Batchman Manual
Contents
1. Without a parameter it uses the value returned by the shell command date as seed value 15 4 Batchman Example Programs 15 4 1 Example 1 A typical program to train a net may look like this loadNet encoder net loadPattern encoder pat setInitFunc Randomize_Weights 1 0 1 0 initNet while SSE gt 6 9 and CYCLES lt 1000 do if CYCLES mod 10 0 then print cycles CYCLES SSE SSE endif trainNet endwhile saveResult encoder res 1 PAT TRUE TRUE create saveNet encoder trained net print Cycles trained CYCLES print Training stopped at error SSE This batch program loads the neural net encoder net and the corresponding pattern file Now the net is initialized A training process continues until the SSE error is smaller or equal to 6 9 The trained net and the result file are saved once the training is completed The following output is generated by this program Net encoder net loaded Patternset encoder pat loaded 1 patternset s in memory Init function is now Randomize_Weights Net initialised cycles 0 SSE 3 40282 e 38 cycles 10 SSE 7 68288 cycles 20 SSE 7 08139 cycles 30 SSE 6 95443 Result file encoder res written 22 CHAPTER 15 BATCHMAN Network file encoder trained net written Cycles trained 40 Training stopped at error 6 89944 15 4 2 Example 2 The following example program reads the output of the network analyzation program2. able to classify unknown patterns correctly loadNet test net loadPattern validate pat loadPattern training pat initNet repeat for i 1 to 20 do trainNet endfor saveNet test CYCLES cycles net setPattern validate pat testNet valid_error SSE setPattern training pat until valid_error lt 2 5 saveResult test res The program trains a net for 20 cycles and saves it under a new name for every iteration of the repeat instruction Each time the program tests the net with the validation pattern set This process is repeated until the error of the validation set is smaller than 2 5
3. the batch program When using a file no input from the keyboard is necessary The interactive mode can be activated by just calling the interpreter Unix gt batchman which produces SNNS Batch Interpreter V1 0 Type batchman h for help No input file specified reading input from stdin batchman gt Now the interpreter is ready to accept the user s instructions which can be entered with the help of the keyboard Once the input is completed the interpreter can be put to work with Ctrl D The interpreter can be aborted with Ctrl C The instructions entered are only invoked after Ctrl D is pressed If the user decides to use a file for input the command line option f has to be given together with the name of the interpreter Unix gt batchman f myprog bat Once this is completed the interpreter starts the program contained in the file myprog bat and executes its commands The standard output is usually the screen but with the command line option 1 the output can be redirected in a protocol file The name of the file has to follow the command line option Unix gt batchman 1 logfile Usually the output is redirected in combination with the reading of the program out of a file Unix gt batchman f myprog bat 1 logfile The order of the command line options is arbitrary 15 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE BATCH LANGUAGE 5 More command line options are p Programs should only be parsed but not executed This option tells
4. 0 CHAPTER 15 BATCHMAN by the program will be assigned according to the order of the output sequences to the variables variable1 variable2 The data type of the generated output is automatically set to one of the four data types of the batch interpreter Additionally the exit state of the Unix program is saved in the system variable EXIT_CODE An example for execute is execute date one two three four print It is four o clock This function call calls the command date and reads the output Fri May 19 16 28 29 GMT 1995 in the four above named variables The variable four contains the time The batch interpreter produces It is 16 28 29 o clock The execute call could also be used to determine the available free disk space execute df grep dev dmy dmy dmy freeblocks print There are freeblocks Blocks free In this examples the Unix pipe and the grep command are responsible for reducing the output and placing it into one line All lines that contain dev are filtered out The second line is read by the batch interpreter and all information is assigned to the named variables The first three fields are assigned to the variable dmy The information about the available blocks will be stored in the variable freeblocks The following output is produced There are 46102 Blocks free The examples given above should give the user an idea how to handle the execute com mand It should be pointed out
5. 25e 2 0 25 If a variable which has not been assigned a value yet is tried to be printed the print function will display lt gt undef instead of a value 15 2 7 Control Structures Control structures are a characteristic of a programming language Such structures make it possible to repeat one or multiple instructions depending on a condition or a value BLOCK has to be replaced by a sequence of instructions ASSIGNMENT has to be replaced by an assignment operation and EXPRESSION by an expression It is also possible to branch within a program with the help of such control structures if EXPRESSION then BLOCK endif if EXPRESSION then BLOCK else BLOCK endif for ASSIGNMENT to EXPRESSION do BLOCK endfor while EXPRESSION do BLOCK endwhile repeat BLOCK until EXPRESSION The If Instruction There are two variants to the if instruction The first variant is If EXPRESSION then BLOCK endif The block is executed only if the expression has the boolean value TRUE EXPRESSIONS can be replaced by any complex expression if it delivers a boolean value if sqrt 9 5 lt 0 and TRUE lt gt FALSE then print hello world endif produces hello world Please note that the logic operator and is the operator last executed due to its lowest priority If there is confusion about the execution order it is recommended to use brackets to make sure the desired result will be achieved 10 CHAPTER 15 BATCHMAN The second variant of the if operator
6. Step 1 is defined by the first call A two dimensional subpattern as used in the example network watch net is defined by the second function call The following text is displayed by the batch interpreter Sub pattern shifting scheme re defined Parameters are 53515351 The parameters have to be integers setShuffle setSubShuffle The function calls setShuffle and setSubShuffle enable the user to work with the shuffle function of the SNNS which selects the next training pattern randomly The shuffle function can be switched on or off The format of the function calls is setShuffle mode setSubShuffle mode where the parameter mode is a boolean value The boolean value TRUE switches the shuffle function on and the boolean value FALSE switches it off setShuffe relates to regular patterns and setSubShuffle relates to subpatterns The function call setSubShuffle TRUE will display Subpattern shuffling enabled 15 3 SNNS FUNCTION CALLS 17 15 3 2 Function Calls Related To Networks This section describes the second group of function calls which are related to network or network files The second group of SNNS functions contains the following function calls loadNet Load a net saveNet Save a net saveResult Save a result file initNet initialize a net trainNet train a net testNet test a net The function calls loadNet and saveNet both have the same format loadNet file_name saveNet file_name wher
7. UNIVERSITY OF STUTTGART INSTITUTE FOR PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED HIGH PERFORMANCE SYSTEMS IPVR Applied Computer Science Image Understanding SNNS Stuttgart Neural Network Simulator Batchman Manual eee UNIVERSITY OF STUTTGART INSTITUTE FOR PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED HIGH PERFORMANCE SYSTEMS IPVR Applied Computer Science Image Understanding Gunter Mamier Jens Wieland SNNS Stuttgart Neural Network Simulator Batchman User Manual All Rights reserved Chapter 15 Batchman This chapter describes batchman a language that enables the user to control SNNS in batch mode 15 1 Introduction This newly implemented batch language is to replace the old SNNSBAT Programs which are written in the old SNNSBAT language will not be able to run on the newly designed interpreter The new language supports all functions which are necessary to train and test neural nets All non graphical features which are offered by the graphical user interface XGUI may be accessed with the help of this language as well The new batch language was modeled after languages like AWK Pascal Modula2 and C It is an advantage to have some knowledge in one of the described languages The language will enable the user to get the desired result without investing a lot of time in learning its syntactical structure For most operators multiple spellings are possible and variables don t have to be declared before they are used If an error o
8. a carriage return Long function calls have to be specified within one line The following text is displayed by the batch interpreter Pruning function is now MagPruning Subordinate learning function is now Rprop Parameters are 15 0 3 5 FALSE 500 90 1 0 1e 6 TRUE TRUE The regular learning function PruningFeedForward has to be set with the function call setLearnFunc This is not necessary if PruningFeedForward is already set in the network file 16 CHAPTER 15 BATCHMAN setSubPattern The function call setSubPattern defines the Subpattern Shifting Scheme which is de scribed in chapter Variable size pattern The definition of the Subpattern Shifting Scheme has to fit the used pattern file and the architecture of the net The format of the function call is setSubPattern InputSize InputStep1 OutputSize1l OutputStep1 The first dimension of the subpatterns is described by the first four parameters The order of the parameters is identical to the order in the graphical user interface see chapter Sub Pattern Handling All four parameters are needed for one dimension If a second dimension exists the four parameters of that dimension are given after the four parameters of the first dimension This applies to all following dimensions Function calls could look like this setSubPattern 5 3 5 1 setSubPattern 5 3 5 1 5 3 5 1 A one dimensional subpattern with the InputSize 5 InputStep 3 OutputSize 5 Output
9. analyze The output is transformed into a single line with the help of the program analyze gawk The net is trained until all patterns are classified correctly loadNet encoder net loadPattern encoder pat initNet while TRUE for i 1 to 500 do trainNet endfor resfile test res saveResult resfile 1 PAT FALSE TRUE create saveNet enci net command analyze s e WTA i resfile analyze gawk execute command w r u e print wrong w right r unknown u error e if right 100 break endwhile The following output is generated Net encoder net loaded Patternset encoder pat loaded 1 patternset s in memory gt Batchman warning at line 3 Init function and params not specified using defaults Net initialised Result file test res written Network file enci net written wrong 87 5 right 12 5 unknown O error 7 Result file test res written Network file enci net written wrong 50 right 50 unknown O error 3 Result file test res written Network file enci net written wrong O right 100 unknown O error 0 15 4 BATCHMAN EXAMPLE PROGRAMS 23 15 4 3 Example 3 The last example program shows how the user can validate the training with a second pattern file The net is trained with one training pattern file and the error which is used to determine when training should be stopped is measured on a second pattern file Thereby it is possible to estimate if the net is
10. ccurs in the written batch program the user will be informed by a displayed meaningful error message warning and the corresponding line number 15 1 1 Styling Conventions Here is a description of the style conventions used Input which occurs on a Unix command line or which is part of the batch program will be displayed in typewriter writing Such an input should be adopted without any mod ification For example Unix gt batchman h 4 CHAPTER 15 BATCHMAN This is an instruction which should be entered in the Unix command line where Unix gt is the shell prompt which expects input from the user Its appearance may change depending on the Unix system installed The instruction batchman h starts the interpreter with the h help option which tells the interpreter to display a help message Every form of input has to be confirmed with Enter Return Batch programs or part of batch programs will also be displayed in typewriter writing Batch programs can be written with a conventional text editor and saved in a file Commands can also be entered in the interactive mode of the interpreter If a file is used as a source to enter instructions the name of the file has to be provided when starting the interpreter Typewriter writing is also used for wild cards Those wild cards have to be replaced by real names 15 1 2 Calling the Batch Interpreter The Interpreter can be used in an interactive mode or with the help of a file containing
11. der pat loaded 1 patternset s in memory Patternset encoderi pat loaded 2 patternset s in memory Patternset is now encoder pat Patternset encoder pat deleted 1 patternset s in memory Patternset is now encoderi pat 15 3 4 Special Functions There are four miscelaneous functions for the use in batchman pruneNet Starts network pruning execute Executes any unix shell comand or program exit Quits batchman setseed Sets a seed for the random number generator The function call pruneNet is pruning a net equivalent to the pruning in the graphical user interface After all functions and parameters are set with the call setPruningFunc the pruneNet function call can be executed No parameters are necessary pruneNet An interface to the Unix operation system can be created by using the function execute This function call enables the user to start a program at the Unix command line and redirect its output to the batch program All Unix help programs can be used to make this special function a very powerful tool The format is execute instruction variablei variable2 where instruction is a Unix instruction or a Unix program All output generated by the Unix command has to be separated by blanks and has to be placed in one line If this is not done automatically please use the Unix commands AWK or grep to format the output as needed Those commands are able to produce such a format The output generated 2
12. e filename is a valid Unix file name enclosed by The function loadNet loads a net in the simulator kernel and saveNet saves a net which is currently located in the simulator kernel The function call loadNet sets the system variable CYCLES to zero This variable contains the number of training cycles used by the simulator to train a net Examples for such calls could be loadNet encoder net saveNet encoder net The following result can be seen Net encoder net loaded Network file encoder net written The function call saveResult saves a SNNS result file and has the following format saveResult filemame start end inclIn inclOut file_mode The first parameter filemame is required The file name has to be a valid Unix file name enclosed by All other parameters are optional Please note that if one specific parameter is to be entered all other parameters before the entered parameter have to be provided also The parameter start selects the first pattern which will be handled and end selects the last one If the user wants to handle all patterns the system variable PAT can be entered here This system variable contains the number of all patterns The parameters inclIn and inclOut decide if the input patterns and the output patterns should be saved in the result file or not Those parameters contain boolean values If inclInis TRUE all input patterns will be saved in the result file If inclIn is FALSE the patterns will not be
13. ecute call 15 2 5 Operators and Expressions An expression is usually a formula which calculates a value An expression could be a complex mathematical formula or just a value Expressions include 3 TRUE 3 3 17 4 a 2 In 5 0 3 The value or the result of an expression can be assigned to a variable The following operators exist ordered by priority from top to bottom Sign for numbers Logic negation for boolean numbers Square root Natural logarithm to the basis e Logarithms to the basis 10 Exponential function Multiplication Division Even number division with an even result Result after an even number division Addition Subtraction 8 CHAPTER 15 BATCHMAN smaller than smaller equal greater than greater equal equal not equal logic AND for boolean values logic OR for boolean values If more than one expression occurs in a line the execution of expressions starts at the left and proceeds towards the right The order can be changed with parentheses The type of an expression is determined at run time and is set with the operator except in the case of integer number division the modulo operation the boolean operation and the compare operations If two integer values are multilpied the result will be an integer value But if an integer and a float value are multilpied the result will be a float value If one operator is of type string then all other operators are transformed
14. etLearn Std_Backpropagation setLearn Std_Backpropagation 0 1 The first function call selects the learning algorithm and the second one additionally provides the first learning parameter The batch interpreter displays Learning function is now Std_backpropagation Parameters are 0 1 set UpdateFunc This function is selecting the order in which the neurons are visited The format is setUpdateFunc function name parameters where function name is the name of the update function The name of the update algorithm has to be selected as shown below Topological_Order BAM_Order JE_Special ART1_Stable BPTT_Order Kohonen_Order ART1_Synchronous CC_Order Random_Order ART2_Stable CounterPropagation Random_Permutation ART2_Synchronous Dynamic_LVQ RCC_Order ARTMAP_Stable Hopfield_Fixed_Act Serial_Order ARTMAP_Synchronous Hopfield_Synchronous Synchonous_Order Auto_Synchronous JE_Order TimeDelay_Order After the name is provided several parameters can follow If no parameters are selected default values are chosen by the interpreter The parameters have to be of the type float The update functions are described in the chapter Update functions A function call could look like this setUpdateFunc Topological_Order The batch interpreter displays Update function is now Topological_Order setPruningFunc This function call is used to select the different pruning algorithms for neural networks See chapter Pruning algorithms A f
15. he shuffle modus setSubShuffle Change the subpattern shuffle modus The format and the usage of the function calls will be discussed now It is an enormous help to be familiar with the graphical user interface of the SNNS especially with the chapters Parameters of the learning functions Update functions Initialization functions Handling patterns with SNNS and Pruning algorithms setInit Func This function call selects the function with which the net is initialized The format is setInitFunc function name parameter where function name is the initialization function and has to be selected out of 15 3 SNNS FUNCTION CALLS ART1_Weights ART2_Weights ARTMAP_Weights CC_Weights ClippHebb CPN_Weights_v3 2 CPN_Weights_v3 3 CPN_Rand_Pat DLVQ_Weights Hebb Hebb_Fixed_Act JE_Weights Kohonen_Rand_Pat Kohonen_Weights_v3 2 Kohonen_Const Pseudolnv 13 Random_Weights_Perc Randomize_Weights RBF_Weights RBF_Weights_Kohonen RBF_Weights_Redo RCC_Weights RM_Random_Weights It has to be provided by the user and the name has to be exactly as printed above The function name has to be embraced by After the name of the initialization function is provided the user can enter the parameters which influence the initialization process If no parameters have been entered default values will be selected The selected parameters have to be of type float Function calls could look like this se
16. here that execute could as well call another batch interpreter which could work on partial solutions of the problem If the user wants to accomplish such a task the command line option q of the batch interpreter could be used to suppress output not caused by the print command This would ease the reading of the output exit The last special function call is exit This function call leaves the batch program imme diately and terminates the batch interpreter The parameter used in this function is the exit state which will be returned to the calling program usually the Unix shell If no parameter is used the batch interpreter returns zero The format is exit state The integer state ranges from 128 to 127 If the value is not within this range the value will be mapped into the valid range and an error message displayed The following example will show the user how this function call could be used if freeblocks lt 1000 then print Not enough disk space exit 1 endif 15 4 BATCHMAN EXAMPLE PROGRAMS 21 The function setseed sets a seed value for the random number generator used by the initialization functions If setseed is not called before initializing a network subsequent initializiations yield the exact same initial network conditions Thereby it is possible to make an exact comparison of two training runs with different learning parameters setseed seed Setseed may be called with an integer parameter as a seed value
17. into strings Partial expressions are calculated before the transformation takes place a 5 plus 4 is 8 1 is transformed to the string 5 plus 4 is 9 Please note that if the user decides to use operators such as sqrt In log or the exponential operator no parentheses are required because the operators are not function calls Square root sqrt 9 natural logarithm In 2 logarithm to the base of 10 log alpha Exponential function 10 4 oder a b However parentheses are possible and some times even necessary sqrt 9 16 In 2716 log alpha sqrt tau 15 2 6 The Print Function So far the user is able to generate expressions and to assign a value to a variable In order to display values the print function is used The print function is a real function call of the batch interpreter and displays all values on the standard output if no input file is declared Otherwise all output is redirected into a file The print function can be called 15 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE BATCH LANGUAGE 9 with multiple arguments If the function is called without any arguments a new line will be produced All print commands are automatically terminated with a newline Instruction generates the output print 5 5 print 3 4 12 print This is a text This is a text print This is a text and values 1 2 3 This is a text and values 123 print Or 1 2 3 Or 123 print In 2 16 11 0904 print FALSE FALSE print
18. l its weights unchanged Please note that the function call trainNet is usually used in combination with a repetition control structure like for repeat or while 15 3 3 Pattern Function Calls The following function calls relate to patterns loadPattern Loads the pattern file setPattern Replaces the current pattern file delPattern Deletes the pattern file The simulator kernel is able to store several pattern files currently 5 The user can switch between those pattern files with the help of the setPattern call The function call delPattern deletes a pattern file from the simulator kernel All three mentioned calls have filename as an argument 15 3 SNNS FUNCTION CALLS 19 loadPattern filename setPattern filename delPattern filename All three function calls set the value of the system variable Pat to the number of patterns of the pattern file used last The handling of the pattern files is similar to the handling of such files in the graphical user interface The last loaded pattern file is the current one The function call setPattern similar to the button of the graphical user interface of the SNNS selects one of the loaded pattern files as the one currently in use The call delPattern deletes the pattern file currently in use from the kernel The function calls loadPattern encoder pat loadPattern encoderi pat setPattern encoder pat delPattern encoder pat produce Patternset enco
19. nter 1 to 200 do a a counter ce c t1 if test TRUE then break endif endfor In this example the boolean variable test is used to abort the repetitions of the block early While and Repeat Instructions The while and the repeat instructions differ from a for instruction because they don t have a count variable and execute their commands only while a condition is met while or 15 3 SNNS FUNCTION CALLS 11 until a condition is met repeat The condition is an expression which delivers a boolean value The formats of the while and the repeat instructions are while EXPRESSION do BLOCK endwhile repeat BLOCK until EXPRESSION The user has to make sure that the cycle terminates at one point This can be achieved by making sure that the EXPRESSION delivers once the value TRUE in case of the repeat instruction or FALSE in case of the while instruction The for example from the previous section is equivalent to i 2 while i lt 5 do print here we are i i i 1 endwhile or to i 2 repeat print here we are i i i 1 until i gt 5 The main difference between repeat and while is that repeat guarantees that the BLOCK is executed at least once The break and the continue instructions may also be used within the BLOCK 15 3 SNNS Function Calls The SNNS function calls control the SNNS kernel They are available as function calls in batchman The function calls can be divided into f
20. our groups e Functions which are setting SNNS parameters setInitFunc setLearnFunc setUpdateFunc setPruningFunc setSubPattern setShufile setSubShuflle e Functions which refer to neural nets loadNet saveNet saveResult init Net trainNet test Net 12 CHAPTER 15 BATCHMAN e Functions which refer to patterns loadPattern set Pattern delPattern e Special functions pruneNet execute print exit setseed The format of such calls is function_name parameterl parameter2 No parameters one parameter or multiple parameters can be placed after the function name Unspecified values take on a default value Note however that if the third value is to be modified the first two values have to be provided with the function call as well The parameters have the same order as in the graphical user interface Now a description of the function calls of the first group follows 15 3 1 Function Calls To Set SNNS Parameters The following functions calls to set SNNS parameters are available setInitFunc Selects the initialization function and its parameters setLearnFunc Selects the learning function and its parameters setUpdateFunc Selects the update function and its parameters setPruningFunc Selects the pruning function and its parameters setSubPattern Defines the subpattern shifting scheme setShuffle Change t
21. possible between two instructions However if there are more than two instructions in a line the semicolon is necessary Comments in the source code of the programs start with a character Then the rest of the line will be regarded as a comment A comment could have the following appearance This is a comment a 4 This is another comment The second line begins with an instruction and ends with a comment 15 2 2 Data Types and Variables The batch language is able to recognize the following data types 6 CHAPTER 15 BATCHMAN e Integer numbers e Floating point numbers e Boolean type TRUE and FALSE e Strings The creation of float numbers is similar to a creation of such numbers in the language C because they both use the exponential representation Float numbers would be 0 42 3e3 or 0 7E 12 The value of 0 7E 12 would be 0 7 107 and the value of 3e3 would be 3 10 Boolean values are entered as shown above and without any kind of modification Strings have to be enclosed by and can not contain the tabulator character Strings also have to contain at least one character and can not be longer than one line Such strings could be This is a string This is also a string 0 7E 12 The following example would yield an error But this is not a string 15 2 3 Variables In order to save values it is possible to use variables in the batch language A variable is introduced to the interpreter a
22. saved The parameter inclQut is identical except for the fact that it relates to output patterns The last parameter file_mode of the type string decides if a 18 CHAPTER 15 BATCHMAN file should be created or if data is just appended to an existing file The strings create and append are accepted for file mode A saveResult call could look like this saveResult encoder res saveResult encoder res 1 PAT FALSE TRUE create both will produce this Result file encoder res written In the second case the result file encoder res was written and contains all output patterns The function calls initNet trainNet testNet are related to each other All functions are called without any parameters initNet trainNet testNet initNet initializes the neural network After the net has been reset with the function call setInitFunc the system variable CYCLE is set to zero The function call initNet is necessary if an untrained net is to be trained for the first time or if the user wants to set a trained net to its untrained state initNet produces Net initialized The function call trainNet is training the net exactly one cycle long After this the content of the system variables SSE MSE SSEPU and Cycles is updated The function call testNet is used to display the user the error of the trained net without actually training it This call changes the system variables SSE MSE SSEPU but leaves the net and al
23. tInitFunc Randomize Weights setInitFunc Randomize Weights 1 0 1 0 where the first call selects the Randomize Weights function with default parameters The second call uses the Randomize Weights function and sets two parameters The batch interpreter displays Init function is now Randomize Weights Parameters are 1 0 1 0 setLearnFunc The function call setLearnFunc is very similar to the setinitFunc call setLearnFunc selects the learning function which will be used in the training process of the neural net The format is setLearnFunc function name parameters where function name is the name of the desired learning algorithm This name is manda tory and has to match one of the following strings ART1 Dynamic_LVQ RadialBasisLearning ART2 Hebbian RBF DDA ARTMAP JE_BP RCC BackPercolation JE_BP_Momentum RM_delta BackpropBatch JE_Quickprop Rprop BackpropMomentum JE_Rprop Sim_Ann_SS BackpropWeightDecay Kohonen Sim_Ann_WTA BPTT Monte Carlo Sim_Ann_WWTA BBPTT PruningFeedForward Std_Backpropagation cc QPTT TimeDelayBackprop Counterpropagation Quickprop 14 CHAPTER 15 BATCHMAN After the name of the learning algorithm is provided the user can specify some parameters The interpreter is using default values if no parameters are selected The values have to be of the type float A detailed description can be found in the chapter Parameter of the learning function Function calls could look like this s
24. the interpreter to check the correctness of the program without executing the instructions contained in the program Run time errors can not be detected Such a run time error could be an invalid SNNS function call q No messages should be displayed except those caused by the print function s No warnings should be displayed h A help message should be displayed which describes the available command line options AI following input will be printed without the shell text 15 2 Description of the Batch Language This section explains the general structure of a batch program the usage of variables of the different data types and usage of the print function After this an introduction to control structures follows 15 2 1 Structure of a Batch Program The structure of a batch program is not predetermined There is no declaration section for variables in the program All instructions are specified in the program according to their execution order Multiple blanks are allowed between instructions Even no blanks between instructions are possible if the semantics are clear Single instructions in a line don t have to be completed by a semicolon In such a case the end of line character Ctrl D is separating two different instructions in two lines Also key words which have the responsibility of determining the end of a block endwhile endif endfor until and else don t have to be completed by a semicolon Multiple semicolons are
25. unction call may look like this setPruningFunc function namel function name2 parameters 15 3 SNNS FUNCTION CALLS 15 where function namel is the name of the pruning function and has to be selected from MagPruning OptimalBrainSurgeon OptimalBrainDamage Noncontributing_Units Skeletonization Function name is the name of the subordinated learning function and has to be selected out of BackpropBatch Quickprop BackpropWeightDecay BackpropMomentum Rprop Std_Backpropagation Additionally the parameters described below can be entered If no parameters are entered default values are used by the interpreter Those values appear in the graphical user interface in the corresponding widget of the pruning window 1 Maximum error increase in float 2 Accepted error float Recreate last pruned element boolean Learn cycles for first training integer Learn cycles for retraining integer Minimum error to stop float Initial value for matrix float Input pruning boolean eo CO u DW Oo A WH Hidden pruning boolean Function calls could look like this setPruningFunc OptimalBrainDamage Std_Backpropagation setPruningFunc MagPruning Rprop 15 0 3 5 FALSE 500 90 1e6 1 0 In the first function call the pruning function and the subordinate learning function is selected In the second function call almost all parameters are specified Please note that a function call has to be specified without
26. uses a second block which will be executed as an alternative to the first one The structure of the second if variant looks like this if EXPRESSION then BLOCK1 else BLOCK2 endif The first BLOCK here described as BLOCK1 will be executed only if the resulting value of EXPRESSION is TRUE If EXPRESSION delivers FALSE BLOCK2 will be executed The For Instruction The for instruction is a control structure to repeat a block a fixed number of times The most general appearance is for ASSIGNMENT to EXPRESSION do BLOCK endfor A counter for the for repetitions of the block is needed This is a variable which counts the loop iterations The value is increased by one if an loop iteration is completed If the value of the counter is larger then the value of the EXPRESSIONS the BLOCK won t be executed anymore If the value is already larger at the beginning the instructions contained in the block are not executed at all The counter is a simple variable A for instruction could look like this for i 2 to 5 do print here we are i endfor produces here we are here we are here we are oP WN here we are It is possible to control the repetitions of a block by assigning a value to the counter or by using the continue break instructions The instruction break leaves the cycle immediately while continue increases the counter by one and performs another repetition of the block One example could be for cou
27. utomatically once it is used for the first time No previous declaration is required Names of variables must start with a letter or an underscore Digits letters or more underscores could follow Names could be a numi _test first_net k17_u Test_buffer_1 The interpreter distinguishes between lower and upper case letters The type of a variable is not known until a value is assigned to it The variable has the same type as the assigned value a 5 filename first net init_flag TRUE NET_ERR 4 7e 11 a init_tlag The assignment of variables is done by using or The comparison operator is The variable a belongs to the type integer and changes its type in line 5 to boolean Filename belongs to the type string and NET_ERR to the type float 15 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE BATCH LANGUAGE 7 15 2 4 System Variables System variables are predefined variables that are set by the program and that are read only for the user The following system variables have the same semantics as the displayed variables in the graphical user interface SSE Sum of the squared differences of each output neuron MSE SSE divided by the number of training patterns SSEPU SSE divided by the number of output neurons of the net CYCLES Number of the cycles trained so far Additionally there are two more system variables PAT The number of patterns in the current pattern set EXIT_CODE The exit status of an ex
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