called After endpick the array fool contains 12 16 bit numbers 110 first hit one name stack 10 2 10 20 second hit two names stack 10 20 2 10 20 third hit two names stack 10 20 3 10 30 65 fourth hit three names stack
91. his are described in Section K 4 and K 5 Second the remote graphics library libgl a is compiled Section K 6 describes the make procedure for compiling a new remote graphics library Finally the IRIS terminal program iris is reconfigured to contain or omit the routines Section K 7 describes the make procedure for compiling a new IRIS terminal program The new IRIS Graphics Library can be tested by compiling an application program with the new remote graphics library and running the application program on an IRIS Terminal that has been booted with the new IRIS terminal program The IRIS Terminal programming environment generates GL 1 9 code There are a few incompatibilities between GL 1 and GL 1 9 that are described in GL 1 and GL 1 9 Software Differences Mostly they affect object editing picking and curves There are some additional routines as well When the programming environment is first shipped these GL 1 9 routines may not yet have been ported to the IRIS Workstation so programs written to run on the IRIS Workstation will use GL 1 and the IRIS Terminal programming environment will be GL 1 9 As soon as possible GL 1 9 will be ported to the IRIS Workstation If this has not yet been done watch out for the differences mentioned in the document referred to above Version 1 0 148 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix K K 1 How the IRIS Terminal Program Works The IRIS terminal program consists of three parts a communication secti
92. hone The phone number is made up of an optional alphabetic abbreviation dialing prefix and a numeric part The abbreviation should be one that appears in the L dialcodes file Version 1 0 Appendix I IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 135 e g mh1212 boston5551212 For the hard wired devices this field contains the same string as used for the device field login The login information is given as a series of fields and subfields in the format expect send where expect is the string expected to be read and send is the string to be sent when the expect string is received The expect field may be made up of subfields of the form expect send expect where the send is sent if the prior expect is not successfully read and the expect following the send is the next expected string For example login login will expect login if it gets it the program will go on to the next field if it does not get login it will send nothing followed by a new line then expect login again If no characters are initially expected from the remote machine the string a null string should be used in the first expect field There are two special names available to be sent during the login sequence The string EOT will send an EOT character and the string BREAK will try to send a BREAK character The BREAK character is simulated using line speed changes and null characters and may not work on all devices and or systems A number from 1 to 9 may
93. hostname sgbounce is normally run in the background For example sgbounce bin hostname usr iris boot amp Sgbounce can be started by hand as shown above but should normally be started in the file etc rc local NOTE Only one copy of sgbounce may be running at one time SEE ALSO Silicon Graphics Inc IRIS Terminal Guide Appendix B sgboot 1M October 1984 1 Version 1 0 SMT 1 Silicon Graphics SMT 1 NAME smt streaming magnetic tape manipulating program SYNOPSIS smt t dev tapename command count DESCRIPTION Smt is used to give commands to a Quarter Inch streaming magnetic tape drive If a tape name is not specified the default tape drive is used Smt uses the default tape device dev rmtioctl By default smt performs the requested operation once Operations may be performed multiple times by specifying count The tape default device has the ioctl minor to facilitate the use of opening and reading the tape when either using a no rewind device or a standard rewind and write file mark on close of the tape device The available commands are listed below Only as many characters as are required to uniquely identify a command need be specified eof Write count end of file marks at the current position on the tape fsf Forward space count files fsr Forward space count records rewind Rewind the tape Count is ignored status Print status intormation about the tape unit Count is ignored
94. ideo signal from the Cabinet e 2 BNC sockets labeled receive the blue video signal from the Cabinet e 15 amp fuse 1 10 amp 100 120 volt power plug provides power for the Monitor from the Cabinet Version 1 0 10 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE IRIS Workstation Specifications Monitor Back Panel ADALODOOUIOOATOTRL OONAN NNI nep VHAUUUQQUQGQ00Q0G00000000EUUUNOENE ore PINADAAN MAUTULULOALUCLEUANALUOUEALUAMLAEUL ae HHAUUANUUAAUUGUUQQLONOUUUOUOUUEREON Som Hee MAALIAKAAN AIMH MEINER bat rrr MUNNNNIHINANNNIUHNI reves falcis B d e 75 0 W HGH CONTROL CABLE CONNECTOR Figure 3 3 Monitor Back Panel Version 1 0 IRIS Workstation Specifications IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 11 e 1 25 pin plug for connecting a control cable from the Cabinet to the Monitor 3 5 Cabinet There are two control panels on the back of the IRIS 1400 Cabinet an I O Panel and a Power Panel A switch controls power for the IRIS Workstation system Power Switch The switch for the IRIS 1400 Workstation is located beside the tape drive slot on the front upper left corner of the Cabinet Cabinet I O Panel The Cabinet I O Panel has ports for connecting the Cabinet to the Monitor and a host computer see Figure 3 4 and several control and indicator features is the receptacle for the control cable that is connected between the Monitor Back Panel and the Cabinet I O Panel and are available for RS 232 or RS 423 serial lines e
95. ies that can be checked are a list count outside of range block numbers outside of range and blocks already associated with the file system For a discussion of detection and correction of the inconsistencies associated with free list blocks see Section 4 1 2 B 5 FSCK Error Conditions Conventions Fsck is a multi pass file system check program Each file system pass invokes a different Phase of the fsck program After the initial setup fsck performs successive Phases over each file system checking blocks and sizes path names connectivity reference counts and the free block list possibly rebuilding it and performs some cleanup When an inconsistency is detected fsck reports the error condition to the operator If a response is required fsck prints a prompt message and waits for a response This appendix explains the meaning of each error condition the possible responses and the related error conditions The error conditions are organized by the Phase of the fsck program in which they can occur The error conditions that may occur in more than one Phase Version 1 0 Appendix B IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 55 will be discussed in initialization Initialization Before a file system check can be performed certain tables have to be set up and certain files opened This section concerns itself with the opening of files and the initialization of tables This section lists error conditions resulting from command line options memor
96. igure H 1 3 Pin Connection 5 Wire Connection 1400 Terminal i 2 2 l 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 20 20 Figure H 2 5 Pin Connection Version 1 0 Appendix H IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 129 Full Modem Connection 1400 Modem 2 2 On aA Oo hk WD ON A Ok OD Figure H 3 Full Modem Connection 5 Wire Connection RTS CTS 1400 Terminal 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 i 8 8 20 20 Figure H 4 Full Modem Connection with RTS and CTS Version 1 0 130 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix H Version 1 0 Appendix I IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 131 Appendix I UUCP Administration I 1 Introduction This appendix describes how a uucp network is set up the format of control files and administrative procedures Administrators should be familiar with the manual pages for each of the uucp related commands I 2 Planning In setting up a network of UNIX systems there are several considerations that should be taken into account before configuring each system on the network The following parts attempt to outline the most important considerations Extent of the Network Some basic decisions about access to processors in the network must be made before attempting to set up the configuration files If an administrator has control over only one processor and an existing network is being joined then the administrator must decide what level of access should be granted to other
97. ile Each network port is mapped to a device as in Table 6 2 Each user s Shell startup file should have tset commands that read etc ttytype and set the terminal type See Table 6 3 for example commands These should be included in each C Shell csh 1 user s login file and each Bourne Shell sh 1 user s profile file See tset 1 and ttytype 4 5 Login through the network to another host 6 12 Tape Drive The IRIS Workstation has an optional tape drive for backing up file systems on the disks and for reading new software distributions See Table 6 4 for a list of tape drive specifications In addition the IRIS Workstation can be booted from the tape drive in case the root file system is damaged beyond repair see Section 6 1 The tape drive can be used with either tar 1 or cpio 1 the standard UNIX archiving tools cpio is slightly favored The tape boot procedure mentioned in Section 6 1 requires a tape in cpio format Keep a copy of the root file system on tape to ensure that there is a reliable copy in the event of a bad crash See Table 6 5 for some UNIX commands for using the tape drive See tar 1 and cpio 1 6 13 Shutdown The IRIS Workstation should not be left on indefinitely However since the Monitor has a long warmup period the IRIS Workstation should be left on continuously during work hours Version 1 0 42 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE System Administration Tape Drive Specifications Device Name dev
98. ile c C source file file f FORTRAN source file file p Pascal source file file j Pascal and FORTRAN binary files file o binary relocatable file file s assembly file a out executable file lib ccom C compiler lib cpp C preprocessor lib crt0 o run time startup lib libe a C library usr lib paslib obj FORTRAN library usr bin fortran FORTRAN front end usr bin pascal Pascal front end usr bin code FORTRAN code generator usr bin ulinker FORTRAN pre linker bin as 68000 assembler bin 1d linking loader usr include default include directory usr bin fgldatj block data routine for graphics commons usr bin pjmptbl o Pascal graphics jump table and C string converter SEE ALSO IRIS Workstation Guide Appendices D and E B W Kernighan and D M Ritchie The C Programming Language Prentice Hall 1978 B W Kernighan Programming in C a Tutorial D M Ritchie C Reference Manual SVS FORTRAN Reference Manual SVS Pascal Reference Manual as 1 ccom 1 cpp 1 1d 1 extcentry 1 mkf2c 1 a out 5 Version 1 0 4 October 1984 CC 1 Silicon Graphics CC 1 BUGS The additional symbol table information optionally produced by ccom for dbx 1 is not supported as of IRIS Workstation release 1 7 DIAGNOSTICS The diagnostics produced by C FORTRAN and Pascal are intended to be self explanatory Occasional messages may be produced by the assembler or loader October 1984 5 Version 1 0 CPIO 1 Silicon Graphics CPIO 1 NA
99. iles and recursively subdirectories of that directory These files are dumped to tape in alphabetical order A tar archive is a stream of 512 byte header structures which may be fol lowed by file data rounded up to the next 512 byte boundary The end of the archive is signaled by two header structures beginning with null bytes The function portion of the key is specified by one of the following letters r The named files are written on the end of the tape The c function implies this x The named files are extracted from the tape If the named file matches a directory whose contents had been written onto the tape this directory is recursively extracted The owner modification time and mode are restored if possible If no file argument is given the entire content of the tape is extracted Note that it multi ple entries specifying the same file are on the tape the last one overwrites all earlier X Like x but also takes the next argument as the root of a directory tree for comparison For each file to be extracted if it is identical to the file in the corresponding position in the comparison tree the existing file is linked to the new file Otherwise the new file is extracted as a separate new file as usual t The names of the specified files are listed each time they occur on the tape If no file argument is given all of the names on the tape are listed u The named files are added to the tape if either they are not already
100. ill place in its output file only those portions of its input that are surrounded by the special C comments CENTRY and ENDCENTRY extcentry is invoked simply by typing extcentry lt input file gt lt output file gt The following C file foo c contains the function foo that is to be made FORTRAN callable typedef unsigned short grunt 4 struct long 1 11 char str F bar main int kappa 7 foo kappa bar str CENTRY foo integer cstring int integer char cstring if integer 1 printf s cstring ENDCENTRY Version 1 0 82 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix D To generate the assembly language wrapper foowrp s from the above file foo c the following set of commands should be used extcentry foo c foowrp fc mkf2c foowrp fc foowrp s C to FORTRAN wrappers must be generated by coding a dummy C function to describe the interface This dummy function is then run through mkc2f to generate the assembly language wrapper The following FORTRAN subroutine is to be made C callable subroutine doit i j c str a integer i j character c character str real a This is done by coding a dummy C function doit c as follows doit i j c str a char str char c float a l The command mkc2f doit c doitwrp s would then create the assembly language wrapper Several things should be noted in the example above e C will pass the character c to FORTRA
101. ine simplefunc mkc2f would produce a C entry _simplefunc that would call the FORTRAN routine SIMPLE NOTE Underscores are valid characters in C function names This is not true in FORTRAN The wrapper generators mkc2f and mkf2c will remove such characters from the FORTRAN entry points they generate with a warning message The use of underscores in function names is not advised when generating FORTRAN entry points FORTRAN Character Variables as Parameters The user may specify the length of a character variable passed as a parameter to FORTRAN either at compilation or at run time This is determined by the declaration of the parameter in the FORTRAN routine If the declaration contains a length asin character 10 string the passed length must match the declaration If however the declaration is character string the passed length will be used when performing operations on the variable inside the routine This length can be retrieved by use of the FORTRAN intrinsic function LEN Substring operations may cause FORTRAN run time errors if they do not check this passed length 1 It is defined as an error condition by the ANSI standard if the passed length and the declared length of a character variable parameter do not agree The supported FORTRAN compiler will resolve this condition by ignoring the passed length Version 1 0 78 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix D Arrays of character variables are treated by FORTRAN as simpl
102. inter to the next free list block and a partial list of free blocks in the file system 1 Allin core blocks are also written to the file system upon issue of a sync system call 2 More precisely they are queued for eventual writing Physical I O is deferred until the buffer is needed by UNIX or a sync command is issued Version 1 0 Appendix B IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 49 Free list blocks are written to the file system whenever they have been modified and released by the operating system B 3 Corruption of the File System A file system can become corrupted in a variety of ways The most common of these ways are improper shutdown procedures and hardware failures Improper System Shutdown and Startup File systems may become cormpted when proper shutdown procedures are not observed e g forgetting to sync the system prior to halting the CPU not using the etc reboot q command physically write protecting a mounted file system or taking a mounted file system off line File systems may become further corrupted if proper startup procedures are not observed e g not checking a file system for inconsistencies and not repairing inconsistencies Allowing a corrupted file system to be used and thus to be modified further can be disastrous Hardware Failure Any piece of hardware can fail at any time Failures can be as subtle as a bad block on a disk pack or as blatant as a non functional disk controller B 4 Detection and C
103. ion about groups See Section 6 7 and group 4 This file contains an entry for each device that init 1 will initialize See Sections 6 8 6 9 6 10 6 11 inittab 4 and telinit 1M This file contains the message of the day It is displayed each time a user logs into an IRIS Workstation This file contains information about people who have accounts on an IRIS Workstation See Section 6 7 and passwd 4 This file is read at login by accounts that specify the Bourne Shell as the login shell See sh 1 This command file is read by init 1 at the start of multi user mode Typically it is used to start daemons and run other commands at system startup See brc 1 This file contains the name of the system See Section 6 6 hostname 1 and sys_id 4 This file contains entries for different terminal types See Section 6 8 and termcap 4 34 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE System Administration etc ttytype This file maps terminal types to devices attached to an IRIS Workstation See Sections 6 8 6 11 tset 1 and ttytype 4 usr lib crontab This file contains entries for commands to be run at fixed intervals by the cron 1M daemon See cron 1M usr lib uucp L devices This file contains line speed entries for each port used by uucp 1 See Section 6 9 usr lib uucp L sys This file contains information about sites that uucp 1 can communicate with See Section 6 9 6 6 Naming an IRIS Workstation Each IRIS Workstation is shi
104. ir image sharpness and color fidelity 2 For optimum clarity turn the control knob to the maximum clockwise setting and then turn it back slightly 3 If the color purity or convergence appear to be out of adjustment hold down the button on the Monitor Control Panel for about 10 seconds and then release it The image should then improve noticeably Version 1 0 24 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Operation 5 4 Network Software The IRIS Workstation has three programs for using an Ethernet local area network xcp xx and xlogin These simple commands allow the user to copy files from one host to another run commands on a remote host and log into a remote host Here is a brief explanation of certain terms associated with networks e A network is a collection of computers and terminals connected by some means e A host is a computer on a network e A local host is the host that a person is using e A remote host is the opposite of a local host That is it is a machine on a network that a person is not using The difference between a local and a remote host is the frame of reference one uses The local host is where the user is and remote host is where the user isn t xcp copies file from one host either local or remote to another also either local or remote Here are some examples xcp sqiral c olympus oh4 doc install sqiral c xcp sting usr include stdio h te xcp puppy temp_vi sting temp_vi NOTE In each ex
105. iris is for serial or XNS connections tcpiris is for serial or TCP connections and iris488 is for IEEE 488 connections To save time you can simply issue a make iris command to compile a single IRIS terminal program for serial and XNS connections K 8 Compiling a Downloadable Application Program The procedure for compiling an application program for downloading into the IRIS Terminal is similar to the procedure for compiling an IRIS terminal program It involves a single make procedure A template makefile is included in usr progenv track It can be modified for other applications 1 Change the current directory to usr progenv track cd usr progenv track 2 Compile the IRIS terminal program make track dsk A downloadable file called track dsk will be generated in the current directory K 9 IRIS Terminal Program Routines There are some restrictions on the routines that run on the IRIS Your new routines can call any commands in the IRIS Graphics Library and can contain arbitrary stand alone code UNIX does not run on the IRIS Terminal however so do not make any UNIX system calls In particular there is no file system If you need to transfer files to and from the IRIS Terminal they Version 1 0 154 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix K should be sent and returned as arrays In general do not use any of the I O routines from the standard C library or you will interfere with the operation of the IRIS terminal progra
106. is a list or pointers to lists indirect blocks of all the blocks claimed by the inode Fsck compares each block number claimed by an inode to a list of already allocated blocks If a block number is already claimed by another inode the block number is added to a list of duplicate blocks Otherwise the list of allocated blocks is updated to include the block number If there are any duplicate blocks fsck will make a partial second pass of the inode list to find the inode of the duplicated block because without examining the files associated with these inodes for correct content there is not enough information available to decide which inode is corrupted and should be cleared Most times the inode with the earliest modify time is incorrect and should be cleared This condition can occur by using a file system with blocks claimed by both the free block list and by other parts of the file system If there is a large number of duplicate blocks in an inode this may be due to an indirect block not being written to the file system Fsck will prompt the operator to clear both inodes Bad Blocks Contained in each inode is a list or pointer to lists of all the blocks claimed by the inode Fsck checks each block number claimed by an inode for a value lower than that of the first data block or greater than the last block in the file system If the block number is outside this range the block number is a bad block number If there is a la
107. ition See a guru Can t stat F Fsck s request for statistics about the file system F failed It ignores this file system and continues checking the next file system given Check access modes of F F is not a block or character device You have given fsck a regular file name by mistake It ignores this file system and continues checking the next file system given Check file type of F Can t open F The file system F can not be opened for reading It ignores this file system and continues checking the next file system given Check access modes of F Size check fsize X isize Y More blocks are used for the inode list Y than there are blocks in the file system X or there are more than 65 535 inodes in the file system It ignores this file system and continues checking the next file system given See Section 4 1 1 Can t create F Fsck s request to create a scratch file F failed It ignores this file system and continues checking the next file system given Check access modes of F CAN NOT SEEK BLK B CONTINUE Fsck s request for moving to a specified block number B in the file system Version 1 0 Appendix B IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 57 failed This should never happen See a guru Possible responses to the CONTINUE prompt are YES attempt to continue to run the file system check Often however the problem will persist This error condition will not allow a complete check of the file system A second run of fsck
108. ize and Inode List Size The file system size must be larger than the number of blocks used by the super block and the number of blocks used by the list of inodes The number of inodes must be less than 65 535 The file system size and inode list size are critical pieces of information to the fsck program While there is no way to actually check these sizes fsck can check for them being within reasonable bounds All other checks of the file system depend on the correctness of these sizes Free Block List The free block list starts in the super block and continues through the free list blocks of the file system Each free list block can be checked for a list count out of range for block numbers out of range and for blocks already allocated within the file system A check is made to see that all the blocks in the file system were found The first free block list is in the super block Fsck checks the list count for a value of less than zero or greater than fifty It also checks each block number for a value of less than the first data block in the file system or greater than the last block in the file system Then it compares each block number to a list of already allocated blocks If the free list block pointer is non zero the next free list block is read in and the process is repeated When all the blocks have been accounted for a check is made to see if the number of blocks used by the free block list plus the number of blocks claimed by
109. job to be queued but does not invoke the daemon to process the job The uucico command can then be invoked directly usr lib uucp uucico r1 x4 smhtsd the r1 option is necessary to indicate that the daemon is to start up in master mode i e it is the calling system The x4 specifies the level of debugging that is to be printed Higher levels of debugging can be printed greater than 4 but requires familiarity with the internals of uucico If several jobs are queued for the remote system it is not possible to force uucico to send one particular job first The contents of LOGFILE should also be monitored for any error indications that it posts Frequently problems can be isolated by examining the entries in LOGFILE associated with a particular system The file ERRLOG also contains error indications Version 1 0 Appendix J OEM Kernel Generation for the IRIS Workstation J 1 Introduction The purpose of this document is to describe the method for generating a kernel which includes OEM device drivers Towards this goal some of the differences between the Silicon Graphics System V and the standard System V implementations will be discussed However this document does not attempt to teach device driver writing J 2 Device Drivers Changes in the device driver interface occur in several areas device addressing interrupt levels the physical raw I O interface and the addition of the auto configuration process Only the modificati
110. k If this file system is mounted or is the current root file system fsck should be halted and UNIX rebooted If UNIX is not rebooted immediately the work done by fsck may be undone by the in core copies of tables UNIX keeps B 6 References 1 Ritchie D M and Thompson K The UNIX Time Sharing System The Bell System Technical Journal 57 6 July August 1978 Part 2 pp 1905 29 2 Dolotta T A and Olsson S B eds UNIX User s Manual Edition 1 1 January 1978 3 Thompson K UNIX Implementation The Bell System Technical Journal 57 6 July August 1978 Part 2 pp 1931 46 Version 1 0 70 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix B Version 1 0 Appendix C Diagnostics I HARDWARE DIAGNOSTICS A B default_intr An interrupt has occurred for which there is no device driver I O err in swap While swapping a user process a hard error occurred on the swap disk parity error A parity error occurred somewhere in the onboard memory A message will precede this diagnostic to indicate where in physical memory the error occurred Unfortunately UNIX can t diagnose the memory failure If the error persists the memory diagnostic should be used iinit The system was not able to read the root file system This could either be a hardware or a software problem but it most likely means that either the disk drive is damaged or the root file system on the disk drive is damaged The following diagnostics indicate
111. kefile for generating a kernel config b system name Update the makefile to contain the current dependency information about your device drivers ca 0EM make depend Compile and load your kernel make binary Your kernel is complete and resides in the file bumunix It can be booted with the PROM Monitor Reboot the system reboot q Boot the kernel iris gt b bvmunix Version 1 0 146 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix J Version 1 0 Appendix K The IRIS Terminal Programming Environment This document describes the construction of a custom IRIS terminal program and the corresponding remote graphics library The programming environment is supported on an IRIS Workstation and builds programs that run on an IRIS Terminal In addition programs can be compiled with the IRIS Terminal programming environment that can be downloaded into the IRIS Terminal and run independently of a host processor With the IRIS Terminal programming environment you can add or delete routines from the IRIS Graphics Library Added routines allow you to run complex interactive code segments locally for faster response and no network or remote host delays Unused routines can be removed from the standard library to save memory space on the IRIS Terminal The process of modifying the IRIS Graphics Library involves three steps First new routines are added and unused routines are deleted from the IRIS Graphics Library The procedures for t
112. lar remote computer 4 Whether a remote computer should be called back in order to confirm its identify Each line in the file has the format login sys c pathname pathname where login is the login name for a user or the remote computer sys is the system name for a remote computer c is the optional call back required flag pathname is a pathname prefix that is acceptable for sys The constraints are implemented as follows 1 When the program is obeying a command stored on the local machine the pathnames allowed are those given on the first line in the USERFILE that has the login name of the user who entered the command If no such line is found the first line with a null login is used 2 When the program is responding to a command from a remote machine the pathnames allowed are those given on the first line in the file that has the system name that matches the remote machine If no such line is found the first one with a null system is used Version 1 0 Appendix I IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 137 3 When a remote computer logs in the login name that it uses must appear in the USERFILE There may be several lines with the same login name but one of them must either have the name of the remote system or must contain a null system name 4 Ifthe line matched 3 contains a c the remote machine is called back before any transactions take place The line u m usr xyz allows machine m to login with name u a
113. le system is unmounted or a sync command is issued Inodes An inode contains information about the type of inode directory data or special the number of directory entries linked to the inode the list of blocks claimed by the inode and the size of the inode An inode is written to the file system upon closure of the file associated with the inode Indirect Blocks There are three types of indirect blocks single indirect double indirect and triple indirect A single indirect block contains a list of some of the block numbers claimed by an inode Each one of the 256 entries in an indirect block is a data block number A double indirect block contains a list of single indirect block numbers A triple indirect block contains a list of double indirect block numbers Indirect blocks are written to the file system whenever they have been modified and released by the operating system Data Blocks A data block may contain file information or directory entries Each directory entry consists of a file name and an inode number Data blocks are written to the file system whenever they have been modified and released by the operating system First Free List Block The super block contains the first free list block The free list blocks are a list of all blocks that are not allocated to the super block inodes indirect blocks or data blocks Each free list block contains a count of the number of entries in this free list block a po
114. les ix and iy getgpos amp ix fy amp fz get the current graphics position and returns it in fx fy and fz getopenobj returns the object identifier of the object currently open for editing If there is no open object it returns 1 getmcolor color amp r amp g amp b given a colormap index return its red green and blue components pmov pmovi pmov2 pmov2i polygon move With these you can use your own data structures for polygons Polygons must still be convex or the result of drawing them is undefined pdrw pdrwiQ prw2 pdrw2i polygon draw pclose polygon close rmov rmovi rmov2 rmov2i relative move rdrw rdrwi rdrw2 rdrw2i relative draw rpmv rpmvi rpmv2 rpmv2i relative polygon move rpdr rpdri rpdr2 rpdr2i relative polygon draw L 7 Feedback GL 1 9 still supports the old GL 1 versions of the feedback routines The feedback routines include transform clippnt clipline clippoly and screenpnt In GL 2 these routines will be replaced by a much more general feedback command To simplify conversion to GL 2 keep references to the GL 1 versions of the above commands localized Version 1 0 Appendix L IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 159 L 8 Input Output The GL 1 commands qvaluator qbutton and qkeyboard have been replaced by the single command qdevice Similarly the commands unqvaluator ungb
115. ll additional source code for the IRIS terminal program appears in the file local c If the IRIS terminal program additions are extensive you can add files to this makefile K 5 lib prim Entries This section describes the entries in the lib prim file It is much easier to follow the discussion below with a copy of lib prim in front of you For most routines a complete understanding of this section is unnecessary Each entry in the lib prim file has the following general form lt returntype gt lt procedurename gt lt parameterdescription gt The lt procedurename gt is the name of the routine and should be unique in the first six characters The lt parameterdescription gt is a list of entries from the table of defined types in the comment at the beginning of the lib prim file The lt returntype gt is slightly different and will be described later Each entry in the lt parameterdescription gt is either a pair or a triplet separated by colons The first letter in each pair or triplet describes the type that will be generated by the awk script In the C version for example a generates type char k generates type Colorindex and so on Version 1 0 152 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix K The second part of each entry also a letter is somewhat redundant information that tells the physical type of the entry This could be looked up in a table but it is included so that the awk scripts will run faster Lower case letters are
116. loating point numbers Version 1 0 Appendix E IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 93 e A set of facilities is outlined below which provide the user with control over floating point exception handling e An exception is triggered in either precision if an attempt is made to print a not a number or infinity e The default handling of all floating point exceptions is to abort with a core dump User control over floating point exceptions is provided by the C library routine fpsigset and the global exception data structure _fperror This structure contains a floating point value and information about the circumstances surrounding the exception When a floating point exception is triggered the following events occur e The global structure is filled in with the exception type the operation in progress and the precision of the operation Unless the operation is MATH the data value in _fperror is set to zero The standard UNIX exception SIGFPE is raised This will abort with a core dump unless a call has been made to fpsigset see below or the user has otherwise arranged for catching the signal If the SIGFPE is caught and the exception is returned from the data value found in _fperror is returned to the routine which raised the exception In the case of floating point compare this value replaces the erroneous operand and the comparison is retried In all other cases such as add subtract etc this value will become the result of the op
117. m To do I O use IRIS Graphics Library commands getvaluator getbutton etc WARNING the libraries that you load do contain many of the standard C I O routines The IRIS terminal program uses them for its I O to deal with the physical keyboard etc If you call them you will get unpredictable and possibly catastrophic results Since you are building the whole IRIS terminal program these routines must appear in the library It may be possible to re arrange these libraries in such a way that there is less danger but this has not been done so far You may use the standard storage management routines malloc free and friends and the math routines In fact routines that are usually considered to be part of the I O library that are not related to physical I O can also be used sprintt for example can be used All the routines in the IRIS Graphics Library that are not exported have names beginning with gl_ If you avoid these names names in the IRIS terminal program itself and the C I O routines mentioned above you should not have any problems with name conflicts Some other warnings are in order and although they may seem obvious they are worth stating The list below is not complete but gives a flavor of the dangers e Infinite loops will cause the IRIS terminal program to hang since the dispatch routine just waits for the local routine to return before it continues with the next command e Your new routine r
118. m the calm before the storm and then describes file system corruption the storm Finally the set of heuristically sound corrective actions used by fsck the Coast Guard to the rescue is presented B 2 Update of the File System Every working day hundreds of files are created modified and removed Every time a file is modified the Unix operating system performs a series of file system updates These updates when written on disk yield a consistent file system To understand what happens in the event of a permanent interruption in this sequence it is important to understand the order in which the update requests were probably being honored Knowing which pieces of information were probably written to the file system first heuristic procedures can be developed to repair a corrupted file system There are five types of file system updates These involve the super block inodes indirect blocks data blocks directories and files and free list blocks Super Block The super block contains information about the size of the file system the size of the inode list part of the free block list the count of free blocks the count 1 This appendix is modified from a paper with the same name by T J Kowalski Version 1 0 48 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix B of free inodes and part of the free inode list The super block of a mounted file system the root file system is always mounted is written to the file system whenever the fi
119. mkdir usr progenv 2 Change the current directory to usr progenv cd usr progenv 3 Read the contents of the distribution tape into the new directory tar x You should now have subdirectories doc dllib engr host internet and term 4 The libraries contained in the IRIS Terminal programming environment should be ranlib ed The most important are those libraries in IRIS lib A version of ranlib is contained in BIN cd IRIS 1ib BIN ranlib68 libgl a BIN ranlib68 libV a K 3 Environment Variables All the makefile s refer to their targets relative to environment variables Before using any of the makefile s your environment must be properly set up 1 The BOOT variable should be set to an appropriate directory for storing IRIS terminal programs and other files for downloading into the IRIS Terminal The IRIS Terminal programming environment makefile s install IRIS terminal programs in BOOT 2 lt GESC gt is currently ASCII 16 or conrrot P but that may change Version 1 0 150 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix K 1s BOOT 2 Create a sub directory to test IRIS terminal programs generated with the IRIS Terminal programming environment mkdir BOOT test The IRIS Terminal programming environment makefile s install IRIS terminal programs in BOOT test After testing these IRIS terminal programs they should be moved to BOOT 3 The following csh commands define the environment variable
120. mounting file systems See brc 1 Version 1 0 30 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE System Administration h Display a list of PROM Monitor commands t Enter serial interface to host n file Boot file over a network d Boot defaultboot from a disk Similar to the Disk Drive Boot procedure a file Boot file from a disk a pathname List the contents of directory pathname tb Boot defaultboot from a tape drive The file must be in cpio format Similar to the Tape Drive Boot procedure tb file Boot file from a tape drive The file must be in cpio format List the contents of a tape in cpio format Restart the PROM Monitor Table 6 1 PROM Monitor Commands 1 Start multi user mode multi 2 Set the date The input format of the date command is mmddhhmmyy month day hour minute year optional For example Is the date Wed Mar 21 14 16 42 PST 1984 y or n n Enter the correct date 0322091484 Is the date Thu Mar 22 09 14 01 PST 1984 y or n y A UNIX login prompt will then appear 3 Log into a UNIX account The IRIS Workstation is shipped with three user accounts rootcsh root and guest The rootcsh account is a privileged account with a C Shell environment The root account is a privileged account with a Bourne Shell environment The guest account is a sample user account with a C Shell environment New accounts may be added by the system administrator see Section 6 7 login Version 1 0 System
121. n upper case and are a maximum of six characters FORTRAN does not allow underscores in identifiers This is important to note when porting C routines written to interface to VAX FORTRAN 77 programs The VAX FORTRAN 77 compiler appends an underscore to external function names it generates to distinguish them from C function entry points C routines that expect to be called from the FORTRAN 77 compiler on the VAX will often have this underscore affixed In addition to the problem discussed above with passing strings there are differences between the parameter passing conventions of C and FORTRAN 77 These include e a different order of placing parameters on the stack e a different set of registers saved across calls e whether caller or callee removes the parameters from the stack e the FORTRAN 77 limitation to passing parameters by reference address Parameters in C may be passed either by value or by address For the applications programmer this last difference is the most important FORTRAN does not have value parameters Any time a FORTRAN subroutine alters one of its parameters the alteration affects the caller This may not be the case when the interface has been modified by a wrapper Both caller and callee must agree on that data objects are common Wrappers help alleviate these system level differences by relying on the more flexible type specifications available in C By using procedure headers coded in C greater semantic m
122. nd extcentry are found in the directory usr bin on the IRIS Workstation D 3 Interfacing to the IRIS Graphics Library The IRIS Graphics Library is written in C As described in the previous sections its routines cannot be called directly from FORTRAN The wrappers for these routines have been written and are contained in the library usr lib libfgl a This library is searched automatically by f77 1 if the Zg switch discussed below is used In addition the FORTRAN equivalent of the standard graphics include files have been written The first usr lib include fgl h is the equivalent of the C include file gi h It contains the types and declarations of the graphics routines for FORTRAN and the declaration of a common block named GL containing the most commonly used constants in the IRIS Graphics Library NOTE This include file must be included by each FORTRAN routine that must use the IRIS Graphics Library The second include file usr include fdevice h is the equivalent of device h for FORTRAN routines It contains the definition of a common block named DEVICE that contains such constants as colors mouse buttons etc It must be included by each FORTRAN routine that needs these constants As an example a FORTRAN routine that is to use the IRIS Graphics Library would contain the line INCLUDE usr include fgl h in its declaration section The of INCLUDE is in column 1 The FORTRAN 77 compiler on the IRIS Workstation s
123. nd request the transfer of files whose names start with usr xyz The line you usr you allows the ordinary user you to issue commands for files whose name starts with usr you This type restriction is seldom used The lines u m usr xyz usr spool u usr spool allows any remote machine to login with name u If its system name is not m it can only ask to transfer files whose names start with usr spool If it is system m it can send files from paths usr xyz as well as usr spool The lines root usr allow any user to transfer files beginning with usr but the user with login root can transfer any file Note that any file that is to be transferred must be readable by anybody Forwarding File There are two files that allow restrictions to be placed on the forwarding mechanism The format of the entries in each file is the same system or system user user2 The file ORIGFILE usr lib uucp ORIGFILE restricts the access of systems that are attempting to forward through the local system The file contains the list of systems and users for whom the local system is willing to forward Each entry refers to the system that was the source of the original job and not the name of the last system to forward the file The second file FWDFILE usr lib uucp FWDFILE is a list of valid systems that a job can be forwarded to It is not necessarily the name of the destination of a job but merely the next valid node This fil
124. nderstands UNIX system administration For more information see the UNIX Programmer s Manual The sections that follow contain instructions for common system administration tasks for the IRIS Workstation 6 5 Configuration Files There are several files in the directories etc and usr that may or should be edited by the IRIS Workstation system administrator Version 1 0 System Administration etc TZ etc checklist etc cshre etc gettydefs etc group etc inittab etc motd etc passwd etc profile etc re etc sys_id etc termcap Version 1 0 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 33 This file contains an entry for the time zone Several different utilities determine their time zone from this file There are three fields in etc TZ 1 standard heading for time zone 2 offset from Greenwich Mean Time 3 optional daylight savings time zone For example the IRIS Workstation is shipped with the time zone set for Pacific Standard Time PST8PDT For more information see TZ 4 This file contains a list of file systems processed by fsck This file is read at login by accounts that specify the C Shell as the login shell See csh 1 This file contains entries for line speeds and terminal settings used by getty 1M when it initializes a device In addition each line has a field that is displayed when its corresponding port is used to login See Sections 6 8 and gettydefs 4 This file contains informat
125. new free block list will be ordered to reduce time spent by the disk waiting for the disk to rotate into position NO ignore this error condition Phase 6 Salvage Free List This phase concerns itself with the free block list reconstruction This section lists error conditions resulting from the blocks to skip and blocks per cylinder values Default free block list spacing assumed This is an advisory message indicating the blocks to skip is greater than the blocks per cylinder the blocks to skip is less than one the blocks per cylinder is less than one or the blocks per cylinder is greater than 500 The default yalues of 9 blocks to skip and 400 blocks per cylinder are used See the fsck 1M manual entry for further detail Cleanup Once a file system has been checked a few cleanup functions are performed This section lists advisory messages about the file system and modify status of the file system X files Y blocks Z free This is an advisory message indicating that the file system checked contained X files using Y blocks leaving Z blocks free in the file system REBOOTING UNIX This is an advisory message indicating that a mounted file system or the root file system has been modified by fsck UNIX will be rebooted automatically Version 1 0 Appendix B IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 69 FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED This is an advisory message indicating that the current file system was modified by fsc
126. not apply to the pass option meaningful only with data directed to or from dev rmt Write header information in ASCII character form for portability Directories are to be created as needed Similar to B option but block input output to 250K bytes This option is only useful for streaming tape drive operation Interactively rename files If the user types a null line the file is skipped Print a table of contents of the input No files are created u Copy unconditionally normally an older file will not replace a newer file with the same name v Verbose causes a list of file names to be printed When used with the t option the table of contents looks like the output of an Is 1 command see Is 1 1 Whenever possible link files rather than copying them Usable only with the p option m Retain previous file modification time This option is ineffective on directories that are being copied Copy in all files except those in pattems Swap bytes Use only with the i option S Swap halfwords Use only with the i option san LY n e oO eA Version 1 0 1 October 1984 CPIO 1 Silicon Graphics CPIO 1 b Swap both bytes and halfwords Use only with the i option 6 Process an old i e UNIX System Sixth Edition format file Only useful with i copy in EXAMPLE Is cpio o gt dev mt0 or cpio o0 copies the contents of a directory into an archive cd olddir find depth print cpio pdl newdi
127. nterface in a few important ways First the physio procedure now takes the following arguments physio strategy tab dev rdwri min int strategy struct buf tab dev_t dev int rdwri int min strategy is the address of the device driver strategy routine tab points to the head of the devices active queue dev is the argument given to the devread or devwrite routine rdwri is either B_READ or B_WRITE as defined in h buf h min is the address of a routine use to bound the amount of physio done for the current request The physio routine uses minphys to bound a given request but will continue to loop until u u_count is zero or an error occurs The standard minimum routine for DMA drivers is called minphys and is defined in h system h In the case where a driver needs its own minphys routine it is recommended that the system minphys routine be called prior to the bounding done by the device driver This will account for hardware limitations on virtual I O J 3 Kernel Generation The Silicon Graphics configuration system is based on the Berkeley auto configuration mechanism provided by 4 2BSD Its purpose is to ease the task of system construction and to automate as much of the kernel generation as seems reasonable What config 8 provides is the ability to generate a makefile to construct the system as well as a configuration file describing the devices to be used by the system First we will give the
128. o their original modes ignoring the present umask 2 Setuid and sticky information will also be restored to the super user 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 This modifier selects an alternate drive on which the tape is mounted The default is dev rmt1 v Normally tar does its work silently The v verbose option make tar type the name of each file it treats preceded by the function letter With the t function the verbose option gives more infor mation about the tape entries than just their names w Tar prints the action to be taken followed by file name then waits for user confirmation If a word beginning with y is given the action is done Any other input means don t do it f Tar uses the next argument as the name of the archive instead of dev rmtl If the name of the file is tar writes to standard out put or reads from standard input whichever is appropriate Thus tar can be used as the head or tail of a filter chain Tar can also be used to move hierarchies with the command cd fromdir tar cf cd todir tar xf b Tar uses the next argument as the blocking factor for tape records The default is 400 for the cartridge tape 1 for standard input and standard output and 20 otherwise The block size is usually determined automatically when reading tapes if the tape was written with a blocking factor that does not exceed the default for that device 20 or 400 The default blocking factor should be used for ca
129. on a terminal emulator and a dispatch routine The communication section controls the network connection where network is taken to mean RS 232 Ethernet XNS or IP TCP or IEEE 488 any reliable byte stream protocol We call the computer on the other end of this network the remote host and programs that run there control the IRIS terminal program The terminal emulator part behaves like a standard ASCII terminal Characters sent to this routine are drawn on the textport and certain escape characters have special interpretations insert line move cursor clear textport etc The dispatch routine reads characters from the network does the appropriate thing on the IRIS and perhaps returns characters to the remote host When graphics programs are not being run on the remote host this usually amounts to sending every character to the terminal emulator part of the program If the IRIS is not in graphics mode the dispatch routine also sends keystrokes from the keyboard to the remote host If the graphical escape character is sent by the remote host the dispatch routine will go into graphics mode and will interpret the next few characters as a graphics command The graphical part of the dispatch routine is completely table driven The format of the table below is artificially simple the exact details appear later in this document but we will use it to show how the dispatch routine works move FFE move2i yy un
130. ons to the physical I O interface will be discussed here Refer to the document Building 4 2BSD UNIX Systems with Config for a discussion of the auto configuration additions Device Addressing All devices are addressed through the Multibus I O space The OEM customer is restricted to the Multibus addresses within the range 0xF000 to OxFFFF Silicon Graphics has reserved the remainder of the Multibus I O space for its own use The constant MBIOBASE defined in pmll cpureg h is used as the base address for the Multibus I O space The actual device address in the kernel virtual space is the sum of the MBIOBASE constant and the device s assigned Multibus I O address A second restriction for OEM Multibus devices is that they decode full 16 bit I O addresses Older 8 bit decoding I O devices will not function correctly They may also damage themselves and any other device on the bus This damage can also occur when configuring two devices at the same address It is strongly recommended that you verify your device addresses to make sure it is within the allowed address range Version 1 0 142 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix J Interrupt Levels Currently the only interrupt level available for OEM use is level 5 and is further restricted to the IRIS Workstation Development is in progress to allow shared interrupt levels Physical I O Interface The physical I O interface under the IRIS system is different from the standard System V i
131. oot lib tmp usr dev lost found unix version iris gt searches the root file system and lists its contents After locating a file it can be booted explicitly with the d command For example iris gt d unix See Table 6 1 for a list of the commands available through the PROM Monitor 6 2 Boot Checkout Information If the configuration switch switch 3 is set to the position the IRIS Workstation will display additional information during system startup e Scan processor memory An X is displayed for each half megabyte of memory and a is displayed for each non existent half megabyte of memory e Clear processor memory e Map processor memory e Display configuration switch values This information is intended for diagnostic purposes only Normally the configuration switch should be set to the position 6 3 UNIX Single User Mode After the IRIS Workstation has been booted it will display some system information See Figure 6 1 for an example This includes information about the software release memory size hardware configuration and the file system NOTE UNIX single user mode should be used only for system maintenance Normal operation should occur only in multi user mode Initially the IRIS Workstation is booted in UNIX single user mode The following procedure starts multi user mode and sets the date The important file for starting multi user mode is etc rc It contains commands for starting daemons and
132. orrection of Corruption A quiescent file system may be checked for structural integrity by performing consistency checks on the redundant data intrinsic to a file system The redundant data is either read from the file system or computed from other known values A quiescent state is important during the checking of a file system because of the multi pass nature of the fsck program When an inconsistency is discovered fsck reports the inconsistency for the operator to choose a corrective action This section tells how to discover inconsistencies and possible corrective actions for the super block the inodes the indirect blocks the data blocks containing directory entries and the free list blocks These corrective actions can be performed interactively by the fsck command under control of the operator 3 i e unmounted and not being written on Version 1 0 50 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix B Super Block One of the most common corrupted items is the super block The super block is prone to corruption because every change to the file system s blocks or inodes modifies the super block The super block and its associated parts are most often corrupted when the computer is halted and the last command involving output to the file system was not a sync command The super block can be checked for inconsistencies involving file system size inode list size free block list free block count and the free inode count File System S
133. oteworthy Differences Between C and FORTRAN 77 There are significant differences between the type conventions of C and FORTRAN 77 e As described in the IRIS User s Guide arrays in C are stored in row major order last subscript varies fastest while FORTRAN stores them in column major order e Arrays in C are zero based Arrays in FORTRAN can have their subscript base specified but default to one e When an integer expression is passed as a parameter in C the result is always a 32 bit object This is the case with the FORTRAN 77 compiler unless the INT2 option is used Using this option integer expressions are evaluated into 16 bit objects Use of the INT2 option is not recommended when interfacing FORTRAN to C e Astring character variable in FORTRAN 77 has an associated static length that accompanies it when it is passed as a parameter Strings in C are null terminated to determine the length There are two syntax constructs used during wrapper generation that specify how to pass strings from FORTRAN to C The first specifies that the FORTRAN string being passed should be copied and null terminated The second specifies that the wrapper should pass the address of the non null terminated FORTRAN string e Routine names in C are preceded by an underscore and are of mixed case and arbitrary length Routine names in FORTRAN are not Version 1 0 76 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix D preceded by an underscore are entirely i
134. ounted on casters The Monitor is a high resolution 19 inch color monitor The Keyboard is an 83 key up down encoded keyboard The Mouse is a 3 button mouse The Switch Box has 32 independently programmable switches and 32 independently programmable LED indicator lights An 8 character LED display gives status information for the Dial Box and the Switch Box The Dial Box optional has 8 independently programmable valuators for sending analog information to an application program for the IRIS Terminal 3 2 Ethernet Equipment The IRIS Workstation can be connected to an Ethernet local area network with an Ethernet transceiver and drop cable e The Ethernet Transceiver connects the IRIS Workstation to the Ethernet Version 1 0 6 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE IRIS Workstation Specifications Figure 3 1 IRIS Workstation System Version 1 0 IRIS Workstation Specifications IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 7 e 1 15 conductor drop cable connects the Cabinet to an Ethernet transceiver 3 3 Cables Each IRIS Workstation is supplied with a cable set for connecting the IRIS Workstation components e 4 bundled color coded coaxial video cables connect the video output of the Cabinet to the Monitor e 1 25 conductor control cable connects the Cabinet to the Monitor This cable sends and receives signals between the Cabinet and the Mouse Keyboard and button on the IRIS Control Panel 2 10 foot 3 wire grounded AC power cables provide powe
135. pped with the name IRIS To change this edit the file etc sys_id insert a new name and reboot the system Be sure that there are no blanks in the name and that it is fewer than 14 characters long 6 7 Adding a New Account New accounts can be created on the IRIS Workstation by adding a line to the file etc passwd Additionally the system administrator can set up the new user s environment with startup files home directories etc These are largely matters of personal taste and will not be covered here except in outline form 1 Edit the file etc passwd This file contains a line for each account ona UNIX system Each line has seven fields separated by colons See passwd 4 1 Account Name 2 Encrypted User Password 3 User Number 4 Group Number 5 Name 6 Home Directory default 7 Login Shell default bin sh Figure 6 2 contains an example etc passwd file Add a line for the new account Be sure that it contains a group number and a unique account name and user number The home directory should be specified in the sixth field The login shell should be specified in the seventh field For example to add an account for a user named peter the following line might be inserted peter 10 20 Peter Broadwell usr staff peter bin csh 2 Edit the file etc group to include the new user in any additional groups Entries to this file are optional See group 4 Figure 6 3 contains an example etc group file Each line co
136. ppendices D and E Silicon Graphics Inc extcentry 1 cc 1 DIAGNOSTICS Mkf2c and mkc2f are very simple minded about diagnosing syntax errors They can detect such things as a formal parameter having its type declared when it is not in the formal parameter list A few such cases give intellig able error messages The programs will complain about types they do not understand The default type assigned in such cases is simple pointer Mkf2c and mkc2f will also delete characters from FORTRAN entry names which are illegal e g underscores The user will be warned in such instances Most errors that the programs detect are indicated only by the source line number If mkf2c or mkc2f encounter an error which they cannot remedy they will abort giving the line number on which the error occurred The resultant s file will be removed and an error exit will be taken Because of their limited error diagnostic ability it is advisable to use cc 1 to determine whether the input syntax is correct before passing it to mkc2f or mkf2c BUGS mkf2c and mkc2f cannot understand the standard C type unsigned long Since the effect of this type combination so far as the programs are concerned is the same as the C types int long and unsigned int one of these types should be substituted October 1984 2 Version 1 0 SGBOOT IM Silicon Graphics SGBOOT 1M NAME sgboot provide network boot service SYNOPSIS sgboot system name boot directory
137. ps 60 hertz single phase two wires ground Power consumption 883 watts 1240 KVA Heat dissipation 3012 BTU hour Card slots 20 Table 2 1 IRIS Workstation Environmental Specifications Compare the equipment included in the tray with the list in Section 3 If any parts appear to be missing contact Silicon Graphics Customer Service see Section 1 Cut the plastic straps on the white carton Open the top of the carton and remove the foam cap Lift the carton off of the Cabinet Lift the Cabinet off the base pallet and set it on the floor Remove the foam spacers The Cabinet is shipped inside a large plastic bag Remove the Cabinet from the bag Check for damage to the Cabinet Remove the front panel from the Cabinet and check that the boards inside are firmly attached The Cabinet has four castors on its base that allow it to be rolled across a surface Roll it to the location where it will be used Version 1 0 3 IRIS Workstation Specifications IRIS 1400 Cabinet 29 0 27 0 200 0 Ibs Monitor 18 0 21 0 97 0 lbs Keyboard 1 5 8 5 5 0 lbs Mouse 1 0 3 0 0 5 Ibs Transceiver 2 0 4 0 0 8 lbs Table 3 1 IRIS Workstation Component Specifications 3 1 Hardware Components Each IRIS Workstation system has four hardware components see Figure 3 1 The Electronics Cabinet is a floor standing unit with a 20 slot backplane and a power supply The Cabinet uses forced air cooling and is m
138. pure C programs additional symbol table information will be gen erated for dbx 1 Include libx a as a library Id should search for undefined references Id will look for the library first in the directory lib then in usr lib and finally in usr local lib The string x may be more than one letter Normally cc passes the n switch to Id which causes it to load the program with shared text The n switch suppresses the passing of n to ld o output Name the final output file output P X Tell ccom to generate code to count subroutine calls for use with prof Neither FORTRAN nor Pascal support profiling By default cc passes a x flag to Id in order to suppress local sym bols from the final symbol table The x flag inhibits this default prevent the macro preprocessor from removing C style comments found in the source Such comments are always removed from Pas cal programs D name def D name E I dir O xx Version 1 0 Define the name to the preprocessor as if by define There should be no blanks between the D and the symbol to be defined If no definition is given the name is defined as 1 Run only the macro preprocessor on the named C Pascal and FOR TRAN source and send the result to the standard output Look in directory dir for missing include files Include files whose names are surrounded by double quotes and do not begin with are always sought first in the directory of
139. quest to link a directory in lost found This will always invoke the UNREF error condition in Phase 4 Check access modes of lost found See fsck 1M manual entry for further detail SORRY NO SPACE IN lost found DIRECTORY There is no space to add another entry to the lJost found directory in the root directory of the file system fsck ignores the request to link a directory in lost found This will always invoke the UNREF error condition in Phase 4 Clean out unnecessary entries in lost found or make lost found larger See fsck 1M manual entry for further detail DIR I I1 CONNECTED PARENT WAS I I2 This is an advisory message indicating a directory inode I1 was successfully connected to the lost found directory The parent inode I2 of the directory inode I1 is replaced by the inode number of the lost found directory See Section 4 4 and 4 2 2 Phase 4 Check Reference Counts This phase concerns itself with the link count information seen in Phase 2 and Phase 3 This section lists error conditions resulting from unreferenced files missing or full lost found directory incorrect link counts for files directories or special files unreferenced files and directories bad and duplicate blocks in files and directories and incorrect total free inode counts UNREF FILE I I OWNER O MODE M SIZE S MTIME T RECONNECT Inode I was not connected to a directory entry when the file system was traversed The owner O mode M size S and modify time
140. r duplicates a directory hierarchy The trivial case find depth print cpio oB gt dev rmt0 can be han dled more efficiently by find cpio dev rmt0 SEE ALSO ar 1 find 1 cpio 4 BUGS Path names are restricted to 128 characters If there are too many unique linked files the program runs out of memory to keep track of them and thereafter linking information is lost Only the super user can copy special files The B and h options do not work with certain magnetic tape drives October 1984 2 Version 1 0 EXTCENTRY 1 Silicon Graphics EXTCENTRY 1 NAME extcentry extract FORTRAN callable entry points from a C file SYNOPSIS extcentry infile outfile DESCRIPTION extcentry is used to extract C functions for which FORTRAN callable interface routines wrappers are to be generated by the program mkf2c extcentry accepts as input any C file infile and outputs to outfile only those portions which are surrounded by the special comments CENTRY and END CENTRY The first step in generating a FORTRAN to C interface routine is to surround only those C functions for which entry points are to be generated by these special comments and to run the file through extcentry The FORTRAN to C intertace generator program mkf2c 1 can then be invoked on the resultant file to generate the assembly language wrapper This is necessary since mkf2c 1 understands only a limited subset of the C grammar and cannot parse su
141. r a dial out modem To connect a modem to the IRIS Workstation for dial in use a getty must be started on the appropriate port To do this edit etc inittab and delete the x in the second field of the line corresponding to the selected port Then run telinit q to have init reread etc inittab 6 10 Connecting a Printer to the IRIS Workstation A printer can be connected to the IRIS Workstation through or on the Cabinet I O Panel 1 See Section 4 6 for instructions on how to physically connect the IRIS Workstation to a printer with an RS 232 serial line 2 Edit the file etc inittab Each line corresponds to a device file in dev and contains four fields separated by colons See Table 6 2 for a list of the correspondences between device files and physical ports Find the line for the selected port and put an x in the second field This prevents a getty process from being run on the port See inittab 4 Version 1 0 40 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE System Administration systty console syscon ttyd2 ttyd3 ttyd4 ttyni ttyn2 Figure 6 6 Sample etc ttytype File Link the device file for the printer port to dev lp For example to link the device file for ln dev ttyd3 dev 1p Make the printer port writable to every user chmod 666 dev 1p If the printer has XON XOFF capabilities initialize the port with stty See stty 1 For example stty ixon sleep 100000 lt dev lp This line should then be added to the sy
142. r each indirect block associated with the inode If the actual number of blocks does not match the computed number of blocks fsck will warn of a possible file size error This is only a warning because UNix does not fill in blocks in files created in random order Indirect Blocks Indirect blocks are owned by an inode Therefore inconsistencies in indirect blocks directly affect the inode that owns it Inconsistencies that can be checked are blocks already claimed by another inode and block numbers outside the range of the file system For a discussion of detection and correction of the inconsistencies associated with indirect blocks apply iteratively Sections 4 2 3 and 4 2 4 to each level of indirect blocks Data Blocks The two types of data blocks are plain data blocks and directory data blocks Plain data blocks contain the information stored in a file Directory data blocks contain directory entries Fsck does not attempt to check the validity of the contents of a plain data block Each directory data block can be checked for inconsistencies involving directory inode numbers pointing to unallocated inodes directory inode numbers greater than the number of inodes in the file system incorrect directory inode numbers for and and directories which are disconnected from the file system If a directory entry inode number points to an unallocated inode then fsck may remove that directory entry This condition probably
143. r for the Monitor and Cabinet e 1 37 pin flat cable connects the Dial Box to the Switch Box e 1 9 pin cable connects the Switch Box to on the Cabinet I O Panel e 1 3 wire AC power cable provides power for the Dial Box and the Switch Box 3 4 Monitor The Monitor has two control panels the IRIS Control Panel on the front left and the Monitor Control Panel on the front right On the back of the Monitor are several ports for receiving video signals a power socket and a control cable port IRIS Control Panel The IRIS Control Panel has two ports for connecting the Keyboard and Mouse to the Monitor a button and two indicator lights see Figure 3 2 e 1 DIN socket labeled is a port for connecting the Keyboard to the Monitor e 1 slide locking D socket labeled is a port for connecting the Mouse to the Monitor 1 LED labeled indicates that power for the Cabinet is switched on e 1 LED labeled indicates that the processor is stopped e1 button is located on the IRIS Control Panel Pressing this button resets the processor which in turn resets the rest of the system After the button has been pressed the IRIS Version 1 0 8 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE IRIS Workstation Specifications IRIS Control Panel POWER HALT RESET xevsoann J CO MOUSE Monitor Contro Panel CONTRAST BRIGHTNESS DEGAUSS HEALTH POWER n hi Figure 3 2 IRIS Control Panel and Monitor Control Panel Version 1 0 IRIS
144. rd input for a list of files to back up one per line the list is terminated by an EOF For example to back up all files that have changed in the last week one might use FILES find mtime 7 print tar c dev rmt tmp tar DIAGNOSTICS Complaints about bad key characters and tape read write errors Complaints if enough memory is not available to hold the link tables BUGS There is no way to ask for the n th occurrence of a file Tape errors are handled ungracefully The u option can be slow File name length is limited to 100 characters The data for a file with multiple links is output to tape with the first link encountered Thus an attempt to extract a subsequent link by itself will not have the desired result The cartridge tape drive always reads and writes 512 byte records October 1984 3 Version 1 0 XCP 1 Silicon Graphics XCP 1 NAME xcp remote file copy SYNOPSIS xcp file1 file2 xcp r file directory DESCRIPTION xcp copies files between machines filel is copied to file2 or file is copied to directory file Each file or directory argument is either a remote file name of the form rhost path or a local file name with a inserted before any s The login name of the user sending a file over the network must be recognized by the remote machine or rhost may take the form rhost rname to use rname rather than the current login name on the remote host xcp does not prompt for p
145. rectory was not connected to a directory entry when the file system was traversed The owner O mode M size S and modify time T of inode I are printed See Section 4 2 2 and 4 4 Possible responses to the CLEAR prompt are YES de allocate inode I by zeroing its contents NO ignore this error condition BAD DUP FILE I I OWNER O MODE M SIZE S MTIMEST CLEAR Phase 1 or Phase 1b have found duplicate blocks or bad blocks associated with file inode I The owner O mode M size S and modify time T of inode I are printed See Section 4 2 3 and 4 2 4 Possible responses to the CLEAR prompt are YES de allocate inode I by zeroing its contents NO ignore this error condition Version 1 0 66 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix B BAD DUP DIR I I OWNER O MODE M SIZE S MTIME T CLEAR Phase 1 or Phase 1b have found duplicate blocks or bad blocks associated with directory inode I The owner O mode M size S and modify time T of inode I are printed See Section 4 2 3 and 4 2 4 Possible responses to the CLEAR prompt are YES de allocate inode I by zeroing its contents NO ignore this error condition FREE INODE COUNT WRONG IN SUPERBLK FIX The actual count of the free inodes does not match the count in the super block of the file system See Section 4 1 4 Possible responses to the FIX prompt are YES replace the count in the super block by the actual count NO ignore this error condition Phase 5 Check Free List This pha
146. ressed at Multibus I O address 0xFEDC in the OEM range 0xF000 to OxFFFF The interrupt level of this controller must be level 5 This device is an smd disk controller which drives at most 4 disks in a standard smd manner We will give the device the name wa This name is used in dev for the device nodes and by config 8 for autoconfiguring and diagnostic purposes Based on this information the necessary specifications for the configuration file are Version 1 0 Appendix J d IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 145 Wahoo 727 smd disk controller controller wahO at mb0 csr OxFEDC priority 5 vector waintr disk wad at wahO drive 0 disk wal at wahO drive 1 disk wa2 at wahO drive 2 disk wa3 at wahO drive 3 The source for the Wahoo 727 driver lives in usr sys OEM wahoo c To generate the kernel the necessary steps are 1 10 Change the directory to the kernel configuration directory 4 cd usr sys conf Choose a configuration template file and copy it cp 1400 OEM Edit the file OEM and modify the ident line to reflect the new system name ident PMII gt ident OEM Add the wahoo configuration specifications to the file OEM Wahoo 727 smd disk controller controller wahO at mbO csr OxFEDC priority 5 vector waintr disk wad at wahO drive 0 disk wal at wahO drive 1 disk wa2 at wahO drive 2 disk wa3 at wahO drive 3 Place the following line in the file files OEM OEM wahoo c optional wa device driver Configure a ma
147. reviously claimed that block This section lists the error condition when the duplicate block is found B DUP IFI Inode I contains block number B which is already claimed by another inode This error condition will always invoke the BAD DUP error condition in Phase 2 You can determine which inodes have overlapping blocks by examining this error condition and the DUP error condition in Phase 1 See Section 4 2 3 Phase 2 Check Pathnames This phase concerns itself with removing directory entries pointing to error conditioned inodes from Phase 1 and Phase 1b This section lists error conditions resulting from root inode mode and status directory inode pointers in range and directory entries pointing to bad inodes ROOT INODE UNALLOCATED TERMINATING The root inode usually inode number 2 has no allocate mode bits This should never happen The program will terminate See Section 4 2 1 ROOT INODE NOT DIRECTORY FIX Version 1 0 Appendix B IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 61 The root inode usually inode number 2 is not directory inode type See Section 4 2 1 Possible responses to the FIX prompt are YES replace the root inode s type to be a directory If the root inode s data blocks are not directory blocks a VERY large number of error conditions will be produced NO terminate the program DUPS BAD IN ROOT INODE CONTINUE Phase 1 or Phase 1b have found duplicate blocks or bad blocks in the root inode usually inode num
148. rge number of bad blocks in an inode this may be due to an indirect block not being written to the file system Fsck will prompt the operator to clear both inodes Size Checks Each inode contains a thirty two bit four byte size field This size indicates the number of characters in the file associated with the inode This size can be checked for inconsistencies e g directory sizes that are not a multiple of sixteen characters or the number of blocks actually used not matching that indicated by the inode size Version 1 0 Appendix B IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 53 A directory inode within the Unix file system has the directory bit on in the inode mode word The directory size must be a multiple of sixteen because a directory entry contains sixteen bytes of information two bytes for the inode number and fourteen bytes for the file or directory name Fsck will warn of such directory misalignment This is only a warning because not enough information can be gathered to correct the misalignment A rough check of the consistency of the size field of an inode can be performed by computing from the size field the number of blocks that should be associated with the inode and comparing it to the actual number of blocks claimed by the inode Fsck calculates the number of blocks that there should be in an inode by dividing the number of characters in a inode by the number of characters per block 1024 and rounding up Fsck adds one block fo
149. rmtl Density 10 000 flux changes per inch 100K per foot Speed 90 inches per second Tape Lengths 300 and 450 feet Suppliers 3M Scotch Data Electronics Inc Table 6 4 Tape Drive Specifications WARNING Do not press either button or the switch while UNIX is running without first using the etc reboot q command If the IRIS Workstation is under the control of the PROM Monitor then the buttons and the switch may be safely used 1 To shut down UNIX type etc reboot q etc reboot q NOTE etc reboot q is a privileged command requiring super user permission 2 Set the switch on the Cabinet to the position 6 14 Crash Recovery This section is necessarily incomplete See Appendix C for a list of error messages and probable causes If the IRIS Workstation stops running for some reason first try to reboot it without hitting the button Use the etc reboot q command etc reboot q If keystrokes are not echoed or for some other reason it is not possible to shut down the system gently press the button and hope that the file systems aren t damaged The next step is to boot the system with the normal boot procedure During the boot procedure the file check program fsck will be run and will display information about the state of the file system Appendix B explains how to use fsck crash 8 is a manual entry with advice on recovering from a crash Version 1 0 System Administration IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 4
150. rresponds to a Version 1 0 System Administration IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 35 root 0 0 Superuser bin csh rootcsh 0 0 Superuser bin csh rootsh 0 0 Superuser bin sh daemon 1 4 bin 2 2 Binary Files uucp 3 5 UUCP Login Account usr spool uucpPublic usr lib uucp uucico adm 5 3 Administration usr adm uucpadm 8 8 UUCP Administration usr lib uucp lp 9 9 Line Printer guest 998 998 usr people guest bin csh Figure 6 2 Sample etc passwd File group There are four fields to a line The asterisk in the second field indicates that there is no group password 1 Group Name 2 Encrypted Group Password 3 Group Number 4 Group Members If the new user wishes to be included in the group adm then the system administrator can append the user s name to the line for the group adm User names in this field are separated by commas adm 3 henry peter 3 Make a home directory for the new user The ownership file and group protections should also be set for the new directory For example mkdir usr staff peter chgrp user usr staff peter chmod 755 usr staff peter chown peter usr staff peter mkdir 1 makes the home directory for the new user chgrp 1 changes the group of the new directory The chmod 1 command is used to set the protection parameters on a file or directory These parameters can also be set by the owner of the file or directory chown 1 is a privilege
151. rtridge tape A tar tape created by writing to the stan dard output should be read from standard input 1 tells tar to complain if it cannot resolve all of the links to the files dumped If this is not specified no error messages are printed Version 1 0 2 October 1984 TAR 1 m q Silicon Graphics TAR 1 tells tar not to restore the modification times The modification time will be the time of extraction Force tar to continue reading past tape errors Force tar to follow symbolic links as if they were normal files or directories Forces input and output blocking to 20 blocks per record This option is so that far can work across a communications channel where the blocking may not be maintained When extracting from tape ignore leading slashes on file names i e extract all files relative to the current directory For each file extracted unlink existing file if any Don t chown or chgrp files Turn on debugging and extra error diagnostics Supplying this flag multiple times increases debugging level If a file name is preceded by C then tar will perform a chdir 2 to that file name This allows multiple directories not related by a close common parent to be archived using short relative path names For example to archive files from usr include and from etc one might use tar c C usr include C etc If a file name of is given on the command line when making an archive then tar will read its standa
152. s for the IRIS Terminal programming environment setenv BASE usr progenv engr setenv DESTDIR usr progenv engr setenv MACHINE MC68000 setenv SYSTEM SYSTEMS NNN 4 Next source the file env csh if you are using csh the C shell or env sh if you use sh the Bourne shell source env csh K 4 Adding Commands to the IRIS Graphics Library To add anew command to the IRIS Graphics Library you need to e Write and test on the IRIS Workstation if possible the routine to be added e Add this routine to the IRIS srclterm local c file e Make an appropriate entry into the command table IRIS lib lib prim Section W 5 describes the entry format of the IRIS lib lib prim file e Run makefile s that automatically generate a new version of the IRIS terminal program and of the remote graphics library As an example suppose you wish to make an IRIS Graphics Library command that clears the screen to a given color and then returns the number of bitplanes on the system The following routine on the IRIS Workstation does this short funnycolor col Colorindex col color col clear 0 return getplanes If you call x fumnycolor BLack on the remote host the screen will clear to BLACK and the number of available bitplanes will be returned in x Version 1 0 Appendix K IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 151 The IRIS Terminal programming environment muakefile s are set up so that simplest change addin
153. s made for specifying a password with a command If you omit comand then instead of executing a single command you will be logged in on the remote host using xx 1 Shell metacharacters which are not quoted are interpreted on the local machine while quoted metacharacters are interpreted on the remote machine Thus the command xx otherhost cat remotefile gt gt localfile appends the remote file remotefile to the local file localfile while xx otherhost cat remotefile gt gt otherremotefile appends remotefile to otherremotefile SEE ALSO xlogin 1 xcp 1 BUGS If you are using csh 1 and put an xx 1 in the background without redirect ing its input away from the terminal it will block even if no reads are posted by the remote command You cannot run an interactive command like vi 1 use xlogin 1 Stop signals stop the local xx process only this is arguably wrong but currently hard to fix tor reasons too complicated to explain here October 1984 1 Version 1 0 XLOGIN 1 Silicon Graphics XLOGIN 1 NAME xlogin remote login SYNOPSIS xlogin rhost DESCRIPTION xlogin connects your terminal on the current local host system to the remote host system rhost All echoing takes place at the remote site so that except for delays xlogin is transparent Flow control via S and Q and flushing of input and output on interrupts are handled properly A line of the form disconnects from the remote host
154. se concerns itself with the free block list This section lists error conditions resulting from bad blocks in the free block list bad free blocks count duplicate blocks in the free block list unused blocks from the file system not in the free block list and the total free block count incorrect EXCESSIVE BAD BLKS IN FREE LIST CONTINUE The free block list contains more than a tolerable number usually 10 of blocks with a value less than the first data block in the file system or greater than the last block in the file system See Section 4 1 2 and 4 2 4 Possible responses to the CONTINUE prompt are YES ignore the rest of the free block list and continue the execution of fsck This error condition will alwavs invoke the BAD BLKS IN FREE LIST error condition in Phase 5 NO terminate the program EXCESSIVE DUP BLKS IN FREE LIST CONTINUE The free block list contains more than a tolerable number usually 10 of blocks claimed by inodes or earlier parts of the free block list See Section 4 1 2 and 4 2 3 Version 1 0 Appendix B IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 67 Possible responses to the CONTINUE prompt are YES ignore the rest of the free block list and continue the execution of fsck This error condition will always invoke the DUP BLKS IN FREE LIST error condition in Phase 5 NO terminate the program BAD FREEBLK COUNT The count of free blocks in a free list block is greater than 50 or less than zero This error condition will
155. ses for the given swap space Try running a more modest number of processes I The following diagnostics indicate problems with the kernel a trap b kernel address error c kernel bus error J The following diagnostics indicate problems with the Ethernet hardware or software a nxpresent cleared b xns_ttstart K panic recursion The system got a panic message while trying to inform the console of a panic L The following diagnostics indicate problems with the graphics hardware or software a grkillproc wacko graphics b grkillproc SIGKILL failed kernel gr reset failed an kernel gr error Version 1 0 Appendix C IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 73 e random gr error f wnrepaint Version 1 0 74 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix C Version 1 0 Appendix D The C FORTRAN Interface The FORTRAN 77 compiler on the IRIS Workstation uses a procedure calling convention that is incompatible with C To intermix C and FORTRAN routines special interface modules called wrappers are used to transform calling sequences The first section of this appendix outlines the differences between C and FORTRAN The second section describes a set of programs and shell scripts that automate the generation of wrappers The third section defines the interface between FORTRAN and the IRIS Graphics Library The fourth section contains advice about FORTRAN types The last section has a brief description of Hollerith for FORTRAN 77 D 1 N
156. sing a null modem 2 Connection over the Direct Distance Dialing DDD network 3 Ethernet with XNS protocols In choosing hardware the equipment used by other processors on the network must be considered For example if some systems on the network have only 102 type 300 baud data sets then communication with them is not possible unless the local system has a 300 baud data set connected to a calling unit Most data sets available on systems are 1200 baud If hard wired connections are to be used between systems then the distance between systems must be considered since a null modem cannot be used when the systems are separated by more than several hundred feet The limit for communication at 9600 baud is about 800 to 1000 feet However the RS232 specification and Western Electric Support Groups only allow for less than 50 feet Limited distance modems must be used beyond 50 feet as noise on the lines becomes a problem Maintenance and Administration There is a minimum amount of maintenance that must be provided on each system to keep the access files updated to ensure that the network is running properly and to track down line problems When more than one system is involved the job becomes more difficult because there are more files to update and because users are much less patient when failures occur between machines that are under local control 1 3 UUCP Software The uucp 1 or uux 1 command queues user s requests and spawns
157. so in all cases the second part of the entry is in upper case To return a short use the entry e S The e tells the awk script to use the type short and that the value is sent as a 16 bit short It might seem that f S should be used as listed in the defined types in the comment in lib prim but this would cause the awk scripts to generate short foo instead of short foo Basically the problem is the difference between variables appearing on the left and right hand side of an assignment The assignment a takes the value of b and stuffs it into the location of a K 6 Generating a Remote Graphics Library A remote graphics library libgl a can be compiled with a single make procedure 1 Change the current directory to usr progenv host c src gl Version 1 0 Appendix K IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 153 cd usr progenv host c src gl 2 Compile the remote graphics library make install The new remote graphics library is in the directory usr progenv engr c lib It can be copied and ranlib ed to some other directory K 7 Generating an IRIS Terminal Program An IRIS terminal program iris can be compiled with a single make procedure 1 Change the current directory to usr progenv term 4 cd usr progenv term 2 Compile the IRIS terminal program make install The new IRIS terminal programs will be generated in BOOT test This make command generates three IRIS terminal programs iris tcpiris and iris488
158. stalled will cause a run time abort Load the program with the special files and libraries necessary for IRIS graphics programs When this switch is used the graphics library lg and the math library Im or Imsky if the Zf flag has also been specified is given by default Special files must be loaded for using graphics with each source language Hence cc must be able to determine the combination of languages involved in the link step If the compilation line specified f77 a FORTRAN source file with the extension f OR the switch ZF is given cc assumes that FORTRAN routines are present In this case the program is also loaded with the FORTRAN graphics interface library lfgl and the FORTRAN object file containing the block data initialization of the common areas DEVICE and GL usr bin fgldat j If the compilation line specified pc a Pascal source file with the extension p OR the switch ZP is given cc assumes that Pascal routines are present The program is loaded with the special Pascal jump table usr lib pjmptbl o and Id is told to make only eight characters signi ficant in function names during calls to the graphics library Zi filename Use the file named filename as the run time startup rather than the standard C run time startup This may be useful for generating standalone programs Time all subprocesses and report these times on stdout at the end of the compilation Turn on verbose mode In verbose mode the C
159. stem startup file etc rc init must be informed of the change to the etc inittab file etc telinit q This causes init to read etc inittab and enable a port for the line printer Test the line printer cat etc passwd gt dev 1p lpr etc passwd pr f 166 etc rc lpr 6 11 Enabling a Network Connection to the IRIS Workstation The IRIS Workstation can be connected to an Ethernet local area network 1 See Section 4 7 for instructions on how to physically connect the IRIS Workstation to an Ethernet local area network network Edit the file etc inittab Each line corresponds to a device file in dev and contains four fields separated by colons See Table 6 2 for a list of the correspondences between device files and physical ports Find the line for the selected port and delete the x in the second field See inittab 4 for more information init must be informed of the change to the etc inittab file Version 1 0 System Administration IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 41 C Shell login Bourne Shell profile set noglob eval tset Q s set temp tset Q S setenv TERM temp 1 setenv TERMCAP temp 2 unset temp unset noglob Table 6 3 tset Commands for Startup Files etc telinit q This causes init to read etc inittab and enable ports for network login 4 Edit the file etc ttytype This file maps each device to a terminal type See Figure 6 6 for an example etc ttytype f
160. step by step procedure for generating a kernel with OEM supplied device drivers An example follows the procedure Version 1 0 Appendix J IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 143 Procedue for Kernel generation 1 Change your directory to the standard kernel configuration area cd usr sys conft 2 Choose a template file based on your IRIS Workstation model and its options Currently the following kinds of configurations are available 1400 The standard 1400 system 1400gpib The standard 1400 system with a GPIB interface 1400tcp The standard 1400 system with TCP 1500 The standard 1500 system 1500gpib The standard 1500 system with a GPIB interface 1500tcp The standard 1500 system with TCP 3 Choose a system name This name binds together the configuration operation 4 Copy the template file onto an OEM specific configuration file cp system name system name 5 Create a directory to build your kernel in mkdir system name 6 Edit the configuration file created in step 3 and modify the ident line to reflect the system name you have chosen 7 Add your device driver specifications to your configuration file as created from the template file in step 3 8 Create the file files system name to contain the necessary information describing each of the OEM device drivers See the document Building 4 2BSD UNIX Systems with Config for further details of the format for this file 9 Create the makefile to genera
161. t This corresponds to conventions commonly used in FORTRAN 66 dialects NOTE The use of Hollerith strings in new programs is strongly discouraged since it is not part of the FORTRAN 77 standard Version 1 0 88 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix D Version 1 0 Appendix E IRIS Floating Point E 1 Introduction This paper outlines the implementation of floating point in the C language on the IRIS Workstation Floating point formats precision conventions exception handling non standard language semantics and internal compiler enhancements are discussed E 2 Floating Point Formats The IRIS Workstation uses the IEEE floating point format The IRIS implementation offers single and double precision floating point in the basic format as outlined in the draft standard The IEEE standard is considerably more complex and more precise than most other floating point standards because of the way the standard deals with boundary conditions e In most floating point formats when the exponent of the number decreases to zero the number itself becomes zero or a trap specifying underflow is signaled In the IEEE format the number remains valid and is termed denormalized Denormalized number arithmetic proceeds by expanding the exponent and normalizing the number Underflow is signaled only when the result of the operation cannot be represented even by denormalizing In most floating point formats when the exponent of the number increas
162. t and will also be passed as a 32 bit value Storing into any of these parameters will not have any effect on the original FORTRAN data e A copy of the character string whose address is str would be passed C may store into this freely without affecting FORTRAN The character string will be null terminated e A pointer to each of the character arrays str2 and str3 will be passed to C These character arrays will not be null terminated and storing into them will affect the original FORTRAN data If this was a function passed to mkc2f calling FORTRAN from C would cause all of the parameters to be transformed to reference parameters but storing into the parameters s c f or d would not affect the original C variables FORTRAN would be passed one as the length of elements of the array str2 and thirty as the length of elements of the array str3 Lengths of FORTRAN Character Arrays When FORTRAN is calling C a character string that is specified as char in the C parameter list is copied and null terminated C may thus determine the length of the string by use of the standard C function strlen If a character variable is specified as a character array in the C parameter list it may be impossible for C to determine its length as it is not null terminated When the call occurs the wrapper code receives this length from FORTRAN For those C functions that need this information the wrapper will pass it by extending the C parameter list For ex
163. t on the Switch Box Connect the 9 pin cable from the top left port on the Switch Box to on the Cabinet I O Panel This RS 232 cable should be enabled in the following way Edit the file etc inittab Each line corresponds to a device file in dev and contains four fields separated by colons Find the line for port d3 and put a x in the second field This prevents a getty process from being run on the port Plug the 3 wire AC power cable on the Switch Box into the convenience outlet on the Cabinet Power Panel Version 1 0 20 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Hardware Installation Version 1 0 5 Operation The IRIS Workstation is a graphics oriented micro computer To the user it looks like a standard System V UNIX computer The sections that follow outline the normal operation procedures used with the IRIS Workstation These include a simple boot procedure login compiling and running demonstration programs adjusting the Monitor using the network software and shutdown Normally the boot and shutdown procedures are handled by the system administrator They are covered here in outline form only The IRIS Workstation can be configured by the customer in many ways These include adding new accounts new terminals and printers and connecting it to a local area network See Section 6 for an explanation of system administration for the IRIS Workstation NOTE The sections that follow assume that the reader has some experience with the UNIX system
164. te your kernel config b system name 10 Update the makefile to contain the current dependency information regarding your device drivers ca system name make depend 11 Compile and load your kernel The resulting kernel is named bumunix Version 1 0 144 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix J make binary Normally a new kernel is tested before it is installed for general use This test usually takes the form of booting the new kernel while keeping a backup copy of the old kernel The following steps copy your kernel into the root file system and reboot the system 1 Login as the super user via login 1 or su 1 and change the correct directory if necessary cd usr sys system name 2 Copy your kernel to the root directory cp bvmunix testvmunix 3 Start single user mode etc single 4 Flush the in core buffer information out to disk sync 5 Reboot the machine reboot q 6 When the reboot q command finishes the system will be under the control of the PROM Monitor Boot the new kernel iris gt b testvmunix Example This example illustrates the generation of a kernel with one OEM supplied device driver We assume the following a We are configuring for the IRIS 1400 Workstation b We have chosen OEM for our system name This name is very important because it binds the configuration process together c Existence of a mythical disk controller the Wahoo 727 This device is add
165. tem console linked to dev console System console linked to dev console A synonym for the tty device associated with a process See termio 7 and tty 7 Port 2 on Cabinet I O Panel Port 3 on Cabinet I O Panel Port 4 on Cabinet I O Panel Network ports IP TCP for future releases Table 6 2 Special Device Files in dev port selected in etc inittab If the default speed set in etc inittab is incorrect the user can select another speed by pressing the key The line speed choices for each port are set in the file etc gettydefs See gettydefs 4 Figure 6 5 contains an example etc gettydefs file Edit the file etc ttytype This file maps a terminal type to each device Figure 6 6 contains an example etc ttytype file Each port is mapped to a device as in Table 6 2 Each user s Shell startup file should have tset commands that read etc ttytype and set the terminal type See Table 6 3 for example commands These should be included in each C Shell csh 1 user s login file and each Bourne Shell sh 1 user s profile file See Version 1 0 38 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE System Administration is s initdefault sysinit etc fload gt dev console 2 gt amp 1 bootwait etc bcheckrc lt dev console gt dev console 2 gt amp 1 bootlog bootwait etc brc 1 gt dev console 2 gt amp 1 bootrun command wait rm f dev syscon 1n dev systty dev syscon 1 gt dev console 2 gt amp 1 tiwait etc rc 1 gt d
166. th the FORTRAN Pascal library and passed to an object file formatter ulinker producing a single UNIX object file 0 d Finally all UNIX object files are passed to ld 1 along with the UNIX startup file lib crt0 0 to produce a single executable named a out Preprocessed source files and assembler files are usually removed All C binaries 0 and special binary files f are preserved unless there was only a single input c file If C and FORTRAN files are mixed in a single executable special interface routines must be generated as described in Appendix D of the IRIS Worksta tion Guide If C and Pascal procedures are mixed the user should consult the SVS Pascal reference manual for instructions on altering the external pro cedure declarations in Pascal OPTIONS The following options are interpreted by cc f77 pc Some options have meaning for only one of these languages see d 1 for load time options October 1984 1 Version 1 0 CC 1 C n Silicon Graphics CC 1 Suppress the loading phase of the compilation and force an object file to be produced even if only one source file is given Generate debugging information Currently this does not have meaning when C is intermixed with another language For FOR TRAN and Pascal files the appropriate compiler will be called with the d switch and the symbol table produced by the pre linker will be placed in x dbg where x is the name of the final program For
167. the 68000 It is also avail able under the names f77 and pc The names are synonymous except during the linking phase when it is used to create the appropriate run time environment cc accepts many types of input files determined by the file s suffix The highest form of input is language source C c Pascal p or FORTRAN f These are translated to the language s intermediate format 68000 assembler s in the case of C and a special binary format j in the case of FORTRAN and Pascal then to UNIX object files 0 and finally to an executable file called a out Input to cc may consist of any of these types of files and translation may be stopped at any point Translation proceeds as follows a Each c p and f input is run through the C macro preprocessor cpp In the case of Pascal source cpp is given the p switch This switch tells cpp to ignore Pascal style comments and do the correct things with preprocessor control lines so that the line numbers in the resultant Pascal file will be the same as the original b The preprocessed C files are then run through the C compiler ccom and if specified the C optimizer c2 The resulting s files are then assembled producing UNIX binaries 0 c Preprocessed FORTRAN f and Pascal p files are run through the appropriate SVS front end fortran or pascal then through the code generator code producing special binary files f All special binary files are combined wi
168. the actual free list and unconditionally reconstruct a new one by rewriting the super block of the file system The file system should be unmounted while this is done if this is not possible care should be taken that the system is quiescent and that it is rebooted immedi ately afterwards This precaution is necessary so that the old bad in core copy of the superblock will not continue to be used or written on the file system The sX option allows for creating an optimal free list organization The following forms of X are supported for the following devices s3 RP03 s4 RP04 RP05 RP06 sBlocks per cylinder Blocks to skip for anything else If X is not given the values used when the file system was created are used If these values were not specified then the value 400 7 is used SX Conditionally reconstruct the free list This option is like sX above except that the free list is rebuilt only if there were no discrepancies discovered in the file system Using S will force a no response to all questions asked by fsck This option is useful for forcing free list reor ganization on uncontaminated file systems t If fsck cannot obtain enough memory to keep its tables it uses a scratch file If the t option is specified the file named in the next October 1984 1 Version 1 0 FSCK 1M Silicon Graphics FSCK 1M argument is used as the scratch file if needed Without the t flag fsck will prompt the operator for the
169. the input file then in directories named in I options then in usr include and finally in usr local include Include files names beginning with are treated as absolute paths Include files whose names are surrounded by pointed brackets are not looked for in the directory of the input file Produce an assembly listing for each C or assembler source file and a FORTRAN listing of cach FORTRAN source file Assembler list ings have the suffix lst and FORTRAN listings have the suffix 1 Invoke an object code improver on each C file xx are options to c2 Possible options are S perform stack optimizations P remove stackprobes K omit kernel optimizations Use of these options is not recommended for the standard compilation environment 2 October 1984 cc P Silicon Graphics CC 1 Run only the macro preprocessor on the named C FORTRAN and Pascal files and place the results on file i Compile the named files leaving the C assembly language output in files suffixed s and the FORTRAN and Pascal binaries in files suffixed j U name Remove any initial definition of name There should be no blanks between U and the name to be undefined Cause instructions for the Sky floating point processor to be gen erated When this switch is used the Sky math library lmsky will be substituted for the standard math library Im if it is specified Use of this switch on systems which do NOT have the floating point unit in
170. the switches may be used See the discussion on Crash Recovery in Section 6 14 1 LED indicates that the processor is stopped e 1 alphanumeric diagnostic LED labeled on the Cabinet I O Panel indicates system status and displays startup diagnostics e A series of nine DIP switches labeled is located on the Cabinet I O Panel These switches control the IRIS Workstation s host serial line baud rate startup diagnostics and boot environment see Appendix A Cabinet Power Panel The Cabinet Power Panel has two power outlets and a power plug see Figure 3 4 e 1 male 3 pin input power plug labeled provides power for the IRIS Workstation system e 1 switched 2 amp power outlet labeled provides power for the Monitor e 1 unswitched 3 amp convenience outlet labeled provides power for peripheral equipment e 1 15 amp circuit protector IRIS 1400 Power Switch The switch located on the front of the Cabinet controls power for the Cabinet and the Monitor It does not control the power for any auxiliary equipment connected to the Cabinet through the convenience outlet located on the Cabinet Power Panel 3 6 Documentation The IRIS Workstation is delivered with a complete set of documentation e The IRIS Workstation Guide this booklet explains how to install test and operate an IRIS Workstation e The IRIS User s Guide describes the IRIS Graphics Library and how to write application programs for the IRIS Workstation and IRIS
171. the uucico daemon to call another system Uucico initiates the call to another system and performs the file transfer On the receiving side uucico is invoked to receive the transfer Remote execution jobs are actually done by transferring a command file to the remote system and invoking a daemon uuxqt to execute that command file and return the results Version 1 0 Appendix I IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 133 Password File To allow remote systems to call the local system password entries must be made for any uucp logins For example uucp zaaAA 3 5 UUCP Login Account usr spool uucppublic usr lib uucp uucico Note that the wucico daemon is used for the shell and the spool directory is used as the working directory There must also be an entry in the passwd file for a uucp administrative login This login is the owner of all the uucp object and spooled data files and is usually uucpadm For example the following is an entry in etc passwd for this administrative login uucpadm zAvLCKp 8 8 UUCP Administration usr lib uucp Note that the standard shell is used instead of uucico Lines File The file usr lib uucp L devices contains the list of all lines that are directly connected to other systems or are available for calling other systems The file contains the attributes of the lines and whether the line is a direct connection or can call via a dialer The format of the file is type line call device speed protocol where eac
172. ther file systems are mounted fsck is an interactive file system check and repair program Generally fsck prompts for a yes or a no reply before altering a corrupted file system The most common problem that fsck discovers is a bad i node count resulting from an improper shutdown For more information on fsck see Appendix B The files login and profile contain a command line for running fsck during system startup The file etc rc contains a command line for mounting the usr file system 6 4 Configuring UNIX on an IRIS Workstation One of the strengths of the UNIX operating system is its flexibility A given UNIX system can be configured in a variety of ways Choices include hardware configurations like the amount of memory a system has and software configurations like where a program is located and who has permission to use it On the user level there are even more choices For example each user can choose how the system finds commands whether other people can use his or her files and whether or not to override certain system defaults Each user can establish an environment that he or she feels comfortable with The IRIS Workstation is shipped with a minimum set of non standard system defaults Each system administrator can then configure the IRIS Workstation to suit the needs of the local user community and each user can then fine tune his or her personal environment NOTE The discussion that follows assumes that the reader u
173. tion site See Table 2 1 for a list of guidelines for site selection Although site selection is the customer s responsibility Silicon Graphics representatives will provide consulting services upon request 1 Inspect the delivery cartons for damage WARNING The delivery cartons should be moved on a pallet jack or cart capable of supporting 200 lbs If they must be lifted two strong people are needed WARNING Do not turn the delivery cartons on edge 2 Move the cartons to the installation site Cut the plastic straps on the brown carton 4 Cut the tape that seals the top of the carton open the carton and remove the tray containing the Keyboard Mouse cables and other equipment Remove the foam spacers covering the Monitor 6 Remove the carton by lifting it up and off the base pallet The Monitor is shipped inside a large plastic bag Remove the Monitor from the bag and place it on the table where it will be used WARNING Do not attempt to pick up the Monitor by the white plastic inserts on the sides 8 Check for damage to the Monitor Version 1 0 4 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Unpacking the IRIS Workstation Components 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Temperature 50 86F operating 40 176F non operating Relative humidity 40 80 Minimum clearance 3 all sides Monitor desk space 36 width 30 length Cabinet floor space 24 width 33 length 29 height 115 volts 15 am
174. uld be read carefully before installing an IRIS Workstation The IRIS Workstation components are delivered assembled and ready for connection with cables provided in the delivery cartons The basic outline of the installation is as follows e Planning and Site Selection e Unpacking the IRIS Workstation Components e Hardware Installation e Operation and Testing Silicon Graphics provides a comprehensive product support and maintenance program for the IRIS Workstation For further information the toll free Geometry Hotline numbers for Silicon Graphics Customer Service are Silicon Graphics Customer Service 800 252 0222 North America except California 800 345 0222 California Version 1 0 2 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Introduction Version 1 0 2 Unpacking the IRIS Workstation Components The IRIS Workstation system is shipped in two reinforced cardboard cartons One contains the Electronics Cabinet and the other contains the Monitor and other components Each component is delivered assembled and ready for connection with the cables provided in the IRIS Workstation delivery cartons If additional equipment or spare parts are ordered they will be shipped in additional cartons Before installation the delivery cartons should be inspected for damage If any of the cartons or their contents appear damaged contact the carrier and Silicon Graphics Customer Service see Section 1 After inspection move the cartons to the installa
175. uns in the same address space as the rest of the graphics library and there is no array bounds checking etc Bad code can write over the entire IRIS terminal program malloc and free use the same free list as the rest of the IRIS Graphics Library so errors in storage allocation can crash the IRIS Terminal e If you call makeobj but not closeobj and then call a custom routine that calls makeobj you will get the same result as you would by calling makeodj twice in a row from the remote host i e probably not exactly what you want Version 1 0 Appendix L GL 1 and GL 1 9 Software Differences This document describes the differences between release 1 of the graphics library the standard release and the version that is used in the IRIS terminal programming environment The programming environment is a small part of GL 2 a project involving major hardware and software enhancements Much of the GL 2 software will run on old hardware and we provide a subset of that new software as the preliminary programming environment GL 1 and GL 2 are not completely compatible but are nearly so When it is important to distinguish between the terminal programming environment and the full GL 2 we will call the terminal programming environment GL 1 9 otherwise we call them both GL 2 L 1 Miscellaneous Changes bbox and bboxi are not available e Object fonts are not available e curve accepts only a geometry matrix The basis
176. upports the special switch Zg that should be used whenever an executable file using graphics is created This switch causes the program to be loaded with the IRIS Graphics Library lgl the graphics FORTRAN interface library lfgl and the math library Im Additionally the program is loaded with the essential FORTRAN binary usr bin fgldat j which is a block data routine named GLDATA that initializes the common blocks GL and DEVICE The Zg switch also does the appropriate things for C programs that use the IRIS Graphics Library In this case only the C version of the IRIS Graphics Library libgl a and the math library libm a are searched FORTRAN binary files referred to as files in the FORTRAN Reference Manual are named with j suffixes on the IRIS Workstation If you expect to make these files and Version 1 0 Appendix D IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE 85 keep them around rather than compiling source directly to an executable each time you must add rules to your makefile s to treat them correctly The makefile example in Section D 2 contains the correct rules Note also that the j suffix must be included on the SUFFIXES line D 4 Warnings on Using FORTRAN Types Calls to the IRIS Graphics Library often use small numbers as parameters i e one or two byte integers When calling the IRIS Graphics Library from C such parameters are converted automatically when the call is made This is not true in FORTRAN as the dat
177. utton and ungkeyboard have been replaced by ungdevice A new device that can be queued or unqueued is KEYBOARD Thus qdevice KEYBOARD is equivalent to the old GL 1 command gkeyboara GL 2 supports a logical ERROR device and if the errors are queued run time errors will cause event queue entries rather than causing an error to be printed on the screen The event will be of type ERROR and the value will be an error number Here is a list of the possible error values and their numerical values Error Error number Description ERR_SINGMATRIX 1 You tried to invert a singular matrix in one of the mapw commands ERR_OUTMEM Out of memory This can occur for many reasons ERR_NEGSIDES You tried to specify a polygon with a negative number of sides ERR_BADWINDOW You gave impossible data to the window command ERR_NOOPENOBJ You issued a display list editing command and there was no object open for editing ERR_NOFONTRAM You have run out of space in the font ram You were probably trying to define a new raster font texture or cursor Version 1 0 160 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Error Error number ERR_FOV 7 ERR_BASISID ERR_NEGINDEX ERR_NOCLIPPERS ERR_STRINGBUG ERR_NOCURVBASIS ERR_BADCURVID ERR_NOPTCHBASIS ERR_FEEDPICK Appendix L Description The field of view for the viewing command is illegal probably zero The basis identifier you have tried to use is undefined You hav
178. y of them y operations define MTWEOF 0 write an end of file record define MTFSF 1 forward space file Version 1 0 1 October 1984 SMTIO 4 Silicon Graphics SMTIO 4 define MTFSR 3 forward space record define MTREW 5 rewind define MTNOP 7 no operation sets status only structure for MTIOCGET mag tape get status command struct mtget short mt_type type of magtape device the following six registers are grossly device dependent short mt_hard_error0 hard error byte 0 of status from DSD short mt_hard_errorl hard error byte 1 of status from DSD short mt_soft_error0 soft error byte of status from DSD short mt_at_bot byte Oxff when tape at bot short mt_retries byte number of retries by tape drive short mt_file_mark byte Oxff when file mark encountered end device dependent registers daddr_tmt_fileno file number of current position daddr_tmt_blkno block number of current position ji Constants for mt_type byte ia define MT_ISTS 0x01 Streaming Quarter Inch Tape Drive mag tape io control commands define MTIOCTOP m lt lt 8 1 do a mag tape op define MTIOCGET m lt lt 8 2 get tape status ifndef KERNEL define DEFTAPE dev rmtioctl IOCTL device endif Each read or write call reads or writes the next record on the tape In the write case th
179. y requests opening of files status of files file system size checks and creation of the scratch file C option C is not a legal option to fsck legal options are y n s S and t Fsck terminates on this error condition See the fsck 1M manual entry for further detail Bad t option The t option is not followed by a file name Fsck terminates on this error condition See the fsck 1M manual entry for further detail Invalid s argument defaults assumed The s option is not suffixed by 3 4 or blocks per cylinder blocks to skip Fsck assumes a default value of 400 blocks per cylinder and 9 blocks to skip See the fsck 1M manual entry for more details Incompatible options n and s Itis not possible to salvage the free block list without modifying the file system Fsck terminates on this error condition See the fsck 1M manual entry for further detail Can t get memory Fsck s request for memory for its virtual memory tables failed This should never happen Fsck terminates on this error condition See a guru Can t open checklist file F Version 1 0 56 IRIS WORKSTATION GUIDE Appendix B The default file system checklist file F usually etc checklist can not be opened for reading Fsck terminates on this error condition Check access modes of F Can t stat root Fsck s request for statistics about the root directory failed This should never happen Fsck terminates on this error cond

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