Home

Users Manual - MapShed - Penn State University

1. Figure 2 G 9 Label Font Editor 54 Checking Weather Data for Errors Due to the fact that correctly formatted weather data is critical to producing usable output from the GWLF E model a weather data checking tool is included with MapShed that will automatically detect and report on potential but maybe not all errors in the weather data To check weather data for possible errors select the Check Weather Data option from the MapShed Tools pull down menu Upon selecting this option you will be asked to browse to the weather csv file that you wish to check If any errors are found a message box will appear describing any errors that may have been found If errors are found the user can consult the format guide that has been provided in Appendix G Apportioning Loads Based on Urban Boundaries Due to a recent need expressed by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection a new tool has been implemented within MapShed to apportion various pollutant loads estimated by GWLF E across one or more urban boundaries in the U S these are often used to represent MS4 or storm water management boundaries In other words the simulated loads are area weighted for each urban area based upon their percent distribution within the watershed This particular function is automatically implemented if an urban area layer and associated look up table are loaded into MapShed via the Load Data Layer form as sho
2. mp rx qm Din 2 reams 2 c E E 3 3 5 a u g z F H R a EJ o z 3 E 5 z EE qp qup Ey bo qe p E qui F B 3 er Low Development m ES High Development asture Figure G 3 Example of weather station features 110 Table G 4 Required fields in weather station table Field Name Field Type Description STA ID Integer Number Unique identifier for station BEGYEAR Integer Number Beginning year for climate data record ENDYEAR Integer Number End year for climate data record With MapShed weather data for the GWLF E input file are automatically prepared using daily climate data contained in csv formatted Excel files These Excel files are connected to a weather station shape file via the use of a unique station ID number In constructing the weather data for a given watershed MapShed uses daily data from nearby weather stations If one or more stations are contained within the watershed polygon the mean daily values for temperature and precipitation are used If no stations are within the polygon the daily mean values of the two stations nearest to the center of the polygon are used The format of the attribute table for a weather shape file was shown previously in Table G 4 In this case it is the STA ID field that is used to connect a specific point location in the shape file to its respective Excel database file T
3. Load Duration Curve Comparison Tool Urban Area Tool Initial file is typically created by GWLF E for subsequent use in PRedICT PRedICT can be used to create and utilize additional pms files as well 134 APPENDIX J Description of BMPs Used in MapShed Rural Land BMPs A wide range of BMPs are theoretically available for use in rural primarily agricultural areas A general description of some of the more widely used ones is given in Section 2 0 of the PHedlCT user s manual Within GWLF E only a select subset of those is available for simulation purposes including the following BMP 1 Cover Crops BMP 2 Conservation Tillage BMP 3 Stripcropping Contour Farming BMP 4 Conservation Plan BMP 5 User Defined BMP 6 Nutrient Management BMP 7 Gazing Land Management BMP 8 Agricultural Land Retirement Animal Waste Management Systems AWMS for Livestock Animal Waste Management Systems AWMS for Poultry Vegetated Buffer Strips Stream Bank Fencing Streambank Stabilization Erosion and Sediment E amp S Controls applied to Unpaved Roads In simulating the implementation of these BMPs with GWLF E the user is required to specify the extent to which they are to be implemented within a given area e g of area to which a BMP is applied of total animal population treated length of stream buffered or fenced etc Based on this information pollutant load calculations are then made using the reduction coefficients a
4. Point Sources 30956 4 a3 Septic Systems 55 pos Totals 37633 36733 34230628 0 474831 59 20262 21 Print Export to JPEG Exit Figure 2 G 14 Use of the Urban Area Tool Unregulated Loads tab 58 Load Duration Curves for Sediment Load Evaluation Another function recently developed in GWLF E is one that allows users to compare daily sediment load output from different model runs This function called the Load Duration Curve Comparison Tool is typically used when one is interested in comparing load reductions that might result from the implementation of various BMPs that can be used to reduce sediment loads from rural and urban areas In this case information contained in the daily output files see discussion at the end of Section E above is extracted and written to a csv formatted Excel file that contains among other things pre defined load duration curves that are used to plot the before and after results from separate model runs As described by Cleland 2001 load duration curves also called flow duration curves can be useful for comparing pollutant loads and concentrations that occur during different flow regimes for a particular area With such curves load or concentration data are plotted against different cumulative frequency intervals generated using long term daily flow data for the purpose of evaluating whether pollution problems typically occur during d
5. Figure D 1 The Shapefile Editor tool 2 To facilitate the digitizing process add a streams layer that depicts the geographic area for which you wish to digitize a watershed boundary and possibly a DEM layer or scanned topographic map for better recognition of topographic divides Do this by using the Add Remove Layer tool located on the MapWindow or MapShed tool bar Then click on the Create new shapefile tool as shown in Figure D 2 After clicking on this tool the dialog shown in Figure D 3 will appear asking you to specify a name and type in this case polygon for the shapefile Use the browse button located to the right of the Filename 100 input box to locate a folder and type in a name that you wish to use for the new shapefile After specifying the name and type click on the OK button to go to the next step The next box to appear will give you a warning about the projection of the new layer to be created see Figure D 4 Just click on OK with no changes to move on to the next step amp MapShed Version 1 0 0 BETA springnoptsrc File Edt View Plugins MapShedTools Shapefile Editor elp ing MSF iH 212745 1 B Lt Me Ro PERLE UK OM Data Layers 17 Weather Filename sheds shp Shapefile Type vj Figure D 3 Shapefile options dialog Warning No Projection on Layer Warming The layer you re adding has no projection but the MapW indow project does have a p
6. Os 20 001202 6 100 2 32 0 i 94 49 14554495 18 7 10 3 92 qro34z4t26 5 DU j og 15 7933064 79 5 255 H 09 14 98514225 23 ns 1 13 75316647 19 70 EU 214352963 25 25 7 12 1151352654 13 0 72 13 1N 56946411 EO 6a 14 11 10650925 Rai 5 15 10 65819355 125 8 4s 1 6 10 3596 7271 5 3 36 0 17 942109223 E 52 18 s97224877 DO 40 19 32046005 4s 5 6 2 9 055769107 Dp E 24 818619535 55 44 22 63 165613 28 6 EAD 23 3270029482 45 E 24 2 04605537 s 35 25 T 902627172 4T 40 26 7 752103017 5 3 34 BO 7 58433267 D Do Ej T 366125204 AT 55 24 7277326771 40 43 3 7489217459 63 40 34 T 063514762 T 43 22 954045034 444 2 33 6 939513303 52 3 0 24 6 76a702219 47 EO axor dopict flaud intervale 25 6d7162045 p 2 na mean annual barir Thorefare tho E 6 534939974 42 az Flow conditions The mare Frequent lau flou intervals are notzhaun an the lauer platzince the ds Inadinq rater during thoro 37 6420158201 L E periods tond tobe insignificant lore than thatha E 6347451582 E 54 3 9 6280056588 47 xt zo 4 EE 47 33 44 120535566 E 34 42 6 048520845 5 0 37 43 5958157721 14 2 27 44 5 942193724 66 34 45 S 875236375 54 x9 46 S 820877876 EO EG lec 47 5 761123051 D EO 4 5 112162634 65 35 45 5 669900806 22 EO 5 5 609876489 44 34 s 54 5 550250192 66 33 52 5 50378097 62 E 52 5447269478 45 2 jd non YU Pat 54 5314020015 5 0 28 ELI 55 5333157091 43 5 7 2 tyre iga 5 6 5 276927173 44 x 53 5240679208 3 9 35 E 5s 5205620321 254 25
7. BMP Type BMP 1 BMP 2 BMP 3 BMP 4 BMP 5 BMP 6 BMP BMP 8 Vegetated Buffer Strips Streambank Fencing Streambank Stabilization Unpaved Road Kg meter N 59 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 e e o f ro en to f of of a of of A P Sed nas 035 038 joer oso fon joss 032 iss fog 028 p34 013 foa2 jon Path Ld m Az 052 fose o0 373 J Of wlan oy co cn co AWMS Livestock ANIMS Poultry Runoff Control Phytase in Feed 0 75 0 14 15 oj o E u e Urban BMP Load Reduction Efficiency N P Sed Path foas fost oio foe2 jos o5 fos 07i BMP Type Constructed Wetlands Bioretention Areas Detention Basins Urban BMP Editor Save File Export to JPEG Close Figure 2 D 8 BMP load reduction efficiency form Note that gms files that have been created via the pre processing of GIS and weather data within MapShed for subsequent use as input to GWLF E will always have zero values for various BMP parameters unless they have been edited prior to a model run using the BMP Data button as described earlier These files will always be located above the Output folder created by GWLF E during model execution and as shown in Figure 2 D 2 these files will always be in the form of filename gms with the representing the watershed ID value as described previously Note When sub basins are merged to create an aggregate run this trailing val
8. ER EH al i G of annual load applied to crops pasture e cei 5 aei 2 a 2 ae 5 e 5 e 2 a Base nitrogen loss rate Base phosphorus loss rate Base fecal coliform loss rate of manure load incorporated into soil 9 9 9 o 9 Nps en 5 x e N z x z N i il G E il BEE EE BEE IBERE H z a N oo 2S s o mp e nN z N e N r Barnyard Confined Area Contribution pe z 3 x 2 8 n ae a x g gt 3 ale al ala Base nitrogen loss rate Base phosphorus loss rate Base fecal coliform loss rate a ae N S N e E S aei N S S e S aei N gt S S S S N m Other Pathogen Related Data p Manure Data Check Initial Grazing Animal Totals Wildife loading rate org arimal per day SO0E 08 Land applied 052 Niko Ri Wildlife denstiy animals square mile p From grazing 0 3 Wildlfe Urban die off rate Ds inconfinedareas 018 Pika x27 Urban EMC org 100ml 860403 Total mustbe lt 1 0 1 0 FC Drgs Yrr 285615 Septic loading rate org person per day 200409 Malfunctioning system rate lif WWTP loading rate cfu 100rl fon Back Save File Export to JPEG Close In stream die off rate fos Figure A 2 Editing the Animal Nutrient and Pathogen File form part 2 89 Data on animal populations can be entered via two mechanisms 1
9. MapShed VERSION 1 3 USERS GUIDE Barry M Evans and Kenneth J Corradini Penn State Institutes of Energy and the Environment The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 April 2012 Updated July 2015 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION LEE A ONUOIVIBW rapit o aiii Feder SE RE Rel o Up Diner ship eat Lid he em eda ee B Watershed Modeling in MapShed uiii esee aan ath ata n Rain ta eaa EA e TPE GWEF Model eis opted DE RE Sod ad delati Dips iu se iota i laeheniU EnBhgncemenis to fe GULF Model uenit ex tiene Ihrer ed ende hcm XE eia iiiki C GIS Based Derivation of Model Input Data sss D Executing the MOL o eie reete tuat eti tenere tra titt i utet ente edd ma saeua rn dps STEP BY STEP INSTRUCTIONS FOR BASIC MODELING WITH MapShed A Installing th Software and Data eiecee does iude n E reatu no o2 3R un dei Tae a aA enesenn B Creating Watershed Boundary FileS cccceeceeeeeeceeceeceeeeseeseeeaecaeceeeeeeeeaeeasansas C Basic MapShed Tutorial sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssene eene nennen hene nnnnn nnn Sahig Map ned araoe TT LLL TIL e Loading Data for the First Time iius itte ecu sue e ets ern EA nu Rn KAN Eiaa e Automatically Loading Data with a Source File sesssssss sess e Loading Data Using an Existing Saved Project File sees e Selecting the Watershed s and Specify
10. 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 TSS mg L LA A ad ud a d 29 Zo To To To Vo Zo Zo Zo To ZoZo Zo 29 Zo Vo 29 Zo To V9 To To to Yo 9 9 9 do 79 29 29 2 9 599 9 e o eo a a py Geo o oo ANON NO ON RE 9 3 80 Seg Rag Sig 2 Oy Op Xo Oy Os Iy Qg Os 7 Qy Qr Xo Q gt Qe Qo Or Qe Og y Q RR 2 Os V O o Vo Q gt Os Yo PC EB CR CR ON CR PAR toe b op NV vq d y dy Qi FN M Figure 2 E 15 Example plot of daily TSS concentration F Executing a GWLF E Model Run for Multiple Watersheds As described earlier in Section D MapShed can be utilized to create a single GWLF E input file i e gms file for a single or aggregated watershed In this case the watershed being evaluated is assumed to be small enough such that in stream nutrient and sediment losses are negligible and such losses are not considered by the model when a single input file is used However MapShed can also be utilized to create individual model input files for multiple watersheds at the same time i e one input file for each sub area selected This would typically be done when the user is interested in simulating the attenuation of pollutant loads as they are transported from each sub area to the larger watershed outlet In this 38 case the GWLF E model simulates combined attenuation losses that might occur as a result of such processes as de nitrification plant uptake deposition etc via the use o
11. Anima ine nsity 0 11 on 0 44 EE oa 105 EH 05 255 EB 288 9 39 0 9 515 i 2515 13 82 BH 13 82 17 64 GM 17 54 23 209 BH 23 299 20 223 H Physiographic Provinces Landus mv fate C Low Deve de High D evelopm Hay asture o Im Decid Forest EO TE Emergent Wi e ES Quarry B cov NU EHE Transitional TurtiG off No D ata _ Terrabyt _ Elevation _ Groundwater N _ Soi P Figure G 4 Example soil layer map Table G 5 Required fields for the soils layer Field Name Field Type Description AREA Real Number Area in square meters MU_AWC Real Number Available water holding capacity typical range of 2 20 cm MU_KF Real Number Soil erodibility K factor typical range of 0 1 0 5 MUHSG_DOM Text String Dominant hydrologic soil group values of A B C or D IMSS Optional Layers Point Sources This file is used to identify the locations of point source discharges within the area of interest This file contains one or more point features see Figure G 5 and an associated attribute table with several required fields as shown in Table G 6 In Figure G 5 the points shown in red are unedited whereas the one shown in green has been edited to reflect varying discharge flows and nutrient concentrations by month see related discussion on point source editing in Section 2F As can be seen from Table G 6 the
12. Figure C 1 Loading an ESRI formatted grid into MapWindow for the first time 98 In addition to slower display times another consequence of using bitmap files in MapWindow is that a duplicate bmp file must be stored for every ESRI or GeoTiff formatted grid that might be used This requires much more storage space since bitmap files are usually several times larger than ESRI grids and only slightly smaller than GeoTiffs For MapShed users that utilize such grids it is recommended that these bitmap files be created in advance of using MapShed by first displaying them in MapWindow using the Add Layer function see Figure C 2 and then the Remove Layer function when finished They can also be created in MapShed using the same procedure prior to creating or loading a source file see Section 2 C for related discussion z MapWindow GIS Add Layer Remove Layer Clear Layers Figure C 2 Add and Remove functions in MapWindow 99 APPENDIX D On Screen Digitizing of Watershed Boundaries in MapWindow As described previously the preferred vector file format for use in MapShed is an ESRI formatted shapefile As also described elsewhere various analytical functions within MapWindow are provided via the use of plug ins which are customized programs for performing various non standard operations in MapWindow One plug in called Shapefile Editor was created specifically to support the creation an
13. an attenuation run both types of output can be viewed for either individual sub basins i e those files with a sub basin ID appended or for the entire basin i e those with Summary in the name When viewing output of this type it should be noted that loads reported in summary files have been attenuated whereas those in the individual sub basin files have not Consequently if the loads from individual files are summed they will oftentimes be greater than the attenuated loads Additional details on the purpose and use of various model output files are provided in Appendix l File Edit View Favorites Tools Help Qs 5 s Search js Folders Fiz Folder Sync Address C MapShed Runfiles springatten Output Folders C3 Help C3 Models Projects Runfiles 4 AggD6Coeff D O AttenTest O guadiana3 guadtest 8 C3 guadtest2 3 ImpRedTest 3 PointSrcTest O schwaben amp O secitest H O sec2test O secdtest 3 sec test sec7test sec8test Ri C secStest 8 C sectitest2 springagg4 C3 springatten omm C3 springerk 3 springsum4 Output springsum4bmp SumD6Coeff D Temp amp O MapShed2 O Map Window MaterialMatters MaxPhotos 2i I vinla x v Name Et run1 7238_sum csv fS run1 7238 sum dat 4 run1 7276 pms i runt 7276_res csv E runi 7276 res dat ey runi 7276 sum csv E runi
14. conditions that reflect the use of different pollution reduction strategies such as agricultural and urban best management practices BMPs stream protection activities the conversion of septic systems to centralized wastewater treatment and various wastewater treatment plant upgrades It includes pollutant reduction coefficients for nitrogen phosphorus sediment and pathogens and also has built in cost information for an assortment of pollution mitigation techniques A rather simple cost accounting approach is used to estimate load reductions and their associated costs The user initially specifies desired conditions such as the number of acres of agricultural BMPs to be used miles of riparian buffers percentage of urban areas to be treated by wetlands and detention basins etc Based on this information built in reduction coefficients and unit costs are utilized to calculate resultant nutrient sediment and pathogen load reductions and scenario costs While information for PRed CT can be compiled manually the most efficient way to accomplish this task is to use the MapShed software Among other things MapShed automatically creates scenario data resulting from a GWLF E model run that can be used as input to PRed CT In other words a special output file from GWLF E a pms file contains information on watershed conditions and pollutant loads that can serve as the initial conditions from which future scenarios can be developed using PRed
15. e H afos 4 Point Sources 14 Flowline N 4 Streams N HOM Basins o H Counties o O Septic Systems HO Sois o HO Physiographic Provinces o H t H H EE Legend E Preview map Lat 40 845 Long 78 001 X 107 244 Y 204 791 284 Meters Figure 2 F 9 Selection of multiple sub areas for attenuation run 45 GWLF Input Parameters n 7458 g JUS L3 Ispringatte GWLF E Data Files ams springatten 7459 gms springatten 6955 9m gt Figure 2 F 11 Creation and selection of multiple GWLF E input files 46 As described previously when GWLF E is run in aggregate mode a limited number of output files are created see Figure 2 D 9 with all of the files having a trailing 0 thereby indicating that the output is for an aggregate run In the case of an attenuation run however many more output files are generated some of which are shown in Figure 2 F 12 These files include individual output files for each sub basin as well as files that summarize the loads for the entire basin simulated The former are indentified by the sub basin ID appended to the end of the file whereas the latter are identified by the word Summary included in the file name for example run1 Summary_sum dat As described earlier see Section 2 E various buttons on the main GWLF E model screen can be used to view either average or annual output With output generated from
16. e Replace Dala Layers iie ex seed e Ed eo Eee s Ea EE RU 51 e Checking Data Layers for ErrOrs 2 1 cccccccceceeceeceeceeceecseneeneeeeeeeseeceetesseseesaaan 51 e Checking Data Layer Alignment sssssssssssssssssssssssss seen 52 e BHegnungaNewAOalVels esee rrt ott n I E Peek REO ERR re yO Era ven 52 LEE 6 16 roS Ld TRITT CLTOTEESESEE EE T 52 e Dua Spam app ie iid tbecees tbe paie baec a n a Pod Poder a 52 e Land Cover Distribution s sesssssssssssssssssssss sies ene nnne 52 Show Land Cover Distribution ueste rta edente ERR A ENEE YN RUE RE Ra nha 53 Is TO orsin a E EDA E a E E E TE A 53 a E E A op tedanaeabipsaadil cia DuaiietamaadAausasbcs 54 e Checking Weather Data for ErrOrs ccccccccsececceseeeceseeeceseeeeesueeeeenaeeeesneeeeesanens 55 e Apportioning Loads Based on Urban Boundaries sss 55 e Load Duration Curves for Sediment Load Evaluation 11cccccecsecteseeseeeeeteeseeeeees 59 3 CREATING MODEL INPUT DATA USING MapShed sss sese 62 Do a ene E 62 E FERT EST 73 wA 0 E NONO PIPER 81 Ce i o ence EET 82 4 LITERATURE CITED nidiet a a ie hdi dad riu edat i ar aeta 83 APPENDIX A Fann Animal Load Estimellon iieii erre rtr e dina de sa agna 88 APPENDIX B Pathogen Load Estrmdalloni aiecec ii erat eerta tbt n hr hc 95 APPENDIX C Display of Grids in MapWindow csses nnnm 98 APP
17. either via direct typing of values into the appropriate cells shown in the form in Figure A 1 or 2 via use of an ESRI formatted shapefile that contains the pertinent information As can be seen in Figure 2 C 4 presented earlier an animal feeding operations AFOs layer is one of the optional layers that can be loaded when MapShed is initialized This layer contains information used by GWLF E to calculate animal related loads and information on how to construct this layer can be found in the Format Guide included in Appendix G The Animal Data section of part 1 of the form see Figure A 1 is used to enter data on the number of each animal type present in the watershed being evaluated Note this data only needs to be entered manually if an AFOs shapefile as described above is not used to automatically populate these cells The Y or N designation under the Grazing column is used to indicate whether the animal is a grazing or non grazing type This directly relates to whether information in part 1 Non Grazing Animal Data or part 2 Grazing Animal Data is used to estimate initial i e available and delivered animal loads on an annual basis These designations can be edited to re direct loads from one form to the other as needed The Daily Loads section of part 1 contains information on estimated loading rates for each animal type that have been drawn from many sources in the literature e g Miller et
18. to facilitate integration with ArcView and other GIS software packages and tested extensively in the U S and elsewhere The advantage of GWLF is the ease of use and reliance on input datasets less complex than those required by other watershed oriented water quality models such as SWAT SWMM and HSPF Deliman et al 1999 The model has also been endorsed by the U S EPA as a good mid level model that contains algorithms for simulating most of the key mechanisms controlling nutrient and sediment fluxes within a watershed U S EPA 1999 The GWLF model provides the ability to simulate runoff sediment and nutrient N and P loads from a watershed given variable size source areas e g agricultural forested and developed land It also has algorithms for calculating septic system loads and allows for the inclusion of point source discharge data It is a continuous simulation model that uses daily time steps for weather data and water balance calculations Monthly calculations are made for sediment and nutrient loads based on the daily water balance accumulated to monthly values GWLF is considered to be a combined distributed Iumped parameter watershed model For surface loading it is distributed in the sense that it allows multiple land use cover scenarios but each area is assumed to be homogenous in regard to various landscape attributes considered by the model Additionally the model does not spatially distribute the source areas b
19. 0 0 03 6 Mar 97 119 1 09 179 3 07 48104 240 86 218 02558 109 01 31 83 3354 65 36 46 8510 15 10110 8 488 89 685 79 0 22 0 0 03 7 Apr 1 86 2 86 272 0 02 291 1780 9 224 52 215 13682 107 57 3141 836116 90 88 10980 3 109803 20452 239 62 0 22 0 0 04 8 May 16 76 6 45 8 54 0 34 9 06 6607 64 441 23 416 98151 208 49 60 88 285 2 29600 1 30258 7 458 58 62253 0 22 0 0 04 9 Jun 18 15 10 4 447 2 26 6 9 9646 8 78911 361 32701 180 66 52 75 7 9 14931 197142 21542 495 1 892 17 0 22 0 0 04 10 Jul 23 43 12 57 7 92 3 84 1195 185022 3474 85 246 19 71 89 24362 36 264 79 32488 3 388994 72923 2484 67 0 22 0 0 04 11 Aug 214 10 2 22 0 2 38 297 95 195 12 93 48 273 6760 34 73 48 9425 16 9425 16 18893 219 17 0 22 0 0 04 12 Sep 7 04 6 81 0 08 0 0 26 809 75 52 26 25 04 731 256 79 2 79 2856 76 2926 04 1179 145 78 0 22 0 0 04 13 Oct 11 63 3 29 0 1 95 2 13 271578 1759 96 87 45 25 54 10 93 0 12 5160 48 8959 67 460 52 1404 33 0 22 0 0 04 14 Nov 6 91 1 24 1 35 0 19 173 991 18 320 57 7 78 7 2298 4214772 45 08 7201 36 821191 21371 393 67 0 22 0 0 03 15 Dec 257 0 03 102 0 01 1 222 1051 39 132 55 125 3485 62 67 18 3 3127 64 33 99 5865 61 592223 156 12 18478 0 22 0 0 03 16 17 18 Source Area Runoff Erosion Sediment DisN Tot N DisP TotP 19 Hay Past 1288 72 1753 57 19447 2730 83 2477 361 29 20 Cropland 2750 13 22 41358 59 4586 67 9984 71 917 56 3596 18 21 Forest 4884 6 58 913 6 101 32 610 26 19 27 78 44 22 Wetland 2 19 71 0 05 0 01 0 75 0 02 0 03 23 Disturbed 274 23 42 117 67 13 05 481 35 12 84
20. 0 74 21894 In reality these representative values may differ from actual C and P values based on local agricultural practices such as the use of BMPs and crop rotations Given that the primary purpose of MapShed is to automate model parameterization representative values such as those described above must be used since it is impossible to precisely estimate local C and P values without accurate information about cropping practices during the time periods in which GWLF E simulations are run The GWLF E model does however allow the user to edit this information to better reflect local conditions ET Cover Coefficients Within GWLF E potential evapotranspiration PET is computed using the method recommended by Hammon 1961 Details on this default method are presented in the original GWLF User s Manual see Help folder located under the MapShed directory In this simplified method PET is a function of the number of daylight hours per day the saturated water vapor pressure and the mean daily temperature on a given day When the temperature is 0 PET 0 The saturated water vapor pressure on a given day is a function of the mean daily temperature With this method ET coefficients are assigned by land use cover type and are area weighted to determine average values for each month of the year Typical values range from 1 0 for wooded areas during the growing season to 0 3 for annual crops during the dormant season Within GWLF E a smoothing algo
21. 49900 8 484794 1 1184 4 2056 1 19 7 606 4 1235 1 2153 7 1030 0 2293 9 52 6 1124 9 42 2 63 7 439 4 1172 0 33 0 55 8 4427 1250 9 77 5 258 1 342 537 2 28 8 483 4 8778 5 20816 3 ARN UNUNLA TII N E TITRE co MEAE LEE AER TESTE Go Back Export to JPEG Print Close Figure 2 E 3 Average Loads by Month window 30 4 Another output window Figure 2 E 4 shows average nutrient and sediment loads by source and may be viewed by selecting Loads by Source located at the bottom of the Average Loads by Month window Figure 2 E 3 E GWLF E Average Loads by Source GWLF Total Loads for file run1 1 Period of analysis 10 years from 1989 to 1998 ot MCE Tota Loads Ka Sediment Dissolved N Total N Dissolved P Total P 9466 8 7283 24781 3236 0 608 1 10141 13793330 10621 3 233954 446380 14848 7400 8 369334 2844 1438 6 2068 3 78 9 237 3 o fs2 X ss fs fo 252 2 has me Bs 3 e 07 6 80 3 96 9 20 6 25 3 foo foo 0 0 foo o o o o o o foo 25 21 5 6 891 5 210 2 542 2 574 3 282 5 728 7 147 6 e p i MD Residential 103 155 0 33431 p34 heso HD Residential 7 86 88 26 Wes Farm Animals 917 1 633 Tile Drainage jn bo bo tS Stream Bank 232595 nex 2380 Groundwater 3554883 355488 3 3403 3403 Point Sources nsi38 nsi38 isog o8 Septic Systems 5768 0 5768 0 ns ns Totals
22. AWMSPLTRY Text String Indicates use of AWMS BMP for poultry Yes or No BYFLRC Text String Indicates use of AWMS BMP for poultry Yes or No PHYTASEFA Text String Indicates use of AWMS BMP for poultry Yes or No CHICKENS Text String Number of chickens at location TURKEYS Text String Number of turkeys at location SHEEP Text String Number of sheep at location HOGS Text String Number of pigs hogs at location HORSES Text String Number of horses at location DAIRY Text String Number of dairy cows at location BEEF Text String Number of beef cows at location 1 See Section 2C for descriptions of these BMPs Note that this field can be either a text string or an integer number Physiographic Province This particular layer is essentially a place holder layer for data pertaining to rainfall intensity during warm and cool seasons As explained in Section 3A rainfall erosivity coefficients are used within the GWLF E model to estimate the rainfall intensity factor used in the USLE algorithm and vary with season and geographic location A generalized table of values for different rainfall erosivity zones around the U S is given in Table B 14 of the original GWLF User s Manual Haith et al 1992 that is provided in the Help folder Generalized erosivity zones for parts of the U S are illustrated in Figure B 1 of this same document as well For Pennsylvania erosivity values were assigned to two differ
23. CT While information on nutrient and sediment loads as well as the presence of existing BMPs can be developed and brought in via the use of MapShed full editing capabilities are provided within PRedlCT to allow for revised data input based on the user s local knowledge of the watershed being considered For more detailed information on how to use this tool the user is directed to the PRed CT Users Manual Evans et al 2007 that can be found in the Help folder that is created when MapShed has been installed Load reduction options similar to those offered in PRed CT are also available within the GWLF E model itself The intent in this case is to provide the ability to account for pollution reduction activities that already exist in a given watershed although this option can also be used to estimate future reductions as well Using a scenario editor users have the ability to specify the extent to which different reduction strategies have been or will be implemented This information is used by the GWLF E model during the simulation run to 22 re calculate watershed loads based on these activities When MapShed is used to create input files for GWLF E blank scenario data is always written to this file a gms file If this file is subsequently edited via use of the BMP data editor in GWLF E then information in the file is used by GWLF E to estimate any load reductions that might result from existing BM
24. a grid cell value of 1 should be used Hay Pasture Hay or pasture areas where low lying grassy vegetation is predominant For this category use a grid cell value of 4 Cropland This category refers primarily to row crops Cover crops may be included depending upon how closely surface erosion and nutrient runoff characteristics resemble row crops or hay pasture Use grid cell values of either 5 or 6 both are treated the same in GWLF E Forest This category includes areas of coniferous deciduous or mixed woodlands Use grid cell values of 7 8 or 9 all are treated the same in GWLF E Wetland This category includes both woody and emergent wetlands and grid cell values of either 10 or 11 may be used both are treated the same in GWLF E Disturbed Includes land such as coal mines quarries gravel pits transitional land etc These types are treated as non vegetated disturbed land types in GWLF E and may be depicted with grid cell values 12 13 or 15 all of these are treated the same in GWLF E 125 Turf Golf Any highly managed intensively fertilized areas with turfgrass type vegetation e g golf courses and sod farms may be included in this category Use a grid cell value of 16 for this category Open Land This category is intended to depict such land types similar to open range or grassland such as found in the western part of the Unites States These essentially natural areas are typically not cultivate
25. and B L Turner 2005 Relating soil phosphorus to dissolved phosphorus in runoff a single extraction coefficient for water quality modeling J Environ Qual 34 572 580 Valiela l G Collins J Kremer K Lajtha M Geist B Seely J Brawley and C H Sham 1997 Nitrogen loading from coastal watersheds to receiving estuaries new method and application Ecological Applications 7 2 358 380 Vanoni V A Ed 1975 Sedimentation Engineering American Society of Civil Engineers New York NY Vogelmann J E T Sohl and S M Howard 1998 Regional characterization of land cover using multiple sources of data Photog Engineering amp Remote Sensing Vol 64 No 1 Whiteley H R E Beauchamp and J Sakupwanya 1990 Nitrate fluxes to streamflow from an Ontario farm Proc ASAE Summer Meeting June 24 27 Columbus Ohio Wilson J P 1996 GIS Based Land Surface Subsurface Modeling New Potential for New Models In Proc 3 International Conference Workshop on Integrated Geographic Information Systems and Environmental Modeling Santa Fe NM Zehnder C M and A DiCostanzo 1997 Estimating Feedlot Nutrient Budgets and Managing Manure Output Minnesota Cattle Feeder Report B 450 7 pp 87 APPENDIX A Farm Animal Load Estimation Overview of Load Calculation Methodology One of the more significant changes made to the most recent version of GWLF E is the inclusion of new tools for adding detailed data on farm animal po
26. as the Bray Olsen or Mehlich tests The latter is an estimate of the concentration of total P in the soil both organic and inorganic and dissolved and solid Figure G 15 illustrates the soil P grid that was developed for Pennsylvania that depicts estimates of soil test Mehlich 3 P in different areas of the state This was created using the known locations of soil tests and GIS based surface 128 interpolation routines In this case the grid cell i e soil test P values ranged from 20 to 313 in mg kg or ppm with the darker shades indicating higher concentrations Another approach to creating this type of grid is to re code an existing soil type map using empirical relationships between soil texture and phosphorus concentration based on soil sampling For example information resulting from regional studies on the relationship between soil texture and land cover type agriculture or non agriculture was used to create the soil P grid for an area in southern Ontario shown in Figure G 16 The re coding scheme used in this instance is shown in Table G 17 In this particular case the grid cell total soil P values ranged from 200 to 1000 in mg kg or ppm o Figure G 16 Example total soil P grid for area in southern Ontario 129 Table G 17 Example recoding scheme to create grid reflecting total soil P based on soil texture and land cover type Texture Land use type Cell
27. be extracted over fewer months to represent the periodic nature of such activities For example with agricultural irrigation water is extracted only during the growing season and with snowmaking activities this volume is extracted only during winter months e g November through March The USAGEFLAG field is used to indicate the seasonality of such water withdrawals The values used in this field are integer numbers and must have a value of 0 1 2 or 3 A value of 0 indicates withdrawals throughout the year e g drinking water a value of 1 indicates May September withdrawals e g agricultural irrigation a value of 2 indicates November March withdrawals e g snow making in ski areas and a value of 3 indicates April October withdrawals e g golf course irrigation Similar to point locations described earlier e g point sources and weather stations these features are usually created by digitizing hard copy maps or via on screen digitizing using suitable base maps such as scanned USGS topographic maps or airphotos 115 3 GWLF Analysis L 3 ef O OF NEU EJ ji l L E R Ho IE OF Of DE 22 ez a Roads zoe Figure G 6 Example of water extraction features Table G 7 Required fields in water extraction table Field Name Field Type Description SURFGRND Text String Indicates surface S or ground G water withdrawal M3_MO Integer
28. by MapShed SFVAF_CNT Integer Number Number count of sub areas used to calculate SFVAF 108 Streams This layer contains the stream segments for the watershed of interest see example in Figure G 2 These features may be digitized as described previously or derived from existing GIS data sets for example National Hydrography Datasets available from the U S Geological Survey The stream features must be represented as single rather than double lines Although both formats are valid within ArcView or MapWindow only single line streams will support the calculations made within MapShed It is recommended that shape files equivalent to USGS 1 24 000 scale data sets or better be used since estimates for such things as stream bank erosion and slope length factor as used in the USLE equation are based on this layer and the quality of such estimates are directly related to the accuracy and resolution of the stream data sets used As shown in Table G 3 below two fields are required LENGTH and STRMID The first is typically included with ESRI formatted line shape files and the second is required for processing of stream segments in MapShed For STMID all assigned values must be unique in order for processing to be completed properly Figure G 2 Example of stream features Table G 3 Required fields in streams table Field Name Field Type Description LENGTH Real Number Length in meters
29. described in Appendix D In this case make sure that the type has been set to Point instead of Polygon as shown in Figure D 3 Also if the point source layer exists but new points need to be added this can be done either by using the Point Source Editor described previously in Section 2 G or the procedure described below Once the shapefile has been created or if it already exists new points can be added using the Add new shape to current shapefile tool see Figure D 5 With this tool you simply click on the left mouse button to add a new point to the new shapefile Repeat clicking on the Add new shape to current shapefile tool as necessary depending on the number of new point source features needed When using this make sure that the shapefile you want to edit is active in the legend After adding each point use the Attribute Table Editor tool in MapWindow see the red circle in Figure F 1 to identify the point by a unique number in the ID field see the green circle in Figure F 1 The Attribute Table Editor tool can also be used to add new fields in the attribute table as needed Note if a new point source file is being created see the Format Guide included in Appendix G for additional instructions on all of the fields that must be included with this particular layer x MapShed 1 0 springcrk Ell Attribute Table Editor Edit View Selection Tools iem ueneso Oot 11 Selected
30. directly simulated in an initial model run instead of using the PRed CT module to perform this type of analysis later This is because the RUNQUAL model code upon which many of the new urban routines are based in the latest version had incorporated this capability as part of the modeling process These BMPs include street sweeping detention basins infiltration retention and vegetative buffer strips More detailed descriptions of each can be found in the original RUNQUAL users manual which is provided with the MapShed software These and other urban BMPs are also described in Appendix J of this manual Agricultural BMPs used in both PRedICT and GWLF E are also discussed in the PRed CT Users Manual provided in the MapShed Help directory The following section provides instructions on how to characterize and simulate BMPs using the GWLF E model For those interested in using the PRedlCT tool please see the PRedlCT Users Manual provided in the Help directory under the main MapShed directory Adding BMP Data to a GWLF E Input File To edit BMP scenario data select the BMP Data button from the main window of the GWLF E form see Figure 2 D 1 A form similar to that shown in Figure 2 D 6 will subsequently appear The initial form pertains to rural land Best Management Practices BMPs Note If you hover the cursor over the BMP type e g BMP 1 BMP 2 etc a short descriptive name of that type will appear Make any changes necessary then click
31. discussion the retention tool is fairly simple and is not intended to rigorously simulate the physical chemical and biological processes that actually influence the transport of nutrients and sediment in watersheds where lakes ponds and wetlands exist However this empirically based approach does attempt to account for 26 reduced loads that do occur as a result of these processes In cases where such processes and reductions are significant not accounting for them in some fashion may result in overestimation of nutrient and sediment loads Note the retention tool is not intended to duplicate the type of pollutant load decrease considered by the attenuation function described later in Section F which was primarily designed to adaress in stream attenuation processes based on travel times In fact depending upon the watershed being evaluated the retention tool can be used in combination with the attenuation option as described in Section F To use the retention tool click on the Delivery Data button on the initial GWLF E form as shown in Figure 2 D 1 Upon doing this a form like that shown in Figure 2 D 10 will appear Then edit the Percentage of watershed area and Retention cells in this form as necessary and click on the Save File button to save any edited information for use in subsequent model runs This retention data can be viewed and edited later for additional future simulations As can be seen from Fig
32. duration curve Select starting pear bmp2 Summary DLDC IV Auto name output file Generate Curve PENNSTATE ER DERE and the Environment Penn State Institutes of Energy Figure 2 G 13 Specifying the appropriate input data 60 sss eu i 2i i zu ajaja 51 74 w m m File Edit View Fe Ort T Help Qe T o 27 JO search lie Folders E Folder Sync Address C MapShed Runfiles springsum4 Output Folders J Hydrology E O 1 Spatial Hydro DB J WaterResourcesPlanning amp C3 LogitechCamera ae MapShed amp C3 Etc Gary C3 Help Mi Models x Mame Size a B bmp2 Summary DLDC xls 160KB m sgrunt Summary ua csv 13KB run1 Summary_DayFlow csv 3 431 KB runi Summary sum dat 5 KB run1 7458_ua csv 4KB T runi 7458 sum dat 3KB 1 4 run1 7458_sum csv 11 KB Ejruni 7458 res dat 76 KB Ei runi 7458 res csv 196 kB Figure 2 G 14 Creation of new Excel formatted output file rum e Lent mmn m nal TTE VETTER IN EUREN ERN IPTE RTT YEN Y EET EUN VIE TNI PT I VIEN WERT SRI IR TERI TT lauFreq Reference TSS katha Initial TSS kqtha BMPTSS katha Load duration Curve 1984 1986 94 49 95412014 386 20 0 02 30 78498411 33 7 18 0 3000 1 3 seater He EU veri m mm vere z Flows Flows Flows Flows Flows
33. fa7sezo 940 1514611 361087 4289360 49047941 87795 203916 2 Go Back Pathogen Loads Export to JPEG Print Close Area Source Hal o 25 s Hay Pasture 504 Cropland 563 Forest 5784 Wetland Disturbed Turfgrass Open Land Bare Rock Sandy Areas Tu Unpaved Roads LD Mixed MD Mixed HD Mixed LD Residential e o ii bhi a 48 523 2 047 2 23 9 N o eo o 23 7 00 7 8 0 e alls Tay TE TT o N oj o PATT TEE Saiti TET Figure 2 E 4 Total Loads by Source window 5 The last output window Figure 2 E 5 can be viewed by clicking on the Pathogen Loads button This output relates to one of the newer routines implemented in both AVGWLF and MapShed and is discussed in more detail in Appendix B 31 Eu GWLF E Average Pathogen Loads GWLF Pathogen loads for file runi 1 Period of analysis 10 years from 1989 to 1998 Organisms Month Farm Septic Urban Um Stream Flow Concentration Month Animals WWTP Systems Areas Wildlife Total m Jan E282e33 2461e 11 0 2757e 12 1 181e 12 5701413 2187e 07 f4140e 13 2 22311 D 1 603e 12 1 074e 12 44292413 1 958407 8083ec13 2461611 fO 2311e 12 1 181e 12 9 457613 2698e 07 E417e 13 2381e 331 o 1 662e 12 1 143e 12 67226413 2 385e 07 8238e 313 2461e 11 0 2386e 11 1 181e 12 3 404613 1 810e 07 9 A E hu a e e EN 60 7 26 2 50 5 N 81 9 19 7 29 8 329 3 44
34. fecal coliform However it is possible to simulate loads associated with other pathogens as discussed later in this section With respect to farm animals pathogen loads from these sources are estimated using essentially the same routines as those used to estimate nitrogen and phosphorus loads see Appendix A Consequently the information presented in the previous section is not repeated here and those interested in estimating pathogen loads are encouraged to review the material in the previous appendix pertaining to the use of various model parameters for calculating loads from farm animal activities As shown in Figure A 1 there are a number of input cells in the NON GRAZING ANIMAL DATA and GRAZING ANIMAL DATA sections of the animal pathogen data input form that directly relate to fecal coliform In contrast to the nutrient loads the initial daily loading rates i e production rates associated with different animal types are based on organism production i e organisms day instead of mass i e kg day The default values for different animal types used in this case are shown in Table B 1 and also in Figure A 1 These values were primarily drawn from material presented in USEPA 2001 but can be edited as needed As is done for nutrient loads the yearly production totals for grazing and non grazing animals are displayed in the corresponding section of each part of the animal data input form Note load reductions that might oc
35. for agricultural areas on which manure is applied In MapShed default values for nitrogen and phosphorus are used which may be adjusted upward depending on the density of farm animals within a given watershed In this case animal density is expressed in animal equivalent units AEUs where one AEU is equal to 1000 pounds of animal weight In Pennsylvania the particular GIS layer used is one in which animal density information is attributed by postal zip code boundary see Figure 3 5 The above description only applies if the animal pathogen data form see Section 2D is not used to specify farm animal types and populations If this data input form is used then the older manured area routine described above and used as the sole method for calculating loads from animal manure in older versions of AVGWLF is bypassed and animal loads are estimated as described in Section 2D and Appendix A Nutrient Accumulation Rates for Urban Areas As briefly explained earlier GWLF E utilizes the concept of nutrient build up and wash off to estimate nutrient loads from urban areas It is assumed that nutrients accumulate on urban surfaces over time from various inputs atmospheric deposition animal litter street refuse etc and are subsequently washed off by periodic rainfall events The default values used in MapShed for different urban categories see Table 3 2 are derived primarily from Haith 1993 and Kuo et al 1988 Point So
36. in mg kg Septic System Populations In GWLF E information on the number of persons served by septic systems is used to calculate nutrient loads from such systems With MapShed this information has historically been derived using a census tract layer see discussion on updated approach below Contained as attribute data in this layer are values representing the number of people served by septic systems for each census tract This information is normally based on recent U S Census Bureau data or other locally produced population data For modeling purposes this number is estimated based on the proportion of one or more tracts that fall within a watershed Once the nitrogen loads from septic systems for a given watershed have been determined this total load is reduced by a factor about 6196 to account for losses in sub surface and in stream flow due to denitrification Valiela et a 1997 Note Other area polygons such as county or municipal boundaries can also be used in lieu of the census tract boundaries In 2014 i e MapShed Version 1 2 the routine for estimating septic systems was changed to include the ability to estimate septic system populations based on the land use cover layer instead of the census tract layer This was done primarily due to occasional system crashes that occurred when the census tract layer is used In this case values for populations on septic systems are based on estimated densities for the low densit
37. land use cover For example intensively fertilized areas e g cropland in corn underlain by highly porous material e g fractured limestone or sandy soils oftentimes exhibit sub surface water concentrations of 10 mg l or higher It is these and other similar relationships that are used to derive this grid for a given area An example of a portion of the statewide grid developed for Pennsylvania is shown in Figure G 14 An example of a scheme for estimating groundwater nitrogen concentration values for different conditions is shown in Table G 16 If no groundwater nitrogen layer is loaded in MapShed then a default value based on percentage of cultivated cropland within the watershed is used by the model This default value can be edited as described in Section 2C 127 Figure G 14 Example of groundwater nitrogen grid Table G 16 Sample grid cell coding scheme for groundwater N estimates mg l Land cover type Highly porous Less porous Wooded areas 1 1 Low intensity developed 4 3 High intensity developed 3 2 Hay pasture 7 5 Row crops 12 9 Turfgrass golf courses 5 3 Other 2 2 Soil Phosphorus As described in Section 3 the cell values within the soil phosphorus grid are used to estimate phosphorus concentrations in sediment transported to nearby water bodies As also discussed these can depict either soil test P or total P The former is an estimate of available soil P as measured by a standard lab test such
38. null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null gt Figure 2 F 8 Newly created SVAF and SVAF_CNT fields in basin table Selecting the Sub Basins and Specifying Additional Model Parameters After completing the above steps it is now necessary as is done with the aggregate option to explicitly identify i e select all of the sub basins to be evaluated and to provide other information regarding the specification and derivation of values for non spatial model parameters As shown earlier in Figure 2 C 7 when using the aggregate option all of the sub areas within the larger watershed are selected and aggregated into one basin for the purpose of subsequent simulation As shown in Figure 2 C 8 the default response of Yes was used under the Aggregate Basins option to accomplish this task Therefore in the latter case only one gms file is created for later use in GWLF E However since the desire now is to create multiple input files i e one file for each basin the No option should be selected instead 44 For example as shown in Figure 2 F 9 select all of the sub basins as done previously Then select No for the Aggregate Basins option as shown in Figure 2 F 10 As a result multiple input gms files will be created as shown in Figure 2 F 11 with the trailing number
39. on the Urban BMP Editor button to see BMP information related to urban land Figure 2 D 7 Make any desired changes and then click on the BMP Efficiency Editor button to view or modify the BMP efficiency coefficients for both the rural and urban BMPs Figure 2 D 8 23 Although default reduction coefficient values have been provided based on best available estimates such as research data and those used in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Model any of these values can be changed by the user Once all desired changes have been made click Save File to save the changes to the file Note values entered for 96 Existing on the first form should range from 0 100 Note that with the PRed CT tool users are given the ability to provide both existing and future BMP implementation levels in a single model run whereas with GWLF E only the ability to specify existing BMP levels is provided For those interested in using GWLF E to do before and after BMP model runs simply edit the BMP data as needed run the model to generate load output for that scenario then increase the BMP values for a separate model run and compare the results nr Editing Data File springcrk O Rural Scenario BMP Editor Acres BMP1 BMP2 BMP3 BMP4 BMP5 BMP6 BMP BMP8 Row Crops 7 563 Existing 0 o o o 0 o Hay Pasture 5584 Existing o 0 o o AWMS Livestock Streams in Agricultural Areas 724 Kilometers AWMS Poultry Total
40. soil P value Silt loam Ag 780 Silt loam Non Ag 332 Loam Ag 720 Loam Non Ag 288 Organic Ag 1000 Organic Non Ag 600 Sandy loam Ag 660 Sandy loam Non Ag 244 Loamy sand Ag 600 Loamy sand Non Ag 200 Sand Ag 580 Sand Non Ag 180 Clay Ag 900 Clay Non Ag 420 Silty clay Ag 840 Silty clay Non Ag 376 Silty clay loam Ag 840 Silty clay loam Non Ag 376 Silt Ag 780 Silt Non Ag 332 Clay loam Ag 870 Clay loam Non Ag 400 Note In addition to the format requirements for grid files discussed above it is also necessary that each grid contain integer rather than real or floating point decimal values 130 Literature Cited Deliman P N R H Glick and C E Ruiz 1999 Review of Watershed Water Quality Models U S Army Corps of Engineers Tech Rep W 99 1 26 pp Evans B M D W Lehning K J Corradini G W Petersen E Nizeyimana J M Hamlett P D Robillard R L Day 2002 A comprehensive GIS based modelling approach for predicting nutrient loads in watersheds J Spatial Hydrology 2 2 www spatialhydrology com Evans B M S A Sheeder and K J Corradini 2007 AVGWLF Version 7 0 Users Guide Penn State Institutes of Energy and the Environment Penn State University 117 pp Evans B M S A Sheeder D W Lehning 2003 A spatial technique for estimating streambank erosion based on watershed characteristics J Spatial Hydrology 3 2 www spatialhydrology com Haith D A and L L Shoemaker 1987 Genera
41. station ID number that is used in the STA ID field of the corresponding shape file point e g 4992 for STA ID value 4992 in the shape file The second column B is used to specify whether the data in subsequent columns E and higher are for maximum daily temperature Tmax minimum daily temperature Tmin or daily precipitation Prcp Note that values for Tmax must be at the beginning of the file with Tmin in the middle and Prcp at the end The values for Tmax and Tmin must be in degrees Fahrenheit and the values for 111 precipitation must be in inches Columns C and D are for specifying the year and month of the data in the following columns There must not be gaps in the years specified and all years must be complete i e no missing months and start with January and end with December Note As described above the weather data must be in degrees Fahrenheit and inches These data are automatically converted by MapShed to degrees Centigrade and centimeters for subsequent use in GWLF E In later versions of MapShed it is anticipated that either English or metric units will be allowed in the csv formatted weather files As shown in the sample files each month must have a value specified for 31 days Months with fewer than 31 days must have a value of 999999 for each missing day at the end of the month this value is essentially used as a placeholder in cases where there are no days at the end of the month In th
42. that you wish to edit Note that once a Point Source data file has been defined in a View via use of a src file it cannot be changed unless you replace the Point Sources layer create a new View or use the Reset Point Source Data File link that is located under the MapShed Tools pull down menu V amp MapShed Version 1 0 0 File Edit View Plug ns mx Weather i AFOs aM Point Sources E Extraction Unpaved 0O Roads 0O Streems Mapshed Tools _ Edit Data Check Tools gt E 4 Basins 0O Urban Areas i Courties O Septiz Systens MU Soils I 4 1 Physographic Provinces aC own IC Soil Test P Sl DEM A0 Landuse springcreek Help Remove GIS Layers Replace GIS ayer Edit Point Sources l SG Clerk Dala Layers Check ayer Alignment Check weather Data Run GWLF E Run PRedICT Add Labels Clea Labels View GWLF E Output Lane Cover Distrihutian Show Land Cover Distribution Reset Point Source Data File Calculate Basin Area Calculate Strsam Length About Map yin GWLF Figure 2 G 1 Accessing the point source editing tool 2 Complete the Point Source data input form Figure 2 G 2 by editing the desired fields It is important to note that any value greater than zero in either the Nitrogen or 48 Phosphorus columns requires a value greater than zero in the corresponding F
43. the User Defined option to represent a missing BMP type Similarly in urban areas the Infiltration Bioretention option could likely be used as a substitute for a green roof type of BMP In the particular case of urban BMPs there are a number of ways in which they can be functionally categorized For instance one way would be to categorize them on the basis of where surface runoff is stored With detention retention basins and constructed wetlands for example surface water is detained above ground and slowly released to nearby water bodies Conversely with BMPs like porous pavement and infiltration trenches the intent is to promote the infiltration of surface runoff to underlying soil thereby increasing the likelihood of water volumes being reduced via evapotranspiration as the water moves to nearby water bodies via sub surface flow Given the discussion above it should be possible to represent a wide range of urban BMPs within GWLF E using functional equivalents as described above at least for planning purposes which was the intended use for the BMP scenario analysis capability developed within the model Towards this end Table J1 was developed to provide some guidance on how various BMPs described in Pennsylvania s most recent stormwater management manual PaDEP 2006 might be addressed using the urban BMP options provided in GWLF E As can be seen from this table many of the urban BMPs recognized by PaDEP could pro
44. the grid must be in a metric projection and the grid cell values i e elevation values must be in meters In Pennsylvania good model results have been obtained using 100 meter DEM digital elevation model data for watersheds greater than about 10 square miles in size However if available higher resolution grid cell data e g 20 50 meters can and probably should be used One potential drawback to using higher resolution data e g grid cell sizes smaller than 10 meters is increased processing time Another is that depending on the computer processing errors can result with high resolution data over large geographic areas due to insufficient allowances for internal swap space i e essentially insufficient internal memory Also it is recommended that the use of no data cells within a watershed be limited or avoided altogether due to potential processing errors Optional Layers Groundwater Nitrogen To estimate nitrogen loads to streams from sub surface flow the GWLF E model requires an estimate of the background concentration of nitrogen in groundwater or more correctly shallow subsurface water The initial estimate of this concentration in mg l is made based on a groundwater nitrogen grid which is subsequently adjusted using an internal regression equation The initial concentration estimates i e grid cell values are typically based on spatial relationships between geomorphic conditions surface geology soils and
45. the water table does not fluctuate appreciably from year to year recipitation Soil surface P Stream channel Figure 3 4 Surface and sub surface flow pathways adapted from Haith et al 1992 Groundwater Recession Coefficient Values for this coefficient can be estimated from historical streamflow records using standard hydrograph separation techniques as suggested by Chow 1988 Typical values nationwide range from about 0 01 to 0 2 In the northeast a value of 0 06 is common Haith et al 1992 and this is the default value used by GWLF E Coefficients can also be calculated using a physiographic region map as described in the Format Guide provided in the Help folder As this value is decreased the peaks in a typical hydrograph are flattened out to indicate less flashy runoff events 70 Unsaturated Available Water Holding Capacity In MapShed this parameter is calculated using the soils data layer described earlier In this case the average values for available water holding capacity in cm specified in the attribute fields associated with each soil mapping unit are used For GWLF E modeling purposes an area weighted value for all the soil mapping units in a watershed is automatically calculated and written to the model input file Sediment Delivery Ratio A sediment delivery ratio is based on the premise that a certain percentage of the material eroded from the land surface usually the heavi
46. use cover layer An example of the raster data layer used for statewide modeling purposes in Pennsylvania is shown in Figure 3 1 This particular data layer was originally created by the U S federal government as part of the Multi Resolution Land Characterization database project Vogelmann et al 1998 A revised version of this data layer created in 2003 has subsequently been developed for users in Pennsylvania Currently seventeen 17 different land use types can be handled by the GWLF E model see Table 3 1 Discussions on what these types represent and how this particular GIS data layer can be created derived are found in the Format Guide included in Appendix G 62 Table 3 1 Land use types currently considered by the GWLF E model Water Hay Pasture Cropland Forest Wetland Disturbed Turf Sod Open Land Bare Rock Sandy Areas Unpaved Roads Low Density Mixed Developed Medium Density Mixed Developed High Density Mixed Developed Low Density Residential Medium Density Residential High Density Residential Curve Number Curve numbers are empirically derived values used in hydrologic studies that reflect the relative amounts of surface runoff and infiltration occurring at a given location U S Soil Conservation Service 1986 Values are typically assigned based on different combinations of soil and land cover type For use within MapShed information on soil type in particular hydrologic soil group is obt
47. utilizing this interface the user is prompted to identify required GIS files and to provide other non spatial model information This information is subsequently used to derive values for required model input parameters which are then written to the various input files needed for model execution Also accessed through the interface is regional climate data stored in Excel formatted files that are used to create the necessary weather data for a given watershed simulation With MapShed a user selects areas of interest creates model input files runs a simulation model and views the output in a series of seamless steps The routines used within AVGWLF for overlaying manipulating and visualizing GIS data sets were written with Avenue the scripting language that is associated with ArcView 3 x software For use in MapShed these same routines were essentially re written using VB net and are loaded as a customized extension i e plug in in MapWindow As with AVGWLF the watershed simulation tools used in MapShed are based on the GWLF and RunQual models originally developed by Dr Douglas Haith and colleagues at Cornell University as described later Routines associated with both of these models originally written in QuickBasic have been re written into Visual Basic and enhanced with additional functionality to facilitate their use in both AVGWLF and MapShed In the latter case the functionality provided by these two models has been further enha
48. well as area standardized loading rates kg ha To display any given map type simply select the appropriate map option in the pull down menu Upon making a selection you will be asked to browse to the Output folder containing the model results Note Do not direct model runs from different study areas to the same Output folder since the number of output files residing in the folder must match the number of sub areas in the watershed being evaluated Select one of the input files to establish the directory location see Figure 2 G 4 and then click on Open to create the map Note The above steps need to be repeated for each map displayed In the pull down menu the Default Legend option is used to re set the legend back to its original state i e a single color for all sub basins in the view 49 amp MapShed Version 1 0 0 OM Date Layers 4 Weather AFOs La Point Sources 0 Fowine iV Streams Basins Counties e Sois Physiographic Provinces HED owm 3 Soa Test P D DEM 93 Lenduse My Documents My Computer springcreek2 Load Data Layers Remove GIS Layers Replace GIS Layer Edk Data Check Tools Create GWLF Input Run GWLF E Run PRedICT Run Load Duration Curve Comparision Tool Run Urban Area Tool Add Labels Clear Labels runi 6965 sum dat runi 7008 sum dat My Recent Elruni 7021 sum dat Documents fal run1 7053_sum dat runi 7100
49. 0 4521 7 181 2 491 8 LD Residential 0 25 faz pao as lezo MD Residential 00 nu3 ene m1 fet HD Residential 08 ps pas Waz fi7 hs Farm Animals 23741 5138 Tile Drainage foo joo Stream Bank fies figs Groundwater 25297 35237 Joss Jess Point Sources Binas nsi38 uos ws Septic Systems psa pss nz 2 Totals sm820 a0 s4814 174355 fiazesse 1752008 58437 104776 Go Back Pathogen Loads Export to JPEG Print Close w i x a RU wo E oS o z z ojs o e e mm ii i STPPP a i Ua WT eo a e o liii i 1 Figure 2 E 9 Annual Loads by Source window 5 As with the Average Load option the last output window Figure 2 E 10 showing the pathogen load information for a given year can be viewed by clicking on the Pathogen Loads button leur GWLE E Pathogen Loads for Year 1992 GWLF Pathogen loads for file runi 1 Period of analysis 10 years from 1989 to 1998 r Organisms Month Mean Farm Septic Urban ae Stream Flow Concentration Animals WWTP Systems Areas Wildlife Total m 3 f2e96e 13 2461e 11 U 4692611 118161 2243e413 222331 fo 105e 1 1064e 14 2 46111 0 Wier 4403613 2380811 fo 143er 7 473613 24806331 0 Wier 52029413 2381e 1 o fo 143e 1 o 2300e 09 118161 p i T F s e i i m TS
50. 0 00 o 00 Jaco 0 00 UnpavedRoads o joo foo foo oo oo oo LD Mixed fea 2000 x30 525 ba ses oo MD Mixed faos 22274000 faio 49146 374 54218 pan HD Mixed ee a00731000 faio 65430 Ba p n ba LD Residential 1267 4802000 3730 mases hba 2s foo MD Residential 3568 61032000 173110 1334305 374 u7388 ja HD Residential ig 274000 17130 jas 3344 fees oar Water p Farm Animals 2917 1 633 0 Tile Drainage fo Jo Jo Stream Bank 232594570 nexo 2 30 Groundwater 255488 3 54033 Point Sources Binas fog Septic Systems pe680 me Totals 37633 36109687 484734 19 20916 36 Print Export to JPEG Exit Figure 2 G 11 Use of the Urban Area Tool Watershed Totals tab 56 GWLF E Urban Area Viewer Version 1 0 0 BETA Select input data file i Watershed Totals Municipality Loads Regulated Loads Unregulated Loads View loads for municipality Patton 58440 Cs 000 Source Total Load Loading Total Load Loading Total Load Loading Source Area ha kg Rate kg ha kg Rate kg ha kg Rate kg ha Hay Pasture 67 8743 50 130 50 0 70 Cropland 54 75837 60 1404 40 5 90 Forest 195 3510 00 18 00 0 13 Wetland 0 0 00 0 00 0 00 Disturbed 0 0 00 0 00 0 00 Turfgrass 901 90 0 00 4 0 00 pen Land 0 00 0 00 0 00 Bare Rock 0 00 0 00 1 0 00 Sandy Areas 0 00 0 00 i 0
51. 00 Unpaved Roads 0 00 0 00 0 00 LD Mixed 530 60 0 00 5 0 00 MD Mixed 24296 20 171 10 374 HD Mixed 10779 30 171 10 374 LD Residential 4396 40 0 00 0 00 MD Residential 73230 80 0 00 0 00 HD Residential 1884 30 0 00 K 0 00 Source pag Weighting Farm Animals 1 0 030 Tile Drainage 0 00 0 000 Stream Bank 1721199 82 0 074 Groundwater d 0 030 Point Sources y 0 030 Septic Systems 1 i 0 030 Totals 1119 1925310 42 Exportto JPEG Exit Figure 2 G 12 Use of the Urban Area Tool Municipality Loads tab Another feature allows users to specify the loads within the different urban areas that are regulated i e under the control of the responsible municipalities In this case the third tab is used to assign specific percentage values that indicate the amount of each source load that is regulated For example as shown in Figure 2 G 13 this tab has been used to indicate that for urban area Patton 58440 50 of the Hay Pasture load 50 of the Cropland load 10096 of the LD Mixed load etc are regulated As these assignments are made the calculated regulated loads shown in the Sediment Nitrogen and Phosphorus columns are automatically subtracted from the watershed loads given in the first tab and the resultant unregulated loads are subsequently presented in the last tab as shown in Fig
52. 18E 13 cn e e e n3 ceo e ce e THREE T El T Nov of annual load applied to crops pasture Base nitrogen loss rate Base phosphorus loss rate Base fecal coliform loss rate of manure load incorporated into soil Barnyard Confined Area Contribution Base nitrogen loss rate Base phosphorus loss rate Base fecal coliform loss rate Next Save File Export to JPEG Close Figure 2 D 5 Form for editing animal and pathogen data 21 Considering the Effects of BMPs Overview Two options exist for considering BMPs best management practices and similar mitigation activities that exist or might exist within a watershed for the purpose of estimating potential reductions to nutrient and sediment loads First a companion tool provided with MapShed i e PRedlCT provides users with the capability to evaluate potential load reductions as a result of planned i e future mitigation strategies Similarly functionality also exists within GWLF E to directly calculate reduced nutrient and sediment loads based on existing activities With regard to the first option the Pollution Reduction Impact Comparison Tool PRedlCT was developed for use in evaluating the implementation of both rural and urban pollution reduction strategies at the watershed level This tool allows the user to create various scenarios in which current landscape conditions and pollutant loads both point and non point can be compared against future
53. 20 46 24 Turfgrass 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 Open Land 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 Bare Rock 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 Sandy Areas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 Unpaved Road 7 19 71 206 37 22 89 40 01 ii 2 76 16 13 29 Ld Mixed 26 10 27 0 1 2695313 8 2489063 2 2 11720313 3 141328125 30 Md Mixed 457 3178 O 91 831241 637 11125 20 86 552153 221 8924573 31 Hd Mixed I 46 16 0 89 218974 618 98774 84 090057 215 580418 32 Ld_Residentia 230 10 27 O 11 230469 72 971094 255 983 10 367969 27 78867188 33 Md_Residentia 678 18 04 O 136 23978 945 21101 2997 26 128 40779 329 1971248 34 Hd Residential 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 Farm Animals 1097 48 245 4834929 36 Tile Drainage 0 0 0 37 Stream Bank 2642 6973 1321 35 385 8337997 38 Groundwater 90358 819 90358 8 982 10891 982 1089113 39 Point Source 31913 81 31913 8 1450 79 1450 79 40 Septic Systems 1499 14 1499 14 27 24 27 24 ai Figure 2 E 14 GWLF E results as shown in Microsoft Excel 4 it 11 t 6 In the csv formatted Excel file described above the values for the Precip Evapotrans Groundwater Pt Source Tile Drain and Withdrawals columns are all in units of water depth across the watershed in this case centimeters For example the total precipitation Precip for January 1989 is 5 89 cm the amount of ET Evapotrans is 0 46 cm the amount of subsurface groundwater flow Groundwater is 0 cm the amount of equivalent stream flow Strm Flow is 1 08 cm the amount of point source flow Pt Source is 0 22 cm the amount of ti
54. 5 9 5 170173641 31 D 5 172 17606 40 34 ze sa 5100964301 4 35 62 5 03967 7102 3 5 3 3 63 5 002318944 38 ED 64 4951926944 44 28 19 6s 4911452156 44 x2 66 4280712666 25 3 0 D 4435555614 32 38 6 2 4189692262 42 32 6a 4782777292 E EU 1 4321310081 s EO 74 4 6 5263205 35 RT 7 d4STETETM 37 4 73 4 626529191 3 5 4 0 TSS LOAD EXCEEDANCE RATES T4 4 5 6932199 45 3S 7s 4 564171903 32 32 Initial Load 39 50 T 4 530620402 35 28 ww 33 BMP Load 15 99 7 4423426692 22 Figure 2 G 15 Example output from Load Duration Comparison Tool 61 Wel 3 CREATING MODEL INPUT DATA USING MapShed Provided in the following sub sections are brief descriptions of how various model input parameters are derived using both GIS and non GIS based routines within MapShed As described in previous sections the earlier ArcView based version of MapShed i e AVGWLF was initially developed with funds from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection PaDEP for use by its staff in supporting various watershed assessment and TMDL efforts Over the years this initial effort has been supplemented with funds from a variety of other state and federal sources to the extent that this modeling tool has been expanded considerably to facilitate its use by individuals and groups throughout the country as well as other locations around the world Consequently efforts have been made over the years to make the descriptions provided in this section more gener
55. 6 Nutrient transport from livestock manure applied to pastureland using phosphorus based management strategies J Environ Qual 35 1269 1278 South Nation Conservation Authority 2003 Phosphorus Loading Algorithms for the South Nation River SNCA Ontario Canada 57 pp Spaling H 1995 Analyzing cumulative environmental effects of agricultural land drainage in southern Ontario Canada Agricul Ecosys amp Environment Vol 53 pp 279 292 86 Stewart B A et al 1975 Control of pollution from cropland U S EPA Report NO 600 2 75 026 Washington DC Tan C S C F Drury W D Reynolds P H Groenevelt and H Dadfar 2002 Water and nitrate loss through tiles under a clay loam soil in Ontario after 42 years of consistent fertilization and crop rotation Agricul Ecosys amp Environment Vol 93 pp 121 130 U S Environmental Protection Agency 1999 Protocols for developing nutrient TMDLs EPA 841 B 99 007 Office of Water 4503 F Washington D C U S Environmental Protection Agency 2001 Protocols for developing pathogen TMDLs EPA 841 R 00 002 Office of Water 4503 F Washington D C U S Soil Conservation Service 1992 Agricultural Waste Management Field Handbook SCS USDA Wash D C Chap 4 U S Soil Conservation Service 1986 Urban hydrology for small watersheds Technical Release NO 55 2 edition U S Department of Agriculture Washington DC Vadas P P P J A Kleinman A N Sharpley
56. 7276 sum dat 3 runi 7279 pms sg runi 7279 res csv El runi 7279 res dat runt 7279_sum csv E runi 7279 sum dat la runi 7330 pms run1 7330_res csv E run1 7330_res dat Ei run1 7330_sum csv E runi 7330 sum dat 3 run1 7458 pms run1 7458_res csv E runi 7458 res dat K amp i run1 7458 sum csv fs run1 7458 sum dat runi 7469 pms runi 7469 res csv ES run1 7469 res dat S3 run1 7469_sum csv E rum1 7469_sum dat fg runi Summary DayFlow csv El runi Summary sum xg runi 7276 DayFlow csv EE runi 7279 DayFlow csv y runi 7330 DayFlow csv LENI runi 7458 DayFlow csv l2 runt 7469_DayFlow csv f Es dat Size 11KB 4KB 31 KB 1 270 KB 88 KB 36 KB 11KB 4KB 31 KB 1 117 KB 84 KB 33KB 11KB 4KB 31 KB 1 371 KB 92 KB 40 KB 11KB 4KB 31 KB 1 247 KB 82 KB 32 KB 11 KB 3KB 31 KB 1 251 KB 82 KB 32 KB 11 KB 4KB 1 648 KB SKB Type Microsoft Office Exc DAT File PMS File Microsoft Office Exc Microsoft Office Exc DAT File Microsoft Office Exc DAT File PMS File Microsoft Office Exc Microsoft Office Exc DAT File Microsoft Office Exc DAT File PMS File Microsoft Office Exc Microsoft Office Exc DAT File Microsoft Office Exc DAT File PMS File Microsoft Office Exc Microsoft Office Exc DAT File Microsoft Office Exc DAT File PMS File Microsoft Office Exc Microsoft O
57. 8 3 z701e433 238111 o 5 530611 1 143e 12 7 894e 13 8 490e 06 8 254e 13 2461e 11 o 8 338e 11 1 181e 12 8 480e 13 6 379e 06 f6 460e 13 2461e 11 0 5 248611 1181e 12 6 655e 13 2718e 06 5036 14 2 381611 0 81486711 1 143e 12 1 525e 14 6 0726 06 7483e 13 246111 j0 1237e 12 i181e 12 7 749e 13 8 472e 06 5 854e 13 2381611 0 1 382e 12 1 143e 12 6132013 1 242e 07 4 320e 13 2 461611 0 1418e 12 1 181e 12 4 604e 13 1 686e 07 amp s26ec14 2897012 D i5343 391013 32476114 1 718608 of Total gs5 jaos o0 looz 00055 Y N TTT 510 9 14 8 937 73 1 78 2 LLL Go Back Export to JPEG Print Close Figure 2 E 5 Average Pathogen Loads Output Summary window Annual Summary Output 1 Output for the monthly results for each year of the simulation period may be obtained by selecting Annual Output from the main GWLF E window Upon selecting this option a window similar to that shown in Figure 2 E 1 is displayed In this case however once an res dat output file has been selected a particular year for viewing must also be selected as shown in Figure 2 E 6 au Select Annual Output File Select Annual Output File Select view units Metric English Select Year al View Output Plot Output Figure 2 E 6 Selecting the monthly results file 2 Once selected the following window Figure 2 E 7 is displayed showing the simulated hydrology by month for th
58. AE 39 5 pp 1665 1672 Patni N K L Masse and P Y Jui 1998 Groundwater quality under conventional and no tillage nitrate electrical conductivity and pH J Environ Qual Vol 27 4 pp 869 877 Phillips P A J L B Culley F R Hore and N K Patni 1982 Dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate concentrations in discharge from two agricultural catchments in eastern Ontario Agricultural Water Management Vol 5 1 pp 29 40 Preston S D R B Alexander G E Schwarz and C G Crawford 2011 Factors affecting stream nutrient loads A synthesis of regional SPARROW model results for the Continental United States J AWRA 47 5 pp 891 964 Reese S and J Lee 1998 Summary of Groundwater Quality Monitoring Data 1985 1997 from Pennsylvania s Ambient and Fixed Station Network FSN Monitoring Program PA Dept of Environmental Protection 92 pp Ritter W F and A Shirmohammadi 2001 Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution Watershed Management and Hydrology Lewis Publishers Wash D C 342 pp Samuels W 1998 Case Studies Solving Watershed Based Problems Through the Use of GIS Internet and EPA National Data Bases In Watershed Management Moving from Theory to Implementation Water Environment Federation Denver CO pp 1175 1182 Sharpley A N editor 1999 Agriculture and Phosphorus Management The Chesapeake Bay Lewis Publishers Wash D C 229 pp Soupir M L S Mostaghimi and E R Yagow 200
59. ENDIX D On Screen Digitizing of Watershed Boundaries in MapWindow 100 APPENDIX E Demo Data Set Names and Types seeeeennnnnn nnnc 103 APPENDIX F Adding Point Source Features for Use in MapShed cesseee 104 APPENDIX G Creating Data Layers Compatible for Use in MapShed eese 106 APPENDIX H Assignment of Default GWLF E Parameter Values esses 132 APPENDIX I Description of MapShed File Types csset nnns 134 APPENDIX J Description of BMPs Used in MapShed 0cccccccccccseceeseeeeeeceeeeceseeeeeenseneesaes 135 1 INTRODUCTION A Overview MapShed is a GIS based watershed modeling tool that essentially duplicates the functionality of a similar software application previously created by the Penn State Institutes of Energy and the Environment PSIEE called AVGWLF Evans et al 2002 In the latter case the core GIS functionality is provided by the ArcView 3 x GIS package developed by Environmental Systems Research Inc of Redlands CA With MapShed however the GIS interface uses the relatively newer MapWindow GIS software package that is freely available at www mapwindow org Similar to AVGWLF MapShed provides a link between the GIS software and an enhanced version of the GWLF watershed model Like AVGWLF MapShed is a customized interface that is used to automatically create input data for the watershed model In
60. F E screen as shown in Figure 2 D 1 Upon hitting this button a form like that shown in Figure A 1 will appear This form actually has two parts with the second part see Figure A 2 being accessed by clicking on the Next button as shown in the first part in Figure A 1 The first part of this form is primarily used to depict basic animal information e g types populations nutrient production rates and data on non grazing animals pertaining to the distribution application of wastes and their associated loss rates The second part is primarily used to hold information pertaining to grazing animals Note this second part also contains information related to pathogen load estimation which is discussed later in Appendix B 88 ET Animal Nutrient and Pathogen Data Editor springcrk 0 m Animal Data m Daily Loads Kq AEU p Fecal Coliform m Manure Data Check Orgs Day Land applied fos 1 00E 11 00E 11 in confined areas o2 d 2 2 8 zr 8 z Type Dairy Cows no Beef Cows Broilers Layers Hogs Swine Sheep Horses Turkeys Other 3 TET Total must be lt 1 0 ro m r Initial Non Grazing Animal Totals N Kori 1148 P Karvr 362 FC Orgs Yr 1 96E 13 B BR al m BE E BI E ao oO OO S Ss mij m 4s Ss TATA 188533333 174733733 T M NON GRAZING ANIMAL DATA Manure Spreading Contribution E Jan Feb Mar Apr
61. G 11 Example of statewide physiographic province layer Table G 12 Required fields for the physiographic province layer Field Name Field Type Description AREA Real Number Area in square meters RAIN_WARM Real Number Warm season erosivity value typical range of 0 10 0 50 RAIN COOL Real Number Cool season erosivity value typical range of 0 05 0 35 GWRECESS Real Number Groundwater recession rate typical range of 0 01 0 2 Urban Area Boundaries This optional layer see example in Figure G 12 can be used to estimate the pollutant loads for separate urban areas or portions of these areas within a larger watershed see related discussion in Section 2G As with other vector files used within MapShed this layer must be an ESHI formatted shape file having both an AREA field as described previously and two fields called FIPSCODE and MCDNAME see Table G 13 The AREA field is as described previously for ESRI formatted shape files The FIPSCODE is a numeric field that contains a unique numeric code in this case a FIPS code and the MCDNAME field 122 is used to provide a name for the municipal boundary In many locations this may be a combination intersection of a FIPS code polygon layer and a municipality boundary layer F View n x Figure G 12 Example of urban boundary layer Ta
62. LF E output options To graphically plot any particular output simply click on the appropriate radio button E GWLF E Average Output in Metric Units GWLF E Output Plot for File run1 0 Period of Analysis 10 years from 1989 to 1998 Total Nitrogen Jan Feb Mar Apr May Select output values to plot Go Back Water Balance Precipitation cm Tile Drainage cm Evapotranspiration cm Runoff cm Stream Flow cm Groundwater Flow cm Extracted Water cm Point Source Flow cm Erosion Kg 1000 Sediment Yield Kg x 1000 Export to JPEG Print Close Dis Nitrogen Kg Dis Phosphorus Kg Tot Phosporus Kg Figure 2 E 11 GWLF E Plot window To view the water balance plot click the Water Balance button then select the desired water balance plot precipitation or stream flow see Figure 2 E 12 In this case the first option shows what happens to precipitation by process pathway and the second shows the distribution of different components of stream flow by source 35 out GWLFE E Water Balance GWLF E Water Balance for File run1 0 Period of Analysis 10 years from 1989 to 1998 Selected Components as a Percentage of Stream Flow Bl Runott I subsurface Bl Tile Drain Paint Source low C Water Balance Precipitation Go Back Export to JPEG Print Figure 2 E 12 Water Balance Plot window Excel Formatted Output Output results from GWLF E
63. Madramootoo et al 1992 Mejia and Madaramootoo 1998 Whitely et al 1990 and Fleming 1990 In GWLF E 5096 of the surface and subsurface flow for each month based on weather inputs are re distributed to tile drain flow in areas identified as being served by such systems More specifically tile drain flow for a watershed is estimated using information on the amount of cropland and the extent of tile drained land in cropped areas Information on the presence of cropland is extracted by MapShed from the land use cover layer and information on the extent of tile drained areas in a given watershed i e Tile Drained is specified by the user Algorithmically tile drain flow for a watershed is calculated using the equation TDF 0 5 CROPFLOW PCTTILE where TDF Total tile drain flow in volume of water per month CROPFLOW Total volume of surface and subsurface flow in cultivated areas of the watershed per month PCTTILE Percent of cultivated area that is tile drained Once the volume of tile drain water per month is calculated in this case liters of water this volume is then multiplied by the event mean concentrations given above for nitrogen phosphorus and sediment i e 15 0 1 and 50 mg l to calculate loads for each in units of kg mo B Nutrient Data Dissolved Nutrient Concentrations in Rural Runoff Nutrient loads in stream flow are comprised of both dissolved and solid phases Dissolved nutrients are associ
64. MapShed 1 0 0 Project Manager Open a Project m o m r Build a Project 2 Enter the name of your new project SpringCreek Build Delete a Project C NO Figure 2 C 1 Project Manager window Once the appropriate selections have been made using the Project Manager MapWindow will be opened automatically Although MapWindow GIS software is used to load and manipulate the geographic data sets needed to execute the watershed model the MapWindow project file that you will be using i e MapShed has been customized to interface with the model Once opened the MapShed project file that you will be working with will look something like that shown in Figure 2 C 2 If a new project is being built for the first time no data will be loaded but the required plug ins i e customized extensions will be loaded If an existing project is loaded then the view will appear somewhat differently as discussed later For help go to the He p menu located at the top of the tool bar Via this menu it is possible to access user guides for either MapWindow or MapShed In order to view either you must have Adobe Reader installed which is also included with MapShed if needed 8 MapShed Version 1 0 0 springcreek 5 VE ee E Figure 2 C 2 MapShed interface In executing MapShed users can create separate folders in advance for storing input and output data associated with any given watershed evaluation If thi
65. May Jun Jul of annual load applied to crops pasture p 01 o 01 o15 jor Joos 0 03 0 03 Joos fo met 012 li o ace 74313 7431 88 88 z Base nitrogen loss rate Base phosphorus loss rate Base fecal coliform loss rate of manure load incorporated into soil o S ole Se o S ole Sm na 43387 4338 e N e N z 5 L 1233 33343 Barnyard Confined Area Contribution y i g z g 5 gt amp Ej g z 3 2 8 Base nitrogen loss rate Base phosphorus loss rate Base fecal coliform loss rate T RIS AR zu ii i i i 35 e x z N e N N N aA aa 3 N N N 3 N 5 N e x i Next ave File Export to JPEG Z3 Animal Nutrient and Pathogen Data Editor gt GRAZING ANIMAL DATA r Grazing Land Contribution e 3 o c D E gt amp e o e g z 2 o 9 S 2 S oj o o ELE EEEL e 5 of time spent grazing of time spent in streams LEER 885 3337 85 Base nitrogen loss rate Base phosphorus loss rate Base fecal coliform loss rate 3335 8335 8885 88535 2 2 313137 BEREE e is 5 To e a D e is e Du e a x e is 5 Du eo a m e is 5 D e y r Manure Spreading Contribution 3 E 9 E g 5 e p d 6 n e g z x o 5 Ss E 5 5 5 EE R s S 88 ei e a 331 BERGE
66. N 0 07 0 21 EN 021 027 EN 0 27 0 33 0 33 0 43 50 0 50 100 Miles Fig 3 2 Example K factor map with higher values depicting more inherent erodibility 100 Miles 697 835 836 975 Fig 3 3 Elevation DEM map of Pennsylvania in units of meters Cropping Management C and Erosion Control Practice P Factors These are two additional factors used in the USLE equation The cropping management C factor also called the vegetation cover factor is used to represent the effect of ground cover conditions soil conditions and general management practices on soil erosion The erosion control practice P factor is used to depict the effectiveness of various structural and non structural control practices such as terracing and crop residue management in reducing soil erosion on cultivated land Values for both of these factors vary within a region and depend on local cropping practices and conditions For use in MapShed estimates of representative C and P factors are derived from the county GIS layer In Pennsylvania these factors are based on mean values for field crops in the eastern part of the U S compiled by Stewart et al 1975 For row crops hay pasture and woodlands the representative C values used are 0 42 0 03 and 0 002 respectively The P factors are dependent on slope and can have values of 0 52 1 1 2 0 45 2 1 7 0 52 7 1 12 0 66 12 1 18 or
67. Number Mean monthly withdrawal in cubic meters mo USAGEFLAG Integer Number Indicates seasonality of withdrawals 0 1 2 or 3 Unpaved Roads This layer is meant to depict the location of unpaved roads within the watershed of interest Within GWLF E such features are treated as non vegetated surfaces in the sense that surface erosion is assumed to occur in these areas similar other non vegetated or poorly vegetated surfaces such as disturbed areas and cultivated land There are no special fields associated with this layer that are directly used by MapShed However the field Length that is normally present in the attribute tables associated with ESRI formatted line files must be present in order for total road surface calculations to be made If this field is not present various ArcView extensions e g XTools can be used to add it and calculate values for it 116 Roads This layer is only meant to serve as a background layer for the watershed of interest The only format requirement for this layer is that it be a vector file in an ESRI compatible shape file County Boundaries This polygon layer may be used to contain information pertaining to the Universal Soil Loss equation used within the GWLF E model More specifically this layer is used to hold parameter estimates for the C and P factors for different land cover types i e hay pasture row crops and wooded areas In reality this layer need not necessa
68. Ps and mitigation activities If no edits are made to this file then no load reductions are simulated Any reductions made are based on the extent to which different measures are applied and the reduction coefficients associated with those measures Further information on the coefficients used and the reduction methodologies utilized can be found in Evans et al 2007 In many cases it is recommended that the scenario editor in GWLF E i e BMP Data button be used to represent existing mitigation activities for the purpose of accurately simulating current loads in a given watershed and that PRed CT be used to evaluate future activities that might be used to reduce or further reduce loads simulated by GWLF E However the BMP Data option can just as easily be used to accomplish either task Also for those who plan to use the Urban Area Tool described in Section 2G see page 56 that is utilized to apportion loads between different urban areas e g MS4 areas it is necessary that any analysis of BMP scenarios be conducted using the BMP Data option within GWLF E since load reductions are carried over to the Urban Area Tool whereas such reductions made using PRedlCT are not i e there is a direct link between GWLF E and the Urban Area Tool that does not exist between GWLF E and PHedlCT One significant difference between the current version of GWLF E and previous versions is that many more complex urban BMP activities can be more
69. S Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 97 4139 Barry D A J D Goorahoo and M J Goss 1993 Estimation of nitrate concentrations in groundwater using a whole farm nitrogen budget J Environ Qual Vol 22 pp 767 775 Bliss N B and W U Reybold 1989 Small scale digital soil maps for interpreting natural resources Journal of Soil and Water Conservation Vol 44 pp 30 34 Carpenter S R N F Caraco D L Correll R W Howarth A N Sharpley and V H Smith 1998 Nonpoint Pollution of Surface Waters with Phosphorus and Nitrogen Ecological Applications Vol 8 No 3 pp 559 568 Chow V T D R Maidment and L W Mays 1988 Applied Hydrology McGraw Hill Publishing Company New York Cleland B R 2001 Forestry and Agricultural BMP Implementation TMDL Development from the Bottom Up ASIWPCA ACWF WEF TMDL Science Issues Conference On site Program St Louis MO pp 91 92 Deliman P N R H Glick and C E Ruiz 1999 Review of Watershed Water Quality Models U S Army Corps of Engineers Tech Rep W 99 1 26 pp Dillaha T A J H Sherrard D Lee V O Shanholtz S Mostaghimi and W L Magette 1986 Use of Vegetative Filter Strips to Minimize Sediment and Phosphorus Losses from Feedlots Virginia Water Resources Research Center VA Tech State University Bulletin 151 Easton J H J J Gauthier M M Lalor and R E Pitt 2005 Die Off of pathogenic E Coli O157 H7 in sewage cont
70. S wl wo eI gt rc on Rural Land Hay Pasture 33533 qq qr d 2 n IZ z in s 2 gis gv 2 Ds m w Ll e w e Bx Exi zi e eo e P N e on N e N e ce e o qq 255 Cropland ofj s Be N Forest Wetland Disturbed Turf Golf oO 53 a e a x 5 5 o N S S of wl e j gt 2 N ES e S m co co 2 2 i tn en eo e ae eo e Sas N e J e Open Land Bare Rock Sediment A Factor 1 1483E 03 GW Recess Coeff 0 08 Sed A Adjustment ho GW Seepage Coeff foo Avail Water Cap cm 22484 Z Tile Drained Ag 00 Sed Delivery Ratio noz Save File Export to JPEG Close e 45588 8355 oj 9 9 9 9 o ojo n m g o e o oj 2 o Sandy Areas of oF OF oj i oj o NI o e 4 f N elo z N A N E B Unpaved Road Figure 2 D 3 Editing transport data 19 Nutrient data may also be edited as described for transport data From the main window of the GWLF E Model interface select the Nutrient Data button and a window similar to that shown in Fig 2 D 4 will be displayed When you have finished editing the nutrient file click on Save File to save any changes you have made to the file In the example shown point source and septic system data were automatically derived by MapShed from the point source and census layers respectively However this inform
71. STRMID Integer Number Unique stream ID 109 Weather Stations This file is used to identify the locations of weather stations having associated daily weather information that may be used to create weather data for GWLF E This file contains one or more point features see Figure G 3 and an associated attribute table with several required fields as shown in Table G 4 As can be seen from this table the required fields include STA ID BEGYEAR and ENDYEAR The field STA ID is a unique numeric value integer that identifies a given weather station This identifier can be any integer number having up to 16 digits but it must be a valid number with no spaces The values in the BEGYEAHR and ENDYEAR fields are integers that specify the beginning and end dates for a period of record for the weather data stored in the associated Excel files see later discussion below These values must be four digits in length e g 1985 The LOCATION field provided in the sample data file is an optional field that can be used to provide names for each location Weather station locations i e the points represented in the shape file are usually created by digitizing hard copy maps or via on screen digitizing using suitable base maps such as scanned USGS topographic maps or aerial photographs 2 GWLF Analysis olx Weather Ls es Point Sources Unedited Cleared Edited _ Water Extraction Ta E z I
72. Stream Length 3226 Kilometers Runoff Control Unpaved Road Length Do Kilometers Phytase in Feed Stream Miles with Vegetated Buffer Strips Stream Miles with Fencing Stream Miles with Stabilization Unpaved Road Miles with E and S Controls Urban BMP Editor Save File Export to JPEG Close Figure 2 D 6 Editing BMP data for rural land anr Urban BMP Data Editor springcrk 0 Urban Scenario BMP Editor Detention Basins Constructed Wetlands 1 3 Detention basin volume m Total area urban land Ha 775 3 Basin dead storage m Fraction of area treated 0 1 0 0 Basin surface area rr Basin days to drain Street Sweeping Basin cleaning month Miera Wagen January July Feby August Stream Protection nd mue March September April October Vegetative buffer strip width m Fraction of streams treated 0 1 May Movember Total streams in urban areas km June December Streams w bank stabilization km 0 Impervious Surface Reduction a a E 2 Ried Area Red X Area Infiltration Bioretention LD Mixed 0 fo LD Residential lo fo Amount of runoff retention crn 0 MD Mixed 0 0 MD Residential 0 0 Fraction of area treated 0 1 fj HD Mixed 0 0 HD Residential 0 0 Rural BMP Editor BHP Efficiency Editor Save File Export to JPEG Close Figure 2 D 7 Editing BMP data for urban land 24 E Editing Scenario File scenaria0 Rural BMP Load Reduction Efficiency Editor
73. TOTAL P LATITUDE LONGITUDE Z OF SAMP LATDD 3202 80 0 0 405406 774632 3 40 9017 77 7756 0 0 1 pe SAM 26238 53824 60178 4500 405021 724908 3 40 8392 778192 509 10178 Soa Test P 8923 12068 345 4 405008 774724 3 40 8356 77 79 17 345 O DEM 20486 30082 2166 2 405524 774700 3 40 9233 777833 109 2166 Landuse 0 19000 1150 0 0 0 0 0 0 18500 1100 0 0 78 75000 4100 0 0 40 8503 77 7507 0 0 800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 77 8193 0 0 0 0 0 0 oooooo 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Figure F 1 Adding a new point source feature 104 For more detailed information on using the Shapefile Editor consult the user documentation provided with the MapWindow software Note If this tool is used to create a point source file while in MapShed prior to using it to create model input it must be removed from the view by using the Add Remove Layer button and subsequently re loaded back into the view using one of the data loading options described in Section 2C 105 APPENDIX G Creating Data Layers Compatible for Use in MapShed As described previously MapShed provides a customized MapWindow interface that is used to parameterize input data for the GWLF E model In utilizing this interface the user is prompted to identify required GIS files and to provide other information related to non spatial model parameters e g beginning and end of the growing season the months during which ma
74. ad is computed as 100 1 0 60 0 05 2 kg This calculation is further modified based on the adjustment factor tied to daily rainfall as discussed above It would also change if the user re sets the default loss rate to a value other than 0 05 92 In the case of barnyard contributions the monthly loads delivered to surface water are based on the loads produced by animals on a monthly basis the portion of the accumulated load applied to fields and the specified loss rates The default loss rate values shown in Figures A 1 and A 2 are also based on suggested values found in the literature e g SNCA 2003 Dillaha et al 1986 Carpenter 1998 and Zehnder and DiCostanzo 1997 and similar to the applied manure contributions these may also be edited by the user as deemed appropriate For grazing animals the load estimation process is further complicated by the introduction of a third source pathway i e when they are grazing on land away from barnyards or other confined areas As indicated earlier when animals are engaged in this type of activity nutrients may be transported to surface water via runoff from grazing land or through direct deposits to streams where unimpeded access is available Accordingly both of these transport processes are considered in the Grazing Land Contribution section of part 2 In this section the cells in the row labeled of time spent grazing are used to indicate percent of time
75. ained from a user supplied soils data layer A generalized data layer called STATSGO which refers to the state level soil mapping products developed by the Natural Resource Conservation Service Bliss and Reybold 1989 is typically used to provide soils related information to MapShed although more detailed soil data layers e g SSURGO can be used as well Within MapShed this information is combined with information from the land use cover map described above to estimate curve numbers for each source area in a watershed For urban land categories curve numbers are derived for both pervious and impervious areas The percentage of impervious area associated with each category is set using default values Y lmp which can be changed by the user Soil Erodibility K Factor The soil erodibility K factor is a measure of inherent soil erosion potential and is primarily a function of soil texture and composition This factor which is one of the factors used in the USLE equation has been determined for every soil type in the U S and is one of the attributes contained in one of the tables associated with the generalized soil STATSGO map described above A depiction of inherent soil erodibility created with this particular data set is shown in Figure 3 2 Within MapShed an area weighted k factor value is calculated for each land use cover type i e source area in a watershed 63 Slope Length LS Factor This is
76. al 1982 ASAE 1993 SCS 1992 These default values which may be edited by the user if desired represent typical daily loading rates in units of kilograms per animal equivalent unit AEU with an AEU in this case being 1000 kg of any given animal type The total weight of each animal type within a watershed based on the number of animals times a typical weight for each type is multiplied by these loading rates to estimate the total nitrogen and phosphorus loads generated by animals on a yearly basis It is these estimated nutrient totals that are displayed in the Initial Non Grazing Animal Totals and Initial Grazing Animal Totals sections in part 1 and 2 respectively i e N kg yr and P kg yr The totals that appear in each respective section are based on the animal numbers daily loading rates for each type and the grazing designation specified in the appropriate sections of part 1 of the animal data form Note In the Animal Data section an Other category is provided to give the user the ability to simulate loads for other animals not listed In this case the user only needs to supply a value for the number of animals a representative animal weight and a new loading rate value in the Daily Loads section For both grazing and non grazing animals the calculation of loads delivered to surface water is primarily dependent upon how the initial loads generated by the animals are distributed among the various
77. al Stream Length option under the MapShed Tools menu and select the basin for which stream length is desired A message box will appear with the stream length information once processing is completed Land Cover Distribution The Land Cover Distribution function is used to calculate the land cover distribution area of each cover type for a given user specified area It is typically used to calculate land cover results for a selected basin but can be used to calculate the land cover distribution for any valid MapWindow polygon This function is initiated by selecting Land Cover Distribution from highlight a polygon area by using the MapWindow selection tool amp Upon initiating this function the user is asked to specify the name and location of a newly created dbf file that contains the calculated results 52 Show Land Cover Distribution This particular function is used to show previously calculated land cover distribution results for any given area To use this function simply select the Show Land Cover Distribution option located under the MapShed Tools menu and browse to the appropriate dbf file in which the results are stored Measuring Tool MapWindow contains two standard measuring tools that are automatically loaded when using MapShed One tool 72 is used to measure distance and the other is used to measure area 17 Another more advanced tool however can be found under the Plug ins menu see Measuring Tool in Fig
78. am Length About Mapin GWLF Figure 2 C 3 The MapShed Tools pull down menu After initiating the Load Data Layers option an input form like that shown in Figure 2 C 4 will appear At this point you must identify each layer that corresponds to those listed in the form This is accomplished by clicking on the browse to location button E at the end of each input line Remember MapShed uses either ESRI shapefiles grids or GeoTiffs for the GIS data layers Also note that for the weather directory selection all that is required is to browse to the appropriate weather data folder that contains the Excel csv formatted weather files and then click on one of the files in the folder in order to identify the correct path When data layers are used for the first time in MapShed particularly those that have been newly created by the user it is always a good idea to click on the Check Data Layers and Check Data Alignment options located at the bottom of the form to ensure that the files identified will work in MapShed i e that they have been created properly If layers have been checked at least once with no errors being identified it is not necessary to check them in subsequent data processing runs Note if you are using the demo data set while reading this section information is provided in Appendix E on the appropriate input files to use for each of the selections indicated in the input form When using the Check Da
79. aminated waters J Amer Water Res Assoc Vol 41 No 5 pp 1187 1194 83 Evans B M R A White G W Petersen J M Hamlett G M Baumer and A J McDonnell 1994 Land Use and Non point Pollution Study of the Delaware River Basin Environmental Resources Research Institute Penn State University Pub NO ER94 06 76 pp Evans B M D W Lehning K J Corradini G W Petersen E Nizeyimana J M Hamlett P D Robillard R L Day 2002 A comprehensive GIS based modelling approach for predicting nutrient loads in watersheds J Spatial Hydrology 2 2 www spatialhydrology com Evans B M S A Sheeder D W Lehning 2003 A spatial technique for estimating streambank erosion based on watershed characteristics J Spatial Hydrology 3 2 www spatialhydrology com Evans B M and K J Corradini 2010 A Guide to Creating Software Compatible Data Sets for AVGWLF and MapShed Penn State Institutes of the Environment 34 pp Evans B M D W Lehning and K J Corradini 2007 PRedICT Version 2 0 Users Guide for the Pollutant Reduction Impact Comparison Tool Penn State Institutes of Energy and the Environment 44 pp Field R 1990 Combined Sewer Overflows Control and Treatment In Control and Treatment of Combined Sewer Overflows Editor P E Moffa Van Nostrand Rheinhold New York NY pp 119 190 Fleming R J 1990 Impact of agricultural practices on tile water quality Proc ASAE Summer Meeting June 24 27 Columb
80. another factor used in the USLE equation that is a function of overland runoff and slope Within MapShed two different options for calculating this factor have been provided The first option is based on a simplified approach previously developed by NRCS for estimating this value based on the relationship between slope length and slope gradient for a given area Stewart et al 1975 For modeling purposes the slope gradient is estimated using a digital elevation layer and the slope length L value is estimated using the equation 0 5 A L TSL where A area of the watershed and TSL total length of streams within the watershed Within MapShed total stream length is calculated using a digital stream layer In most cases this layer is assumed to depict all blue line streams appearing on 1 24 000 scale USGS topographic maps Watershed area is calculated directly from the polygon attribute information associated with the user supplied basin boundary file With this approach an LS value is calculated for each source area using the equation LS L 22 13 0 065 0 043S 0 0065S where LS slope length factor for the source area L average slope length of the watershed m a constant that varies with slope gradient S mean slope gradient for the source area The LS algorithm utilized in the first version of AVGWLF was initially tested using 100 meter DEM data see Figure 3 3 This algorithm was later adapte
81. anual has been provided in the Help folder under the MapShed directory Irrigation Fraction This option is used to select the portion fraction of irrigation water estimated to return to surface subsurface flow This estimate is used by the model to re distribute water that might be subtracted from surface or subsurface water if a water extraction layer is used as described in Section 3A For example if 2 cm of water depth is extracted from subsurface or surface water for agricultural irrigation and the default return flow value of 0 40 is used then 0 8 cm of water 0 40 x 2 cm would be returned to stream flow when all water balancing within the model has been completed Based on a cursory review of the literature an irrigation return flow of 40 is fairly typical Reference Date This field at the top of the form can be disregarded at present Plans are to use this for BMP related options in the future Upon making the appropriate selections described above you will be prompted to identify or create a directory in which to store your newly created model input gms file see Figure 2 C 9 With this window you can navigate to the appropriate location and or create a new directory with the Make New Folder button Once you have identified or created your new directory click on the OK button Any new directory must be a single name without spaces between words Note a new directory can also be automatically created w
82. are also automatically directed to Excel formatted files More specifically results are written to comma separated variable csv files This file format is essentially the text formatted file option provided within Excel These files can either be viewed directly in Excel or by using the MapShed interface With the latter option click Display GWLF Output from the MapShed Analysis pull down menu and select the appropriate res csv or sum csv output file Figure 2 E 13 to view the results in Microsoft Excel see Figure 2 E 14 The latter contains output for each year simulated and the former contains the mean monthly annual results Select GWLF Output File xj File Name Directories OK my project lres csv ISeriNavgwlfrunfilesNoutput f ts D my project 1sum csv E eni D my project dayflowl csv E avgwlf D my project monthflow csv runfiles gt X List Files of Type Drives CSV File z I E Figure 2 E 13 Select GWLF E Output File window 36 E B C D E F G H L J K L M N o P a R E Metric Units 1 2 Year 1989 3 Month Precip Evapotrans Groundwater Runoff Strm Flow Erosion Sediment Stream Sed stream N Stream P Ground N Ground P Dis N TotN DisP TotP PtSource Tile Drain Withdrawals 4 Jan 5 89 0 46 0 0 88 108 96404 12154 116 43772 58 22 17 0 O 402449 5003 61 229 09 344 95 0 22 0 0 03 5 Feb 5 93 0 34 0 0 96 114 50115 138 32 127 69647 63 85 18 64 0 0 3976 62 4900 87 22832 34413 0 2
83. aste that is spread or deposited via grazing is less than the amount produced each month by the animals in a watershed then the available load in confined areas in following months is allowed to accumulate With respect to the Manure Spreading Contribution sub section in each part the principal idea is to indicate the amount of manure spread on fields for each month of the year The cells in the row identified as 96 of annual load applied to crop pasture see Figure A 3 is used to indicate these amounts More specifically the value entered in each cell is intended to indicate the percentage with values ranging from 0 1 of the total annual load produced by animals that is to be applied For example the value of 0 03 for July indicates that 3 percent of the annual available manure load is to be applied during that month As alluded to above the amount of available waste that may be spread in any given month is dependent on the amount that has accumulated up to that point in time Consequently the values allowed for any month may change depending on values entered previously For the primary reason that the task of assigning monthly percentages and keeping track of the load remaining can get complicated the user is encouraged to utilize the information displayed in the Manure Data Check sections on parts 1 and 2 of the form see Figure A 4 The value of 0 83 in Figure A 4 for example indicates that only 83 percent of
84. ated with overland runoff point sources and subsurface i e groundwater discharges to the stream Solid phase nutrients originate from point sources soil erosion and wash off of material from urban areas Within GWLF E nutrient loads from non urban areas are transported in runoff water and eroded soil from numerous source areas each of which is considered to be homogenous with respect to soil and cover type Essentially dissolved loads from each source area are obtained by multiplying runoff volumes by estimated dissolved concentrations for both nitrogen and phosphorus The default dissolved nitrogen concentrations used in MapShed are a combination of those suggested in the GWLF User s Manual Haith et al 1992 Evans et al 1994 and a number of other literature sources 73 Dissolved phosphorus loads are estimated using relationships developed between soil test phosphorus concentration and dissolved phosphorus in surface runoff described by Vadas et al 2005 Within MapShed dissolved phosphorus concentration in runoff is estimated using the equation DRP 1 98 STP 79 1000 where DRP dissolved runoff P concentration in mg l and STP soil test P in mg kg as determined from a soil P grid see later discussion Nutrient Concentrations in Runoff from Manured Areas Similar to the dissolved nutrient concentrations described above GWLF E also allows for the specification of dissolved nutrient concentrations in runoff
85. aterials with vegetation mostly in the form of lawn grasses shrubs and or trees Impervious surfaces account for less than 3096 of the total cover These areas commonly include schools hospitals commercial areas and industrial parks with extensive surrounding open land Use a grid cell value of 2 Medium Density Mixed Urban Areas with a mixture of constructed materials with vegetation mostly in the form of lawn grasses shrubs and or trees Impervious surfaces account for 30 75 of the total cover These areas are typically found in smaller cities and suburban locations Use a grid cell value of 20 High Density Mixed Urban Areas with a mixture of constructed materials with vegetation mostly in the form of lawn grasses shrubs and or trees Impervious surfaces account for greater than 7596 of the total cover These areas are typically high intensity commercial industrial institutional zones in large and small urban areas They may include some dense residential development which should not exceed 20 of the total area Use a grid cell value of 3 Note Although unpaved roads can be used in GWLF E this land type is not depicted in the land use cover grid rather it is represented by a separate shape file as described earlier 126 Surface Elevation Topography This particular grid layer is used to calculate land slope related data for use within GWLF E There are no special fields specifically required for use by MapShed However
86. ation can also be directly typed into the appropriate cells if these layers are not available B Nutrient Data Editor springcrk 0 Dissolved Runoff Coefficients mg L Rural Runoff Dissolved N Dissolved P Point Source Loads Discharge r Septic System Populations Hay Pasue 075 0 1840 Kg N Kg P MGD Normal Pond Short Cir es 710 49 12322 20 496 Feed TE 448 18 111 28 496 wetland 019 71049 12322 496 Ditubed 002 623 05 11924 496 TutGof 25 71049 12322 496 OpenLand fo 623 05 11924 496 BareRock 0 71048 123 22 496 SanAmas O 71048 123 22 496 Unpaved Ad fO 62305 119 24 496 71049 123 22 496 3496 3496 e pue pos N e 4 2 TO o te A zii e 2 I9 T9 N 7S 1 Oo of Of o wm of wo CO wi wi 7 e e 2 zd E SA In co E c X N e wo 4 PERRET TTT TT TTT SELEELELEL E a e Nm p s P T eco wm co o Sed CECLEELER EEE CACETE Tritt tit N P Groundwater mg L mg L 265 oos 71048 123 Tile Drain mg L 15 o1 50 Growing season uptake g d p Per Capita Soil Conc mg Kg 12000 557 E 097 Tank Load g d 7 i N 1 6 P 0 Bank Frac 0 1 10 25 0 25 Urban Buildup kg Ha day Phosphorus Area Ha Acclmp Acc Pery LD Mixed 58 MD Mixed 1308 HD Mixed 1758 LD Residential 1267 MD Residential 3568 HD Residential fte b o Li e a o Rn g z e e T c e ww Q 0j ol o
87. b watersheds within a larger watershed This particular feature is useful for evaluating the relative pollution potential as well as the load reduction potential of various sub areas of the watershed More detailed step by step instructions for using MapShed are provided in Section 2 2 STEP BY STEP INSTRUCTIONS FOR BASIC MODELING WITH MapShed A Installing the Software As described earlier MapShed is a watershed modeling tool that is designed to work within the MapWindow GIS software environment The specific version of MapWindow software needed to run MapShed MapWindow Ver 4 6 is provided with the MapShed software and other versions of MapWindow should not be installed separately by the user because not all of the algorithms developed for MapShed work properly in other versions of MapWindow MapWindow is quite easy to install and does not conflict with any other GIS software that might already be installed on a user s computer The MapShed watershed modeling tool is installed by executing the appropriate software mapshed exe that is available at www mapshed psu edu see MapShed Downloads Note MapShed uses InstallShield WizardO to install the necessary files in the appropriate locations for subsequent use Before you begin modeling with MapShed all of the required GIS and weather data sets need to be available somewhere on your computer s hard drive As a result of previous efforts data sets for some areas such as Pennsylvania New Y
88. bably be evaluated using either the Constructed Wetland or Infiltration Bioretention options within GWLF E By extension it is likely that many other urban BMPs not on the list could also be adequately simulated within GWLF E using either of these two options at least for watershed level planning purposes If in doubt as to which might be better to use for generic BMP simulation purposes it is recommended that the Constructed Wetland option be applied since it is easier of the two to use Also when using this in combination with edits to the BMP Efficiency Editor form as shown in Figure 2 D 8 this option can be adapted to simulate the pollutant reduction effects of almost any BMP used in an urban setting 139 Table J1 Recommended usage of GWLF E BMP options for various urban BMPS cited in PaDEP s 2006 stormwater manual PaDEP Stormwater BMP GWLF E BMP Option Porous Pavement Infiltration Basin Infiltration Bed Infiltration Trench Rain Garden Bioretention Dry Well Seepage Pit Constructed Filter Vegetated Swale Vegetated Filter Strip Infiltration Berm amp Retentive Grading Vegetated Roof Capture and Re use Constructed Wetlands Wet Pond Retention Basin Dry Extended Detention Basin Water Quality Filters Riparian Buffer Restoration Street Sweeping Floodplain Restoration Detention Basin or Constructed Wetland Detention Basin or Constructed Wetland Infiltration Bioretention and Constructed W
89. ble G 13 Required fields for the urban area boundary layer Field Name Field Type Description AREA Real Number Area in square meters FIPSCODE Integer Number Unique code usually FIPS code for each polygon MCDNAME Real Number Municipality name NOTE This layer has been replaced by a grid and an associated look up table Flow Lines This layer see previous example shown in Figure 2 F 1 essentially depicts pathways that a stream particle might take as it moves from a sub area to the outlet of a larger watershed These features are used by MapShed to estimate travel distance to the outlet for each sub area which in turn are used by the GWLF E model to estimate the attenuation of nutrient and sediment loads based on travel time For use in MapShed a separate flow line is 123 required for each sub area simulated These features can be digitized using MapWindow or other GIS software that creates ESRI formatted shape files and are typically created by starting at the center of each sub area and digitizing points along a corresponding stream until the watershed outlet is reached The only field required by MapShed as shown in Table G 14 is an ID field which is used to specify the sub area associated with any given flow line Table G 14 Required fields for the flow line layer Field Name Field Type Description ID Integer Number Grid Files Required Layers Land Use Cover This layer is one of the most critical
90. cribed in the previous section This can be done by first opening up MapShed and selecting the Load Data Layer option as described previously Then instead of loading in the layers one by one you can load the entire source file by using the Browse to Source File button amp located at the bottom of the form shown in Figure 2 C 4 This will allow you to browse to and open up a previously created source src file directly 12 tE Legend E Preview Map Lat 40 928 Long 77 968 X 2 678 130 214 044 670 Meters Figure 2 0 5 Sample MapShed view with watershed data loaded Loading Data Using an Existing Saved Project File Once the data sets have been loaded into the MapShed view the MapShed project can be saved by clicking on the Save Project button located on the tool bar Similarly it can be saved by using the Save or Save As option under the File menu If a project has been saved in this manner it is then possible to re open it in MapShed i e select from the Open a Project window in the Project Manager as shown in Figure 2 C 6 with all of the data sets and plug ins fully loaded such as illustrated previously in Figure 2 C 5 e MapShed 1 0 0 Project Manager springcreek mwpri v Open Rebuild Existing Project Delete a Project 7 2 _ Exit Help Figure 2 C 6 Loading an existing project with the Project Manager 13 Selecting the Watershed s and Specifyin
91. ctions due to existing BMPs and stream protection activities including various barnyard related activities see Figure 2 D 6 In this figure the AWMS Livestock and AWMS Poultry BMPs signify animal waste management systems for livestock and poultry respectively Generally speaking these activities involve the use of organized methods for collecting and treating animal wastes and a well developed plan for disposing of these wastes on agricultural fields Runoff Control refers to the collection of relatively clean runoff from roofs and areas upslope of barnyards and directing it away from barnyards and other heavy use areas When used in combination with a livestock or poultry AWMS this can be a very effective means for mitigating water quality impacts associated with large farm animal populations Finally Phytase in Feed refers to the use of phytase feed additives for increasing the biological utilization of phosphorus by animals thereby decreasing the amount produced in their waste At this time this particular BMP 93 only applies to poultry Within GWLF E pollutant specific reduction coefficients associated with each BMP are used to decrease initial animal generated loads on an annual basis The coefficients used are given in Table A 1 So for example let us assume that an initial load of 15 000 kg year of phosphorus is being lost from livestock based on the input data provided and that 4 000 kg of this total is f
92. cts of various pollutant mitigation activities in different geographic locations C GIS Based Derivation of Model Input Data As alluded to previously the use of GIS software for deriving input data for watershed simulation models is becoming fairly standard practice due to the inherent advantages of using GIS for manipulating spatial data In this case a customized interface developed for MapWindow GIS software is used to parameterize input data for the GWLF E watershed model included with MapShed n utilizing this interface the user is prompted to load required GIS files and to provide other information related to various non spatial model parameters e g beginning and end of the growing season period of weather data to use etc This information is subsequently used to automatically derive values for required model input parameters which are then written to a single input gms file needed to execute the GWLF E model Also accessed through the interface are Excel formatted weather files containing daily temperature and precipitation information Information extracted from these files is subsequently re written to the GWLF E model input file for use in a given watershed simulation For the versions of both AVGWLF and MapShed used in Pennsylvania a statewide weather database was developed that contains about twenty five 25 years of temperature and precipitation data for seventy eight 78 weather stations around the state Within MapS
93. cur due to the use of various farm animal related BMPs as discussed in Appendix A also apply to pathogens See Table A 1 for the specific reduction coefficients used for pathogens Estimated pathogen loads from sources other than farm animals are based on data displayed in the Other Pathogen Related Data section on part 2 of the animal and pathogen data input form see Figure A 2 This particular section of the form contains data relating to wildlife or natural area loadings wastewater treatment plants urban landscapes and septic systems 95 Table B 1 Default daily fecal coliform production rates in organisms day Farm Animal Type Daily Production Rate Dairy cows 1 00 x 10 Beef cows 1 00 x 10 Broilers 1 40 x 10 Layers 1 40 x 10 Hogs Swine 1 10 x 10 Sheep 1 20 x 10 Horses 4 20 x 10 Turkeys 9 50 x 10 In the case of wildlife loadings estimates are assumed to be equivalent to those loads generated by a population density of 25 deer per acre of natural area within the watershed For the purposes of modeling all forested land in a given watershed is assumed to represent such areas Therefore the model uses the default loading rate for deer of 5 0 x 10 organisms per animal per day from USEPA 2001 to compute the yearly load As with other cells in this form it is possible to edit the wildlife cells to represent loads from other types of animals However it is common practice to use deer as a sur
94. d This value however can be adjusted by the user based on better local information Phosphorus in Sediment This factor as used in GWLF E is meant to represent the phosphorus concentration in mg kg of eroded sediment that is transported to nearby waterways Given that phosphorus loads to surface water are principally conveyed via soil erosion it is felt that a fairly accurate representation of the variability of soil phosphorus concentrations throughout a region will result in more accurate estimates of phosphorus loads within watersheds Similar to the nitrogen map mentioned above a national map also exists in the original GWLF User s Manual that depicts 76 the background concentration of phosphate P2Os in soil With this map soil phosphorus concentration Pc in mg per kg can be estimated using the equation P map 10 000 mg kg 0 44 2 0 where map percent value for P2Os on the map 0 44 fraction of P2O5 comprised by P For example based on this map typical P20 concentration values for Pennsylvania range from a low of 0 0596 to a high of 0 1996 which translate into total soil P concentrations ranging from 220 mg kg to 836 mg kg In many areas of the state the total soil P concentration is known to be even higher due to excessive P loading from commercial fertilizers and manure Sharpley 1999 When a typical nutrient enrichment ratio of 2 0 is applied to the above estimates the P concentration of sediment delivere
95. d Urban nutrient inputs are all assumed to be solid phase and the model uses an exponential accumulation and washoff function for these loadings Sub surface losses are calculated using dissolved N and P coefficients for shallow 2 groundwater contributions to stream nutrient loads and the sub surface sub model only considers a single lumped parameter contributing area Evapotranspiration is determined using daily weather data and a cover factor dependent upon land use cover type Finally a water balance is performed daily using supplied or computed precipitation snowmelt initial unsaturated zone storage maximum available zone storage and evapotranspiration values For execution the original GWLF model required three separate input files containing transport nutrient and weather related data However the number and type of files for use in the newer enhanced version has been changed as described in the next section Transport related data define the necessary parameters for each source area to be considered e g area size curve number etc as well as global parameters e g initial storage sediment delivery ratio etc that apply to all source areas Nutrient data specifies the various loading parameters for the different source areas identified e g number of septic systems urban source area accumulation rates manure concentrations etc The weather weather dat file contains daily average temperature and total precipita
96. d editing of such files for use in MapWindow and can be used to create a watershed boundary file for subsequent use in MapShed as follows 1 The Shapefile Editor tool can be used either in MapShed or MapWindow To use this tool select the Shapefile Editor located under the Plug ins menu as shown in Figure D 1 below Note that with MapShed various plug ins have already been loaded by default After selecting this tool various new buttons will be added to the tool bar to the right of the other buttons Note Some of these buttons may be active or inactive depending upon whether any shapefiles have been previously loaded into the view V amp MapShed Version 1 0 0 springcreek Plug hs Mapshed Tools Edit Plug ins Scripts Help Legend oM Data Layers 4 Weather a AFOs EM Point Sources Archive Project Tool CSV to Shapefile Conver er Document Launcher GIS Toos 7 Extraction Unpaved C Roads Google Geocoder GPS Tocls GWLF Data Processor NY Streems E Basins faz 1 Label Mover MapShed Data Frocessor Measuring Tool C Urban Areas 7l Courties I 4 1 Septiz Systen Meems ools L Online Cata Pluc in C Soil Test P L DEM AL Landase Open Metadata Manager RunQud Data Processor NY Shapefils Editor Watershed Delireation
97. d in Appendix A The remainder of this form contains information that is either provided by default e g nutrient and pathogen loading rates or is calculated automatically using input animal populations and user edited settings e g time spent in grazing areas and streams loss rates etc More detailed information on the methodologies used to estimate farm animal 81 and pathogen loads can be found in Appendices A and B respectively D Weather Data These data include daily temperature and precipitation values that are obtained from available meteorological records The original GWLF model assumed an April March weather year similar in concept to the hydrologic year used by the U S Geological Survey that begins on October 1 and ends on September 30 In this case it was assumed that runoff events had flushed out the previous year s accumulated sediment by the beginning of early spring of each year Haith et al 1992 Note In GWLF E the April March weather year has been changed to a January December calendar year In the file a line is required to specify the number of days in each month and subsequent lines are used to record the average daily temperature in degrees C and the total amount of precipitation in centimeters With MapShed weather data are automatically prepared using daily climate data for multiple weather stations contained in csv formatted Excel files For example in Pennsylvania w
98. d or heavily pastured Use a grid cell value of 21 for these areas Bare Rock Non vegetated rocky areas such as found in mountainous areas Use a grid cell value of 22 for these areas Sandy Areas Use this category for land types such as beaches and deserts with little or no vegetation For these areas use a grid cell value of 14 Low Density Residential Areas with a mixture of constructed materials with vegetation mostly in the form of lawn grasses shrubs and or trees Impervious surfaces account for less than 30 of the total cover These areas most commonly include large lot single family housing units Use a grid cell value of 17 Medium Density Residential Areas with a mixture of constructed materials with vegetation mostly in the form of lawn grasses shrubs and or trees Impervious surfaces account for 30 75 of the total cover These areas commonly include low and medium density housing in suburban or smaller urban areas Use a grid cell value of 18 High Density Residential Areas with a mixture of constructed materials with vegetation mostly in the form of lawn grasses shrubs and or trees Impervious surfaces account for greater than 7596 of the total cover These areas most commonly include small lot housing or row houses Some commercial uses usually converted residences may be present but represent less than 20 of the total area Use a grid cell value of 19 Low Density Mixed Urban Areas with a mixture of constructed m
99. d routines used in GWLF E are not intended to simulate all of the physical biological and chemical processes that pathogens might be subjected to However they are very similar to the techniques employed in other mid level models that consider pathogen transport 97 APPENDIX C Display of Grids in MapWindow As described elsewhere in this document both ESRI formatted grids and Geo Tiffs may be used in MapShed While both types of grids can be used for analytical purposes they are not used for displaying in MapWindow When displaying either type of grid MapWindow actually uses a bitmap rendition of MapWindow compatible files i e a bmp file In fact when either type of grid is loaded into a MapWindow view for the first time a bitmap file is created first see the Creating image representation message and green status bar shown at the bottom of the screen in Figure C 1 which is why this process initially seems to take so long in MapWindow Once this file has been created however loading time is significantly reduced when displaying the same file later although unfortunately displaying large non standard grid formats in MapWindow still takes longer than other comparable GIS software packages a problem that hopefully will be remedied in future versions MapWindow GIS ES Legend Preview Map X 0 000 Y 0 000 Creating image representation of raster D ERRISDemoD ata ChartiersCreek L
100. d to incorporate a simple adjustment factor based on the resolution of the DEM grid being used This adjustment factor attempted to correct for the discrepancy observed between the LS factors calculated from DEMS of varying grid cell resolution with typically available stream network data The option described above is the only LS option available within the current version of AVGWLF However another option has been provided with MapShed that is considered to be more spatially consistent with higher resolution DEM data sets This second option uses an algorithm contained within the ArcView Terrain Analysis extension developed by Frank Schmidt at the Institute for Geodesy and Geoinformatics at the University of Rostock in Germany which is available at the Avenue script download site at www esri com This extension includes several functions for estimating various terrain related parameters including LS factor that are derived using only the DEM data The function for calculating LS factor is based on the technical algorithms described by Moore and Wilson 1992 By default this latter option is used if the grid cell resolution of the DEM layer loaded into MapShed is 50 meters or less However the user can opt to implement either approach 64 BENE Developed 50 0 50 100 Miles IE Wooded n EN Water BE Disturbed P Agriculture Fig 3 1 Example of generalized land use cover map EN 0 007 E
101. d to nearby waterways can range from about 440 mg kg to 1672 mg kg or even higher To better estimate this particular parameter in Pennsylvania a statewide soil phosphorus map was created using Penn State Soil Lab data by Kogelmann et al 2004 This lab processes soil samples sent in by farmers around the state every year and compiles this information on both a statewide and county basis The values depicted on this map see Figure 3 7 are reported in mg kg of soil test P Mehlich P and range in value from a low of 23 mg kg to a high of 313 mg kg Unfortunately these values cannot be directly converted into useable estimates of total soil P concentration since fertility tests typically only reflect a fraction of the total amount of P in the soil which depending on the geographic location and soil type may range from about 1 to 20 percent Havlin et al 1999 However this map can be used to estimate total sediment P in a given location by using the range of values on the map With MapShed a soil P grid is used to estimate the sediment P value for GWLF E This grid can either represent soil test P or total P If the former is supplied by the user MapShed estimates the sediment P concentration using the equation Sediment P AWP 190 2100 where AWP area weighted value of phosphorus concentration in mg kg computed using the soil test P data layer This particular equation was determined empirically during the model calibrat
102. e gms file was created because the aggregate option was chosen Run the model by either selecting the Run GWLF E option from the MapShed Tools pull down menu or by clicking the Run GWLF E button The steps given in the following sub section provide an example of how to run the GWLF E model without making any adjustments or edits to the input file Information on how to make various model adjustments is provided in a subsequent sub section Executing a Simple Model Run 1 You must specify the name of the output file see Figure 2 D 1 before running the model Once this has been provided click on the Run GWLF E button to select the input file to be used for the simulation Note If the output file name was used before you will be asked if you want the old file to be overwritten L7 jou GWLE E Model Simulation GWLF E Generalized Watershed Loading Functions Enhanced Version 1 2 0 2011 Edition Input Data Editors Select input data file Transport Data Nutrient Data Animal Data BMP Data Weather Data J r Model Run Setup Enter model run name dues pF Use Run GWLF E Output Viewers Average Output Annual Output Exit GWLF E 3 PENNSTATE Penn State Institutes of Energy and the Environment Figure 2 D 1 GWLF E Model Simulation input window Next you will be prompted to browse to the appropriate gms file s Navigate to the directory where the GWLF E inpu
103. e in GWLF E that best approximates the development type analyzed with the CSN model When the above information is entered into GWLF E and the model is subsequently executed the single event load reduction estimates produced by the CSN model are translated to mean annual load reductions for each pollutant and these are then subtracted from the watershed load estimates for that particular urban land cover type Some Additional Comments on Characterizing BMPs within GWLF E As described in both the MapShed and PHedlCT user s manuals while a wide range of BMPs are theoretically available for use in both rural and urban areas there are only a limited number of BMP options provided in the GWLF E model due to both technical and software constraints An attempt was made to include some of the more widely used BMPs 138 but it is entirely possible that users of the model may not be able to directly simulate many BMPs that have been or are planned to be implemented This is particularly true of urban BMPs which tend to be custom designed more often on the basis of site specific conditions than their agricultural counterparts In many cases it may be possible to use a surrogate BMP if a particular BMP is not available as an option within GWLF E For example either cover crops or conservation tillage could probably be used to represent crop rotation in the model in agricultural areas Or as described earlier it might be possible to use
104. e special case of February a value for the 29 day must be used during leap years There are currently no allowances for missing weather data In the case of missing temperature data it is advised that missing values for any given day be estimated by using values from days immediately before and after For missing precipitation data it may be best to assign a value of 0 or use the average value of the day immediately before and after This also applies to trace values which are sometimes reported using a code such as trace tr 9998 etc In such cases these codes must be replaced with an averaged value or a O If not MapShed may crash while trying to process the uncorrected weather file Similarly any other extraneous codes not recognized as a number by the plug in should be replaced with a valid numeric value i e number of zero or higher Soils The soils layer is used to hold information pertaining to various soils related properties If available more detailed map boundaries such as those reflected in a typical county soil survey report should be used However more generalized soil maps such as the STATSGO data sets available from the U S Department of Agriculture http soils usda gov survey geography can provide good results as well especially for larger geographic areas The specific fields required for this layer include AREA MU_AWC MU KF and MUHSG DOM As described previously the AREA
105. e watershed As shown below the name of the file and the selected year are shown in the output window 32 E GWLF E Hydrology for Year 1992 GWLF E Hydrology for file run1 1 Period of analysis 10 years from 1989 to 1998 Units in Centimeters Month Precip ET Extraction Runoff Subsurface PointSrc Tile Drain Stream Flow Flow Flow Jan 408 foss oo fors oo foo no oz fare foes no oo no oos oo foto ses sz no fois 252 mo no 6 Ros 237 fooo ooo 007 noz ooo fois fas 883 oo fooo foo no foo o ass leso Jooo ooo ooo nos ooo oy 74 ps no fet feso oor oo o3 Totals e2 5559 ooo fo faze ovs po i300 Go Back Monthly Loads Export to JPEG Print Close Figure 2 E 7 Annual Monthly Hydrology Output window 3 To view monthly nutrient and sediment load data simulated by the model Figure 2 E 8 select Monthly Loads at the bottom of the Hydrology for Year window Figure 2 E 7 cue GWLF E Loads by Month for Year 1992 GWLF E Loads for file run1 1 Period of analysis 10 years from 1989 to 1998 Month Erosion Sediment DissolvedN Total N Dissolved P Total P Jan 652 404 mza ex65 x08 fso 347 2s 973 si fea Bss g524 n4e i256 181683 52283 12430 30335 n854 339527 36098 553 fons 3751 14024 183751 1894769 o38 aos
106. each month that animals are in the field grazing In other words a value of 0 50 would indicate that animals are on average out in the field 50 of the time for every day of the month The cells associated with the row 96 of time spent in stream is used to indicate the percent of time that they are out in the field in which they are actually in a stream So in the case where animals are out in the field 5096 of the time if half of that time is spent in a stream then the total time spent in streams on each day of that particular month would be 25 i e 0 5 x 0 5 As with other default values in this form these estimates are based on those found in the literature e g Hubbard et al 2004 Agourdis et al 2005 and McGechan and Topp 2004 and they can be edited as needed The loss rate values can also be changed and are similar to those used for manure spreading If any values on either part of the form are changed the Save button must be used to save the desired changes to the gms input file If the animal data has been completed as described in this section then upon executing the GWLF E model any output loads calculated as a result of the input data will be presented in the corresponding cells in the Farm Animal category of the output screen see related discussion in Section 2 E Potential Load Reductions Due to Use of BMPs As discussed in Section 2 D the Edit BMP function in GWLF E can be used to account for redu
107. eather data is automatically prepared using daily climate data for 78 weather stations in Pennsylvania for the years 1975 1998 In constructing the weather data for a given watershed MapShed uses data from nearby weather stations If one or more stations are located within the basin polygon the mean daily values for temperature and precipitation are used If no stations are within the polygon the daily values of two stations closest to the center of the polygon are used Information on the specific format used to create the initial Excel files is provided in the Format Guide included in Appendix G 82 4 LITERATURE CITED Agourdis C T S R Workman R C Warner and G D Jennings 2005 Livestock Grazing Management Impacts on Stream Water Quality A Review J Amer Water Res Assoc pp 591 606 Arnold J R Binger D Burrows P A DeBarry E T Engman B M Evans T A Evans J Garbrecht L Garcia L E Johnson J D Jorgeson V Krysanova G Leavesley D R Maidment E J Nelson F L Ogden F Olivera R G Quimpo T A Seybert W T Sloan and F Theurer 2000 GIS Modules and Distributed Models of the Watershed American Society of Engineers Reston VA 120 pp American Society of Agricultural Engineers 1993 Manure production and characteristics In ASAE Standards 1993 40 ed ASAE St Joseph MI 530 pp Ator S W and M J Ferrari 1997 Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in Ground Water of the Mid Atlantic Region U
108. ed using the equation GWN 0 0257 PctAg 0 3668 where PctAg is equal to the percentage of agricultural land in the watershed Soil P As described in Section 3B this grid is used to estimate the sediment P value for the watershed see the Soil Conc mg kg cell for P in Figure 2 D 4 If the layer is not present this parameter is estimated using the equation Soil P 4 6365 PctAg 488 81 where PctAg is equal to the percentage of agricultural land in the watershed 133 APPENDIX I Description of MapShed File Types A number of files are generated by MapShed and the models and tools associated with it Table I 1 summarizes the different types created and used by different MapShed components File Type Created By Used By Comments gms MapShed GWLF E Contains all model input data e g transport nutrient animal weather attenuation retention and BMP data res dat GWLF E GWLF E Used by GWLF E to view annual output data sum dat GWLF E GWLF E Used by GWLF E to view average output data DLDO xls LDCC Excel Load duration data created for viewing in Excel DayFlow csv GWLF E Excel Daily output file created for viewing in Excel res csv GWLF E Excel Excel viewable version of res dat file sum csv GWLF E Excel Excel viewable version of _sum dat file ua csv GWLF E UA Tool Used by UA Tool to view edit urban area loads pms GWLF E GWLF E File with BMP data used by PRedICT model
109. eds Figure D 5 Tool for adding points depicting a polygon 102 APPENDIX E Demo Data Set Names and Types A demo data set is provided with MapShed for the Spring Creek watershed located in Centre County Pennsylvania The names of each of the data sets along with their corresponding usage when creating a source src file are as follows Demo Data Name Source File Usage springcreek shp SoilP Dem30 GwN Landcov phyprov shp soils shp zipcodes shp censustr shp county shp roads shp unpaved shp streams shp pttw shp pointsrc shp springptdata dbf weathsta shp Weather afos shp MS4_Urbanized_Areas_UA shp flowdist shp Basins Soil Test P grid DEM grid Groundwater N grid Landuse grid Physiographic Provinces Soils Animal Density Septic Systems Counties Roads Unpaved Roads Streams Water Extraction Point Sources Point Source Data Weather Stations Weather Directory AFOs Urban Areas Flowlines Note Data sets highlighted in green above are required data sets for MapShed All of the vector files are ESRI formatted shape files and the grids are in ESRI format 103 APPENDIX F Adding Point Source Features for Use in MapShed As described in Section 2 information on point source discharges can be considered in the watershed simulations performed using GWLF E If a point source shapefile does not currently exist it can be created in MapWindow or MapShed using the Shapefile Editor
110. ent zones eastern and western within the state using a digital physiographic region map since rainfall intensities within the state are fairly well defined on the basis of physiography see Figure G 11 However it is not necessary to use such a map to store rainfall coefficients in other areas In many cases a simple user created polygon map that surrounds the area of interest is sufficient for this purpose If no physiographic province layer is specified open initiating default values for the parameters described in the next paragraph are provided during input file creation Another parameter estimate that is stored by the physiographic province layer is the groundwater recession coefficient Although only one representative statewide value 0 1 is used by default in Pennsylvania this layer can be used to reflect the variability in groundwater recession rates across large regions should it be necessary 121 As shown in Table G 12 the four required fields for this layer include AREA RAIN WARWM RAIN COOL and GWRECESS The AREA field is used as described previously for ESRI formatted shape files The next two fields are used to store representative rainfall erosivity coefficients for warm and cool seasons The last field is used to store the groundwater recession coefficient If this layer is not loaded in MapShed default values of 0 28 0 18 and 0 1 are used respectively 3 Figure
111. eo m B E B 5e 05 528e 05 789e 06 A57e 07 713e 06 916e 06 875e 05 544e 04 523e 03 TI 368 8 4683 2 2897 2 net N P n on i el co TIRE 557e 924e S05e 1 285e40 0 600e p m N j a e H jii 1334 0 831 0 28301 8 1794107 1850622 3 23838437 8 551 1 l w g B w i i REN 13 2 13 2 7 383e 13 2461e 11 4 600613 2461e 11 181er 1 378614 2 381e 11 1 684e 09 1 143e 1 237513 2461e 11 0 1181e 1 8ex13 13086402 fesiier3 238164131 0 6 669611 1 143e 12 7 01613 1 071e 06 fa609e 13 24616411 0 2368e 12 1181e412 5 048613 1 996607 73446414 z897e312 D 6777612 1 394413 75806114 4 517607 of Total pz o0 oo Joos oor N wj Ex n T Go Back Export to JPEG Print Close Figure 2 E 10 Annual Pathogen Loads Output window 34 Graphical Plotting of Model Output Viewing graphical output produced via GWLF E is done in a fashion similar to viewing tabular output However in this case you select the Plot Output button on the appropriate Select Output File screen instead of the View Output button see Figures 2 E 1 and 2 E 6 As with viewing tabular output the appropriate name sum dat file should be selected in the Output sub directory created by MapShed Once selected a screen like that shown in Figure 2 E 11 is displayed illustrating the various GW
112. er soil particles is deposited prior to reaching nearby water bodies Empirically the amount that does reach the outlet of a given watershed called sediment yield has been related to watershed size Following the procedure described in Vanoni 1975 sediment delivery ratios calculated using MapShed are based on the relationship SDR 0 451 b where SDR sediment delivery ratio and b size of the watershed in square kilometers Lateral Erosion Rate As described in an earlier section a streambank erosion routine had previously been implemented within AVGWLF and is also included in MapShed This routine is based on an approach described by numerous researchers in the field of geomorphology in which monthly streambank erosion is estimated by first calculating a watershed specific lateral erosion rate using some form of the equation LER a qa where LER an estimated lateral erosion rate in meters month a an empirically derived constant related to the mass of soil eroded from streambanks depending upon various watershed conditions and q monthly stream flow in cubic meters per second In a study described by Evans et al 2003 the value for the a constant was empirically found to range from about 10 to 10 for watersheds within Pennsylvania Based on this work it was found that this constant could be statistically related to five key watershed parameters including animal density curve number soil erodibil
113. etland Infiltration Bioretention Infiltration Bioretention Infiltration Bioretention Infiltration Bioretention Infiltration Bioretention Infiltration Bioretention Constructed Wetland Constructed Wetland Vegetated Buffer Infiltration Bioretention Infiltration Bioretention Infiltration Bioretention Constructed Wetland Constructed Wetland Vegetated Buffer Street Sweeping 140
114. eveloped land within a given watershed In contrast to what is done in GWLF flows and loads are calculated from both the pervious and impervious fractions associated with each land use cover category used The contaminated runoff may also be routed through various urban BMPs in order to simulate reductions that may occur prior to being discharged at the watershed outlet These routines are adapted from the urban runoff component of the GWLF model Haith et al 1987 Runoff volumes are calculated from procedures given in the U S Soil Conservation Service s Technical Release 55 U S Soil Conservation Service 1986 Contaminant loads are based on exponential accumulation and washoff functions similar to those used in the SWMM Huber and Dickinson 1988 and STORM Hydrologic Engineering Center 1977 models The pervious and impervious fractions of each land use type are modeled separately and runoff and contaminant loads from the various surfaces are calculated daily and aggregated monthly in the model output With the RUNQUAL derived routines it is assumed that the area being simulated is small enough so that travel times are on the order of one day or less As mentioned above the RUNQUAL derived routines allow the user to consider the potential effects of BMPs on contaminated runoff There are three basic types of BMPs that can be modeled infiltration retention facilities vegetated filter strips and detention basins Detention basins may be dr
115. evelopment of new routines for more directly estimating farm animal loads based on population numbers Therefore it is recommended that this type of layer not be used and that estimates of local animal population numbers be used instead Physiographic Provinces As described in Section 3A this layer is used to hold estimates of the groundwater recession rate and erosivity coeffiicient values used by the model see the GW Recess Coeff and Eros Coeff cells in Figure 2 D 3 If this or similar layer is not used the default value for groundwater recession is set to 0 06 For the erosivity coefficients the values are set at 0 30 and 0 12 for warm and cold seasons respectively Animal Feeding Operations This GIS layer is intended to depict the location of large animal populations within the watershed of interest If it is not present all of the population estimates for various animal types are set to 0 as shown in Figure 2 D 5 If present the animal numbers are used as shown in Figure A 1 in Appendix A Urban Areas If this layer is not used nutrient and sediment loads are not estimated i e re distributed for various MS4 urban boundaries as described in Section 2F Groundwater N As described in Section 3B this grid is used to estimate the groundwater N value for the watershed see the Groundwater mg l cell for N in Figure 2 D 4 If the layer is not present the parameter GWN is estimat
116. f a relatively simple algorithm that estimates in stream losses as a function of travel time Loss coefficients used by GWLF E are based on those incorporated into various versions of the SPARROW model developed by the U S Geological Survey Preston et al 2011 Moore et al 2004 When using the multiple watershed attenuation option an additional GIS layer is needed to provide information on the distances to the outlet for each sub watershed see example in Figure 2 F 1 In this case a separate flow line is created for each sub watershed that depicts the flow path from the center of each sub area to the watershed outlet which is essentially identical to the route each corresponding stream segment would take to the outlet This particular layer is easy to create within MapWindow and instructions for doing so are provided in Appendix G When executing a more advanced model run of this type most of the steps are essentially the same as those described previously in the basic tutorial provided in Section 2 C through 2 E with some exceptions These exceptions are described in more detail below Figure 2 F 1 Map of flow lines used to estimate attenuation based on distance to outlet 39 Loading Data into MapShed Create a new project by opening up MapShed and typing in a new project name as shown in Figure 2 F 2 Then load the same data as used in an aggregate run see Figure 2 C 4 However in this case also l
117. ffice Exc DAT File Microsoft Office Exc DAT File Microsoft Office Exc DAT File Date Modified 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 12 PM 2 29 2012 2 12 PM 2 29 2012 2 12 PM 2 29 2012 2 12 PM 2 29 2012 2 12 PM 2 29 2012 2 12 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM 2 29 2012 2 13 PM Figure 2 F 12 Example output files resulting from an attenuation run 47 G Additional Miscellaneous Features within MapShed Using the Point Source Editor The Point Source Editor feature gives the user the ability to either edit or add data to an existing point source layer at any given location within an area of interest This feature is comprised of three tools which allow the user additional control over the point sources theme The following directions explain how the user can edit reset and add point sources 1 To edit a point source within a watershed click the Edit Point Sources function located under the MapShed Tools menu see Figure 2 G 1 Next select a point source in the view
118. field is usually automatically created by ESRI software e g ArcView and specifies the area of each polygon in the layer in square meters The MU_AWC field is used to represent available water holding capacity of the soil and generally varies by soil type Values specified must be in centimeters and must reflect the total water holding capacity of the entire soil profile This type of information can be found in most county level soil survey reports Typical values for soils range from about 2cm to 20cm depending on soil depth and texture The MU KF field is used for estimates of the soil erodibility or K factor value for each soil unit This is one of the factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation to estimate soil erosion due to rainfall in the GWLF E model Values based on soil type can usually be found in county soil survey reports and typically range from about 0 1 to 0 5 The MUHSG_DOM field is used to specify the dominant soil hydrologic group class for each soil unit Each soil 112 polygon can only have a text value of A B C or D and fields for non soil areas such as water may be left blank An example soils layer is depicted in Figure G 4 In this figure the different soil mapping units are color coded on the basis of available water holding capacity Table G 5 provides a summary of the required fields for this GIS layer GWLF Gwe Analysis Septic Systems _
119. g Additional Model Parameters After completing the above steps it is now necessary to explicitly identify i e select one or more watersheds to be evaluated and to provide other information regarding the specification and derivation of values for non spatial model parameters This is accomplished as follows 1 Click on the Select Basin ag tool found on the MapShed tool bar Note If necessary use the Zoom In El tool to zoom to the location of your watershed 2 With the Basins theme active select one or more watersheds that you wish to use in the analysis The watershed s selected can be any boundary ies from a MapWindow compatible file When finished with this step you should have something that looks like Figure 2 C 7 V MapShed Version 1 0 0 springcreek File Edit View Plugins MapShedTools Help OM Data Layers 7 Weather M AFOs Point Sources CO Streams H Basins 7 Counties C Septic Systems Soils C Physiographic Provinces EO GN Han Soil Test P C DEM 8L Landuse HERROO Dueesz Preview Map Lat 40 927 Long 77 965 X 2 915 006 Y 213326232 Meters Figure 2 C 7 Selection of one or more sub areas 14 3 Start the model input creation process by either selecting Create GWLF Input from the GWLF Data Processor pull down menu at the top of the window or by clicking on the Create GWLF Input gt button on the t
120. gle A W Wolf and G W Petersen 2004 A statewide assessment of the impacts of phosphorus index implementation in Pennsylvania J Soil and Water Conserv Vol 59 No 1 pp 9 18 Kuo C Y K A Cave and G V Loganathan 1988 Planning of urban best management practices Water Resources Bulletin 24 1 125 132 LaWare P and H S Riafi 2006 Modeling fecal coliform contamination in the Rio Grande J Amer Water Res Assoc Vol 42 No 2 pp 337 356 Madramootoo C A K A Wiyo and P Enright 1992 Nutrient losses through tile drains from two potato fields Applied Engineering in Agriculture Vol 8 5 pp 639 646 McGechan M B and C F E Topp 2004 Modelling environmental impacts of deposition of excreted nitrogen by grazing dairy cows Agriculture Ecosystems amp Environment Vol 103 pp 149 164 Meija M N and C A Madramootoo 1998 Improved water quality through water table management in eastern Canada J Irrigation Drainage Eng Vol 124 2 pp 116 122 Miller M H 1979 Contribution of nitrogen and phosphorus to subsurface drainage water from intensively cropped mineral and organic soils in Ontario J Environ Qual Vol 8 1 pp 42 48 Miller M H J B Robinson D R Coote A C Spires and D W Draper 1982 Agriculture and Water Quality in the Canadian Great Lakes Basin Ill Phosphorus J Environ Qual Vol 11 No 3 pp 487 492 Moore I D and J P Wilson 1992 Length slope factors fo
121. h simulation could only be accomplished for two basic types of urbanized or developed land i e low density development and high density development However in very intensively developed watersheds it may be more appropriate to use more complex routines for a wider range of urban landscape conditions Consequently additional modeling routines have been included with the version of GWLF used with MapShed to address this situation These new functions are based on the RUNQUAL model developed by Haith 1993 at Cornell University Haith was also the developer of the original GWLF model The model input structure used by RUNQUAL is very similar to that of GWLF which greatly facilitated implementation of these new functions within the revised version of GWLF used in MapShed Many of the details related to the original version of RUNQUAL including all of the key mathematical equations underpinning the model are not provided in this current document since a copy of the original RUNQUAL user s manual in pdf format is included with the MapShed modeling package under the Help folder However a brief overview of the new urban routines derived from this model is provided below More detailed descriptions of these and other routines found within the GWLF E model can also be found in Section 2 As with older versions of GWLF the new urban routines derived from RUNQUAL provide for continuous daily simulation of surface runoff and contaminant loads from d
122. he gms file created by MapShed by using the Weather Data button on the main GWLF E form As with other input data the input file is loaded by browsing to the appropriate folder and then selecting the desired gms file Once the file is loaded select a year and month as shown in Figure 2 D 11 At this point you can then edit any values in the daily cells as needed and use the Save File button to save any changes made Note this tool only saves edits to the gms file and not to the original Excel formatted csv file If you wish to edit the original weather file see descriptions of the file format provided in the format guide located in Appendix G 5 Weather Data Editor springerk_0 gms Weather Years Month Average Daily Temperature C Daily Precipitation Cm Day Temp Day Temp Day Temp Day Prec Day Prec Day Prec 1 12 fis 22 fig 1 foo 12 o 22 o 13 23022 0 03 13 0 09 23 o 14 Da s p3 14 0 27 24 ooi 15 2 25 4 15 0 39 25 03 16 22 26 4 16 o 26 17 22 2 1 013 18 28 p 18 013 18 29 ps 18 006 20 30 6 20 o 21 amc 21 o v Metric C English THT LL 2 3 4 5 Units Conversion 6 7 8 9 1 1 i O O CO A w rn lt C Save File ExporttoJPEG Close Figure 2 D 11 Weather data editing form E Viewing GWLF E Model Output From the main GWLF E model interface see Figure 2 D 1 output can be viewed by clicking
123. hed ArcView compatible shape files and grids or Geo Tiffs are manipulated for the purpose of estimating numerous model parameters In order for parameter values to be estimated properly it is imperative that each of the required grids and shape files be created and formatted correctly To help facilitate this task a companion data creation guide has been included in Appendix G of this MapShed users manual With MapShed up to 14 shape files and 4 grid files can be used for the purpose of deriving input data for the GWLF E model In contrast to previous versions many of the data sets used are now considered to be optional What this essentially means is that if various optional layers are not specified by the user default values are assigned to the appropriate model parameters that would ordinarily have been calculated utilizing the missing optional layers Table 1 1 provides a listing and brief description of the required and optional GIS layers used More detailed descriptions of how values are derived for each model parameter using the 5 MapShed interface are provided in Section 3 and Appendices A B and H Table 1 1 Overview of GIS data layers used in MapShed Data Layers Short Description Required Shape Files Weather stations Weather station locations points Yes Point Sources Point source discharge locations points No Water Extraction Water withdrawal locations points No Basins Basin boundary used for modeling po
124. hen only 3096 of the urban nitrogen phosphorus and sediment loads i e those generated within the watershed are used for the subsequent analyses and load reduction Vegetative Buffer Strips Similar to the previous BMP the original RUNQUAL model assumes that this activity when applied pertains to the entire watershed area As with infiltration bioretention however the GWLF E user is allowed to apply the BMP to less than the entire area with the modified version In this case the fraction of total stream length treated is assumed to be proportional to the quantity of contaminated runoff treated For example if 45 of the 136 streams in urban areas are treated then 45 of the nutrient and sediment loads generated by the developed land in the entire watershed are reduced via application of this BMP Constructed Wetlands Similar to the BMPs described above the extent to which wetlands are used to treat runoff within an urban area can also be specified In this case users specify the areal extent 96 of urban land i e low medium and high density residential and mixed developed land for which surface runoff is captured and treated by constructed wetlands This areal extent along with the associated reduction coefficients shown for this BMP type in Figure 2 D 8 are used to calculate reduced pollutant loads Streambank Stabilization The extent to which streams are stabilized or hardened via the use of rip rap geo textile
125. his connection is made by using a unique STA ID number in the name of the Excel weather file in a specific manner For example a weather station with a STA ID number of 612356 would be associated with an Excel file via use of the name sta612356 csv Note that each Excel weather file must have sta as the first three characters of the file name The file format must also be a comma separated variable file type This is essentially the text version of an Excel file which can be created by converting typically formatted Excel files having an xls extension via use of the Save As function in Excel As shown in Table G 4 the station ID number must be numeric When looking for nearby weather stations MapShed converts this number to a text string and concatenates it with sta in order to match the specific point location with the appropriate Excel formatted weather file Example Excel formatted weather files have been provided for use with the GWLF E demo data set included with MapShed Two such files sta4992 csv and sta8449 csv can be found in the Weather folder located with the demo data To function properly weather files created for new areas must be prepared using the exact same format as reflected by these sample files Note it is helpful to have one of these sample files open while reviewing the following instructions As can be seen by viewing one of the sample files the first column A is used to specify the unique
126. hogen loads from various sources as well as nutrient loads from farm animals After clicking on the Animal Data button a form like that shown in Figure 2 D 5 will appear If a pre prepared AFOs GIS layer is used see related discussions in Appendices A and G then the animal type cells will have values as shown in this figure Otherwise the user can edit these cells as needed to reflect farm animal populations As with the two previous forms edits may be made by first selecting an input file to edit and then entering the appropriate information directly into each cell on the form More detailed information on the type of information and algorithms used for the simulation of nutrient and pathogen loads from farm animals is given in Section 3 and Appendices A and B When you have finished editing the animal file select Save File to save the changes Co Animal Nutrient and Pathogen Data Editor springcrk 0 Animal Data gt r Daily Loads Kg AEU r Fecal Colifomn r Manure Data Check Average o foe Type Number Grazing Wt Kg N Orgs Day Land applied 038 Dairy Cows 290 Beef Cows 50 Broilers eno Layers eno Hogs Swine 0 Sheep hs Horses a Turkeys 2 0 Other jo NON GRAZING ANIMAL DATA Manure Spreading Contribution in confined areas a2 Total mustbe 1 0 10 e P ea TTE 388333 343383 ca r Initial Non Grazing Animal Totals N Karr 270 P Kg Yr 845 FC Orgs rr 4
127. ic to reflect the broader use and distribution of both AVGWLF and MapShed However much of the text below still contains references to data development in Pennsylvania since AVGWLF is still supported and used by the PaDEP To assist those interested in using both AVGWLF and MapShed outside of Pennsylvania a companion data development guide is located in Appendix G In the previous version of GWLF E that was used in AVGWLF a number of different input files were created via the AVGWLF interface for subsequent use by the model including a transport dat file a nutrient dat file a scenario scn file a retention dat file an animal dat file and a weather dat file with each one containing different model parameter related information With the newest version of GWLF E that is used in MapShed only one input file is created and used i e a gms file This file contains all of the required transport nutrient BMP animal lake wetland retention and weather information that was previously stored in multiple files Brief discussions on the various approaches used to estimate values for different model parameters are provided below A Transport Data Source Area Estimates To properly estimate hydrology and nutrient loads within a watershed the areal extent of various source areas i e sub units of land defined by different land use cover types is required With MapShed the extent of different source areas is computed using a digital land
128. ifferent flow events The Load Duration Curve Comparison Tool is accessed via the MapShed Tools pull down menu as illustrated in Figure 2 G 12 When initiated the user is presented with an input form like the one shown in Figure 2 G 13 At this point the user specifies the pre BMP and post BMP files as well as an output file name These input files are all files that have been generated as a result of a GWLF E model run and have by default a Summary DayFlow name where signifies the user supplied GWLF E output name and Summary DayFlow signifies the csv formatted output file that contains daily flow and pollutant load information see related discussion on this file type at the end of Section E As shown in Figure 2 G 13 the user must also specify the starting year for the analysis In this case the tool uses data from 1000 days to generate the plots Therefore in order to use the tool a model run completed for a period of at least 3 years is required In reality since the model usually requires several months to reach equilibrium in terms of the watershed soil water balance it is generally recommended that at least 4 years of weather data be used to simulate any given basin In areas where large swings in precipitation are experienced even more years may be needed to adequately represent both wet and dry years When all of the required inputs have been specified the user then clicks on the Generate Cur
129. ine within AVGWLF and now MapSheo has been enhanced to simulate water withdrawals from surface and ground water sources To accomplish this data on water withdrawals are obtained from a GIS layer that contains information on the volume of water extracted from various sources identified as extraction points on the map Included in the associated attribute table of this layer is a field M3 mo that specifies the volume of water in cubic meters taken from each source i e point on a monthly basis Depending on the type of withdrawal this volume may be extracted every month of the year as in the case of commercial or water supply withdrawals In other cases e g agricultural and golf course irrigation or snowmaking this volume may be extracted over fewer months to represent the seasonal nature of such activities For example with crop irrigation water is extracted only during the growing season and with snowmaking activities this volume is extracted only during winter months e g November through March Within the water extraction layer each source is identified as to whether it is a surface or ground water withdrawal This is determined based on the presence of either an S or G code found in the Surfgrnd field of the water withdrawal layer s attribute table For surface water sources the estimated water volume shown in cm of water depth in the Stream Extract column of the transport data form is subtracted f
130. ing Additional Data Parameters D Running the GWLF E Model inodo an ee EE dene bI e a EFE Ua RR HERB SR TX ads ExbOUBDO B site Model RUR irrena pees DUE Uia eub opcm ieee E E A iu qr Editing Primary Input Data esses iesu tet nein nanan rein ka ie an Een ia uia Considering the Effects of BMPS 0 0cccccscreccessesnseresnetsabaecnenaneectesensbereeneetens e Considering the Effects of Lakes Ponds and Wetlands s sessusssuss e Eding eser DOF wo ici oxcciiasduhi dried teak st ea avin el Bkteipubehetzinse ub ebosie eae E Viewing GWLF E Model Output sss nennen nnns e Viewing Model Results in Tabular Form sess eene Graphical Plotting of Model Output lisi dd eame aor Yu ended aA dd e RA Re eia Exce Fonmalted Ouiput ios ceste onte enn sat ont uda una ear ea DRE EREE Anoa GER CU REESE T NT F Executing a GWLF E Model Run for Multiple Watersheds ssseeseessssse NEUSS ELDER I tuc mE m e Assigning Transport Parameters for Sub Basins sss e Selecting the Sub Basins and Specifying Additional Model Parameters N aw N N co N N 12 13 14 17 17 19 22 26 27 28 29 35 36 37 38 40 40 44 48 Using the Point Source Ediior eie cce cieeeeied eese een ean doen sad ee ae ga ura 48 e Creating a Color Coded Pollutant Loading Map sss 49
131. int Sources Unedited Cleared Edited _ Water Bodies mm Figure G 7 Statewide county layer for Pennsylvania Table G 8 Required fields for county layer Field Name Field Type Description AREA Real number Area in square meters C CROP Real number Indicates typical C factor for row crops 0 1 C PAST Real Number Indicates typical C factor for hay pasture areas 0 1 C WOOD Real Number Indicates typical C factor for wooded areas 0 1 P1 Real Number P value for slopes ranging from 1 1 2 096 P2 Real Number P value for slopes ranging from 2 1 7 096 P3 Real Number P value for slopes ranging from 7 1 12 096 P4 Real Number P value for slopes ranging from 12 1 18 096 P5 Real Number P value for slopes ranging from 218 096 Septic Systems This polygon layer is used to provide information on the number of people using on lot waste disposal systems within any given area Such information is usually obtained from federal census data or from local sources such as municipal and county planning departments The GWLF E model can accept information on the populations served by different classes of septic systems such as properly operating systems normal systems 118 malfunctioning systems that typically discharge waste material to the surface ponding systems malfunctioning systems that discharge waste to underlying water tables or groundwater withou
132. iographic Provinces Polygon CXMSDataPAXD emoD ataNphysprov shp Septic Systems Polygon C XMSDataPAXD emoD ataXcensustr shp Counties Polygon C MSDataPA DemoD ata county shp Unpaved Roads Line Water Extraction Point E AFOs Point C MSDataPA DemoData afos shp Urban Areas Polygon Flowline Line Point Sources Point C MMSDataPAXDemoD ata pointsrc shp Point Source Data File dBASE C MSDataPA DemoD ata springptdata dbf C Check Data Layers C Check Layer Alignment iz Figure 2 C 4 Load Data Layer form Note in the data input form that there are two soil phosphorus options available i e Soil Test P or Soil Total P This refers to the fact that the user can create model input data using one or the other soil P layer type The difference between these two is described in the format guide in Appendix G as well as Section 3 of this document Note also that various optional layers have not been loaded in this example These layers however are LI available as part of the Demo Data set and the user is encouraged to explore the effects these other layers have on model output at their leisure As illustrated in Figure 2 C 4 the data layers have been separated into both required and optional layers The former are those that are absolutely required to create model input files whereas the optional ones can be used to provide additional information to the model in order to impr
133. ion done for AVGWLF in Pennsylvania Alternatively if a total P grid is supplied by the user the following equation is used to estimate sediment P Sediment P AWP 1 56 where AWP area weighted value of phosphorous concentration in mg kg computed using the total P data layer and 1 56 is the P enrichment ratio Information on creating a map depicting total P using soil texture characteristics in combination with land use cover data is provided in the format guide in Appendix G d ae Ds ED i ar Prick mee V F T xe To TARL c EISE Ud jo Fc He Ls Li tore SES ed Coen ees uos il ia d rer U Ce Soyer gt hr E MEE AU Walaa SUN SUP NC ast etd Mp Ip UD RS ORES CLE x Siete aAA NE 6 0 0 109 F 0 109 0 443 EN 0 443 1 082 EN 1 082 2 883 INE 2 883 9 387 50 0 50 100 Miles Figure 3 5 Animal density in units of 1000 Ibs acre AEUs 50 0 50 100 Miles 2 gt OWN Figure 3 6 Example map of background nitrogen levels in units of mg l 74 7 20 78 uy 79 137 ENS 138 195 196 254 EH 255 313 40 40 80 Miles nm uad Figure 3 7 Annual soil phosphorus loading
134. ion of 15 separate individual model input gms files for each sub basin selected In this case the input files created will have a number appended to the name that corresponds to the sub basin ID number stored in the ID attribute field If only one sub basin has been selected in Step 2 then specifying Yes or No will have the same result i e only one model input file is created Note that the generation of individual model input files i e when No is selected is really designed for the purpose of attenuating loads from multiple sub basins If No is specified but a Flow Lines layer has not been loaded as shown in Figure 2 C 4 then the loads calculated by a subsequent GWLF E model run will be higher than the loads calculated by an aggregate model run since the sediment loads simulated for each individual sub basin will not have been properly accounted for Weather Years Specify the years of weather data that you wish to use in your analysis by selecting the first and the last years of the desired simulation period Note longer simulation periods will result in longer processing times for model input creation Growing Season Specify the season beginning and end during which vegetation typically grows This is used primarily to indicate agricultural crop seasons but may be used to indicate other vegetation types as well For those wishing more details on this parameter a scanned copy of the original GWLF M
135. ion of all of the required and optional GIS layers used The specific format requirements for each dataset are provided in the following sections Note When reading the data development descriptions provided in the following section it is recommended that the sample data set provided with MapShed be loaded and reviewed within MapWindow or some other GIS software to enhance understanding of the development process and data elements required 106 Table G 1 Overview of GIS data layers that may be used with MapShed Data Layers Short Description Required Shape Files Weather stations Weather station locations points Yes Point Sources Point source discharge locations points No Water Extraction Water withdrawal locations points No Basins Basin boundary used for modeling polygons Yes Streams Map of stream network lines Yes Unpaved Roads Map of unpaved roads lines No Roads Road map lines No Counties County boundaries for USLE data polygons No Septic Systems Septic system numbers and types polygons No Soils Contains various soil related data polygons Yes Physiographic Provinces Contains hydrologic parameter data polygons No Animal Feeding Operations Information on animal types and populations No Flow Lines Flow lengths from sub areas to watershed outlet No Grid Files Land Use Cover Map of land use cover classes Yes Elevation Elevation grid Yes Groundwater N Background estimate of N in mg l No Soil P Estimate of s
136. ith the same name as the file by checking the appropriate Automatically create directory box as shown in Figure 2 C 8 16 Browse For Folder Select the directory that you want to save the GWLF E file to 3 Israel C3 1 Spatial Hydro 73 LogitechCamera zi bag MapShed a Cz Etc O Help C3 Models C3 Projects 4 O Runfiles v gt Make New Folder Figure 2 C 9 Browser for identifying location of model runfiles After completing the above steps MapShed will continue with various data processing activities Depending on your particular computer and the size and number of watersheds selected this additional processing may take from approximately a minute up to a half hour or so Upon completion a message box will appear indicating that data processing has been completed At this point you can run the GWLF E model using the input file created by MapShed Instructions for using this model are provided in the following section In addition there are also several functions and utility tools available within MapShed that can be used to either refine model input data or perform other useful activities Additional details on these can be found in Section 2G D Running the GWLF E Model Upon completing the data processing steps described in the previous section all of the necessary input data for the GWLF E model have been created and included in a single input gms file i e in this case only on
137. ity k factor mean watershed slope and percent of developed land in the watershed Within MapShed this constant is derived using the equation a 0 00467 PD 0 000863 AD 0 000001 CN 0 000425 KF 0 000001 MS 0 000036 71 where PD Percent developed land in the watershed AD Animal density of the watershed in animal equivalent units AEUs CN Average curve number value of the watershed KF Average soil k factor value for the watershed and MS Mean topographic slope 96 of the watershed After a value for LER has been computed the total sediment load for the watershed generated via streambank erosion is then calculated by multiplying the LER value by the total length of streams in the watershed in meters the average streambank height in meters and the average soil bulk density in kg m Within MapShed default values of 1 5 and 1500 are used for average streambank height and soil bulk density respectively The total stream length is computed automatically using the digital stream layer supplied by the user Additionally the version of GWLF E used in MapShed allows for the consideration of hardened stream segments in estimating bank eroded sediment and nutrient loads from urban areas see Section 2 D Such segments are those that have been fortified by the use of concrete rocks metal or similar non erodible materials Water Withdrawals As mentioned previously the water balance rout
138. l appear describing any errors found Some of the errors identified may be minor and the user may be allowed to proceed Major errors however will prevent data processing from going forward MapShed Version 1 0 0 BETA springnoptsrc Fie Edit View Plug ins MapShed Tools Help ina m s jy k PELEX Legend E Remove GIS Layers EM Data Layers Replace GIS Layer W Weather R2 AFos Edit Data Check Tools gt Edit Point Sources HEM Point Sources T E Check Data Layers HO Unpaved Run GWLF E Check Layer Alignment LE Sree Run PRedICT Check Weather Data T Urban Areas Run Flow Duration Curve Comparision Tool Fl Counties Add Labels Septic Systems T sois Clear Labels Physiographic Provinces view GWLF E Output gt an own LED soi Test P Land Cover Distribution C DEM Show Land Cover Distribution O Landuse Reset Point Source Data File Calculate Basin Area Calculate Stream Length About MapWin GWLF pot Figure 2 G 6 Check Data Layer options 51 Checking Data Layer Alignment This function is used to verify that all of the user specified GIS data sets are registered to the same geographic coordinate system and overlap in geographic space It is initiated by selecting the Check Layer Alignment option from the MapShed Tools pull down see Figure 2 G 6 A message box will appear describing any errors found Some of the errors identified may be minor a
139. layers used by MapShed since pollutant loads generated within a watershed are largely influenced by land surface conditions see example in Figure G 13 Within MapShed both ESRI formatted grid files and Geo TIFFs can be used to estimate values for a number of GWLF E model parameters There are no special fields required but the grid cell values for this particular layer must correspond to a specific land use cover coding scheme in order for various processes and calculations to be made correctly This coding scheme is given in Table G 15 When recoding existing GIS layers to reflect this scheme emphasis should be placed on land cover versus land use since this layer is primarily used to estimate model parameters related to runoff surface erosion and infiltration which are directly related to vegetative cover With older versions of the GWLF model and AVGWLF only classes 1 through 16 were used However with the newer GWLF E model it is now possible to use up to 22 classes in actuality up to 22 cell values can be used to depict up to 16 different land use cover types More detailed descriptions of how this particular layer is used to derive various model input parameters can be found in Section 3 124 A Spi ngereek shp r3 Figure G 13 Example of land use cover layer Table G 15 Descriptions and grid cell values for land use cover layer Water Water bodies such as lakes ponds large streams etc For this category
140. le drain flow Tile Drain is 0 cm and the amount of equivalent water withdrawal from various sources Withdrawals is 0 03 cm The values for the Erosion Sediment and Stream Sed are all in metric tons i e 1000 kg ton In this case the Erosion values represent the eroded soil from various landscape sources the Sediment values represent the eroded load that is actually delivered to the watershed outlet based on use of a sediment delivery factor see Section 3 A for additional discussion and the Stream Sed values represents the load eroded from stream banks note that these latter loads are included in the Sediment load described earlier All other values in the remaining columns are in kilograms Daily Model Output In the latest version of the GWLF E model included with MapShed new routines have been added to calculate and report on daily loads simulated by the model in addition to the monthly and annual summaries described above In this case the results are written to a text version of an Excel file named DayFlow csv with representing the user specified file output name used for the other output files In the case of this file the units used have 3 been specified in the column headings When used with Excel these data can be incorporated into a number of different plots Figure 2 E 15 for example shows daily total phosphorus concentration for a particular period of time 3500
141. le of point source features iu If ei2i2 o s Os D iz t ip m sro qom auum gt 3 S og z g 114 Table G 6 Required fields in point source table Field Name Field Type Description ID Integer Number Unique identifier for point source TOTAL N Integer Number Mean annual total nitrogen load in kg yr TOTAL P Integer Number Mean annual total phosphorus load in kg yr PTEDIT Integer Number Signifies if monthly flow concentration data is available Water Extraction This layer can be used to identify the locations of water withdrawal points within a particular area This file contains one or more point features see Figure G 6 and an associated attribute table with several required fields as shown in Table G 7 As can be seen from Table G 7 the required fields include SURFGRND M3 MO and USAGEFLAG The SURFGRNPD field is used to identify whether water is being withdrawn from surface S or ground G water sources at each point The M3 MO field is used to specify the volume of water in cubic meters taken from each source i e point on a monthly basis The values for this field are integer numbers and can be of any length Depending on the type of withdrawal this volume may be extracted every month of the year as in the case of commercial or water supply withdrawals In other cases e g agricultural and golf course irrigation or snowmaking this volume may
142. lized Watershed Loading Functions for Stream Flow Nutrients Water Resources Bulletin 23 3 pp 471 478 Haith D R R Mandel and R S Wu 1992 GWLF Generalized Watershed Loading Functions User s Manual Vers 2 0 Cornell University Ithaca NY Kellogg R L C H Lander D C Moffitt and N G Gollehon 2000 Manure Nutrients Relative to the Capacity of Cropland and Pastureland to Assimilate Nutrients Spatial and Temporal Trends for the United States USDA NRCS Publication No NPS00 0579 U S Environmental Protection Agency 1999 Protocols for developing nutrient TMDLs EPA 841 B 99 007 Office of Water 4503 F Washington D C t31 APPENDIX H Assignment of Default GWLF E Parameter Values As described in Appendix G as well as elsewhere in this manual if certain optional data layers are not loaded into MapShed for parameter estimation purposes then various GWLF E variables are set to either zero or are given a default value Provided below are descriptions of what happens within MapShed when the various optional layers are not supplied by the user Point Sources When this layer is not used values for monthly discharge flows in MGD and nitrogen and phosphorus loads in kg are not calculated rather they are assigned values of 0 For example see Figure 2 D 4 for values that have been calculated when such a layer is present Water Extraction When this layer is not used values for monthly surface and g
143. lojo SESI atals Oj Ic e eic OGOLDE OEGI DEG a 9 9 2 an anf cn S slsesss BN BM wf Co CO oo wf co ecrorojrjojro oj 9 5919 9 a s s 3 8 Oi I wo nf anf anf nf c ojl ojl ojlo oj o ojlo 0 0o ojlo wf NIN gia 9 9 e E ae e e e ok en e n2 co eit eo zy N eo e e Ex co e c2 N e e e N zi e TIL THEE TH e eo Save File Export to JPEG Close Figure 2 D 4 Editing nutrient data Note As described earlier there are a number of layers that are considered to be optional with respect to loading them in the initial source src file used by MapShed The absence of some layers will result in zero values for various transport and nutrient input parameters e g septic system populations and point source loads In other cases a default value is assigned in order for the GWLF E model to run without crashing i e as with the groundwater recession coefficient In all cases the user is advised to review and edit the cells pertaining to the optional layers as necessary to accurately reflect conditions in the watershed Additional information on the assignment of input parameter values when optional layers are not used can be found in Appendix H 20 Animal data is edited by clicking on the Animal Data button on the main GWLF E form In this case the term animal is somewhat of a misnomer since this file is also used to specify information pertaining to pat
144. long with a default pathogen production rate of 2 0 x 10 organisms per person per day is used to calculate the total number of organisms per month This preliminary load is reduced using an estimate of septic system failure rate under the assumption that only failing systems contribute pathogens This assumption seems to be borne out by studies that suggest low survival 96 rates for pathogens in properly operating septic systems USEPA 2001 For the purposes of this simulation failure rates are calculated as the total population in the other category of the census data divided by the total population of all septic system types In census data parlance the other category generally implies less desirable or non standard disposal practices The user however has the ability to over ride this calculated failure rate by editing the default value in the Malfunctioning system rate cell In the case of pathogen loads delivered from wastewater treatment plants it is assumed that the effluent pathogen concentration is equal to the widely used standard discharge concentration of 200 cfu 100ml Field 1990 see the default value in the corresponding cell of the animal pathogen input form This discharge concentration value is used in combination with estimates of the total volume of effluent discharged by all point sources within a watershed to derive total organisms released on a monthly basis See Sections 2 D and 2 F to see ho
145. low column Click Save Edits to record any changes and exit Use the Clear button to clear values in all cells and re start with empty cells as needed Editing Point Source Id 73 Nitrogen mg L Phosphorus mg L Flow MGD 0 55 0 55 0 55 0 55 0 55 0 55 0 55 0 55 0 55 0 55 0 56 0 55 Set buttons will set all months equal to the entry for January Set N SetP SetFlow Save Clear l Cancel Figure 2 G 2 Point Source Data dialog 3 The Edit Point Sources function can also be accessed by clicking on the button located on the MapShed tool bar If a new point source location needs to be added to the point source layer in the view use one of the tools provided by the Shapefile Editor plug in to do this Instructions on how to use this plug in for this purpose are given in Appendix F Note If a point source layer is not used to create model input for GWLF E it is still possible to add point source data by editing the nutrient data portion of the initial model input file as illustrated in Figure 2 D 4 Creating a Color Coded Pollutant Loading Map The pollutant load estimates simulated by GWLF E for multiple sub watersheds can be used to create color coded loading maps on the fly using the View GWLF E Output function under the MapShed Tools menu see Figure 2 G 3 and corresponding discussion in Section F This tool can be used to display both the total loads metric tons and kg as
146. lygons Yes Streams Map of stream network lines Yes Unpaved Roads Map of unpaved roads lines No Roads Map of road network lines No Counties County boundaries for USLE data polygons No Septic Systems Septic system numbers and types polygons No Soils Contains various soil related data polygons Yes Physiographic Provinces Contains hydrologic parameter data polygons No Flow Lines Flow lengths from sub areas to watershed outlet No Grid Files Land Use Cover Map of land use cover 16 classes Yes Elevation Elevation grid Yes Groundwater N Background estimate of N in mg l No Soil P Estimate of soil P in mg kg total or soil test P No Urban Areas Map of urban area boundaries No D Executing the Model As described earlier components from the original DOS versions of both the GWLF and RUNQUAL models previously developed at Cornell University have been combined and re written in Visual Basic to facilitate integration with MapWindow Once MapShed has been used to create the required model input file the enhanced GWLF model GWLF E can be run either via use of a button in the MapShed interface or by executing the appropriate Visual Basic executable outside of MapShed Input data for the model can be edited via the use of customized input screens and additional tools allow for graphical plotting of model output data Additionally a new algorithm has been developed to allow for the simulation of pollutant attenuation from multiple su
147. mage with a jpg extension is automatically created within the output directory It is also possible to print both the tabular and graphical output To print the current output window click the Print button The default printer will then automatically print one copy of the current output window Currently there are no other options for printing the output using the Print feature Therefore it is important to make sure that the default printer is working properly prior to attempting to print an output window Viewing Model Results in Tabular Form Average Summary Output 1 To view a sum dat results file in tabular form select Average Output on the main GWLF E model window Upon hitting the button you will see a screen like that shown in Figure 2 E 1 At this point you can then use the browser button to locate the desired sum dart file and then open it by clicking on the View Output button Note You can choose to view the output in either metric or English units by selecting the appropriate option on the main GWLF E model window ur Select Output Summary File Select Output Summary File Select view units Metic English View Output Plot Output Close Figure 2 E 1 Selecting the Output Summary File window 2 Once selected the following window Figure 2 E 2 is displayed showing the Average Hydrology by Month for the selected watershed As shown below the name of the file and the years during which the analy
148. mflow volume adjustment tool 41 This tool is used after all of the data layers have been loaded as shown earlier in Figure 2 C 5 and prior to selecting all of the sub basins for subsequent model input file creation as described previously see Figure 2 C 7 In this case prior to using the Select Basin ap tool for initiating data layer processing for the creation of model input files this Select Basin eR tool is iteratively used in combination with the Calculate Streamflow Volume Adjustment Factor amp tool to assign the required transport parameters which are subsequently stored in two specific fields in the attribute table of the Basins layer Note for this step it is helpful to use the Labeling tool as described in Section G to better identify each of the sub basins in this case use the ID field In assigning transport parameters use these two buttons to 1 select one or more sub basins of interest and 2 identify the sub basin into which all of the other sub basins flow For example in Figure 2 F 5 eight sub basins have been selected with the Select Basin ap tool From the stream layer it can be seen that sub basin 7100 is the one that is down stream from all of the others and therefore accumulates flow from them When these sub areas are selected clicking on the button will cause a new input form to appear as shown in Figure 2 F 6 As can be seen from this figure the ID numbers for the sub basins
149. month The actual total monthly mass is dependent on the amount of manure applied to fields in any given month and is calculated internally and presented in the output results as discussed later The default loss rate values for N P and fecal coliform are based on suggested values found in the literature e g Havlin et al 1999 Ritter et al 2001 Soupir et al 2006 and Kellogg et al 2000 However the user may change them as deemed appropriate As indicated by the labels these are base values due to the fact that they are adjusted up or down internally based on daily rainfall according to the equation ALRe BLR AF where ALRp Adjusted loss rate for pollutant P BLRp Base loss rate for pollutant P and AF adjustment factor In this case the adjustment factor is calculated as AF TR 0 33 where TR is total rainfall in cm for any given day As can be seen from the above equation the threshold daily rainfall value at which the loss rate increases or decreases is 3 cm or about 1 2 inches As shown in Figure A 3 the user may also specify the percentage of total applied manure that is incorporated into the soil via disking injection or similar method Within GWLF E it is assumed that waste loads incorporated into soil are unavailable for transport to nearby surface water So for example if 100 kg of N is applied in a given month and 6096 of this amount is incorporated into the soil the delivered N lo
150. n contained in an optional water extraction GIS layer can be used to estimate the volume of water taken from various sources within a watershed each month For surface water withdrawals the estimated cumulative water volume is subtracted from the simulated stream flow component of the monthly water balance calculations For groundwater withdrawals this volume is subtracted from the subsurface component of the monthly water balance calculations Other recent model revisions include the implementation of an agricultural tile drainage routine the capability to consider point source effluent i e flows in the hydrology for a given area and the ability to consider the potential effects of best management practices BMPs and other mitigation activities on pollutant loads In the last version of AVGWLF Ver 8 0 as well as this version of MapShed Ver 1 0 several additional routines have been included to provide for even more comprehensive watershed modeling capabilities One of more extensive changes made to the original GWLF model involves the incorporation of new routines for more direct simulation of loads from farm animals and a new pathogen load estimation routine These new additions are discussed separately in Sections 2 and 3 and Appendices A and B of this user s manual Another significant change has been an improvement in the simulation of hydrology and loads from urban areas In the original version of GWLF used with AVGWLF suc
151. n coops etc where various farm animals are located in close proximity If this particular data layer is not used animal information can still be incorporated into a GWLF E model run via the use of the animal data editor form as described in Section 2C Due to the tedious nature of creating this particular GIS layer for small watershed studies some may find that entering this information directly into the animal data form is preferable However the creation of this type of layer can be useful for repetitive model runs over large geographic areas where the size and location of watersheds can change through time 2 GWLE Analysis Unpaved Roa ds AV A pu TREE E COR Figure G 10 Example points representing animal feeding operations 120 As shown in Table G 11 there are a number of fields required in the associated attribute table for this point layer The first four fields in the table refer to various animal related BMPs see Section 2C for a discussion of these For these fields a Y yes or N no is needed to indicate whether the particular BMP specified is being used at the location indicated by the point The remaining fields are used to indicate the populations for each animal type at that location Table G 11 Required fields for the animal feeding operation layer Field Name Field Type Description AWMSLVSTK Text String Indicates use of AWMS BMP for livestock Yes or No
152. nced and combined into a new model called GWLF E The primary focus of this Users Guide is to describe the comprehensive modeling approach provided by this GIS interface that enables prediction of nutrient sediment and pathogen loads in watersheds throughout a given region particularly those watersheds for which historical stream monitoring data do not exist This methodology relies on the use of local regional data sets for deriving reasonably good estimates for various critical model parameters that exhibit significant spatial variability Although this modeling tool was initially developed for use in Pennsylvania new functionality has been added to allow for the use of data sets in areas outside of Pennsylvania as well More specifically new capabilities have been included for loading user created data sets Additionally other guidance has been provided in Appendix G to assist users in constructing data sets compatible for use in MapShed One of the great benefits of MapWindow besides being absolutely free is the fact that ESRIO formatted data i e shapefiles and grids as well as Geo Tiffs can be easily used in this environment B Watershed Modeling in MapShed The GWLF Model The core watershed simulation model used in MapShed GWLF E is based on the GWLF Generalized Watershed Loading Function model developed by Haith and Shoemaker 1987 The original DOS compatible version of GWLF was re written in Visual Basic by Evans et al 2002
153. nd land use cover type described in past studies undertaken by Pennsylvania DEP Reese and Lee 1998 and the U S Geologic Survey in the mid Atlantic region Ator et al 1997 Similar maps can also be constructed using base flow data from homogenous land cover areas For modeling purposes an area weighted value is calculated in a given watershed and subsequently adjusted via a regression equation to better reflect subsurface concentrations More information on creating this type of map is provided in the data format guide provided in Appendix G Phosphorus in Groundwater This term is intended to represent the typical concentration of phosphorus found in sub surface water that moves laterally to nearby streams in the saturated zone not in deep aquifers In MapShed groundwater P is estimated using the groundwater nitrogen map shown in Figure 3 6 as a surrogate for identifying areas where levels of dissolved P may be high due to agricultural activities Similar to nitrogen a regression equation is used to adjust this value after an initial value for groundwater N has been derived Nitrogen in Sediment Contained in the original GWLF User s Manual is a map depicting the concentration of nitrogen in soils for the entire United States Using this map which shows Pennsylvania to be in one homogenous zone a typical nationwide value of 2000 mg kg was estimated see example calculation for phosphorus below This is the default value used by MapShe
154. nd the user may be allowed to proceed Major errors however will prevent the user from going forward Beginning a New Analysis Many different situations may arise that would require starting a new analysis There may be errors identified within the selected watershed the wrong data set selections may have been made during initial data loading or the user might wish to conduct a new analysis using completely new data To eliminate the need to close and reopen the MapShed project each time an error or new analysis is desired a Remove GIS Layers option was created that allows various deletions to occur within the project This particular option is located under the MapShed Tools menu It can also be accessed by clicking on the X button located on the MapShed tool bar Once the data layers are removed using this option it is necessary to load new layers using the Load Data Layers tool as discussed previously see Section 2C Calculate Basin Area The Calculate Basin Area tool calculates the area for a given basin in square miles square kilometers and hectares To access this tool select the Calculate Basin Area option under the MapShed Tools menu and then select the basin for which the area is desired A message box will appear with the area information Calculate Stream Length The Calculate Stream Length tool is used to calculate the total stream length for a particular basin in miles and kilometers To use this feature select the Tot
155. nure is spread on agricultural land etc This information is subsequently used to automatically derive values for required model input parameters which are then written to input files needed to execute the GWLF E model Also accessed through the interface are Excel files that contain temperature and precipitation data used to create the necessary weather data for a given watershed simulation Within MapShed both ESRI compatible shape files and grids as well as Geo TIFFS are manipulated for the purpose of estimating numerous model parameters In order for parameter values to be estimated properly it is imperative that each of the required grids and shape files be created and formatted correctly The only other requirement for the shapefiles and grids is that they must be in a metric projection in which the units are set to meters The latter requirement is due to the fact that various internal calculations are made based on the assumption that map units are in meters As described previously in Section 2 many of the data sets used in MapShed are considered to be optional What this essentially means is that if optional layers are not specified by the user then default values are assigned to the model parameters that would have been calculated utilizing the missing optional layers Up to 14 shape files and 4 grid files can be used by MapShed for the purpose of deriving required GWLF E model input data Table G 1 provides a listing and brief descript
156. oad a flow line file called flowdist in the Demo Data set as shown in Figure 2 F 3 Hemember as discussed in Section 2 C you can either load the individual layers again or load a previously created source src file After loading the necessary data layers the next step is to set up the transport parameters specific to each sub basin being simulated as described below en MapShed 1 0 0 Project Manager Open a Project 7 r Build a Project 2 Enterthe name of your new project springcreekzl Build Delete a Project 7 oe Figure 2 F 2 Project Manager window with new project name Assigning Transport Parameters for Sub Basins In order for the streambank erosion calculations to be made properly when running the GWLF E model in multiple watershed attenuation mode it is important to define the transport parameters i e flow accumulation characteristics associated with each sub basin That is it is important to identify all of the upstream sub basins that discharge flow into each successive downstream sub basin as flow accumulates from the headwaters of the larger watershed to the outlet To facilitate this task a tool is provided within MapShed that allows users to identify all of the upstream sub basins for each sub basin in the larger watershed More specifically this tool is used to calculate a streamflow volume adjustment factor and is located on the MapShed toolbar as sho
157. oil P in mg kg total or soil test P No Urban Areas Urban area boundaries No 107 Shape Files Required Layers Basins This particular file is used to depict the boundary of one or more basins in which modeling is to be performed Typically these features are digitized from topographic maps or created free hand using some type of base map or image An example of such a layer is shown in Figure G 1 The associated attribute table has four fields D AREA SFVAF and SFVAF_CNT specifically required by the MapShed as shown in Table G 2 If the shape file has more than one polygon the D value for each must be unique since input files created for subsequent GWLF E model runs are numbered according to sub basin D values This shape file should also have an Area field in order for area based calculations to be made by MapWindow This field is normally calculated automatically if the shape file was created via ArcView or other ESRI GIS software and does not usually need to be supplied by the user If not present various ArcView extensions e g XTools can be used to calculate values for this field Figure G 1 Example of sub basin features within a basins layer Table G 2 Required fields in basins table Field Name Field Type Description ID Integer Number Must be a unique value for each sub basin AREA Real Number Area in square meters SFVAF Real Number Streamflow volume adjustment factor calculated
158. on served by public sewers within this area and SEW_OTHR represents the number of people served by direct discharges i e essentially where no treatment is present For use within MapShed a unique identifying number must be assigned to each polygon to facilitate area weighting of data that may be needed where census tracts cross basin boundaries This unique identifier is specified in the TRACT field of the attribute table Figure G 8 Example of census tract boundaries 119 Table G 9 Required fields for the septic system layer Field Name Field Type Description AREA Real number Area in square meters TRACT Integer Number Unique identifier for polygon no upper limit on value SEW SEPT Integer Number Number of people on septic systems no upper limit SEW PUB Integer Number Number of people on public sewers no upper limit SEW OTHR Integer Number Number of people on direct discharges no upper limit Animal Feeding Operations As discussed above GWLF E users now have the option of more directly utilizing information on farm animals for calculating nutrient loads from these sources This can be accomplished by entering data directly into GWLF E or by loading an animal feeding operations layer i e point shapefile like the one shown in Figure G 10 Depicted in this figure are four separate points with each representing features such as barnyards feedlots hog pens chicke
159. on either the Average Output or Annual Output button Average output provides a summary i e mean monthly averages of the model output results Adhering to the original GWLF model format a summary of the model output results is stored in a summary dat file which contains mean annual values for hydrology nutrient sediment and pathogen loads for the time period simulated These files are named as name ID sum dat and can be found in the Output sub directory created by GWLF E in your watershed directory In this case name is the name of the output file you entered in the main GWLF E dialog box before running the model and ID is the unique watershed ID as described previously As described later in this section these mean annual results can be viewed either in tabular or graphical form 28 In addition to the mean annual summaries the GWLF E model also calculates and writes out monthly results for each individual year simulated These results are stored in a results dat file and can be viewed using the Annual Output button Similar to the summary i e average data these files are named as name ID res dat where name and ID are as described above These results can also be viewed either in tabular or graphical form All of the model output both tabular and graphical can be exported as a JPEG image file To create an image file simply click the Export to JPEG button located on each output form The i
160. ool bar Either action will make the Input Parameters form shown in Figure 2 C 8 appear on the screen 4 Make the appropriate selections in the Input Parameter form based on the following information F x amp GWLF Input Parameters cB 28 Weather Years Growing Season Aggregate Basins 1981 A January Yes No 1982 Fd 1983 al rary 1984 lt LS Method 1985 ect E Stream Density 1986 April 1987 e E 1988 7 May Flow Accumulation J T June 1991 Septic Systems 1992 C July 1993 Use land cover map to estimate 4994 August population on septic systems 1995 V September Q Yes No 1996 zi 1997 E October sig uiuis T November 44 Low Density Residential E December 22 Low Density Mixed Fraction of irrigation water estimated to retum to surface subsurface flow D 1 0 p 04 GWLF E File Name springcrk ok Cance V Automatically create directory in Runfiles for the GWLF E file asa Figure 2 C 8 Model input parameter form e Aggregate Basins Yes No If Yes is selected which is the default multiple basins will be merged into a single polygon and model input data i e a single gms file will be generated for only one aggregated basin If only one basin is selected then only one model input file will be created If No is selected a selection of multiple sub basins in Step 2 above will result in the generat
161. ork and New England are available at www mapshed psu edu The use of MapShed in other areas however will require prior development of the required data sets To assist users in this task guidance on how to create data compatible for use in MapShed is provided in Appendix G With MapShed ESRI formatted shapefiles and grids as well as Geo Tiffs can be used Upon executing the MapShed installation software the application files will be copied to C MapShed unless you specify another hard drive letter location within the installation program When installation is complete a MapShed directory and all of its contents will be placed onto your local hard drive Program shortcuts will also be created on the Desktop and in the MapShed menu located in the Start Programs shortcut menu Note represents the path leading to the MapShed directory i e C MapShed NOTE See installation guidelines provided on www mapshed psu edu for additional instructions on setting up MapShed B Creating Watershed Boundary Files As described in the next section watershed boundary files are used as the basis for creating the necessary input data for the GWLF E model By default MapShed expects that these boundary files will be in ESRI shapefile format While there are many approaches available to creating such shapefiles three common ones include 1 create a shapefile in another GIS package e g various ESRIO GIS packages 2 create a watershed
162. ous surfaces Accumulation rate in kg ha day for phosphorus on pervious surfaces 9Dissolved fraction of phosphorus in runoff Accumulation rate in kg ha day for total suspended solids on impervious surfaces Accumulation rate in kg ha day for total suspended solids on pervious surfaces 75 The quantification of point source discharges was improved in later versions of AVGWLF as well as this version of MapShed with the addition of the point source editor tool With this tool it is possible to specify variable effluent flows and nutrient concentrations on a monthly basis for any point source discharge see Section 2F Within MapShed user specified flow and concentration information is used to calculate monthly loads of total nitrogen and phosphorus Additionally discharge volumes are considered in the monthly water balance calculations done by GWLF E If point source loads are not calculated via use of a point source layer they can be added directly to a GWLF E input file as described in Section 2D Nitrogen in Groundwater To estimate nitrogen loads to streams GWLF E requires an estimate of the area weighted concentration of nitrogen in groundwater This is used to calculate the subsurface component of the load delivered to streams In MapShed this concentration is estimated using a map similar to the one shown in Figure 3 6 This particular map was created using spatial relationships between nitrogen concentration and rock type a
163. ove simulation results Once all of the input files have been specified they can be loaded by clicking on the OK button at the bottom of the form If any required data sets are not identified this button will be grayed out i e not be active Once the data sets have been loaded you will be asked to save the information entered as a source file src file As described in the next section doing so will make it much easier to load the data automatically in future sessions After loading the data a MapShed view will appear similar to the one shown in Figure 2 C 5 Note Depending on the computer very large grid layers may take a long time to load into MapShed due to file size handling limitations that exist with the current version of MapWindow Consequently with user created data sets it may be necessary to split the layer into smaller more manageable files to speed up loading In addition as explained in Appendix C some annoyances may also be experienced when displaying various grids in MapWindow It is expected that such problems will likely be fixed in future version of MapWindow When loading data layers as described above it may be useful to know that some of the optional layers are less critical than others For example the roads layer is only used for background purposes and the unpaved roads and water extraction layers are not ones that are commonly available However if it is believed that water ex
164. paved Roads LD Mixed MD Mixed HD Mixed LD Residential MD Residential HD Residential Water TAP AAT SLITS Farm Animals Tile Drainage Stream Bank iz21198 82 860 60 233770 5332 30 59 10 Point Sources 574 as Septic Systems leso fio Totals 1119 eas 1879058 92 9962 6 g54 15 Groundwater Print Export to JPEG Exit GWLF E Urban Area Viewer Version 1 0 0 BETA Select input data file Watershed Totals Municipality Loads Regulated Loads Unregulated Loads by Source for Watershed 0 Unregulated Area ha and Loads ko Sowee aroa the BCN EC AE 5577053 Hay Pasture 5584 5550 5 v2456825 381252 1008 08 Cropland 7563 7538 105833812 4447869 73744 Forest te 15704 28438000 2068 34 237 33 Welland hs je roo 5s jos Disturbed x2 362 1942000 534 i832 Turfgrass fees i5 we30 06 5 pen Land o p oo joo oo Bare Rock o o o 00 0 00 o oo SandyAreas o po oo oo o0 UnpavedRoads p jo po ooo o0 LD Mixed s aa esa me faa MD Mixed 1308 fiee 1994438 4360 36 463 38 HD Mixed ise fes 2099307 63387 pon LD Residential 1267 fis 436236 hozo m135 MD Residential 3568 s140 5370882 174235 130048 HD Residential fe 5 fess 853 3 Water B o Bo Farm Animals 2817 1 633 Tile Drainage o o X o Stream Bank 2153825718 1076934 29993 Groundwater ams pez
165. polygon via use of the Watershed Delineation tool in MapWindow or MapShed and 3 digitize a polygon on screen in MapWindow For the first option users are directed to various documents and training materials available on www esri com For the second option users are directed to the MapWindow users manual provided in the Help file under the main MapShed directory Instructions for creating watershed shapefiles via on screen digitizing in either MapWindow or MapShed are provided in Appendix D C Basic MapShed Tutorial This section describes the use of MapShed to create input data for subsequent use in GWLF E To facilitate the learning process it is recommended that new users download the MapShed Demo Data also at www mapshed psu edu and use this data while going through the steps outlined in the following sections Starting MapShed To start MapShed double click on the MapShed shortcut located on the Windows Desktop After doing this a MapShed Project Manager input form like that shown in Figure 2 C 1 will appear At this point you will be required to specify whether you want to build a new project or use one that has already been created Note If this is your first time using MapShed it is very likely that there will be no existing project files to select from The name of your project must contain no more than twenty five characters Any spaces within the project name will be replaced with an underscore _ e
166. pulations and utilizing this data to more directly calculate nutrient loads associated with these animals These load calculations are made based on the assumption that nitrogen and phosphorus produced by farm animal populations can be transported to nearby water bodies via three primary mechanisms 1 Runoff from barnyards feedlots chicken coops and similar confined areas 2 Runoff from crop and pasture land where livestock and poultry wastes have been applied for fertilizing and or waste management purposes and 3 Losses that occur as a result of animal grazing This includes runoff from grazing land similar to 2 above as well as direct deposits to streams where unimpeded access is available In each case it is assumed that there are typical production rates associated with different animal types that can be used to estimate the total amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus generated by the animal populations within a given watershed on a yearly basis It is also assumed that there are different loss rates associated with each nutrient and transport mechanism that can be used to estimate the nitrogen and phosphorus loads delivered to surface water bodies each year as well This new nutrient load estimation method requires that animal related data be entered into the animal pathogen portion of the gms file used by GWLF E to simulate pollutant loads This information is entered by using the Edit Animal Data button on the initial GWL
167. r the revised Universal Soil Loss Equation simplified method of estimation Journal of Soil and Water Conservation Vol 47 pp 423 428 Moore l A K Turner J P Wilson S K Jenson and L E Band 1991 GIS and Land Surface Subsurface Process Modeling In Proc 1 International Conference Workshop on Integrated Geographic Information Systems and Environmental Modeling Boulder CO Moore R B C M Johnston K W Robinson and J R Deacon 2004 Estimation of Total Nitrogen and Phosphorus in New England Streams Using Spatially Referenced Regression Models U S Geological Survey SIR 2004 5012 50 pp Myers Joel 2000 Conversations with Kenneth Corradini to establish representative C and P values by region for well managed cropland 85 Ng H Y F C S Tan C F Drury and J D Gaynor 2002 Controlled drainage and subirigation influences tile nitrate loss and corn yields in a sandy loam soil in Southwestern Ontario Agricul Ecosys amp Environ Vol 90 pp 81 88 Novotny V and H Olem 1994 Water Quality Prevention Identification and Management of Diffuse Pollution Van Nostrand Reinhold New York North Carolina Dept Environment and Natural Resources 2004 Total Maximum Daily Load for Fecal Coliform for Crowders Creek North Carolina and South Carolina Final Report Patni N K L Masse and P Y Jui 1996 Tile effluent quality and chemical losses under conventional and no tillage flow and nitrate Trans of AS
168. required fields include ID TOTAL N TOTAL P and PTEDIT The ID is an integer value used to identify each discharge The value can be any length but must be unique for each point and not include any spaces The TOTAL N and TOTAL P fields are used to provide estimates of mean annual loads in kg yr for each pollutant if desired Within MapShed these values are divided by 12 to estimate mean monthly loads as used by GWLF E Note It is not necessary to provide values for the TOTAL N and TOTAL P fields if the point source editing function is used to assign concentration and flow values The PTEDIT is a numeric field that is used internally to establish if the monthly values for a given point have been edited or not It is not necessary for the user to specify any values in this field since it is filled out automatically when the point source editor is used Similar to the weather shape file point source locations i e the points represented in the shape file are usually created by digitizing hard copy maps or via on screen digitizing using suitable base maps such as scanned USGS topographic maps or airphotos Note if this layer is not used it is still possible to enter point source data directly into the GWLF E model input file as described previously in Section 2D eather x Unedited Cleared Edited Water Extraction Tile Drain em L WaterB m E ps E ae Streams ae E li tems Figure G 5 Examp
169. rient and TSS loads from impervious surfaces for that month are reduced by 40 percent 137 Table 2 1 Reduction coefficients for street sweeping Sweeping Frequency Reduction times month Coefficient 0 0 1 0 2 2 0 4 3 0 6 24 0 8 CSN Tool This particular function refers to the Excel based tool recently developed by the Chesapeake Stormwater Network see www chesapeakestormwater net for use by states within the Chesapeake Bay Watershed to estimate load reductions needed to meet stormwater management regulations for new development adopted by each state in the region A copy of the CSN tool has been included in the Models sub directory under the main MapShed directory and a copy of the user s manual for this model has been included in the Help directory To use this specific option the user must first run the CSN spreadsheet tool to obtain output that can subsequently be used as input to GWLF E After running the CSN model the user then specifies values for various GWLF E input cells including the 24 hour storm event simulated in the CSN model the size of the area simulated and the load reductions estimated by the CSN model for nitrogen TN phosphorus TP and sediment TSS In each case these values must be converted to their metric equivalent before entering the data For example a 24 hour storm event of 2 inches would be equivalent to a storm event of 5 1 cm Then the user must specify the urban development typ
170. rily reflect county boundaries In fact it can be any polygon file that the user believes will adequately represent the variability in these factors within the area being simulated Also the values for these factors need not be different for each sub area The values may be representative estimates of the C and P values within a larger geographic area e g a region or state For example within the versions of AVGWLF and MapShed used in Pennsylvania the statewide representative values for C and P have been assigned as follows C crop 0 42 primarily used for row crops C past 0 03 primarily used for hay pasture and some cover crops C wood 0 002 used for wooded areas P1 0 52 P2 0 45 P3 0 52 P4 0 66 P5 0 74 The above values are also used by default within GWLF E if no county layer is loaded using MapShed These values however can be edited as described in Section 2C If edited they may be assigned to reflect the variability in these factors based on local cropping practices and landscape conditions Additional guidance on estimating C and P values may be found in Haith et al 1992 Figure G 7 illustrates the statewide county layer for Pennsylvania Table G 8 shows the required fields that must be in the attribute table associated with this particular GIS layer Note that in the table representative values for P have been assigned based on topographic slope ranges 117 X GWLF Analysis Po
171. rithm is utilized to mimic the gradual rise and fall of ET due to changing vegetation cover throughout the year Hours of the Day and Growing Season Within the GWLF E model a simple crop growth algorithm is used to estimate evapotranspiration based on daylight hours and growing season Within MapShed daylight hours are calculated using the latitude of the centroid of a given watershed and growing season length is specified directly by the user Rainfall Erosivity Coefficients In GWLF E rainfall erosivity coefficients are utilized to estimate the rainfall intensity factor used in the USLE algorithm and vary with season and geographic location Both a generalized 69 map and a table of values for different rainfall erosivity zones around the U S are provided in the original GWLF User s Manual In Pennsylvania for example erosivity values were assigned to two different zones eastern and western within the state using a digital physiographic region map Groundwater Seepage Coefficient Groundwater seepage basically refers to that fraction of infiltrated water that is lost to an underlying aquifer or deep saturated zone as shown in Figure 3 4 As noted by Haith et al 1992 no universally accepted techniques are available for estimating the rate constant for deep seepage loss The most conservative approach is to assume that this parameter is equal to 0 and this is what is done in GWLF E With this value it is essentially assumed that
172. rogate loading source to estimate pathogen loads in watershed studies of this type It is also assumed that 9096 of the organisms produced in natural areas die before reaching surface water as indicated by the default value of 0 90 which can be edited in the cell for Wildlife Urban die off rate Load estimates for urbanized areas are made using the concept of event mean concentrations EMC An EMC is basically a value that depicts the average concentration of a given pollutant that is expected to be present in runoff during precipitation events The default value used in this instance is 9 60 x 10 coliform forming units per 100 ml from USEPA 2001 Within GWLF E water depth in cm of water over the watershed is simulated based on monthly precipitation This is calculated for both the entire watershed as well as for each of the land use cover categories present For pathogen load estimation water depth over urban areas is converted to water volume i e milliliters and then multiplied by the EMC value to derive the total number of organisms per month Similar to wildlife loadings it is assumed that 9096 of the organisms transported via runoff die prior to reaching nearby surface water Septic systems loads are calculated using information on septic system populations and typical per capita production rates More specifically census data see Section 3 B is used to estimate the number of persons on septic systems This information a
173. rojection specified Projection Custom Projection File Name sheds shp How would you like to proceed C Use this answer for the duration of this session Set the layer s projection to the MapW indow project No reprojection will occur the layer will have this projection assigned to it Do Nothing Abort Do not add the layer Never Show This Again N Always Do Nothing Cancel Adding Figure D 4 Projection warning dialog 101 3 To start digitizing points on the screen use the Add new shape to current shapefile tool see Figure D 5 With this tool you simply start clicking on the left mouse button to start adding points and then click on the right mouse button to close the polygon When using this make sure that the shapefile you want to edit is active in the legend For more detailed information on using the Shapefile Editor consult the user documentation provided with the MapWindow software Note If this tool is used to create a watershed boundary file while in MapShed prior to using it to create model input it must be removed from the view by using the Add Remove Layer button and subsequently re loaded back into the view using one of the data loading options described in Section 2C lt MapShed 1 0 mapshedg File Edt View Plugins GIS Tools GWLFDataProcessor Watershed Delineation De BUS PY RPV AR RB to M8 Shapefle Edtor Help OY Data Layers 8 streams H E sh
174. rom barnyards thereby leaving a total of 11 000 kg year untreated If a user indicates that AWMS is being used to address 25 of the livestock population within a given watershed i e with a value of 0 25 then the annual load estimate gets re calculated as 4 000 4 000 x 0 25 x 0 75 11 000 14 250 kg year Note that for model simplicity reductions based on the use of AWMS for livestock are only applied to animals designated as grazing in the input form and that AWMS for poultry is only applied to non grazing animals Runoff control BMPs are applied to both types and Phytase Feed is only applied to non grazing under the assumption that such animals are primarily poultry For those interested in additional details related to these and other agricultural BMPs an excellent overview is provided by Ritter and Shimohammadi 2001 Table A 1 Default nutrient reduction coefficients for BMPs BMP Type N P FC AWMS Livestock 0 75 0 75 0 75 AWMS Poultry 0 14 0 14 0 14 Runoff Control 0 15 0 15 0 15 Phytase Feed 0 21 Fecal Coliform discussed in Appendix B 94 APPENDIX B Pathogen Load Estimation Within GWLF E there are routines that can be used to estimate pathogen loads originating from a number of sources including farm animals wastewater treatment plants urban landscapes septic systems and natural areas i e wildlife loadings By default the pathogen simulated by GWLF E is assumed to be
175. rom the stream flow component of the monthly water balance calculation for a given watershed For ground water sources this volume shown in cm of water depth in the Ground Extract column of the transport data form is subtracted from the sub surface flow component of the monthly water balance calculation Total accumulated extractions of both types are summed on a monthly basis in the Extracted Water column of the average or annual hydrology output file for the watershed Note Since this is considered to be an optional parameter if no data layer is supplied water extractions are not calculated and are not considered in water balance calculations 72 Tile Drainage A relatively simple algorithm has been included in GWLF E to account for agricultural tile drainage effects in a watershed as well as to estimate nutrient and sediment loads delivered by such systems As shown in past studies completed in North America water volumes in tile drains are typically about 40 60 of the total surface and subsurface runoff in agricultural landscapes with such systems Tan et al 2002 Gaynor and Findlay 1995 Patni et al 1996 and Spaling 1995 Additionally these and similar studies suggest that median values of nitrogen phosphorus and sediment concentration within tile drains are typically on the order of 15 0 1 and 50 mg l respectively Phillips et al 1982 Miller 1979 Patni et al 1998 Barry et al 1993 Ng et al 2002
176. round water volumes are not calculated Rather they are assigned values of 0 as shown in the Stream Extract and Ground Extract columns in Figure 2 D 3 when this layer is not present Unpaved Roads When this layer is used various transport factors are calculated as shown for the Unpaved Roads category in Figure 2 D 3 When this layer is not present these values are set to 0 Roads This layer is used for display purposes only and no model related values are set regardless of whether it is provided or not Counties As described in Section 3A various fields in a user supplied county layer can be used to contain information pertaining to representative estimates of C and P values for the USLE equation When this layer is not present the row crop hay pasture and woodland categories are assigned default values of 0 30 0 03 and 0 002 respectively The P factors are dependent on slope and are assigned values of 0 52 1 1 2 0 45 2 1 7 0 52 7 1 12 0 66 12 1 18 or 0 74 gt 18 based on calculations made using the elevation DEM layer Septic Systems If a GIS layer e g census tract layer containing information on septic system distribution is not provided the population counts shown in Figure 2 D 4 for different septic system types are set to 0 132 Animal Density As described in Section 3B this layer is not as useful as it once was before the d
177. s culverts or similar measures can be specified as well In this case MapShed provides the user with an estimate of the length of non ag streams within the watershed being analyzed and the user is then asked to specify the stream length to which some form of stream stabilization is being applied Impervious Surface Reduction With this BMP based on user input adjustments are automatically made to the percent impervious fraction associated with each urban land cover category i e the Y lmp values shown in Figure 2 D 3 In this case both the degree percent reduction desired and the amount of impervious surface area to be reduced percent of the total area for each category are specified by the user The entry of non zero values for this BMP will result in decreased surface runoff and increased infiltration for each land cover type affected thereby resulting in decreased nutrient and sediment loads Street Sweeping The original RUNQUAL model does not consider the potential effects of street sweeping on estimated nutrient and TSS loads from urban areas In GWLF E a very simple algorithm has been included for considering this activity Basically the user specifies the number of times per month that urban streets are swept and the algorithm reduces the nutrient and TSS loads from impervious surfaces using the reduction coefficients shown in Table 2 1 For example if in a given month the sweeping frequency is set at 2 the nut
178. s corresponding to the ID value of each of the sub watersheds selected For comparison see the single aggregated input file shown previously in Figure 2 D 2 which has a 0 appended to the end These individual gms files can be opened and reviewed edited as described previously in Section D When running the GWLF E model all of the input files can be selected at once see Figure 2 F 11 for the purpose of doing a batch run Upon model execution separate output files are created for each sub watershed as shown in Figure 2 F 12 In addition to the individual sub basin files however a summary output file is also created which contains the combined loads from all of the sub basins simulated which have also been attenuated The individual files can also be viewed to evaluate loads generated within each sub basin Although the loads from these individual files can be summed for the entire basin they will almost always be larger than the loads depicted in the summary file since the loads in the latter file have been reduced via the attenuation routine used within GWLF E Additionally a color coded pollutant loading map can be created from the individual output files as described below in Section G X MapShed Version 1 0 0 springcreek2 Fie Edit View Plugins MapShed Tools Help LOS ASF HIP PARQ i mig x goa me LJ HM Data Layers E Weather EO own Ma0 Soil Test P Han DEM AC Landuse
179. s option is used it is recommended that such folders be given a name that relates to the watershed being evaluated e g SpringCreek and contains the shapefile depicting the watershed boundary Note Make sure there are NO spaces in the folder name Users may also opt to use the default location for model input and output as described later Located under the MapShed directory is a folder called Results should you wish to store your named project folders in a central place for easy reference After processing data for subsequent use in the GWLF E model MapShed uses the Results folder as the default for directing output to Such project folders however can be located anywhere you choose Loading Data for the First Time With new projects you will need to load the appropriate GIS data sets for the desired geographic area by creating a source file that contains the file names and locations pertaining to the geographic area of interest This is done by selecting the Load Data Layers option under the MapShed Tools menu as shown in Figure 2 C 3 amp MapShed Version 1 0 0 springcreek File Edt View Plug ns MapShed Tools Help Ds BS DES Replace GIS ayer Edit Data Chack Tools gt Run GWLF E Run PRedICT Add Labels Clea Labels View GWLF E Output b Lane Cover Diskrihikian Show Land Cover Distribution Reset Point Source Data File Calculate Basin Area Calculate Stre
180. selected appear in the box to the left At this point the user is asked to select a sub basin that serves as the outlet to the others i e which is the sub basin that the others drain into Clicking on the appropriate ID will subsequently make the selected sub basin appear in the Selected Basin box At this point click on the Save button to save these transport results to the attribute table of the Basins layer Figure 2 F 5 Example of assigning flow accumulation by sub basin 42 adjustment factor will be automatically calculated for the remaining basins and will be written to the basin layer Note that any existing values will be overwritten Selected Hain 7222 7238 7275 7273 7330 7458 7469 Figure 2 F 6 Selecting the outlet basin for flow accumulation The step described above will need to be repeated until the transport parameters for every sub basin included within the larger watershed have been assigned In many cases as with the example watershed being used many of the sub basins will not have other sub basins flowing into them e g 7021 7238 7458 etc In these cases only one sub basin will be selected and appear in the box to the left as illustrated in Figure 2 F 7 and this will be the same as the Selected Basin shown in the box to the right Select the Outlet Basin from the following list The streamflow volume adjustment factor will be automatically calcula
181. sis was conducted are shown in the output window Note that the units displayed in this case centimeters represent units of water depth across the watershed 29 E GWLF E Average Hydrology GWLF E Hydrology for file run1 1 Period of analysis 10 years from 1989 to 1998 Units in Centimeters Month Precip ET Extraction Runoff Subsurface PointSrc Tile Drain Stream Flow Flow Flow 573 ose no fos w ne foo pa Go Back Monthly Loads Export to JPEG Print Close Figure 2 E 2 Average Hydrology by Month window 3 To view the average monthly nutrient and sediment load results generated by the model Figure 2 E 3 select Monthly Loads at the bottom of the Average Hydrology window Figure 2 E 2 EU GWLF E Average Loads by Month GWLF E Loads for file run1 1 Period of analysis 10 years from 1989 to 1998 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Totals 151461 1 36109 7 Kg X 1000 Nutrient Loads Kg Month Erosion Sediment Dissolved N Total N Dissolved P Total P 3637 2 5199 2 922 0 4024 8 0171 1 1401 6 15789 7 3553 2 557 5 12551 3 338 4 9655 2 N 839 2 821 2 321 8 285 9 675 1 738 5 1893 3 588 8 922 5 303 3 4537 8 416 3 50300 2 8428 7 7234 8 9560 0 0087 3 3088 4 16181 2 656 7 14087 2 9757 2 3334 3 42619 4 428936 0 55696 1 1942 7 2320 1 4804 7 1334 6 24387 6 19702 0 0826 2 17545 1 27007 0 38727 4
182. so given for each source type As shown in Figure 2 G 12 the second tab can be used to view loads associated with any given sub area municipality located within the watershed 95 ad Data Layers Remove GIS Layers Replace GIS Layer Edit Data Check Tools gt Create GWLF Input Run GWLF E Run PRedICT Run Load Duration Curve Comparision Tool Run Urban Area Tool Add Labels Clear Labels View GWLF E Output Land Cover Distribution Show Land Cover Distribution Reset Point Source Data File Calculate Basin Area Calculate Stream Length About MapWin GWLF Figure 2 G 10 Urban Area Tool location GWLF E Urban Area Viewer Version 1 0 0 BETA runT O_ua cs Select input data file o5 ned Runt Watershed Totals Municipality Loads Regulated Loads GWLF E Average Loads by Source for Watershed 0 5 ediment Nitrogen Area Total Load Loading Total Load Loading Total Load Loading Source ha kg Rate kg ha kg Rate kg ha kg Rate kg ha Hay Pasture 554 2894000 ios 3335937 oo Ron is Cropland rss 1062130000 140140 4462739 590 paos ose Forest fis 2939000 heo 83 fona ara oo Welland 4s fhao ss 5s o2 foes foo Disturbed a2 1942 000 fsaco 5345 015 figi2 foo Turfgrass 266 8280 00 31 10 296 30 112 25 25 Jo o9 pen Land o foo foo foo foo oo foo Bare Rack fo po oo joo oc0 oc oo SandyAras fo p 00 p 00
183. sos 565 16004 7661 864 x28 feseis 97 3 8 3755 26 382 apdp4 2704 z109 9348 mas fes p8334 z12 7 o4 uos x57 250 073 2654 4 2732 0 nas fisz5 Has 95 553 9076 4 223 0 835 3 azs020 X154 462527 Jez 0218 fmao 4536 Totals p1481 4 174356 1420568 1752008 38437 forze Go Back Loads by Source Export to JPEG Print Close Figure 2 E 8 Annual Loads by Month window 4 The following window Figure 2 E 9 shows total loads by source and may be viewed by selecting Loads by Source located at the bottom of the Loads by Month for Year window Figure 2 E 8 33 lowe GWLF E Loads by Source for Year 1992 GWLF Total Loads for file run1 1 Period of analysis 10 years from 1989 to 1998 Ara Bunorr ACEC Total Loads Ko Source fHal fcm Erosion Sediment Dissolved N Total N Dissolved P Total P Hay Pasture fossa fa ss28 x22 53226 3168 1307 391 Cropland Jes 28 w063 s 38 e1838 iw6nu8 x25 asi Forest 15784 fo 19663 153 0 3074 5134 16 2 101 4 Weed m e 2 hu o os R3 Erin 6 fos fps 62 Rs jes Turfgrass 56 hs 53 go jar B5 Open Land 0 oo fo do mM Bare Rock 0 0 joc foo joo Sandy Areas joo bo fo fo joo Unpaved Roads 0 foo joo bo joo LD Mixed po MD Mixed m4 fios2e 3343 123 x59 HD Mixed 022 1415
184. source areas or pathways such as confined areas manure spreading areas and grazing pasture areas Consequently a key activity in using this particular animal loading tool is the specification of the relative distribution of animal generated loads among these source areas pathways as well as other critical factors that affect their transport to surface water Specification of these load distributions and associated factors is done by adding data to or editing data in the data input cells in the NON GRAZING ANIMAL DATA or GRAZING ANIMAL DATA sections of parts 1 and 2 of the animal pathogen data form Both of the sections contain sub sections called Manure Spreading Contribution and Barnyard Confined Area Contribution which are similar in the way they are used Part 2 of the form also contains a third sub section used to characterize 90 factors associated with Grazing Land Contribution Within the animal loading module of GWLF E it is assumed that animal wastes are produced and lost i e via crop uptake transport to water bodies etc each year and that there is no carry over from one year to the next Algorithmically animal waste is produced each month based on the numbers and types of animals specified and this waste can either accumulate in confined areas be spread onto nearby fields or in the case of grazing animals be deposited onto pasture land and in streams Throughout the year if the amount of w
185. ssociated with each BMP type Load reduction algorithms included in the GWLF E model are basically the same as those used in PRedlCT and descriptions of how calculations are made for agricultural and stream related measures and practices in that tool are provided in Section 8 0 of the PRed CT User s Manual With respect to the User Defined BMP type BMP 5 the user must specify a reduction coefficient value greater than zero for each pollutant type see Figure 2 D 8 Upon doing so subsequent pollution load T35 reductions are calculated in a similar fashion to that used for the other area based BMPs i e BMPs 1 8 Urban Land BMPs A general background discussion on urban BMPs used in both GWLF E and PRedlCT is provided in Section 5 of the PRed CT User s Manual As discussed in Section 2 D above a number of BMP routines included in the GWLF E model were derived from the RUNQUAL model developed by Haith 1993 the developer of the original GWLF model These particular BMPs include infiltration bioretention vegetated buffer strips and detention basins Brief descriptions of how these routines have been implemented in GWLF E are provided below Users interested in more specific details on these routines are directed to the original RUNQUAL manual included in the Help directory Additional BMP routines are also included in GWLF E and brief descriptions of these are given below as well Similar to the agricultural BMPs discussed previo
186. sum dat runi 7222 sum dat runi 7238 sum dat runi 7276 sum dat runi 7279 sum dat runi 7330 sum dat runi 7458 sum dat runi 7469 sum dat runi Summary sum dat File name runl 5965 sum dat v My Network Files of type Source Results Files sum dat v Figure 2 G 4 Browse to and identify folder with model output files 50 Replace Data Layers It is possible to use one or more new data layers i e those not loaded initially to generate new model input files without terminating a current MapShed session This is done by using the Replace Data Layer function under the MapShed Tools pull down menu To replace any layers simply select the data layer in the selection box provided upon initiating this option see Figure 2 G 5 and browse to the grid or shapefile that you wish to substitute for the current layer Any new layers added using this function will of course need to be in the correct geographic projection and have the proper fields and format for use in MapShed EE Replace GIS Layer DER Select GIS layer to replace Landuse DEM Soil Test P GWN rue Provinces Animal Density Septic Systems Counties Basins Streams Roads Unpaved Point Sources Weather Figure 2 G 5 Replace data layer dialog Checking Data Layers for Errors To check all data layers in the view for possible field errors select Check Data Layers from the MapShed Tools pull down menu see Figure 2 G 6 A message box wil
187. t file s is are located and select the input file s as shown in Figure 2 D 2 The files will be labeled as name a gms name b gms etc where the a b etc correspond to the basin ID number Note In this case the Aggregate Basin option was set to Yes so only one input file was created With aggregated basins the trailing number in the file name is always set to 0 and subsequent model runs are incremented to 1 2 3 4 etc Note When multiple input i e gms files are created one or more files can be selected to run the model in sequence for multiple watersheds as described later in Section 2 F Select one or more Data files Look in Cj springerk J e ct E3 lz springcrk 0 gms 2 My Recent Documents Desktop My Documents 48 My Computer m My Network File name laces Files of type Figure 2 D 2 Selecting a GWLF E input gms file 18 After selecting the appropriate file s click Open to run the model simulation for the specified watershed s Once the simulation is done a small window will be displayed indicating that the model run is complete Close this window to return to the main GWLF E model window Instructions for viewing GWLF E out are provided in Section 2E In the simplified model execution example given above no attempt was made to modify the model input file prior to model execution However this is oftentimes required as part of any calibra
188. t sufficient renovation short circuiting systems and other situations where wastes are discharged to nearby water bodies with little or no treatment e g direct pipe discharge from a holding tank These types of systems are categorized as direct discharges by GWLF E With MapShed the populations served by any type of system are combined into only one category SEW SEPT If the user so chooses these populations may be re distributed into the different categories using the editing function available within the GWLF E model itself as described in Section 2C For use by MapShed septic system information may be represented with a census tract layer as shown in Figure G 8 As can be seen from Table G 9 the required fields for this layer include AREA TRACT SEW SEPT SEW_PUB and SEW_OTHR As with all polygon files used the AREA field must be present for various area based calculations to be made properly This field is normally calculated automatically if the shape file was created via ArcView or other ESRI GIS software and does not usually need to be supplied by the user If not present various ArcView extensions e g XTools can be used to calculate values for this field The SEW SEPT field is used to depict the number of people served by all types of septic systems within the polygon delineated which may be a census tract municipal boundary or other similar area The SEW PUB is used to depict the populati
189. ta Layers or Check Data Alignment routines as described above various checks are conducted to see if the data layers have been created properly For example checks are made to see if required fields are missing in the attribute tables if various data values are correctly stored as text or numbers as required etc Should errors occur the corrections needed are specified in an error message that is given after data checking has been completed Minor errors are more or less warnings to the user that 10 problems may or may not exist Major errors however are ones that would cause MapShed to crash if the problems are not resolved Should the latter type of error exist it is recommended that the user review the format guide located in Appendix G to verify if any problem layers have been constructed correctly nnne Data Layers OER Required Layers Basins Polygon C MSDataPA DemoD ata springcreek shp DEM Grid c XM SDataPAXD emoD ata D em30 dem30 sta adf Landuse Grid CAMSDataPAAD emoD ata LandCover landcov sta adf Soils Polygon C MSDataPA DemoDatatsoils shp Streams Line C MSDataPA DemoData streams shp Weather Data Weather Stations Point C MSDataPA DemoD ata weathsta shp 7 Weather Directory IC MSDataPA DemoD ata Weather Optional Layers Soil P Grid Test Total C MSDataPA D emoD ata S oilP soilphos sta adf Groundwater N Grid C MSDataPA DemoData GwN gwnback sta adf Phys
190. ta Processor NY Shapefile Editor Watershed Delineation Figure 2 G 7 Pull down menu for additional plug ins 53 Measuring Tool E Clear Display Units Close Projection units meters Figure 2 G 8 Dialog for the Measuring Tool Labeling Tool The Labeling Tool adds labels to the various layers including basins point source weather and soils To use this feature click on the Add Labels option located under the MapShed Tools menu Upon selecting this option a Label Font Editor dialog will appear see Figure 2 G 9 After making the appropriate selections regarding the layer and attribute field to use as well as font type size and color click on the Add Labels L button to re draw the layer with corresponding labels Note It may be necessary to define the scale of your view before you make labels Zooming in or out could place the labels in undesirable locations Also labels may not appear on all items in a view if they are too small or too close together all both labels to be seen To remove labels from a particular view use the Clear Labels option under the MapShed Tools menu Layer Basins Field D Arial Black Arial Narrow Arial Rounded MT Bold Arial Unicode MS Bell MT FontSize 10 v Font Color Selected Color mw mm mm um Se ug amp m m CIm 8m am 59 53 mm mm um E m um um i
191. ted for the remaining basins and will be written to the basin layer Note that any existing values will be overwritten Selected Basin Figure 2 F 7 Selection of single outlet basin 43 Once the transport parameters for all sub basins have been assigned the attribute table for the Basins layer will look like the one shown in Figure 2 F 8 In this example the parameter values assigned have been written to the SFVAF and SVAF_CNT fields with the latter field representing the total number of sub basins associated with each individual sub basin For example the numbers 8 1 and 8 shown for the selected sub basin in this case sub basin 7100 signify that seven other sub basins flow into this particular sub basin for a total of 8 and that the combined area of all eight sub basins was 8 1 times larger than that of sub basin 7100 Values of 1 for various other sub basins indicate these were single sub basins that did not have others flowing into them thereby resulting in a flow adjustment factor of 1 Attribute Table Editor DER Edit view election Tools ie B9 85 D 1 of 12 Selected C XMSDataPAXD emoDataNspangcreek shp KG H SED TOTN TOTP SEDHA TOTNHA TOTPHA SFVAF SFVAF CNT null null null null null null 1 null null null null null null 33 1 10 null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null null
192. the available manure load has been accounted for based on the monthly settings used in Figure A 3 Consequently some of the values can be increased to bring the Total load closer to 100 percent i e a value of 1 0 This particular summation tool works the same way with grazing animals with the exception that an additional source pathway i e From grazing has been included Manure Spreading Contribution Jan Feb Mar Apr May jun Jul A Sep of annual load applied to crops pasture 9 01 0 01 o1 0 05 0 05 o 03 0 03 0 03 0 11 o 09 0 02 0 02 Base nitrogen loss rate aos foo oos 005 oos oos oos oos oos oos 005 005 Base phosphorus loss rate 107 007 007 007 foo 007 007 foo 007 007 007 007 Base fecal coliform loss rate 012 0 12 0 12 0 12 012 0 12 012 012 0 12 0 12 012 0 12 of manure load incorporated into soil D pid e o ro roi emt rmt oe fit rf n Figure A 3 Manure Spreading Contribution section of animal input form MANURE DATA CHECK Land applied 0 55 in confined areas 0 28 Total mustbe lt 1 0 0 83 Figure A 4 Manure data check section In Figure A 3 the loss rate values are used to indicate the anticipated amount of applied contaminant that is actually delivered i e lost to surface water for this particular type of activity For example a value of 0 05 for nitrogen indicates that 5 percent of this pollutant will be lost to surface water in each
193. tion efforts or to more accurately reflect conditions within the watershed being evaluated Instructions on editing GWLF E input files are given in the following sub section and instructions on viewing GWLF E model output are provided in the sub section after that Editing Primary Input Data The primary input data transport nutrient and animal related information etc for GWLF E can be edited in order to examine the effects of altering assorted input variables To edit an input gms file first load the file by clicking on the browse button shown in Figure 2 D 1 Then to edit transport data select the Transport Data button The user is then provided with a filled out input screen like that shown in Figure 2 D 3 At this point edits can be made by simply moving the cursor to the appropriate cell and typing in a change When editing is completed select Save File at the bottom of the window Click on YES if you are sure you want to save the changes our Transport Data Editor springerk_0 o z vu e 9 3 Urban Land Area Ha Zimp LD Mixed 58 MD Mixed HD Mixed LD Residential 1267 MD Residential 3558 HD Residential Month Ket Adjust Day Grow Eros ZET Hours Seas Coef e ze cn Jan Feb Mar Apr e e N EEEI 1499477 33331313 S5 ui ak 887 e sl al al al al al al al al al TILTTTTTTTTT BEER e m e eI N e oe mi e eo e E May e 2o SI
194. tion values for each year simulated It is beyond the scope of this MapShed user s manual to provide specific details on the structure and technical components underlying the original GWLF model For users interested in such details a copy of the GWLF manual prepared by Haith et al 1992 has been included in pdf format with MapShed This document can be found in the Help sub folder located under the MapShed folder once the software has been installed Enhancements to the GWLF Model Since its initial incorporation into AVGWLF the GWLF model has been revised to include a number of routines and functions not found in the original model For example a significant revision in one of the earlier versions of AVGWLF was the inclusion of a streambank erosion routine This routine is based on an approach often used in the field of geomorphology in which monthly streambank erosion is estimated by first calculating an average watershed specific lateral erosion rate LER After a value for LER has been computed the total sediment load generated via streambank erosion is then calculated by multiplying the above erosion rate by the total length of streams in the watershed in meters the average streambank height in meters and an average soil bulk density value in kg m In later versions the original water balance routine within GWLF was extended to simulate water withdrawals from surface and ground water sources Within MapShed informatio
195. traction may significantly affect stream flow in a particular watershed see Section 3 on how this layer is created and used If a point source layer exists information can be extracted from it to populate various nutrient fields in the GWLF E model input file however as discussed in Section 2 D this information can also be easily entered manually Similarly the AFOs layer can be used to hold animal population data but this information can also be easily entered manually as described in Section 2 D and Appendix A The urban areas layer is only used if there is a desire to re distribute pollutant loads simulated for an urban watershed across various MS4 boundaries see Section 2 G for additional description Finally the flow lines layer is only used if there is a desire to use the attenuation option for multiple sub watersheds see later discussion in Section F If other optional layers such as the soil P and groundwater N grids and the county and physiographic province shape files are not loaded various default values for model parameters are assigned see related discussions in Appendix H Automatically Loading Data with a Source File If a source src file has been saved but a project file has not see related discussion in the next section it is possible to re load the data into MapShed without repeating the tedious process of identifying each file individually in the source file form as des
196. ue will always be 0 Output files with BMP implementation data in them that are created as a result of a GWLF E model run on the other hand will always have a pms file extension as shown in Figure 2 D 9 A gms file extension indicates that the file can only be used by the GWLF E model whereas a pms file extension indicates that the file type can only be used by PRedlCT These latter file types at least those that result from a GWLF E model run are always located in the Output folder Other files are also generated as part of a model run or by the user For example dat files are those used by GWLF E to show model results see Section E below csv files are Excel compatible files produced as a result of a given model run and jpg files are screen capture files produced by the user 25 Qe QJ 27 P Search ie Folders E Folder Sync Address B C MapShed Runfiles springcrk Output Folders x Mame 4 Size Type Date Modified amp C3 LogitechCamera A runi 0 pms 34KB PMS File 4 27 2011 3 46 PM a R MapShed Ej runt 0_DayFlow csv 1 895KB Microsoft Office Ex 4 27 2011 3 46 PM a C3 Etc Ej runi 0 MonthFlow csv SKB Microsoft Office Ex 4 27 2011 3 46 PM Help f amp irunt 0 res csv 91KB Microsoft Office Ex 4 27 2011 3 46 PM C Models E run1 0 res dat 40KB DAT File 4 27 2011 3 46 PM Projects 3 4 runt O_sum csy 12KB Microsoft Office Ex 4 27 2011 3 46 PM C2 Runfiles E run1 0 s
197. um dat 4KB DAT File 4 27 2011 3 46 PM amp b runi 0 ua csv 7KB Microsoft Office Ex 4 27 2011 3 46 PM O aggregate Output amp O agoregate2 Output amp C3 agaregate3 Output multibasin O multibasin2 E C3 newland 8 C3 springerk e Output C3 springcrkspringcrk E O tifftest 3i Temp H 2 MapShed2 Figure 2 D 9 Example output files from a GWLF E model run Considering the Effects of Lakes Ponds and Wetlands In GWLF E a tool exists that allows users to account for i e approximate the pollutant attenuating effect of lakes ponds and or wetlands within the watershed being simulated This tool is based on an empirical approach that reduces nutrient and sediment loads generated within the watershed using editable reduction coefficients and a user specified estimate of the land area drained by such features For example in a watershed with the following conditions and settings e Initial pre retention sediment load 1000 kg yr e Percent of watershed area drained by wetlands lakes ponds 60 0 60 e Sediment reduction coefficient 0 88 the sediment load would be re calculated as Re calculated load after retention initial load of the drained area reduction coefficient x initial load of the drained area percent area undrained x initial load 0 60 x 1000 0 88 x 0 60 x 1000 0 40 x 1000 600 528 400 472 kg yr As evident from the above
198. urce Discharges In GWLF E point source loads are specified by the user and are simply added to the non point source loads calculated by the model Since point source discharge information is oftentimes difficult to obtain this task is facilitated in MapShed through the use of a point source layer that contains information on estimated monthly loads of nitrogen and phosphorus from major industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plants In Pennsylvania this information was obtained directly from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection DEP However similar layers can be created for other areas as described in the format guide in Appendix G 74 Table 3 2 Default values for urban land cover categories simulated in GWLF E Category AI N AP N DF N AI P AP P DF P AI TSS AP TSS Low density mixed 0 095 0 015 0 33 0 0095 0 0021 0 40 2 8 0 8 Medium density mixed 0 105 0 015 0 33 0 0105 0 0021 0 40 6 2 0 8 High density mixed 0 110 0 015 0 33 0 0115 0 0021 0 40 2 8 0 8 Low density residential 0 095 0 015 0 28 0 0095 0 0019 0 37 2 5 1 3 Medium density residential 0 100 0 015 0 28 0 0115 0 0039 0 37 6 2 1 1 High density residential 0 105 0 015 0 28 0 0120 0 0078 0 37 5 0 1 5 Accumulation rate in kg ha day for nitrogen on impervious surfaces Accumulation rate in kg ha day for nitrogen on pervious surfaces Dissolved fraction of nitrogen in runoff Accumulation rate in kg ha day for phosphorus on impervi
199. ure 2 D 10 the default value for area drained is 0 Therefore if this value is not increased even though there are default reduction coefficients loaded no load reductions based on the retention values will take place Note The default reduction coefficients are based on various studies completed by the authors as well as those found in the literature However they may not be adequate for all situations and the user is advised to review and edit them as local conditions and experience dictate E Nutrient Sediment Delivery Data Editor springcrk_0 Attenuation Streamflow Volume Flow Distance km Adjustment Factor 1 00 Flow Velocity km hr 4 0 Retention Loss Rate X per day 0 1 Total N 0 12 N 0 287 Total P 0 29 P 0 480 Total Sed 0 84 TSS 0 100 Pathogen Percent Drainage Percentage of watershed area that o drains into a lake or wetlands 0 1 Save File Export to JPEG Close Figure 2 D 10 Form for editing delivery data Editing Weather Data With GWLF E it is possible to edit weather data that have been created using MapShed In many cases this may not be warranted but errors in the original weather data obtained 27 from various sources can occur and it may be necessary to correct them Oftentimes such errors are only uncovered when simulated model output e g stream flow is compared against observed data as might be done during model calibration In any case one can edit t
200. ure 2 G 14 Note that prior to entering any percent values in the Regulated Load tab the loads in this tab are the same as those given in the Watershed Totals tab As more non zero values are entered for different urban areas in the Percent Regulated column in the Regulated Loads tab the loads shown in the Unregulated Loads tab get progressively smaller When using this function make sure to click on the Save button shown in Figure 2 G 13 to save the percent value assignments for each urban area Using the Urban Area tool to evaluate model runs where different mitigation activities have been simulated see related discussion in Section 2D can be helpful to determine if desired loads reductions can be achieved for a particular urban watershed 57 GWLF E Urban Area Viewer Version 1 0 0 BETA Select input data file Watershed Totals ili Municipality Loads Regulated Loads Unregulated Loads Alter regulated loads for municipality Patton 58440 m Source Percent c Hay Pasture 35 jenas 345 05 Cropland zo ss1880 59830 645 foo no o X no po no fpo fpo om oo no fs c Er m E m RC E kr pa on po bo foo ooo ooo ooo 4o 5060 fre fa ezo fior7a30 235 60 25 80 neo u9640 i560 ne 280 323080 160070 550 no 1884 30 IR 10 4 50 Forest Wetland Disturbed Turfgrass Open Land Bare Rock Sandy Areas Un
201. ure 2 G 7 Once loaded this tool can be used to perform more complex measuring tasks than can be accomplished with the standard measuring tools It can be used to measure various attributes of map features identified selected by the user e g x y location for a point length of a selected line segment and area perimeter of a selected polygon It can also be used to provide the length of a line drawn by the user on the screen as well as the area and perimeter of a user drawn polygon The results of any given measurement can be displayed in meters kilometers miles and feet To use this feature click on the Measuring Tool 3 button located on the MapShed toolbar after the tool has been loaded and select the appropriate options provided in the tool box that subsequently appears see Figure 2 G 8 V MapShed Version 1 0 0 BETA springnoptsrc MapShed Tools Edit Plug ins Help Scripts oM Data Layers Archive Project Tool 7 Weather J AFOs CSV to Shapefile Converter EAN Point Sources Document Launcher C Unpaved GIS Tools 7 Streams Google Geocoder H M Basins GPS Tools Urban Areas L 7 Counties GWLF Data Processor NY C Septic System Label Mover mO Soils MapShed Data Processor amp Pny iogrephic Measuring Tool EAL GWN R amp l Soil Test P Meems Tools gt IM DEM Online Data Plug in H 1 Landuse Open Metadata Manager RunQual Da
202. us Ohio Gaynor J D and W I Findlay 1995 Soil and phosphorus loss from conservation and conventional tillage in corn production J Environ Qual Vol 24 pp 734 741 Haith D A and L L Shoemaker 1987 Generalized Watershed Loading Functions for Stream Flow Nutrients Water Resources Bulletin 23 3 pp 471 478 Haith D R R Mandel and R S Wu 1992 GWLF Generalized Watershed Loading Functions User s Manual Vers 2 0 Cornell University Ithaca NY Haith D A 1993 RUNQUAL Runoff Quality from Development Sites Users Manual Dept Agricultural and Biol Engineering Cornell University 34 pp Havlin J L J D Beaton S L Tisdale and W L Nelson 1999 Soil Fertility and Fertilizers An Introduction to Nutrient Management Prentice Hall New Jersey pp 154 195 Hubbard R K G L Newton and G M Hill 2004 Water quality and the grazing animal J Animal Science Vol 82 pp 255 263 Huber W C and R E Dickinson 1988 Storm water management model version 4 User s manual Cooperative agreement CR 811607 U S Environmental Protection Agency Athens GA 84 Hydrologic Engineering Center 1977 Storage treatment overflow runoff model STORM U S Army Corps of Engineers Davis CA Kellogg R L C H Lander D C Moffitt and N Gollehon 2000 Manure Nutrients Relative to the Capacity of Cropland to Assimilate Nutrients USDA Pub No NPS00 0579 Kogelmann W J H S Lin R B Bryant D B Bee
203. usly more detailed descriptions of how pollutant load reductions are calculated for these latter BMPs are also provided in Section 8 of the PRedlCT User s Manual Detention Basins With the original version of RUNQUAL it is assumed that the model is generally run on smaller development sites and that the detention basin parameters for which data are required i e basin volume dead storage surface area drainage time and month of cleaning are typically used to describe a single facility GWLF E however assumes that the area being simulated is a larger watershed where travel times may be as long as one day perhaps from several hectares or acres up to many square kilometers or miles Also it is assumed that one or more detention basins may be utilized to capture drainage from developed land areas and that the detention basin parameters represent the sum total of all of the facilities that might be used Consequently it is assumed that this modified model is used for watershed level planning purposes and not for site specific design work Infiltration Bioretention In the original version of RUNQUAL it is assumed that if this BMP is used it pertains to the entire area being simulated With GWLF E however the user is allowed to specify the amount fraction of urban drainage area to which this BMP should be applied For example if the user specifies that only 3096 of the urban area is to be treated i e an input cell value of 0 30 t
204. ut simply aggregates the loads from each source area into a watershed total in other words there is no spatial routing For sub surface loading the model acts as a lumped parameter model using a water balance approach No distinctly separate areas are considered for sub surface flow contributions Daily water balances are computed for an unsaturated zone as well as a saturated sub surface zone where infiltration is simply computed as the difference between precipitation and snowmelt minus surface runoff plus evapotranspiration With respect to major processes GWLF simulates surface runoff using the SCS CN approach with daily weather temperature and precipitation inputs Erosion and sediment yield are estimated using monthly erosion calculations based on the USLE algorithm with monthly rainfall runoff coefficients and a monthly KLSCP values for each source area i e land cover soil type combination A sediment delivery ratio based on watershed size and a transport capacity based on average daily runoff is then applied to the calculated erosion to determine sediment yield for each source area Surface nutrient losses are determined by applying dissolved N and P coefficients to surface runoff and a sediment coefficient to the yield portion for each agricultural source area Point source discharges can also contribute to dissolved losses and are specified in terms of kilograms per month Manured areas as well as septic systems can also be considere
205. ve button to create a new csv formatted Excel file This new file will be written to the Output folder and will have DLDC as part of its name as shown in Figure 2 G 14 When opened in Excel the new file will look like the one shown in Figure 2 G 15 Note During the development of this routine it was noticed that the amount of time required to create a load duration curve for any given area is very much dependent upon what version of Excel is installed on the user s computer It has been our experience that older versions of Excel run faster than more recent versions i e Excel 2007 Typically the first 95 of the file is written very quickly and the last 5 takes several minutes to complete 5S9 Load Data Layers Remove GIS Layers Replace GIS Layer Edit Data Check Tools gt Create GWLF Input Run GWLF E Run PRedICT Run Urban Area Tool Add Labels Clear Labels View GWLF E Output Land Cover Distribution Show Land Cover Distribution Reset Point Source Data File Calculate Basin Area Calculate Stream Length About MapWin GWLF Figure 2 G 12 Initiating the Load Duration Curve Comparison Tool ZS LDCC Tool Load Duration Curve Comparison Tool for use with GWLF E Version 1 0 1 2011 Edition BETA Initial GWLF E analysis without BMPs GWLF E analysis with BMPs CAMapShed Runtiles springsum4bmp Output bmp2 Summary_ Enter a file name for this flow
206. w point source data is entered into GWLF E Finally for all of the loads described above it is assumed that 5096 of the pathogens will die shortly after they have been transported to nearby surface waters see Easton et al 2005 LaWare and Rifai 2006 and NCDENR 2004 for additional information on pathogen die off rates and processes This default value see the In stream die off rate cell however can be edited as deemed necessary Once the parameter settings have been set and the GWLF E model has been run the pathogen simulation results can be viewed by clicking on the Average Output or the Annual Output button as shown previously in Figure 2 D 1 Example pathogen output for a model run is shown in Figure 2 E 10 As shown in this figure output results in units of organisms per month is provided both by month and source Hydrology output from GWLF E is also used to provide approximations of mean monthly pathogen concentrations see the last two columns highlighted in yellow As noted earlier the algorithms and default parameter settings used within GWLF E assume that fecal coliform is the pathogen being simulated However it is possible to simulate other pathogens that behave similarly to this organism To do this one need only change the appropriate parameter values e g loss rate production rate concentration die off rate etc to reflect the pathogen being simulated It should be understood in any case that the simplifie
207. wn below Urban Areas Data both layers are required Urban Areas Grid C MSDataPA UARaster East UAs rbanareas Vsta adf a Urban Areas Look Up Table CSV C MSDataPA UARaster ua_lut csv A If these data sets are loaded load calculations are made if not then no calculations are made When this option is triggered model output is written to a csv formatted Excel file In this file which takes the form of outputname basinlDua csv the total loads for different source types within the watershed simulated are provided and estimated loads for each urban area are also provided based on their percentage of the total watershed area and averaged or in some cases weighted loading rates The ua csv file described above can be viewed either in Excel or with the Urban Area Tool located under the MapShed Tools menu see Figure 2 G 10 Once initiated this tool can be used to browse to the appropriate _ua csv file in the Output folder and view model output either for the entire watershed or for a uniquely identified urban area within the watershed In the example shown in Figure 2 G 11 the data available for viewing with this tool are provided in four separate tabs The first tab Watershed Totals presents load information for the entire watershed in a format essentially identical to that provided by the GWLF E model see Figure 2 E 4 for example except that in this case unit area loads i e kg ha are al
208. wn in Figure 2 F 4 40 So Load GIS Data Layers Required Layers Basins Polygon DEM Grid Landuse Grid Soils Polygon Streams Line Weather Data Weather Stations Point Weather Directory Optional Layers Soil P Grid Test Total Groundwater N Grid Physiographic Provinces Polygon Septic Systems Polygon Counties Polygon Unpaved Roads Line Water Extraction Point AFOs Point Urban Areas Polygon Flowline Line C MSDataPA DemoData springcreek shp C MSDataPA D emoD ata D em30 dem30 sta adf C AMSDataPA DemoD ata VL andCoverMandcov Nata adf C MSDataPA D emoData soils shp C MSDataPA D emoData streams shp E 8 8 E t C MSDataPA DemoD ata weathsta shp C MSDataPA DemoD ata Weather E 8 C MSDataPA DemoData SoilP soilphos sta_ adf C MSDataPA DemoD ata physprov shp C MSDataPA DemoData censustr shp C MSDataPA DemoD ataXcounty shp C MSDataPA DemoData afos shp C MSDataPA D emoD ata flowdist shp mummun Point Source Data both layers are required Point Sources Point Point Source Data File dBASE C Check Data Layers C Check Layer Alignment we Figure 2 F 3 Load Data form with new flow line layer added amp MapShed Version 1 0 0 springcreek2 Figure 2 F 4 Location of strea
209. y or wet sometimes referred to as extended dry basins and wet ponds respectively Infiltration facilities are trenches basins and or porous areas designed to allow specific volumes of runoff water to drain to underlying groundwater rather than 4 directly to streams via overland flow Filter or buffer strips are grassed or forested areas through which runoff passes as sheet or un channelized flow With the original version of RUNQUAL all runoff is routed through the BMPs In the enhanced version of the model used within MapShed GWLF E the user can specify the extent to which the three BMPs are implemented within any given watershed If the practices are used in combination runoff is routed through them in the following order infiltration retention filters strips and detention basins see Section 2 D for additional information on simulating these activities Finally another significant revision that has been included in MapShed and GWLF E is the ability to simulate the transport and attenuation of pollutant loads from multiple sub watersheds within a larger watershed In this case loads are attenuated i e reduced using a combination of daily loss rates for pollutants and travel times based on the distances of each sub watershed to the larger watershed outlet This new functionality allows for better identification of pollutant hot spots within the larger watershed as well as better evaluation of the potential load reduction effe
210. y residential and low density mixed classes as shown in Figure 2 C 8 As also shown in this figure use of a census tract layer that has been loaded can be overridden by specifying whether the land use cover layer should be used Yes or not No to estimate septic system populations Per Capita Septic System Values Per capita values for nutrient loads in septic tank effluent as well as values for nutrient uptake by plants are based on those suggested in the GWLF Users Manual Tile Drain Nutrient Concentrations As discussed earlier nutrient loads from tile drains in agricultural areas are derived using estimated tile drain water volumes and typical in drain concentrations drawn from the literature The default concentrations in mg l for sediment nitrogen and phosphorus are 50 15 and 0 1 respectively C Animal Data As described in Section 2B and Appendix A the newest version of GWLF E gives users the ability to more directly simulate loads from farm animals as well as to estimate pathogen loads from these and other sources Data in this file can be viewed and edited using the animal pathogen form see Figure 2 D 5 which is accessed by clicking on the Edit Animal Data button shown in Figure 2 D 1 The basic input to this form includes information on animal populations by type which can be either loaded automatically via the use of an AFOs shapefile see Section 2 C or typed directly into the form as describe

Users Manual - MapShed - Penn State University

Contents

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents