Hazmap Arnau Folch, Antonio Costa and Giovanni Macedonio
Contents
1. e X VENT UTM M z coordinate of the vent UTM coordinates in m e Y VENT UTM M y coordinate of the vent UTM coordinates in m e ZVENT_ M Height in m a s l of the vent HAZMAP 3 1 USER MANUAL 12 SOURCE X_VENT_ UTM_M 500080 Y_VENT_ UTM_M 4177690 Z VENT M 3030 MASS_FLOW_RATE_ KGS 5d4 One value for each source time interval SOURCE_TYPE PLUME POINT SOURCE Variables below are used only if SOURCE TYPE POINT HEIGHT ABOVE VENT M SUZUKI SOURCE HEIGHT ABOVE VENT M Variables below are used only if SOURCE TYPE SUZUKI One value for each source time interval 5 PLUME_SOURCE EXIT_VELOCIY_ MS 100 EXIT_TEMPERATURE_ K 1073 EXIT VOLATILE FRACTION INA 0 One value for each source time interval Variables below are used only if SOURCE_TYPE PLUME 4 One value for each source time interval Table 7 Sample of the SETSRC input file Normally this block is appended at the end of the HAZMAP input file In this example a Suzuki source and two time intervals are assumed e MASS_FLOW_RATE_ KGS Values of the mass flow rate in kg s One value for each time interval The duration of each time interval is constant and given by RUN START HOURS AFTER 00 minus RUN_END_ HOURS_AFTER_00 divided by the number of time intervals automatically computed by the program from the number of values e SOURCE TYPE Type of source distribution Possibilities are P2. Note that filenames are passed as a program call argument It is highly recomended to launch SETGRN through the script files included in the distribution e On a Windows OS go to the folder Hazmap 3 1 Scripts edit the script Script SetGrn Win bat to change the problemname variable and launch the script e Ona Mac X Unix Linux OS enter the folder Hazmap 3 1 Scripts edit the script Script SetGrn Unix to change the problemname variable and launch the script 5 1 2 The GRANULOMETRY block This block of data see Table 6 defines the variables needed by the SETGRN program Commonly this block is appended to HAZMAP control input file The meaning of each record is the following e NUMBER OF CLASSES Number of granulometric classes e FI MEAN Mean value of Gaussian distribution e FI DISP Value of o in the Gaussian distribution e FI RANGE Minimum and maximum values of and maz respectively e DENSITY RANGE Values of density in kg m associated to min and Pmax particles Lineal inter polation is assumed e SPHERICITY RANGE Values of sphericity associated to min and particles Lineal interpolation is assumed 5 2 The program SETSRC The distribution of sources is defined in a source file see section 3 2 The program SETSRC is an utility that reads the SOURCE block from the control input file and generates a source file The source term is constant for a given time interval but there is no limit o
3. Tan P ee e aa eta 10 9 24 Program executioni uud PP ueque toS V ss 11 5 2 2 The SOURCE block 235225224 Rude e em noo e RR mo UN xu 11 5 3 The program HAZMAPPOSTP 12 5 94 Brogrambexecublon ui aay Ka ep BAe a Pede ost edd ap de i e es 12 5 3 2 The POSTPROCESS MODELS block 13 5 3 3 The regional topography file FileTop 14 5 3 4 The symbols file FileSym 15 6 Application example 15 7 References 17 HAZMAP 3 1 USER MANUAL 3 1 Introduction HAZMAP is a FORTRAN90 code for the solution of the equation of diffusion transport and sedimentation of small particles in order to model the dispersion of ash generated by a convective column Under the approximations of a constant horizontally uniform wind field and negligible vertical advection and diffusion this equation reduces to 2 2 00 90 Lu SU dx Oy Oz Ox Oy where C is the concentration of the particle class j having a settling velocity vs Uz uy is the wind velocity is the constant horizontal turbulent diffusion coefficient and 5 is the source term Equation 1 is solved for each particle class independently i e assuming no interaction between particles belonging to different classes during the transport process The generic particle class j is defined by triplet of values characterizing each part
4. L La Volpe R Sulpizio 2005 The analysis of the influence of pumice shape on its terminal velocity Geophys Res Lett 32 L21306 Ganser G 1993 A rational approachto drag prediction spherical and nonspherical particles Powder Technology 77 143 152 Macedonio G Costa A Longo A 2005 A computer model for volcanic ash fallout and assessment of subsequent hazard Computer and Geosciences 31 837 845 Pfeiffer T Costa A Macedonio G 2005 A model for the numerical simulation of tephra fall deposits J Volcanol Geotherm Res 140 273 294 Wilson L and T C Huang 1979 The influence of shape on the atmospheric settling velocity of volcanic ash particles Earth Planet Sci Lett 44 311 324 Suzuki T 1983 A theoretical model for dispersion of tephra In D Shimozuru I Yokoyama Eds Arc Volcanism Physics and Tectonics Terra Scientific Publishing Company TERRAPUB Tokyo
5. MANUAL 13 HazmapPostp win exe FileLog FileInp FileRes PATHRES FileTop FileSym on a Windows OS where e FileLog Name including path of the HAZMAPPOSTP output log file e FileInp Name including path of the control input file that contains the POSTPROCESS MODELS block Normally this file coincides with the HAZMAP input file FileRes Name including path of the HAZMAP results file This is the output from HAZMAP that is used by HAZMAPPOSTP as input PATHRES Path where the HAZMAPPOSTP output files are dump FileTop Name including path of the reginal topography file see section 5 3 3 FileSym Name including path of the symbols file see section 5 3 4 This file is optionally used by HAZMAPPOSTP to plot symbols and legends in the PS map files Note that filenames are passed as a program call argument It is highly recomended to launch HAZMAP PosTP through the script files included in the distribution e Ona Windows OS go to the folder Hazmap 3 1 Scripts edit the script Script HazmapPostp Win bat to change the problemname variable and launch the script e Ona Mac X Unix Linux OS enter the folder Hazmap 3 1 Scripts edit the script Script HazmapPostp Unix to change the problemname variable and launch the script 5 3 2 The POSTPROCESS MODELS block This block of data see Table 8 defines the variables needed by HAZMAPPOSTP Commonly this block is appended to the HAZMAP control input file The meaning o
6. This will generate directory Hazmap 3 1 see Table 1 2 Compile the program HAZMAP Enter the directory Hazmap 3 1 Sources then issue the command make to produce the executable Hazmap exe You can edit the Makefile to select your favourite compiler After compilation you may issue the command make clean to remove unneeded files If you are not going to run on a Windows platform you can also delete the executable Hazmap win exe 3 Compile the optional utility program SETGRN Enter the directory Hazmap 3 1 Utilities SetGrn Sources then issue the command make to produce the executable SerGrn exe You can edit the Makefile to select your favourite compiler After compilation you may issue the command make clean to remove unneeded files If you are not going to run on a Windows platform you can also delete the executable SetGrn win exe 4 Compile the optional utility program SETSRC Enter the directory Hazmap 3 1 Utilities SetSrc Sources then issue the command make to produce the executable SerSrc exe You can edit the Makefile to select your favourite compiler After compilation you may issue the command make clean to remove unneeded files If you are not going to run on a Windows platform you can also delete the executable SetSrc win exe HAZMAP 3 1 USER MANUAL 5 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Description Hazmap 3 1 Documents Contains this manual Runs Example Contains the example run Scripts Contains the script fi
7. after 00UTC of the time slice e nsrc Number of source points can vary from one interval to another e nc Number of granulometric classes e MFR Mass flow rate in kg s e x x coordinate of the source isrc UTM coordinates in m e y y coordinate of the source isrc UTM coordinates in m e z z coordinate of the source isrc terrain following coordinates in m i e above the vent e src Mass flow rate in kg s of each granulometric class for this point source It must be verified that src isrc ic MFR 3 3 The granulometry file FileGrn The granulometry file is an ASCII file containing the definition of the particle classes a class is charac terized by particle size density and sphericity This file can be created by the utility program SETGRN Note that SETGRN only generates distributions which are Gaussian in and linear in p and v HAZMAP can obviously handle with other distributions but in this case the granulometry file must be supplied directly by the user The file format is described in Table 4 and the meaning of the used symbols is the following HAZMAP 3 1 USER MANUAL 8 itimel itime2 nsrc nc MFR x y z src 1 1 sre 1 nc x y z src nsrc l src nsrc nc Table 3 Format of the source file FileSrc Repeat thes block for each time slice nc diam 1 rho 1 sphe 1 fc 1 dissi rho nc sphe ic fc nc Table 4 Format of the granulometry file FileGrn e nc Number of granulometric c
8. d 144 v 164 ag 244 264 304 324 344 gt On 362 363 364 365 361 Figure 2 Symbol codes for the file FileSym 66 106 126 146 Ww 166 246 266 306 326 e 346 E 67 107 127 SI 147 167 247 267 307 327 gt 347 110 130 170 250 270 310 330 350 e 4 111 131 311 331 v 172 272 312 332 113 133 273 313 333 gt 353 114 134 154 174 254 274 314 334 d 354 y gt lt gt gt 366 367 370 371 372 313 374 D sb _ 176 256 276 316 336 117 137 177 257 277 317 4 337 357 17 HAZMAP 3 1 USER MANUAL 18 HAZMAP TOTAL DEPOSIT LOAD Dares 2007 03 01 03 0000 4225000 4205000 4185000 4165000 4145000 4125000 450000 470000 490000 510000 530000 550000 MAX VALUE 9 08 MIN VALUE 0 00 Figure 3 Deposit load in kg m at 0300UTC HAZMAP 3 1 USER MANUAL 19 References Arastoopour H Wang C Weil S 1982 Particle particle interaction force in a diluite gas solid system Chem Eng Sci 37 9 1379 1386 Bursik M 2001 Effect of wind on the rise height of volcanic plumes Geophys Res Lett 18 3621 3624 Dellino P D Mele R Bonasia G Braia
9. file with the results from a HAZMAP run Results are output at the nodes of a regular 2D grid This file must be processed by the HAZMAPPOSTP utility to produce human readeable files normally in GRD format HAZMAP 3 1 USER MANUAL 10 5 The utility programs 5 1 The program SETGRN The granulometric distribution is defined in the granulometry file see section 3 3 The program SET GRN is an utility that reads the GRANULOMETRY block from the control input file and generates the granulometry file assuming that the mass fraction of particles follows either a linear or Gaussian distribution in and that the density of particles varies linearly with Note that other granulometric distributions different from a linear Gaussian can also be considered However in this case the HAZMAP granulometry file can not be generated by SETGRN but must be supplied directly by the user 5 1 1 Program execution To run SETGRN see section 2 1 for installation details simply type SetGrn exe FileLog FileInp FileGrn on a Unix Linux Mac X OS or SetGrn win exe FileLog FileInp FileGrn on a Windows OS where e FileLog Name including path of the SETGRN output log file e FileInp Name including path of the control input file that contains the GRANULOMETRY block Normally this file coincides with the HAZMAP input file e FileGrn Name including path of the granulometry file This is the output from SETGRN that is used later by HAZMAP as input
10. more blank spaces and a comment A detailed description of each record is given below Real numbers can be expressed following the FORTRAN notation e g 12e7 12 x 107 3 1 1 BLOCK TIME This block of data defines variables related to time e YEAR Current year e MONTH Current month 1 12 e DAY Current day 1 31 e RUN_START_ HOURS_AFTER_00 Run start hour after 0000UTC e RUN_END_ HOURS_AFTER_00 Run end hour after 0000UTC 3 1 2 BLOCK GRID This block of data defines variables related to the grid at ground e X ORIGIN UTM x coordinate of the grid bottom left corner UTM coordinates in m e Y ORIGIN UTM M y coordinate of the grid bottom left corner UTM coordinates in m e CELL SIZE KM Grid spacing in km e NX Number of grid cells along the x direction e NY Number of grid cells along the y direction 3 1 3 BLOCK HAZMAP This block of data defines the rest of variables needed by the program e ZLAYER Heights in m of the z layers in terrain following coordinates i e above the vent It is not necessary to specify the number of vertical layers since it is automatically calculated by the program Alternatively for regular z layering the user can also specify the initial value zo the final value 25 and the increment Az using the format ZLAYER_ M FROM 2 TO zp INCREMENT Az TERMINAL VELOCITY MODEL Type of terminal settling velocity model Possibilities are ARASTOOPOUR
11. reaches the ground where it forms the deposit The model outputs therefore accumulations on the ground for each granulometric class For further details see Macedonio et al 2005 and Pfeiffer et al 2005 There are several semi empirical parameterizations for the particle settling velocity v if one assumes that particles settle down at their terminal velocity 4g pp pa d 2 Us where p and pp denote air and particle density respectively d is the particle equivalent diameter and Ca is the drag coefficient Cy depends on the Reynolds number Re dus va Va is the kinematic viscosity of air Ha the dynamic viscosity In several options are possible for estimating settling velocity such as 1 ARASTOOPOUR model Arastoopour et al 1982 Re 0 44 Re 10 24 1 15Re 987 Re lt 10 valid for spherical particles only 2 GANSER model Ganser 1993 _ 24 i 0 43055 3305 4 fe Rek Ko Ca fi 0 1118 Re c mn sf where 3 1 20795 Ko 101 84148 Logw 7 are two shape factors and is the particle sphericity 0 1 for spheres HAZMAP 3 1 USER MANUAL 4 3 WILSON model Wilson and Huang 1979 using the interpolation suggested by Pfeiffer et al 2005 24 TOL Re lt 10 25 j paar Ca 1 108 _ Re 102 lt Re lt 108 5 900 Re gt 10 where b c 2a is the particle aspect ratio a gt b gt
12. Arastoopour et al 1982 GANSER Ganser 1993 WILSON Wilson and Huang 1979 and DELLINO Dellino et al 2005 HORIZONTAL DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT M2 S Value of the diffusion coefficient K in m s POSTPROCESS TIME INTERVAL HOURS Time interval to output results in A HAZMAP 3 1 USER MANUAL 7 TIME_UTC YEAR 2007 MONTH 03 DAY 01 RUN_START_ HOURS_AFTER_00 RUN_END_ HOURS_AFTER_00 0 3 GRID X_ORIGIN_ UTM_M 450000 Y_ORIGIN_ UTM_M 4125000 CELL_SIZE_ KM 2 0 NX 51 NY 51 HAZMAP Z_LAYER_ M FROM 0 TO 5000 INCREMENT 250 TERMINAL_VELOCITY_MODEL Ganser HORIZONTAL DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT M2 8 2500 POSTPROCESS TIME INTERVAL HOURS 3 Table 2 Sample of the input control file FileInp 3 2 The source file FileSrc The HAZMAP source file is an ASCII file containing the definition of the source term The source is defined at time intervals during which source values are kept constant The number position and values i e Mass Flow Rate of the source points can however vary from one time slice to another There is no restriction on the number and duration of the time intervals It allows in practise to discretize any type of source term This file can be created by the utility program SETSRC The file format is described in Table3 and the meaning of the used symbols is the following e itimel Starting time in sec after OOUTC of the time slice e itime2 End time in sec
13. HAZMAP Computer Code and Related Documentation Arnau Folch Antonio Costa and Giovanni Macedonio Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Sezione Osservatorio Vesuviano Via Diocleziano 326 80124 Napoli Italy February 2008 HAZMAP 3 1 USER MANUAL 2 Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Program setup 4 2ol Installation bia pito ded ue PI AT OU EA A Dei 4 2 2 Holder structures 4 fluo bot A a ea bee 9 ae 5 2 9 Propran r n x s eue Reb b ROSE ee IR dee E eu 5 3 The HAZMAP input files 6 3 1 The control file FileInp 04 6 icem ae Be ee RU A ee T RU e 6 34 l BEOCK TIME UTG 4nd om 8 08 be obese be E 6 3 L 2 BLOCK GRID ite der toe s eve ve deer eem ae ubt ed 6 31 3 BEOCK HAZMAP rota s alla Reg Boe ee obere reete en poe GC EUR ud 6 3 2 The source file Pil Sre 1 2 xe P Ree MD PSOE ad We ede SPA T 3 3 The granulometry file FileGrn 4 3 4 The meteo data file FileMet 2 2 ee 8 4 The HAZMAP output files 9 41 The list file nile ae e d hubo s EU WU xen 9 Aid The r sultsfile FileRes bA hou hzc ge PAY REPRE le ea 9 5 The utility programs 10 5 1 The program SETGRN 4 4 ee debo hee wey pub ue gem eb ete a 10 5 11 Program execution sor ok Rod i 3 A ee ea 10 5 1 2 The GRANULOMETRY block 10 5 2 Th program SETSRO xtA eU uec
14. OINT SUZUKI or PLUME e HEIGHT ABOVE VENT M Height of the source in m above the vent One value for each time interval e A Parameter A in the Suzuki distribution One value for each time interval Used only if SOURCE_TYPE SUZUKI e L Parameter L in the Suzuki distribution One value for each time interval Used only if SOURCE TYPE SUZUKI e EXIT_VELOCIY_ MS Magma exit velocity in m s at the vent One value for each time interval Used only if SOURCE_TYPE PLUME e EXIT_TEMPERATURE_ K Magma exit temperature in K at the vent One value for each time interval Used only if SOURCE_TYPE PLUME e EXIT_VOLATILE FRACTION_ IN Magma volatile mass fraction at the vent One value for each time interval Used only if SOURCE_TYPE PLUME 5 3 The program HAZMAPPOSTP The program HAZMAPPOSTP is an optional utility that reads the output binary file of HAZMAP calcu lates some relevant quantities at selected time instants and produces elementary maps in GRD and PS formats Files in GRD format can be readed directly by several plotting programs like the commercial software GRAPHER Alternativelly the user may also generate its own plots using functions from several free packages e g gnuplot in FORTRAN 5 3 1 Program execution To run HAZMAPPOSTP see section 2 1 for installation details simply type HazmapPostp exe FileLog FileInp FileRes PATHRES FileTop FileSym on a Unix Linux Mac X OS or HAZMAP 3 1 USER
15. OSTP To run the example it is necesary to proceed as follows Scripts are located in the folder Hazmap 3 1 Scripts 1 Launch the script Script SerGrn Unix or Script SetGrn Win bat in Windows OS to run SET GRN 2 Launch the script Script SerSrc Unix or Script SetSrc Win bat in Windows OS to run SET SRC 3 Launch the script Script Hazmap Unix or Script Hazmap Win bat in Windows OS to run HAZMAP 4 Launch the script Script HazmapPostp Unix or Script HazmapPostp Win bat in Windows OS to run HAZMAPPOSTP Figure 3 shows the HAZMAP deposit load at the end of the run HAZMAP 3 1 USER MANUAL 16 GRANULOMETRY SOURCE POSTPROCESS block block block SETGRN HAZMAP FileMet FileTop FileSym FileRes HAZMAPPOSTP lt FileLog FileGRD FilePS Figure 1 Execution flow for HAZMAP and the utility programs Boxes indicate I O files File names are passed to programs as a call argument HAZMAP 3 1 USER MANUAL 40 60 De 100 120 140 160 240 260 300 360 A gt 41 61 101 121 141 161 241 261 2 301 e 321 gt 341 Characters and octal codes for Font ZapfDingbats 42 62 102 122 142 162 242 262 302 322 gt 342 43 63 103 123 143 163 243 263 303 323 m 343 gt lt 44 v 64 9 104 124
16. RMAT YES OUTPUT_FILES_IN_PS_FORMAT NO MAP_TOTAL_LOAD YES UNITS KG M2 CONTOUR_LEVELS 0 1 0 25 0 5 1 5 Only used if OUTPUT FILES IN PS FORMAT YES MAP CLASS LOAD NO UNITS KG M2 CONTOUR LEVELS 0 1 0 25 0 5 1 5 10 50 Only used if OUTPUT_FILES_IN_PS_FORMAT YES MAP_DEPOSIT_THICKNESS NO UNITS MM COMPACTATION_FACTOR 0 7 CONTOUR_LEVELS 0 1 1 5 50 100 500 Only used if OUTPUT FILES IN PS FORMAT YES Table 8 Sample of the HAZMAPPOSTP input file Normally this block is appended at the end of the HAZMAP input file DSAA nx ny xo xf yo yf zmin zmax z 1 1 z 1 nx z ny l z ny nx Table 9 Format of the topography file FileTop 5 3 3 The regional topography file FileTop This is a file in GRD format containing the topography typically at a regional scale It is used by program to plot topography in the maps HAZMAP does not currently include topography The computational domain must lay within the bounds of the topography file The GRD file format is described in Table 9 and the meaning of the used symbols is the following nx Number of cells in the x direction ny Number of cells in the y direction xo x coordinate of the grid bottom left corner UTM coordinates in m xf x coordinate of the grid top right corner UTM coordinates in m yo y coordinate of the grid bottom left corner UTM coordinates in m yf y coordinate of the grid top right corner UTM c
17. ame including path of the granulometry input file see section 3 3 FileMet Name including path of the meteo data input file see section 3 4 e FileLst Name including path of the output list file see section 4 1 e FileInp Name including path of the HAZMAP results file see section 4 2 Note that filenames and locations are passed as a program call argument It is highly recomended to launch HAZMAP through the script files included in the distribution e On a Windows OS enter the folder Hazmap 3 1 Scripts edit the script Script Hazmap Win bat to change the problemname variable and launch the script e Ona Mac X Unix Linux OS enter the folder Hazmap 3 1 Scripts edit the script Script Hazmap Unix to change the problemname variable and launch the script NOTE To create a new run you can simply create a new folder copy the control input file of the example Example inp and modifiy the script line which defines the problemname variable HAZMAP 3 1 USER MANUAL 6 3 The HAZMAP input files 3 1 The control file FileInp The HAZMAP control file is passed to the program as a call argument This file is made up with a set of blocks that define all the computational and physical parameters needed by the dispersion model Table 2 shows an example of control file Parameters within a block are listed one per record in arbitrary order and can optionally be followed by one or
18. c denote the particle semi axes 4 DELLINO model Dellino et al 2005 Us 1 26055 dis pio 5 6 where Ar d pp pa pa pz is the Archimedes number and is a particle shape factor sphericity to circularity ratio Since for HAZMAP the primary particle shape factor is the sphericity 1 for sake of simplicity it calculates in 5 and in 6 approximating particles as prolate ellipsoids 2 Program setup The HAZMAP package comes with a set of utility programs which can be used to generate input files in the format required by HAZMAP or to postprocess the results The order of execution is the following see Figure 1 i run the program SETGRN to generate the granulometry file ii run the program SETSRC to generate the source term file iii run HAZMAP and finally iv run the program HAZMAPPOSTP to postprocess the results Steps i and ii can be avoided if the user furnish the granulometry and source files directly 2 1 Installation e On a Windows OS download and decompress the file hazmap 3 1 tar gz on your selected directory The hazmap 3 1 tar file already contains Windows executables for HAZMAP and other utility programs so that it is not strictly necessary to have a FORTRAN90 compiler The untaring of hazmap 3 1 tar will create the folders described in Table 1 e On a Unix Linux Mac X operating system 1 Decompress and then untar the file hazmap 3 1 tar issuing the command tar xvf hazmap 3 1 tar
19. f each record is the following e OUTPUT FILES IN GRD FORMAT Possibilities are YES or NO If YES HAZMAPPOSTP plots files in GRD format Files in GRD format can be readed directly by several plotting programs like the commercial software GRAPHER Alternativelly the user may also generate its own plots using functons from several free packages e g gnuplot in FORTRAN OUTPUT_FILES_IN_PS_FORMAT Possibilities are YES or NO If YES HAZMAPPOSTP plots files in PS format MAP TOTAL LOAD Possibilities are YES or NO If YES HAZMAPPOSTP plots the total ground load e UNITS Units of MAP TOTAL LOAD It must be KG M2 CONTOUR LEVELS Values of the contour levels for MAP TOTAL LOAD Only used when OUTPUT FILES IN PS FORMAT is YES MAP CLASS LOAD Possibilities are YES or NO If YES HAZMAPPOSTP plots the class ground load e UNITS Units of MAP_CLASS_LOAD It must be KG M2 CONTOUR LEVELS Values of the contour levels for MAP CLASS LOAD Only used when OUTPUT FILES IN PS FORMAT is YES MAP DEPOSIT THICKNESS Possibilities are YES or NO If YES HAZMAPPostTP plots total deposit thickness e UNITS Units of MAP DEPOSIT THICKNESS Possibilities are MM for mm CM for and M for m COMPACTATION FACTOR Deposit compactation factor CONTOUR LEVELS Values of the contour levels for MAP DEPOSIT THICKNESS Only used when OUTPUT FILES IN PS FORMAT is YES HAZMAP 3 1 USER MANUAL 14 POSTPROCESS_MODELS OUTPUT_FILES_IN_GRD_FO
20. icle dp pp Fp that are respectively diameter density and a shape factor For dp we use the equivalent diameter d which is the diameter of a sphere of equivalent volume For the shape factor Fp we choose the sphericity v which is the ratio of the surface area of a sphere with diameter d to the surface area of the particle In our approximation each triplet d pp Y is sufficient to define the settling velocity value v Since equation 1 is linear in mass an instantaneous release of the total mass from the eruption column can be assumed if wind and diffusion parameters do not change significantly with time and only the final deposit is needed This quasi steady approach is assumed to hold during each simulation time interval Considering these approximations the above equation has a semi analytical solution as described in Macedonio et al 2005 The computational domain is split into thin horizontal layers that fall to the ground together with the particles originally contained in a given initial vertical interval z z 1 at time t 0 An analytical solution is then found for each layer Since the whole treatment is done separately for each class of particles and no vertical diffusion and wind advection takes place all particles falling from the same initial height remain at all times at the same altitude While the centre of each cloud is translated by wind the cloud spreads horizontally due to diffusion and settles by gravity until it
21. lasses e diam Class diameter in mm e rho Class density in kg m e sphe Class sphericity e fc Class mass fraction 0 1 If must verify that fc 1 3 4 The meteo data file FileMet The HAZMAP meteo data file is an ASCII file containing wind velocities and air temperatures at different heights and for each time slice The vertical layers at which meteo data is provided can be different in number and location from the HAZAMP z layers defined in the record Z LAYER M of the control input file The program automatically interpolates data from the formers to the latters The file format is described in Table5 and the meaning of the used symbols is the following e itimel Starting time in sec after OOUTC of the time slice e itime2 End time in sec after 00UTC of the time slice e nz Number of z layers at which meteo data is provided e z z coordinate of the layer terrain following coordinates in m e ux z component of the wind velocity in m s e uy y component of the wind velocity in m s e T Temperature in C itimel itime2 z 1 ux 1 uy 1 T 1 z nz ux nz uy nz T nz Table 5 Format of the meteo file FileMet Repeat this block for each time slice HAZMAP 3 1 USER MANUAL 9 4 The HAZMAP output files 4 1 The list file FileLst This file contains information concerning the run summary of input data run time error messages CPU time etc 4 2 The results file FileRes This is a binary
22. les Sources HAZMAP sources Utilities SetGrn SETGRN utility program See section 5 1 SetSrc SETSRC utility program See section 5 2 HazmapPostp HAZMAPPOSTP utility program See section 5 3 Table 1 Default structure of HAZMAP folders 5 Compile the optional utility program HAzMAPPosTP Enter the directory Hazmap 3 1 Utilities HazmapPostp Sources then issue the command make to produce the executable HazmapPostp exe You can edit the Makefile to select your favourite compiler After compilation you may issue the command make clean to remove unneeded files If you are not going to run on a Windows platform you can also delete the executable Hazmap Postp win exe 2 2 Folder structure Table 1 shows the folder structure The directory Hazmap 3 1 Sources contains the HAZMAP source files the directory Hazmap 3 1 Utilities contains the programs SETGRN SETSRC and HAZMAPPOSTP and finally the directory Hazmap 3 1 Runs contains the runs one within each own folder An example run named Example is provided with the installation 2 3 Program run HAZMAP can be launched typing Hazmap exe FileInp FileSrc FileGrn FileMet FileLst FileRes on a Unix Linux Mac X OS Or Hazmap win exe FileInp FileSrc FileGrn FileMet FileLst FileRes on a Windows OS where e FileInp Name including path of the control input file see section 3 1 e FileSrc Name including path of the source input file see section 3 2 e FileGrn N
23. m execution To run SETSRC see section 2 1 for installation details simply type SetSrc exe FileLog FileInp FileSrc FileGrn FileMet on a Unix Linux Mac X OS or SetSrc win exe FileLog FileInp FileSrc FileGrn FileMet on a Windows OS where e FileLog Name including path of the SETSRC output log file e FileInp Name including path of the control input file that contains the SOURCE block Nor mally this file coincides with the HAZMAP input file e FileSrc Name including path of the source file This is the output from SETSRC that is used later by HAZMAP as input e FileGrn Name including path of the granulometry file normally generated previously by SET GRN e FileMet Name including path of the meteo data file see section 3 4 Note that filenames are passed as a program call argument It is highly recomended to launch SETSRC through the script files included in the distribution e On a Windows OS go to the folder Hazmap 3 1 Scripts edit the script Script SetSrc Win bat to change the problemname variable and launch the script e Ona Mac X Unix Linux OS enter the folder Hazmap 3 1 Scripts edit the script Script SetSrc Unix to change the problemname variable and launch the script 5 2 2 The SOURCE block This block of data see Table 7 defines the variables needed by SETSRC Commonly this block is appended to the HAZMAP control input file The meaning of each record is the following
24. n the number and duration of the time intervals It allows in practise to discretize any kind of time dependency time dependent mass flow rate column height etc The program admits three possibilities point source mass is released in a single source point Suzuki distribution Suzuki 1983 Pfeiffer et al 2005 and buoyant plume model Bursik 2001 The last option is more elaborated and involves the solution of the 1D radial averaged plume HAZMAP 3 1 USER MANUAL 11 GRANULOMETRY NUMBER_OF_CLASSES 12 FI MEAN 1 5 FIDISP 1 5 FI_RANGE 4 5 DENSITY_RANGE 900 2600 SPHERICITY_RANGE 0 8 0 9 Table 6 Sample of the SETGRN input file Normally this block is appended at the end of the HAZMAP input file governing equations that describe the convective region of an eruptive column These equations are intimately coupled with the wind field which for small to medium size plumes may induce a substantial plume bent over and subsequent variations of plume height and mass release location For this reason when this option switched on the program reads the values of the wind field from a meteorological file computes the averaged wind direction and solves the plume governing equations for each time interval and particle class accounting for wind Note that it introduces a time dependence in the source term even when all the eruptive parameters mass flow rate class fraction etc are kept constant in time 5 2 1 Progra
25. oordinates in m zmin Minimum value of z in the domain Not used you can use a void value zmax Maximum value of z in the domain Not used you can use a void value z Height in m of each grid point HAZMAP 3 1 USER MANUAL 15 xs ys sname scode 1 Table 10 Format of the symbols file FileSym Repeat the line for each symbol to be plotted 5 3 4 The symbols file FileSym This is a file in ASCII format containing geographic information It is optional and used by HAZMAP POSTP program when OUTPUT FILES IN PS FORMAT YES to plot symbols in the PS files The file format is described in Table 10 and the meaning of the used symbols is the following e xs r coordinate of the symbol UTM in m e ys y coordinate of the symbol UTM in m e sname Name of the symbol as will appear in the PS file e scode Symbol code See Figure 2 6 Application example The HAZMAP package includes an application example to check that the installation and compilation of the procedure has been done sucessfully The example considers an eruption occurring at the first of March 2007 The files needed to run the example are located in the folder Hazmap 3 1 Runs Example and are e Example inp Problem control input file FileInp see Table 2 e Example met Meteo file FileMet Needed by SETSRC and HAZMAP e Example regionaltopo grd Regional topography file FileTop Needed by HAZMAPPOSTP e Example sym Symbols file fileSym Optionally used by HAZMAPP
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