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1. 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 4 3 2 5 3 2 6 Sead The Window menu let you manipulate with MDI windows Each window contains one display Tile The command arranges all opened windows over the full MDI client area trying to make the same size for all windows Cascade The command arranges all opened windows in a cascade Arrange icons The command arranges all minimized windows in a series at the bottom of the MDI client area Each minimized window is represented by an icon Close all The command closes all opened windows The same as Display CloseAll command Arrange spector The command arranges the main windows of the MNG and MDI application according to the default values That is sets positions and dimensions of the former as they were when Window Save Arrangement command was applied Save arrangement The command saves the current positions and dimensions of the MNG and MDI main windows as default Therefore you should adjust the size and position of the windows before applying the command Next time you start the application they will take these positions Window list At the end of the Window pop up menu all created MDI windows are listed with their names In addition the current active window is selected If you change the selection a corresponding display becomes active and it 1s displayed in front of all others 79 3 MDI 3 3 Region menu 80 The Region menu contains commands relate
2. and dag I O threads are set to below normal due to the dynamic priority boost which increases their priority level The MDI runs only primary thread which priority is boost by the program in order to draw spectra smoothly Apart from above listed threads the Spector has several threads for network support They are started only if you select Remote Windows TCP IP in the System Host Control Remote dialog box In order to change their priorities you should edit spector ini file Host Properties Cono Priorties Directories 5232 Process Claes Thread Printy Level bodig Normal daq VO Below Normal 08 06 Monel dag Below Normal 08 06 MAH Momia midi above Nome 1008 Time riral Highest bos Hornal Baly Porra Figure 2 2 3 2 1 The Priorities dialog box 2 2 3 3 Directories The Spector software comprises a various type of files that are placed in corresponding directories as follows QO Calibration histogram calibration files cal QO Control command script files ctl a Custom DLL libraries used by the Custom application dll QO Data acquisition data files dat Ist sp as a Fitting files related to fitting fit m ROT files that contain Region of interests ro1 m Stab files related to the ADC drift stabilization stb m Print print out files m Video video image file bmp m Scan files used by the XRFM and SPM application fo
3. dialog box entered value by marking the respective checkbox If the spectrum is calibrated the Position and FWHM may be displayed in calibrated units The Area of the Gaussian is also shown For all values also the standard deviations are given The value of Q is the normalized chi 2 To take into account the systematic error of the line shape you may multiply the errors with the square root of OQ Click on Save to 83 3 MDI append a line containing the results to a Logfile with the specified name The OK closes the dialog and lets the fitted function in the display also if it 1s refreshed whereas after the Cancel the curve no longer will be shown in a refreshed display The Options opens a new dialog box to define the information in the Logfile A several quantities are written in standard text format with Tabs as separators and a Newline character at the end of each line On this way the file can be read with standard calculation programs like EXCEL Click on the Print Header to write a header line 3 4 ROI menu 3 4 1 3 4 2 3 4 3 3 4 3 1 84 A ROI is a group of channels that let you manage associated data on an easy way For example project and sum You can define up to 99 ROI per each display In difference from ROI any Region lasts until you select new one or close its display see Region Menu However if you are especially
4. in the corresponding data source field 49 2 MNG 50 Compose Type cleat cde Perameters feni Dahi sounas der PULL oe fui Lt den Circa Memory CHE Cancel Figure 2 1 6 1 The Compose dialog box The type of the operation is selected from the Type list and its parameters by the Parameter list The results of the operation are always rounded to the integers and negative values are set to zero Replay The command enables to read a list file To start the reading you should apply the Start command It brings up the Start Replay dialog box that enables you to select a file name and replaying attributes Note that replay 1s possible only 1f the program 1s running in the list mode and the Replay item in the Data menu is selected Otherwise the Start command brings up a usual start dialog box To select the file name use the File name field or apply the Browse button Any list file contains event by event data Therefore you can use it to build new histograms different from the originals To define new displays use the Displays command in the Acquire menu After that start the replay and check the Modified box Otherwise the program makes replay based on the original configuration stored at the beginning of each list file The new replayed data overwrites existing data in the memory unless the Append box is che
5. Continue command is applied The current version does not support to change preset time during pause 2 4 2 3 Continue Returns the acquisition in the same status as it was immediately before the Pause command was applied 2 4 2 4 Stop Stops acquisition The data are automatically saved if 1t was specified on the start time 74 3 MNG 3 MDI The MDI application features graphical presentation and spectra manipulation The spectra also refer to histograms or displays Spectra colleting during acquisition are defined with using of the MNG application while the MDI periodically reads them and shows on the screen Apart from this you can use MDI to create an auxiliary one and two dimensional spectra Usually they are not updated during measurement unless they are one dimensional projection Each spectrum is shown in a separate window By closing a window or MDI itself you don t destroy associated spectrum only if 1t was defined by the MNG application Apart from acquisition spectra the MDI supports two dimensional video images 3 1 Display menu The Display menu contains commands that let you load create close and print one and two dimensional spectra displays The basic set of displays that are used during acquisition should be created by the MNG application You can open them for viewing but you can t delete them Therefore if you close such display or even the MDI application it has no effect on the dis
6. Figure 4 3 1 1 4 The Motor dialog PI C812 board The program uses this information only to indicate that entered target position is eventually out of the range This is a kind of software protection to saturate motors Note that you should use sensors for the full protection Servo The servo dialog is used to define basic servo control parameters The wrong settings may cause that motor does not move correctly under some circumstances for example when changing position for a few micrometers The Maximal speed defines maximal programmed motor velocity during trajectory generation You can define up to ten different speeds and use it latter for scanning They are expressed in arbitrary units a u Each unit corresponds to certain number of encoder units per board s fixed internal sampling time You can adjust this number for each motor according to desired speed in mm sec For other parameters please refer to the Information MS 26E C 804 C812 page A38 In the most cases the default values shown on the Fig 4 3 1 1 5 are correct Lic Properties Figure 4 3 1 1 5 The Servo dialog PI C amp 12 board 4 MOTOR 4 3 2 4 3 3 4 3 4 4 3 5 4 3 6 4 3 7 Refresh The command Reads current motor position and updates all values Under some circumstances it may happen that motor does not show a correct current position for example after stopping motors the program can show posit
7. when x and y motors are at fixed arbitrary position M M a steps encoder counts that is called motor referent position on such a way that 0 0 coordinate in millimeters origin 1s set at arbitrary selected point O on the video image In addition the image s resolution in pixels per millimeter should be known During a scan x and y motors are moved on such a way that all scan points are placed one by one in the front of capillary that is to the coordinate xeye millimeters In order to scan an arbitrary point x y millimeters on the video image one should move x and y motors to the position M M steps encoder counts M Ax MY Ax 1 5 2 3 3 1 M A yt rs A y where A and A are number of steps encoder counts per millimeter for x and y motor respectively see formula 1 5 2 1 1 The XRF image obtained by the scan and video image as well are always shown in the Scanning coordinate system Therefore to move a point shown on these images in the front of capillary one should apply the same formula 1 5 2 3 3 1 For this purpose you can use MDI Scan Got o command 1 X RAY MICROPROBE y mm M s Xoy c x actuator capillary s MP x mm y actuator Figure 1 5 2 3 3 1 The Scanning coordinate system for optical scan and camera at 0 1 5 2 3 4 Calibration The main purpose of the optical calibration procedure is to establish scanning coordinate system and find there posit
8. The slope is defined by the microscope magnification and camera resolution The offset 1s arbitrary If you didn t change magnification or camera resolution you can leave existing values and go to the next step Eventually you can set 0 0 for offset 33 1 X RAY MICROPROBE 34 If you changed magnification or camera resolution or you want to check the slope then perform the Image Calibration that is described in the 3 8 MDI Video Image Calibrate This procedure is primary used to calculate slope for both x and y axes Therefore you should enter new slopes in the Optical dialog As offset is arbitrary you can overwrite it with 0 0 values or define it later when you mount the sample For the moment we don t need the dialog or its property sheet therefore you can press Ok to exit Note that default slope values are defined in 1 2 2 Setup Specification a Step 2 motors referent position Actually this step is performed together with step three For the moment just read bellow If you would move the center of cross and grab it you would see that it has the same coordinate on all images This means that program shows images in coordinates of a system that is always at rest This 1s so called scanning or referent coordinate system Therefore there 1s only one position of motors for which grabbed image has valid coordinates for both objects that are not mounted on the holder like capillary and those that are mo
9. 0 322 B Q sin 33 R Y cos 33 B Y 0 212 R 0 523G 0 311 B U 0 147R 0 289G 0 436B V 0 615R 0 515G 0 100B The 1 Q or U V are combined into crominance signal by a technique called quadrature modulation Similar to luma here is used word chroma to point out that is derived from gamma corrected R G B NTSC and PAL standards use for the modulation a carrier of 3 58MHz and 4 43MHz respectively The chroma signal is superimposed on the luma so they can be transferred by one wire This is made at expense of introducing a certain degree of mutual interference The synchronization portion is made on the similar way to a monochrome video signal with exception that Luminance is luminous flux per unit solid angle and per unit projected area in a given direction 138 APENDIX a color burst is added to the back porch The color burst contains cca 3 usec of carrier signal Its amplitude is 1 4 of the level of white 1 4 S video signal format The S video also called Y C format is made of two parts luminance Y and chrominance C The synchronization signals are part of luminance Y in a similar way to Composite video signal These format uses cable terminated at each end with a four pin DIN connector Although it may appear to be a single cable internally it has two 75Q coaxial or twisted pair cables to carry the separate Y and C signals 1 5 Component video s
10. 1s not perpendicular to the beam Therefore 1t moves sample in x direction on such a way that distance from irradiated point to the exit of capillary 1s always equal In addition it takes care of capillary making proper order of z and x translations This means that rotation angle should be always zero if the sample is perpendicular to the beam Generally it is advantageous if the x actuator axis 1s parallel to the plane of sample For each actuator or simply motor the program uses a constant that defines number of encoder counts per millimetre This constant A is intrinsic for each actuator and defined as a function of encoder counts per revolution Ne gearhead ratio rg and drive screw pitch size sy with the following relation ine Sd 1 5 2 1 1 A The constant a may be defined by the Motor application For 1ts value please refer to the Section 1 2 and the specification of the experimental setup particularly 28 1 X RAY MICROPROBE micropositioning system The values are stored in Motor ini file For default values refer to 1 2 2 Setup Specification 1 5 2 2 Blind scan In Blind scan the area is defined with reference to a a sample point that is in front of capillary or b part of an XRF scanned image obtained from a The blind scan is very simple because all you need is to select an area on your sample surface and export it In addition you have to define XRF image resolution 1 5 2 2 1 Coordinate system Bli
11. 2 3 4 2 4 Positions The position of the sample is displayed by the four edit controls labeled with the same name as the corresponding axis x y z for translation and lt for rotation respectively If the motors are moving the positions are automatically updated When the motors are in the rest you can edit the controls and then apply go there command To reset position to zero use the Reset Motors command in the application s system menu Position units The position of sample may be shown in the metric units like millimeters mm micrometers um or degrees deg or internal motor coordinates called steps The transformation from steps into the metric units is defined by the coefficients listed in the Motor dialog The dialog is accessible by the Board Properties command in the application s system menu Each time you press the control the units are switched and position controls are updated 4 3 Select board 4 3 1 The command loads library for a selected controller board The library contains executable code which translates application commands into the board specific instructions and handshakes with the board as well Selec Board Mat r controller Figure 4 3 1 The Select Board command dialog Usually this command is applied when you change the board or the program is running for the first time Each time you start the program it automatically loads the last sele
12. A 2444 Seibersdorf Austria Fax 43 1 2600 28222 Tel 43 1 2600 28244 e mail S A Bamford iaea org EDITORIAL NOTE The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher the IAEA as to the legal status of such countries or territories of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries The mention of names of specific companies or products whether or not indicated as registered does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA CONTENTS lX iac MICE PODES doused kate cde eaa0i sae ads cto a heen eee 1 kEi IMO OCU C TOM 33552ce oes scat sece taee chess anes oes ce cent a a 1 DA adele bases ue ea ute set sea aust eaa aa ise saseka aa aaa 1 zado Cati l L22 PP CCUIC AAA E AE E EE OES 2 L3 PAY Deam TOCUSINIG cio N 4 Boek UMMA CIS oea E A dll ok else a tenia ell ob else aa 5 MA ING IAC LY C GINS A ob ting sida eGo earns paseo na deena eee 6 13 5 Capillaries and POCAS ci 7 4 Gray total extermal TE LECHO a ih cbuas E ATA 8 1 4 VINCE OD OSITIOMIN essiccare iona EOE 10 At Motlorncon trol SS o 11 A nia 12 AS ACUO ea aa E a a ein ees 12 4h FecdoIek Encoder a 14 MA SPec CANON eisa R o Ra E E 15 EI A EE EAEE A ATENE A EEEE EEN aA 16 a e GEE Sa ee ME EN OO a eae sueaaseaseaese 16 Eos SC E E la earn tld T E et ea oe tase eee Zi Sr amplia 3
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14. MNG Data menu and check Replay item v Press MNG Start button It brings up Start replay dialog Press there Browse button It brings up a standard Window s Open dialog with a list of Ist files Select hash2 1st and press Open button To exit the Start dialog press OK Now the program is reading list file You can watch how the maps are updating Wait the process terminates 1 X RAY MICROPROBE v Tile all windows You can see exactly the same data that you saw by the hash2 dat v Activate one of maps place cursor at arbitrary position and apply Tools Show Cumulative command It opens a new window that contains spectrum collected at sample position defined by the cursor v Create a ROI on one of two XRF maps as explained above and apply ROI Show Cumulative command Again the standard Window s Open dialog is brought up Select hash2 Ist and press Open button It opens a new window that contains energy spectrum collected at all sample points that belongs to selected ROI v Close all windows Y Switch off Replay mode Load cross dat The example shows also two maps One map corresponds to W L and other to W Lg characteristic X ray line One single spectrum corresponds to the total Energy spectrum collected over the full scan area and other is collected at last v Verify that scan area was 50um x 50um and resolution 1 um v Repeat all steps from the f
15. Oey Line Thick C Draw Line Thick nee yTick set all fr Top linside fe Leaf inside To Detauh Botica our de F Bight osida _ToDetout Sipe 6 Thick Skel Thigh sDafoul cnet Figure 3 5 1 3 The Single Axis dialog box 3 MDI 3 5 2 Cursor The Cursor dialog box sets the properties of the histogram cursor It is used to read number of counts at a particular channel You can move it by the mouse or ingle Display Properties Scale Symbals Axe Cursor Thes shapa 9 Se all 19 To Oetokn Acs Default show ome Figure 3 5 1 4 The Single Cursor dialog box keyboard Each time you move the mouse cursor and click the right button the histogram cursor appears at the corresponding channel If there are more channels then pixels the program automatically selects a corresponding channel which may not be the required channel In that case you should use keyboard to move the histogram cursor To select the cursor shape use the shape combo box To remove the cursor uncheck the show box Note that each time you click by the mouse on the spectrum and the count is inside the visible scale the cursor appears again For the Set All To Default and the Set All As Default buttons refer to this property sheet introduction Titles The Title dialog box sets histogram title and its axes labels Note that the new titles have
16. a name the system keeps the corresponding histogram on such a way that new histogram is superimposed on the previous In the PHA storage mode it means that MCA is not cleared and each spectrum bin contents starts from the existing value and not from zero 2 3 1 4 Flush The Flush page box enables disables display transfer from data acquisition board to the host in the PHA data storage mode In the PHA mode displays are built on board while the program periodically transfers their content onto the memory allocated on the host On this way the displays are updated on the host The page lists all defined displays and enables you to turn on off the data transfer by checking a corresponding box Similar to the Cleanup page each display is represented by a row including its name and associated ADCs If a display s name is checked then its contents 1s updated during the measurement You can enable or disable flushing in any time during the measurement To do this use the MDI application You should click on the right mouse button when the mouse cursor points on the window of the corresponding display 67 2 MNG Note that the flushing has no effect on the MCA That is the MCA continues data collecting and processing regardless of the Flush flag 2 3 2 Host 2 3 2 1 Output The Output dialog box customizes the data storage onto the disk Data Properties ES Output hr Backup displays each F Backup list dats
17. and modify current active scan area by the Scan View command The scan area can have various shapes for example a simple rectangle polygon group of polygons circle circle pie 21 1 X RAY MICROPROBE The step size is defined indirectly by choosing size of the target image in pixels and taking into account size in millimeters of the minimal rectangle that surrounds above defined scanning area The pixel size a target image can be defined by the Acquire Displays command in MNG application The program supports different direction of scan which can be defined by the Scan Properties dialog in the MDI application Regardless of the scan direction it always starts to scan from left top corner of selected rectangular scan area 1 5 2 1 Geometry By default it is assumed that axis of horizontal x axis and vertical y axis actuators are perpendicular to the beam z axis and all together form a three dimensional left handed coordinate system see Fig 1 5 2 1 Normally sample is in the x y plane and rotation motor shows zero degree You can read this angle by the Motor application rotation E capillary sample beam axis x actuator axis y actuator axis Figure 1 5 2 1 The scan geometry For each actuator the encoder counts increase in the direction of the corresponding arrow If the Motor application does not show zero for rotation angle the program automatically assumes that sample
18. by the scan is always shown in the Scanning coordinate system Therefore to move a point shown on the XRF image in the front of capillary one should apply the same formula 1 5 2 2 1 1 For this purpose you can use MDI Scan Goto command 1 5 2 3 Optical scan In Optical scan the area is defined with reference to a an optical image or b an XRF scanned image obtained from a This scan needs optical image which can be obtained by camera coupled to microscope and with using of the Video menu item in the MDI application specifically the Video Image Grab command In addition the optical image must be calibrated and related to the beam position which is explained in the following chapter The optical scan is more complicated than blind because it requires optical calibration 1 5 2 3 1 Optical image 30 The program supports two positions of camera relative to the beam that is to the capillary 180 when camera see the back side of sample during scan and 0 when camera see the front side of sample In both cases it is assumed that camera plane is parallel to the axis of X and Y actuators In order to verify that camera X and Y axes are parallel with actuator s axes you can use a micrometers cross and lens with lower magnification Move the center of the cross on such a way that it appears first on the left most part and then to the right most part of the video image If camera is not rotated you should
19. can t be found there the program loads 1t from executable For each application there 1s one desktop file The table 2 4 1 1 shows a list of all desktop files and associated applications In the future the desktop may be associated with data as well The customization allows you to modify desktop file You can change position and view of the controls but with the current program version you can t add new controls 2 MNG Table 2 4 1 1 The MNG Desktop data base files Application Desktop file XRFM Xrfm dsk Spm dsk default list default PHA Pha dsk Although you can do it by editing the desktop file it is not recommended The Open item in the Desktop pop up menu let you access to the desktop controls The menu is invoked by clicking on the right mouse button with mouse pointer anywhere inside the desktop except over a control After gaining the access to the desktop you should first select a control To do this move the mouse pointer over the control and click on the left button In that case the control gets selection boundary Each time you select next control the previous loses selection To select a group of controls you should draw a selection rectangle around the group To draw the rectangle drag pointer from one to the other opposite corner The selected control s may be displaced using arrow keys or dragging the mouse pointer 2 4 1 1 Open close The Open item disables desktop control featur
20. each Extend rame wih digits ooo M Sae pepord pl Seve configuration cig Cancel Help Figure 2 3 2 1 1 The Output dialog box in the list mode Backup displays The option protects all histograms from being lost due to the system crash during a measurement The displays may be optionally stored in the output data file that is defined in the Start dialog By default the file is created after the measurement stops However if happens that the system crashes during a measurement then the displays will not be stored onto the disk To prevent this you can force the program to make backup periodically during the measurement This option is enabled by checking the Backup displays The backup file is called backup dat and it is created in the default data directory The backup occurs at the time intervals selected by the corresponding edit control Backup list data The option protects list data file from being lost due to the system failure during a measurement The event by event data are optionally stored in the list output data file that 1s defined in the Start dialog If that option is selected the corresponding file 1s created on start but it is not closed until the acquisition terminates However if it happens that the system crashes before the end of run then the list data output file is lost To prevent this you can force the program to close and again open the file periodically T
21. file aun 20quis Ron k Seven fle Header Figure 2 4 2 1 1 The Start dialog box in the PHA mode In the list data storage mode you can also store data event by event The corresponding list file has Ist extension and it is placed in the default directory Only the default binary format is supported If you want to transform list data into ASCII atan Acouistion fF Depay file Figure 2 4 2 1 2 The Start dialog box in the list mode format use Data Replay command The header information is also stored together with the list data file The list file enables you to reconstruct your original displays histograms Therefore if you save Ist file then it is not necessary to save dat file To enable list data dumping on the disk you should check the box labeled List file 73 2 MNG The histograms are stored after the acquisition is terminated In the same time the list file 1s closed Therefore it is useful for a longer measurement to enable file backup ing see Acquisition Properties Output It causes that displays are periodically stored on the disk during the measurement In the same time the list file is reopened closed and immediately opened To make repeatedly runs use Spector s Control program binary ctl exe There you can write a script 2 4 2 2 Pause Pauses measurement The timers and any on off board data processing are suspended until the
22. has no effect in this case In the size dialog box define the size of rectangle Comparing to the graphical definition of ROI this approach has advantage that it allows you to define exact size of the scan area in millimeters On the other size by the graphical method you can define an arbitrary shape a Step 9 XRF map definition for two dimensional scan This can be done like in the step two or step five Actually the number of pixels in the map defines the step size of the scan in millimeters Therefore you should again use the Map Resolution dialog box in the MNG Acquire Displays property sheet For example if you want step size of 5um along the full scan range of 100um in x or y direction than you should set map resolution to 21 pixels in the same direction a Step 10 Preset time setting for two dimensional scan In this step you can redefine preset time selected in the step six The preset time is always compromise between collecting spectrum that contains a good statistics and measuring for a short time 43 1 X RAY MICROPROBE a Step 11 Starting two dimensional scan Run measurement by pressing the Start button in the MNG client area The result is shown on the Fig 1 5 3 1 2 1 5 3 3 XRFM image of an IC chip with optical calibration 44 Assumption e Spector is running in XRFM mode You can check it in the MNG System MCA property sheet by opening Application dialog box There should be active
23. image was calibrated Scan path Order in which points are scanned The paths with jump adjective take into account backlash compensation Scan speed Speed of all motors during scan The speeds are in arbitrary units In order to set these units in encoder counts sampling time for each motor use Motor application On stop go to MRF After scan is finished motor goes to referent position if this item is checked Zoom If zoom is enable flag yes than the target XRF image has dimension of a smallest rectangle that contains whole scan area In this case the picture of the scan 118 3 MDI area illustrated by the dialog box contains a rectangle drawn by dot lines If zoom is not enabled flag no then the target XRF image has the same dimension as the source image Frame size Size in millimeters of the target XRF image that is defined by the scan area Frame position Coordinate of the left bottom corner of the above frame The coordinates are in scanning coordinate system 3 8 6 Motor The command runs Motor application binary motor exe The application is used to position motors manually There you can define basic motor properties For more information see 4 Motor 3 8 7 Go to The command transform coordinate of a sample point on the video image into motor coordinates on such a way that point is in the front of capillary when motor are on calculated coordinates This command is useful if you w
24. interested in a Region you can declare it as a ROI Region of Interest This is done by the ROI Create or the Region Create ROI command In that case the program copies Region resources and keeps them in the memory until you destroy them In addition you can create a ROI directly from a dialog box In both cases the program assigns an identification or referent number In a one dimensional spectrum each ROI is indicated by a different color on the ROI bar that is located bellow the spectrum In addition the spectrum channels are drawn in the same color In a two dimensional spectrum ROI channels are shown either by inverted colors or boundary lines are drawn This can be customized by Options Map View dialog Create The command creates a ROI from current selected Region It does the same as Region Create ROI command Delete The command deletes active ROI and activates previously defined ROI This command has no effect on the ROIs defined in the MPA PC Manager until the ROI Keep always is checked Edit The command creates new ROI s or deletes modifies ROIs that were previously created You can save all ROIs into a file and load them from a file The command is applied on activate display It brings up a dialog box that let you manipulate with ROIs There are two different dialogs one for one dimensional single and one for two dimensional map displays One dimensional ROI The one dimensional RO
25. is at 0 Therefore you can do there the step three and skip to the step five Checking and correcting optical calibration camera at 180 The error in position of the axis of rotation and capillary as well are the main reasons for missing selected scan area In the formula which program uses to move the sample in the front of the capillary the positions A and C of the axis and capillary respectively enter always as 2A C The precision of the calibration depends on the overall value and not on the particular terms To adjust the whole expression we can alter for example only position of the capillary For this purpose we should take XRF image of a suitable object This can be done by a few micrometer thickness cross as follows a Step 1 Mount the cross and move motors on such a way that cross appears somewhere around the center of the video image oO Step 2 Grab video image with motors at 180 1 X RAY MICROPROBE 1 5 3 a Step 3 Select a ROI for example 300 um x300 um around the cross center and export it a Step 4 Rotate the cross for 180 o Step 5 Make a horizontal line scan It requires defining a map with dimension in y axis equal to one channel and resolution in x direction comparable to the beam size for example 1 2 of the beam size This gives for beam size of 30um and 300um scan around 60 channels in x directions The time preset of 1 second should be enough The map must correspond to the element of which t
26. is extanded to RS170A which is well known as NTSC while CCIR is extended to PAL The extensions are performed on the similar way Again the extended video standards defines signal which use only one wire 137 APENDIX that is Composite video signals The monchrome component is retained and it is called here luminance Usually it is denoted with Y It is formed from so called y corrected R G and B which are denoted by R G and B This correction is made from the following reason a human eye is more sensitive on the chanages of luminance which is closer to black then to white For example if luminance is represented by integers from 0 to 255 where 0 1s dark and 255 white then codes 25 and 26 are much more distinguisable then codes 200 and 201 The lightness sensation can be calculated as intensity raised to a power of 0 33 to 0 45 So the perception requires to transform R G B to R R G G B B This transformation is done on the camera side before coding video signal As x function is used the tyransformation is called y correction A similar y correction 1s made on the display side after decoding for the following reason it 1s well known that CRT 1s a non linear device that is the line output is not proportional to voltage input V this non linearity depends on the construction of electronic gun and not on the CRT s phosphor The light output is approximately proportional to V where y is 2 5 So at d
27. more motors simultaneously with a selected speed while watching their instantaneous positions In addition you can define target motor s position Movement The movement controls move one or more motors infinitely in particular direction The controls are implemented by the push buttons shown on the fig 4 1 The buttons may be activated or deactivated In the first case they look like a pressed button and in the second like a released button To switch a button from one state to the other you can use mouse or keyboard as it is indicated by the table 4 2 1 If a button is activated the corresponding motor moves the sample infinitely in the direction indicated by the button The sample moves in this direction until you deactivate the button activate the button for opposite direction or press the stop button Table 4 2 1 The Movement controls description D Dor Alt D or Downarrow Move sample down Stop all motors More than one button may be active in the same time Therefore you can move the sample simultaneously in all directions Speed The speed control causes the all motors run at selected speed The speed is given in arbitrary units that are proportional to encoder counts sec If the torque load changes on the motors the controller attempts to maintain the velocity by varying the motors current In order to define units in encoder counts per sample time you should use Board properties dialog box 4 MOTOR 4
28. no effect on the original displays created by the MNG Map The command lets you set properties of currently active one dimensional histogram for setting colors metrics and fonts please refer to the Color Desktop and Fonts commands respectively The command opens the Single Display Properties property sheet that contains a set of dialog boxes one for each group of common properties Almost all of its dialog boxes feature the same two buttons Set All To Default and Set All As Default The former causes that any new opened display has the same properties as those selected by the dialog box In addition to use the same properties in the next MDI session apply the View Save or the View SaveAs 91 3 MDI 92 command The last button sets all properties listed in the dialog box to their default values Scale The Scale dialog box sets the vertical also called z or count axis scale The scale is represented with colors that can change either in the logarithmic or linear grade This is defined by the Log Color box Each two dimensional histogram features two scales The Full scale that 1s always associated with all channels in the histogram and the Zoom scale that refers to the channels that are currently shown by the display In the both cases if the Automatic Max amp Min box is checked then program calculates scale ranges automatically For linear scale
29. of this time by using the test button The Command report time out is maximum time the program waits for C812 to send back report A few seconds is enough The default is 5sec The values must be given in milliseconds The Motors to stop time out is maximal time the program waits that motors move to target position This value depends on the speed and distance Therefore an infinite value is ideal On the other hand if an error happens and motor does not move to the target position this time may cause a big delay in scanning or even stop it The default value is 60 sec The Communication test sends several commands to the board and analyses reply It is repeated as many times as defined by the corresponding dialog box The tests is disabled if there is no communication with board Communication ISA bus The communication via ISA bus features some hardware handshaking problems that are fixed by introducing several software emulated wait states For this reason it may be slower then RS232 In order to use this channel several switches and jumpers must be adjusted as follows SW3 bit 8 OFF 9 SW4 bits 1 2 3 6 ON bits 4 5 7 8 OFF see Base memory address bellow Jumper E3 must be installed The Base memory address defines referent memory address that program uses in order to communicate with board It must match settings defined by switch SW4 The program automatically updates driver each time this value
30. refractive lens was built and feasibility of refractive optics for hard X rays was demonstrated The lens was built in aluminium by drilling cylindrical holes Such a lens focuses only in one direction Focusing in both directions resulting in a point focus can be achieved in two ways The simplest is to use two cylindrical arrays in crossed geometry More complex approach uses 1 X RAY MICROPROBE 1 3 3 spherical hole shape The lenses of second generation have parabolic shape and focal length of 1 2 m Until now they are used only in experiments with synchrotron radiation sources Capillaries and polycapillaries The reflectivity ratio of intensity between incident and reflected beam of X rays is normally extremely small and reasonable reflectivity can be achieved only bellow the critical angle for total reflection see 1 3 4 X ray total external reflection For all practical materials it 1s in the range of milliradians In case the reflecting surface represents a certain channel limited in space such as hollow capillary X ray beam can be passed down the capillary tube being reflected from the internal surface with very little loose The loss depends on the shape of capillary and roughness of its surface The most common shapes are straight tapered conical and ellipsoidal Beam divergence is typically from 5 to 10 mrad for Cu Ko X rays The intensity gain verses an aperture collimator can be up to two orders of magnitude greater dep
31. scan area are called target XRF images To define a scan region you should first create a two dimensional ROI on a source image refer to ROI and Region menu for more information and then apply the command If you use a video image the system must be optically calibrated refer to 3 8 1 for more information The size in millimeters of the target XRF images are the same and equal to the size of the scan frame The scan frame is always rectangular in difference from the scan border that may have any shape If the source is a video image or extended XRF image the frame is always defined as a smallest rectangle that surrounds selected scan area ROD 3 MDI 3 8 3 3 8 4 3 8 5 3 mm 100 channels 2 3 mm 100 channels 1 mm 100 channels t lO lr Figure 3 8 2 2 1 The effect of the zoom feature The scan area is defined on a source XRF image a The target XRF image collected after the scanning without zooming a has smaller resolution than the images c collected with zooming assuming the both maps has the same number of channels If the source is an XRF image you can optionally select the full frame of the source image as a scan frame In that case the size of the source and target XRF images are the same This is enabled by disabling zoom in the Scan Properties sheet If the zoom is enabled the scan frame size hence the target XRF image is equal to the smallest rectangle The resolutio
32. size in millimetres together with above map size in pixels defines scan step size in millimetres that 1s resolution of your target XRF image in the same units Y Turn on the beam and press MNG Start button It brings up Start Acquisition dialog shown on the Fig 1 5 4 1 1 Check Display file box and write bellow a dat file name The program will automatically save all spectra and maps in the file immediately after measurement stops Check list file and enter bellow a Ist file name This will save spectra for each scan pixel during measurement and close file immediately after measurement stops If you don t check a box the corresponding type of data will not be stored Still you can save maps and cumulative spectrum manually after measurement stops but not spectra per pixel 29 1 X RAY MICROPROBE 26 Ria dianquiar Scan rea Sire Pos on origin leA botieen comer ahin amp in the iront of the capillary wh en dx 0 000 motors aro el ere positon lx i dye 0 000 E TN tee E _ malor E seii di y dy as ne relerent Paes on A must be a A or don al least oo the si sc n pa Figure 1 5 1 4 1 The Position dialog box of the Rect Scan Area property sheet That s all You are already measuring with the program for the first time Have a look in the Cumulative spectrum If the peak of Fe K and Zn K X ray lines does not fit into ROI this means that you don t
33. this case you have to make a procedure that is described in the chapter X ray Microprobe Scanning Axis of rotation The axis of rotation is used only if the camera position is at 180 Otherwise it is ignored To find it you can mount a micrometer cross take image and read position of the cross Then rotate the cross and do the same The position of the axis is then average value of this to readouts Before each rotation it is recomeanded first to move motors to the referent motor position which is normally 0 0 Export Export commands define scan area that is used later by the acquisition program to drive motors All scan parameters are stored into scan dat file and copied to logbook file scan log where is an unique integer Both of files can be view and modified in any t me 3 8 2 1 Rectangular area 114 The command brings property sheet that lets you define a rectangular scan area with origin left bottom corner that is related to one of the following e sample point that is in the front of capillary or eventually shifted by a selected value in the moment when you apply this property sheet so called blind scan 3 MDI e sample point selected on a two dimensional image XRF extended XRF or video which was active in the moment when you opened this property sheet The blind scan area does not use any video or XRF image Therefore if you don t have any referent image you should use this
34. time you define new region the program deletes previous However if you assign it as a Region of interest ROD than the system keeps it in the memory and creates additional resources that enables you to use it for data analysis To create a ROI use Region Create ROP command Using mouse to select a circle region 1 select circular shape using Region Shape command or a corresponding toolbar bitmap 2 move the cursor to the center 3 press right button 4 drag the mouse to any point on the circle 5 release the button Notes In the 3 step the display cursor turns into the up arrow shape It goes back into the original shape after the 5 step To check the position you can click on the left mouse button Using mouse to select a pie region 1 select circular shape using Region Shape command or a corresponding toolbar bitmap move the cursor to the center Click on the right button move cursor at the end of the first segment line Click on the right button move cursor at the end of the second segment line press End key Notes In the 3 step the display cursor turns into the up arrow shape It goes back into the original shape after the 5 step To check the position you can click on the left mouse button Zoom The command enlarges current selected region to fit the whole area available for the spectrum drawing The size of the area depends on the window size For one dimensional displays and rectangula
35. using the Motor application motor exe The corresponding command is available in the application s system menu o Step 4 Grab image by the Image Grab command o Step 5 Move cursor at the channel that corresponds to the center of the cross o Step 6 Press the AddAuto button This gives the first calibration point e Step 7 Repeat steps 2 to 6 for a few other positions of the cross but skipping the step 3 For example move the cross on such a way that 1t appears close to the corners of the video display This will establish four additional calibration points Step 8 Press the Calibrate button This calculates so called referent calibration coefficients and referent motor position as well These values are also listed in the Optical dialog of the Scan Properties sheet You can use this dialog box to change the calibration offset and referent motor position in any time but you should not change the resolution slope of the referent calibration lines Each time you grab a new image either on the same or different motor position the program automatically re calibrate it taking into account the current motor position and the referent calibration coefficients 124 4 MOTOR 4 Motor The Motor application binary motor exe lets you setup motor controller board and drive up to four motors by the computer keyboard or mouse The application supports different types of controller boards connected with y
36. using the thumb of the vertical scroll bar that 1s placed on the right side of the histogram The top and bottom of the bar corresponds to the maximum and minimum of the full scale respectively The position of the thumb corresponds to the maximum of the zoom scale Therefore by moving the thumb you can adjust the maximum of the visible part to the maximum of the entire histogram 3 MDI For the Set All To Default and the Set All As Default buttons refer to this property sheet introduction Symbols All counts in the spectra are drawn by the same type of symbol Using this dialog box you can select the type They are listed in the Type combo box The symbol may be a line that connects counts or a pattern that represents counts Single Display Properties Seale Symbols As Cursor Thes cage f channels pixel gt one Typa E Show Masini courts Soa i T Show Migimal counts TE FT Show Meer counts tet Drew error bor are greeter hen fi Resica sel all To Dieteuh As Default Figure 3 5 1 2 The Single Symbols dialog box For each line type symbol you can define its thick using the Thick combo box The following line types are possible histogram connects two successive counts by one horizontal and one vertical line spline I connects two successive counts directly with a straight line line produces vertical lines that go from the x axis to each count For a patter
37. you can refer to the Counter bar properties for majority of properties Here are discussed only additional properties The text shown by this bar can be multi or single line If you check the Single line box than bar shows the whole text in one line In that case you can align text in vertical and horizontal direction Otherwise the text is shown in more lines and you can t align it in the vertical direction The Break words box 1s used with multi line texts If the box 1s checked then lines are automatically broken between words if a word would extend past the edge of the bar The text of the Text bar is defined by the Text dialog box It features multi line editor control which enables you to enter up to fifty characters Text bar properties Size Pos Sie Text Color Basic FF Wisible E Thin Border M Static Edge fe Siunkan Resize mower Warticsl Text Let C Bight C Center bonzontal Top C Boom t Center verical Single me T Break words Figure 3 5 6 4 The Text bar Style dialog box Color bar properties See the Counter bar properties for more information about the Size amp Pos and Style dialog boxes To change colors in the Color bar see the View Colors command See also the View Map command Scale bar properties See the Counter bar properties for more information about the Size amp Pos and Style dialog boxes
38. you plan to use a video image of the sample to define a scan area you should first make an optical calibration described in the 3 8 3 Once it is done you can grab a frame from a video image of your sample by using the video Image Grab command select a ROI and finally apply the Export Image ROI command If you don t use a video image you should move sample on such a way to bring the left bottom corner of the sample area you are interested in into the front of capillary After that apply the Export Rectangular Area command Such mode of scanning 1s called blind scan In any case you can define a scan area on the XRF image that is produced from already defined scan area either blind or video To do this you should select an area on the XRF image and apply the Export Image ROI command Note you need already defined scan area Therefore the first valid scan area should be either blind or defined from a video image If you want to select a scan area that does not fit into the frame of an existing XRF image you can open so called extended XRF image This is done by the Extend command It brigs up a new two dimensional map with an XRF image in its center The size and resolution of the map can be defined by the extended Map dialog in the Properties sheet After selecting an area on the extended XRF image you should apply the Export Image ROP command The currently defined scan a
39. 0 a Step 1 Rectangular scan area definition Here we will define two dimensional rectangular scan area Later after obtaining the first XRF image you will be able to define an arbitrary scan area shape that refers to this image Move the sample on such a way that left bottom corner of area you are interested in is in the front of capillary In other words the area should be in the first quadrant like on the Fig 1 5 3 2 1 for the cross Then open the Scan Properties dialog box There select for the scan path vertical with jump or horizontal with jump option These are two preferred ways of scanning because they take into account backlash The backlash 1s important 1f scan step size is small that is typically less then 50um The scan speed can be set to maximal 10 units The zoom should be checked Note that gain torque and similar motor related parameters are defined by the Motor program Normally you don t need to change default values unless there are some problems with moving motors Upon pressing Ok button the main scan properties are set After setting the scan properties apply the Scan Export Rectangle command It brings up a property sheet with two dialog boxes Size and Position In the Position dialog select the origin in the front of capillary when motors are at position button and press the read motor button The program will read current motor coordinates and show it in the corresponding e
40. 0 in Canada RS 343 in Japan and CCIR in the Europe The signal structure is more all less the same for all standards Fig 1 2 1 shows composite monochrome video signals without vertical synchronization part defined by the R170 standard Back porch 4 7 usec 0 714V white level gt CBE 2 5 o o Hor sync pulse Front porch l l l l 4 7 0 1 usec l l l n Vpp o 52 66 usec A lee os Horizontal Active Line N 0 V blanking level blanking gt 0 286V sync level interval a AAN ee l l lt e l l 63 55 psec Line N Figure 1 2 1 The RS170 video signal specification Front Vertical Back No video porch sync porch lines l Equalization Vertical pulse serration pulse LI Figure 3 1 2 2 Vertical blanking interval for non interlaced video signal 136 APENDIX The horizontal synchronization pulse indicates the beginning of the line The video information starts after back porch and remains valid before beginning of the front porch We see that only a part of the line contains valid data The rest 1s called horizontal blanking interval The vertical blanking interval fig 3 1 2 2 lies between two frames The name blanking comes from the fact that conventional cathode ray tube CRT displays must be extinguished blanked during this time interval The front porch terminates on the next synchronization pulse The frame terminates on vertical synchronization pulse The RS170 video signal tr
41. 20 High Resolution DC Mike Actuator features Faulhaber s 3W brushless DC micromotor series 1331012S corresponding magnetic encoder with 60 counts rev gearhead with ratio 31 9 and drive with 0 5 13 1 X RAY MICROPROBE 1 4 4 14 has n 4 This implies that for about every 141 turns made at the input the output 1s reduced to only one turn therefore increasing resolution Couplings see Fig 1 4 3 1 are used in a drivetrain to transmit power and motion between two independent shafts which may not be perfectly aligned Flexible couplings generally allow for some parallel and angular misalignment Depending on their design they may accommodate more misalignment have higher torsional stiffness and load capacity or be capable of higher speeds For example helical couplings feature no backlash and constant velocity under misalignment and they are adaptable to high speed applications as well Usually samples can t be directly mounted on the actuator because of their very small transverse load capacity Therefore they are mounted on platforms called mechanical stages The stages are two mechanical surfaces separated by suitable bearings The most common bearings are ball and crossed roller The stages can either translate linear stages or rotate rotary stages The translation and rotation are constrained to have only one degree of freedom By combining two or more stages one can get motion in two or more axes For example XY or XYZ c
42. 4um capillary exit cca 12 um preset time 5 sec 1 5 4 Tips Scan with using optical image a Camera position be sure that x y axes of camera are parallel with x y actuators axes To do this grab two images of the cross s center by using lens with lower magnification first at left most and then at right most visible position of cross In both cases the center must be at same vertical position The tilt z axis of the camera can t be adjusted Q Beam direction if beam is not parallel with trail an additional error in position may be introduced for example to rotate sample you need to move the whole stages from capillary and after taking image to bring it back all this procedure may change 45 1 X RAY MICROPROBE distance from capillary to sample To check the direction very precisely you can use micrometers cross and find position of its center as a function of distance from capillary To do this you can make blind scan around the center of the cross for each distance from capillary Sample positioning in order to grab image one should rotate your sample camera at 180 and therefore move the whole stages on secure distance from capillary When moving stages back one should reproduce the stages position To do this it is convenient to fix a limitator on the trail between stages and capillary on such a way that stages can t be moved from measurement position in the direction to the capillary This also s
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44. A The wizard always offers default information 4 What is your application Select here XRFM microprobe Wha is Your Applicaton Selec applcabon yiu ara imara thad if Hakes bo dimensonel detnbytion of elements using say fluorescence The sample ia positioned with actuators and monted Gy X rays The sppbcabon requires el leal teen echwstors and Motor controller boerd 5 What is your motor controller board This step appears only for the XRFM and TXRF application In these cases you need motor controller board installed on the same computer and at least two actuators If you don t have any board installed then select none and wizard will skip to the step 7 Note that current version supports only PI C812 motor controller board 6 Motor controller information The PI C812 has two channels of communication via serial port RS232 or ISA bus In both case the program asks only for the information necessary to access the board 1 X RAY MICROPROBE All other properties gain torque are set to default and you can later change them with using Motor application They are stored in Motor ini file The RS232 channel is preferred due to hardware handshaking problems in ISA mode If you select RS232 the wizard asks for the host s serial port settings You may LEI wa Rode 4 q Com For ATT E Baud Ante 06 7 to gre i Dais Bts e gt MJ Sl y Thi communication ki gt 0 m ng ak
45. A selected map may be deleted by the delete map command Note that each time you delete one ROI in the Cumulative spectrum the program removes its corresponding map Procedure Edit Roi The display setup is summarized in the following procedure Note that steps 1 3 are not necessary if you have calibrated detector and you loaded a valid data for X ray lines identification Iy apply the Display command in the Acquire menu 2 press set all default button 3 press Ok button 4 export a Rectangular scan area using the MDI Scan Export 5 make a short measurement by pressing the start button 6 delete all ROIs and then create new ROIs on the Cumulative display shown by the MDI 7 apply the Displays command in the Acquire menu 8 press the map resolution to define map resolution 9 press create all maps 10 press Ok button Note that you can also create the ROIs from the Edit page in the Display property sheet by using the ROI button This should be done after the step 7 In this case you can skip the step 6 The command lets you to modify properties of the current selected display A Single display or XRF Map Properties dialog is brought up depending on which one 1s currently selected It shows properties of the selected display If a map is currently selected the Edit dialog brings up a dialog that depen
46. BE Table 1 2 1 Video image specification Video image size pixels projected area um resolution um pixel X40 0 539 0 544 1648 1244 2 146 2 160 a Micropositioning system Motor controller Physic Instrumente C812 Actuators Physik Instrumente M 224 20 Faulhaber DC micromotors 1331012S 3W 12V 11300rpm Faulhaber Magnetic encoder 15 x 4 counts per revolution Faulhaber Spur gearheads series 15 2 reduction ratio 31 9 Drive screw pitch 0 5mm rev Travel 25mm Maximal velocity 0 67mm sec Maximal push pull force 40N Backlash 5um Theoretical resolution translation 16891 1 encoder counts mm rotation 19444 4 encoder counts deg Stages Physik Instrumente X YZR magnetic with ball bearings a Data acquisition Detector Oxford Pentafet model 6454 Resolution 165eV Area 80mm Preamplifier Amplifier Canberra spectroscopy amplifier model 2020 ADC Canberra model 8075 Multi Channel Analyser Canberra S100 Software Custom written Spector 1 3 X ray beam focusing All X ray optics makes use of the wave nature of X rays Therefore the refraction reflection or diffraction and interference of X rays are fundamental for X ray optics Although these properties are well known from visible light and widely used there much shorter wavelength typically around 0 lnm for 10keV X ray comparing with 600nm of visible light A nm 1 2398 E keV and different interaction with matter makes the focusing of X rays mu
47. COMPUTER MANUAL SERIES No 17 Data Acquisition for X Ray Microprobe User s Manual INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY 2002 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was Instrumentation Unit Seibersdorf Laboratories International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P O Box 100 A 1400 Vienna Austria DATA ACQUISITION FOR X RAY MICROPROBE IAEA VIENNA 2002 AEA CMS 17 IAEA 2002 Printed by the IAEA in Austria September 2002 FOREWORD A modified data acquisition software for X ray microprobe was developed by the Physics Group Instrumentation Unit IAEA Laboratories at Seibersdorf with assistance from M Bogovac Croatia The software consists of data acquisition scanning and calibration automatic positioning and micro movement of sample data reduction and evaluation The acquisition software was designed in order to support different measurement set ups which are applied in low energy nuclear physics The modification was done in 1999 2000 under the projects Nuclear Spectrometry and Utilization of Particle Accelerators The manual supersedes the first version entitled Microanalysis Data Acquisition and Control Program published under Computer Manual Series No 9 in 1996 The software described in this manual is freely available from the IAEA upon request For comments suggestions installation and or user help please contact IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf Instrumentation Unit XRF Group
48. Counter properties Style Left Right and Center display text flush left right or center respectively in a simple rectangle Words that would past the end of a line are automatically wrapped to the beginning of the next line The Visible style makes control visible If this style is not set the control will be initially invisible The Border style draws a rectangle around the control If Read only style is checked it prevents editing the content of the control The content of the counter changes automatically by the program Therefore you don t need to edit it If you don t check the box you will be able to edit it The Disable style produces grayed control s text Color Sets color of the desktop control The control has its window s color and text s background foreground colors For each of them you can select one of the colors from the default system palette 2 4 1 6 Save The command saves desktop into the default desktop file The default desktop file depends on the application The file gets the same name as application and extension dsk txrf dsk spm xrf xrfm dsk In the case of a default application the name becomes list dsk and pha dsk for list and PHA data storage respectively 2 4 1 7 Save as The command saves desktop into a user selected file The Save As dialog brings up that let you select the file name This file is not use
49. I single is defined by a starting left edge and a terminating right edge channel The edge channels are included into the ROI The dialog includes a list of all ROIs for currently active display and a few controls to create new and delete change selected ROI To define the left and the right 3 MDI single ROI Selection Channels iil Ma a E ba Be 00114 00127 00083007 01 00313 00341 0053300546 00167 00175 0022300235 0024400254 00271 00283 Figure 3 4 3 1 1 The Create one dimensional ROI dialog box edge channels use From and To edit control respectively By Add you can add a new ROT in the list If you want to change any ROI from the list you should first select 1t This causes that its channels appear in the edit controls and you can modify it After that Map HO Selection Typa PecifSbkces Poty1 01 2 3 Objects fi Correr ej AO Tes SubROI Ports m yi 10601 DA Ji 0010056 1060203 00 00340056 00340091 Figure 3 4 3 2 1 The Create two dimensional ROI dialog box press Change button The Delete command removes selected ROI from the list The SaveAs command saves all ROIs from the dialog list in a user selected file The inverse command is Load Note that you can t save or load ROIs for all displays simultaneously 3 4 3 2 Two dimensional ROI Each time you want to create add a new ROI first you should select the type I
50. LL dynamic link libraries It is supported by the list mode only Another way to use the custom data processing is to define parameters by the prmlib dll For more information see Displays command in the Acquire menu Host The Host command lets you modify the basic properties of the program and host resources that are controlled by the program The command brings up a property sheet containing several pages described as follows 2 2 3 1 Control Sets the program control mode You can control the acquisition from the same computer you used to install the MCA also called server or from a remote computer also called client This can be done on a several ways They are listed on the Control page and explained as follows None All commands are applied from the program menus and dialog boxes on the Server This is the default mode Local user written program The commands are sent from a user written program in the form of Windows SendMessage instruction The program should run on the server 57 2 MNG Local Spector command interpreter The commands are sent from a command interpreter using Control application binaries ctl exe and parser dll This requires to write a script in a simple language and then run it either line by line or in a batch mode The Control application should run on the server Host Properties Control Priorities Directories ASZ32 Local
51. Ok button Now you have well defined rectangular scan area of size x x y that includes the center of your cross Actually the program creates scan dat file in the scan subdirectory of the Spector s root directory In addition it creates scanxxx log file which you can latter edit with Scan View or Scan History and eventually modify 1 X RAY MICROPROBE a Step 2 XRF map definition for horizontal scan In the third step you should define map the program will collect data into Each map is defined by its size in pixels and additional information used by analysis routine like ROL Generally each map corresponds to one element you want to analyses that is its characteristic X ray line The analysis used in this example assumes that you have defined one ROI for each element Each ROI should be defined around the position of the corresponding characteristic X ray line To do this apply the Acquire Display command It opens the XRFM Displays Properties dialog box There press the set all defaulf button It creates a map that uses a simple ROI based elemental analysis In addition two single spectra are created one that shows cumulative and other that shows per pixel transient spectrum To set resolution of your map in pixels press the map resolution button It brings up dialog that accepts x and y resolution In order to find vertical wire enter for the x direction a number equal to the x size of the scan rectangle fro
52. This specification side steps issues of backlash and hysteresis and therefore is less meaningful for many real world 15 1 X RAY MICROPROBE applications where reversal of motion direction is common A more significant specification is bi directional repeatability or the ability to achieve a commanded position over many attempts regardless of the direction from which the position is approached na 1 04 T 1 1 Fe Bie Toi Bee AIP Pit Figure 1 4 5 2 The difference between accuracy and precision in micropositioning systems 1 5 Data acquisition 1 5 1 Getting started 1 5 1 1 Program structure 16 The X ray microprobe acquisition is fully controlled by a program package called Spector Spectrum collector It is a general purpose multi parameter data acquisition software originally developed for the FAST Com Tec MPA PC multi parameter hardware PC card and external ADC bus box running on the Win95 NT operating system The system is in use in a number of laboratories for a variety of applications in a low energy nuclear physics few particle nuclear reactions PIXE microprobe small angle X ray scattering SAXS The modular program structure allows adjusting to various types of hardware The software operates in two basic modes list and PHA In the PHA mode the data coming from ADC are sorted by dedicated hardware and stored there in associated memory The PHA requires a simple pulse height sorting The software peri
53. To change the numbers in the scale use View Single or View Map command To change the colors use the View Colors command Display bar properties See the Counter bar properties for more information about the Size amp Pos and Style dialog boxes To change the colors use the View Colors command Directories For more information see MNG System Properties Directories 103 3 MDI 3 5 8 3 5 9 104 Tool bar The command Sets the Toolbar view It opens Tool Bar dialog that let you customizes your Tool bar The Tool bar 1s a widow placed below the main window title and Menu bar that contains a set of bitmaps The bitmaps allow you to apply Menu command directly by clicking on the corresponding bitmap Not all commands have the corresponding bitmap F Enable F Help overtoolber Cancel T Help over stetusber Commands separador New line 1 Oman Nora EE Tila Figure 3 5 8 1 The Tool Bar dialog box To enable the Tool bar you should check the Enable box If you want the program displays a single line of descriptive text each time you put cursor over it you should check the Help over toolbar button A little more information is possible to have on the Status bar To enable that feature you should check the Help over statusbar button The Status bar is a narrow window placed on the bottom of the p
54. Upon applying the Desktop command the toolbar is removed and menu bar contains Exit command only Now you have to select display that you want to customize Then move the mouse cursor inside the window at a position where noting is drawn and click on the right button It opens a popup menu Select there the Open item Now if you click by mouse one of bars than it 1s selected Any selected bar can be moved or resized as ordinary window To select a group of bars you should draw a rectangle around all of them or at lest to intersects each of them with this rectangle You can do it by the left mouse button It 1s possible to move a group of bars together but not resize more then one bar at time To edit bar properties first select the bar and then apply Edit command from the Desktop popup menu An equivalent approach 1s to double click on the bar This brings up a property sheet If no bars are selected and you applied the Edit command from the popup menu or you double clicked inside the desktop area but not on any bar then the Desktop properties sheet brings up After setting all properties you can save them as default by applying the Save command This means that on the run time the program takes the last saved information to build the corresponding type of display This is done on such a way that all bars are drawn in the proportional size 3 MDI Desktop properties 1 E3 Size Margins l
55. XRF microprobe If not then select it and press OK If yes it means that you already have some XRF maps defined and you will need to redefine them e detector is calibrated It 1s calibrated if single spectra in MDI show both energy and channels To see spectra apply MNG Data View and then MDI Display OpenAll command If detector 1s not calibrated than you can do it as described in the 2 3 1 2 1 MNG Edit XRFM Detector Calibration o Step 1 Optical calibration In this step you will establish the scanning coordinate system and find there position of capillary and axis of rotation important only if your camera is at 180 All you need to define is contained in the Optical dialog box of the Scan Properties property sheet This step is described in the Optical scan section of this paragraph For example the Procedure I is the most general and does not depend on the camera position a Step 2 scan area definition Now move all motors to zero position including rotation mount the sample and rotate it by 180 and then translate on such a way that area you are interested in is in the view of microscope grab its image by Video Image Grab and save it Note that you can grab more images one for each part of sample and then later you don t need to rotate motors again Then open the Scan Properties dialog box There select for scan path vertical with jump or horizontal with jump option T
56. aah ara version greeter Pan 3 f OF o mayad yak eth baad ratoa gruetar hen 9600 cock bc gt Cancel need to change Port ID In addition you need a serial communication cable see 4 3 1 1 2 Motor section For ISA bus you should enter base memory address Use the default value 1f not in conflict with other hardware When running in ISA mode program uses several software wait states that are set to default and may not be proper for your computer After installation it is highly recommended to run Motor application Board properties sheet Communication dialog and make the following 1 loop speed test 2 disable auto loop speed test 3 test communication Cel vin FA Plus i i y Enter mamon address seleciad bre eavaitch Sd aed weed Ery y Col EA bus communiet Fi p A Y Er Tr e eL TN j Er haa E This comenaunicaticre 6 many nil work wath imaa eran belka 4 o requires sofware wed slsios im harndehekisq protocol thai Slew Goan CT We Geri On pad o ie loss pretoreble han AS212 Back Med Cancel For both channels the default values correspond to default positions of board s jumpers and they are highly recommended for selection Note that program supports only firmware versions that are listed in the table 4 3 1 1 1 of the Motor section You can install update board from already installed software with using Motor application Therefore you can proceed If you don t get controller
57. age for each motor position generally we can have as many offsets as there are motor positions But 1f we want to show all images in the same coordinate system than only one offset and one motor position are necessary and sufficient This coordinate system is called scanning or referent coordinate system and x and y motor position is called referent motor position The image obtained at referent motor position is called referent image This means that Q calibration offset you define is valid only for referent motor position a each time you move motors and grab an image the program recalculates calibration offset on such a way that any object has equal coordinates on all images Q any fixed object does not move with motors that you can see on a grabbed image has valid coordinates only if x and y motors are at referent position Therefore when you define the calibration offset and motor referent position then the position of capillary is unique and each sample point can be positioned in the front of capillary The scanning coordinate system and position of capillary and the axis of rotation if camera is at 180 are usually established during a procedure called optical calibration that is explained in 1 5 2 3 3 1 5 2 3 2 Coordinate system for camera at 180 The scanning coordinate system see Fig 1 5 2 3 2 1 is established when x and y motors are at fixed arbitrary position M M gt steps encoder co
58. al marker create line ROI and export it with Scan Export Image ROP If the line is horizontal then define map size in vertical direction 1pixel Similar for vertical line use 1pixel map size in horizontal direction You can also define line scan from the Scan Export Rectangle Area dialog box In this case it must be either horizontal or vertical If the line is horizontal then vertical map size must be pixel and vertical scan area size in millimeters is ignored Similar for horizontal line a Point scan in order to perform scan at particular point of an XRF image do the following transform the point coordinate shown on the image to motor coordinates with using Scan Goto and move motors to the calculated coordinates in encoder counts by the Motor application This causes that selected point 1s moved in the front of capillary Save your data with Data Save command and remove all maps by the Acquire Display Edit Delete All Maps command Finally start measurement Note that you have to stop measurement manually Another approach which does not need to delete maps is to create a small ROI around the point export it and define map size I pixel x Ipixel a Multi pattern scan area you can define several independent scan area patterns but they can be only polygonal including rectangle To do this use Polygonal marker when creating scan ROI for each corner of the first pattern click on the right button Whe
59. an XRF image collected with using of a scan area defined on a video image is shifted comparing to the video image you can correct current position of capillary x y without additional measurement Look for a point that you can recognize on both images for example a corner or center of an object If the point has X Y yee coordinates on the XRF image and new new xy Y y on the video image than corrected capillary position x y is given by the following relation x X Caer Xyid new Ye Ve Y ver Yya Enter corrected values in the Scan Properties Optical dialog box instead of already existing values Scan general 46 a Backlash if precision is critical then use vertical or horizontal scan path with jump It minimizes backlash In addition enable go there with backlash correction feature of the Motor application see application s system menu and Application Properties item Then apply go there command after each manual positioning done by the move buttons 1 X RAY MICROPROBE a Motor limits never go with motors in the extreme position bellow 0 mm marker and above 25mm marker The motors may have no limit switches and in the worst case it may block motors only solution is to dismount motor In the better case your optical calibration may be lost due to inelastic forces 1n the stages Q Line scan in order to make line scan use Polygon
60. and you can also use the Ins key Add The command adds item that is selected in the list view window immediately after the item that 1s selected in the tree view The inserted item has always the same level as the reference To run the command you can also use the Shift and Ins keys simultaneously Restore The command restores menu to the original form that 1s taken immediately after the Open or Default command The associated accelerator key is Esc Default The command builds default menu The default menu contains all available commands It is good starting point to build a new menu The commands can be run by the Home key 3 5 10 Status bar 106 The command enables or disables the Status bar The Status bar 1s a narrow window placed on the bottom of the program window It contains some useful information like acquisition status available memory and scale properties In addition it displays a short help message what the toolbar icon does 3 MDI 3 5 11 3 5 12 3 5 13 3 5 14 3 5 15 Updating The command sets mode and period of the displays refreshing during the measurement It brings up Updating Properties dialog box Updating Properties Update Mode Active Ory ie Al Lindete Pale F k Seconds roy moles OF Cancal Figure 3 5 11 1 The Updating Properties dialog hny The MDI uses only one thread to draw all displays The di
61. ansfers 30 frames per second which means that number of lines per frame is 525 1 63 56usec 30 1 s The line period of 63 56 usec corresponds to scan frequency of 15 734kHz If the active line which lasts after 52 15 usec is sampled A D conversion with frequency of 12 2576MHz horizontal resolution is of 640 52 15 usec 12 2576 M sec pixels as is proposed by standard Because of the vertical blanking interval which 1s cca 8 of total frame time 485 from 525 vertical lines are active Characteristics of the CCIR format are as follows The total amplitude 1s also 1 Vpp peak to peak but sync level is at 0 3V and white level at 0 7V The timing is as follows the scan puls is 4 7 0 2 usec back porch 5 8 usec front porch 1 5 0 3 usec active line 52 0 usec All this gives 64 usec for one scan line The standard defines 25 frames per second which gives 1 64 usec 25 1 s 625 lines per frame Horizontal resolution depends on sampling rate and for 14 77 MHz gives 768 pixels 52 0 usec 14 77 M s as 1s proposed by standard Because of the vertical blanking interval there are 575 of 625 active lines That is the resolution is 768 572 This is summarized in the table 1 2 1 Table 1 2 1 Basic parameters specified by RS170 and CCIR standard oo RSTO CCIR units Interlaced es Yes 1 3 Composite video signal format color The standards stablished for monochrome video signal are extended to comprise color feature The RS170
62. ant Then open the Scan Properties dialog box There select for the scan path vertical with jump or horizontal with jump option These are two preferred ways of scanning because they take into account backlash The backlash is important if scan step size 1s small that is typically less then 50um The scan speed can be set to maximal 10 units The zoom should be checked Note that gain torque and similar motor related parameters are defined by the Motor program Normally you don t need to change default values unless there are some problems with moving motors Upon pressing Ok button the main scan properties are set After setting the scan properties apply the Scan Export Rectangle command It brings up a property sheet with two dialog boxes Size and Position In the Position dialog box check in the front of capillary when motors are at position button and press read motor button The program will read current motor y mm I quadrant a capillary Figure 1 5 3 2 1 Properly positioned cross for vertical and horizontal scanning coordinates showing them in the corresponding edit controls Then set 0 0 for dx dy shift and check Set x dx y dx as a new referent position button In the Size dialog box enter size of the scan rectangle area The x and y size should be a little bit larger then x and y distance from center of the cross to the exit of capillary Finally press
63. ant to bring particular sample point identified on an image in the front of capillary In order to get spectrum at this point you can do any of the following e Move motors to the calculated position switch to default application see MNG System MCA Application and start acquisition e Move motor to the calculated point delete all maps and start acquisition e Export a small rectangular with left top corner at this point set map resolution to 1x1 pixel and start measurement EME maqe coordinada maior ciao nc race Piri ari eps E erin yin slaps Sed as cursor Calculate Primi is pasdi n OF x and y motors when 6 point at coordinate on AE hideg image t in the itoni of capallary Ewit Figure 3 8 7 1 The Scan Goto dialog 3 9 Video menu hox The Video Menu items let you display a video image from a color or black and white camera in a real or pseudo real time depending on the hardware capabilities This requires a camera and a video capture board which is also called frame grabber 119 3 MDI 3 9 1 3 9 2 120 The software supports capture boards that are listed by the Select command You need to select your board only once time usually after the program installation Before that you should install the board according to the instructions supplied by manufacturer After selecting the board you should configure it using the Properties command For each of supported boa
64. ar formats including ISA PCI compact PCI STD PC 104 and VME By residing on the computer s internal expansion bus the cards can provide communication speed and flexibility Unlike bus based cards stand alone controllers operate without requiring installation in a computer They have their own power supplies and enclosures Communications take place via RS 232 serial links The PI C 812 controller is implemented as ISA board and supports RS232 communications as well Amplifier A motor amplifier also referred to as motor driver receives input signals from a controller and converts them to power to drive a motor Basic step motor drives are fairly simple devices consisting of several power transistors that sequentially energise the motor phases according to the number of digital step pulses received from the controller More advanced microstepping versions which are common control the phase currents in a staircase sinusoidal fashion permitting a motor to operate with a much greater resolution and reducing a step motor s inherent resonance problem Brush motor drives typically accept a 10 V analog signal from the controller This signal corresponds to a current or voltage command Four power transistors arranged in an H bridge control both the direction and magnitude of current in the motor windings Like a brush drive a brushless motor drive typically accepts a 10 V analog signal from the controller However just as the typical brushless
65. ata into Moreover it lasts until the MDI is active and can t be recovered after that One should use the Display Write command to save it The data are stored as 32 bit unsigned integers and initially all channels contain zero counts To store data into the display you can use Tools Compose command or do it from the Control application The command brings up the Create Single dialog There you can define the basic display feature The Name defines display name the Title sets title on its axes the Resolution is an integer that determines the number of channels The Minimum and Maximum are real numbers that are used to calibrate x axis linear transformation They correspond to the first ch 0 and last ch Resolution 1 channel respectively Therefore if you want to display channels on the axis then set Minimum 0 and Maximum Resolution 1 3 MNG Create Single Herne Single men a G8 ieee Title f Tile ly Besolubon fi 0124 Adinimasm lo Hiau 23 Figure 3 1 6 1 The Create Single Display dialog box 3 1 7 Create map The command creates two dimensional auxiliary spectrum The spectrum can t be used to collect data Moreover it lasts until the MDI is active and can t be recovered after that One should use the Display Write command to save it The data are stored as 32 bit unsigned integers and initially all channels contain zero count
66. aves capillary from damaging if stages were not fixed by corresponding screw Sample rotation always move motors to x y referent position which is usually 0 0 before rotating sample for 180 It minimizes errors in position when scanning an area far from microscope when motors are in referent position Looking for capillary position with using cross check that cross wires are parallel with camera and actuator axes If not you should make 2 dim scan rather then a horizontal and vertical scan only in order to get capillary position The checking 8may be done on the same way as verifying camera position but this time the whole horizontal wire should not change its vertical position Grabbing image grab images on such a way that microscope and stages are always approximately at the same position on the trail The trail surface is rough and differences as large as 50 um in y axis may be observed at different places on the trail Grabbing image once you have sample in the front of camera it is convenient to grab several images of interesting areas on the sample This may save time especially if camera is at 180 requires sample rotation or far from capillary Microscope focusing if turned too much the screw for rough focusing may move microscope up or down relative to the sample The trail and microscope platform may not be parallel due to roughness of trail The errors as much as 50 um were observed Correction of the optical calibration if
67. awn by a pen which properties are defined by the Frame Line and Frame Tick controls The axis Grid is a set of equidistant horizontal and or vertical lines that are perpendicular to the axes x grid to the x axis and y grid to the y axis The Grid 1s drawn by a pen which line style and thick you can set with Grid Line and the Grid Tick controls respectively This is donesonly if the Draw box is checked The Ticks are short lines at the axes that mark the distance in axis units They can be drawn on each of the four frame borders separately by checking the Top Bottom Left and Right boxes Their thickness and size are defined by the Tick Thick and Thick Size controls respectively The Ticks may be drawn inside or outside of the frame which is defined by the corresponding combo controls The Ticks are labeled by numbers which are shown only if the Ticks are enabled The axis Titles are defined by the Titles dialog box of the same property sheet The colors are defined by the Color dialog box and font by the Fonts dialog box You can use the Desktop command to customize axis size and position For the Set All To Default and the Set All As Default buttons refer to this property sheet introduction Single Displey Properties HE Seale Symbols Ade Carece Titles Feme She Line es Tii said ft md yand C
68. ay that sample is moved by the micro positioning system in the front of a fixed beam In order to scan a sample you should select a part of its area and define steps in which micro positioning system will move the sample in the front of the beam that 1s capillary or lens The scan area can be selected from a video image or you can define it in reference to the sample point that is currently in the front of the capillary The first case refers to the optical scan and the last to the blind scan mode In both cases the result will be an XRF image target image with rectangular frame that you can use to redefine new scan area by inheriting scan type In all cases the area can be defined with using of the Scan menu item in the MDI application particularly the Scan Export Rectangle for rectangular shape and the Scan Export Image ROI command for arbitrary shape In both cases the program creates a new logbook file scan log and overwrite existing scan data file scan dat that is used by the MNG to drive motors BOT OQURIg 29 yep ueos soseul JAX popucixy Y TAX BOT ZOQURIS 29 yep uRdg soseul JAX popusixy Y TAX Figure 1 5 2 1 All possible ways to define scan area in a series of measurements The corresponding MDI commands are indicated by the gray circles In any time you can activate an old scan area that 1s scan logbook file by the Scan History command and repeat measurement In addition you can view
69. becomes active The windows should be created by MNG Acquisition Displays dialog Open all on start The command enables or disables automatic opening of all displays each time the acquisition 1s started or a new data are loaded Read The command reads display from a user selected file and shows it in a separate window This is an inverse of the Write command The file name and format should be entered in the dialog box that is automatically opened Usually the command is used to read previously stored display that had been created by the MDI application See also Display Read command Write The command writes data of the active display in ASCII format extension ASC For each count in the spectra one line is written that contains x y channel number and channel content separated by a blank character In addition the GANAAS format with extension SPE is supported It is a special ASCII format with a short header which can be used to evaluate spectra with the GANAAS software from the LA E A The command starts Save As dialog that let you select file name and format To save all displays you should use MNG Data Save command Note this does not save displays that were created by Display Create command Therefore the only way to save such displays is to apply Write command Create single The command creates one dimensional auxiliary spectrum The spectrum can t be used to collect d
70. bove normal 9 Normal frg Normal 26 Real time Highest __ Normal bkg The system scheduler controls multitasking by determining which of the competing threads receives the next slice of the processor s time Each time slice consists of a fixed number of clock ticks The currently executing thread is suspended when its time slice elapses allowing another thread to run The scheduling dynamic priority of each thread is determined by the following criteria e priority class of its process real time high normal or idle e priority level of the thread within the priority class of its process lowest below normal normal above normal highest e dynamic priority boost if any the system applies to the thread s base priority The base priority of each thread is the thread s priority level within the priority class of its process Its values are shown in the table 3 The scheduler uses this base priority to determine a thread s dynamic priority which it uses to make scheduling decisions A thread s dynamic priority is never less than its base priority CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW Bogovac M Ruder BoSkowi Institute Croatia Bamford S International Atomic Energy Agency Chinea Cano E International Atomic Energy Agency Markowicz A International Atomic Energy Agency 141
71. cal Motor referent position It is defined in encoder counts steps of x and y motors in the moment when the scanning coordinate system is defining see also chapter X ray Microprobe Scanning At which position the motors are with here selected coordinate in steps it is up to you It is recommended to move motor on a preferred position and then reset x and y motor coordinates set them to 0 It should be done before setting capillary position Therefore 0 0 is default value The capillary position and position of axis of rotation are invalid if the motor referent position and calibration coefficients as well were changed in the meantime Optical Camera position The program supports two positions of the camera e On the front side of the sample with optical axis at 0 respect to the capillary In this case select the first item in the list box 0 On the backside of the sample with optical axis at 180 respect to the capillary In this case select the second item in the list box 180 Select the value that corresponds to your geometry Optical Capillary position It is a position of capillary beam defined in the scanning coordinate system The capillary is fixed Therefore if you take its coordinate from a video image then motors must be in the position defined by the motor referent position item when image is grabbing Sometimes exit of capillary is covered by the aluminium and can t be seen by microscope In
72. ch ADC a simple histogram 1s built that is the frequency of digitized amplitude versus the digitized amplitude If the mode is not 2 MNG listed 1t is assumed the MCA operates in the simple PHA mode Otherwise the PHA mode may be more versatile and specified by additional properties In the List mode the board stores converted data to an internal buffer in a successive order The buffer is transferred to the host in the real time The capability to handle coincidence between ADCs is indicated by the entry Coincidence It can be turned on or off Usually this property is specified with the additional items listed by the MCA command in the Acquire menu 2 2 2 1 1 S100 The Canberra System S100 MCA is a PC board that multiplexes up to four ADCs The current program version supports only the first channel that is one ADC in the full resolution MCA Propeortios Fla MCA aoc Applicetion identicstion Mame System S100 Company Canberra propenes Acquisition status ensolad I D address RR hex Connected ADCs 3 3 Cancel y Help Figure 2 2 2 1 1 1 The MCA dialog box for the S100 MCA in the XRFM application Therefore the value for the Connected ADCs item should be set to one except for the XRFM application when it should be three In the last case the first two ADCs are treated as a virtual and they are assigned to the x and y position of the sample The MCA uses I O ports to
73. ch difficult X ray beam size and intensity are critical parameters for X ray microprobe and similar techniques Therefore a lot of effort has been made in past few decades to construct an efficient focusing system The techniques can be summarised in three groups The first is based on diffraction and interference Such are Bragg and multilayer mirrors zone plates and phase gratings Their common characteristic 1s spectral selectivity Therefore they do not allow one to handle beams with a wide energy spectrum 1 X RAY MICROPROBE 1 3 1 The refraction techniques have been considered impracticable for long time due to very small index of refraction and considerable absorption But recently 1t has been demonstrated that with the using of the so called compound refractive lens stacking between 20 and 150 small lenses with strong curvature of 0 2mm a considerable focusing effects on relative short distance 1 2 meters can be achieved The reflection techniques are most widely used in X ray focusing They are based on the total external reflection Typical examples are total reflection bent mirrors capillaries and polycapillaries These techniques are especially useful for focusing broad bandpass X rays The capillaries and polycapillaries are widely used in X ray microprobe with conventional X ray sources Multilayers A multilayer 1s a stack of usually two alternating thin layers A B deposited N times on each other Layer A usually
74. cked In this case you can start a new replay for each file and accumulate overall histograms The replay starts from the first available event which is located at the beginning of the data section It proceeds in a successive order and terminates with the last event at the end of the file To change the default start and end positions edit the Event from and the Event to entries respectively For the XRFM application event is related to a point on the sample and each event contains a full spectrum collected at this point 2 MNG Start Replay E3 pan gvant Jo event l Modded Sppend P Asci puien Aen jnpu r l Epp OF Cancal Figure 2 1 7 1 The Start Replay dialog box The input list file 1s assumed binary unless you check the Ascii input box By definition the Ascii list file is n column text file where column n contains channel of ADCn It contains no display information therefore it is always replayed using the current defined histograms If you want to transform your original binary list file into the n column text file then check the Ascii output box The Scan option is available only for the XRFM or SPM application If it is checked the program skips events that are not contained in the scan region To define scan region use MDI Utility Scan for the SPM or MDI Scan Export command for the XRFM application The Stabilize option is used to make c
75. communicate with the host Therefore the O address item should correspond to the on board jumper settings as indicated by the table 2 2 2 1 1 1 Note that the slave boards are not supported that is the board must be Model 4610 Master board The MCA has no on board ADC If you use Canberra 870x ADC then set the Gain and Range equal to the Resolution and offset to zero Table 2 2 2 1 1 1 The I O port base addresses for the Canberra System S100 MCA Base 1 0 Address hex 53 2 MNG 2 2 2 1 2 MPA PC The Fast ComTec MPA PC MCA 1s a multi parameter PC board that features the list mode and the coincidence It supports up to eight ADCs in a LBB package or three ADCs in a SBB package In the first case the Connected ADCs item must be set to the number of interfaces in the bus box In addition the jumpers in the ADC interfaces must be properly set To measure ADC dead time the MCA uses internal clocks two in the PHA and one in the list mode Using the DtC k column you assign weather the system measures dead time for particular ADC or not and which clock to use A clock counts an overall dead time for all ADCs if more than two ADCs are assigned to it If the coincidence feature is enabled you should select coincidence time GAL code Gal CT This must correspond to the GAL chip The chips are placed on the first card in the bus box which connects ADC interfaces with your MPA PC card Once you have sel
76. consists of a strongly absorbing material metal Layer B is a spacer made of a low density material The resulting structure has a repetition period A ta tg where ta g are the single layer thicknesses Due to different optical indices n of the two layers the whole stack acts like a one dimensional artificial Bragg reflector when exposed to an X ray beam The properties of multilayers can be described in analogy to those of single crystals Neglecting absorption and refraction the wavelength A periodicity A and Bragg angle are approximately related by the well known Bragg equation 2Asin0 na Since the multilayer period A ranges typically between 2 0 nm and 10 0 nm the first order Bragg angle 0 for hard x rays E 5 100 keV is rather small 0 2 2 0 The scattering power increases with increasing optical contrast between the layer materials The reflectivity is strongly affected by interface roughness between adjacent layers The penetration depth is limited due to strong absorption and extinction effects leading to a relatively low spectral resolution of about 10 On the other hand this offers a relatively high photon flux as compared to single crystals By variation of the thickness ratio ta A the equivalent of the structure factor of single crystals one can suppress undesired harmonics in the reflected spectrum Focus TOA E T7 p 1d 1 Y e i A w 5 E W F i p F j F Fi J k p Fi Figure 1 3 1 1 Focusing geom
77. corresponding inf file in the bin subdirectory of the application s root directory Therefore to change any default value use the MCA command in the System menu after selecting the MCA MCA The MCA command lets you modify the basic properties of the MCA you are using or you already used to collect the data The command brings a property sheet that shows MCA properties in the three pages that are common for all MCAs MCA ADC and Application Select MA tor acouestion MIA Type Compa MEA PE kiut FasiCoamiac Single Connbera Lisr rots bin LiconLeab Fig 2 2 1 1 The Select MCA dialog box Usually the MCA you have selected and installed matches the loaded data This means that data were collected on the same type of the MCA that you installed However you can load a new data that were not collected on this MCA In this case the properties of the MCA that 1s compatible to the data are shown and acquisition is disabled The properties are taken from a corresponding inf file 2 2 2 1 MCA 52 The MCA page lists basic properties of the MCA hardware not including the ADCs A MCA may support one or more ADCs A single parameter MCA refers to one ADC and multi parameter to a group of ADCs This feature is indicated by the Connected ADCs item The Data storage mode features the MCA capability to process data It may be the PHA or List mode In the simple PHA mode for ea
78. ct rectangle region 1 select rectangular shape using Region Shape command or a corresponding toolbar bitmap 2 move the display cursor at one of corners 3 press the right mouse button 4 drag the mouse to the opposite corner 5 release the mouse Notes While dragging mouse is in progress the cursor pointer follows screen pixels Therefore some channels may be skipped To overcome this problem use keyboard After the 3 step the display cursor turns into the up arrow shape It goes back into the original shape after the a step Using keyboard to select a rectangle region 1 select rectangular shape using Region Shape command or a corresponding toolbar bitmap move the display cursor at one of corners press Shift key move the cursor by one of arrow keys keeping the Shift key pressed release all keys at the final corner press End or Esc key this terminates the procedure and turns the cursor shape back into the original shape Nn BW NN Notes After the 4 step you can release and then press the keys again to continue Before pressing the End key you are allowed to move the cursor with mouse That let you first move the cursor very fast but roughly in channels and then adjust the channels using keyboard In the 3 step the display cursor turns into the up arrow shape It goes back into the original shape after the 5 step Using mouse to select a polygonal region 1 select poly
79. cted library Board properties The command sets basic motor controller board parameters The parameters depend on the selected board and they are described as follows 4 3 1 1 C812 The PI C812 motor controller board of Physik Instrumente communicates with host through either ISA bus or serial port In both cases the program uses c812 dll In addition the ISA bus channel requires mapmem sys driver when program running on the Windows NT 2000 The driver is installed during installation of the Motor program or when you select the board with using of the Select board command If necessary the driver is updated each time you change board s properties 127 4 MOTOR The Board properties command first brings up a dialog that enables you to select communication channel Although the software enables you to change active communication channel without rebooting or restarting computer the board itself requires setting several jumpers and switches Therefore each time you want to change the channel you must first turn off computer make changes on the board turn Lommunbrcahon huin mel Select channel to communicate with C612 board do T 154 bus Some firmare Versions may pot be compatible wilh ISA bus handshaking protocole used bry the program or does nol work in AS232 mode _3 gt Cancel Figure 4 3 1 1 1 The Communication channel dialog box on the computer and come back to this dialog Normally it is done on
80. ction can be selected by Paper zones Vert and Paper zones Horiz lists respectively To place a histogram in a zone you should select it from the upper list of histograms and then apply Add command In that case the selected histogram appears on the bottom list and it 1s indicated by the shadow area on the page layout To select all histograms apply Add All To deselect that is remove from printout one or all histograms use Remove and Remove All respectively The zones are filled by the histograms automatically and in the successive order The position of a histogram inside a zone is the same for each zone This is set by the Left Right Top and Bottom zone margins that are defined in the units of 1 100th of the vertical and horizontal zone size Paper onp E Epabis r f Im OM S Maruan ME Mep Mo ap Lino fici tacio a3 MOa M apl 164 0000 0332 0000 3064 A a W TE 165 poea Mo apd T ize poopoo i Maps Feri facies Iaz Oor pa Mo Mapa aki Heli ie MIDO oh Map uy im 1 OMNI MM Mapa ot A ce maa Fa ill ca e Colors BW BOB 7 Gree ni Lin te ph oe yen Papar megia Don miroias Hoi walic Left Right Tap Botan F fee E Tae oa rer as He ja H pe jae fow freoo foo fom e FF Pletiara i Cancel SED Seman Eninon Chasge Figure 3 1 8 1 The Print dialog box One can define the histogram position manually To do this the Paper zones Enable bo
81. d If the Automatic Max amp Min box is checked the program calculates scale ranges automatically For linear scale this is done on such a way that maximum is a little bit greater than the highest number of counts and minimum is set to zero For the logarithmic scale the maximum is rounded to the closest power of ten and minimum set to one To define custom ranges you should unchecked above box Still the program adjusts logarithmic scale if the selected minimum and maximum are not power of ten 3 MDI lsometic Display Properties Figure 3 5 3 1 The Isometric Scale dialog box View The View dialog box lets you set symbols used to draw the display and viewer perspective as well The precession defines angle around the vertical axis can be chosen in multiples of 90 degrees The tilt defines angle between the x and y axis It can be chosen in the range from 15 to 89 degrees The height specifies the percentage of the z axis length respective to the whole drawing it can be entered between 0 and 99 With show hidden it can be specified whether the hidden parts are drawn If b w is checked the spectra are drawn black and white isometric Display Propertia Figure 3 5 3 2 The Isometric View dialog box 95 3 MDI 3 5 4 Colors The command adjusts all colors used by the program It brings up the Colors dialog box than enable you to define colors All displays a
82. d correction It 1s suitable for isolated peaks with good statistics The net sum is calculated inside the peak ROI that should be defined as in the case of the ROI sum method The linear background is calculated on the following way The program first finds average background in two so called background regions one on the left side and the other on the right side of the peak ROI The left and right backgrounds are assigned to the channels that are in the middle of the two background regions The background in the peak ROI channels are then calculated by the linear interpolation In addition a constant is added to the calculated background All negative net sums are suppressed to zero AHH T MW ap Properties 000 Backy bund correction nix Nix Ee C Big HEAT cea acl ea xI ied ee ope a bee Hi Sum H g dor x11 dea det He Sumo dor 121 lt de 72 Enter channels aj and constant L 10435 00469 ITs 225 lie 433 fl ars eee 482 n nelmumbier of counts Merci nambet of court chennel Ce constant number of counts OK Comer Figure 2 3 1 2 1 5 The XRFM Map Properties dialog box for the ROI net sum analysis mode B number of counts in baceoround 65 2 MNG The command brings up corresponding dialog that enables you to define boundaries of the two background regions constant and peak ROI as well In addition you can define x and y axis titles and name of
83. d by the system until you save them with the default name refer to Desktop Save for default file names Usually the command is used to make desktop backup 2 4 1 8 Load The command loads desktop from a file The Open dialog brings up that let you select the file name The loaded desktop is not used as default until you apply Desktop Save command The program always starts using the default desktop file 2 4 2 Action controls There are four basic Action desktop controls They enable you to control the flow of measurement to start pause continue and stop the acquisition dz 2 MNG 2 4 2 1 Start Starts acquisition The control invokes the Start dialog box to set the output file name In addition you can enter a short 128 characters in size information called header that is stored together with your data In the PHA data storage mode you can store histograms and all associated information calibration which together form displays By default the displays histograms are stored into data file in a binary format Such file has default dat extension and it is placed in the default data directory If you don t specify the extension or path the default values are used If you specify sp or as extension then the file is saved in the corresponding ASCII format In any other case the file has default binary format To save histograms you should check the box labeled Display
84. d to the Region The Region is a portion of one or two dimensional display histogram that contains a selected channels Each display may have only one Region Each time you define a new region the previous is lost They are mainly used to enlarge a part of spectrum However if you are especially interested in a Region you can declare it to be ROI Region of Interest In the case of two dimensional displays the channels may be bounded by a various geometrical shapes like rectangle polygon circle and a pie sector There are two special cases of rectangle one with maximal width called y slice and the second with maximal height called x slice For each shape one marker corresponds that you can use to select the channels The marker can be chosen by Region Shape command The one dimensional displays have Region that contains successive channels The corresponding marker has x slice shape with vertical lines related to the edge channels Moreover you can define rectangular Region for one dimensional displays Table 3 3 1 List of possible Region shapes Rectangle channels form rectangular that sides are parallel with x and y axis defined by four corners supported by one and two dimensional displays x Slice special case of Rectangle that has maximal size in the y direction defined by four corners type supported by one and two dimensional displays special case of Rectangle that has maximal size in the x direction defined by fou
85. di peak ashes method Rol mes sum Figure 2 3 1 2 1 3 The Peak analysis The maps are built on such a way that for each pixel on the selected scan area the program makes analysis of a corresponding spectrum Therefore you should first select mode of analysis from a dialog box that 1s brought immediately after applying the command The current version supports only two modes ROI total sum and ROI net sum ROI sum In the ROI sum mode the program sums all events in a selected ROI and stores result at corresponding location in the map Normally the ROI corresponds to energy of X ray characteristic line for a given element Therefore it 1s also referred to as peak ROI The peak ROI must be selected on the Cumulative spectrum before applying Create command However the sum is performed on the Transient spectrum The storage location is defined by the beam position on the sample The command brings up dialog box in which you can select ROI from a list of existing ROIs defined on the Cumulative spectrum Therefore it is assumed that ROI is already created In addition you can define x and y axis titles and name of the map as well 64 2 MNG HREM Map Properties 4019 4101 E 002 0014 0153 0221 0028 0023970091 4 Figure 2 3 1 2 1 4 The XRFM Map Properties dialog box for the ROI sum analysis mode ROI net sum This method is similar to the ROI sum but includes linear backgroun
86. dit controls Then set 0 0 for dx dy shift and check the Set x dx y dx as a new referent position button In the Size dialog box enter size of the scan rectangle area you want to scan Finally press Ok button Now you have well defined rectangular scan area of size x xy that includes sample area you are interested in Actually the program creates scan dat file in the scan subdirectory of the Spector s root directory In addition it creates scanxxx log file which you can latter edit with the Scan View or Scan History and eventually modify a Step 2 XRF map definition In this step you should define maps that the program collects data into Each map is defined by its size in pixels and additional information like ROI used by 1 X RAY MICROPROBE analysis routine Generally each map corresponds to one element you want to analyses that is its characteristic X ray line The analysis used in this example assumes that you have defined one ROI for each element The ROI should be defined around the position of the corresponding characteristic X ray line To define ROI you should first open existing cumulative spectrum with using MDI Display OpenAll command To run MDI use MNG Data View command In the cumulative spectrum you can find already defined ROIs You can delete all of them Then create ROIs for all lines you are interested in In this case it can be only Ni L line In order to define map s
87. ds on the type of analysis that are used to build the map a list of all ROIs defined for the Cumulative spectrum The dialog shows map s name and axis titles can be modified with using of corresponding controls If the Cumulative or Transient display is currently selected the dialog shows only properties that can be changed axis titles and name In order to change resolution you should use ADC page of the MCA property sheet in the System menu The command creates ROIs for the currently selected display It is primary used to create ROI for Cumulative spectrum which than enables you to define XRF map Although not common you can use it to define ROIs for each of map You can define up to 100 ROIs in the Cumulative spectrum 63 2 MNG AAPM Map Resolution Figure 2 3 1 2 1 2 The XRF Map resolution dialog Map resolution The command sets XRF map x and y dimension in the channel units that 1s pixels on the sample All maps have the same dimension You can change the default value before or after creating the maps In any case it is applied to all maps The actual resolution in millimeters depends on the scan size that is defined in MDI with using of the Scan menu item for example Scan Export Rectangular area or directly from already existing XRF map or video image Create map The command creates two dimensional display called XRF map Peak analysis Sele
88. e 4 3 6 1 The Reset Motors dialog box Recover origin The command restores last known good position On the power up the controller always sets encoder counts to zero for all motors regardless of values on the last power down Therefore it can t remember positions before power down For this reason the program saves encoder counts onto the disk each time the motors stop This command uses the last stored values to update positions It is available through the application s system menu box 133 4 MOTOR 4 3 8 Application properties 134 The show axes image flag when checked causes that program shows image with definition of coordinate system You should restart the program in order the i Setings BEI T Lise ermos baya fo moss moira T go command ath backlash corachon Hmolors er moving p f updete position esch sec Figure 4 3 8 1 The View dialog change takes effect The Use arrow keys to move motor when checked enables usage of keyboard keys defined in table 4 2 1 It should be used with care because it may overlap with position controls while in editing mode The go command with backlash correction when checked enables compensation of backlash after applying goto zero and go there commands The backlash causes that error in motor position depends on direction of motion The compensated is performed on such a way that motor always approach the targe
89. e MDI shows three empty spectra in cascade two single and one map You can load an example supplied by the installation CD with using of the MNG Data Load command It opens system s dialog box that shows the following three examples e cross dat 50um x 50um XRF image of 4um thick tungsten cross e hashl dat 6mm x 6mm XRF image of a piece of iron e hash2 dat 2mm x 2mm XRF image of a piece of iron Load hash1 dat You can do it with using of the MNG Data Load command It opens standard Window s Open dialog There you can see above three data files Select hash1 dat and program will opens four spectra in cascade You can tile them by the MDI Window Tile command or by pressing second bitmap in the first row 1 X RAY MICROPROBE of the MDI s toolbar see Fig 1 5 1 3 1 It gives one map that corresponds to Zn Ky and other to Fe K characteristic X ray line One single spectrum corresponds to the total Energy spectrum collected over the full scan area and other is collected at last scan pixel You can do the following See ee Dime Oe ir i Figure 1 5 1 3 1 Program view after loading hashl dat and tiling spectra windows Y Click by left button on the title bar of one of map s window to activate this window v Click on the left mouse button inside the map to get cursor and read coordinates and number of events at this coordinate at one of controls bellow the map Y Move cursor quic
90. e and start of the next one Here also should be taken into account that after one full frame the CRT skips again to the left top corner of the screen It needs some time called vertical blanking interval This vertical timing is called vertical synchronization It 1s the second major video signal characteristic The third and last is color information For each line in the frame the intensities of red R green G and blue B light components are collected and then converted to voltage For monochrome image brightness is accumulated instead of color components 1 1 RGB video signal format The RGB video format uses one wire for each of color components R G and B and two for synchronization It is common video format for computer monitors For example a standard VGA monitor cable uses pins 1 2 and 3 for Red Green and Blue components respectively and pins 13 and 14 for horizontal and vertical synchronization respectively There are subsets of this format which use only one wire for both synchronization signals 4 wires at all or inserts them into all 3 color channels 3 wires at all The Matrox Meteor and Matrox Meteor RGB are supplied by DB 9 female connector that uses pins 1 2 and 3 for Red Green and Blue components respectively and pin 4 for both synchronization signal This format is not suitable to transfer on longer distance because it needs too many wires or too much frequency bands for wireless transfer One full analy
91. e for each group of common properties Almost all of its dialog boxes feature the same two buttons Set All To Default and Set All As Default The former causes that any new opened display has the same properties as those selected by the dialog box In addition to use the same properties in the next MDI session apply the View Save or the View SaveAs command The last button sets all properties listed in the dialog box to their default values Scale The Scale dialog box sets the vertical also called z or count axis scale Each two dimensional histogram in the isometric projection features two scales The Full scale that is always associated with all channels in the histogram and the Zoom scale that refers to the channels that are currently shown by the display If the Log box is checked than the scale counts are drawn at vertical positions that change in the logarithmic grade otherwise in linear In addition the symbols may be drawn in colors The symbol s color scale grade is specified by the Log color box on the same way as the former Normally the color indexes are calculated on such a way that first and last color index corresponds to the minimum and maximum of the Full scale respectively If you want to use the zoom scale as the referent scale for the color mapping then you should check the Adapt color to Zoom To adjust the color indexes use the View Colors comman
92. e of the parent window The above three moving options are usually applied on the bar that has fixed size that is the Resize box is unchecked In this case it is useful to define desktop margins and set position of the bar inside the margins For example you can place a bar on the bottom of the Counter bar properties Size Pos Side Tax Colo Test Background vs Tend Forgraund 6 Se rel Cree Figure 3 5 6 3 The Counter Bar Color dialog box desktop set bottom margin to the bar s height and use the move vertical style The move proportional moves bar on such a way that it has always the same position relative to the parent window size This is normally used 1f the bar resizing is enabled that is the Resize box is checked The text shown by the bar can be formatted using the styles listed in the Text group The Text dialog is normally not used because the counter shows always a predefined value The Color dialog box lets you to define colors of the text its background and the window associated with bar The dialog lists static controls that are normally used by bars If you select the last item in the list a new dialog is brought up It contains c olors that are used for drawing maps Therefore each time you change the map palette this will affect the bar color 3 MDI NA Text bar properties The Text bar properties are similar to the counter bar Therefore
93. ected the GAL code you can set the coincidence time window To do this use the Coincidence dialog MCA Propertios Ts MCA apc Appication identicsticn Pp Hama MPA PE Company Fast Lom Tec properties Acquisbon status enabled Cata glorags PHA ST List fO address 340 hex Concidence E 047 On Comected soca 3 4 GAL CT code fF yH ok Cancel Hel Figure 2 2 2 1 2 1 The MCA dialog box for the MPA PC MCA 2 2 2 1 3 DSProt31 54 The DiconLab DSProt31 is a multi parameter board that features list mode and coincidence The MCA uses I O ports for communication with the host The O address item should correspond to the on board jumper labeled with the Address select The Timer 0 period and the Timer l period items sets period for the TMS320C31 32 bit timers to generate TINTO and TINTI timer interrupts respectively The first timer Timer0 is used to measure the Real time and Live time for each ADC The second timer Timerl measures coincidence window The Timer 0 period item defines the resolution of the Real time The value of order of milliseconds or greater is considered as acceptable from the point of the on board CPU time consumption The 7imer period item setting depends on the resolution you want to measure coincidence window 2 MNG The Coff file entry selects a low level data acquisition code that is TMS320C31 executable code Each acqui
94. eet If you want to define rectangular area relative to an image then you don t need to move motor manually The origin left bottom corner of the new scan area 1s defined by a point on any of images XRF extended XRF or video The coordinates of selected point you should enter in the Position dialog Note the program requires that selected image 1s active before you open Scan Rectangular Area If you placed cursor at this point than later you can enter coordinates by applying read cursor command If you want to place origin outside of the image select then you can define corresponding dx dy shift The shift sign has the same convention as in the case of blind scan Regardless of the origin the scan refers to the size in millimeters of target XRF images map collected using selected scan area is equal to the size of the scan area and may be defined by the Size dialog box The resolution of the target XRF image that is a distance in millimeters between two successive points is equal to the size of the scan area divided by the number of channels in the target XRF images To change it you should adjust the number of channels using the Acquisition Displays Map Resolution command Image ROI The command defines a scan region directly from an XRF extended XRF or a video image The images on which you define a scan area are called source images The images that are collected from an exported
95. ef p right lo cora aro Figure 3 5 6 2 The Desktop Margins dialog box The single dks map dks and iso dsk files are default for single map and 3d histograms respectively If the program can t find the default files 1t uses built in properties Note that initially all displays of the same type have bars with equal properties You can also store properties in a different file and load it later To do this use the Load and SaveAs command The properties of each bar are described as follows Desktop Properties The Desktop properties are grouped into two dialog boxes that are described as follows The Size dialog defines dimension of the window you have opened The values listed here are updated automatically each time you resize window using the mouse In addition each time you change these values the window is automatically resized The Margin dialog defines borders outside of which no bars are supposed to be drawn except counters and texts For example if you want to put counters and texts to the right side of the display then set the right margin equal to the width of the widest counter or text It is assumed that other bars are arranged on such a way that they do not overlap margins Counter bar properties The Counter bar properties are grouped into few dialog boxes that are described as follows The Size amp Position dialog box define dimensions i
96. efined by one of the Export commands the program overwrites existing scan dat file and creates a corresponding logbook file The logbook files have name scanx log where x goes from 0 to 999 and stays there until you clear all previous generated files This command creates a dialog box that lets you view scan area defined by any logbook file To browse the files use Previous and Next buttons Each time you press on these buttons a new logbook file 1s loaded Upon applying Export the program automatically copies selected logbook file into the scan dat file 117 3 MDI On the right side of the dialog box there is an image of the scan area defined by the selected logbook file The scan area is always drawn inside a white rectangle which represents frame of a source image used to export the area The dialog box list the following scan properties some of them you can modify Scan History Date 01 24 2001 06 26 22 Logbook le SCANDOO LOG Type blind Motor rel pos MRF 0 05 steps Speed au coom F Yes No n sap gato MAF es Ho bie 1234 mii 16 432 Figure 3 8 6 1 The Scan History dialog box File File name that contains shown scan area information Date Time stamp when scan was created exported Type Video if video images are used for scanning otherwise Blind Motor referent position Position of motors when referent
97. egion the currently selected shape is used In addition the shape is indicated by the corresponding toolbar bitmap state 3 5 View menu The View Menu contains commands that let you customize various program components like the view of display menu bar status bar tool bar The majority of properties is defined by the default configuration file mdc extension Normally the file is read on the program start time Therefore you have to update it if you want to keep the changes You can do it by the Save As or Save command from the View Menu The View Menu commands bring up a corresponding dialog or a property sheet They are described as follows 3 5 1 Single The command lets you set properties of currently active one dimensional histogram in order to set colors metrics and fonts please refer to the Color Desktop and Fonts commands respectively 87 3 MDI 88 The command opens the Single Display Properties property sheet that contains a set of dialog boxes one for each group of common properties Almost all of the dialog boxes feature the same two buttons Set All To Default and Set All As Default The former causes that any new opened display has the same properties as those selected by the dialog box In addition to use the same properties in the next MDI session apply the View Save or the View SaveAs command The last button sets all proper
98. en grab its image Note that after rotation you may not see the cross therefore move it in the view of microscope grab an image and read position of Cross The axis of rotation is at half distance between the cross s centre position at 180 and 0 Therefore enter half of the sum of above two positions in the Optical dialog of the Scan Properties sheet 1 5 2 3 4 2 Procedure II This procedure is used if you have camera at 180 It requires that you can see the exit of capillary with microscope and camera that is to estimate the position of the beam on the video image In addition you need a micrometer thick cross mounted on a transparent holder or on the same also transparent holder together with sample in order to find axis of rotation and make correction of the beam position as well a Step 1 microscope positioning Microscope must be positioned on such a way that you can see capillary exit using the microscope for example around the center of video image Now take a picture of the capillary by the Video Image Grab command and find there its exit as precisely as possible in channels not millimeters Remember this value a Step 2 referent image calibration If you didn t change microscope magnification and camera format you can skip this step Eventually if you don t like position of 0 0 point you can change only offset in the Scan Properties Optical dialog For example to put 0 0 co
99. ending on the system geometry and the source spectral characteristics The spot size depends on the exit diameter On the Fig 1 3 3 1 are shown horizontal and vertical beam profiles for a capillary with declared exit diameter of 13um measured at XRF laboratory at IEAE Laboratories Seibersdorf By using many capillaries one can produce much intensive beam This so called polycapillary lens or Kumakhov lens after its Russian inventor is basically an array of hollow optical fibers It is possible to make arrays of hollow fibers each containing hundreds or thousands of individual channels There are two types of polycapillary optics which are differentiated by the way in which they focus or control x rays Multifiber and monolithic Multifiber lenses are especially well suited for operation with line X ray sources in point mode and for large area parallel beam applications The fibers are individually threaded through a series of thin screens bearing hole patterns precisely controlled to a variance of micrometers A frame assembly supports the screens and maintains alignment This optics contain between several hundred and several thousand fibers each of which contain well over a thousand channels In multifiber lenses the channel diameter remains constant and uniform throughout the length of the fiber Figure 1 3 3 1 Horizontal and vertical profile of an X ray beam focused by a glass monocapillary similar to one shown on the Fig 1 2 2 with
100. eo Image Grab command Note that motors must be at position defined in the step three Place cursor on the position from the step one read coordinates in millimeters and enter it as the capillary position in the Scan Properties Optical dialog box Note if your cross is not mounted on the holder together with sample than you can get picture of capillary directly a Step 5 axis of rotation Grab an image of the cross s center with using of the Video Image Grab command and then read position of the center in millimeters It 1s recommended to save this picture by Video Image SaveAs command Now move motors to zero rotate them for 180 to 0 grab image and read the position in millimeters as you did before The average value of this two readings enter as axis of rotation in the Scan Properties Optical dialog box After this step you have all necessary information However the position of capillary exit or beam may not be very precise established Making an XRF image of the cross s center can check and correct this Also you can make similar correction on the XRF image of the sample However it is recommended to proceed to the step six although not necessary a Step 6 correction of the capillary position and axis of rotation This 1s described in six steps that follow bellow Note after the step four you have already mounted cross and its image at 180 In addition the cross
101. es enables desktop customization and turns itself into the Close state The Close terminates the customization returning the controls in the normal acquisition mode 2 4 1 2 Edit Sets desktop control properties A property dialog box is invoked Another way to start the same dialog 1s to double click the left mouse button when its pointer is placed on the control The dialog let you set the basic desktop control properties The properties hence the dialog view depends on the type of control 2 4 1 3 Title properties Size amp Pos Sets the size and position of the desktop control in the screen pixel units The position is taken relative to the left top corner of the desktop client area Style Left Right and Center display text flush left right or center respectively in a simple rectangle Words that would past the end of a line are automatically wrapped to the beginning of the next line The Visible style makes control visible If this style is not set the control will be initially invisible The Disable style produces grayed text The Border style draws a rectangle around the control 71 2 MNG Color Sets color of the desktop control The control has its window s color and text s background foreground colors For each of them you can select one of the colors from the default system palette Text Sets text of the desktop control 2 4 1 4 Action properties 2 4 1 5
102. eteor Properties lx Input Image Window x axis SIZE fao offset Ja scale 1 00 yes S ZE E offset jo scale 1 00 Figure 3 9 2 2 The Image dialog box of the Properties sheet For more information about the common formats see the Common video signal formats and standards in Appendix The input channel parameter specifies the channel on which the digitizer is to input data signal and sync This parameter can be set to one of the values listed in the dialog boxes depending on the number of channels available for the specified digitizer s data format Usually it is cannel 0 121 3 MDI Window The Window dialog box lets you set properties of the window that contains a video image The minimize item shows minimize button control in the right top corner of the window that may turn the last in the iconic state The maximize item shows maximize button in the right top corner of the window that may resize the last to the full screen Matrox Meteor Properties El E3 Input Image Window M minimize T overlap IY maximize zoom M resize I mowe Figure 3 9 2 3 The Window dialog box of the Properties sheet The resize item enables to change the window size by dragging the cursor over the window border The overlap item makes the window overlapped by other window If it not checked the window keeps on top The zoom i
103. etry using a multilayer mirror 1 X RAY MICROPROBE 1 3 2 Refractive lenses It is well known from visible light optics that a convex lens with equal radii of curvature R on both sides has focal length F F R 2 n 1 This means that for visible light a glass lens with index of refraction n 1 5 radius of curvature of 10cm gives focal length of 10cm On the other hand the index of refraction for X rays in matter can be written as n A 1 0 A iB A where P A is absorption index 6 A is the refractive index decrement and is X ray wavelength see 1 3 4 X ray total external reflection The 9 A is typically between 10 and 10 A few things can be concluded from above a real part ofn is smaller than one and focusing lens for X rays must have concave form rather then convex a 1 1 is very close to one and such a lens would have very small radii in order to get reasonable focus length For example for aluminium 6 A 2 8 10 and F Im requires R 5 6um a although A is small compared to one X ray absorption in the lens material is not negligible All this has led to the widespread view that there is no chance of manufacturing refractive X ray lenses However the problems can be overcome by stacking many individual lenses behind one another with spacing d as smaller as possible e g 20um by making radius of curvature reasonable small e g 200um and choosing low Z lens see fig 1 3 2 1 In 1996 the first
104. etup 1 2 1 General There are no specified components and standard arrangements for a XRF microprobe acquisition scanning and control system Therefore systems differ from laboratory to laboratory However a typical X ray microprobe setup features the following basic elements X ray source and X ray optics micropositioning system high resolution energy dispersive detector with simple front end electronics data acquisition software The schematic block diagram of XRF microprobe in IAEA Laboratories at Seibersdorf is shown on the Fig 1 2 1 and the real system on the Fig 1 2 2 1 X RAY MICROPROBE 1 2 2 Video Grabber Camera Motor Multichannel controller analyser X Y Z T stages with motors M1 M4 Preamplifier X ray source Figure 1 2 1 Block scheme of X ray microprobe at IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf The sample can be moved in front of capillary by four motors M1 4 in three orthogonal spatial directions and rotated as well The motors are connected to the board plugged into the data acquisition PC computer Two of four motors define the sample position in the plane perpendicular to the capillary that is x and y coordinates For each pair x y and preset time energy signals from detector are processed by standard front end electronics preamplifier amplifier and Analog to Digital Converter ADC and converted signals are stored in multi channel analyser operating in pulse height analysis PHA mode After t
105. exit diameter around 10um at distance of cca 2mm from outer exit The profile was measured using Mo X ray tube with 4um thick cross using steps of 1 Lm 1 X RAY MICROPROBE s um x um s a z b c s a z b c focal spot size c 36 2 um spot size gradient a 46 6 um mm focal distance b 6 2mm 20 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 z mm z mm Figure 1 3 3 2 X ray beam spot size s and s in the horizontal and vertical direction respectively as a function of distance z from a monilitic polycapillary lens 791 01 X ray Optical Systems The corresponding beam profiles x and y are shown on the bottom graphs Measurements were performed with Mo tube 1 3 4 Channel diameter fiber diameter capillary curvature optic cross section and even capillary composition are tailored to the specific application providing peak performance The multifiber X ray collimators produce parallel beam footprints ranging from few cm up to few tens cm Focusing converging multifiber optics can yield spot diameters as small as 400 um depending on the energy level Monolithics the second type of polycapillary optic are smaller and more compact than the multifiber polycapillary lenses Monolithic capillary of fibers that have been fused together and tapered so that no external frame assembly is required for alignment Each channel is orientated toward the X ray source or sample The most sign
106. for the margins that can be selected in the View Desktop and then normalized to the actual window size Font Fi E Font shda m E mm o Cancel TY Arial 1 Blac Y Ariel MT Black Tr Sued Ham Er Arnel Rounded MT Gold Tr Benguet Frisky Bartram Semple AaBb yes Scot este m Figure 3 5 5 1 The Font dialog box 99 3 MDI 3 5 6 100 Desktop The Desktop command customizes size and position of display objects The Desktop refers to the entire client area of the window associated to any histogram This window is called parent window It owns the following objects that are called bars Figure 3 5 6 1 The Desktop popup menu histogram bar contains axis frame grid ticks and count symbols axis scale bar contains tick numbers axis title bar contains axes title color scale bar shows vertical scale in corresponding colors counter bar contains histogram related information counts sum text bar contains static text that usually refer to one of the counter bars The Desktop objects have various properties The size and position respects to the parent window are common properties to all of them In addition they can have 3D look style or simply you can hide each of them Before applying the Desktop command it is recommended to cascade all windows by the Window Cascade command This gives the default dimension to all windows
107. gnification of the microscope and size of the video image in pixels The first depends on the lens you use The last depends on frame grabber settings see the Video Properties For fixed lens magnification and video image size the resolution can be found experimentally by taking image of an object with well known size See 1 2 Setup for default values 3 MDI You can keep the existing values for the calibration coefficients if the microscope magnification and video image size were not changed Both of the referent image calibration coefficients a and ay can be easy found or checked by the procedure described at the Video Image Calibrate command The procedure requires a few micrometer thickness cross that is mounted on the holder The offsets b and b are equal to the x and y coordinates in millimeter of a sample point that appears in the left bottom corner of the video image when the motors are at position defined by the Motor Referent Position item These coefficients are arbitrary and may be used to select the point on the sample that has 0 0 coordinate in millimeters The default values are b b 0 When offset resolution and the Motor Referent position are defined then the program establishes unique two dimensional coordinate systems in a plane perpendicular to the capillary It is called scanning coordinate system SCS This coordinate system is fixed does not move with motors The program a
108. gonal shape using Region Shape command or a corresponding toolbar bitmap 2 move the cursor to next corner and click on the right button 3 press End or Esc key after selecting the last corner Notes Each time you apply 2 step a new corner is defined and you are free to move the mouse to the next corner To check the position you can click on the left mouse button In any time you can use keyboard to select a new corner Shift Arrow key see bellow You can create multi polygonal ROI To do this use Tab key if you want to close one polygon and skip to the next However place the cursor at the first corner of the next polygon before applying Tab Using keyboard to select polygonal region 1 select polygonal shape using Region Shape command or a corresponding toolbar bitmap 2 move the cursor to a corner using Shift Arrow key and press Enter key 3 press End or Esc key after selecting the last corner 81 3 MDI 3 3 1 3 3 2 82 Notes Each time you apply 2 step a new corner is defined In any time you can release the keys and use mouse to approach the corner faster You can create more polygons that belong to the same ROI To do this use Tab key if you want to close one polygon and skip to the next However place the cursor at the first corner of the next polygon before applying Tab You can define only one region for each display Therefore each
109. have the same amplification as it was in the example Nothing strange Stop the measurement Activate ROI for Fe by pressing on its bar drag button around Fe K line and use the Region Replace ROP command This moves ROI to the proper place Do the same with Zn s ROI If you still wonder about wrong calibration let fix it Use the Tools Calibrate ter Auca uisition E Depay fiie JUST DAT F List ile uisTLST Figure 1 5 4 1 1 The Start dialog box in the acquisition mode command Now you can repeat measurement Once you have finished measurement you will get XRF image of your sample From there you can define a new scan area and run again To do this create a ROI on the XRF image apply Scan Export Image ROI command and start measurement again The result will be new XRF images of sample area defined by previously created ROL 1 X RAY MICROPROBE 1 2 ueos peondo ISBUIL OOPIA ueos pura UN yo O yo O pu 0 gt pu 0 gt D gt O O h o O o B By reading the next paragraph you can better understand how the scanning works use more program s features and eventually video image in order to define scan area In the next step you can do the examples shown in 1 5 3 Examples and if necessary read related topics in section 2 MNG 3 MDI and 4 Motor that explains particular program s commands Scanning The scanning 1s performed in such a w
110. he Cumulative spectrum Usually they are related to the characteristic X ray lines of the elements you are interested in In the simple mode of analysis the program sums all events in a ROI to build corresponding elemental map To recognize these lines more easy it is recommended first to calibrate the detector 61 2 MNG 62 Detector Calibration AFM Display Properties 1 ES Edt RGI I Map j2 D0 00062 00071 01 001 2400748 02 00174 00188 03 00271 00287 04 002397 00314 05 00350 00377 l Map 7 1 2 06 00380 10409 delete ell maps A cae y 2 08 0058 00613 sal all default j D9 00666 00695 1977 Crealo el new 17 VOTANTES 10714 k Figure 2 3 1 2 1 1 The Edit dialog box for the XRFM application In order to calibrate detector using the XRFM application first set all to the default values by the set all default button It creates one full scale ROI in the Cumulative spectrum and one associated two dimensional map After that you should export a small rectangular scan area using the MDI Export Rectangular Area in the Scan menu of the MDI application An alternative way to set all default approach is to delete all maps that is to define no maps In this case the program does not move motors and you don t need to export any scan area In both cases the second step is to start acquisition and collect one calibration spectrum with a sample that features a fe
111. he Communication dialog sets parameters related to the communication with board The serial port settings on the host are defined by the COM port settings group of controls The default values are 220012 Progarlios Communication honor Sarva Tincrout the program waks tai DOM Pot satinga command apor ME soc G M Fort con el moia to og 0000 mec Baad Aste 991 aand me comanad E mor Ene hone z Cominnicabon ias Denes a ame h DOMMUA ICA TOH possible masons 1 cable problems 2 pai 43 6 pa ON J sich SWIA dee sol match host bawcreste 4 bausia gaaer hen 9600 5 no bosed or conce Figure 4 3 1 1 2 The Communication dialog for RS232 channel PI C812 board Port ID COM 1 Baud rate 9600 must correspond to SW2 bits 6 8 settings Parity none Data bits 8 Stop bits 1 It is highly recommended not to change these values except Port ID For example baud rates greater then 9600 may not work stable The software uses several time outs when communicates with board You can adjust three of them as follows The Send next command defines minimum period the program waits before sending next command It was noticed that in some cases C812 does not process a full command if the next command was sent to early although no error in communication 129 4 MOTOR 130 was observed A few milliseconds time out is enough The default is Smsec You can test correctness
112. he cross is built how to create map refer to the MNG Acquisition Displays After run is finished save data with using the MNG Data SaveAs o Step 6 Make a vertical scan This is similar to step 5 but with exchanged number of channels in the x and y direction Save data with using of the MNG Data SaveAs After each of steps 5 and 6 you will get XRF image of the cross as a peak in one dimensional map To see the peak create a full ROI on the map and project it on to the corresponding axis using the ROI Project command If you can t see the peak this means that you have selected too small ROI comparing to the error in the capillary axis of rotation position or too small resolution Enlarge the ROI and number of channels in the map keeping the same or increasing the resolution Then repeat step 5 and 6 until you can see the cross on the XRF images To correct the position of the capillary defined in the Scan Properties Optical dialog box you should add Xxrf Xvia to the already defined x position and subtract Yxrf Yvid from y position The xrf indicates position of the cross on the XRF image and vid on the video image The new established position of the capillary corrects the 2A C term on such a way that no correction of the position of the axis of rotation 1s necessary Examples Before performing examples listed in this paragraph it is highly recommended to read and repeat 1 5 1 3 Runn
113. he preset time elapses collected spectrum is analysed or optionally stored onto the disk and sample is moved to the next position Such an acquisition is mainly defined by the fact that the moving of the motor is slow compared to the pulse processing and moving of the beam not possible Therefore an event by event acquisition is not suitable To scan an appropriate part of the sample a magnified image of sample can be captured and calibrated in such a way that units on this picture are correlated with actual sample size and position This is supported by the system consisting of the microscope video camera and video grabber Specification The specification for the experimental setup shown in the Fig 1 2 2 are as follows a X ray source Philips 3kW Long Fine Focus Mo anode 1 X RAY MICROPROBE Figure 1 2 2 X ray fluorescence microprobe facility at the IAEA Laboratories in Seibersdorf features the following components X ray tube 1 capillary for X ray beam focusing 2 high resolution X ray detector 3 sample 4 sample holder 5 with micrometer step motors 6 microscope with CCD camera 7 trail 8 and data acquisition system a Xray optics Capillaries several with exit diameter 12 30 um Polycapillaries X ray optics lens spot size 35 um focus length 6 2 mm a Video image Microscope OLYMPUS BH2 UMA with two lenses X40 X10 Camera Panasonic GP KR222 analog Frame grabber Matrox Meteor 1 X RAY MICROPRO
114. he reopening occurs at the time intervals selected by the corresponding edit control 68 2 MNG Extend name with digits The option builds a serial like output file name The program assign an integer to the output files dat Ist cfg rpt on such a way that the four last letters in the name takes a digit form Therefore if the name not including the extension contains more then four letters those started from the fourth is overwritten The appended digit is incremented each time you start the measurement You can define its current value by the edit control that follows the command check box Save report The option saves report file each time the data dat or Ist are saved The report file has rpt extension and contains some basic text information about the program configuration It is for a personal use only Save configuration 2 33 2 3 4 2 3 3 2 3 6 2 3 1 Saves configuration file each time the data dat or Ist are saved The configuration file has extension cfg The same information is built into the corresponding data file Therefore it is not necessary to save it However this enables loading the configuration explicitly without having any data Report The command generates a short overview of the current selected properties It brings up the Notepad application that displays the report Save The command saves all acquisition properties configurati
115. hen the ADC is busy or dead Therefore the Live time counter always counts slower then the Real time counter or in the best case equal if there 1s no input signal 2 MNG 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 2 The difference between the Real and Live times gives and overall ADC busy or Dead time Assuming the ADC Dead time per each event is fixed and smaller than the average time between two successive counts then the true number of events N is related to the measured number M as follows M RealTime LiveTime N If the ADC average Dead time per event is not fixed then the above formula can t be applied until the former is much longer then average time between two successive events For more discussion see Knoll G F Radiation Detection and Measurement 1979 John Wiley amp Sons Inc p 99 103 Displays The Displays command lets you define one or two dimensional histograms called displays In the PHA mode the histograms are usually collected by the MCA as one dimensional spectra Some MCA supports two dimensional spectra also In the list mode the histograms are usually built by the software running on the host The number of displays their dimension and purpose depends on the data MCA and application Please refer to the MCA command in the System menu for more information about the supported MCA and Applications The Display command brigs up a property sheet that contains several pages The main page is cal
116. herefore the time is more reliable On the 95 98 the time includes all other threads In both case it is highly recommended to use as much as possible loops for test until the speed does not very from test to test If the Auto test is enabled the program makes the test each time 4 MOTOR c812 dll is loaded into memory If the number of loops is small in order to reduce test time it may give wrong speed Therefore it is recommended to disable Auto test and make loop speed test with sufficient number of loops until the speed is stabilized The program will use the calculated speed stored in motor ini file each time the library is loaded into memory The Communication test sends several commands to the board and analyses reply It is repeated as many times as defined by the corresponding dialog box The tests is disabled if there is no communication with board eh Properties FE Communica on hatotar Serva bese memory address time the program waits tor dA000 hex commend repari EC 00 msec waltiate iorchercerto MPoriosiop 60000 msec write 5000 S aitetetetoop speed iesi peed 10 meee testing S0000000 loops comenurnicabon test E sutotest on DLL runtime lt e e o o a a a a U 0030830038388 e o o a l MO DOMMIUNICe 0hpossible masons i too short write waisate 2 loop spaad not tested 3 swich SWw9 8 not OFF 4 sich SW41 4 does not malch base address 5 jumper Ed not
117. hese are preferred ways of scanning because they take into account backlash The backlash is important if scan step size is small that is typically less then 50um The scan speed can be set to maximal 10 units The zoom should be checked Note that gain torque and similar motor related parameters are defined by the Motor program Normally you don t need to change default values unless there are some problems with moving motors Upon pressing Ok button the main scan properties are set To define a scan area mark a region on the grabbed image create ROI and then use Scan Export Image ROD a Step 3 XRF map definition See Example I step two 1 X RAY MICROPROBE a Step 4 Preset time setting See Example I step three a Step 5 Starting scan See Example I step four The result 1s shown on the Fig 1 5 3 3 1 You can eventually observed a shift of the XRF image comparing to the video image For example an object that is shown on the video image at coordinate Xvid Yvia can be on the XRF image at coordinate Xxrf Yxr1 To correct it you should change position of the capillary defined in the Scan Properties Optical dialog box as follows add Xx f Xyiq to the x and subtract Yxrf Yvia from y position of capillary 0 60 0 55 E 0 50 0 45 0070 075 oo LBS a a Figure 1 5 3 3 1 XRF image left of an IC chip shown on the video image right region indicated by rectangle size 200um x 200um step size
118. ics that when light goes from one dens medium with index n to one less dens medium with index n n gt n there is a certain critical incident angleg above which all incident beams are totally reflected In light optics the 0 is measured from normal to the surface and it given by relation 5 sin lH A n This feature of visible light is known as total internal reflection For instance 9s goes from 42 to 30 as n n goes from 2 3 to 1 2 The relation 5 directly follows from the Snell s law W Snell 1621 In the case of X rays assuming the attenuation A is zero and X rays incidence from vacuum n 1 the critical angle 9 measured from surface grazing angle of material with index of refraction 2 is equal 6 cos 9 1 6 A For X rays range of energies A is very small for all know elements see table 1 3 4 1 for Al and Be Therefore in absence of any attenuation 4 0 index of refraction 1s very close to one and equation 6 can be developed into Taylor series cos 0 1 0 2 Keeping only the first order term one can get for the critical angle 7 9 26 A 1 X RAY MICROPROBE Table 1 3 4 1 Attenuation 4 and real part decrement 6 of index of refraction for Al and Be at various energies Substituting 4 into 6 and assuming material with only one type of atoms and f 0 one gets 28 8 plg em 8 8 MAS er As one can see from the table 1 3 4 2 the cri
119. ificant difference between a monolithic optic and a multifiber is that monolithics form significantly smaller diameter parallel beams for collimating applications 0 5 to 5 mm and smaller spot sizes for focusing applications 20 200 um depending on energy level In the Fig 1 3 3 2 is shown beam spot size measured at various distances from exit of a monolitic polycapillary lens X ray Optical Sytems X ray total external reflection X ray reflection and refraction is usually described in the approximation of the classical dispersion theory In the case of mono energetic X rays of wavelength A hc E it gives index of refraction n 1 S um y um 1 X RAY MICROPROBE N P 1 HA AD J J where N is Avogadro s number ro e m c classical electron radius the sum 1s over elements in material the p A and f are the density atomic mass and form factors of element j In general f fo f f 5 where f 1s the Thompson scattering f and f are real and imaginary anomalous dispersion corrections The index of refraction is usually written in the form 2 n 4 1 0 4 1P 4 where B A describes the attenuation of X rays in matter with linear absorption coefficient u N Pi pn fl 3 Aj r 4 gt f A 3 BOAL pe and 4 so called real part decrement of the index of refraction in near forward scattering fo Z Zis atomic number 4 BA PE 2 On the other side it is well known from visible light opt
120. ignal format The Component video format treats luminance R Y and B Y as a separate signals It requires three 75Q coaxial cables which carry the Y R Y and B Y signals 139 APENDIX 2 Processes and threads 140 A process is a program that is loaded into memory and prepared for execution Each process has a private virtual address space A process consists of the code data and other system resources Threads are the basic entity to which the operating system allocates CPU time Each process 1s started with a single thread but additional independently executing threads can be created All threads of a process share the virtual address space and can access the global variables and system resources of the process Table 2 2 3 2 1 The Windows priority classes and levels Level Priority class Priority value Level 1 High Idle 10 Normal frg Above normal Normal Idle 11 High Lowest Idle Idle Normal frg Highest 2 Idle Lowest 12 High Below normal 3 Idle Below normal 13 High Normal 4 Idle Normal 14 High Above normal 5 Normal bkg Lowest 15 High Highest Idle Above normal Normal Time critical 6 Normal Below normal Idle Time critical Idle Highest 16 Real time Idle 7 Normal frg Lowest 22 Real time Lowest Normal bkg Normal 23 Real time Below normal 8 Normal frg Below normal 24 Real time Normal Normal bkg Above normal 25 Real time A
121. in con Propenies General Extended Map Optical ahaw rl maga PEZ muaa i r ile RIA sive resolution honzontel gt O0 mom honzontal 500 chenmals wentcal 500 mim werbcal S00 channels cora to Figure 3 8 1 2 The extended Map dialog box of the Scan Properties sheet millimeters that you need For example with the size of 5 millimeters and required resolution of 10um in the horizontal direction you should set at least 100 channels for the same direction This enables the program to calculate the scan border with sufficient precision Optical The dialog box contains all information that let you define a scan region from a video image Parameters defined in this dialog box are used by the program to move the sample in the front of capillary according to selected scan area Refer also to the chapter 1 2 Setup and 1 5 Scanning for more information on setting dialog s entries Optical Referent image calibration The referent calibration is used by the program to transform pixel coordinate Xp and y on the video image into millimeter coordinates Xmm and Ymm On a sample for horizontal x and vertical y direction respectively For each direction the calibration 1s defined by two coefficients slope a and offset b Xam O a x Y mm 09 4 Y The slope a is equal to the resolution that is number of millimeters per each pixel of the image It is not arbitrary and depends on the ma
122. ing program for the first time and 1 5 1 4 Measuring for the first time Here are shown three examples starting from the scratch two without optical calibration so called blind and one with optical calibration The first example shows a typical blind measurement It 1s performed in four step procedure 1 scan area definition 2 XRF map definitions 3 preset time settings 4 start measurement The second example is not typical measurement but it is useful exercise for optical calibration procedure The third example shows typical measurement with using optical image to define scan area 37 1 X RAY MICROPROBE 1 5 3 1 XRFM image of an IC chip without optical calibration blind scan 38 Assumption e Spector is running in XRFM mode You can check it in the MNG System MCA property sheet by opening Application dialog box There should be active XRF microprobe If not then select it and press OK If yes it means that you already have some XRF maps defined and you need to redefine them in the step two e detector is calibrated not necessary It 1s calibrated if single spectra in MDI show both energy and channels To see spectra apply MNG Data View and then MDI Display OpenAll command If detector is not calibrated you can do it as described in 2 3 1 2 1 MNG Edit XRFM Detector Calibration e IC is mounted on the holder and rotated 90 respect to the beam and rotation motor shows
123. inimal for all points except for those at boundary when jump is terminated On this way any eventual shift between odd and even rows or columns are minimized This 3 MDI may be important for scan with very high resolution On the other side such path can increase the total measurement time The motors skip from one position to the other with equal speed selected by speed control The starting point is always approached at full speed The speed grades are in arbitrary units These units are related to encoder counts which can be defined with using the Motor application If the zoom item is enabled checked the collected XRF image target has the same dimension in millimeters as the smallest rectangular that surrounds scan area selected on the existing XRF image source Otherwise the target and source XRF image has the same size For more about the effect of the zoom feature on the resolution see command Export Image ROI If the scan is selected on the video or extended XRF image then zoom is enabled by default and any change of this item has no effect Scan Propertios Mode Extended Men Optica zoom ff an stop move matara to reterant position Listed properties have no effect on the current or previous scans Toupdsts these propenes use Scan history view commend Figure 3 8 1 1 The General dialog box of the Scan Properties sheet After scanning is finished the
124. installed Figure 4 3 1 1 3 The Communication dialog for ISA channel PI C812 board Motors The Motors dialog box defines actuator s related parameters which includes motors encoders and screw drive The Precision defines acceptable difference between a target and current position maximal error If the differences are less then values specified by the dialog box the program does not wait for motors to go to the target position nor tries to move motors there In this case a new command may be accepted that move motors to the new position before they were stopped The values are given in steps that 1s encoder counts Use calibration defined in the Motor dialog to estimate these values in millimeters To small values may cause an extra dead time in scanning The Calibration The calibration defines the number of encoder counts need to move a sample for one millimeter or one degree The sign should be set according to the definition of the coordinate system we use See the Coordinate system All default values are positive except for the x motor In this case it is assumed that motor steps increase when a sample is moving to the left that is in opposite then it is defined by the orientation of the x axis in the above coordinate system For default values see 1 2 Setup The Range defines maximal distance that motors are supposed to move sample 131 4 MOTOR 132 CEIT Properties
125. ints of sample pixels are irradiated by a narrow typically 10 30um primary beam At each point X ray fluorescence spectrum is collected and the concentration of a particular element versus position may be obtained concentration maps However the real concentration maps require advanced and time consuming data evaluation techniques The simplest type of maps shows only the number of X rays detected per pixel at the energy that corresponds to the characteristic X rays of a given element of interest If X rays are used as a primary beam the sample is mounted on micropositioning system and the technique is called micro beam X ray fluorescence or simply X ray microprobe If charged particles are used as a primary beam instead of X rays the method is called scanning particle microprobe specially electron scanning microprobe and proton induced X ray emission microprobe which is also known as PLXE microprobe Despite their great chemical and crystallographic sensitivities X ray microprobe techniques have been limited by inefficient X ray focusing optics as well as weak X ray sources Interest in X ray microprobe was revived by the development of ultra high intensity synchrotron X ray sources but still limited due to very high cost of such facilities The most recent development in the X ray focusing optics has enabled using of a conventional X ray tube as source of primary beam and first commercially available systems has been released 1 2 S
126. ion from time the motors were still moving because internal watch thread exits before motors stop Therefore it 1s recommended to apply this command For C842 controller it 1s not necessary Go there The command moves sample to the position defined by the position controls If any of these values is equal to the current position the sample is not moved in the corresponding direction Each time you enter a value that exceeds the range defined in the Motor dialog the program displays a warning Go to zero The command moves sample to the origin The origin is position at which internal motor coordinates are zero for all axes The origin is set by the Reset motors command in the application s system menu Reset board The command restarts the controller by restoring all default hardware conditions It should be used with a care if you have made any changes since powering up the controller position speed The command is available through the application s system menu box Reset motors The command sets position of one or more motors to zero It brings up the Reset Motors dialog box which enables selecting an appropriate motor s Any motor or a group of motor may be selected The command is available through the application s system menu box Aestcoordmetals 10 rero dor the folowing metans ie moves sample lat righh Toy moves semple updown ff moves samole tom to Fe robales sample Ok Cancal Figur
127. ion of capillary and the axis of rotation if camera is at 180 There are two types of procedures One of them requires that you can see exit of the capillary that is beam position with using of the microscope and camera In addition you need a micrometer thick cross This cross can be mounted on a separate or on the same holder together with sample In the last case you don t need to remove cross after calibration therefore any errors related to the holder handling are removed However in the case of camera at 180 the cross must be visible by camera after 180 rotation For example you can glue a small cross on a piece of Mylar and then Mylar on a Plexiglas holder together with sample It 1s convenient to put cross at left bottom corner of holder In any case take care that part of sample you are interested in and cross as well can be moved in the front of capillary that 1s all they should be inside the range of motors 1 5 2 3 4 1 Procedure I This procedure you can use for both positions of camera 180 and 0 as well It does not require that capillary exit or beam position is visible by the microscope and camera You need a micrometer thick cross which can be mounted on the holder together with a sample or on a separate holder a Step 1 Referent image calibration Here you need to define offset and slope of the linear transformation between position in millimeters in the scanning coordinate system and pixels on the screen
128. irst example 1 5 1 4 Measuring for the first time It is assumed that you have run the program for the first time If not then see 1 5 1 3 Running program for the first time v Find a small piece of material that contains Fe or Zn sample and mount it on the holder v Run the Motor application It is accessible through the MDI Scan Motor command or from the Window s Start menu Move the sample with using of the Motor control If motors do not move then refer to 4 3 Motor Board properties If you want to see the border on XRF image than move the sample on such a way that watching from exit of capillary the border is a little bit up and right for example 2 3 mm Y Load hash1 dat examples from 1 5 1 3 Running program for the first time It defines two XRF maps one for Fe K and one for Zn K each of them with dimension 40pixels x 40pixels In order to change it you can use MNG Acquire Displays Edit Map resolution command The preset time inherited from example is 0 5sec per pixel You can change it by the MNG Acquire MCA Presets dialog box v Apply the MDI Scan Export Rectangular Area command It brings up a property sheet There select for Position in the front of capillary and then press read motor button see Fig 1 5 1 4 1 After that set for Size 6mm x 6mm or similar Finally press OK to exit from the property sheet Note that scan area
129. is changed The Command report and Motor to stop time outs have the same meaning for RS232 channel Please see there for more information The Write wait state is a fixed time the program waits before sending any character to PI C812 controller This time is critical for correct communication It may depend on computer speed and usually it is in the range of 2000 10000 usec default value is 5000 The larger value minimizes handshaking problems but increases the command processing time In order to test it use the Test communication button Closely related to the write time is the loop speed test which must be properly performed in order to measure time correctly The Read time out is a fixed time the program waits before reading any character from PI C812 controller This time is less critical It is suggested to use a value in the range 10 100 usec The default value is 10 The Wait state loop speed test 1s critical for correct communication The wait state is implemented through simple loops The execution time per one loop is defined on the basis of the time the program needs to execute as many loops as it is defined by the dialog test using loops On multithread systems like Windows this time may not be fixed and usually it is underestimated if other threads are not taken into account On the NT 2000 the program gets information from the system how long time processor was executing corresponding thread t
130. isition The current version supports three types of controls Action Counter and Title The Action controls are used to control the acquisition flow for example to start measurement The Counters usually show various timers counters and they purpose is described by Title controls In addition the Title may be used to display a user defined text or information The desktop may be stored on or retrieved from the disk For each l E Daa System Acquisition i tart etn continues Real Time Real Time 36 30 36 30 Live Time Live Time 35 00 35 00 Flap Time Flap Time 0 00 0 00 Rest Time Rest Time 0 00 0 00 Piel Piel 1290 1290 2 4 1 70 Figure 2 4 1 The MNG Desktop view in the stop status left and during customisation right application the program uses one default file that you can overwrite with a custom defined desktop The current program version does not store desktop information into the data file Therefore each time you load new data the system keeps desktop or takes the default if new data and old application are incompatible Customize One can define position and view of the desktop controls To do this the desktop must be first opened for editing To do this click on the right mouse button over the desktop area Generally the view of the desktop depends on the application On load time the program reads desktop information from a desktop file If the file
131. isplay side one should make a process of precompensation that is to calculate voltage from intensity by taking 1 y power function The value for y depends on standard The NTSC uses y 2 2 due to a perception effect called dark surround while the PAL uses a litle bit larger value y 2 8 Hence the correction at display is 0 45 and 0 36 power functions for NTSC and PAL respectively The y corrected R G B are used to form luminance Y with the following formula for both NTSC and PAL Y 0 299 R 0 587 G 0 114 B Such luminance is often called luma to point out that it is derived from gamma corrected R G B The coefficients chosen for the Y equation are related to the eye s sensitivity to the RGB colors This luma signal maintains most of the bandwidth of the original RGB signals so that the details represented by the highest frequencies are retained in the monochrome portion of the picture The three separate RGB signals must eventually be regenerated in the monitor to drive the red green and blue CRT guns To make this possible three equations are required to recover the three signal variables Two intermediate color difference signals R Y and B Y are created In the NTSC standard system these color difference signals are further combined into two color signals called I and Q the PAL uses U and V they are defined as follows P cos 33 R Y sin 33 B Y 0 596 R 0 274G
132. k Figure 1 4 1 Functional diagram of a motion control system 1 4 1 Motion controller A motion controller is a device in a motion system that generates electronic signals instructing the motion mechanics to move or stop If a feedback system exists then signals measuring the actual motion output are returned to the controller The controller compares the actual to desired output and generates an error signal upon which corrective action is taken A controller can have various features such as data communications input output lines memory for storing motion programs and encoder feedback processing for closed loop positioning Although a displacement can take several seconds the controller has to work at higher speeds to make calculations and output updated motion commands Common controllers use three types of control methods They are position control velocity control and torque control The position type of control moves the load from one known fixed position to another known fixed position Feedback or closed loop positioning is important for precise positioning Torque control measures the current applied to a motor with a known torque coefficient in order to develop a known constant torque 11 1 X RAY MICROPROBE 1 4 2 1 4 3 152 Motion controllers are typically available as bus based cards or in stand alone configurations Designed to be incorporated within a host computer bus based cards are available in most popul
133. kly by pressing left button and dragging mouse inside the map Drag it to the left bottom corner of the map For this position you can read 0 0 coordinate in channels and 0 0 in mm If you drag mouse to the right top corner you can read 40 40 channels and 6 6 in mm This means that scan area is 6mm x 6mm Y Move cursor in fine steps with using of arrow keys Note that each time you click an arrow the coordinate in channels change for one channel and 150um This means that scan resolution that is distance between two successive motor positions was 150um in both directions v Press right mouse button somewhere inside the map drag it and finally release This creates a rectangle If you apply Region zoom command you will get this rectangle enlarged To go back use the Region Home command 23 1 X RAY MICROPROBE 24 Y Repeat above but don t zoom Instead of that use ROI Create command It creates a ROI and shows it in inverted colour You can delete it with using of ROL Delete command v Activate single spectrum with name Cumulative on the same way as you did for map Above the spectrum image there is a bar with two colours Each of them corresponds to one ROI that is X ray line of Tungsten and to one of maps as well v Click left button over one of colours on the above bar This activates corresponding ROI and you can read total number of events in this ROI The number is equal to the tota
134. l sum in corresponding map Y Double click left button on the same place as above Its zooms the ROI To go back use the Region Home command v If you want to zoom an arbitrary part of the spectrum then use the same method as described for the map v If you want to create anew ROI use same method as described for map Load hash2 dat The example shows also two maps One map corresponds to Zn K and other to Fe K characteristic X ray line v Verify that scan area was 2mm x 2mm and resolution 50 um v Use Display Read command It opens system dialog box Select there for File of types SPECTOR dat This shows has1 dat and hash2 dat Select the first and press OK Now you can see a list of spectra from hash1 dat sample Select third in the list Fe and press OK It opens Fe map Now you can compare two maps and check which part of image from has1 dat was scanned in the has2 dat The data you have loaded dat extension are already sorted in XRF maps and only Cumulative spectrum is available In order to make off line analysis or to see spectra in each pixel you should read list files Ist extension The installation CD contains two list files that correspond to above two data files In order to read list file do the following E AA CASPECTORIDA TA heh isi M Mod eol C Agpend M Acc guput 1 Arciimpul m 77 Sen OF Canca Figure 1 5 1 3 2 The Start dialog box in replay mode v Open
135. led Edit and its view depends on the Application Therefore the dialog features are discussed for each application separately In addition there are few more pages that set properties that are not defined by the Edit page 1 Edit XRFM The dialog contains a list of displays used by the XRFM application and dialog controls that enable you create change or delete the displays A brief description of the XRF data processing is described in the System MCA Application Here is given a procedure how to create displays and described each of the property pages as well By default the XRF application creates two single displays They always appear as the first two displays in the list Therefore your list always contains at least two displays which you can t remove The first is called Cumulative and it contains spectrum accumulated at all scanning points of the sample The second is called Transient and it contains spectrum at the most recently measured sample point Therefore each time the system skips to the next sample point it resets the Transient and updates the Cumulative spectrum You can change their names or titles using the edit control The resolution of the energy spectra is defined by the resolution of the corresponding ADC and it can be set by the ADC page of the MCA property sheet in the System menu Usually you define one or more regions of interest called ROI on t
136. log box The video image should be first captured by the Image grab command In addition the corresponding image window must be active The dialog box supports a list that is supposed to contain the calibration points For each calibration point you should enter both x and y coordinates in pixels and corresponding coordinates in millimeters To do this first enter the values in the edit controls bellow the list and then press the AddMan button The number of points 1s practically not limited To correct already entered value you should first select it in the list and then press the Change button The calibration 1s performed upon pressing the Calibrate button Using all listed points the program makes a least square fit to the straight line and displays correlation coefficients at the top of the dialog The AddAuto button is used for automatic calibration procedure described bellow It assumes the system is supplied by the already calibrated step motors This is the case of the micro beam XRF fluorescence application Therefore the procedure is related to this application 123 3 MDI The XRF image referent calibration procedure e Step 1 Mount a micrometer cross on the sample holder e Step 2 Move the cross on such a way that 1ts center appears on the Video display at point you want to have 0 0 coordinate For example it can be in the middle of the Video display Step 3 Reset x and y motors
137. log box Compose See the MNGI Data Compose Copy as bitmap The command copies display to the clipboard in the screen resolution as a screen dependent bitmap From the clipboard the display can be pasted to another application which supports bitmap format Only the visible part of the display spectra will be copied 3 7 Action menu The Action Menu contains the items Start Stop Pause and Continue that perform the corresponding actions with the MPA PC hardware These controls are also available from the MNG The Restart function can be used for a fast restart stop and start without calling the Start dialog You should nable it must in the View Menu 3 8 Scan menu The Scan Menu items let you select a scan region used for the micro beam X ray fluorescence XRFM application in order to collect two dimensional maps XRF images The scan region is a selected area on a sample that is going to scan with a stationary micro XRF beam on such a way that sample is moving in the front of the capillary The shape size and position of the scan area can be defined using this menu To select a scan area you can use calibrated video image or already collected XRF image and mark there a corresponding region of interest ROI In addition you 109 3 MDI 3 8 1 110 can define a rectangular area which left bottom corner is always in the front of the capillary regardless of the sample position If
138. lways shows video pictures in the SCS coordinates This means that each time you move the sample and then take an image the program automatically adjusts calibration of the new image It is done on such a way that all points have the same coordinates like on an infinite image taken with motors in the referent position Therefore the same point always appears with the same coordinate in millimeters If not it means that either a wrong resolution is selected it corresponds to a previous microscope magnification and video image size or motor Scan Properties General Extended Map Optical rearen image calibraticn motor telerert pazdi n men D 005043 sipia lo slaps roar fo 003043 pre ys fo sierra adilan paman c mera poso entr ol rota c fo mm r BE fian deg wa i mri yu o H Figure 3 8 1 3 The Optical dialog box of the Scan Properties sheet calibration in millimeters has been changed since the last optical calibration In the first case recalibrate picture In the last case use motor application motor exe binary to correct motor calibration coefficients If you want to take coordinate of a fixed object then motors must be in the Motor Referent position In other words any fixed object not mounted on the holder that you can eventually see on a video image has correct coordinate only if the image is taken with motors in the referent position 113 3 MDI 3 8 2 Opti
139. ly once when board is installed for the first time You should note that not all firmware versions are supported by the program The list of compatibility are listed on the Table 4 3 1 1 1 For more about the controller see the Information MS 26E C 804 C 812 DC motor Controller Before setting the hardware please read restrictions that refer to particular channel listed in the corresponding Communication dialog box of the Board properties sheet Table 4 3 1 1 1 The firmware versions and software compatibility Sa a Communication channel RS232 V5 5 PAL U32F V4 3 PAL U32F V4 1 PAL U32F Normally you don t need to change current active channel therefore you should press OK to proceed The Board properties sheet contains a few dialog boxes which are equal for both channels except one that defines communication itself Communication RS232 The serial RS232 channel is preferred way of communication due to hardware problems in the ISA mode In order to use it you should connect on board connector J1 with serial port of your computer by connecting the pins as shown in the table 4 3 1 1 2 128 4 MOTOR Table 4 3 1 1 2 The cable connections for serial communication C812 board connector J1 PC 25 pin Sub D 1 RXD 2 TXD Further you should set the following jumpers and switches SW3 bit 8 ON SW2 bit 6 0FF bit7 ON bit8 OFF see COM port settings bellow jumper E3 must not be installed T
140. m the step one divided by FWHM of your beam For the y resolution set one pixel The default ROI covers full range of spectra In order to define a proper ROI first apply the MNG Data View command which starts activates MDI if it is not already started and then MDI Display Open All command It brings up two single displays and one map It was assumed that detector was already calibrated Therefore you can modify ROI created by the program when you applied set all default command To do this create region by dragging right mouse button around the position of one of W characteristic X ray lines and then apply the ROI replace command Note that if your detector is not calibrated you can leave ROI as it is make calibration during a scan and then redefine ROI a Step 3 Preset time setting for horizontal scan To define preset time use the MNG Acquire MCA property sheet For example one second Live Time preset should be enough to observe the wire o Step 4 Starting horizontal scan Run measurement by pressing the Start button in the MNG client area During acquisition you can monitor map by making projection onto the X axis To do this select full region on the map create ROI and then apply the MDI ROI Project X command It creates one dimensional display which changes from the left to the right part of the spectrum If the scan size was chosen properly you should get a peak in the projection spectr
141. mmand The reading of the list files also called replay is similar to the live acquisition First you should switch the program into the replay mode by the Data Replay and then apply the Start command The replay reproduces the original histograms or builds a new one Load The command reads all histograms from a histogram file and overwrites already loaded histograms 2 MNG First the Windows Open dialog box is brought up It contains a list of all files located in the default data directory Only files with extension and format selected by the Files of type are shown To change the default directory use the Directories dialog box It is available by the Host command in the System menu To view the data use the View command in the Data menu It brings up the MDI application However you can start the application as is done for normal applications To read a list file first check the Replay item in the Data menu and then apply the Start button Save as The command saves all histograms into a histogram file with name location and format specified by the command First the Windows Save As dialog box is brought up There you should enter the file name and select location and data format If the file name does not contain extension the program automatically adds it according to the selected format Save The command saves all histograms into an existing hist
142. motor has a three phase winding delta or wye brushless drives typically contain six power transistors arranged in three half H bridges as well as additional logic to control their timing as a function of rotor position feedback This logic is often expanded upon to employ advanced commutation schemes such as sinusoidal current control and phase advance to extract even more performance The PI C 812 has onboard amplifier for four motors up to 2W Actuator Actuators provide a method of converting a motor s rotary motion into linear motion Options include leadscrews ball screws rack and pinion or belt cable chain drives A very popular technique for moving loads is to use the axial translation of a nut riding along a rotating screw Leadscrews use sliding contact so their wear rate 1s directly proportional to usage The advantages of leadscrews include self locking capability low initial costs ease of manufacture and a wide choice of materials Usually the actuators host encoder motor and gearhead The whole assembly sometimes is referred to as actuator Fig 1 4 3 1 The most popular of the many types of motors available are step brush type DC motors and brushless DC motors Step motors are often selected simply because they can be run open loop that is without any feedback sensor The position is simply controlled by the number of steps send to the motor However to support this motor must keep continuous current in windings which
143. n the slope of calibration curve is defined by motors itself see the Motor application Note that your scan area is well defined by the motor position x y and can be easy reproduced Later if you want you can scan area that is shifted by dx dy mm from the current area In this case you can either keep current calibration offset or reset it In the first case you should uncheck button set x dx y dy as new referent position This prevents program to move motor referent position As the 0 0 coordinate in millimeters is always at point which is in the front of capillary when motors are in referent position your calibration does not change Therefore left top corner of the shifted scan area has no more 0 0 millimeters coordinate In contrary if you check the same button then the program uses x dx y dy as a new referent position and sets 0 0 coordinate in millimeters at origin of the shifted area In any case positive dx and dy shifts scan area to the right and up respectively while negative dx and dy shifts 1t to the left and down side respectively 115 3 MDI 3 9 2 2 116 Rectangular Scan Area Gi ES Size Posmon sie resol on horizontal ky rein horizontal min vertical 1 500 mm watical mier To change resolu on adusi number ol channels of AF maps us ima Acusan Diaping Resolibon dialog iii OF Cancel Help Figure 3 8 1 2 The Size dialog box of the Rect Scan Area property sh
144. n in millimeters of the target XRF image that is the distance in millimeters between two successive points 1s calculated automatically by the program To do this the program divides the size of the scan frame with the number of channels in the target XRF image To define the number of channels use Acquisition Display Map Resolution dialog box Note that source XRF image does not need to have neither equal number of channels nor the same resolution in millimeters comparing to the target XRF image Fig 3 8 2 2 1 illustrates effect of zooming on the target XRF image if the number of channels does not change Extend The command creates a two dimensional map called extended XRF image that lets you select a scan region partially or totally outside the frame of the existing XRF images Its properties can be defined in the Scan Properties dialog box After creating a ROI on the map apply the Export image ROI command It defines scan area that corresponds to the selected ROI View The command brings Scan View dialog box that shows scan area used by the program to drive the step motors The data are taken from scan dat file For more information about the shown items see the History command You can change some of these properties and then update the scan dat file with using the Update command History The command lets you actualize a scan area defined in the past Each time a scan area is d
145. n pixels and position relative to the left top corner of the parent window desktop Each time you resize or move a bar using the mouse these values are updated automatically 101 3 MDI 102 The Style dialog box defines how the bar is drawn The bar is not drawn if the Visible box is unchecked The border is defined by checking one or more of the following boxes Thin Border Sunken and the Static edge In the first case a thin border is drawn around the bar while two other options produces a three dimensional border If the Resize box 1s checked then the size of the bar and its text are adjusted to the size of the parent window In addition to the resizing you can set the moving properties They are listed in the corresponding list box If do not move item is selected then the position of control is fixed This option is normally used to keep the bar at the top of the parent window or on its left edge If you want to keep the bar on the bottom of the window then use the move vertical option In that case the bar is shifted up or down each time the parent window decreases or increases its vertical dimension The shift 1s equal to the increment of the window size In any case the horizontal bar position is not changed The meaning of the move horizontal is the same as above but applying it to the horizontal direction This is normally used if you want to keep the bar at the right edg
146. n supports motor driving The graphical presentation is dedicated to the executable called Multi Display Interface MDIEXE It also features analysis tools display manipulation like arithmetic operation between displays projection and graphical comparison ROIs etc In addition it enables to define scan area graphically or numerically display and grab video image by using appropriated dynamic link library The MOTOR EXE enables to drive up to four motors by using graphical user interface or keyboard It is motor board independent and uses the same library as mdi exe The various program parts communicate via Windows message queues and memory sharing The whole software is controlled by user friendly window controls dialog boxes list boxes and other common controls toolbars menus To support full control from a command line or a batch file mode an interpreter called Parser has been developed In addition a control from a remote computer via RS232 or network is possible 17 1 X RAY MICROPROBE Data dat Acquisition board Data 1st Data VO Cue PR thread Replay dll Motor controlle Replay module Data analvsi Network threads Prmlib dll User written parameters Shared data memory gt EN Figure 1 5 1 1 Spector s basic components schematic diagram up and spectrum graphical user interface down 18 1 X RAY MICROPROBE 1 5 1 2 Program installation The pr
147. n the last corner is selected move cursor on the first corner of the next pattern and press Tab key In order to finish at last corner of the last pattern press End or Esc key Measurement general a Changing preset while measurement is on Sorry it is not possible 47 2 MNG 2 MNG The MNG application is the main acquisition program It prepares the system for running starts the measurement controls the acquisition and finally stops it and saves collected data However the MNG is not intended for a visual data presentation Moreover it does not feature any graphics capability Therefore you should use the MDI application to visualize on line data To perform the measurement you should first select the data acquisition board also called MCA Usually it is done during the program installation However you can select a new MCA without running the installation program again To do this use the Select MCA command in the System menu After selecting a MCA you should prepare it for measurement Actually the installation procedure performs the basic initialization If necessary you can modify it by the MCA command in the System menu For example there you can change the resolution of your ADCs There are MCA properties that are often modified like the time pre sets coincidence time window etc To change it use the MCA command in the Acquire menu If you run the program i
148. n the list mode then you should define the on line data sorting that is histograms To do this use the Display command in the Acquire menu To start the measurement press the Start button in the application s client window Usually the collected data are automatically saved on the end of the measurement To customize this and similar data output features use the Data item of the Acquire menu All the basic MNG commands are grouped in the following three menus Data System and Acquire Each of them is explained separately as follows 2 1 Data menu 48 The Data Menu contains commands that enable reading or collecting the data In addition you can combine the data from two or more measurements The program uses two types of data files histogram and list files The both of them reproduce histograms that are originally measured In addition you can create new histograms from the list files A histogram file contains measured spectra that is already sorted pulse heights Usually it is a binary file with extension dat but also may be text file The histogram file can be directly loaded into the memory using the Data Load command A list file contains raw pulse heights in the same order as they were acquired by the system By default it 1s a binary file with extension Ist but you can convert them into the text file as well One can t read list files with using of the Data Load co
149. n type symbol you can define its size using the Size combo box and pen thick by the Thick combo box In addition the pattern symbols can be filled To enable it check the FilP box The following pattern symbols are possible rectangle circle triangle up triangle down Cross snow flake If you check the Error bar box a vertical line is drawn over the symbol The line length is equal to the square root of the number of events 89 3 MDI 90 If the visible spectrum contains more channels then the corresponding pixels on the screen it may happen that two or more channels share the same pixel In that case the program may draw maximal mean value of the counts or minimal counts This is defined by Max Counts Mean Counts or Min Counts respectively The channels which content is below this Threshold value is not taken into account for the mean value calculation For the Set All To Default and the Set All As Default buttons refer to this property sheet introduction Axis The Axis dialog box sets the graphical properties of the y also called vertical or counts and x also called horizontal or channels axis The axis contains the following graphical objects frame grid ticks tick numbers and titles The axis Frame is a rectangle drawn around the histogram You can disable drawing of one or more its sides using the Frame Style dialog box The Frame 1s dr
150. nd scan assumes the x and y motors are moved in the scanning coordinate system which 0 0 coordinate in millimetres origin 1s set at point O positioned in x actuator capillary P a y actuator Figure 1 5 2 2 1 1 The Scanning coordinate system for a blind scan ets ref ref the front of capillary when motors are at position M M steps see Fig 1 5 2 2 1 1 This motor position is called motor referent position Therefore you should define this referent position with using of the Scan Export Rectangle Area command You must define this position at least one time Usually you don t need to define it more than one time in a series of measurement This 1s because new scan area can be easy defined from a collected XRF image keeping the same referent position You are free to move motors with Motor application and it has no effect on the referent motor position During scan x and y motors are moved on such a way that all scan points are placed one by one in the front of capillary that is to the coordinate 0 0 millimetres in the scanning coordinate system In order to scan an arbitrary point on the sample with coordinates x y millimetres one should move x and y motor to the position M M steps M A x M LE TA M A y M 29 1 X RAY MICROPROBE where A and A are number of steps encoder counts per millimeters for x and y motor respectively see expression 1 5 2 1 1 The XRF image obtained
151. ocessing It can be supported by the on board hardware and software the host or both of them Weather an application appears in the list box or not depends on which MCA you use and which data storage mode was selected in the MCA dialog box Default The program builds normal one or two dimensional histograms also called displays The displays may be defined by the Displays command in the Acquire menu In the PHA storage mode the histograms are allocated on the on board memory and field by the MCA In the list mode the data are transferred event by event and the histograms are built off board in the host memory TXRF In the Total reflection X ray florescence TXRF data storage capabilities are the same to the Default application with exception that only one dimensional displays are possible In addition the program drives up to four motors to adjust position and angle of the spectrum modifier and the sample holder The X ray beam may be monitored by a video image obtained with a CCD camera and a video capture card XRFM In the X ray florescence micro probe XRF M mode for each sample position the program collects one X ray energy spectrum In addition the program builds two dimensional XRF images for example on such a way that for each selected ROI in the X ray energy spectrum it stores number of counts as a function of the sample position 2 MNG Dede The position of the sample is con
152. odically copies an external memory and shows the corresponding spectra on the computer monitor In the list mode data are collected event by event and stored in a buffer that 1s a successive memory locations of an external memory The software reads the buffer makes data sorting on line data analysis shows the sorted data in graphical form and optionally stores event by event data to the storage device for additional off line analysis In the XRF microprobe application the list mode is utilised in such a way that each event is defined by the sample x and y position two parameters and energy spectrum collected at this position third parameter The software consists of several applications and related drivers dynamic link libraries The XRF microprobe uses three main applications MNG MDI and MOTOR 1 X RAY MICROPROBE The Spector s manager MNG EXE is the main acquisition program and performs high level hardware control data input output and data sorting to one or two dimensional histograms called displays It uses several dynamic link libraries to perform different tasks To enable customized data analysis a user written parameters that is any function of ADCs channels are possible to define by creating dynamic link library with generic name prmlib dll The off line analysis is supported by another dynamic library called replay dll A motor controller specific library that 1s loaded on start and released on stop of acquisitio
153. of all channels in the ROI that have the y axis coordinate y x projection onto the y axis 3 4 4 3 Project X Y The same as ROI Project X and ROI Project Y commands including a correction for background The command invokes a dialog box that let you customize the projection The projection axis defines axis on which the projection is done If you select Y for the axis of projection then left background and right background margins define two regions in the x axis that are used to calculate the background Similar if you select X for the axis of projection then upper background and lower background margins define two regions in the y axis th at is used to calculate the background The command may be applied on the rectangular ROI only 3 4 5 Keep always If this option is active checked then each ROI created by MDI is kept in the memory after closing corresponding display This means that ROI lasts until you do anything of bellow e delete ROI by the ROI Delete command or dialog box delete corresponding display from MNG Acquisition Display dialog However 1f the display was created by the Display Create command then corresponding ROI lasts until you delete the display 3 4 6 Update sum The command enables automatic updating refreshing of an active ROI sum during measurement 3 4 7 Shape The command selects Region shape Each time you define a new R
154. ogram file with already defined file name location and format The file attributes are the same that was used to load the data or start acquisition The file name is shown on the MDI title bar If this name is labelled as the noname the command brings up the Windows Save As dialog box Add The command reads all histograms from a file and adds it to the existing histograms It is assumed that both sets of histograms are compatible It means equal number of histograms and the same resolution of the corresponding histograms See the Load command for an input file selection Subtract The command reads all histograms from a histogram file and subtracts it from existing histograms It 1s assumed that both sets of the histograms are compatible It means equal number of histograms and the same resolution of corresponding histograms The negative results are set to zero See the Load command for an input file selection Compose The command performs custom arithmetic operation between two histogram files called operands First the Compose dialog box is brought up It lets you select the operation type and operands The operands are defined by the fields labeled with the Data sources If any of the two operands is located on the disk enter its file name or apply the Browse button to look for it If the operand is already loaded into the memory press the Memory button or enter NULL
155. ogram installation is a simple wizard that guides you through the process of installation The wizard consists of the following basic steps L What is your data acquisition board If you select none the program installs Canberra S100 but without any driver therefore you will not be able to measure In addition the wizard skips to step 4 Note that you can select the board from already installed program Webheiis Your Acqusmon boarn Fi De Install board driver Select No if you plan to make data analysis only Otherwise select Yes If you select No the wizard does not need any board information and skips to step 4 If you in giall Board Urner select Yes the wizard will install corresponding driver s100 sys for Canberra S100 mpapc sys for FastComTec MPA PC dsprot31 sys for DiconLab DSProt31 but only under the Windows NT 2000 19 1 X RAY MICROPROBE 20 3 Acquisition board information The information depends on the board Usually it is only base I O address All other properties that may be application dependent or not necessary to access the board are set to default Latter you can adjust them from already installed program The address you select here must match jumper selection on your board For correct Acgasition board 170 Mase Address The Setup reade ir Cid bese address glyo board Pinese ses manuel lor mora imire on jumper settings see board manual or 2 2 2 MNG MC
156. olor is used to draw single display background and the three other to draw foreground histograms maximum mean and minimum For example if the drawing surface has less pixels then there are channels in the visible part of the histogram the program may display channels that contains the largest number of events maximum the smallest minimum or mean value mean For each ROI there is one item in the Color select for list box They are labeled with RO and have two digits index The ROIs take the color with period equal the number selected for the Single levels To define color for ROI i you should select the ROI from the list and then click on the color you want to choose It is convenient to use only static colors for the ROIs otherwise any change in the map colors affects the single histograms view Colors for other drawing objects Apart from the ROIs and map color scale display may have several other graphical objects for which colors can be adjusted They are listed in the Color Select for dialog box It is common to assign static color for these items Fonts The command sets font that is used for drawing texts related to the histograms It brings the Font dialog box that lets you select font properties The same type of font is used for all histograms The size you select here corresponds to the referent histogram s window that has 701 pixels in width and 393 pixels in height These dimensions are corrected
157. ombination are common The most critical parameter for stages 1s load capacity Feedback Encoder A feedback device transforms a physical parameter like position into an electrical signal for use by a motion controller They are most often mounted integrally with the motor but sometimes on output gear shaft Common feedback devices include encoders for position feedback tachometers for velocity feedback and accelerometers for acceleration feedback The position parameter is ultimate for micro positioning If encoder output consists of electronic signals corresponding to an increment of linear or rotational movement only relative position angle is possible Such encoders are called incremental and are widely used in micropositioning Quadrature encoders are a particular kind of incremental encoder with of at least two output signals commonly called channel A and channel B The channel B 1s offset 90 degrees from channel A The addition of a second channel provides direction information in the feedback signal The ability to detect direction is critical if encoder rotation stops on a pulse edge Without the ability to decode direction the counter may count each transition A rotary encoder can differentiate a number of discrete positions per revolution This number is called points or counts per revolution and 1s analogous to the steps per revolution of a stepper motor Linear and rotary stages and actuators incorporating indirect metrology use rota
158. on into the file with extension cfg The existing file 1s overwritten without any notice It takes the same name as the most recent loaded configuration file You can look for the name in the Report see Acquisition Report command If you want to store it in a new file then use the SaveAs command If you want to set it as a default configuration then use the Set As Default command Save as The command saves all acquisition properties configuration into the file with a user defined name The command brings up the Save As dialog box that enables you to enter the name The file takes default extension cfg if no extension is specified If you want to set it as a default configuration then use the Set As Default command Load The command loads previously saved acquisition properties configuration from a file Set as default The command sets the current acquisition properties configuration as default Each time you start the program it automatically loads the default configuration The default configuration file name is stored in the program initialization file spector in1 If the program can t find the default configuration file it takes information that is built in the code 69 2 MNG 2 4 Desktop The application s client window is called Desktop It contains acquisition controls that enable you to control flow of a measurement and monitor various parameters during acqu
159. ordinate at channel x y set offsets to Xoo Ry X Ry y where R is resolution of image The resolution should not be changed The calibration can be done by using the Video Image Calibrate procedure The procedure defines origin offset and slope resolution of the x and y axis calibration lines The offset defined there you can change if you want This procedure can be done only once for a particular microscope magnification and camera format a Step 3 motor referent position If you performed calibration in the step two than x and y motors were reset at custom position Take this position as referent by entering 0 0 for the motor referent position in the Scan Properties Optical dialog box In addition the cross is at 180 In the most cases you skip step two therefore mount the cross on holder or sample together with cross and rotate it for 180 to view cross by microscope Move 35 1 X RAY MICROPROBE 36 motor to a convenient position for example with cross in the center of display Now reset x and y motors to zero by using Motor application s system menu command Then enter 0 0 for the motor referent position in the Scan Properties Optical dialog box Note that 1t was not necessary to reset motors In that case you should enter current x and y motor coordinates as the referent motors position o Step 4 capillary position Grab an image with using of the Vid
160. orrection due to the ADC drift during data acquisition It is not available in the XRFM and SPM application View The command starts MDI application binary mdi exe The MDI application is used for graphical presentation of your data In addition the MDI features data analysis For more about the application see chapter three MDI 2 2 System menu The System menu lets you change the system properties that are not frequently modified The both MCA and host are properly initialized during the program installation However there are some properties which you may need to change from time to time like the resolution of the ADC or MCA application In addition you can use your MCA in different modes of operations All these properties are listed in the common property sheet called MCA 51 2 MNG Zooks 2 2 2 Similar to the MCA you can define the program properties related to the Host like process and thread priorities default program directories etc For this purpose the Host property sheet is used In addition the system menu features the Select MCA dialog box used to select a new MCA Select MCA The command installs selected MCA Usually the MCA is selected and installed during the program installation Using this command you can do it later without running the installation wizard again However the command uses default parameters whenever it is possible The parameters are taken from the
161. ould be active XRF microprobe If not then select it and press OK If yes it means that you already have some XRF maps defined and you need to redefine them in the step two e detector is calibrated It 1s calibrated if single spectra in MDI show both energy and channels To see spectra apply MNG Data View and then MDI Display OpenAll command If detector is not calibrated you can do it as described in 2 3 1 2 1 MNG Edit XRFM Detector Calibration e cross is mounted on the holder and rotated 90 respect to the beam and rotation motor shows 0 a Step 1 Scan area definition for horizontal and vertical scan 39 1 X RAY MICROPROBE 40 Here we will define two dimensional rectangular area in order to make both vertical and horizontal scan Later we will make it one dimensional by setting map dimension to one pixel in direction we don t need to scan In this case the program ignores scan size defined in the direction for which map dimension is one pixel First in order to define the scan area you should move the cross on such a way that its center is somewhere in the first quadrant of an imaginary coordinate system which center is in the exit of capillary as it is shown on the Fig 1 5 3 2 1 The exact position is not important and distance from the center of the cross to the capillary can be any It is recommended to put the center as close to capillary as you can but still not moving it outside of the first quadr
162. our motors To select the board you can use the Select Board command in the program s system menu Note that for each board you need a corresponding library After selecting the board you should set its properties by the Board Properties dialog E 0 00000 M I Movement controls one A Minimize Y N i I l GOL I E L R N Deed Bard X l Coordinate Boerd Properies i i Poe set Board Y Speed control lepand ad rd a o l Ani m command Recover Eosiban l Position units 4 F Application Properties or l 1 Abp ap 0 00000 AS 2 Positions Close Alter 4 bo TEMPA goto zero Figure 4 1 The Motor application main window left and its system menu box right The application brings up a window fig 4 1 that contains a few basic controls for changing and monitoring motor s position In addition the system menu box comprises a set of extended commands The basic functionality of the controls and commands as well are described separately as follows 4 1 Coordinate system The positions of motors are shown in metric units mm um or encoder counts steps in the orthogonal 3D coordinate system that is defined by the motor axes It is assumed that x and y motors has axes that are perpendicular onto the capillary while the axis of z motor is parallel to the capillary see Fig 4 1 left side The orientation of the axe
163. peak shows y coordinate of the cross s center a Step 8 Scan area definition for two dimensional scan around the center of the Cross In this step you will make a rectangular scan to obtain a two dimensional XRF image of the cross around its center Therefore you should define new rectangular scan area with proper position and size The size is up to you The position should be related to the values you found in the step four and seven You can define the position on few different ways First way to define a scan area is to use the Scan Export Rectangle dialog box on the same way as above Before that you should move motors on such a way that center of the cross is in the front of capillary exit beam To do this apply Scan Goto command It brings up corresponding dialog box There enter position of the cross s center in millimeters that you found in the steps four and seven Than press the Calculate button It gives coordinate of motors in steps when cross is in the front of capillary Now use the motor exe to move motors there Once the motors are at proper position you can apply the Scan Export Rectangle command In the Position dialog box check in the front of capillary when motors are at position button and press the Read motors button For the two required offsets set half of the values you are going to select for the size and both with negative sign If you want to set zero in the left bottom corne
164. pedo BUTE Man riris oS AAA SES MB oes ane Figure 3 5 9 1 The Menu bar editor The Menu Bar Editor features two windows a tree view window on the left side that contains defined menu items and a list view window on the right side that contains a list of all available commands On the start the tree view shows currently used menu that is stored in the text file mdi mnu You can modify it using the commands listed in the Edit popup menu item For example if you want to add one item in the menu use the following procedure First select item in the tree view after which you want to make insertion Then select item in the list view which you want to insert Finally apply the Edit Insert command If you want to apply modification use the File Apply command It automatically updates mdi mnu file and sends signal to MDI to update its menu bar according to the new settings The Menu bar is built from tree basic types of items that is defined by name and position command menu item refers to one of MDI commands In the tree view it is pointed by an inverted T icon In the list view a short command description 1s associated with it separator menu item appears in MDI as a line between two command items It has name SEPARATOR in both lists e popup menu item appears in MDI as a popup window that contains one or more command items separator items or additional popup menu items In the lis
165. plays and they remain in the memory However using the MDI you can create some temporary displays during measurement that lasts until you close them Open The command opens a new display It brings up Open Display dialog that contains a list of one and two dimensional displays created by the MNG see MNG Acquisition Displays A two dimensional display can be opened either as a map map view or in isometric projection isometric view To choose the view select appropriate button ADC Range Type ame j 13 Sh LE E 1023 SIGLE Transient Ife Jt fod MILILT Mage 1 112 1163 MIILTI Map 2 142 3163 MLILT Hap 112 31 53 MILT Map 4 E Fr Single view Cancel Figure 3 1 1 1 The Open Display dialog box To open a display click on the corresponding item in the list and then press OK button or double click on the item A new display window will be created and shown as the active window You can close and open it again without losing the data Moreover you are allowed to close the MDI application without affecting the data In addition you can open more instances of the same spectrum This means that a spectrum 1s kept in the memory until you delete 1t from MNG This happens when 75 3 MNG 3 1 4 76 you load new data or use Delete command in the MNG Acquisition Displays dialog Open all The command opens all available displays The window of the last opened display
166. processors have significantly reduced the cost disadvantage of brushless motor systems The majority of new designs employ brushless technology Comparing with step motors the DC motors have lesser motor heating produce very little vibration and move smoothly On the other side they need more complex feedback Gearboxes see Fig 1 4 3 1 are used to transmit rotational motion and power They are frequently used in reduction mode to produce increased resolution that may be difficult or impossible to achieve with standard motors A 10 1 gearbox for example produces one turn of its output shaft for every 10 turns of its input shaft A 200 step motor with this gear combination would be viewed as a device which has an effective resolution of 2000 points per revolution of the output shaft In practice non integer gear ratios are used for the following reason In the process of cutting gears there is a small but inevitable error in tooth profile The profile error usually manifests itself in the last tooth If the gear ratio would be an exact integer than this tooth would repeatedly mesh with same toot pairs on the counterpart gear In practice 31 9 ratio is often used The gear ratio may be changed adding or removing one or more 31 9 passes to the input end of the gearhead This gives for total gear ratio 31 9 where n is number of passes The Seibersdorf s system gear box also uses the same ratio but Figure 1 4 3 1 Physik Instumente PI M 224
167. program moves motors to the referent position if on stop move motors to referent position 1s checked Otherwise the motors keep last position It is useful to keep motors in referent position if it is zero but it can take some time For example if the computer must be restarted switched off and then on the motors are reset to zero position and scans you have defined are no more valid In this case you should recover motor referent position with using Motor application which may sometimes failed However if this position was already zero then you don t need to recover it The properties listed above have no effect on the current or previous scans To update these properties you should use the Scan History or the Scan View dialog box Extended Map The dialog lets you set size and resolution of the extended map called extended XRF image It is a two dimensional map which does not collect any data but enables selecting a scan area that is outside of XRF images The map always shows one of the XRF images You can select this image by the show XRF image list box The selected image is placed in the center of the extended map 111 3 MDI 112 To reserve enough space to fit the image and select a bigger scan area adjust the vertical and horizontal size of the map Once the size is set choose the vertical and horizontal resolution in channels according to the resolution
168. property sheet to define valid starting scan area Note that latter you can collect an XRF image and use it to select new scan area but blind scan area can be defined in any time Redangular Scan Areas Fix Sire Posaon origin lef Sotloen comer ahit E m the iront of the capilar when de 0 000 motors ara al rearen position la ara y 0 000 lhl iz lege F head paini E seit de y as ner ind gt step 0 oy leini posdticn A musl be C spond xy of the active mage done al least ico the Vs cam mae SO Pr OF Cancel Hei Figure 3 8 2 1 1 The Position dialog box of the Rect Scan Area property sheet In order to define blind rectangular scan area you should define its position and size To define position you should move sample on such a way that origin left bottom corner of the area you are interested in is in the front of capillary In the next step you should enter current motor position in the Position dialog To do this check button origin in the front of capillary This allows you to enter the position either manually as it is defined by motor application or with using read motor command If you define scan for the first time after positioning motors then select no shift dx 0 dy 0 and check set x dx y dy as new referent position This sets origin of scan area in the front of capillary and calibrates image on such a way that 0 0 mm is in the origi
169. r scanning 59 2 MNG 2 2 3 4 2 2 4 2 3 Ac 2 3 1 Zal 60 RS232 Sets serial communication ports COM1 to COM4 properties However the properties are not applied until mpacom dll library is loaded It happens when the program control is turned into Remote RS232 commands Host Properties Control Prionties Directories ASI Figure 2 2 3 4 1 The RS232 dialog box Set as default See the same command in the Acquire menu quire menu The Acquire menu lets you change the system properties that are more frequently modified than those listed under the System menu The properties are grouped in the three property sheets MCA Host and Displays They are explained as follows MCA The MCA property sheet lists frequently used properties of the MCA hardware The properties are grouped into a few pages described as follows Presets The Presets dialog box defines data acquisition presets The presets cause the data acquisition to terminate when specified condition is satisfied The condition depends on application and MCA The Real time and Live time presets are common in the both cases The Real time stops acquisition when specified time elapses since the start of measurement The Live time takes into account the time that ADC s circuits are busy processing an analog input dead time This time 1s measure on such a way that corresponding timer is stopped w
170. r 1t and assign any color to any level To do this use the MAP entries in the Color Select for list box For example MAP001 corresponds to the first level and usually it is assign to the first color of the colors scale 11 in the palette In the case of the fine grade color scale 1t may be problem to distinguish visually zero counts from others For this purpose the program uses the Map background for the first level color It is listed in the Color select for list in the Colors dialog box Usually this color is assigned to one of the static colors All map color scale colors that is palette entries from 10 to N 10 can be defined on one of the two following ways e bya list of RGB triplets for each color three integers in the interval 0 255 e by three functions that show color component relative intensity versus color component relative index the components are R G and B In the both cases the color information are stored in the color scale files that has name scale rgb where is indexed from 00 to 99 These files are listed in the Map scale list box The file that contains data currently used by the program is selected when the dialog is just brought up Actually the program does not use the color scale files directly Instead of that it copies all information in the color file col in appropriate format In addition it keeps the color scale file index as a reference to the color scale informa
171. r Region the y boundaries are ignored unless you check Auto scale in the Options Scaling dialog box Back The command restores previous selected region Successive Back commands have no effect 3 MDI 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 Home The command restores a display to the basic configuration on such a way that full spectrum is shown In addition the vertical scale is restored to fit maximal number of counts Sum The command calculates number of counts contained in the current selected region The edge points are taken into account Gauss fit The command fits spectrum contained in a selected region to the Gaussian function The fit procedure assumes linear background The fitted curve is displayed and a dialog box shows the results mingle Gaussian Penk Fri Ea Range Ena A JKA Fix T FAHM 11257 DIZ Ciennels 0 20 0 0022 l Pow 035 525 00064 channels 10 502 000096 Sra 1642 180 i Bereh ons O 0 94 bowie DATATST O i opio ok Save New Fi Cancel Fig 3 3 5 1 The Logfile Options dialog box The full width at half maximum FWHM and Position of the Gaussian can be changed and a New Fit can be performed In addition they can be fixed to the Logfile Options Port Header Previn osch lino M Filename Calibrated FWHH F Bange i PWHH channels F Calbraiad Position M Aran F Position channels i Hormalizad chi CE oe Figure 3 3 5 2 The Single Gausian Peak Fit
172. r corners type supported by one and two dimensional displays Polygon channels form one or more polygons each polygon may have arbitrary number of corners supported by two dimensional displays channels form a circle defined by center and a point on the circle Pie channels form a circle defined by center and a point on the circle supported by two dimensional displays To construct a region you can use mouse or keyboard In addition you can construct a ROI using a dialog box Here is described how to select a Region by mouse and keyboard Moving the display cursor over the display area To read a content of a particular channel you should move the display cursor at the screen pixel that corresponds to this channel You can do it by mouse or keyboard If you use mouse then move the mouse pointer and then click the left button The other way is to press the left button and drag the mouse The position of display cursor is shown bellow the histogram If the spectrum contains more channels than there are pixels available for drawing it may happen that more channels share the same pixel In that case the program shows channel containing the highest number of counts Therefore you may not be able to read the content of a particular channel or select it as a region boundary point To overcome the problem you can use the arrow keys In that case the cursor is moved on such a way that it never skips any channel 3 MDI Using mouse to sele
173. r of the map then check the Set x dx y dx as a new referent position button In the Size dialog box of the same property sheet set size for example 100um x 100um Apply Ok to export the scan area you ve just defined 1 X RAY MICROPROBE Second way to define scan area is by using of the Extended XRF map You can access it by the Scan Extend map Before that you should define its properties by the Extend Map dialog in the MDI Scan Properties property sheet There choose the size at least equal to the size of the current scan area Then apply the Scan Extend command which brings map with picture of your last scan In this case it is the vertical line obtained after the step seven On the map you can find coordinate of the cross Select a rectangle region around it and apply the Scan Export Image ROI command You can also put cursor at left bottom corner of the region and use the Scan Export Rectangle dialog box to define rectangle relative to this point 0 05 oo 150 0 03 100 q02 0 01 0 00 o 0 00 001 0 02 0 03 0 04 0 05 a reir Figure 1 5 3 1 2 XRF image of 4um thick Wolfram cross capillary exit diameter cca 12 um step size lum preset 5 sec per pixel In this case you should check in the Position dialog box a button labeled origin at point x y of active image and press read cursor Set 0 0 for the dx dy shift The button set x dx y dy as new referent position
174. ration of the electron hole pairs Fano factor N is noise in number of electrons that is produced in charge collection and pulse processing and E is energy of X ray in For Si Li detector at 77K 3 76 eV F 0 122 values from 0 1 and 0 13 may be found in literature and N depends on the detector and electronics and for good quality systems N 7 89 which gives total resolution 141 eV at 5 894 keV of Mn K characteristic line In this case a 0 004881 0fkeV 7 b 0 0004587 keV Note that constants a and b calculated above give ROI which width is equal to the FWHM of the characteristic X ray line In the case of low counting rate and poorer statistics you can use larger values in order to decrease total measurement time In this case you should multiply both of them with a same factor that is larger then one see Fig 2 3 1 2 1 6 and note that factor 4 1s used Delete map The command deletes currently selected map The corresponding ROI 1s not deleted Delete all maps The command deletes all maps The corresponding ROIs are not deleted 2 3 1 3 Cleanup The Cleanup page enables you to select the displays histograms that content are set to zero on the start time The page lists all defined displays Each display is represented by a row including its name and associated ADC If a name is checked then the content of the corresponding display is set to zero It is done when the acquisition is about to start If you don t check
175. rds the program uses a separate library that refers to one or more manufacturer libraries and drivers It is loaded upon the Open command and unloaded upon the Close command Therefore each time you run the program or after you apply the Close it is necessary to issue the Open command The Open command brings up a window called Video display that shows a stream of image frames from camera in a pseudo real or real time You can grab one of the frames by the Image Grab command The grabbed image appears in a separate window and you can save it by the Image Save command Latter you can retrieve it by the Image Load command The micro beam X ray fluorescence application XRFM requires that image is calibrated that is to establish the following relation image pixel versus position on the sample in millimeters For this purpose the Calibrate Video Image command is used Select The Select command lets you specify the video capture board The command brings up the Select dialog box that contains a list of supported boards You need to select your board only once usually after the program elect Video p mm m m m eo i AE eH Figure 3 9 1 The Select Video dialog box installation Before that you should install the board using the instruction supplied by manufacturer To specify camera format and grabber properties use the Properties command P
176. re After that the centre of the cross will be exactly in the front of the capillary exit When the cross s centre is in the front of capillary it is recommended to reset x and y motors and then enter 0 0 for the referent motor position in the Optical dialog of the Scan Properties sheet If you don t want to reset motors you should read current motor position and enter these values instead of 0 0 So far we found coordinates of the cross in reference to a coordinate system s established in blind scan s In order to find position of the capillary in the optical scanning coordinate system move the motors on such a way that you can see cross s centre on the screen Then grab image with using of the Video Image Grab and read coordinate of the centre in millimetres Enter these values as the capillary position in the same dialog Now you can close the dialog and property sheet by pressing Ok button 1 X RAY MICROPROBE o Step 4 camera position In this step select position of camera in the Optical dialog If it is at 180 you should define axis of rotation otherwise skip to the step two In both cases press OK and exit from the dialog m Step 5 axis of rotation This step is required only if the camera is at 180 In order to define axis of rotation you should remember current coordinate of the cross s centre actually the position of capillary rotate it from 0 where it is now to 180 and th
177. re drawn with the same color scheme To handle colors the program uses palette with N items in the present version N lt 256 The number of items may be defined by using the Palette list box Twenty items are static and can t be changed They are divided into two parts the first half are placed at the bottom while the rest are at the top of the palette Usually the static colors are used to draw all graphic objects except the map color scale The central part of color palette that 1s from item 10 up to the N 10 is normally used to draw gradual color scale in two dimensional displays Therefore this part of palette is called map colors The Save command in the Colors dialog box saves the color setup into the default color file The default file 1s loaded automatically each time you start the program The file becomes default if you load it by the Load command and then apply the UseAsDef command To save the color setup in a user defined file use the SaveAs command All color files has default extension col and they are stored in the bin subdirectory Map colors The number of colors used to draw map is defined by the Map levels item and it can be up to N 20 where N is the total number of palette entries define by the Palette list By default the first level corresponds to the smallest number of counts and to the first color in the color scale that 1s 11 in the palette You can reorde
178. re perorbin M Adapt color to Zoom Sat al To Detault As Detault Figure 3 5 2 2 The Map View dialog box 3 MDI For the Set All To Default and the Set All As Default buttons refer to the introduction into this property sheet Views Maps are either drawn in a bitmap or vector graphical mode which is defined by the Graphical mode combo box In each of modes counts are shown by the same symbol but in different colors The symbol can be selected by the Symbol type combo box In the bitmap mode maps are drawn on the surfaces with a fixed dimension which is usually different than the surfaces used for their displaying This dimension is defined by the Bitmap resolution The only exceptions are maps drawn by the dot symbol In this case the horizontal and vertical dimensions are equal to the number of channels in the x and y direction respectively When displaying map drawn in the bitmap mode the program maps drawing surface source onto the displaying surface destination This means that pixels on the source surface are stretched into rectangles lines or removed from the bitmap depending on the sizes of the drawing and displaying surfaces In any case program does not need to redraw source bitmap each time the displaying surface changes its size In the vector mode the drawing surface is equal to the displaying surface Therefore each time the display windo
179. rea may be viewed by the View command If you want to actualize one of previously defined scan areas then use the History command The both of commands enable you to modify and already defined scan properties If you want to position motors on such a way that selected point on the sample is brought in the front of capillary you should use Goto command It to calculate target motor coordinates and then move motor there using the Motor application Scan properties The command brings Scan Properties sheet that lets you define basic scan features grouped in the following dialog boxes General The program always starts scanning from the left top corner of the scan frame and terminates either in the right down or left down corner depending on the scan area The points that are inside the scan frame but outside of the scan border are skipped for more about the scan frame see Export Image ROD The Path item shows a list of figures that illustrate possible path from a starting to a terminating point They are explained in the same order they appear in the list as follows horizontal scan with jump at the right border to the left border vertical scan with jump at bottom border to the top border horizontal scan with no jump vertical scan with no jump If the selected path includes jump then each sample point approach capillary from the same direction and eventual error in position that depends on the direction 1s m
180. rogram window The list of commands supported by the toolbar is shown by the Customized toolbar list All available commands that are possible to use in the toolbar are listed in the Command list The toolbar bitmaps appear in the toolbar window in the same order as they are listed in the Customized toolbar list If you want to put a place between two bitmaps insert one or more Separator bitmaps To place a bitmap in the next row insert the New Line bitmap Menu bar The command sets Menu bar view The menu bar is a window positioned bellow the program title that contains commands The Menu Bar command runs Menu Bar Editor application that let you customize Menu bar E Henu Aar Editar Wenu Edi Halip f bDispisy j ripii ALLE Sia SESARAT R separador line j Eldo Alpay popup mii Cava 4 pen opens de ple j menos cora Cien Bal opens al de pls Cova LA Os doses Open SEPARATOR Culos sll doses al des plerss Atanga Spector Open All on Serb opens al deples on an me Arengemen Are reads digia from a ble Aide anes daplis mig fle Ad gio ar no E z f 3 m i RRO als Angle Create predm daplis biia Credle Shap Created Peete ili cls ple a iw A Pert prats Oe OF mora Chechens oe Asp Print caupe pralar li i Econ Eval mais ACERT Hal And cr popug rc Ay ibe anangis Ciel ee ALsscado anengos fal pea Tenga loons anmangos boon ied ches eee Chose J doses al displays LANSE S
181. roperties Matrox Meteor The Properties command configures the hardware and software that enables you to see the video image In addition you can use it to customize your Video display a window showing live video The listed options depend on the capture board you have selected The current settings are stored in the video ini file in the program s binary directory The file is updated each time you apply new settings The command brings up a property sheet that contains the following dialog boxes Input The Input dialog box lets you select the input device camera data format and the active input channel 3 MDI The data format is a specification that enables the software to configure on board digitizer on such a way it matches video signal format from the input device The dialog lists only data formats supported by the selected board Here is a list of all available formats format M_RS170 VIA RGB RS 170 using RGB module M_CCIR_VIA_RGB M_NTSC M PAL YC PAL Y C 768x576 3x8 bits 14 8 MHz M SECAM SECAM 768x576 3x8 bits 14 8MHz composite M SECAM RGB SECAM 768x576 3x8 bits 14 8MHz You should select one from the dialog list that matches your camera The M_RS170 is usual settings for monochrome cameras and M_NTSC for color cameras M NTSC YC RS 170 Y C SVHS 640x480 3x8 bits 12 5MHz M PAL PAL I 768x576 3x8 bits 14 8MHz composite M PAL RGB PAL I RGB 768x576 3x8 bits 14 8MHz Matrox M
182. rrect a value in the list you should first select it there then change its value and finally apply Change command To remove a value select it and press Clear Use ClearAll to remove all points After setting all points in the list you should press Calibrate If you like to use the channel units again press the Uncalib button To do the same for all displays use UncalibAl command The SaveAs and SaveAllAs stores calibration information for the current active spectrum and all spectra respectively To load this data use Load and LoadAll 108 3 MDI 3 6 2 3 6 3 3 6 4 Overlap The command draws two or more one dimensional single spectra in the same window overlapping mode with different colors and same vertical scale The command lets you select a group of one dimensional spectra and draw all of them over the current active display It brings up the Overlap dialog that lets you select displays The dialog contains two lists The Display list shows all one dimensional spectra that you can draw over the current active display The Overlap with lists all displays selected for overlapping Using Add or Add All you can select one or all of available displays To enable the compare feature you should check the box that shows the name of the active display followed by the Overlap with Display bst Figure 3 6 2 1 The Overlap dia
183. ry encoders measuring the motor shaft or leadscrew angle to report position For example encoder with 60 counts per revolution attached to motor that drives 4 passes 31 9 gearhead coupled to drive screw with 0 5 mm pitch gives 60x 31 9 0 5 16891 1 counts mm The most common encoders are optical and magnetic The first features a disc or a plate containing opaque and transparent segments passes between a light source such an LED and detector to interrupt a light beam The electronic signals that are generated are then fed into the controller where position and velocity information is calculated based upon the signals received the speed is determined mathematically by differentiating pulses in real time 1 X RAY MICROPROBE 1 4 5 Specification In the micropositioning a few specifications are used in order to feature the system capabilities They are summarized on the Fig 1 4 5 1 and explained as follows Resolution is the smallest position change that a motion system can detect which is not the same as the minimum incremental motion Also referred to as display or encoder resolution it is usually determined by the encoder output but due to inefficiencies in the drivetrain like hysteresis backlash and windup most systems cannot make a minimum incremental move equal to the resolution unless the encoder is directly measuring the delivered motion Combined Pyles al and Backiash Hysteresa A Backlash Orie a sario A A Y eas ry
184. s To store data into the display you can use Tools Compose command or do it from the Control application Croata Mep Mm ES Heme Mep Cancel as po yeas Tite p Tis fy Resolution 255 Resolution 255 Hinimum fo Pinimum fo Migan 205 Migparmirn 255 Figure 3 1 7 1 The Create Map dialog box The command brings up the Create Map dialog There you can define the basic display feature The Name defines display name For each axis you can define the following items the Title sets title on its axes the Resolution determines the number of channels The Minimum and Maximum are real numbers that are used to calibrate x y axis linear transformation They correspond to the first ch 0 and last ch Resolution 1 channel respectively Therefore if you want to display channels on particular axis then set Minimum 0 and Maximum Resolution 1 Print The command prints one or more histograms to the printer It is not intended to print final work Rather use it for draft multi histogram printouts The command brings up Print dialog that let you customize printout The dialog features an automatic histogram placement To enable this you should check the Paper zones Enable box In that case the paper is virtually divided into two 1 3 MNG 78 dimensional equal sized areas called zones The number of zones in the horizontal and vertical dire
185. s is defined respect to the spectator that stays parallel to y motor axis and watches into the exit of capillary The x axis in metric units goes from left to the right z axis from capillary to the spectator beam direction and y axis from down to up When measured in encoder counts x axis has opposite direction than in metric units The y and z axis have the same direction in both cases The axis of rotation is along the y axis The clockwise rotation is in the direction of the left hand fingers when the thumb is turned up along the y axis The anti clockwise is the same as above but using a right hand 125 4 MOTOR The zero of the coordinate system corresponds to an arbitrary position of the sample respect to the capillary or any other fixed object To set the zero you should move the sample at position you want and then use the Reset Motors command in the application s system menu Note that the transformation from encoder counts to millimeters micrometer or degrees is linear with zero offset and slope defined in the Board Properties sheet Motor dialog Up to the signed that is defined by above convention the slope is internal characteristic of the motor and encoder In order to connect coordinates shown by the Motor applications with those shown on a video or XRF image you should use Goto command in the MDI application 4 2 Basic controls 4 2 1 4 2 2 126 The basic controls enable you to move one or
186. sable a particular ADC you should check or uncheck the corresponding box in the first column labeled ADC The NIM Nuclear Instrumentation Module type of ADC features standard handshaking signals that are summarized in the table 2 2 2 2 1 For some type of MCA it is possible to adjust their internal circuits to the polarity of the ADC handshaking signals In this case the program supports a list of the polarities and you need to enter their current settings for each of ADC connected to the MCA Otherwise you have to adjust the polarities on each ADC to the value specified by the MCA 55 2 MNG The resolution of the ADC defines the maximum number of the ADC channels used to convert the input pulse height This parameter corresponds to the Resolution item in the ADC dialog box This resolution may be additionally reduced by the MCA itself or by the program It is defined by the Input Resolution item in the same dialog box and it corresponds to the amount of the memory allocated to the corresponding spectrum Any MCA which uses NIM ADC can t adjust automatically the resolution of your ADC Therefore you should do it manually Table 2 2 2 2 1 The NIM ADC handshaking signals DEN INV In the case of the XRFM application the settings for the first two ADCs are not important and the third ADC always refers to the ADC connected to the MCA 2 2 2 3 Application 56 The application page refers to the on line data pr
187. see 109 Dex SCAM A E E A dele cas gousoceuuu csc EE S O EE 109 OL CAM POPE iia 110 NOL EPO SER ner an eR A Snr Ro ER a ne rn NAP ae Son Eh ne mR Se ee een er ee 114 O ME LING A A SA AS seven alae on tains a tea anges eas 117 O A ahaa acres octets SA E atest Se cosa tone E O A AAT 117 Disa O eee 117 E PP O 119 O A A E OI o A O tote nr EDN 119 39 Vidco MENU id ce APONTE TROC ESNIE 119 LIe TSEC nod iii its 120 3927 Prope tes Matrox Mete 120 O A en o 122 Mi IVT OUOR neonin E E E E EE EEE EA 125 A EO EAE I E E EE EOE EE EA 125 Aza Basie COMO e ie ee 126 AD le IO VEN di Ac 126 LL 8 e o EEE ate ota sane dasa a S N E E wis ee EEE NENT AA der E EIEE 126 FD is POO e E TA tree eta 127 A Dice OSOS ewe ew wale 127 AS A Ci sesincsschsicesiessiwsuddiesbccucsciees a E a a 127 A Silos le oe osa A O A sas 127 A REES ar oi sida 133 A O MIES aid aii 133 A OO AO 133 O RESCUE ft 133 AOs RESE MOOLS pai a cia 133 AT RECO NEO A td 133 A 3 04 FX DPUC AION PROPEL ES ai 134 ALPENDIA sisi A cc 135 1 X RAY MICROPROBE 1 X RAY MICROPROBE 1 1 Introduction X ray fluorescence XRF is a widely used non destructive technique for chemical analysis In the conventional XRF spectrometer the sample is uniformly irradiated and fluorescence spectrum averaged over the entire irradiated area 1s obtained This leads to the determination of the elements and their average concentration in the whole bulk sample In the imaging XRF spectrometer different po
188. see the center at the same y coordinate Therefore rotate camera and repeat above procedure as long as the two coordinates are different Still the camera plane may be tilted that is not perpendicular to the Z actuator axis which 1s not so easy to correct Before using an optical image to define a scan area the image must be calibrated This means that position x y in pixels on the image vs position x y in millimeters in a plane perpendicular to the beam parallel to camera must be established The x y position refers to scanning coordinate system see 1 5 2 3 2 and 1 5 2 3 3 In addition the position of capillary on the optical image must be known The transformation curves for x and y direction are defined by straight lines with offsets b and b and slopes also called resolution a and a respectively as follows x a x b 1 5 2 3 1 1 y a y b The slopes are defined by the microscope camera system and do not change as long as you keep the same all of the following video image format camera type and microscope magnification The slopes can be easy found by the Video Image Calibrate procedure in the MDI application See section 1 2 and table 1 2 1 for particular values of the resolution a and a Note that table shows resolution in um pixel while the program uses mm pixel 1 X RAY MICROPROBE The offsets are arbitrary numbers that define 0 0 position in millimeters on an optical image As we can grab one im
189. sition mode has a default file but it may be overwritten by a user written code After the low level acquisition program has been loaded the execution is redirected to the address specified by the Go address item It is usually the starting address of the program s prog section The MCA supports up to 2 or up to 32 NIM ADCs depending on the ADC interface You can adjust the MCA to any of the NIM ADCs on such a way to specify the polarities of the ADC handshaking signals in the ADC page of the MCA property sheet MCA Propernios Fla MOA Japo Appication Ident cation Meme Ospratit Comper Oiconleb Pryslab properties Acouie on seius enabled COFF file VO address E her fair dep lod Browse Connectad ADCs E Go address 1 Pax Clock frequency GEG MHz Data storage PHA C List Timer period 1 000 uac Comcidente OF C On Timer period 1000 usar Achrancad Ok Cancel Hel Figure 2 2 2 1 3 1 The MCA dialog box for the DSProt31 MCA 2 2 2 2 ADC The ADC page refers to the analog to digital converter part of the MCA It may be either on board or external NIM type ADC For each type the program supports a corresponding page These pages contain one row for each ADC The properties are listed in columns To edit a property click on 1t by the mouse To exit press the Enter or the Esc key Some MCA may support more than one ADC Therefore to enable or di
190. so represented by the R G and B components In addition the intensities I of each component are set of linear functions of the color index X The intensity and index are defined in the range 0 1 and the functions are constructed from a finite set of points up to eleven in the X I space using linear spline method The data are stored in corresponding file in the following format 97 3 MDI 98 Color Scale Editor En Color Raleteas mengt la Color Relata mini N ES a E 0000 TE 12500 Tra 0000 TE 2500 e 50000 fram jo 0000 fo Sono 1 0000 0 5000 1 0000 oe 1 0000 0 fo 0000 fi 0000 fo 0000 fi coon fi 0000 Figure 3 5 4 2 The Color Scale Editor dialog box The number in the first line must be zero integer The second line contains number of points for color component integer Then follow lines that contain declared points that is X and I values two real numbers per line separated by blank First must be listed data for R components After the last pair of R follows the number of points for G and then its point At the end are similar information for B color component You can edit corresponding file with using a standard editor or program s Color scale editor The Color scale editor enables you to define appropriate spline shapes on an easy way and show them graphically It is automatically started upon pressing the Edit button and if color scale is in the spline format The dialog feat
191. splays are drawn in successive order after the last display in the queue was drawn the system again starts to draw the first one You can select the period between successive drawing of the first display in the queue This is done by the Update Rate The value may be increased by the program if drawing task takes more time In the case of the XRFM application the updating is done usually after each motor step and can be adjusted by the corresponding edit control By the Updating Mode option you can put into the drawing queue either active display or all displays Show restart The command enable disables Action Restart icon in the toolbar This icon or the corresponding menu item in the action menu is useful during the setup for a fast clear and restart but may be dangerous in a longer measurement Therefore it can be disabled here Show exception The command enable disables displaying of the exceptions for example access violation An exception is an event that occurs during the execution of a program and that requires the execution of software outside the normal flow of control If this option is enabled and the program goes out of control a message is displayed that may help programmer to resolve the problem Normally the flag is set off because the message may be generated a loop blocking the program Save The command saves all properties defined in the View menu to the default configuration file By defaul
192. t e prn e e us y Position Error pum rao ici Figure 1 4 5 1 Error vs position for a stage translated four times in each direction Backlash is lost motion upon reversing direction of motion Backlash especially arises from gear meshes but also from the compressibility of materials When you are driving a stage and there is backlash in the system and then you reverse the actuator initially nothing happens the stage doesn t start reversing until the system backlash is compensated Often this means not until the gear teeth make contact in the reverse direction Some micropositioning systems exhibit a highly reproducible and consistent backlash of about few um It can be compensate for reproducible backlash when moving from one known position to a target position when using software driven devices Hysteresis describes the difference in behavior of an instrument operated firstly in one direction and then in the reverse Usually the backlash dominates hysteresis Accuracy is maximum expected difference between the actual and the ideal position for a given input Accuracy of a motion device is highly dependent on how the actual position is measured Precision or Repeatability is the range of deviations in output position that will occur for 95 of the motion excursions from the same error free input Manufacturers often specify uni directional repeatability which is the ability to repeat a motion increment in one direction only
193. t position from the same direction Note that compensation is not applied after Stop command The update position defines period of updating position during motor motion It 1s originally implemented for C812 ISA bus channel to decrease frequency of sending commands to the board APENDIX 1 Appendix Common video signal formats and standards Video signal is a common name for electrical signals which carry all information necessary to reproduce 2 dimensional images collected in a well defined time sequences The most conventions in video techniques come from the time of the first commercial TVs and are still valid to keep compatibility For example it is common that images are analyzed in cameras by scanning in horizontal lines starting from the left top corner Each line is scanned always from left to right This means that one characteristic of the video signal is the horizontal analysis time It defines the time when a line 1s started and when it terminates The first TV used cathode ray tube CRT which needs some time to skip to the next line This is included in the horizontal analysis time and called horizontal blanking interval At all for each line the video signal needs at least three timing information start of the line end of the line and blanking interval which all together form horizontal synchronization This is the first characteristic of any video signal The second characteristic is the end of one fram
194. t the configuration file has extension mdc and it is placed in the Bin directory Save as The command saves all properties defined in the View menu to the user defined configuration file The command opens SaveAs dialog that lets you select 107 3 MDI the file name All configuration files have default extension mdc and they are stored in the Bin subdirectory 3 5 16 Load The command loads configuration from a file and sets it as default It opens Open dialog that lets you select the file name The selected file will be loaded automatically each time you start the program 3 6 Tools menu 3 6 1 Calibrate The command transforms channels into arbitrary units using polynomial transformation It starts Calibration dialog box that let you enter the calibration input data The order selects the order of the polynomial function used for the transformation Calibrati nn pres Add lc a Charge 3128 000 h 4 130 000 00001 pemo from Sa ENE Cle eel Figure 3 6 1 1 The Calibration dialog box For each calibration point you should define two values channel in the channel filed and transformed value into energy field By applying the Add command you transfer the values into the list of calibration points The cursor position can be entered quickly by pressing cursor and the result of the last Gaussian fit by clicking fit To co
195. t can be done from the Type list The following shapes are supported by the program Rectangle channels form rectangular that have sides parallel with x and y axis defined by four corners type identification number 0 85 3 MDI 3 4 4 Slice special case of Rectangle that has maximal size in the x or y direction defined by four corners type identification number 1 for x slice and 2 for y slice Polygon channels form one or more polygons type identification number 3 defined by number of polygons and each polygon by arbitrary number of corners Circle channels form a circle defined by center and a point on the circle type identification number 4 Pie channels form a sector defined by center and two points on the edges of straight lines type identification number 4 After selecting the Type you should apply the New RO command It displays ROI identification number and its type in the columns RO and Type respectively This allows you to Add the x and y coordinates For the Polygonal shape ROI you can define more sub polygons For each new sub polygon enter x y coordinates of any of its corner and press NewSubROYP button The program automatically closes the polygon Therefore you don t need to repeat the first corner at the bottom of the list You can use Insert to insert a point above the selected one in the list Delete to delete any point in the list or Dele
196. t view it 1s pointed by an arrow icon When double clicked it shrinks showing sub items In the list view the window popup description 1s associated the item Menu Open The command reads menu from a file It brings up the Open dialog box that lets you choose a file with mnu extension and associated text format If the file 1s successfully opened and read its name appears on the main window title bar 105 3 MDI Menu Save The command saves menu into a file which name is written on the main window title bar If there is no file name the program invokes the SaveAs command Menu SaveAs The command saves menu into a user selected file It brings up the Save As dialog box that lets you define file name Menu Apply The command saves menu item shown by the three view into the default file named mdi mnu In addition it updates MDI menu Menu Exit The command exits program Edit Delete The command deletes currently selected item in the tree view window To invoke command you can also press the Del key Edit Delete All The command deletes all items in the tree view You can also press Shift and Del keys simultaneously to run the command Insert The command adds item that is selected in the list view window immediately after the item that is selected in the tree view If the last is popup menu the former becomes its sub item that is one level higher To run the comm
197. teAl to remove all points The Clear command deletes selected ROIs while ClearAll deletes all ROIs from the list The SaveAs command saves all listed ROIs into a user selected file The command invokes a Save As dialog that let you define file name If the file extension is not specify explicitly it takes name roi In addition the file is stored in a default directory To change the default directory use Options Directories To load a new set of ROIs from a file use Load command name To change the default directory use Options Directories Project Any ROI defined on a two dimensional display may be projected onto x y or a custom defined axis The result is always stored in one dimensional spectrum that is automatically created and activated The command is always applied on the current active display and its active ROI The projection is automatically updated during the measurement x 0014 0033 w 0077 00108 projecion mos a a Dackrcunda from ie ee fia DE al Figure 3 4 4 3 The X Y Net Projection dialog box 3 4 4 1 Project X 86 The resultant one dimensional display contains at channel x number of events that is equal to the sum of all channels in the ROI that have the x axis coordinate x x projection onto the x axis 3 MDI 3 4 4 2 Project Y The resultant one dimensional display contains at channel x number of events that is equal to the sum
198. tem shows two scaling controls in the left top corner of the window Each time you apply the controls display window size is reduced by factor two Note the image 1s still grabbed in the full resolution The move item enables the window to change position 3 9 3 Image 3 9 3 1 Grab The command takes a single image snapshot from the Video display and shows it in a new window The image is grabbed always in the maximum size and resolution that is possible by the current camera format regardless of the Video display size 3 9 3 2 Save The command saves a Video image in the bitmap format together with corresponding calibration 122 3 MDI First you should grab image by the Image Grab command In addition the corresponding image window must be active The program automatically saves calibration in the file with the same name but with extension Cal 3 9 3 3 Load The command reads bitmap and associated calibration file stored by the Image Save command In addition it brings up a new window that contains loaded image 3 9 3 4 Calibrate The command brings up the Calibrate Video Image dialog box that enables you establish the video image pixels versus object millimeters transformation Video image calibration x men 0 555955 0000304274 piwal y min 0 553955 0 004274 y pere piwal mps fm mm a CAMA Cik Cancel Figure 3 9 6 1 The Calibrate Video Image dia
199. the map as well Create all maps The command creates as many maps as there are ROIs in the Cumulative spectrum All maps use ROI sum mode of analysis If there is no ROI in the Cumulative spectrum the control 1s disabled grayed button Create all new Assuming the detector 1s calibrated you can create both ROIs and maps simultaneously by applying create all new command The command brings up the Periodic table of Elements dialog box It contains one button for each element in the periodic system table and a list of their X ray K and L lines An element is selected if the corresponding button is in the checked state and one of its X ray is chosen 0019524 JUDIT El ff bh AE ke Ls OE a Liat 064 hw Le 0 000 iew 16 WE VO WB WE lt vi B 16 Figure 2 3 1 2 1 6 The Periodic Table of Elements dialog The program automatically creates a ROI and a map for each selected element The ROI is centered on the X ray line and has a width FWHM in keV calculated from the formula FWHM keV a DE keV The coefficients a and b are defined by the controls labeled Detector They are related to the detector s resolution parameters as follows a 2 355 e N b 2 355 FE 66 2 MNG where e is energy needed to produce electron hole pair F dimensionless factor which is a measure of the departure from the assumption of Poisson statistics in the gene
200. then causes motor heating Brush motors are constructed with a wire wound armature rotating within a magnetic field produced by a stationary permanent magnet assembly As the motor rotates current 1s sequentially applied to the appropriate armature windings by a mechanical commutator consisting of multiple brushes sliding on a ring of copper segments Brush motor technology is quite mature and can provide very high performance 1 X RAY MICROPROBE However the mechanical commutator often becomes a limiting factor Brushless motors incorporate electronics to eliminate the need for mechanical commutation Essentially an inside out brush motor a brushless motor consists of a permanent magnet rotor with windings distributed about the outer stationary housing The mechanical commutator is replaced by either extra transistors and logic in the motor drive and noncontact Hall effect sensors in the motor a commutating encoder or in some cases extra software in the controller or drive Compared to brush motors brushless motors typically exhibit lower rotor inertia lower winding thermal resistance and no sliding mechanical contacts These motors can offer higher top speeds higher continuous torque and faster acceleration without the brush dust commutator wear contamination arcing and electromagnetic interference EMI or radio frequency interference RFI of a brush assembly Recent advances in semiconductors specifically in power devices and micro
201. this is done on such a way that maximum is a little bit greater than the highest number of counts and minimum is set to zero For the logarithmic scale the maximum is rounded to the closest power of ten and minimum set to one To define custom ranges you should unchecked above box Still the program adjusts logarithmic scale if the selected minimum and maximum are not power of ten Normally the scale range 1s mapped into the color indexes on such a way that first and last color index corresponds to the minimum and maximum of the Full scale respectively If you want to use the Zoom scale as the referent scale for the color mapping then you should check the Adapt color to Zoom To adjust the color indexes use the View Colors command The referent scale together with corresponding colors are drawn on the right side of the map You can also adjust the zoom scale using the thumb of the vertical scroll bar that is placed on the right side of the histogram The top and bottom of the bar corresponds to the maximum and minimum of the full scale respectively The position of the thumb corresponds to the maximum of the zoom scale Therefore by moving the thumb you can adjust the maximum of the visible part to the maximum of the entire histogram Note that only counts in the range of the zoom scale are shown Map Displey Properties Scale view Axis Cursor Titles Full pom m Elutomatic Min Mex F Lag color ff gno
202. tical angles for various materials are in the range of milliradians Table 1 3 4 2 Critical angles 6 for various materials at two energies 9 8 04 keV mrad 16 60 21 41 10 47 Another important parameter for the beam focusing techniques utilizing reflection is ratio of the intensity between incident and reflected beam so called reflectivity R The reflectivity can be calculated by means of Fresnel s equation which gives 2 2 2 RO ee a 0 40 6 2i where is angle of the incident beam measured from surface Fig 1 3 4 1 shows reflectivity of SiO calculated by formula 9 The shape of the curves indicates that such an reflector can be used as low pass energy filter By fine tuning angle of reflector one can remove high energy components from incident beam 1 4 Micropositioning 10 The micropositioning system is used to move sample under the manual or automatic software programmable control with positioning accuracy and resolution in the micron or sub micron range The system features motion controller amplifier actuator and translation stages 1 X RAY MICROPROBE 15 keV ap BO keV asl 17 5 keV R 6 0 0 A A ASS 0 10 20 0 8 mrad Figure 1 3 4 1 Reflectivity R of SiO as a function of incident angle O for verious energies of X rays Command Trajectory Servo Interpreter Generator Controller i Amplifier Motion Controller Feedbac
203. ties listed in the dialog box to their default values Scale The Scale dialog box sets the vertical count axis scale ingle Displey Properties Seale Symbols Axis Cursor Taes Full Zoom m m e e e E e e e e e 3 fw aromatic bih keri Fe jore zero bin P Log sal al To Cietdt As Dieta cont Figure 3 5 1 1 The Single Scale dialog box Each one dimensional histogram features two scales The Full scale is always associated with all channels in the histogram The Zoom scale refers to the channels that are currently shown by the display If the Automatic Max amp Min box 1s checked then the program calculates both scale ranges automatically For linear scale this is done on such a way that maximum is a little bit greater than the highest number of counts and minimum is set to zero For the logarithmic scale the maximum is rounded to the closest power of ten and minimum set to one To define custom ranges you should unchecked above box Still the program adjusts logarithmic scale 1f the selected minimum and maximum are not power of ten If the Log box 1s checked than the scale 1s logarithmic otherwise 1t 1s linear Some acquisition boards use the first channel here referred as the zero bin for special purpose If the Ignore zero bin is checked this channel is not shown therefore the scale 1s not adjusted using 1ts content You can also adjust the Zoom scale
204. tion Index 99 indicates that none of the existing color scale files is used to build the color scale This means that previously selected file 1s invalid or does not exist and you should select a new valid file 96 3 MDI Color gelectfor Falete Singlelevels Meplevels diia B oe E E 756 El B e eae Det a Ann ESSERE EEEE easi res EEE ngb Edit Aap lr ok caen Figure 3 5 4 1 The Color dialog box To select new full map color scale you should select one of the color scale files listed in the Map scale list box You can also edit currently selected file by the Edit button and then modify it RGB triplet map color scale format The RGB triplet colors are stored in text files with the following structure The number in the first line should be always one integer then follows lines with intensity of R G and B components each of them in the range from 0 to 255 integers and separated by blank The bottom of the scale corresponds to the second line first RGB triplet while the top of the scale corresponds to the last line last RGB triplet The number colors is defined by the number of lines in the file In order to edit this file the program automatically starts default Window s editor notepad After making changes you should save the file close the editor and finally press the Apply button Spline I map color sale format In the spline format the colors are al
205. trolled by two micrometer motors The motors are driven by the program according to the selected area on the sample The area may be selected from a video image XRF image or relative to the sample point that is in the front of the beam The energy spectrum is built on board Therefore the MCA does not need to support the list mode However the program runs in the list mode and each event represents measurement at a particular sample position This gives three parameters x coordinate y coordinate and the energy spectrum at x y coordinate The data are optionally stored on the disk in a successive order The program flow is described as follow 1 move sample on such a way its coordinate x y is in the front of the beam 2 collect energy spectrum at the coordinate x y 3 analyze energy spectrum from the step two and update X ray maps 4 select a next point from a scan pattern and go to the first step SPM The Scanning particle micro probe SPM is a similar application to the XRFM It is supported only by the MCA with list mode and coincidence In difference from the XRFM the sample is fixed while either on board hardware or an external scanner drives the beam Like in the XRFM application for each position of the beam the system collects three parameters x coordinate y coordinate and energy If it is supported by the MCA additional detectors may be added Custom The data processing is performed by a user written D
206. um which comes from the wire If not it means either the scan size is too small or the wire does not cross first quadrant Correct it and run again Remember position of the peak Assuming the vertical wire is parallel to the y axis the peak shows x coordinate of the cross s center m Step 5 XRF map definition for vertical scan In this step you should adapt already defined map for making scan in the vertical direction in order to find position of the horizontal wire of the cross 41 1 X RAY MICROPROBE 42 To do this you should define new x and y map resolution similar to the step two This time enter resolution in the x direction equal one pixel For resolution in the y direction make calculation like in the step two for the x direction a Step 6 Preset time setting for horizontal scan Y ou can keep the same preset time used in the step three a Step 7 Starting vertical scan This 1s similar like the step four Run measurement by pressing the Start button in MNG client area During acquisition you can monitor map by making a projection onto the y axis To do this select full region on the map create ROI and apply MDI ROI Project Y command It creates one dimensional display which changes from right to left part of the spectrum If scan size was chosen properly you should get peak at position of cross in the projection spectrum Remember this position Assuming the horizontal wire is parallel to the x axis the
207. unted on the holder In other words fixed object has valid coordinates on a grabbed image only if x and y motors are at unique position This 1s called motors referent position It is usually 0 0 steps although it can be any value In this case the referent motors position will be defined when cross is just in the front of capillary exit This is done in the next step therefore you don t need to enter any new value now o Step 3 capillary position In order to find the capillary exit that is beam position we are going to move centre of the cross directly in the front of capillary exit To do this we have to find an XRF image of the cross s centre This problem is already solved in the Example 2 see 1 5 3 2 without using microscope In other words it is not necessary to see capillary by microscope Therefore you should follow all steps from Example 2 at least to the step seven and then return here Note that if your cross is not parallel with x and y axis of actuators than you should perform also step eight to eleven from above example In order to move the cross in front of the capillary you have to use coordinates in millimetres of the cross s centre you have just found and transform them into motors coordinate This can be done with using of the Scan GoTo command It brings up a dialog box that calculates corresponding coordinates of x and y motors in steps encoder counts Use the Motor application to move the motors the
208. unts that is called motor referent position on such a way that 0 0 coordinate in millimeters origin 1s set at arbitrary selected point O on the image sample In addition the image s resolution in pixels per millimeter should be known Before scanning the sample is first rotated around the axis of rotation x4 millimeters and then x and y motors are moved on such a way that all scan points are positioned one by one in the front of capillary that is to the coordinate Xe Yc millimeters In order to scan an arbitrary point with coordinates x y millimeters on the video image one should move x and y motor to the position M M steps encoder counts M 4 x MY A x 2x ref 1 5 2 3 2 1 M A y M A y 31 1 X RAY MICROPROBE y mm capillary M ref SS l l l x actuator l Figure 1 5 2 3 2 1 The Scanning coordinate system for optical scan and camera at 180 where A and A are number of steps encoder counts per millimeter for x and y motor respectively see formula 1 5 2 1 1 The XRF image obtained by the scan and video image as well are always shown in the Scanning coordinate system Therefore to move a point shown on these images in the front of capillary one should apply the same formula 1 5 2 3 2 1 For this purpose you can use MDI Scan Go to command 1 5 2 3 3 Coordinate system for camera at 0 32 The scanning coordinate system is established see Fig 1 5 2 3 3 1
209. ures a table of X I coordinates The X coordinate represents relative color index and must be in increasing order For each X a corresponding relative intensity I must be defined You should enter at least two X I pairs The first must have the relative index X 0 and the last X 1 The points may be entered directly in the table without taking care of their order You can also use two edit controls on the top of the table to define new pair of X and I and then apply one of the following buttons nsR InsG or InsB To delete an entry first click on it by the mouse and then apply the Deleteltem button To delete all items of the R G or B color component use the DelR DelG or DelB respectively The DelA1 buttons deletes all entries in the table After applying the Spline button the dialog sorts all items and draws all Curves Single display colors The program supports up to 100 ROIs per each one dimensional histogram display The ROIs have zero based index and they are indicated on the spectrum by 3 MDI 3 5 0 colors For example all pixels in the spectrum that belong to the same ROI are drawn in the same color To define the number of the colors use the Single levels list This number may be up to N 4 and corresponding colors may be any from the palette By default the number is equal to sixteen and colors are selected from the twenty static colors The one of the rest static c
210. w changes its size the program resizes and redraws the whole map After the full map is drawn the program copies it onto the displaying surface The dot symbol type combined with bitmap mode is recommended as the standard because such maps are drawn fastest and it is easy to manipulate with them The checkbox Invert ROI pixel gives a choice how the ROIs are displayed in a map if checked then the complete ROI is displayed in inverted colors otherwise only the boundary lines are drawn Map Displey Properties Scale View Ade Cursor Titles Graphic mode Resolution set all hor To Diefauh NOR ar _To Default dol ver As Deseult b eeri ROI phala cu Figure 3 5 2 2 The Map View dialog box 93 3 MDI 3 5 3 94 For the Set All To Default and the Set All As Default buttons refer to the introduction into this property sheet Cursor See the View Single Cursor Titles See the View Single Titles Isometric The command lets you set properties of currently active two dimensional histogram drawn in the isometric projection The term isometric refers here to several single spectra drawn behind each other For setting colors metrics and fonts please refer to the Color Desktop and Fonts commands respectively The command opens the Isometric Display Properties property sheet that contains a set of dialog boxes on
211. w characteristic X ray lines You can also change a few samples in the same measurement one for each line After collecting the spectrum use the Calibrate procedure in the Tools menu of the MDI application You can save the calibration using the same procedure The second way to calibrate detector is to switch to the Default application In this case you don t need to export any scan region Just collect the spectrum calibrate it and save the calibration using the same Calibrate dialog box in the MDI application Afterwards you can switch again to the XRF application and load the calibration file using the Calibration dialog box The fourth and the simplest way to make the calibration is loading a XRFM data with already calibrated detector In this case it is assumed the calibration has not been changed In addition you can delete all ROIs and maps Now you can select the ROIs referring to the calibration It can be done directly on the Cumulative spectrum shown in the corresponding MDI window or by the ROP command in the Display dialog For each selected ROI you should crate one two dimensional map You can do it for all map at once by the create all maps button or one by one map using the create map button 2 MNG The dimension of the map may be defined by the map resolution command All maps have the same dimension which you can change even after creating the maps
212. wen antien program C Local Spector commend interpreter Remote AS232 commands Renole ASH commands C Remote Windows TCP IPI Figure 2 2 3 1 1 The Control dialog box Remote RS232 commands The commands are sent from a remote host via RS232 serial port The remote host may run Control application or a user written program Remote RSH commands The commands are sent from a remote host using the RSH protocol Remote Windows The commands are sent from the Spector which runs on a remote host using the TCP IP protocol It allows you full access to the Spector Server including graphics 2 2 3 2 Priorities 58 The Priorities page enables you to set base priority levels for all Spector s threads and processes For more processes and threads see Appendix 2 If both MDI and MNG run smoothly you don t need to change default values that are shown on the Fig 2 2 3 2 1 The Spector has two processes MNG and MDI By default both of them has normal priority class Additionally the MNG has a several threads a default thread called mng is created when the program is loaded into the memory and has normal priority It receives any mouse or keyboard input and command message as well daq thread is a data acquisition supervisor It receives and synchronizes all data 2 MNG acquisition commands The daq I O thread performs I O task during the data acquisition The priority value of the dag
213. working from the installation program or you realise some problem in moving motors then read 4 3 1 1 Motor Board properties C812 and run Motor application Board properties command ZA 1 X RAY MICROPROBE 7 Where to install You should enter programs root directory Normally it is c spector The program creates several sub directories The most important are bin that contains binary files data with data files and scan with scan related information Who to Install Select directory where Specior will be installed Re Bo e Beck het Cancel 8 Complete Install Starts installation Note In order to scan you can use video image but it is not necessary If you want to use video image then the program requires Matrox Meteor capture board The board must be already installed together with Intellicam software The Intellicam is not required by the Spector but it installs all necessary Matrox s libraries mil dll milhost dll miltiff dll milvga dll and milvhook dll that Spector s installation CD does not contain The files will be installed in Window s system32 subdirectory Other Matox s board are also possible but they are not tested 1 5 1 3 Running program for the first time 22 After installation you can run the program from the Start Programs Spector Mng It starts the main acquisition program MNG and spectra graphical interface MDI Th
214. x should be unchecked In that case you can use the four edit controls bellow the bottom list Starting from the leftmost they define page left and top corner position height and width respectively The group of checkbox called Info let you to print a few additional information the Date date of printing the FileName name of file that contains printed histograms the Title title for each histogram PageNum number of each page Frame rectangular border The size of drawing object may be adjusted by Thickness factor Vert and Thicknes facot Horiz You can also use Options Axis View and Options Single View commands to adjust thickness of lines and size of symbols To adjust font size use Font factor Width Font factor Height and Font factor Weight 3 MNG 3 1 9 Setup printer The command setups your printer A standard Windows dialog box is opened that let you set properties of you printer 3 1 10 Exit The command closes the MDI application and frees its resources from memory The acquisition data are not lost because they are allocated by the MNG application Therefore you can retrieve them by starting again the MDI application Any resources that are not allocated by MNG are lost Such are any display produced from a display defined by MNG projection and any display created by Display Create command 3 2 Window menu 3 2 1
215. you should open the Acquire Display property sheet There you will find previous maps Some of them may be without any ROIs for example if you have created less ROIs then it was originally Delete all maps and create one new for Ni Lg Note that you could also first open the Acquire Display property sheet press the set default button open cumulative spectrum in MDI redefine existing ROl add new ROIs and then go back to the same property sheet in order to define new maps The third approach is to define everything including ROIs from the Acquire Display property sheet a Step 3 Preset time setting To define preset time use the MNG Acquire MCA property sheet a Step 4 Starting scan Run measurement by pressing the Start button in MNG client area After the run is finished you will get XRF map similar to the Fig 1 5 3 3 1 From this map you can define scan area of any shape simple by creating a ROI there and then applying the Scan Export Image ROI command If you want to define area that is partially or totally out of the collected XRF image then use Expanded XRF map Finally to define a rectangle area use Scan Export Rectangle Area 1 5 3 2 XRFM Image of 4um Tungsten cross without optical calibration blind scan Assumption e Spector is running in the XRFM mode You can check it in the MNG System MCA property sheet by opening Application dialog box There sh
216. zed image is called frame In some cases the frame is divided into two equal parts called fields such that first part contains odd and the second even horizontal scan lines A frame is analyzed and transferred by fields that is first are coded even and then odd lines The systems which uses 2 fields are called interlaced while the other without fields non interlaced The video signal used in TV is interlaced Color representation using RGB system is natural because human eye has three types of cones sensitive to wavelengths that approximately correspond to red green and blue lights In addition it is convenient for CRT displays where proportions of excitation of red green and blue emitting phosphors produce colors when visually fused There are many other color systems for example CMY cyan magneta yellow and CMYK black is added used in printer because it refer to pigments XYZ Luv Lab HIS hue saturation intensity All they can be connected to RGB by a transformation formula 135 APENDIX 1 2 Composite video signal format monochrome Composite video signal format uses only one wire to carry all information 75 Q coaxial cable This is done by analog coding of the natural RGB signals The simplest case is a monochrome video signal which transfers only brightness Timing and amplitude of the signal are defined by standards There are few basic standards for monochrome composite video signal RS 70 in the USA RS 33

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