Introduction and Table of Contents
Contents
1. 8 4 1 STATEMENTS FOR THE COMPLETE 8 4 2 STATEMENTS FOR A 5 MOVING BETWEEN SAVING 68 2 24 22 2 8 6 1 LABELLING 5 eee eee 8 6 2 FIELD FOR EACH 8 6 3 COPYING DIAGRAMS 8 6 4 SAVING DIAGRAMS AS A SEPARATE KNOWLEDGE BASE DELETING DIAGRAMS eis ie inadai a iaia e cases CREATING NEW 8 8 1 CREATING A 2 8 9 EDITING DELETING A DIAGRAM 8 10 ALTERNATIVE ROUTE TO EDITING 5 8 11 PRINTING 5 222 CHAPTER NINE REASONING WITH 9 1 INTRODUCTION Aik esha a ide ar rede renee WHAT IS A TOOL i tacit nati 9 1 2 WHAT DO THE TOOLS 2 9 1 2 What 1 2 2 222. 14 2 KNOWLEDGE FROM THE 5 14 3 ENTERING KNOWLEDGE INTO THE KNOWLEDGE 14 3 1 ENTERING KNOWLEDGE THROUGH THE DIAGRAM INTERFACE 14 3 1 a Entering The Information 14 3 2 ENTERING KNOWLEDGE THROUGH THE STATEMENT CARD 14 33 PLAYING WITH THE KNOWLEDGE APPENDIX 1 GLOSSARY OF TERMS BIBLIOGRAPHY viii
3. OBJECT HIERARCHIES a aA a 7 5 1 CREATING OBJECT 7 5 2 VIEWING OBJECT 7 5 3 BUILDING EDITING OBJECT 7 5 3 Adding objects a ia be mae edd 7 5 3 5 Detaching 242 7 5 3 Moving objects within 7 5 3 d Copying objects between SOURCES OR tela rt Get elas FORMAL TERMS apace ETET 7 7 1 VIEWING FORMAL 8 2 222 7 7 2 ADDING FORMAL 8 7 7 3 DELETING FORMAL 5 0 1 SYNONYMS SELECTING SUBSETS OF THE KNOWLEDGE 5 7 10 1 THE BOOLEAN 99 7 10 1 a The use of And 7 10 1 6 The use 7 10 1 c Studying the Search 7 10 2 USING THE BOOLEAN SEARCH O
4. 6 2 TWO METHODS OF TESTING 5 CHAPTER SEVEN SOFTWARE MANUAL FOR 721 INTRODUCTION Arrar ea vanes fag Cidade deed 7 9 GETTING STARTED tency eet ate Daas 7 3 STARTING WORK ON A KNOWLEDGE 7 3 1 STARTING NEW KNOWLEDGE 7 3 2 OPENING AN EXISTING KNOWLEDGE 7 4 ENTERING KNOWLEDGE THROUGH THE STATEMENT INTERFACE 7 41 ENTERING SOURCE 1 2 02 27020222 Teka NeW SOCOS eee ed el eh ae 7 4 1 6 Sources already 7 4 2 ENTERING NEW 0 0121 7 4 3 EDITING 7 4 3 a Adding definitions to formal 7 4 3 6 Appending or detaching additional 7 4 3 Appending 22 2 1 0 7 4 4 DELETING 2 2 0 7 5 7 6 7 7 7 8 7 9 7 10 7 11 7 12 7 13 8 1 INTRODUCTIONS 5 tel ea
5. 8 2 dea 8 2 1 DIFFERENT NODES is selene E aoa ded anes 8 2 2 DIFFERENT dex 8 2 3 8 2 3 a Zooming In And 8 2 3 6 CENE ZOU cased 8 2 4 LABELLING eorne aaneen 8 2 4 1 Causes2way 8 24 5 Link labelling 0 00 8 2 4 c Showing only causal or only link statements 8 2 4 d Statement 8 2 4 6 Hiding 8 2 5 HIDING NODES AND 8 22 8 2 6 REFRESHING 8 3 CREATING 5 65 8 3 1 SHOW PATHS born 8 3 2 7 45 DIAGRAMMATIC 7 4 6 SORTING STATEMENTS IN THE STATEMENT CARD 7 4 7 INVERSE STATEMENTS
6. 43 FORMAL TERMS 4 4 DIAGRAM BASED 4 4 1 INTRODUCTION 4 4 2 NODES 4 4 2 a Classification of 4 4 2 6 Labelling 4 4 3 4 4 3 a Attaching information to 1 2 2 1 4 4 3 6 Stating the meaning of 4 4 3 c Linguistic correspondence of linked pairs of nodes 4 4 3 d Labelling of eats ee EOR 4 4 4 SUBSETS OF 5 22 4 5 CREATING KNOWLEDGE BASES THROUGH THE COMBINATION EXISTING KNOWLEDGE 5 65 2 CHAPTER FIVE KNOWLEDGE BASE MANAGEMENT 5 1 INTRODUCTION 5 2 EVALUATING INDIVIDUAL UNITARY 5 5 2 1 VALIDITY OF 5 2 2 RELEVANCE AND 2 5 2 3 AMBIGUITY 5 2 3 a Complete specification
7. 5 2 3 60 Context of 5 2 3 Precise use 5 2 3 4 Intrinsic ambiguity assasi reinen ieri e 5 3 EVALUATING SETS OF UNITARY 5 8 2 2 21 5 3 1 REPETITION 5 3 5 3 1 6 Deducible repetition and the use of hierarchies in compacting the Knowledge 5 3 1 The use of hierarchies in compacting the knowledge base 5 3 2 CONTRADICTIONS tiv 5 3 3 5 3 4 CONSISTENCY AND PRECISION IN THE USE OF TERMG 54 EVALUATING HIERARCHICAL 8 5 4 1 FORMAL TERMS 5 4 2 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN 14 242 1 1 4 5 4 3 DEFINITION OF FORMAL CHAPTER SIX KNOWLEDGE BASE 6 1 EVALUATION OF THE REPRESENTATIVENESS OF A KNOWLEDGE 6 1 1 DEFINITIONS OF 885 6 1 2 VALIDITY OF eap 6 1 3 REPRESENTATION OF THE KNOWLEDGE HELD BY THE COMMUNITY 2
8. 4 4 9 1 2 6 What Is Control 4 2 4 02 9 1 2 92 WORKING WITH ie 9 22 PRIMITIMES cbeneetaciepeitebaphbvetcagtan 9 2 1 Opening 0 0 2 202 2 9 2 1 6 Different categories of 9 2 1 The DetallS 9 22 CONTROL 8 9 3 SYSTEMS TOOLS 9 3 1 SOME EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS 5 CHAPTER TEN CREATING YOUR OWN 8 10 1 INTRODUCTION sic 10 2 TOQOL FILES iii ne 10 2 1 CREATING A NEW eee 10 2 2 OPENING A PREVIOUSLY CREATED TOOL 10 23 KEEPING TRACK OF TOOL 8 2 2 10 24 SAVING TOOL FILES 222 dam 10 2 5 CLOSING TOOL FILES 10 3 AN EXAMPLE USER DEFINED 10 4 CREATING YOUR OW
9. Agroforestry practices particularly traditional practices in the tropics are characterised by their complexity Information about the ecology of such practices and the agricultural economic and social reasons for adopting them is often qualitative sparse and uncertain Development professionals planning research and extension activities need to use such information as effectively as possible but knowledge sources may be dispersed and their information though complementary may not be immediately compatible The Agroforestry Knowledge Toolkit methodology and software provide an environment in which you can create knowledge bases about your chosen topics by collating knowledge from a variety of sources The formal approach to synthesising evaluating and reasoning with knowledge about interdisciplinary topics will facilitate the use of that knowledge in planning agroforestry research and extension This gives a powerful alternative to existing less formal approaches The AKT software provided with this manual provides e aknowledge base structure for storing statements of fact as formal representations e astatement interface and a diagram interface for entering knowledge into the knowledge base e aset of dialogs for access to the contents of the knowledge base e a set of tools for reasoning with the contents of the knowledge base e an environment for creating new tools appropriate to user specific needs The methodology associat
10. Knowledge base Unzip the files and save them on your computer TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ete Seas HOW TO USE THIS HOW TO INSTALL AKT 5 Jehoiada CHAPTER ONE 2 1 1 BACKGROUND OF 5 222 1 2 WHAT DO WE MEAN BY 20 4 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 KNOWLEDGE BASE 1 4 KNOWLEDGE BASE 1 4 1 STATEMENT 2 2 2 1 42 DIAGRAM 2 1 5 REASONING WITH KNOWLEDGE 5 1 66 APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS APPROACH TO AGROFORESTRY RESEARCH AND 1 7 THE UTILITY OF THE 22 1 7 1 THE EXPRESSIVENESS OF THE AKT APPROACH AND eee ee 2 1 7 2 KNOWLEDGE BASE AS 1 7 3 TH
11. 2 4 1 1 BASIC CONCEPT Au ihe ands 4 1 2 UNITARY STATEMENTS AS BASIC UNITS OF KNOWLEDGE 4 1 3 RECORDING THE CONTEXT A Aksa CONGIMONS 2225325 eh eee tain sheds ats bees wets aes A 1 3 6 nba dats samedi 42 FORMAL 4 2 1 INTRODUCTION 4 2 2 THE ELEMENTS OF FORMAL 4 2 2 a Reserved 1 4 2 3 FORMAL REPRESENTATION OF SINGLE UNITARY STATEMENTS 4 2 3 a Re Evaluation of the unitary 4 2 3 6 Identification of the elements in the statement 4 2 3 c Identification of the statement structural 4 2 54 Creation of the formal 4 2 4 STATEMENT TYPES e be Milan 4 2 4 a Attribute value 4 2 4 6 Causal 4 2 4 c Comparison 4 2 4 4 User Defined link 4 2 4 e Representation Of
12. AGROECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE TOOLKIT FOR WINDOWS METHODOLOGICAL GUIDELINES COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND MANUAL FOR 5 2001 Dixon H J Doores J W Joshi L and Sinclair F L School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences University of Wales Bangor This manual is based the original Agroforestry Knowledge Toolkit manual Walker D H Sinclair F L Kendon G Robertson D Muetzelfeldt R I Haggith and Turner G S 1994 Agroforestry Knowledge Toolkit methodological guidelines computer software and manual for AKT1 and AKT2 supporting the use of knowledge based systems approach in agroforestry research and extension School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences University of Wales Bangor The manual was written by Helga Dixon Jim Doores Laxman Joshi and Fergus Sinclair Cite as Dixon H J Doores J W Joshi L and Sinclair F L 2001 Agroecological Knowledge Toolkit For Windows Methodological Guidelines Computer Software And Manual For AKT5 School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences University of Wales Bangor UK ISBN 1 84220 025 9 Acknowledgements This publication includes outputs from research projects wholly or partly funded by the United Kingdom Department for International Development DFID for the benefit of developing countries The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID R4731 R6322 R7264 Forestry Research Programme R7516 Natural Resources Systems Programme FOREWORD
13. E UTILITY OF THE REASONING 1 7 3 a Property 1 7 3 6 Causal CHAPTER TWO KNOWLEDGE 2 1 DESIGNING A KNOWLEDGE ELICITATION 2 11 FOR DESIGNING A KNOWLEDGE ELICITATION STRAT EGY eile 21 SCOPING weer eee 2 1 1 b Definition of The 2 2 22 21 1 Compilation 2 1 1 4 2 000 21 2 SAMPLE 2 22 CONSTRAINTS UPON KNOWLEDGE 2 3 INTERVIEW 2 3 1 SOME GOLDEN RULES FOR INTERVIEW CHAPTER THREE PREPARATION FOR KNOWLEDGE BASE CREATION 3 1 PREPARATION 5 5 a pee age 3 1 1 SPECIFICATION OF 3 1 2 BOUNDARIES OF THE KNOWLEDGE CHAPTER FOUR KNOWLEDGE 4 1 ABSTRACTING
14. If you select the Custom option you can make your own choice of which items to install Installing AKT5 from the Website 1 5 Note Create a new folder on your hard drive usually C and call it AKT 5 or something similar Go to www bangor ac uk afforum Select AKT followed by Downloads then Program Files After pressing Program Files a Save As dialog box appears Save the file AKT5 Install exe to your new folder To install the program double click on 5 Install exe When installing AKT5 from the website the AKT5 Install exe will not give you a choice of the installation type It will only download the compact version to avoid excessive download time The documentation and knowledge bases can then be downloaded later as required Running 5 After installing AKT5 and its associated documentation you can then run the application by selecting Start Programs 5 Now you are ready to begin Go to chapter 7 Knowledge Bases A number of knowledge bases are supplied with the programme including soil treefodd and atwima mentioned in the manual It is recommended that a separate folder be used for knowledge bases To load a knowledge base and get started turn to Chapter 7 of the User Manual For those of you who have downloaded the manual from the web all the knowledge bases can be downloaded in the same manner go to http www bangor ac uk afforum then select AKT then Downloads then
15. N 2 10 4 1 INCORPORATING EXISTING TOOLS PRIMITIVES WITHIN NEW TOOL DEFINITION a daa 10 42 TESTING THE SYNTAX ANEW 1043 EXAMPLE OF CREATING 24 10 4 4 TRACING AND TESTING A NEW 10 4 4 The Trace buttons 9 heaves 10 4 4 6 2 2 10 45 COMPLETING THE 0 0 22 10 5 EDITING TOOLS ar 10 6 DIRECTING TOOL 2 CHAPTER ELEVEN INCORPORATING PICTURES AND DIAGRAMS INTO THE KNOWLEDGE vise faa CHAPTER TWELVE THE HELP 12 1 THE FORMAL 2 12 2 THE TOOL 12 22 1 SAVING TOOL INFORMATION AND 12 3 SOME POPULAR MISTAKES AND vii 12 4 bow bashed ate CHAPTER THIRTEEN A QUICK SIGHTSEEING TOUR AROUND CHAPTER FOURTEEN TUTORIAL IN CREATING A SIMPLE KNOWLEDGE Met
16. N OBJECT HIERARCHIES TOPICS a ea el ore en aaa 7 11 1 7 112 MANAGING FAVS USING TOPICS it 7 11 4 CREATING NEW KNOWLEDGE BASE OUT OF A TOPIC TOPIC HIERARCHIES 7 12 1 VIEWING TOPIC 2 2 4 7 12 2 CREATING TOPIC 2 2 7 12 3 APPENDING TOPICS TO A TOPIC 7 12 4 CREATING NEW KNOWLEDGE BASE OUT OF A TOPIC 7 13 1 HIERARCHY PRINTING AND SAVING SEARCH RESULTS PRINTING 0 7 14 SAVING A KNOWLEDGE BASE AND CHANGING ITS 7 15 MOVING FROM ONE KNOWLEDGE BASE TO ANOTHER CHAPTER EIGHT THE DIAGRAM INTERFACE 8 3 2 a Navigating via the Statements list and via Search Results 8 3 2 0 Making a mistake when vi 8 4 8 5 8 6 8 7 8 8 8 3 3 CAUSES EFFECTS 65 2 0 1 2 8 3 3 a Causes Effects diagrams the statements or Search Results dialog VIEWING DIAGRAM
17. ed with AKT is flexible and may be adapted for application in a range of contexts Furthermore the AKT software can be customised to meet particular needs Some approaches to customisation for example the creation of customised reasoning tools are outlined in the manual This publication documents the methodology as it stands at the end of the third major cycle of development in July 2001 For details of subsequent development or if you are interested in adapting the methodology for implementation at an institutional level please contact Dr Fergus Sinclair School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences University of Wales Bangor Gwynedd LL57 2UW UK Email akts bangor ac uk HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL INSTALLATION These are the instructions for installing the AKT program on to your computer METHODOLOGY first six chapters of this manual outline the methodology for knowledge base creation and use It is important that you read these before beginning to construct knowledge bases for practical use KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION Chapters 7 and 8 demonstrate how to install AKT and give detailed guidelines on how to use it to create your own knowledge base using both the statement and the diagram interfaces USING KNOWLEDGE Chapters 9 and 10 introduce the reasoning tools and explain how to create your own reasoning tools for exploring and evaluating the knowledge base INCORPORATING PICTURES AND DIAGRAMS Chapter 11 describes how t
18. o incorporate diagrams and pictures into the knowledge base HELP Chapter 12 answers the most common queries TUTORIAL Chapter 13 and 14 provides basic tutorials for using AKT chapter 13 gives you a quick guided tour around the knowledge base Atwima and chapter 14 is an exercise in building an example knowledge base APPENDICES AND REFERENCES These give you further information about knowledge base creation and references to other works on indigenous ecological knowledge KNOWLEDGE BASES Three knowledge bases are supplied with the manual soil treefodd and atwima Soil was created as a small example knowledge base treefodd and atwima are genuine knowledge bases the first capturing knowledge of farmers in the midhills of Nepal and the second capturing knowledge of farmers in the Atwima district of Ghana HOW TO INSTALL 5 IMPORTANT AKT5 is designed for 32 bit systems only It will run on Win95 Win98 Windows NT4 and Windows 2000 Installing AKT5 from the CD ROM 1 2 3 Insert the 5 CD Rom into your CD ROM drive Double click on the file AKT5 Install exe Follow the instructions displayed on the screen If you wish to install AKT5 plus the User Manual the example Knowledge bases and a guide to the use of the knowledge bases then choose the Typical installation option If you just want to install the AKT5 application then choose the Compact option
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