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Users manuel ConCrete

1. 75T 5 00 5 00 span 1 190 450 zl Bl Figure 11 Reinforcement sketch Above the beam sketch we see a measuring line with above it the encircled figures 1 2 and 3 and under it the figures 1 08 3 00 and 0 82 We should interpret this as follows The encircled figures are 15 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete related to the stirrups and are a reference to the information which is at the right of the beam sketch The figures under the measuring line indicate the distance in m along which the mentioned stirrups have to be placed In the information on the right 4 stirrups 6 all 270 means that we should provide 4 stirrups with a diameter of 6 millimeter with a theoretical distance of 270 mm over the indicated length We always assume in ConCrete that the first respectively the last stirrup in a span is placed at 5 cm of the left respectively the right support of the span If there are more stirrup zones in our example there are 3 the left arrow of the stirrup zone indicates the place of the first stirrup of that zone when the previous zone is provided with a heavier transverse reinforcement the right arrow indicates the place of the last stirrup when the next stirrup zone needs a heavier transverse reinforcement In our example the arrows between zone 1 and 2 and zone 2 and 3 indicate the place of the first respectively the last stirrup of the second zone
2. Figure 45 Moment reduction on a support 4 6 Parameters for the loads In addition to the self weight we can indicate in ConCrete nine load types Each load type has its proper load factors and can be taken into account with a well determined combination factor To set these factors we click with the mouse in the fifth icon of the first palette of Figure 3 The dialog box in Figure 46 is now visualized on the screen In this dialog box we can determine whether the loads will act on the top or bottom level this is of importance when determining the transverse reinforcement cfr Classical truss girder analogy of M rsch 43 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete T1490 0090040 4 the loads apply on the Load and combination factors Ee Yu Yu Yo Yo Wo Wi W2 1stph 2ndph wo sel weioht fas foo foo foo foo foo fico pr mw 3g load type lna Moo roo foo Moo ho ho r wp 3 floadtype2 1 50 ooo oo ooo ozo foso fo fw 3k load type3 iso ooo oo ooo forzo foso foo pw 3 load typed X 1 50 ooo hoo Jooo oro foso 1030 O c ist load type5 iso ooo too ooo favo foso fou pw St load type v fiso ooo too ooo ozo foso fou r m Sk lead une iso ooo oo foo ozo foso foo pw 38 load type8 v 150 ooo 1 00 0 00 ora foso 1030 PRS is load type9 s50 ooo too ooo 1020 foso ou r m SF factor for calculating crack width and H allways together top lev
3. TB Reinforcement sketch tollele H 5 transverse reinf web 2 90 11stirr 6 6 each 300 w j es span 1 190 450 Figure 22 Reinforcement sketch example 2 3 2 3 Modifying the amount of zones 3 2 3 1 Modifying directly If the data must be changed after the entry you can do this on several ways Once the beam is fully implemented just click the bold text below the sketch of the beam eg 22 1 span 2 Zone 1 with the mouse to add the zones The screen then displays the dialog box shown in Figure 23 25 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete IR Structure and loads olez code beam 2 spans 2 width beam 190 height beam 450 J load types 1 height beam 1st phase 450 I m sz 3 00 _ 4 00 z1 1 z2 1 self weight load type1 p1 kN m 214 Modify zone 22 1 p2 kN m 2 14 P kN 5 length 4 00m divide zonein E divisions 1 division 2 00 m Check Cr Figure 23 Modifying a zone If for example the zone should be split into 2 parts then click on the arrows until a 2 appears in the box next to it The program automatically creates a list of the number of zones and with a uniform distribution of the length Figure 23 We may wish to make an unequal division by changing the sections length The button Check allows you to check the entered values If the designated area is already part of a span
4. In the diagram the abscessa value is indicated by two small squares respectively the minimum and maximum values connected by a vertical line Instead of typing the abscessa value with the keyboard you can also use the mouse to indicate the desired location in the close up chart The abscessa value is automatically put in the edit box Hold the mouse button down to see the position continuously changing 10 7 Use of the Edit menu One of the most known functions of Windows and other GUI s is the mutual use of the commands Undo Cut Copy Paste and Clear While the bar is not fully implemented these functions can not be used We can e g use these functions to calculate determined loads with the help of a calculation program and copy these values to the edit box of the input bar Once the bar is completely entered we can use the commands Copy and Paste to copy elements from a ConCrete file into another ConCrete file or to a file in Concrete Plus and vice versa see also 6 8 11 Overzicht van de menu s 82 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete 10 8 Calculation method In ConCrete the organic calculations are done by using the method of limit states The calculation can be carried out according to different standards The desired standard is set by selecting Preferences command Calculation Method option In the dialog box Figure 76 you can indicate your choice Calculation method C N
5. Figure 8 Structure and loads window input To the question number of zones in 1 span the p rogram suggests the answer 1 we confirm this by pressing the ENTER or RETURN key Finally we type the value 20 to the question value distributed load nr 1 zone z1 1 kN m After pressing the ENTER or RETURN key the program automatically calculates the entered beam The windows Structure and loads Diagrams and Reinforcement sketch are completed with the results of the calculations 2 4 Interpretation of the calculated results The results of the calculations are spread over the three windows Structure and loads Diagrams and Reinforcement sketch BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete 2 4 1 The Structure and loads window TB Structure and loads n fone code beam 1 spans 1 width beam 190 height beam 450 D load types 1 height beam 1st phase 450 I m a 50 z1 1 self weight load upe p kN m 20 00 P kN 0 00 0 00 55 34 55 34 kN 7 lt lt G eee 0 00 0 00 opti h 470 mini h 346 mini b Figure 9 Structure and loads window results Clicking the icon makes the Structure and loads window visible In this window Figure 9 the minimum and maximum vertical reactions in Ultimate Limit State U L S of each support are indicated Upward reactions are considered positive The minimum and maximum value are here 55 34 and 74 71kN These values are the resul
6. Figure 7 Structure and loads window It is possible that the Reinforcement sketch window is hidden behind the Diagrams window If you wish to bring the first window to the top you select in the Window menu the second command Reinforcement sketch We are going to enter all the required data step by step by answering to the questions asked in the input bar The word code in the first question code beam should not be interpreted too literally the reference code can contain other characters than figures the total number of characters is however restricted to 256 Let us enter for the code 1 type these characters by means of the keyboard and press the ENTER or RETURN key The text 1 is now filled out in its destinated place in the Structure and loads window ConCrete now asks us to enter the number of spans We type 1 don t forget the ENTER or RETURN key In the same way we enter the width and height the beam pay attention to the units To the next question number of load types we type 1 again After entering the length of the first and only span 5 m we notice that the left support is yet drawn in the Structure and loads window BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete TB Structure and loads D Eo code beam 1 spans 1 width beam 190 height beam 450 load types 1 height beam 1st phase 450 I m a 50 z1 1 self weight load typel p kN m P kN m
7. User s manual ConCrete BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete BuildSoft NV All rights reserved No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or manual for any purpose whatsoever without the prior written consent from BuildSoft The programs described in this manual are subject to copyright by BuildSoft They may only be used by the licensee and may only be copied for the purpose of creating a security copy It is prohibited by law to copy them for any other purpose than the licensee s own use Although BuildSoft has tested the programs described in this manual and has reviewed this manual they are delivered As ls without any warranty as to their quality performance merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose The entire risk as to the results and performance of the programs and as to the information contained in the manual lies with the end user BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete CONTENT COIN TIEN si cones iene aes chicane radan neee nnee denna enne 3 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION css sss sss ss seene seene enen enen 6 1 1 Hard amp software requirements nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnenn eneen eenen nennennnnen 7 1 2 Installing GonGretem tan eene denten toeten ele 7 1 3 ConCrete ConCrete Plus and ConCrete List vennen 7 CHAPTER 2 A SIMPLE BEAM an eenen ennn 8 2 1 INFOAUENON eer eneen een 9 2 2 Creating a new projec
8. 30 00 20 00 20 00 P kN 0 00 0 00 15 00 0 00 kN 19 51 121 22 33 37 35 04 163 64 55 88 UL 0 00 0 00 0 00 a 0 00 0 00 0 00 opti h mini h mini b t G Figure 29 Structure and loads window Variable sections Five lines are added in the Structure and loads window Figure 29 The indications in the left margin have the following meaning Figure 30 Figure 30 Distances of a variable section in ConCrete b mm width of beam zone in mm db mm step backwards from the previous front level to this one h mm height of beam zone in mm hot mm height of the beam zone which will be deposited in first phase e g the height of the precast section see also 7 3 Standard h01 is taken equal to the height ho dh mm step downwards from the previous top level to this one 30 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete The values for b mm h mm and dh mm can be changed in the same way as all other data in the Structure and loads window The value of db mm cannot be changed it is calculated as being half of the difference in width with the previous zone The reason is that an asymmetrical jump in the width causes torsion and ConCrete does not include torsion in its calculation If we e g change the height in zone z2 1 to 350 mm the word VAR is automatically filled out at the place in the Structure and loads window where the general valid height of the beam is indicated This means tha
9. es 2 largeur poutre 190 hauteur poutre 450 J types de charge 1 hauteur poutre phase 1 450 I m a 3 00 _ 4 00 ________ z1 1 z2 1 z2 2 2 00 poids propre type de charge p1 kN m 20 00 20 00 20 00 p2 kN m 30 00 20 00 20 00 P kN 0 00 0 00 15 00 0 00 M kNm 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 kN 19 51 121 22 39 37 35 04 163 64 55 88 ie 0 00 0 00 0 00 x kNm 0 00 0 00 0 00 h opti h mini b mini c Figure 27 Structure and loads window adding a concentrated moment 3 4 A beam with a variable section So far we have calculated beams with a constant height and width over their entire length In the practice cases appear in which e g the section is not the same for all spans or even in which the section within a certain span is not constant ConCrete enables you to define another section for each zone We enter the possibility of variable sections by pushing the first button in the second palette of Figure 4 Figure 28 5 x 8 Constant Variable section X L Figure 28 Pallet 2 Constant variable section button 29 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete B Structure and loads n fos ex code beam 2 spans 2 width beam 190 height beam 450 load types 1 height beam 1st phase 450 I m a 3 00 4 00 ________ z1 1 z2 1 z2 2 b mm 130 130 130 db mm 0 0 0 h mm 450 450 450 hol mm 450 450 450 dh mm 0 0 0 2 00 self weight load upe p1 kN m 20 00 20 00 20 00 p2 kN m
10. if the option is selected and only one page with the project values The data of the Structure and loads window are printed per beam followed by the deviations of the present values of the calculation parameters versus the file values The data of the Reinforcement sketch window and or the Diagrams window are printed according to the case The program starts a new page for each 11 Overzicht van de menu s 73 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete beam A new page is also started when printing the content of the Diagrams window The program sees to it that the content of this last window is neatly flatted to the paper format The reference code of the project and the date are mentioned on each page The number of the element proceeded by the name of the class is mentioned right on top of the pages specific to the element 9 3 Printing an entire class If we wish to print all the elements of only one specific class we select this class in the Project list window Afterwards we select the command Print class in the File menu This command works in a similar way to that described in 8 2 9 4 Printing of only one element To print only one element we have to get it from the Project list window and select the command Print element in the File menu This command works analogous to 8 2 11 Overzicht van de menu s 74 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Chapter 10 Useful tips 11 Overzicht van de me
11. 4 Parameters for the supports cccceeeeee eee e eee e eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 40 4 5 Parameters for the redistribution of moments aaneen 41 4 6 Parameters for the loads nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnnennennnnnennnnnnnneen 43 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete CHAPTER 5 MORE THAN ONE LOAD TYPE ee 47 Dat PVE OCU CUNO IN sce ci cad it acts ale na 48 5 2 A beam with two load types cccceeeeeee eee e eee e eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 48 5 3 Adding and removing load types ccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 50 5 3 1 MOA Oes lle acai ae ahh an al saa 50 5 3 2 Modify with right mouse button eee eee eee 51 CHAPTER 6 AN ENTIRE PROJECT OF BEAMS saasssssnesnssnnnnnnsnnnn 52 6 1 PURO CU CUO p EE 53 6 2 Defining classes sss 54 6 2 1 Choosing classes see 54 6 2 2 T eT e n s R e Selec RE E RAN de 54 S D eT oT 56 6 3 Allocating an element to a certain class nnnnnnnannneneennnnenn 57 6 4 Getting an element out of a certain class een 57 6 5 Moving an element to another ClASS nnee eeeeenn 57 6 6 Duplicating an element i r asrsenrenostnanesernnnsennnannenneenensennnonne eee 58 6 7 Deleting an element ssssssssssnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nn 58 6 8 Copying elements between projeCtS eenen 58 CHAPTER 7 SPECIAL ELEMENTS aaneen enen ee 59 7 1 Ts l L en Z DO AMS sss sss s esse sees enen
12. Chapter 1 Introduction BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete 1 1 Hard amp software requirements ConCrete is a 32 bit software program for the MS Windows operating system Although it may be possible to run ConCrete on previous versions of MS Windows without any warranty from BuildSoft however it is highly recommended to use it on MS Windows 98 Me XP Vista or 7 1 2 Installing ConCrete The ConCrete software can be installed from CD ROM or over the internet In this case you should have a valid LOGIN and PASSWORD to access the Customer Care section of the BuildSoft web site http www buildsoft eu BuildSoft customers receive access to this protected section as part of their maintenance or lease service contract Other people interested in evaluating ConCrete receive valid access data for a 30 days period provided they register at the BuildSoft web site In case all defaults are accepted as proposed by the ConCrete installation procedure the software will be installed on the directory C Program Files Buildsoft ConCrete 1 3 ConCrete ConCrete Plus and ConCrete List ConCrete belongs to a package of 3 programs which together manage the design process of reinforced concrete beams The ConCrete module automises the static and organic calculation of continuous beams and slabs in one direction of reinforced concrete The ConCrete Plus module uses these results for generating the reinforcement plans
13. ConCrete 6 6 Duplicating an element Suppose that we have to calculate two elements which are nearly identical In that case we could first calculate the first element and then afterwards make a copy of it and modify this copy in order to obtain the second element We can do so in ConCrete in a very easy way We first enter the first element and add it to the desired class as described in 6 3 Afterwards we select this element in the Project list window We then select the fourth command Duplicate in the Element menu or click on the icon Z The selected beam is visualised in the windows Structure and loads Diagrams and Reinforcement sketch nevertheless it is still present in the Project list window In fact we made an autonomous copy of the beam This copy does not differ in any way from the traditionally entered beam This means that we can make arbitrary modifications without influencing the first beam It is obvious that the time of duplicating the beam can be chosen freely immediately after entering the beam or later In 6 9 is explained how elements can be copied from one project to another or from ConCrete to ConCrete Plus and vice versa 6 7 Deleting an element To delete an element we first select it in the Project list window We then select the fifth command Remove in the Element menu or click on the button The element is now cleared out of the class 6 8 Copying elements between projects To c
14. Now enter the other classes Figure 54 55 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete z gt List of classes Exa 1 Class 1 3 Sorting 2 KA 0 3 GA 0 4 TA 0 6 Class 6 0 7 Class 7 0 8 Class 8 0 Retrieve 9 Class 9 D Ks KR Store Original name Rename Help Class 5 Remove Cancel Elements Figure 54 Editing the list of classes The button Remove can only be selected when a certain class is selected in the list With this button not only the name of the class is cleared out of the list but also all the elements beams and or slabs that the class possibly contains 6 2 3 Project list After confirming the set classes the Project list window is visualised as in Figure 55 Project list 30 11 2011 x Class 1 3 p d 1 30 11 2011 p d 2 30 11 2011 pIa 3 3071172011 KA GA TA KB GB TB KC Figure 55 Project list inserted classes The list under Class 1 contains the elements already entered Whether a class consist elements or not is indicated by the mark in front of the class name If there is a sign or then the class consists at least one element Clicking the will show all elements of that class 56 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete the becomes a Clicking the hides the elements of the class There is one exception if the active element the element currently shown in the window
15. The ConCrete List module creates the bar schedules of the used reinforcement steel Apart from ConCrete ConCrete Plus and ConCrete List we can use a CAD program for completing the reinforcement plans In ConCrete Plus the data can be transferred to AutoCad VersaCad Microstation Speedikon Architrion Tech2D or any other program that reads DXF format BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Chapter 2 A simple beam BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete 2 1 Introduction We will now get used to the working method of ConCrete by means of a simple example Let us consider a beam of one span 20 00 kN m Im Figure 1 Sketch of the first example The length is 5 m and the beam is loaded over its full length with a uniformal distributed load q 20 kN m The width of the beam is set to 190 mm the heigth to 450 mm Remark all examples in this manual are calculated with EN 1992 1 1 B 2 2 Creating a new project After having started ConCrete we select in the File menu the first command New On the screen appears a dialog box Figure 2 in which we can enter the main data of our project a reference code for the project the coordinates name address of the project of the builder the architect the contractor and the engineer Project data Exa Ref Code CONCRETE Project BuildS oft nv Hundelgemsestwg 244 1 9820 Merelbeke Retrieve builder architect contract
16. aaaaneneeeeeeenennnennnnenneen 76 10 4 Showing more diagrams or limit states nnee aaannnennneen 78 10 5 Sign conventions for moment and shear fOrC sss sees esse sss 80 10 6 Close up of a diagram in a ZONE nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnene enen nnnnnnnnnnnnnen 81 10 6 1 Making a close up is erinnern deinsden aceceeasatoeeeeeaseeauacetooeeecadtoes 81 10 6 2 Changing to another diagram eee eee 82 10 6 3 Withdrawing values in isolated points 82 10 7 Use of the Edit menu ssnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnen 82 10 8 Calculation method denderende 83 10 9 Verification calculation ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssnsnnnnnnss 83 10 10 Saving and retrieving preferences in files ccccceeseeeeeeeeeees 84 10 11 Adapting ConCrete s environment nnnnnnnnnneneeeneeennnnnnnnnnneen 84 CHAPTER 11 OVERVIEW OF THE MENU S sese ss cesse sees eee 87 takels DRANG MEN Urs 3 cece ate ecco merece tee dee aandeed anar dee enden anandeeeanadesenn 88 11 2 Lol Lr Ln EEEN En 88 11 03 Eiement sMBAW 25 erererseerverversdntendenrninddendniendennninndendndendenrninndes 88 TAs WINdOWw L T TTT T 89 11 5 Preferences MenU soc 22esese cect tcc c coe ce se cceed scence setedceetececcoccetecceeteccedeeces 89 11 6 MBID MENU rises deeranendenvannneeeranendaarend naderend dendanteaeeranen daarden 90 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete
17. added under the line with the indication of the different zones On this line you can enter the value of the elastic constant in the zone The elastic constant gives the relation between the settlement and the reaction of the foundation q x k v x the reaction of the foundation force surface the elastic constant v the vertical displacement settlement with O iim br mm db mm ho mm hol mm dh mm KIN cm x m Figure 63 Structure and loads window List of units In lack of more accurate data the value of the elastic constant k can be determined as follows e for clayish grounds 0 5 1 L 0 5 b 7 1 51 with qr compressive strength of the ground in N cm2 b width of the beam in m l length of the beam in m e for sandy grounds b Dg kl 2 b where the value of k is given table 1 sand low packed medium high packed packed Ki in N cm 2 7 8 1 8 1 40 40 136 table 1 elastic constant value k for sand 7 Speciale liggers 64 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Higher stated values are taken from Campus F Contribution a l tude des pieces fl chies dans le sol Application aux pieux et palplanches M moire du Centre d Etudes de Recherches et d Essais Scientifiques du G nie Civil de l Universit de Liege N 39 Avr il 1972 7 3 Beams in 2 phases Today more and more beams are partially precast Once they are place
18. and second phase Starting from this reinforcement the stresses in the serviceability limit state in the concrete and in the reinforcement are calculated in the first phase thus in an isostatic way and with reduced height Then the increase of stresses in the second phase is determined If the stresses are too high the reinforcement is increased With the parameter always together you can force the program to consider the loads of a load type always as one undividable load Otherwise ConCrete will automatically load some spans with the favourable load factor y and other with the unfavourable load factor y to obtain the most damaging load situation It can be however that the nature of the load makes it impossible to vary the load over different spans between favourable loaded and unfavourable loaded Think e g at a swimming pool that can be filled with water or not Suppose this pool is supported by continuous beam with 3 spans The water should be introduced as a variable load with load factors y 1 50 and y 0 00 Normally the program will include a load situation where the first and third span is loaded and the second is not In practice this is not a possible situation or the water is in the pool and then all 3 spans are loaded or the is not in the pool and then all 3 spans are unloaded By indicating that the loads of the load type are always together present or not the program will not take into account these 2 load c
19. constant k ConCrete goes a lot further than simply calculating a beam on elastic foundation In ConCrete it is even possible to give for each zone a different elastic constant k and on the other hand you can add discrete supports fixed or elastic and or fixed or elastic restraint to rotation The importance to have a different elastic constant per zone is shown in the following problems A beam which is posed on a homogenous ground except that the ground is crossed by a little brook abeam supported by a number of concrete columns and by a large wall in bricks In the first example the presence of the brook can be incorporated by a lower value or even a zero value of the elastic constant In the second example the concrete columns can be entered as normal supports elastic or fixed while the large wall can be simulated by zone with a large elastic constant In both examples it would be very hard to obtain an even adequate result if we could only calculate beams supported by either only discrete supports or a unique elastic foundation over the whole length Click in the second pallet on the forth icon Figure 4 Figure 62 to be able to enter elastic foundations HU X EE No Elastic foundation Figure 62 Pallet 2 Elastic foundation 7 Speciale liggers 63 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete In the Structure and loads windows an extra line proceeded with k N cms Figure 63 is
20. data see 7 6 make ConCrete Plus link see 10 3 quit the program see 7 7 Windows functionality see 9 7 see 9 7 see 9 7 see 9 7 see 9 7 Windows functionality Windows functionality Windows functionality Windows functionality NNN define the classes see 6 2 Viewing the hollowcore slab library see 7 5 11 Overzicht van de menu s 88 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete New beam New slab New hollowcore slab Modify Duplicate Remove Calculate Check Redraw 11 4 Window menu Structure and loads Diagrams Reinforcement sketch Check Cascade windows Input panel Project list Toolbars 11 5 Preferences menu enter a new beam see 2 3 enter a new beam identical Enter a new hollowcore slab identical modify the selected element See 6 4 duplicate the selected element see 6 6 remove the selected element see 6 7 calculate the current element see 9 1 check the current element see 10 9 redraw projectlist bring this window to front see 2 3 and 2 4 1 identical see 2 3 and 2 4 2 identical see 2 3 and 2 4 2 identical see 10 9 cascade windows pop up input panel bring the project list window to front see 2 2 and 2 3 customize ConCrete workspace see 10 11 11 Overzicht van de menu s 89 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Show diagrams Show results Signs Ca
21. eenn 60 7 2 Beams on an elastic foundation nanne eeneeenenneenennennenn 63 7 3 Beams in s Tu T 65 T A Slabs In 2 s randen ede es 66 7 5 Hollow core slab library 5 ascsciccc cs sac ccssccctecc se eect eects eet 66 CHAPTER 8 SAVING OPENING AND QUITTING ss sese ss ses s e lt 68 8 1 Saving a new prOJ Gt inzsnerer eee ssssssen rees nenen eee 69 8 2 Opening an existing project nennen nnnnnnnnnnnneeneneeennnnnnnnneneneeenn 69 8 3 Saving an existing project 2 zszz sarezereenscenenranenenenaeeneedeadenenende diner dnndeddnd 69 8 4 Automatical SAVING 2s fea es dec see aces sie ca caneted cies cece sted cedars teceaseelcnnaseess 69 8 5 Closing a PrOIBEE aten tn 71 8 6 Modifying the project data nanne nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn 71 8 7 Quitting the program ze zenne reren eeen heee see 71 CHAPTER 9 PRINTING lt ssssss ses ss ss sees ss eee seen eenn ennenen 72 dt Page SON e cate ec a ar ct ee eenen eenn 73 9 2 Printing an entire project nnnnnnnsnnnnnnnnennenenenenennnneneneeneenennenn 73 9 3 Printing an entire GIASS sss 74 9 4 Printing of only one element ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssseeereerere 74 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete CHAPTER 10 USEFUL TIPS voici ccccsscsccccccscccdsdiccenesenssetecctensnaccesdscdscees 75 10 1 Automatical calculation after Input nnen 76 102 S0UNAS Erten inenten en venen eenen eenen 76 10 3 Connections with ConCrete PIUS a
22. elastics LUL en fixed support l f Help restraint to rotation not restrained at all Cancel EN 0 00 7 partially r fully restrained Figure 40 Standard support All the introduced changes are related to all the supports Therefore it is impossible to leave out the support If we want to change only one support we click with the mouse in the support sketch in the Structure and loads window We obtain the same dialog box as in Figure 40 valid for this one selected support Figure 41 40 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete T Structure and loads ol amp 2 code beam 2 spans 2 width beam 190 height beam 450 I load types 1 height beam 1st phase 450 I m 5 3 00 4 00 A z1 1 z2 1 22 2 2 00 self weight load typel p1 kN m 214 Support n 2 l s p2 kN m 2 14 rT P KN no support Retrieve C elastics 0 00 Hier fixed support Help restraint to rotation not restrained at all Cancel C partially r C fully restrained Figure 41 Adjusting a support It is however possible to leave out an end support In that way we can make a cantilever from a simple supported span Except for cantilevers and simple supports we can also enter translation springs rotation springs and fully restrained supports There is however a second possibility to enter a cantilever namely by entering a negative value for the
23. entry beam 10 3 Connections with ConCrete Plus The connections between ConCrete and ConCrete Plus are situated on four levels First of all the format of the files is identical for ConCrete and ConCrete Plus This makes it possible to complete a project made in ConCrete with ConCrete Plus and then afterwards extend it with ConCrete to step over again to ConCrete Plus see 7 2 Secondly ConCrete offers the possibility to transmit a message to ConCrete Plus This can be very important when the person who calculated the project with ConCrete is not the same as the one who will draw it with ConCrete Plus We can enter such a message by clicking in the text balloon left at the bottom in the Structure and loads window A dialog box in which we can enter the desired message is now visualised on the screen Figure 70 When printing this beam the message will be printed along with the entry data When this beam is opened in ConCrete 11 Overzicht van de menu s 76 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Plus a dialog box with this message automatically appears on the screen Thirdly we can indicate in ConCrete the maximum tolerated variation in the dimensions between the calculation in ConCrete and the drawing in ConCrete Plus If this variation is within the tolerance there is no new calculation of the beam required and the calculated values are applied for drawing the beam Setting these tolerances is done by selecting
24. min zo mm transverse distance min zo mm max by standard dre T no single hooks allowed 200 mm Een allowed diam stirrups me pe pmi pme ph Cancel transv reinforce flanges S 1400 T show in Reinf sketch window Figure 37 Parameters for reinforcement steel We can take a look at and change the parameters of the reinforcement steel by clicking the first icon of the first palette of Figure 3 now a new dialog box appears on the screen Figure 37 In this dialog box we can change all the parameters of the reinforcement steel freely The values of the steel quality are characteristic values and are expressed in N mm The safety factor is the factor which has to be applied to the characteristic values in order to obtain the design value of the steel quality This design value will be used in the ultimate limit state In the serviceability limit state under the rare combinations the maximum stress can be limited to a fraction of the yield stress 80 according to Eurocode The cover is the net distance between the bar and the outer surface of the concrete as indicated in Figure 38 When calculating the effective depth the real height of the beam is decreased with this cover and with 10 mm extra to take the thickness of the reinforcement bars into account which are unknown at that moment 36 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete P coverage coverage Figure 38 Sketch of the concrete coverage
25. span length of an end span ConCrete automatically interprets a negative span length as a cantilever with as length the absolute value of the entered length 4 5 Parameters for the redistribution of moments We select the fourth icon of the first palette of Figure 3 if we want to take a look at or change the calculation options of the redistribution of moments Just as for the geometrical parameters of the supports these options apply to all the supports or only all the intermediate supports 41 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Bending moments reduction on supports x v Reduction of M on all supports T Reduction of M on intermediate and restrained supports with 0 without redistribution 0 for support width of 0 mm TA AT I I ji i i Help Retrieve Store Cancel Figure 42 Parameters for the redistribution of moments The first option in the dialog box Figure 42 causes no change in the diagrams it only produces a reduction of the reinforcement moments The reason therefore is that with larger supports the top of the diagram of moments can be cut in order to determine the support reinforcement Figure 43 Concrete allows you to reduce the time by either By giving up a percentage By giving up the width of the supports The reduction of the moment AM is calculated as follows AM Foun i Dsup In which F is the reaction force in the support and bp the
26. the concerning zone belongs In our example this distance is 2 m If we now also enter the value of the concentrated force our Structure and loads window will be like in Figure 21 We then continue to enter the beam in the usual way The interpretation of the results in the different window is similar to that described in chapter 2 In the bottom right corner of the Reinforcement sketch window Figure 22 we notice a button with a gt sign When we click the mouse on that button the reinforcement sketch of the second span appears The button with the gt sign has now disappeared At the same time a button with a lt sign has become visible by clicking this sign we can return to the previous span As stated in chapter 2 the begin and end points of the indicated reinforcement are the points of zero of the shifted bending moments diagram 24 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete input panel 20 00 end value distributed load load type1 zone z1 1 kN m EB Structure and loads code beam 2 spans 2 width beam 190 height beam 450 load types 1 height beam 1st phase 450 I m az 3 00 4 00 _____ z1 1 z2 1 2 00 self weight load typel p1 kN m 20 00 20 00 20 00 p2 kN m 30 00 20 00 20 00 P kN L 0 00 15 00 0 00 121 22 39 37 m i a 163 64 55 88 0 00 0 00 v kNm 0 00 0 00 opti h mini h mini b Figure 21 Structure and loads window input loads example 2
27. toolbars This means that you can drag the icons over the screen and place them wherever you want Moreover you can include the palettes Input Data and Calculation Parameters into the toolbar To do so drag the palettes on the screen or you double click on the pallets If you no longer want these icons on the screen you can simply hide then by closing the palettes You can recall them at any time through the command Window Toolbars 11 Overzicht van de menu s 84 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Window fe Structure and loads 1E Diagrams Reinforcement sketch S Check T Cascade windows Palette d entr e v Project list v element v Window v Analysis parameters v Input data v Help Restore default toolbars Figure 77 Show or hide toolbars Choosing the option Restore Toolbars will activate the original configuration again In addition the project list can also be given a permanent place in the Concrete user interface By double clicking the title bar of the Project List window or by dragging the window you can put it e g on the left 11 Overzicht van de menu s 85 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete T 25 Concrete Diagrams untitled Diagrams 4 B File Edit Element Window Preferences Help oe als al naz 2 8 Panami N 19 Class 1 3 HK 1 30 11 2011 BE 2 30 11 2011 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Class 6 Cl
28. which has multiple zones we can choose to delete the indicated zone Figure 24 When the first zone is removed the second zone will start from the left end of the span If you remove another zone then the first one then the previous zone will be extended until the end point of the removed zone 26 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete T Structure and loads code beam 2 spans 2 width beam 190 height beam 450 i load types 1 height beam 1st phase 450 I m Ss 3 00 _ 4 00 z1 1 22 1 _sel weight load typet p1 kN m p2 kN m i P kN i 4 length 2 00m C divide zone in 1 Z divisions Figure 24 Modifying a zone 2 3 2 3 2 Modification by using the right mouse button The zones can also be manipulated using a popup menu To do so right click the name of the zone code beam 2 spans 2 width beam 190 height beam 450 load types 1 height beam 1st phase 450 I m s 3 00 4 00 z1 1 z2 1 self weight load type p1 kN m 214 214 p2 kN m 2 14 214 P kN Figure 25 Popup menu zone The first item Delete will only be selectable if the span consists of more than one zone 27 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete The item Add allows you to create an additional zone The function divides the designated area into two equal parts 3 3 Adding concentrated moments Suppose that we not only wish to enter a concentrated force but also a co
29. 1 width beam 190 height beam 450 load types 1 height beam 1st phase 450 I m a 500 z1 1 self weight load upe p kN m 20 00 P KN 0 00 Copy this value for all zones r lt 4 Copy this value for all zones at left side kN 55 34 i ULS 74 71 Copy this value for all zones at right side Rent 0 00 HD0 a kNm 0 00 0 00 opti h 470 mini h 346 mini b Figure 16 Pop up menu Copying loads What happens when you changes the amount of load types will be discussed in 5 3 The editing of the zones will be handled in 3 2 3 20 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Chapter 3 A second beam 21 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete 3 1 A beam in the Projectlist window To enter a new beam we select the first command New beam in the Element menu of click the icon The previous beam named beam is now saved in the project Projectlijst 30 11 2011 x Klasse 1 1 pIa 1 30 11 2011 Klasse 2 3 Klasse 3 Klasse 4 Klasse 5 Klasse 6 Klasse 7 Klasse 8 E Figure 17 Project list The list is constructed as a tree The main items are the classes the subitems are the elements Currently only one element is calculated The second beam has yet to be defined Both elements are in the first class The date that the element was last opened is mentioned behind its name Moreover the most recent date is listed next to the header of the window itself 3 2 C
30. BN B15 002 ENV 1992 1 1 Eurocode 2 BAEC S1199 E C DIN 1045E C NVN ENV 1992 1 1 NAD C ACI 318 C BS 8110 C NEN 6720 C EN 1992 1 1 Euroccade 2 National annex Help Retrieve Cancel IERE Store S sl Figure 76 Sign conventions 10 9 Verification calculation In ConCrete the calculation of the cracked deformation and the crack width is done by using the theoretically required reinforcement sections The results of this calculation gives a good indication of the expected results of a calculation that takes into account the actual planned reinforcement In some cases the user is not satisfied with the rough calculation based on the theoretical reinforcement sections Once the beam is drawn in Concrete Plus you can recalculate the structure in ConCrete but taking into account the actual planned reinforcement This verification calculation involves the calculation of the cracked bending under rare combinations and under the quasi permanent combination and the crack width in the quasi permanent combination If the effects of creep were taken into account in the initial rough calculation then they will also be used in the verification calculation It goes without saying that any change in the calculation parameters except whether or not taking creep into account will influence the reinforcement choice and therefore the verification calculation will be destroyed 11 Overzicht van de me
31. The longitudinal reinforcement is indicated in mm At places where a bottom reinforcement is required a bold line is drawn just above the bottom side of the beam in case of top reinforcement the line is drawn just below the upper side of the beam The beginning and ending point of this bold line is the place where the shifted moment line doesn t require reinforcement anymore see 2 4 2 The determination of the diameters of the longitudinal bars and the calculation of the anchorage length is done automatically in Concrete Plus We can now easily read the required reinforcement from the Reinforcement sketch window with this information In our example we only need bottom reinforcement over the entire length of the beam The maximum required section is 757mm We could place here e g two bars of 25 mm diameter The red marked negative quantity 160 means that there is 160mm compression reinforcement required on top in order to comply with the limitations for concrete stresses in Serviceability Limit State 2 5 Modifying entered data 2 5 1 Direct editing of entered data One of the numerous advantages of ConCrete is the simplicity with which already entered data can be modified BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete All the data entered can be modified at any time by clicking the value with the mouse in the Structure and loads window except for 3 data types e number of spans this number can never be less than the num
32. The minimum reinforcement ratio is taken into account by the calculation of the crack width and the cracked deformation Both bottom and top reinforcement can be taken constant over the whole span length The amount of reinforcement has a favourable effect on the crack width and on the cracked deformation The meaning of crack is related to the truss girder analogy of M rsch in which a reinforced concrete beam is visualised as a truss girder with inclined concrete compressive struts vertical stirrups and horizontal longitudinal reinforcement The height of the truss girder is 0 9 times the effective depth The reason for the inclined concrete compressive bars is that shear force cracks always have a slope The horizontal length of such a tear is function of the slope By keeping the stirrup distance constant over a certain number of cracks we obtain a much more practical stirrup distribution The minimum distance between stirrups can be set and this in longitudinal and transverse direction This enables you to opt for a lower longitudinal distance or for multiple stirrups If the calculation shows that the distance should be smaller than the minimum set distance the program keeps the calculated distance unless it is possible to obtain a larger distance with a bigger stirrup diameter If so the program will choose the bigger diameter Apart from the minimum transverse distance we can also set a maximum transverse distance This is normally d
33. act in both phases or only in one of them Of course it is possible to have load types that act only in the second phase The phases are taken into account by the calculation of the reinforcement and of the stresses in the concrete and in the reinforcement as explained in 4 6 7 Speciale liggers 65 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete For the sake of completeness we want to mention that the calculation of the crack width and the deformation neither uncracked nor cracked does not take these phases into account 7 4 Slabs in 2 phases ConCrete can besides beam can also calculate plates in reinforced concrete The places are carrying in one direction and can also be executed in two phases Figure 64 Cross section dimensions Cross section in zone 21 1 SS Heb Cancel thickness L 450 mm _ Cancel 1st phase thicknes 450 mm OK Figure 64 Slab in 2 phases 7 5 Hollow core slab library Remark This functionality is not available in the standard version of Concrete Only ConCrete Master allows you to calculate hollow core slabs Finally ConCrete has the possibility to calculate hollow core slabs These hollow core slabs are stored in the so called hollow core slabs library To do this select the menu Edit command Hollow core slabs library A window appears Figure 65 which you can define and manage the slabs 7 Speciale liggers 66 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConC
34. ad type2 p kN m 10 00 10 00 P kN 0 00 0 00 0 00 12 75 99 52 52 02 201 07 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 Figure 48 Structure and loads window example 3 When entering the data we indicate that we will enter two load types The input is done as usual After entering the value of the first distributed load in the last zone of the last span the program automatically asks us the value of the second distributed load in the first zone of the first span Figure 48 Meanwhile the rectangle in which the loads are visualised is cleared in the Structure and loads window and the counter indicates 2 This tells us that the values which we see in the rectangle in question are those of the second load type The former grey arrow above the figure 2 has now become a white arrow with black border We can go back to the previous load type by clicking with the mouse in this arrow The arrow beneath 2 is aimed at showing a possible next load type in the rectangle The functionality of both arrows is analogous to those of the classical scroll bar After having entered all data ConCrete does the calculations as stated in 4 6 As a result we obtain envelope diagrams for the bending moment and the shear forces Figure 49 We also obtain a coexistence of the top and bottom reinforcement Figure 50 This coexistence does not mean that there is no a shiftment of the diagram of moments and no anchorage length requested for the determination of the le
35. ass 7 Dass 8 Class 9 Class 10 Class 11 Class 12 Class 13 Class 14 ie Class 15 Class 16 Class 17 Class 18 Class 19 Class 20 Al Moments ULS Deflect Q P after creep Reinf Jgewizigd Figure 78 ConCrete s environment Note Your personal settings are automatically saved and will be applied the next time you reboot ConCrete 11 Overzicht van de menu s 86 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Chapter 11 Overview of the menu s 11 Overzicht van de menu s 87 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete 11 1 File menu New Open Close Save Save as Preferences saving Page Setup Printoptions Print gt project Print gt class Print gt element Modify Transfer ConCrete Plus Quit 11 2 Edit menu Undo G ut Copy Paste Clear List of classes Hollowcore slab library 11 3 Element menu create a new project see 2 2 open an existing file See 7 2 close the actual project see 7 5 resave the current project see 7 1 and 7 3 save the current project see 7 3 backup and save automatically zie ook 8 4 printer and page settings see 8 1 set the print options see 8 1 print the current project see 8 2 print the selected class see 8 3 print the selected element see 8 3 change the file
36. ber of already present spans see 2 5 1 3 e number of zones which can only be modified after completely entering the beam see 3 2 3 e number of load types which can only be modified after completing the current beam or before entering the second load type see 5 3 Let us for example change the span length of 5 m into 4 95 m Select therefore the figure 5 00 in the Structure and loads window When moving with the mouse over the value the value is highlighted After selecting this value the value is framed and appears in the input bar with the following question length 1 span m Figu re 12 input panel 5 00 length 1 span m 75 Structure and loads a oe EX code beam 1 spans 1 width beam 190 height beam 450 J load types 1 height beam 1st phase 450 im T z1 1 self weight load typel p kN m 20 00 P kN 0 00 0 00 55 34 55 34 KN 2 d G r KH 0 00 0 00 opti h 470 mini h 346 mini_b Figure 12 Adjusting the length of a span We now type the figure 4 95 and confirm it by pressing the ENTER or RETURN key As soon as we have pressed this last key the beam is automatically recalculated and all results are adapted in their window We can notice e g that the required section for bottom reinforcement has dropped from 757 mm to 727 mm and from 160 mm to 144 mm for BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete the top compression reinforcement If you change the height of
37. d at their position a second phase is casted in which the individual beams per span are casted together to form a continuous beam possibly the are also cast together with the slabs In some cases the precast beams are used to bear a part of the loads without the help of additional struts Special attention should be paid at the impositions The beams are prefabricated per span and will be loaded in an isostatic way by their selfweight and e g also the selfweight of the slabs posed on those beams and the selfweight of the second phase concrete Once the beam is completely casted and harded the full section is effective and the spans are completely joined to form a hyperstatic construction continuous beam In the program two phases can be taken into account Therefore you have to enter next things e Phase 1 indicate for each section till which height the section will be casted in the first phase in other words this is the height of precast section The program indicates this height as hot and sets this height by default equal to the total height ho You can change these values by clicking in the Structure and loads window on the value or on the cross section sketch see 7 1 and then change it in the dialog box e Phase 2 In the dialog box for the load factors see 4 6 you indicate which load types are acting on the precast section in the first phase and which on the total section Section 2nd phase Load types can
38. dmitted compressive stress width under the rare combinations 15 00 N mm after creep 0 6 fck Retrieve Ie maximum admitted compressive stress under the quasi permanent combinations 1125 N mm W after creep 0 45 fck Swe take concrete shear contribution for 50 zg Help J maximum admitted crack width under the quasi permanent combinations 030 mn v after creep Cancel e calculate cracking allways under rare combinations Figure 39 Parameters for concrete The characteristic compressive strength f is the value of the strength above wich we find 95 of the collection of all possible strength measurements exercised on concrete specimen This compressive strength is determined after 28 days on cylinders of 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height kept under water at 20 2 As for steel the safety factor is the factor which should be applied to characteristic values in order to obtain the design value of the concrete quality This design value will be used for the calculation in the ultimate limit state The modulus of elasticity can be entered freely or can be calculated in function of the concrete quality by clicking on the button Ecm 28 The value of the E modulus is than calculated with the formula 38 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Eurocode 2 and NBN B15 002 Eaa 9500 fax 8 1 3 B A E L 91 Exaoe 11000 f3 To take the creep effect into account by the calculation of the deforma
39. eep will be charges in the elastic analysis and in the calculation of the cracked state 11 Overzicht van de menu s 78 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Show diagrams V loads Ie shear forces VULS Ff ROC Bene Ie bending moments PULS fF RC Q P rotation angles RE QP Ie deflection A C elastic Ie D P elastic T cracked F cracked alter creep W after creep soil reactions l IS RIS OFE Help e longitudinal reinforcement min number of bars for limiting crack width __ Cancel shear reinforcement Figure 72 Show diagrams Since there are no rod diameters chosen yet the calculation of crack width is only based on the theoretically required reinforcement sections The crack width depends on the diameter and number of the rods such that a calculation of crack width in itself can not be approached from theoretical reinforcement sections The limitation of crack width in Concrete leads to a somewhat reverse calculation ConCrete calculates how many bars at least should be placed so that the maximum allowable crack width is not exceeded assuming all the very minimum reinforcement section is placed and that all bars will have the same diameter So far the Structure and loads window contained the vertical reactions and should this be the case moment reactions in the ultimate limit state ULS Should the reactions in the serviceability limit state rare combinations ZC or the serviceab
40. efined by the standard Most standards demand that the maximum transverse distance remains less than the effective height which for almost square sections leads to multiple stirrups To avoid this you can impose a proper maximum e g 200 mm In case where one stirrups isn t enough the program will try to solve the problem by adding a single hook in order to have a 3 bars stirrup You can however force the program to apply two stirrups by checking the option no single hooks allowed The bar diameters that may be used for the stirrups can be indicated by the user Apart from the standardised diameters 6 8 10 and 12 a free value can be entered 37 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete For beam sections with flanges T l L and Z sections see also 7 1 the steel quality of the shear reinforcement between the flange and the web can be indicated as well as the fact whether this reinforcement should be represented in Reinforcement sketch window 4 3 Parameters for concrete We can set the parameters for concrete with the second icon of the first palette of Figure 3 Figure 39 Concrete ese j char compr strength Iek 25 Nmr 2nd ph 125 Nmr safety factor 1 50 modulus of elasticity 30472 N mmr Ecm 28 creep coefficient ft to 1 23 n 15 Ie include self weight 25 KN Anr with flanges tensile strength for calculating crack width and deflection 2 56 N mmr fetk fctm ly maximum a
41. el deflection C bottom level Ba 10 50 Retrieve Store Help Cancel L 3 all combinations Figure 46 Parameters for loads There are six factors for each load type Yu Yu Yg Yg Po is the load factor which should be applied to determine the diagrams of the moments and of the shear forces in the ultimate limit state when the load has an unfavourable effect on the concerning diagram has the same functionality as y except that the load has a favourable effect on the concerning diagram is the load factor which should be applied to determine the diagrams of the rotation angles and of the deflections in the serviceability limit state when the load has an unfavourable effect on the concerning diagram has the same functionality as y _ except that the load has a favourable effect on the concerning diagram is the combination factor which should be applied in the ultimate limit state fundamental combination and under the rare combinations in the serviceability limit state when another variable load is the most unfavourable is the combination factor which should be applied under the accidental combinations in the ultimate limit state and under 44 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete the frequent combinations in the serviceability state when this variable load is the most unfavourable Y is the combination factor which should be applied under the quasi permanent combination in the ser
42. ement of block C GC all the elements of the ground floor of block C TC all the elements of the standard floor of block C 6 2 2 Input classes We define the classes in ConCrete as follows we select the last command List of classes in the Edit menu The dialog box of Figure 53 is now visualised on the screen 54 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete a List of classes Exa Sorting 2 Class 2 0 3 Class 3 0 4 Class 4 0 5 Class 5 0 6 Class b 0 7 Class 7 0 8 Class 8 0 Retrieve 9 Class 9 D ms Class 1 Store Original name Help Class 1 Remove Cancel Elements Figure 53 Editing the list of classes The names of the 20 classes are in a cadre for the moment all blank The meaning of the buttons OK Store and Retrieve at the bottom of the dialog box is the same as in 4 1 By typing the word KA in the cadre right on top the button Add can be selected After clicking this button the name KA is added in the class list In a new project where no elements have been entered KA will be situated on the first line It is also possible to rename a selected class from the list Just click the button Rename after selecting instead of the Insert Note that the original name of the class the name that the class was when opening the dialog in the box under Original Name is written This may include the elements listed in the box under Elements
43. ensions In case of a beam with variable sections the section can also be added per zone by clicking on the section sketch in z_ _ of the changing area z2 1 in Figure 58 again the dialog Figure 57 appears but only valid for the one zone 7 Speciale liggers 60 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete P GB Structure and loads a ler 22 code beam 3 spans 2 width beam 190 height beam 500 laad types 2 height beam 1st phase 500 Cross section dimensions Crosssectioninzonez21 widthB 190 mm Cancel height H 500 mm 17 phase height H1 500 mm Help i right top flange b 1300 mm f 150 mm p kN m P kN left top flange i fam 5 3 3 4 ao L 3 3 e right bottom flange left bottom flange d 10 mm C g mm h 0 mm T Figure 58 Structure en loads window variable sections In this dialog box the dimensions of the flanges can be adapted Four flanges are possible two upper flanges and two bottom flanges one each left and right flange The width of the flanges the dimensions a b c and d can be both a positive and a negative value negative values are used to cut a rectangle from the web of the beam a bite from the web Figure 59 positive values indicate a flange on the body Figure 60 The flange thickness the dimensions e f g and h have always positive values or ze
44. f m min 2 bars m bottom 370 mm m min 2 bars m Pi shear reinforcement D mrr m min 203 mm m close up of diagram bending moments in ultimate limit state v lt 72 94 3 L Figure 75 Sign conventions 11 Overzicht van de menu s 81 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete In the lowest half of this dialog box we see the requested detail of the diagram in the considered zone with indication of the characteristic values like the extremes and the O points In the upper half we see the minimum and maximum values of the shear force the bending moment diagram of rotation angles and deflection in one well determined point The values for the deflection are the elastic calculated ones Right on top there is a button with which we can print the content of this dialog box 10 6 2 Changing to another diagram Use the mouse in the menu next to the close up of chart the desired diagram 10 6 3 Withdrawing values in isolated points The minimum and maximum values of all static quantities at a specific point can be requested by entering the x value abscissa of that point in the edit box Only abscissa values within the zone taken into close up give results The abscissa value is determined from the left support of the span to which that zone and also that point belongs In Figure 75 the values are shown in the point that is situated at 2 m from the left support of the first span of beam 3
45. h they conclude that the value of 3 56 N mm for C25 30 which is proposed in the American Standard is more in comparison with the test results It s our opinion that without too much risk the deflection can be calculated with the previous mentioned factor n 15 and with the mean tensile strength fetm 2 56 N mm 39 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Further on you can impose a limit to the concrete stress in the serviceability limit state under rare combinations and under quasi permanent combinations According to Eurocode 2 the limitation under rare combinations is only needed for climate class 3 or 4 and the limit is then 0 6f You can use the button 0 6f to put this limit in the edit box Unless the full load is put on the structure almost immediately after it is casted it is normal to impose this limit after creep For structures where creep is important a 45 limit under quasi permanent combination is recommended because otherwise the creep effect will be underestimated by the use of a creep factor If the maximum concrete compressive stress is superseded than the program will increase the amount of tensile reinforcement and add some compression reinforcement 4 4 Parameters for the supports We set the parameters for the supports with the third icon of the first palette of Figure 3 The dialog box of Figure 40 appears on the screen Standard support support no support Retrieve C
46. he diagram of rotation angles and deflections in this window 10 4 and how we can change the sign convention of the shear force V and the bending moment M 10 5 The reinforcement diagram takes a shift of the moment line into account over a distance a z cot 0 cot a 2 Compression reinforcement is always red and indicated with a negative value the black dashed line represents the amount of tensile reinforcement for which only the ultimate limit state requirements the black solid line is the amount of tensile reinforcement required for the serviceability limit state The 14 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete horizontal dotted lines indicating 117 set the minimum amount of longitudinal reinforcement here corresponding to a_ reinforcement percentage p 0 0015 T Diagrams rcs ote faa Loads Moments S ULS Re ef kNm Deflect after creep Figure 10 Diagrams 2 4 3 The Reinforcement sketch window When this window is still hidden by the Diagrams window we bring it to top by selecting the second command Reinforcement sketch in the Window menu or click In this window Figure 11 we can see a schematic representation of the front view of the beam with indication of the reinforcement TB Reinforcement sketch oel H transverse reinf web H Ni 1 08 3 00 0 82 4stirr s 6 each270 11 stir a 6 each300 T 4stir 6 each 270
47. he previous when adding a span before the first span the span added will be a copy of the first span 18 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete input pang Poo number of spans B Structure and loads code beam 1 spans 3 width beam 190 height beam 450 load types 1 height beam 1st phase 450 self weight load upe p kN m 20 00 P kN 0 00 0 00 Cancel 2 spans to be indicated Figure 14 Reducing number of spans 2 5 2 Modifying with the right mouse button A second way to modify the entered values is to use the mouse For example right click the name of the length of the span there appears a so called popup menu with some items code beam 1 spans 1 width beam 190 height beam 450 load types 1 height beam 1st phase 450 before this span after this span p kN m P kN Figure 15 Pop up menu span 19 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete The first item Remove is only available when there is more than one beam span The item Add allows you to add a standard span before or after the appointed span while Duplicate copies the current span Such a function also exists for editing the loads Either you select the values of the loads one by one or you can use the right button of the mouse With the popup menu that appears you can quickly copy the value of a loads to other fields TA Structure and loads ea fon ex code beam 1 spans
48. ility limit state quasi permanent combinations Q P be visible then select in the menu Preferences the second command Show results or click T The screen displays the following dialog 11 Overzicht van de menu s 79 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Show in Structure and Loads window MV reactions Ie ultimate limit state U LS e serviceability limit state rare combinations H C Ie serviceability limit state quasi permanent combinations F C maximum top reinforcement by zone Ie maximum bottom reinforcement by zone cracked deflection maximum value by zone BE T Q P max relative value by zone PRE ar sk T increase cracked deflection from Q P to R C Cancel maximum value by zone max relative value by zone Figure 73 Show results In this window you can indicate of which limit state the reaction should deplayed in the Structure and loads Window Furthermore you can also e indicate that the Structure and loads window should show the maximum required upper and lower reinforcement per zone e show the maximum in cracked condition computed deflection among the rare permanent and or quasi permanent combination e show how the deflections relate to the span length e show the maximum increase of the deflections under the rare combinations compared to the deflections under the quasi permanent combination possibly also in relation to the span leng
49. is in the class If all elements should or shouldn t be visible you can use the right mouse button Figure 56 Project list 30 11 2011 x Class 1 3 E T 1 30 11 2011 b 1 2011 rA i 44 90499 KA Open all classes GA Close all classes TA KC S Figure 56 Pop up menu project list 6 3 Allocating an element to a certain class When you create a new element this will automatically be put in the selected class If there are no classes defined a standard class class 1 will be automatically created and selected You can move an element from one class to another see 6 5 6 4 Getting an element out of a certain class Are the elements belonging to the class not visible double click then first on the class name or click on the sign at the left To show and possibly modify the beam we have two possible methods First select the beam in the list and than use the command Element Edit or click on the icon or just double click the beam in the list The selected beam is shown in the Structure and loads window the Diagrams window and the Reinforcement sketch window 6 5 Moving an element to another class To move an element to another class just select the element in the list and drag it to another class In other words select it with the mouse keep the mouse button pressed move the mousse to another class and release the mouse button 57 BuildSoft n v User s manual
50. lculate automatically Save automatically Sounds Tolerances Calculation method Language Load settings Save settings General settings 11 6 Help menu Manual Mail to BuildSoft Network About ConCrete show different diagrams see 9 4 show different results in several limite states reinforcement cracked deformation see 9 4 set sign convention for M and V see 9 5 immediate calculation after entry see 9 1 save after every five new elements see 7 4 specific sounds when entering and changing see 9 2 measurement deviations of ConCrete vs ConCrete Plus see 9 3 set calculation code see 10 8 choose language Loads a set of saved parameters for calculation and sets them as default see 10 10 Saves the parameters for calculation See 10 10 restore standard settings allows a dynamic use of the manual to the screen automatically opens the default mail program and enters the email address look for network licence dongle information about ConCrete
51. n the 11 Overzicht van de menu s 69 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Preferences Save automatically menu This option is marked by a r sign if its active in the other case the option is not marked When the option is activated the program will automatically save after certain actions To define after which actions the automatically save procedure should be performed click on the Preferences command in the Preferences Save automatically menu The following dialog box appears z Preferences saving and saving automatically Preferences saving Saving automatically Errorlog Check at which moments the files have to be saved automaticly while printing IV befor after while input in progress V before after while calculating Ie before V after while working in project listing before V after Warming the back up files will be adjusted at each Cancel saving OK Figure 67 settings for saving automatically Besides the fact that you can decide when a saving procedure should be performed you can also decide to keep a number of back up files Each time a save action is performed the previous version of the file is kept The number of back up files that should be kept can be indicated in the tab Preferences saving 11 Overzicht van de menu s 70 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Preferences saving and saving automatically Prefe
52. n the Structure and loads window Figure 20 The begin values of the distributed loads will be indicated on the line which is proceeded by p1 kN m in the left margin the end values on the line below proceeded by p2 kN m 23 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete When entering the data the program will ask two questions for two values begin value distributed load nr 1 zone z1 1 kN m and end value distributed load nr 1 zone z1 1 KN m It is important to know that we can modify this option at any time this means that even when the beam is completely entered with a uniformal distributed load we can still choose trapezoidal loads and change possible begin or end values of the distributed loads by simply clicking the value 3 2 2 Concentrated forces In order to enter a concentrated force we should provide a division between two zones where the concentrated force is situated A zone is a part of a span in which there are no discontinuities neither in the loads nor in the geometry This means that we should foresee two zones in the second span that is to say one left and one right of the concentrated force When entering data the program asks after input of the begin and end values of the distributed force in the first zone of the second span z2 1 the place of the end point of that zone The place of the end point of a zone is the distance between this point and the left support of the span to which
53. ncentrated moment with a value of 10 kNm where the concentrated force is situated We do so by selecting the input choice concentrated moments via the third icon in the second pallet of Figure 4 Figure 26 In X Y 1 Concentrated moments Figure 26 Pallet 2 Moment button A line proceeded by M kNm is added to the Structure and loads window under the line of the concentrated forces Figure 27 This line serves for entering concentrated moments We can now enter the value 10 00 for the concentrated moments by selecting the set value 0 00 under the value 15 00 of the concentrated force Concentrated moments are considered as positive when working clock wise This option just as the option for trapezoidal forces can be changed at any time If this option is already selected when entering data the program asks for the concentrated moments when the entrance takes place Please pay attention to the fact that we can also enter concentrated forces and moments at the location of the supports Concentrated forces on supports can be very important for beams which are supported elastically or when taking the loads of the upper columns into account The importance of concentrated moments on supports is obvious 28 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete barre d entr e 0 00 valeur du moment type de charge1 la fin de la zone 22 17 kNm TB Structure et charges roles code poutre 2 port
54. ngths of the longitudinal bars As said before ConCrete Plus takes this automatically into account 49 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete T Diagrams mees oe ed 92 30 74 80 Shearf 2230 ULS 108 78 52 02 108 78 73 48 H Moments ULS BH Deflect 2 a P after creep Figure 49 Diagrams example 3 TB Reinforcement sketch oc BG fas jn tansverse reinf web 2 04 0 86 7stir 6 each340 0 70 2 30 G 3stirr 6 each 290 k ie x d BR 156 ee 2 70 0 30 B 3 00 span 1 190 500 EJ 12 Figure 50 Reinforcement sketch example 3 5 3 Adding and removing load types 5 3 1 Modify directly Click on the number of load types in the Structure and loads window and enter a new value Modification is possible as long as there is no load entered yet or once the whole input of data is ready When the number of load types is lower than before the latest load types are removed when the number is higher additional load types are added with all values equal to 0 50 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete 5 3 2 Modify with right mouse button A popup menu shows the possibilities code beam 3 spans 2 width beam 190 height beam 500 load types 2 height beam 1st phase 500 I m 3400 z1 1 z2 1 self weight loadtypel load type Modify name p kN m 10 00 P kN L L Remo
55. nu s 75 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete 10 1 Automatical calculation after input So far the program has always calculated the element after complete input and after every modification If we however duplicate a beam to modify it it can be disturbing that the program interrupts us after every modification for a calculation which after all does not interest us We can avoid this by disactivating the third option Calculate automatically in the Preference menu Now the program only gives the notification end of the beam after the end of every input and every modification without doing any calculation If all the data have been entered and or modified and we finally want the beam to be calculated we can do so by selecting the last command Calculate in the Element menu 10 2 Sounds ConCrete enables you to accompany the entry of data by specific sound Each quantity like width height length of a span value of a concentrated force of a distributed force and so on has a Specific sound which can serve for quick entry and modification of the data If we activate the fifth option Sounds in the Preferences menu marked with a a specific sound can be heard for each question that appears in the entry beam Also when selecting the already entered data in the Structure and loads window the question is accompanied by a sound In the other case the entry and modification is done purely on a visual basis by a question in the
56. nu s 83 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete To execute the verification calculation select with the mouse in the menu Element the command Check The resulting diagrams for the cracked deflection and crack width are presented in the Control window You can access this window through Window Control command or with the button 10 10 Saving and retrieving preferences in files In chapter 4 we explained how to change set as default and retrieve the various parameters used in the calculation Every time the program is restarted these default values are loaded Each new set of the default values will erase the previous ones It may however be useful to have different sets of default values in place for example to distinguish the calculation of beams from slabs prefabricated from in situ beams projects with or without external control foreign from domestic projects etc Therefore ConCrete has the ability to store the default values in a separated file with the comment Preferences Save Defaults In the dialog box that appears on the screen you can identify where and under what name the default values should be saved To use previously saved default values select the command Preferences Open default values The default values read stay the default values when ConCrete is restarted 10 11 Adapting ConCrete s environment You can customize your work environment with the concept of dockable
57. onCrete Plus integrated in Concrete then you open the module by the button in the icon bar We refer to the ConCrete Plus user s manual for more information over the functionalities of van ConCrete Plus 10 4 Showing more diagrams or limit states So far the Diagrams window only contained the diagrams of the bending moments and of the shear forces in U L S the deflection under a Q P limit state and the reinforcement Select in the menu Preferences the first command Show diagrams or click on this WN button to show more or less diagrams in this window A dialog box Figure 73 will appear on the screen In this window you can check the diagrams that should appear in the window Diagrams The height scale of the graphs is always determined such that all desired graphs nicely distributed evenly across the window The diagrams of the rotation angles and of the deflections are calculated according to the linear elastic method If we select the option with cracked sections the program does not only calculate the elastic deflection but also a more sophisticated deflection which takes the cracked state into account This last one is represented in red in the Diagrams window The deflection in the serviceability limit state under the quasi permanent combinations should be limited to 1 250 of the span length where the deflection can cause damage to other elements even 1 500 Is the option after creep designated then the cr
58. oncentrated amp trapezoidal forces In chapter 2 we saw how to enter and how to calculate a beam of one span with a uniform distributed load We now enter a beam of two spans and with a less simple load Figure 18 The width of the beam is set to 190 mm the height to 450 mm 15 00 kN 30 00 kN m 20 00 kN m Las 2 m 2m 4m Figure 18 Sketch of the second example 22 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete The input will be completely similar to that described in chapter 2 but take care of the number of spans and consider the remarks 3 2 1 and 3 2 2 before entering the element 3 2 1 Trapezoidal forces The trapezoidal force is entered as follows Select with the Mouse in the second pallet Figure 19 Figure 4 the second icon When the button is lowered trazoidal loads can be entered In ee Trapezoidally distributed x Figure 19 Palet 2 Uniformally Trapeziodally distrusted loads 3 Structure and loads Co le e code beam 2 spans 2 width beam 190 height beam 450 load types 1 height beam 1st phase 450 I m 3 00 4 00 ______ z1 1 z2 1 22 2 2 00 self weight load type BT 20 00 20 00 20 00 p2 kN m 20 00 20 00 20 00 P KN 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 kN 18 26 98 47 34 35 31 59 132 93 48 56 HS 0 00 0 00 0 00 vidna 0 00 0 00 0 00 opti h mini h mini b Figure 20 Structure and loads window distributed load An extra line is added i
59. onditions all spans loaded and all spans unloaded 46 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Chapter 5 More than one load type 47 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete 5 1 Introduction The beams which we have entered so far were indeed submitted to different loads but they all belonged to the same load type In practice however it often occurs that there are loads of different types Think about permanent loads service loads snow loads wind loads and so on According to the load type different load and combination factors are appropriate We saw in 4 6 how to tell the program to which load type a certain load belongs 5 2 A beam with two load types We wish to calculate a beam with two spans and with two load types a permanent load p of 20 kN m and a variable load q of 10 kN m The beam is drawn in Figure 47 10 00 kNm 2000 KM Am th am 4m Figure 47 Sketch of example 3 The set width of the beam is set to 190 mm the height to 500 mm Reset the input options of the second pallet Figure 4 to their initial state constant section uniformly distributed loads and no moment loads no lowered buttons The factors are entered as in Figure 48 48 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete EB Structure and loads a lS l code beam 3 spans 2 width beam 190 height beam 500 load types 2 height beam 1st phase 500 I m NN z1 1 z2 1 self weight loadtypel lo
60. opy an element from one project to another first get the element as described in 8 3 and select then the Copy command in the Edit menu Then open the project to which you want to copy it Select there the desired class and click then on the Paste command in the Edit menu 58 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Chapter 7 Special elements 7 Speciale liggers 59 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete 7 1 T l L en Z beams With concrete it is not only to calculate rectangular cross sections but also T L and Z sections and they may vary by zone In case a beam with constant section it can be entered in the Structure en Loads window with the mouse clicking in the top right rectangle Figure 57 This rectangle is the outline of the beam cross section r TA Structure and loads Le IST code beam 3 spans 2 width beam 190 height beam 500 load types 2 height beam 1st phase 500 I m a 3 00 4 00 z1 1 z2 1 self weight load type1 load type p kN m Cross section dimensions fea P kN width B 190 mm Fay height H 500 mm 1 phase height H1 500 mm Help i a right top flange left top flange a 0 mm B b b 10 mm Ae B mar oa 0 mm H Hy fh tight bottom flange d 0 mm left bottom flange C g T mm h 0 mm Figure 57 Details cross section dim
61. or engineer nine BuildSoft n v Help i PO Cancel Figure 2 Data of a project The meaning of the right buttons is explained in 4 1 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete We leave the dialog box by clicking the OK button with the mouse or by pressing the ENTER or RETURN key On the left side of the screen appear two palettes Figure 3 amp Figure 4 and in the bottom left corner a window Figure 5 with two empty lists in it and with the reference code CONCRETE as header in the title bar From now on we will call this window the Project list window Project list 31 10 2008 x Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 9 Class 4 Class 5 Class 6 Class 7 Class 8 Class 9 X KLE IC Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Project list Palet 1 Palet 2 2 3 Entering a new element Now it is possible to select the Element menu We select the first command New beam in the Element menu or click the icon Z At the top of the screen an input panel appears with the indication code beam Figure 6 input panel beam code beam Figure 6 Code beam Three extra windows are added with resp heading Structure and loads Diagrams and Reinforcement sketch The two last mentioned windows are empty the Structure and loads window already contains some information BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete TA Structure and loads Sla self weight
62. quired reinforcing steel mm2 perpendicular to the plane of the drawing per m length of the beam Negative values give an indication of the amount of reserve The designation of the reserve can sometimes be important the standard requires only a weighted average of the distance between a zero point and a time limit ConCrete however a more precise indication areas where the moment increases faster get more transverse reinforcement allocation than areas where less time is rapidly increasing It is entirely possible that ConCrete indicates that a certain zone no transverse reinforcement is required reserve and in the zone next to it while the averaging according to the standard no transverse reinforcement is required hence the program indicates how much the reserve so we these values can optionally averaging over all time zones located between zero and maximum In case of unequal left and right flange the sheer reinforcement ConCrete proposes is valid for both flanges 7 Speciale liggers 62 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete 7 2 Beams on an elastic foundation In previous examples the beams were calculated with only a few supports solid or elastic However if a beam resting on land must be calculated the discrete points will not simulate the continued support Such beams are calculated classically known as beams on elastic foundation The resisting character of the foundation ground is determined by giving the elastic
63. rences saving Saving automatically Errorlog Number of backup files ConCrete saves some back up files These files have the same name as the actual files but there is a number added The file extention is changed from con to cn Help It s enough to change the extention manually to be able to open the back up Cancel OK Figure 68 Settings for back up Higher stated protection is relative You can always make back ups of the entered project manually 8 5 Closing a project To close a project we select the third command Close in the File menu If modifications have been made and not yet saved the program asks us automatically whether we want to save this project or not 8 6 Modifying the project data To modify project data we select the last but one command Modify in the File menu The dialog box of Figure 2 is again visualized on the screen We can now freely manipulate the data 8 7 Quitting the program To quit the program we select the last command Quit in the File menu If we are working in a project and the modifications have not yet been saved the program asks us automatically whether we want to save our project or not 11 Overzicht van de menu s 71 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Chapter 9 Printing 11 Overzicht van de menu s 72 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete 9 1 Page setup To set the print options we select the command Page set
64. rete Hollowcore slab library Figure 65 Hollowcore slab library With the button New you can make a new hollowcore slab A dialog box Figure 66 then prompts you to different dimensions Click OK to confirm the geometry data and the hollowcore slab will be placed in the library name Hollowcore slab slab width B soo mm slab thickness H 150 mm 7 number of holes c hole dimensions height a za mm width b 70 mm rounding r 35 mm bottom flange th c sd mm Figure 66 Hollowcore slab library 7 Speciale liggers 67 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Chapter 8 Saving opening and quitting 11 Overzicht van de menu s 68 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete 8 1 Saving a new project If we now wish to save the already accomplished work as a document on the hard disk or on another saving unit we select the fifth command Save as in the File menu or we click on the icon The program suggests to save the project in a document with the same name as the set reference code of the project see 2 2 We can however enter an arbitrary name if we want to If we save the project under another name this new name becomes the new title of the Project list window 8 2 Opening an existing project TO open an existing project in ConCrete we select the second command Open in the File menu or we click on the icon The Project list window has got
65. ro Note that the width height and height 1 phase see 7 3 can be changed Figure 59 Negative flange Figure 60 Positive flange 7 Speciale liggers 61 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete As already noted in 4 3 in the dialog box Parameters of concrete you can indicated whether the weight of the flanges will be taken into account or not TB Reinforcement sketch elo i D i transverse reinf web zie zie zie 4 1 04 1 20 0 81 0 85 0 8stirr 6 each 130 6stirr 6 each200 we we d 0 58 1 77 1 77 Q 4stirr 6 each270 1 33 vie 2 67 44 Ic 5stirr 6 each 200 transverse reinf top flanges 378 1 Pa S H mm im 213 mm m 221 mm2 m i 364 0 27 3 73 i 5 400 K span 2 190 500 al gt Figure 61 Reinforcement sketch detail upperflange If in the dialog box for the parameters of the reinforcing steel Figure 37 the option to display the transverse reinforcement in the flanges is checked you will see the Reinforcement Sketch dialog example from above As for the transverse reinforcement in the body there is a dimension line with the above circled letter a b and below the respective figures all in italics The circled letters are again referring to the information on the right the numbers below are the distances over which these zones are valid The right information includes the number of re
66. t nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnenneneeeenennnnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnnnnnnnnn 9 2 3 Entering a new element nnnnsssnnnensnsnenennennenenennnennnsnnennenessn 10 2 4 Interpretation of the calculated results eneen 12 2 4 1 The Structure and loads window cccccccceeesseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesseaeeees 13 2 4 2 The Diagrams windoW nnee eenen 14 2 4 3 The Reinforcement sketch windoW sse eee eee 15 2 5 Modifying entered data nnnnnnnsnsnnneneenneneeneneeeneneeenneneeeneeeenn 16 2 5 1 Direct editing of entered dalia 16 2 5 2 Modifying with the right mouse button nen 19 CHAPTER 3 A SECOND BEAM meenen 21 3 1 A beam in the Projectlist windoW nnnnnannnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn 22 3 2 Concentrated amp trapezoidal forces nnen eneen ennnnnnnneenenenn 22 3 2 1 Trapezoidal OCE S evert eenen 23 3 2 2 Concentrated forces sese 24 3 2 3 Modifying the amount Of Zones nennen 25 3 2 3 1 Modifying directly erneer eee 25 3 2 3 2 Modification by using the right mouse button nnn eee 27 3 3 Adding concentrated moments nnen eeneneennnnenenneenenn 28 3 4 A beam with a variable section nnn nnnnnnnnansennennnnne nennen 29 CHAPTER 4 CALCULATION PARAMETERS sss css cesses seene 34 4 1 Project values sander ennen 35 4 2 Parameters for reinforcement Steel sssssssssssssssssssssss seene nnes 36 4 3 Parameters for concrete naaar nn nnennnnnnnnennnnnennennnnnennnnnnnneen 38 4
67. t the beam has a variable height At the same time a recalculation of the beam has taken place We can see the jump in the Reinforcement sketch window In the Diagram window the development of the required reinforcement is clearly represented Figure 31 TB Reinforcement sketch LeOke 7 S E itransverse reinf web 0 80 0 60 0 50 1 90 H 5 0 113 y 0 87 M 2 00 Q O 5 stirr 6 6 each 160 99 83 83 Wren 053 y 147 2 00 180 it span 2 190 350 190 450 SS Figure 31 Reinforcement sketch variable section Some considerations 1 When determining the reinforcement section at the place of the change of section the program takes the fact into consideration that the diagram of moments has to be shifted over a distance Figure 33 This means that the reinforcement section required at a certain place is the maximum within a zone with length 2 6 centralized around the considered point of the reinforcement sections calculated from the unshifted diagram of moments 31 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete diagrams tel Moments ULS Deflect oP after creep Figure 33 Shifted moment line 2 The reinforcement sections are determined by also taking the fact into account that bars which work at the bottom of the bigger beam section only become effective after acquiring a certain length This length is de
68. t of the reaction due to the introduced load and the self weight 25 kN m The minimum value is obtained by considering both loads with load coefficient 1 0 load factor for dead loads with favourable effect The value 55 34 can be explained as follows 20 25 0 19 0 45 kN m 5m 2 55 34 kN The maximum value is obtained by considering both loads with load coefficient 1 35 load factor for dead loads with unfavourable effect The value 74 71 can be explained as follows 1 35 20 25 0 19 0 45 kN m 5m 2 74 71 kN The maximum and minimum moment reactions in Ultimate Limit State U L S are indicated under the vertical actions since we deal with simple supports without any restraint to rotation the minimum and maximum value are both equal to 0 00kNm Moment reactions which work counter clock wise are considered as positive BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Information on the dimensioning of the beam is indicated in the three remaining lines under the moment reactions On the first line we notice as optimum height the value 470 this is the optimum height of the beam in mm The optimum height is the height at which the concrete is subjected to a compressive strain of 3 5 and the steel to a tensile strain of 10 in other words the height at which the components of the reinforced concrete are used in an optimum way On the next line the minimum height is indicated here 346 mm The minimum height is
69. termined by the anchorage length increased with the transfer length needed to transfer forces from one bar level to the other Figure 34 The program takes as anchorage length a constant value of 60 cm because we have not yet determined bar diameters In the zone with length equal to the transfer length plus 60 cm ConCrete assumes for the determination of the required mm reinforcement that the working section varies linear anchorage length nnn 60cm 4h transfer length anchorage length Figure 34 Reinforcement anchorage and transfer length 32 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete The jump in de required reinforcement diagram is due to the presence of the external moment of 10 kNm 33 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Chapter 4 Calculation parameters 34 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete 4 1 Project values So far we have calculated beams reinforced concrete without e g asking ourselves the question out of which steel quality the reinforcement bars are made This does not mean that the program does not take that into account it is however not necessary to set all calculation parameters when starting the calculation of an element ConCrete automatically uses the standard set values as basic values We call these basic values the project values It is however always possible to deviate from these project values at any time and even to set new values as project values Each time
70. tes if the element is calculated and or its dimensions are enough not calculated yet calculated but section is insufficient calculated and section is sufficient The third icon indicates whether or not the element is calculated and drawn with the aid of ConCrete Plus not drawn yet drawn 53 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Suppose that we have a project consisting of three blocks A B and C each containing a basement a ground floor and ten standard floors If we consider all the beams of this project we can easily get a hundred different beams We can however divide the beams in groups We can e g consider groups according to the block or the floor We call such a group a class We can define up to 20 classes in ConCrete each consisting of a maximum of 100 beams and or slabs The elements are automatically ranged according to their name order ABC XYZabc xyz012 789 The name of a class is limited to 256 characters 6 2 Defining classes 6 2 1 Choosing classes We will distribute the beams out of the example described in 6 1 over the following classes KA all the elements of the basement of block A GA all the elements of the ground floor of block A TA all the elements of the standard floor of block A KB all the elements of the basement of block B GB all the elements of the ground floor of block B TB all the elements of the standard floor of block B KC all the elements of the bas
71. th 10 5 Sign conventions for moment and shear force Not everybody uses the same sign convention for the bending moment M and the shear force V We can modify or overview this sign convention by selecting the third command Sign in the Preferences menu We can specify our usual sign convention in the thus created dialog box Figure 74 11 Overzicht van de menu s 80 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Sign conventions Ex positive values of M and V a LD Help Cancel e TS Figure 74 Sign conventions 10 6 Close up of a diagram in a zone The diagrams in the Diagrams window are in some cases too little to determine the exact value of one or other statical quantity at a well determined place ConCrete enables you to ask for a detail of a diagram per zone 10 6 1 Making a close up If we want to get more details about a statical quantity in a certain zone we double click with the mouse in the Diagrams window where that diagram in that determined zone is located A dialog box with a detail of the desired line is now visualised on the screen Figure 75 75 Close up in zone 22 1 a abscis x m A U G T ZC 0 6 shear force V kN 18 23 8 99 13 06 8 99 10 21 7 8 99 moment M kNm 5879 2080 4057 23 88 3057 2557 Help rotat angle 0 001 rad 0 14 7 0 20 014 0 15 elast deform u mm ete 3 11 1 89 2 31 soil reac N mrr 0 00 7 0 00 0 00 7 0 00 reinforcement top 0 mrm
72. the height which just meets the requirements to resist to the solicitations without needing any compression reinforcement in other words if we should choose a smaller height the beam would collapse by smashing the concrete if we did not foresee compression reinforcement Only when the entered height is smaller than the optimum height the two higher mentioned values are indicated in the Structure and loads window For beams these values are only determined by bending When the cross section does not meet the requirements to resist the shear force the minimum width at which the concrete compression struts in the classical truss girder analogy of M rsch just fail to get smashed For slabs the minimum section of the compression struts is inclined in the calculation of the minimum height Important the values for optimum height minimum height and width are related to the Ultimate Limit State How ConCrete handles the Serviceability Limit State will be explained further on 2 4 2 The Diagrams window In the menu Window select the second item Diagrams or click the icon M In this window Figure 10 we notice a schematic representation of the entered beam diagrams for shear forces and for bending moments in ultimate limit state and the required reinforcement quantities Right of the diagram the extreme values in negative and positive sense and the units are indicated Further on in this manual we will learn how we can show t
73. the last command Tolerances in the Preferences menu The dialog box of Figure 71 is now visualised on the screen e T Structure and loads Lo e T code beam 3 spans 2 width beam 190 height beam 500 load types 2 height beam 1st phase 500 I m a 3 00 _ 4 00 z1 1 z2 1 self weight load typel load type2 p kN m Note Ea P KN lt Erase all Help Cancel Figure 70 Note Tolerances me Son dimensions defined in ConCrete can be changed in ConCrete Plus max absolute difference Help 0 010 m Retrieve Cancel C max relative difference 1 0 Z Store UK LL Figure 71 Tolerances This tolerance is not applied on the width of the supports The width of the support for that matter is not indicated in ConCrete but in ConCrete Plus The tolerance of the span lengths is valid for the centre to centre distance of the supports 11 Overzicht van de menu s 77 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Finally we can exchange elements between ConCrete and ConCrete Plkus by the commands Edit Copy and Edit Paste see also 6 9 ConCrete Plus exists as a separate program or can be integrated as a DLL in ConCrete If you use the separate program then you switch from ConCrete to ConCrete Plus by the command File Transfert ConCrete Plus Of course it is also possible to simply open a ConCrete file within ConCrete Plus If C
74. the beam from 450mm to 500mm the bottom reinforcement will be 516mm and the compression reinforcement 6mm Thanks to the flexible method of modifying the data ConCrete enables you to really dimension When we initially enter an arbitrary low value for the width and height of the beam the program tells us after calculation how much we need minimally and optimally In order to obtain a section which is neither too big nor too small you only have to change the initial low values into higher ones taking the minimum and optimum values into account When the number of spans is altered the program will ask depending wheather the number of spans is enlarged or reduced where the spans should be added Figure 13 or removed Figure 14 input panel 3 number of spans p TA Structure and loads rs e ss code beam 1 spans 1 width beam 190 height beam 450 J load types 1 height beam 1st phase 450 I m K 50 z1 1 75 Change spans Lolo xs Indicate where you want to add the number of spans self weight load type V befoespani 1 MV Duplicate p kN m 20 00 z P KN 0 00 0 00 JS ef n kN 55 34 55 34 U L S TAN TAAA Cancel se kNm 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 r 2 spans to be indicated opti h 470 mini h 346 mini b Figure 13 Enlarging number of spans Note the choice to duplicate spans Indicate this checkbox if the added spans must be a copy must be of t
75. the same name as the opened file Besides all the documents created with ConCrete we can also open documents made with ConCrete and adapted with ConCrete Plus If we e g open a project of 10 beams which are all of them already drawn in ConCrete Plus we can modify the calculation of these beams or add another beam to this project Beams which are already drawn in ConCrete Plus and of which the calculation is modified in ConCrete do not however keep their corresponding reinforcement plan The other beams of the project keep of course their plan 8 3 Saving an existing project There are two possibilities to save an existing project in ConCrete The first possibility consists of resaving the document under the same name by selecting the fourth command Save in the File menu This command can only be selected when changes have been made in the earlier saved project When saving all data which were joined to the project in ConCrete Plus are also saved with the exception of the in 8 2 discussed data With the Save instruction files are always saved in binary format type ConCrete The second possibility is saving the project under another name by selecting the fifth command Save as in the File menu This command can be selected at any time in contrast to the previous 8 4 Automatical saving In order to protect ourselves against the loss of data by a breakdown or any other cause we can activate the option Save automatically i
76. tion and by the limitation of the stress and the crack width the creep factor DLL ta can be introduced Traditionally the stresses are limited a a ratio between the E moduli of steel and concrete equal to 15 n 15 The value of the creep factor t ta that corresponds with this ratio can be calculated by clicking on the button n 15 This value is not the final creep factor When using this value the result for the deformation will theoretically be underestimated However if we use all recommended values the calculated deformation exceeds the experimental result We can also choose to take the self weight of the beam into account with or without the weight of the flanges for T l L and Z sections The specific gravity of concrete is set to 25 kN m8 As stated before the deformation can be calculated taking the cracks into account i e using decreased stiffness For this calculation the value of the concrete tensile strength is important The value can be set free or be calculated as the mean fetm or characteristic fotk fetko os Value in function of the compressive strength These 2 values are calculated with the next formulas e Eurocode 2 en NBN B15 002 U H fetko os 0 7 fetm e B A E L 91 fewo 05 fetm fetko os 0 G 0 06 fek According to research done at Magnel Laboratory from the Ghent University both these lead to a higher calculated deformation than the test results In that researc
77. tor Wo Just like for the load factors the program finds out by itself which variable load is the most unfavourable for the considered point In the quasi permanent combination all variable loads are applied with their combination factor W Permanent loads are always combined without combination factor i e combination factor 1 Please notice that when determining the load types we do not make a difference between permanent and variable loads This means that we also have a favourable and an unfavourable factor for permanent loads as well as for variable loads For variable loads we will enter the value 0 as favourable load factor for permanent loads this value will always be around 1 e g 0 9 The difference between permanent and variable is only made by entering other values for the load and combination factors 45 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete For each load type it is possible to indicate in which phase s the loads of this type are present The first phase is calculated in an isostatic way span by span possibly with a reduced height ho1 instead of ho The required reinforcement for the ultimate limit state is calculated Then the beam is calculated in the second phase In this phase the beam is calculated in its hyperstatic condition with the full height ho Again the reinforcement for the ultimate limit state is calculated The final result for the ultimate limit state is the maximum of the first
78. up in the File menu The dialog box of Figure 69 is now visualized on the screen In this dialog box we can select the printer and set its options as well as four print options specific for ConCrete Figure 69 Printoptions EEN Print T Front page lv Project values V Structure and loads V Reinforcement sketch Diagrams Help T Check Cancel Font Arial bi V use larger penwidths OK Fle Figure 69 Printoptions When selecting the first option Front page a front page with all project data of Figure 2 mentioned in it is proceeding the whole printing The following three options are used to print the content of the windows which carry these titles With the second option Project values all calculation parameters are printed one page with all the standard values and for each element the differences with those standard values The next 3 options serve to print or not the content of the windows that have the same title 9 2 Printing an entire project To print an entire project we select the command Print project in the File menu If there is still an element present in the windows Structure and loads Reinforcement sketch and Diagrams and this element is already completely entered the program puts this element in the first selected class of the Project list window The program then prints the entire project class after class and element after element Only one front page is printed per project
79. ve Add Erase all Duplicate Figure 51 Popup menu loadtypes It is recommended to verify the load and combination factors after changing the load types see 4 6 51 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete Chapter 6 An entire project of beams 52 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete 6 1 Introduction So far we have learned how to calculate a beam with ConCrete In chapter 3 we noticed 3 1 that when entering a new beam the previous entered beam is placed in the Project list window In this chapter we will learn more about the structure and the use of this project list Project list 30 11 2011 x Class 1 2 b d 1 30 11 2011 30 11 2011 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Figure 52 Project list The list is constructed as a tree The main items are the classes the subitems are the elements Currently only one element is calculated The second bar has yet to be defined Both elements are in the first class The date that the element was last opened is mentioned behind its name Moreover the most recent date is listed next to the header of the window itself The name of the active element has a grey background colour to distinguish this element from the other ones Three icons accompany the code of the element The first icon indicates what kind of element was introduced pls beam Slab aa hollow core slab only with the hollow core slab module The second icon indica
80. viceability limit state Under the accidental combination un the ultimate limit state and under the frequent combination in the serviceability state this factor is applied when another variable load is the most unfavourable The load on a cantilever e g is favourable to the moments in the span beside for the calculation of these moments the program will apply on this load the factor y for the moment in the cantilever however the program will apply the factor y For the determination of the application of the favourable or unfavourable factor in order to calculate the moment in a determined point the program assumes that the considered load within a span is present either with the favourable or with the unfavourable factor When determining the moment in an arbitrary point xj the load which continues over several spans can be present in one span with the unfavourable factor and in another span with the favourable factor In another point x2 these factors can be the other way round The program finds out for itself which factors should be applied It is obvious that what we considered as valid for the diagram of moments is also valid for the other diagrams When determining the fundamental combination in the ultimate limit state U L S and the rare combinations R C in the serviceability limit state the most unfavourable variable load is taken with a combination factor 1 all other variable loads are taken with their combination fac
81. we start ConCrete the calculation parameters are set equal to the project values If we enter a new element the calculation parameters remain equal to the current values of at that moment We will always find 5 buttons at the bottom of the following dialog boxes Figure 35 Retrieve Store Help Cancel Figure 35 Dialog boxes the 5 basic buttons The current values are set by pressing the OK button There appears a dialog box Figure 35 in which you indicate on which elements you want to apply the changed settings Adapt just active beam Cancel C Adapt active class C Adapt all project Figure 36 Adjust current values Current values can be set as project values by pressing the Store or S button When the current values deviate from the project values they can be set equal by pressing the Retrieve or R button The Cancel button does not change the current values 35 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete 4 2 Parameters for reinforcement steel Steel cx Beams Plates longit reinforcement 5 500 stirrups 5 soo safety factor is max admitted reinf stress under rare combinations oso fyk reinforcement cover top 30 mm bottom 30 o mm min reinf ratio top 00015 5 bottom 0005 top reinf constant per span bottom reinf constant per span lateral cover 25 mm stirrup dist const over 2 crack s Hone stirrup dist multiple of 10 mm
82. width of the support On the contrary the second option does change the diagrams by decreasing the moments on the intermediate supports with a percentage entered by the user and by increasing at the same time the moments in the spans so that the obtained diagram of moments is from a static point of view a correct solution for the entered loads Figure 44 This implicates that the shear force line is also changed Ad Figure 43 Moment reduction without Figure 44 Moment reduction with redistribution redistribution 42 BuildSoft n v User s manual ConCrete If we however want to apply a different moment reduction for each support we keep the Control key pressed when clicking with the mouse on the support sketch in the Structure and loads window We obtain the same dialog box as in Figure 42 now only valid for this one selected support Figure 45 The second option has been left out for end supports there the inner forces are merely determined by the statical balance Any modification of the diagrams is inacceptable at that location 3B Structure and loads alien pa code beam 2 spans 2 width beam 190 height beam 450 S load types 1 height beam 1st phase 450 Im 5 3 00 4 00 A z1 1 z2 1 22 2 2 00 self weight load typel p1 kN m 4 Bending moments reduction on support 2 p2 kN m 4 P kN Reduction of M on support T Reduction of M on support C B

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