WLC User Guide - Resource Efficient Scotland
Contents
1. Renewables Renewable technologies can be entered and modelled e Wind or Hydro not both e Solar PV e Biomass e Heat Pump e Solar Thermal e CHP Each of these will require a Capital Cost Life expectancy Annual Maintenance cost a Maintenance Schedule if required and a Replacement Cost Multiplier They also require an Installed Capacity in kW Wind amp Hydro and Solar PV require Electricity Consumed if any and Electricity Generated to be entered in kWh year Biomass Heat Pumps and Solar Thermal require Electricity Consumed if any Heat Generated and DHW Generated to be entered in kWh year Biomass also needs Renewable Fuel Consumed to be added in kWh year Fossil Fuel Consumed can be added in kWh year for the heat pump option for gas fired heat pumps The CHP requires Heating Fuel Consumed Electricity Generated Heat Generated and DHW Generated to be entered Electricity Consumed can also be used if required for any self consumption by the CHP referred to as parasitic losses for a gas turbine this is the gas compressor 3 3 Design led Whole Life Costing Tool 16 Renewables Wind amp Hydro Solar PV Biomass Heat Pump Solar Thermal life years o Annual Maintenance Maintenance Schedule tenance Schedule installed CapacitykW Electricity Consumed kWh _ _ ElectricityGeneratedkWh _ __ Fossil Fuel Consumed kWh Replacement Cost Multiplier Other Costs and Income This page allows one off2. 23 CLC No 1 200 000 e Renewables Wind amp Hydro 50 000 2 2 803 1 000 NO Solar PV Biomass Heat Pump Soler Therma aa o A A A total eso S 38 803 eto Other Costs and Income Other Capital Costs 1 055 000 S y O Other Income amp Costs p 830 000 esaa Total o S eooo S EBooo 564 250 i GrandTotal 2 89 000 868 803 578 500 Finally the energy balance for the selected scenario is shown HEAT DEMAND Heating amp DHW Heat Losses Substructure Roof External Walls Windows amp External Doors Ventilation amp Distribution Losses Other Heat Losses Other Heat Use DHW Export Total ELECTRICITY DEMAND Electricity excl heat Lighting Ventilation and Distribution Cooling Other Export Total kWh 200 000 600 000 500 000 90 000 400 000 7 000 100 000 0 1 897 000 150 000 4 380 100 000 500 000 0 754 380 Design led Whole Life Costing Tool 20 HEAT INPUT Heating amp DHW Solar Gains Internal Gains Heating Fuel Electricity Biomass Solar Thermal CHP Demand Conventional Heating System Efficiency ELECTRICITY INPUT ENERGY Electricity Imported Wind PV CHP less heating dhw Total 0 0 1 437 000 100 000 0 360 000 0 1 897 000 1 690 588 100 000 0 360 000 0 2 150 588 85 kWh 836 860 17 520 0 0 100 000 754 380 More Report outputs are shown on the Graphs page These inclu
3. Management can be used Operating costs The following table shows the information required for the model for each separate major element of the building fabric services and any renewables What you need What units Where will you find it should it be in Annual Maintenance Costs year From manufacturers and facility managers Periodic Equipment year From manufacturers and suppliers Replacement Costs and Design led Whole Life Costing Tool 9 Maintenance Utility Costs year Quotes from suppliers corporate contracts Staff Costs year Finance department Other Costs e g rates IT year From suppliers provision 2 2 3 Income Where it is decided to include income streams within the model up to ten different income streams can be included It is not possible to vary the income year on year other than by increasing it by inflation 2 2 4 Energy balance The energy balance is a very important part of the model It shows how energy is used in the building and its source Many design decisions impact on energy use and may result in increased building operating costs This can be by increased heat losses through building fabric or increased electricity costs due to low levels of natural light In order to create the energy balance you will need to Know where the energy will be used in your building Almost all buildings that are undergoing renovation and all new builds have a statutory requirement to evaluate
4. 000 per year that amount should be entered into year 10 year 20 year 30 etc Design led Whole Life Costing Tool 18 Additional Maintenance Schedules Services Year B IL Cc D ale E F PETES IE TEE fools tofu fe lula le fo 3 5 Setting up Scenarios Once the baseline is set the data from each table from the Baseline page can be copied into the scenario pages and varied as required This can be done by simply clicking on the Copy from Baseline button For example the roof construction could be varied resulting in an increased capital cost but decreased heat losses and maintenance costs Once the scenarios are set up the results can be compared on the Project Summary page The type of NPV analysis real or nominal is selected from the yellow drop down box The table and graphs then summarise the capital cost and NPV for the baseline and two scenarios and the change in capital cost and NPV relative to the baseline 4 Reports A summary of the project can be printed from the Project Summary page This shows the results of the analysis and also shows a summary of the main assumptions for one of the three scenarios Project Summary Test Building Version v1 Date 16 Mar 2015 Results Analysis Type Improved Improved wall u Substructure u value Capital Cost 1 000 000 1 000 500 Real NPV f 5 667 292 Capital Cost Change NPV saving ve saving ve increased cost PF Spend to
5. be limited or excluded by law shall not be limited or excluded in any way dl ie Design led Whole Life Costing Tool 4 Introduction The Resource Efficient Scotland Whole Life Costing Tool To help organisations in Scotland create a more resource efficient and sustainable built environment Zero Waste Scotland s Resource Efficient Scotland programme commissioned the development of a spreadsheet tool to assist in the evaluation of whole life costs WLC in response to stakeholder demand The spreadsheet is provided unlocked and therefore fully adaptable and easily tailored for different projects and applications What is whole life costing It is an analysis method that allows the economic appraisal and comparison of alternative solutions to a particular requirement or problem so that more informed and better decisions can be made The analysis must be based upon the alternatives providing the same functionality i e levels of cooling to create the necessary internal environment Whole life costing refers to the total cost of ownership over the life of an asset In the case of the built environment it is normally used to refer to the total costs and benefits of ownership of a building over its design life It is also adaptable enough to evaluate the total cost of ownership of a discrete element of a building such as the roof Whole life costing takes into consideration initial capital costs finance costs as well as future costs in
6. it is possible to assign a Maintenance Schedule A to H to each section see section 3 4 below Assumptions Internal Walls Partitions Structure amp Fabric Substructure Flooring External Walls Windows amp External Doors pe anes Capital Cost Life years Annual Maintenance Maintenance Schedule Heating Losses Attributable kWh Replacement Cost Multiplier Building Services The building services should then be inputted and these have been divided into six sections each of which will require a Capital Cost Life expectancy Annual Maintenance cost a Maintenance Schedule if required and a Replacement Cost Multiplier Each one also requires information on its impact on the energy balance as follows e Conventional Heat Production e g boilers or storage heaters o Electricity Consumption kWh year and or o Heating Fuel Consumption kWh year For HVAC For Domestic Hot Water DHW o Heat supplied from electricity kWh year o Heat supplied from heating fuel kWh year e Ventilation and Distribution Losses e g plant room losses distribution pipework losses o Electricity consumption e g distribution pump electricity usage o Heating demand losses kWh year e g heat losses from distribution pipework and losses due to ventilation e Cooling e g split unit energy consumption cooling to AHU o Electricity consumption kWh year Electricity consumption for cooling Electricity for ventilation and air
7. save ratio Every one pound spent saves Scenario Baseline Project Capital Cost and NPV 1 000 000 1 000 000 1 000 500 1 100 000 2 000 000 3 000 000 4 000 000 5 000 000 5 667 292 5 620 764 5 528 855 6 000 000 Baseline Improved Substructure u Improved wall u value value E Capital Cost M Real NPV Design led Whole Life Costing Tool 19 Incremental Costs and Savings 138 437 150 000 100 000 46 528 50 000 50 000 100 000 100 000 Improved Substructure u value Improved wall u value Capital Cost NPV The scenario shown in the assumptions section can be selected using a drop down box coloured yellow Assumptions Annual costs and income based on first full year of operation Selected Scenario Costs and Lifespan Building Element Capital Cost Lifespan Annual Income Annual Maintenance uildi i i p P Maintenance Schedule Used Structure and Fabric Substructure 000 M Roof 5o00 23 e o External Walls 7000 ETN Windows amp External Doors 0000 5 TCO Ys OMe 30 000 30 0 wo Frame 25000 6e o Total caso S eco ST Services Heat Production 0000 i s5 o Distribution Losses 0000 5 _ 000 Mo Ventilation amp Cooling 900 i 8o _ o Lighting 1000 2 4000 no DHW Production 5000 5 so N Other 50 000
8. Design led Whole Life Costing Tool User Manual Created for Resource Efficient Scotland Prepared by Emma Hutchinson of GEP Environmental Ltd natural ZERO Growth that doesn t cost the earth A programme from NG scotland SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT Design led Whole Life Costing Tool 2 Contents Disclaimer 3 1 Introduction 4 1 1 The Resource Efficient Scotland Whole Life Costing Tool 4 1 2 What is whole life costing 4 1 3 Why carry out whole life costing 5 1 4 What information is needed to carry out whole life costing 5 1 5 The Whole Life Costing Tool 6 2 Preparing to use the Tool 7 2 1 Deciding on the approach 7 2 2 Data gathering 8 3 Using the tool 11 3 1 Setting the defaults 11 3 2 Setting the baseline 13 3 3 Other Costs and Income 16 3 4 Setting up Maintenance Schedules 17 3 5 Setting up Scenarios 18 amp Reports 18 5 Adapting the Tool 21 Design led Whole Life Costing Tool 3 Disclaimer IMPORTANT NOTICE IN RELATION TO THE LIABILITY OF ZWS IN RESPECT OF THIS TOOL This Tool has been prepared by or on behalf of Zero Waste Scotland Limited Zero Waste Scotland and is provided for general information purposes only by users Recipients Whilst reasonable steps have been taken by Zero Waste Scotland to procure that the content and information contained in this Tool is correct in all material respects such content and information may be incomplete inaccurate and or out of date Accordingly rel
9. ICIENT i This material is copyrighted You can copy it free of charge as long as the material is accurate and not used in a misleading on SCOTLAND a context You must identify the source of the material and acknowledge our copyright You must not use material to endorse or suggest we have endorsed a commercial product or service For more details please see our terms and conditions on our website at www resourceefficientscotland com Growth that doesn h h ZERO N natural rowth that doesn t cost the eart A programme from WASTE S C otl an d SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT
10. and recurring costs to be entered Each section allows ten different categories to be added The following sections are included e One off Construction Costs for non repeating costs such as ground works and Site Waste Management plans One off Construction Costs Baseline Scenario 1 Scenario e Annual Operating Costs for annually repeating operating costs such as IT costs or security systems Annual Operating Costs Baseline Scenario 1 Scenario 2 e Annual Staff Costs for annually repeating staff costs 3 4 Design led Whole Life Costing Tool 17 Annual Staff Costs Baseline Scenario 1 Scenario 2 e Annual Income Streams for annually repeating income such as gate fees or an operating budget Annual Income Streams Baseline Scenario 1 Scenario e End of Life Costs Income for any income or costs associated with disposal of building End of Life Costs Income Baseline Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Setting up Maintenance Schedules Maintenance schedules allow cost profiles to be set up for individual items that require periodic renovation or major parts replacing Items such as windows requiring painting or part of a heat pump needing replacing should be included Each maintenance profile A B C D E F G and H can then be assigned to a different element of the building services or renewables Enter the appropriate costs into the required year For example if the windows need painting every ten years at a cost of 10
11. cluding all operational costs such as rent rates cleaning inspection maintenance repair replacements renewals energy and utilities carbon dismantling disposal security and management over the life of the built asset The operation maintenance and end of life costs will often exceed the initial capital costs by a factor of 5 ___Design a 3 Figure 1 Relationship between initial capital costs and operational costs The timing of future costs must be taken into account in the comparison of options Future cost flows are discounted by a rate that relates present and future money values which may include an allowance for inflationary changes Opportunity costs represent the cost of not having the money available for alternative investments which would earn money or the interest payable on loans to finance work These costs are totalled and discounted using discounted cashflow analysis This uses the concept of present value that can be described as the current worth of a future sum of money or stream of cash flows given a specified rate of return Two financial measures are normally used to evaluate the whole life costs ese 1 4 Design led Whole Life Costing Tool 5 e Net Present Value NPV NPV is defined as the sum of the present values PVs of incoming and outgoing cash flows over a period of time e Internal Rate of Return IRR The discount rate that reduces to zero the net present value of a stream of incomi
12. ctricity exported kWh year From the M amp E engineers Solar gains kWh year From the M amp E engineers or from the thermal model Internal gains kWh year From the M amp E engineers or from the thermal model Total heat produced from kWh year From the M amp E engineers or from the conventional heat thermal model production Total fuel required for kWh year From the M amp E engineers or from the conventional heat thermal model production Electricity used for heat kWh year From the M amp E engineers or from the production thermal model Electricity used for DHW kWh year From the M amp E engineers or from the production thermal model Electricity used for cooling kWh year From the M amp E engineers or from the thermal model Electricity used for lighting kWh year From the M amp E engineers Other electricity usage kWh year From the M amp E engineers Water usage m year From the M amp E engineers Waste water to sewer m year From the M amp E engineers Installed capacity of kW From the M amp E engineers renewables Electricity generated from kWh year From the M amp E engineers each renewable CHP Heat generated from each kWh year From the M amp E engineers renewable CHP DHW generated from each kWh year From the M amp E engineers renewable Electricity consumed by kWh year From the M amp E engineers each renewable CHP Renewable fuel consumed kWh year From the M amp E engineers 2 2 5 Other Data Emissions factors will be requi
13. d to know Project Summary the life expectancy of the main elements of the building Set the Baseline Cashflow Step 3 Set up the scenarios Vary which ever parameters you want to for each scenario At any stage you can click on the home button to return to this menu 0 Data should only be entered into the cells shaded yellow Setting the defaults On first use for a new project basic information about the project should be added and the main default assumptions entered The default assumptions include Project dates Financial assumptions Utility costs Feed in tariffs and renewable heat incentive tariffs Emission factors Select the Default Assumptions tab and enter the project name version number and the date Project Name Version Date The main dates should then be entered The Project Start is the year that the cashflows will be discounted to and will normally be the current year The Construction Start is the date that the construction will start It is assumed that all the construction costs are incurred in the year that construction starts Operation Start is the date when the building is handed over and occupied Operation Life is the expected life time of the building This can be up to 100 years Design led Whole Life Costing Tool 12 Project Start Construction Start Operation Start Operation Life Next the inflation rates should be entered as the annual percentage increase Different inflat
14. de detailed graphs showing real and nominal cash flow breakdowns The following graph shows the first twenty years of positive and negative cashflows for a project The dotted black line shows the net cashflow 400 000 Real Cashflow 20 Years 200 000 200 000 400 000 t I y I 4 I t HEHH 600 000 800 000 CRC Costs Utilities Staff Costs Operating and maintenance Capital costs Heat export Electricity export Other Income RHI FIT ROC income Net Cashflow 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 800 000 Nominal Cashflow 20 Years 600 000 400 000 200 000 200 000 400 000 a i mjm ihe 600 000 4 800 000 _ _ T T T T T T 7 T T T T 1 Net Cashflow 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 CRC Costs Utilities Staff Costs Operating and maintenance Capital costs Heat export Electricity export Other Income RHI FIT ROC income Graphs showing the energy balance for the building are also available These demonstrate how energy is used in the building and where it is sourced from Design
15. eting the whole life costing The project owner will normally specify the use of the whole life costing tool at the inception of every project and hand the responsibility for undertaking whole life costing to the technical delivery team Typically the project manager is accountable for completion of the whole life costing however the tool will be compiled and used by a combination of the following design team members e The project manager PM e The quantity surveyor QS e The M amp E engineer M amp E Cost data will normally be provided by the QS and performance data by the M amp E The PM Should own the model and be responsible for ensuring that it is correctly used How it should be used For new builds the first financial decisions are made at RIBA stage O Strategic Definition and the initial whole life costing model should be produced at the outset Only a high level assessment is required at this stage reflecting capital costs approximate utility consumption and operating costs This will ensure that the delivered building will be affordable to run and maybe used to justify the Business Case 1 5 4 ad 2 1 1 2 1 2 Design led Whole Life Costing Tool 7 At stages 0 and 1 the model can be used to inform site selection with different sustainable aspects of the sites such as the potential for ground works material re use and the availability of renewable resources being evaluated Once a site is selected opti
16. handling units Electricity used by heat pumps not classified as renewable o Cooling demand losses kWh year Cooling requirement Losses from distribution pipework o Free Cooling kWh year e Lighting o Electricity consumption kWh year e DHW Production kWh year Electricity consumption e g point of use water heating Heating fuel consumption e g direct gas fired water heater Heating demand losses e g standing losses from calorifier Any heating fuel consumption can be included in the Conventional Heat Production Column if it is supplied from the boiler or can be entered in the heating fuel consumption cell in the DHW Production column o Heat supplied from electricity kWh year the demand for DHW from electrical sources o Heat supplied from heating fuel kWh year the demand for DHW from heating fuel sources e Other O O O 3 2 3 Design led Whole Life Costing Tool 15 o This can be used to enter any energy demand or supply that is not included in the first five sections It can include Electricity consumption kWh year Heating fuel consumption kWh year Heating Demand Losses kWh year Solar Heat Gains kWh year Internal Heat Gains kWh year Heat Export kWh year Electricity Export kWh year o Water Usage m3 and Waste Water to Sewer m3 can also be entered in this section Conventional Heat Ventilation amp Distribution i Services Cooling Lighting DHW Production Production Losses
17. hould be included are Ls 1 5 1 1 5 2 1 5 3 Design led Whole Life Costing Tool 6 e Rates e Information technology costs e Fixtures fittings and furnishing replacement costs e Manufacturing or process equipment costs e Staff costs The capital costs can include the cost of each of the main elements of the building construction costs such as ground works and any associated professional fees The other factors that need to be considered before embarking on whole life costing are the financial assumptions that are going to be used for inflation rates discount rates utility prices carbon costs and any renewable energy support mechanisms The Whole Life Costing Tool Why it has been developed Whilst there are a number of tools for carrying out whole life costing available they often do not fully encompass resource use during operation The ZWS Whole Life Costing Tool incorporates normal whole life costing functionality but also allows energy and water use to be incorporated into the analysis allowing design decisions to be tested and energy supply options to be evaluated Who should use it Whole life costing is used by public sector and private organisations to analyse their investments and the tool is suitable for use by any organisation Examples of its use are for the construction of a new office building and for an options appraisal for energy supply to a leisure centre Accountability and responsibility for compl
18. iance should not be placed on this Tool by the Recipient or any other person and the Recipient is recommended to seek its own advice in connection with the purposes for which it intends to use the Tool The entire liability of Zero Waste Scotland to the Recipient in respect of any loss or damage arising from or in connection with this Tool including any negligence and any delictual act Or omission in respect of it shall in no event exceed the greater of a the amount paid if any by the Recipient to Zero Waste Scotland specifically for the preparation of this Tool and b 500 ZWS shall not be liable in respect of a any loss of profits damage to goodwill loss of business loss of revenue loss of contracts loss of anticipated savings or increased costs or expenses or b any type of special indirect or consequential loss or damage howsoever caused No warranties representations guarantees or undertakings are given in respect of this Tool and all warranties conditions or other terms implied by statute or common law are excluded to the fullest extent permitted by law Nothing presented within this Tool is intended to be or should be interpreted as an endorsement or recommendation of any supplier service or product Notwithstanding any of the above the liability of Zero Waste Scotland to the Recipient for any death or personal injury caused by negligence for fraudulent misrepresentation or for any other matter for which liability cannot
19. ion rates can be used for the following costs and incomes e Capital Costs e Income e Operating and Maintenance Costs e Staff Costs e Utilities e Tariffs e CRC Costs The Real discount rate and Nominal discount rate should also be entered Inflation Rates amp Discount Rates Base Inflation Rate 2 5 Nominal discount rate Next the emission factors are entered Energy emissions factors should be entered in kgCO gt kWh and water emissions factors should be entered in kgCO gt m Emission Factors If any renewables are used that may be eligible for the renewable heat incentive or the feed in tariff the appropriate tariff should be used These can be found on the Ofgem website https www ofgem gov uk environmental programmes non domestic renewable heat incentive rhi tariffs apply non domestic rhi great britain and https www ofgem gov uk environmental programmes feed tariff fit scheme tariff tables It should be noted that these differ depending on the installed capacity and are revised regularly dependent on take up Tariffs can be entered for e Biomass e Solar Thermal e Heat Pumps e Wind or Hydro e PhotoVoltaics PV 3 2 3 2 1 Design led Whole Life Costing Tool 13 RHI Tariffs Tariff 1 Tariff 2 Biomass Solar Thermal Heat Pump Fil Taritts Wind or Hydro Tariffs for each utility used or produced can be entered This includes for any biomass fuel used It is recommended tha
20. lacement options could be modelled In addition it is possible to only model the costs of the building or to include any income such as grants operating budgets or gate fees Including income in the analysis can help evaluate whether the building is affordable Financial index rates and discount rates To assess the impact of differing inflation rates for different elements of the model you will need to enter in expected inflation rates for e Capital costs e Income e Operating and maintenance costs e Staff costs e Utilities e Renewable energy tariffs e CRC costs 2 1 3 PAP 2 2 1 2 2 2 Design led Whole Life Costing Tool 8 These could all be set to a single inflation rate such as the retail price index RPI or each could be set individually Setting them individually allows factors such as fuel costs increasing at a different rate from inflation to be reflected The discount rate used will be determined by your organisation s policy It may be based on the organisation s cost of capital or may be set by management The difference between the real discount rate and the nominal discount rate is often based on the retail price index RPI Add in the typical public sector discount rate from the treasury book i e 3 5 note correct in February 2015 Opportunity costs Real or Nominal The model is set up to analyse projects on both a real and a nominal basis The fundamental difference between these two options i
21. led Whole Life Costing Tool 21 Building Heat Demand and Export Building Electricity Demand and Export m Substructure Roof External Walls Lighting Ventilation and Distribution Cooling m Other m Export m Windows amp External Doors Ventilation amp Distribution Losses Other Heat Losses m DHW m Export 0 0 0 Building Heat Sources Building Electricity Sources E Heating Fuel W Electricity E Biomass W Solar Thermal m CHP Imported Wind PV m CHP 0 2 _ 0 0 Adapting the Tool The sheets within the tool have been locked but not password protected They can therefore be easily unlocked making it possible to tailor them for use in any project Care Should be taken that the logic within the spreadsheet is understood before this takes place The tool can be adapted to create exemplar templates such as Hotel refurbishment projects or new Health Centre designs Design led Whole Life Costing Tool 22 www resourceefficientscotland com 0808 808 2268 ResourceScot t __ lt gt A oS Once nen ae au OR se Resource Efficient Scotland Ground Floor Moray House Forthside Way Stirling FK8 1QZ Be Amd LO n While we have tried to make sure this report is accurate we cannot accept responsibility or be held legally responsible ZB RESOURCE i for any loss or damage arising out of or in connection with this information being inaccurate incomplete or misleading wO EFF
22. ng and outgoing cashflows over a period of time usually the lifetime of the project Why carry out whole life costing Private and Public sector organisations are encouraged and in some cases required to improve their sustainability and carbon emission performance through a number of compliance measures such as CRC carbon management plans corporate social responsibility requirements etc Whole life costing is an ideal method of ensuring an improvement in sustainable building performance and resource efficiency Too many designs are influenced on the basis of short term capital financial outlays and do not consider the longer term operation of the building Value for money can only be achieved if the costs associated with the life of the product are considered Undertaking a design led WLC exercise allows resource efficiency to be appropriately considered during the assessment of the true cost of designing constructing and operating a building works WLC factors in the costs associated with running the building for its expected life time and enables designers to test different design choices to determine the impact on building construction and operating costs For example a design team may be considering using either a steel structure with high levels of glazing or a timber frame structure with low levels of glazing for an office building Whole life costing will allow the factoring of the different costs of these options to determine the m
23. ons for different building orientations and forms can be modelled At this stage of design an initial thermal model of the building is required to determine the optimal configuration Where different options are explored each of these can be evaluated using the whole life costing model using information from the thermal model combined with high level costing assumptions Once the project moves on through the project stages the model is refined and more detail added such as detailed energy balances and the introduction of renewable technologies until the design is finalised At the value engineering stage any substitutions can be evaluated to ensure that they do not have a detrimental impact on building operating costs or resource efficiency Finally the model can be used as part of the post occupancy evaluation in order to evaluate the financial impact of any differences between design performance and actual performance Excel Version The tool is designed to work in Excel 2010 and 2013 Preparing to use the Tool Deciding on the approach In order to use the tool decisions will need to be made about the methodology used to evaluate the project These decisions will cover the scope of the assessment and financial assumptions Scope The model can be used in two ways either the whole building can be modelled or a single aspect can be assessed The second of these options is more appropriate for refurbishments for example boiler rep
24. ost appropriate resource efficient investment option In this scenario the option with high levels of glazing is likely to have higher running costs due to the increased cooling requirements Another use of whole life costing is to help assess the value engineering decisions Value engineering processes frequently involve the substitution of materials or equipment that are Supposedly like for like and unfortunately reduce the sustainability of a construction project Using whole life costing to evaluate the impact of such substitutions can reveal that whilst capital cost savings are made the impact of the building s operating costs can be severe What information is needed to carry out whole life costing Whole life costing requires the input of good quality precise and accurate data to obtain valuable numerical results It needs data about the cost of individual activities and components plus data about the timing of future events e g capital equipment replacement costs and dates To carry out whole life costing on a new building both the capital revenue and operating costs of the building will be analysed Income streams such as grants or entrance fees can also be considered The operating costs need to cover all aspects of operating a building including e Design costs e Utility costs e Maintenance costs e Labour costs e Replacement costs and expected life of major items of plant or building fabric Other aspects that can and s
25. red in order to calculate the expected carbon emissions and any carbon related costs such as the CRC These emission factors can be obtained from http www ukconversionfactorscarbonsmart co uk Sorel Design led Whole Life Costing Tool 11 Using the tool The home page of the tool allows simple navigation around each section of the tool Each page of tool has a button to allow you to return back to the home page Zero Waste Scotland Whole Life Costing Tool Version 2 0 Mar 2015 Q Introduction This tool is designed for evaluating the whole life cost of a new build or refurbishment project It allows a baseline to be set and then up to two scenarios created The scenarios can be used to test the impact of different design choices See the accompaning guide for detailed instructions Step 1 Set the Defaults Step 4 Add any other costs or income You will need to know inflation rates energy prices emission factors and feed in This sheet can be used for recording other construction costs such as fees and tariff or renewable heat incentive tariffs if eligible projects included site waste management costs Other annual costs and any annual income can also be entered here Set the Defaults Add Other Costs and Income Step 2 Set the baseline Step 5 Review your assumptions and the results You will need to know capital costs operating costs energy consumption heat and ventilation losses and any energy generation You will also nee
26. s that the real analysis ignores the effect of inflation whilst the nominal analysis factors in inflation rates for all costs and income We would normally recommend that the nominal analysis is used as it allows the potential for utility costs to increase at a greater level than normal inflation to be included Consulting with your Finance Manager at an early stage will help to buy commitment to whole life costing and will also provide direction on main financial assumptions Data gathering Once the scope and main financial assumptions have been made detailed cost data is gathered for entry into the tool Capital costs For each main element of the building the capital costs of that element along with its expected life will be required Consideration will also be required of how its replacement cost at the end of its life will relate to its initial cost For example the initial cost of a roof including its supporting structure could be 100 000 and it could have a thirty year life When it needs replacing in thirty years the replacement cost may only be 60 of the initial cost as the supporting structure will last for the life of the building and only the roof panels will need replacement Capital costs will normally be provided by the QS or public sector in house design teams Estimates for the expected life of main elements of the building can be obtained from manufacturers or typical values from CIBSE Guide M Maintenance Engineering and
27. t the notes field is used to record the fuel type where appropriate The following fuel types can be entered e Electricity Import kWh e Heating Fuel kWh e Renewable Fuel kWh e Heat Export kWh e Electricity Export kWh e Water Import m e Waste Water m Utility Costs Electricity Import kWh Heating Fuel kWh Renewable Fuel kWh Heat Export kWh E Electricity Export kWh Water Import m Waste Water m E Finally a CRC cost should be entered If your organisation is not a CRC participant this should be set to zero The cost will depend on whether your organisation chooses to buy its carbon allowances in the forecast sale or the buy to comply sale Other Costs Tariff Setting the baseline The baseline represents the base case assumptions for the model at each stage of the project It will change as the design of the project forms and as decisions are made Structure and Fabric The Structure and Fabric data entry is divided into six sections e Substructure Flooring e Roof e External Walls e Windows and External Doors e Internal Walls Partitions and Doors e Frame For each section the Capital Cost Life expectancy Annual Maintenance cost and a Replacement Cost Multiplier is required For the first four of these the Heating Losses 3 2 2 Design led Whole Life Costing Tool 14 Attributable in kWh year will also be required Finally
28. their energy consumption using either an SBEM model or a dynamic simulation model These thermal models produce an energy performance certificate for the building that must be submitted as part of the building warrant process They also produce a Brukl report which details u values and the air permeability of the buildings Working out what your net energy use by each element of the buildings can be achieved by one of two methods 1 Interrogation of the thermal model to determine the required values Most software packages will produce a report detailing the required information 2 Use the u values and air permeability from the Brukl report to calculate the energy consumption attributable to those elements The data required for creating the energy balance for the model is What you need What units Where will you find it should it be in The annual heat losses kWh year Can be found by attributable to the e Interrogating the thermal Walls model Floor Manual calculation using u Roof values Windows and doors Rules of thumb for early stage models The annual ventilation kWh year Can be found by losses for the building Interrogating the thermal model Manual calculation using air permeability Rules of thumb for early stage Design led Whole Life Costing Tool 10 models The distribution losses from kWh year From the M amp E engineers the heat distribution system Heat exported kWh year From the M amp E engineers Ele
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