BibTeX course notes - Universitetet i Oslo
Contents
1. bibliographies in many categories Artificial Intel ligence Compiler Technology Programming Languages and Type The ory Database Research Distributed Systems Networking and Telecom munications Computer Graphics and Vision Logic Programming Com putational Mathematics Neural Networks All together more than 3 000 000 records duplicates included e Digital Bibliography amp Library Project DBLP see our home page contains mainly journal articles and conference papers e National bibliographies are another type of bibliography They cover all that is published within a country e Person bibliographies usually cover all that is written by and about a certain person What is a reference list Why refer Without a reference list a thesis is not finished When working with research you always base your work more or less on previous works done by others If you don t cite them when you do it will be considered theft or plagiarism The reference list in your thesis should contain information on every document that you either cite are referring to or from which you use ideas illustrations graphs statistics or other results The body text must contain citations which are pointers to the reference list The reference list contains all the information that is necessary to locate and access the source You should aim at citing the primary source because you might losse something citing somebody who cites Now how far2. should you go in citing This varies from discipline to discipline When giving definitions of concepts you should always cite the source because this tells the reader what context your operate within What might be considered as common knowledge like the fact that the earth moves around the sun 2 need not be cited What is common knowl edge in one discipline might not be in another It also depends on for whom you are writing The importance of consistent and correct references The purpose of the reference list is to show what previous research your own work is based on and to give the readers of your work a chance to evaluate it This means that references must contain the necessary and sufficient information elements to identify and locate the described document This course deals with the question of making a proper reference list using the tool BibTeX 2 BibTeX 2 1 Literature about BibTeX Dag Langmyhr has written a short guide to BibTeX in Norwegian I3 You will find English texts on BibTeX in which may be borrowed from the library 2 2 The bib file References are collected in a file with the extension bib The connection between the ATX file and the references in the bib file is established by using identifiers see below The bib file may reside in the same file catalogue as the ATEX file or you may put in in file catalogue texmf bibtex bib where BibTeX always will find it 2 3 GUI for BibTeX You will
3. BibTeX course notes Informatics Library September 15 2011 Contents 1 Bibliographies and reference list 2 3 2 1 Literature about BibTeX 0 2 0 2 2 00 3 22 The bib fld 0 0 0 0 00000000000000004 3 2 Lior BibTeX sacs amp doce e DS SS ee Se oe GS Sw 3 2 4 Emacs and the bib fla 00 002 0 000 4 2 5 The most important reference typed 6 2 6 The crossref option 2 2 00000 ee ee 6 2 7 URLs 6 7 Exercise 2 Using the bib file with a ATeXdocumen 9 9 10 10 4 4 enerating the reference list 00 2 11 4 5 The reference list headey 2 le 11 4 6 Including the reference list in the contents 12 4 Referring backwardgd aa a a a 12 12 Preface This paper deals with the practical exercises in the BibTeX course The exercises will help you build the bibliography given in the article entitled User interface from Encyclopedia of computer sciencef9 1 Bibliographies and reference lists What is a bibliography A bibliography is a list of literature sharing some common aspect This might be a person a subject an area national bibliographies and others e Within computer science there are a lot of bibliographies covering the different parts of the field Many of these bibliographies are available in a common service called The Collection of Computer Science Bibli ographies I This service contains
4. Emacs Ctrl c Ctrl c concludes the entering of a reference You will be warned about empty mandatory fields Emacs will propose an identifier if you have not entered one yourself Empty optional fields will be removed e Linux you may print the whole bib file by using the command printbib myfile bib This generates a dvi file that may be printed The references will be sorted by identifier If you want the list in a special style you use the command printbib s style myfile bib 2 5 The most important reference types Article Mandatory author title journal year Recommended volume number pages Book Mandatory title publisher year and at least one of author or editor InBook InCollection The type inBook is meant for paragraphs chapters and page interval in a book The type inCollection is meant for independent contributions in a book or collection anthology Mandatory for InBook author editor title chapter publisher year Mandatory for InCollection author title booktitle Recommended publisher year InProceedings conference paper Mandatory author title booktitle Recommended year publisher pages Mastersthesis PhdThesis Mandatory for both author title school year TechReport Mandatory author title institution year Recommended number report number 2 6 The crossref option If you have several references from the same collection or conference it would be rather cumb
5. converted to lowercase If you want to keep your own layout e g acronyms like ACM and IEEE or person names in titles put curly braces around your text Macros Some information occurs often It may be journal titles publisher names personal names and so on To save typing and to ensure consistency you may use macros The definition of the macro must appear in the beginning of the bib file Examples string shn Ben Shneiderman string ojd Ole Johan Dah1 string atch ACM Transactions on Computer Human Interaction string aw Addison Wesley Then you might enter without curly braces or quotes author ojd editor shn journal atch publisher aw The macros will be expanded during the bibtex processing Some styles have build in macros for the most common journal titles se a list in 3 p 12 Identifiers Every reference in the bib file must include a unique identifier It must be entered right after the first curly brace A comma concludes the identifier As you are going to use this identifier when citing in your main ATEX document you should construct it easy to memorize like shneiderman1983 olsen1992 Some useful functions e Emacs TAB sets the cursor at the end of the current field e Emacs Ctrl J at the beginning of the next field e Emacs If you select the menu BibTeX Edit gt Operating on Buffer or Region gt Validate Entries a syntax check is per formed on the bib file e
6. d select author as qualifier and 1986 as publication year The third hit is the one we re after To the right you will see two links BibTeX and 4 duplicates Study the four duplicates and go back to take a look at the BibTeX link Copy the reference into your bib file 2 Olsen 1992 15 Go back to Google Scholar and try to find this reference by searching for olsen user interface management Click Import into BibTeX link Is it oK 4 Copy the reference to the bib file 3 Sandvik 2006 16 This reference is a master thesis which you must enter from scratch Select the relevant entry type in Emacs and enter information into the mandatory fields 4 Johnsen et al 1989 10 This reference you will find in the JEEE Xplore service Select Browse journals amp Magazines and find your way to the start page of the journal Computer Select the correct volume 1989 and issue 9 and find the article in the table of contents of this issue Tick the reference and click Download citations Choose Citation only and BibTeX Finally click Download citations Copy the reference to the bib file 5 Shneiderman 1983 17 This reference you will find in the JEEE Xplore service Follow the procedure above 6 Hartson 1989 6 This reference we will find in ACM Digital Library A general description of the procedure Click the title of the article in a hit list The page which appear has a grey text box to the right marked Tools and Resources At t
7. e software tools ACM Trans Comput Hum Interact 2 1 64 103 1995 200971 D D R Olsen User interface management systems models and algo rithms Morgan Kaufmann San Francisco 1992 Tor Eric Sandvik Menneske datamaskin interaksjon HCI sett i per spektiv av poker pa internett artefakters evolusjon i pokerspillet ved overgangen fra poker som kortspill til nettspill 2006 Masteroppgave i informatikk Universitetet i Oslo 2006 B B Shneiderman Direct manipulation A step beyond programming languages Computer 16 8 57 69 1983 0018 9162 Ben Shneiderman Designing the user interface strategies for effective human computer interaction Addison Wesley Reading Mass 1992 9 13 19 Neal Stephenson In the beginning was the command line Avon Books New York 1999 D 20 Apostolos Syropoulos Antonis Tsolomitis and Nick Sofroniou Digital typography using ATpX Springer 2002 B September 20111 undervisning referansehandtering bibtex bibtexfolder tex 14
8. ence is to appear The redefinition of the refname variable and the addcontentsline command should appear together to ensure consistency renewcommand refname Literature addcontentsline toc section refname 4 7 Referring backwards When your document grows it will be difficult to remember just where you cited a certain reference You may use the package hyperref which generates backward citations That is for every reference in the reference list page numbers are added to show where the reference is cited To achieve this you add the following command in the ATpxX header usepackage pagebackref true hyperref If pagebackref is set to false the page numbers disappear from the refer ence list The hyperref package also generates internal and external links in the document Literature 1 Alf Christian Achilles and Paul Ortyl The Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies http liinwww ira uka de bibliography index html 2010 09 27 2 M 2 Nicolaus Copernicus De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium apud Ioh Petreium 1543 Se ogsa http ads harvard edu books 1543droc book 2010 09 27 B J 3 Carsten Dominik RefTeX user manual 4 34 edition August 2009 http www gnu org software auctex manual reftex pdf 2010 09 27 0 4 James D Foley Computer graphics principles and practice Addison Wesley Reading Mass 1990 9 5 J D Foley Interfaces for advanced computing Scient
9. ersome to enter the shared information concerning the col lection or the conference The solution is to enter a reference book collection or proceedings that covers the whole document with the shared information like book title The references concerning the parts chapter paper might then include the field crossref containing the identifier of the shared document BibTeX will then merge the information from the part e g inBook Book inProceedings Proceedings and the whole When using the crossref option make sure that the part references appears before the whole references in the bib file inBook before Book 2 7 URLs All reference types in BibTeX may include the field url but only the harvard styles will show the data from this field The solution is to put the URL in the note field together with the date that the URL was last accessed Date is important by several reasons First of all web pages have a tendency to change over time you should document which version date you are referring to Second the documents often change their URLs It is also recommended that you keep a printed copy of the page for later control Examples I B To ensure a proper typographical handling of the URL you should use the command url which is included in the url package Include the following in the ATpX header usepackage T1 url urlstyle sf Then you enter the note field like this note newline url http www ifi u
10. find several tools for handling BibTeX references on the net Among these are e JabRef which you can download from http jabref sourceforge net It is written in Java and is said to run on Windows Mac and Linux e Zotero is an elegant add on for the Firefox web browser It may be downloaded from http www zotero org 2 4 Emacs and the bib file Emacs uses a certain BibTeX mode when you open a bib file Open a file named references bib in Emacs You will see a menu called Entry Types When you want to enter a new reference in your bib file you choose reference type from this menu Observe that there are keyboard short cuts for this operation After chosing a reference type you will see a list of empty fields like this article in journal or Ctrl c Ctrl e Ctrl a Article author title journal year OPTkey OPTvolume OPTnumber OPTpages OPTmonth OPTnote OPTannote Fields The fields prefixed OPT are optional the others are mandatory Sometimes two or more fields are prefixed with ALT You must enter data into one of them The text in the fields must be surrounded by quotes or curly braces There is an exception you may enter a four digit year without quotes or braces The fields are separated by comma Information in some of the fields will be edited according to the BibTeX style you have chosen Uppercase letters might be
11. he bottom of this box there is a BibTeX link Move to the ACM Digital Library from the library home page Click Journals and Transactions under the Browse the digital library header You will get a list of all the journals of ACM some called transactions Locate the journal Computing surveyd Navigate to the journal page then to the publication archive to the correct issue and finally to the table of contents 3Yes Use Ctrl f to search within the list Study the BibTeX reference Note that ACM abbreviates the journal name Copy the reference to your bib file and correct the journal name 7 Jacob 1986 8 Use ACM Digital Library See above 8 Myers 1995 14 Use ACM Digital Library See above 9 Foley 1990 4 Use the Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies CCSB Click Search in the horisontal menu on the start page Enter Foley in the search field and select author as qualifier and 1990 as publication year 10 Foley 1987 5 Use the Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies CCSB See above 11 Shneiderman 1992 18 Use the Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies CCSB See above 12 Stephenson 1999 19 Use the Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies CCSB See above 4 Exercise 2 Using the bib file with a KT fpXdocument In this exercise you will use text located in the URL http folk uio no knuthe bibtex exampletext html Copy the text into Emacs in a file called userinte
12. ific American 257 4 127 135 1987 P 12 6 7 8 9 10 11 17 18 H Rex Hartson and Deborah Hix Human computer interface develop ment concepts and systems for its management ACM Comput Surv 21 1 5 92 1989 E L Hutchins J D Hollan and Donald A Norman Direct manipula tion interfaces In Donald A Norman and Stephen W Draper editors User centered system design new perspectives on human computer in teraction pages 87 124 Lawrence Erlbaum Hillsdale 1986 M Robert J K Jacob A specification language for direct manipulation user interfaces ACM Trans Graph 5 4 283 317 1986 9 Robert J K Jacob User interface In Anthony Ralston Edwin D Reilly and David Hemmendinger editors Encyclopedia of computer science pages 1821 1826 Nature publishing Group 4 edition 2000 J Johnson T L Roberts W Verplank D C Smith C H Irby M Beard and K Mackey The Xerox Star a retrospective Computer 22 9 28 29 1989 Helmut Kopka and Patrick W Daly A guide to ATRX2e document preparation for beginners and advanced users Addison Wesley 2 edition 1995 B Helmut Kopka and Patrick W Daly Guide to ATRX tools and tech niques for computer typesetting Addison Wesley 4 edition 2004 B Dag Langmyhr Lokal guide til BibTeX Desember 2008 http www ifi uio no dag latex links bibtex guide pdf 2010 09 27 B Brad A Myers User interfac
13. io no dag latex links bibtex guide pdf 2010 09 27 and you might see the result in the reference list 13 3 Exercise 1 Building the bib file We will now import references from external sources and enter one by hand The references are found on the accompanying sheet and you will also find them in the reference section of this document Usually you will download the reference in parallel with downloading the full document Make it a habit to fetch the reference data alongside fetching the document It will save you a lot of work later on 1 Hutchins et al 1986 7 Search for Hutchins 1986 direct in Google Scholar via Library home page Before studying the hit list do this select Scholar pref erences from cogwheel up right Scroll down to the section on Bibliog raphy manager Tick off Show links to import citations into and select BibTeX in the pull down menu Save the preferences Take a look a the first hit in the list Click the link Import into Bib TeX You will then see the reference with BibTeX syntax Is this the reference we were looking fort Proceed to the next page in the hit list and study other reference candidates Do you notice any peculiarities 2 1 No 2A lot of citations of the relevant document are listed We will now try to find the reference in the Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies CCSB Click Search in the horisontal menu on the start page Enter Hutchins in the search field an
14. kagefharvard 4 4 Generating the reference list Put these commands in the AAT fX file where you want the reference list to appear bibliography name of bib files without extension bibliographystyle name of style If you use several bib files separate them by comma Running ATFX on the tex file all cite bibliography and bibliographystyle commands are noted in the aux file and you get the message LaTeX there were unresolved citations Then you run the command gt bibtex tex filename without extension and hopefully get the message BibTeX finished successfully Run LaTeX again to get citations right Running ATEX will give the message You should run LaTeX again to get references right and finally after running IATFX once more LaTeX successfully formatted n pages 4 5 The reference list header The header of the reference list is taken from the value of a JATfX variable The name of the variable is refname when using the documentclass arti cle and bibname for the book documentclass The default values of these variables are References and Bibliography respectively You may give these variables new values by using the renewcommand like this renewcommand refname Literature 11 4 6 Including the reference list in the contents The reference list is not included in the contents automatically To add an entry in the content you give this command addcontentsline toc section refname where the refer
15. rface ter Your job is to replace every doble reference with a proper AT FX citation command 4 1 Citing You must use a cite command when you want to include a citation in your text The command takes the reference identifier as mandaory parameter like this citefidentifier The identifier must be written exactly as it appears in the bib file If you want to cite several references in the same cite command it would look like this citef identifier1l identifier2 If you want to refer to a certain page within the document the cite takes another parameter cite page 47 identifier If you want a reference to appear in your reference list without explicitly citing it you may write nocite identifier If you replace identifier with all of the references in your bib file will a appear in your reference list 4 2 Locating and using a reference from the bib file An Emacs add on RefTeX makes it easy to handle citations 3 The package is recommended also by other reasons It handles internal crossreferences in the tex file and may an easy to use table of contents in Emacs You put Emacs in Ref TEX mode by giving the command M x reftex mode Please note the new top menu Ref You may set Emacs in RefTeX mode initially by adding these commands to the emacs file autoload reftex mode reftex RefTeX Minor Mode t autoload turn on reftex reftex RefTeX Minor Mode nil add hook LaTeX mode hook tu
16. rn on reftex This mode will make it possible to locate references by regular expres sions Place the cursor where the cite command should be Select cite from the Ref menu or use the command Ctrl c Enter the regular expres sion plus Return Eventually you will get a hist list You may navigate in the hit list by using the up down arrows and selecting a reference by return A cite command will appear with the correct identifier The point of using easy to remember identifiers is not that important any longer Now replace the doble citation with proper cite commands in the rest of the text 4 3 BibTeX styles Several bibliographic styles are defined in BibTeX Her are some commonly used styles e plain the reference list is sorted alphabetically by first author and given a running number The citation is a number in brackets e unsrt looks like plain but the list is sorted in the same sequence as the citations appear in the document 10 e abbrv as plain but with compacted references These styles are variations of numbered styles which is frequently used in computer science literature If you have a lot of references in your document it is more user friendly when the citation includes author name and year Shneiderman 1983 Such styles are included in the packages chicago and harvard If you want to use such styles you must include the package in the header of the JATpX file usepackage chicago usepac
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