FSD-1_Floppy_Disk_Us..
Contents
1. REM JUMPS TO BYTE RETURNS 30 CLOSE 15 USER COMMANDS Along with the USER and USER2 commands discussed in chapter 7 there are others that when executed cause jumps to specific locations in the disk drive s buffer This lets you make longer routines that operate in the disk s memory along with a jump table even in BASIC USER COMMAND Ul or U2 or U3 or U4 or US or U6 or U7 or U8 or U9 or or UI U UA UB UC UD oooo UE UF UG UH ooo o UI UJ sssesoo FUNCTION BLOCK READ without changing buffer pointer BLOCK WRITE without changing buffer pointer jump to 0500H jump to 0503H jump to 0506H jump to 0509H jump to 050CH jump to 050FH jump to FFFAH power up vector set Commodore 64 speed set VIC 20 speed EXAMPLES OF USER COMMANDS PRINT 15 U3 PRINT 15 U CHRS 50 0Q PRINT 15 UI 32 10 1 CHANGING THE DEVICE NUMBER All peripherals need device numbers so the computer can identify which one you want to transfer data to or from The FSD 1 is preset inside the hardware with a device number of 8 drive number 0 The disk knows its own device number by looking at a hardware jumper on the circuit board and writing the number based on the jumper into a section of its RAM The device number can be changed by two methods hardware and software If you are temporarily using two disk drives using the software method lets you change one drive s device number temporarily2. If you expect to use two or more drives ona permanent basis the hardware method is a simple and permanent way to change a drive s device number SOFTWARE METHOD The device number is changed by performing a MEMORY WRITE to locations 0077H and 0078H The command is executed once the command channel has been opened FORMAT PRINT file M W CHRS 119 CHRS O CHRS 2 CHR address 32 CHR address 64 The address is the new device number desired Below is an example of changing the device number to 9 10 OPEN 15 8 15 20 PRINT 15 M W CHRS 119 CHRS 0 CHRS 2 CHRS 9 32 CHRS 9 64 30 CLOSE 15 First turn on one drive and change its device number then the next drive until all the drives are on 33 10 2 CHANGING THE DEVICE NUMBER HARDWARE METHOD To change the device number by the hardware method or jumper method all the tools you need are a Phillips head screwdriver and a knife Just follow the steps below Turn off the disk drive and remove all cables Remove the screws from the drive s cover and take off the cover Now remove the screws that hold the drive mechanism im place above the printed circuit board Then gently move the drive mechanism to the left a half inch or so Don t try to remove it completely because it s still connected to the board with wires With the front of the drive facing you the Jumper Block is on the right edge of the circuit board about halfway back t s near the
3. used and even allows records to overlap from one block to the next It does this be establishing side sectors a series of pointers for the beginning of each record There can be 6 side sectors in a file and each side sector can point to up to 120 records This means a file can have as many as 20 records and since each record can be 254 characters long one file can fill the entire disk The block format consists of the first two bytes specifying the track and sector of the next data block The next 254 bytes contain the actual data Any empty record will have FF hexidecimal for all l s in the first byte and 00 in the rest of the record The side sectors are used to reference all side sector locations not just the 120 data block locations related to that side sector On the next page you will find a chart showing the format of the relative files 25 RELATIVE FILE FORMAT DATA BLOCK BYTE DEFINITION 0 1 Track and sector of next data block 2 256 254 bytes of data Empty records contain FF all binary ones in the first byte followed by 00 to the end of the record Partially filled records are padded with nulls 00 SIDE SECTOR BLOCK BYTE DEFINITION 0 1 Track and sector of next side sector block 2 Side sector number 0 5 3 Record length 4 5 Track and sector of first side sector 0 6 7 Track and sector of second side sector 1 8 9 Track and sector
4. 0 5 9 reads block into buffer 40 GET 8 AS 50 PRINT AS 60 IF ST 0 THEN 40 70 PRINT READ COMPLETE 80 CLOSE 8 CLOSE 15 BLOCK WRITE PURPOSE Write a block of data to a specified block location on the disk FORMAT PRINT file BLOCK WRITE drive channel track block BLOCK WRITE can be shortened to B W This command causes data previously stored in the buffer to be written to the specified location on the disk The data should be transferred to the buffer on a data channel using PRINT before BLOCK WRITEing it into the disk The DOS keeps track of how many bytes are stored into the buffer and stores the byte count into the first byte of the block when BLOCK WRITE is executed This means that only 255 bytes can actually be written to or read from the block since the byte count uses the first byte of the block Here s an example of a routine that will write data to the same block that is read in the BLOCK READ example above track 5 block 9 10 OPEN 15 8 15 20 OPEN 8 8 8 30 FOR AA 1 TO 32 40 PRINT48 TESTING 50 NEXT 60 PRINT 15 B W 8 0 5 9 70 CLOSE8 CLOSEI15 18 BLOCK ALLOCATE PURPOSE Determine if a particular block is free and allocate it if so FORMAT PRINT 15 B A channel drive track block As mentioned earlier the DOS does not maintain the disk when BLOCK READs and BLOCK WRITES are used But the user can make sure a particular block is available by using the BLOCK
5. 6 6 6 6 6 0 60 9 6 6 O0 9 6 0 06 0 6 6 34 Appendices A B List of Commands 0 010000000000000000000000000000000000000 35 Description of Error Messages oooooooooooocoroooooo o 36 l Introduction The FSD 1 Disk Drive is a versatile and efficient disk drive built for the Commodore series of personal computers This drive is fully compatible with the Commodore 64 computer and directly replaces the Commodore 1541 Disk Drive giving much better performance in terms of data loading and writing speed and memory buffer size If you are a beginner the first few chapters will help you install and operate the disk drive As your skill and experience improves you will find more uses for your disk drive and the more advanced chapters will be very helpful If you re an experienced professional this manual can give you the information you need to take advantage of all the Fsp 1 s power and features Regardless of the level of your programming expertise the FSD 1 will greatly increase the efficiency and capability of your computer system Please be aware that this manual is a reference guide to the operation of the FSD While it contains step by step instructions and a section to let you easily use prepackaged software you should become familiar with BASIC and the computer commands that help you operate your computer and its peripherals Remember you don t need to learn everything in
6. GET 8 AS GET 5 A only works for numerical data GET A BS CS DS GETs more than one variable at a time The GET statement is very useful when the actual data content or structure is not known such as a file on a disk that has been damaged If you are familiar with the file and there are no problems INPUT is more efficient But to look at data in an unfamiliar or damaged file the following example program will read the contents out in this case from the file created in the PRINT example program 10 OPEN 8 8 8 TEST 20 GET48 AS PRINT AS 30 IF ST 0 THEN 20 ST is a status signal 40 CLOSE 8 50 END INPUT PURPOSE Retrieve disk data in groups FORMAT INPUT file variable The file number is the same as the one OPENed and the variable can represent character strings or numbers To read a group of data separators are needed to indicate the start and finish of the group These are the comma semi colon and CR and work as explained in the section on the PRINT command Numbers are stored with a space in front of them which is empty for positive numbers and contains a negative sign for negative numbers Here s a sample program 10 OPEN 8 8 8 0 DATAFILE S W 20 FOR A 1 TO 10 30 PRINT 8 A 40 NEXT A 50 CLOSE 8 60 OPEN 2 8 2 DATAFILE 70 INPUT 2 B PRINT B 80 IF ST 0 THEN 70 90 CLOSE 2 100 END This example program will write the numbers 1 through 10 to a sequential file called DATAFILE Lines 70 a
7. commands MEMORY WRITE PURPOSE Transfers up to 34 bytes of data to drive memory FORMAT PRINT 15 M W CHRS address low byte CHRS address high byte CHRS of characters CHR data MEMORY WRITE allows you to write up to 34 bytes of data at a time into the disk controller s memory MEMORY EXECUTE AND USER commands can be used to run this code The low and high bytes are the decimal equivalent of the hexadecimal address in the actual memory space The number of bytes is the decimal amount of bytes to be transferred up to 34 The data must be the decimal representation of the hexadecimal coded instruction you wish sent See the example below 10 OPEN 15 8 15 20 PRINT 15 M W CHRS 0 CHRS 112 CHRS 3 CHRS 169 CHRS 8 CHR 96 30 CLOSE 15 This routine writes three bytes to locations 7000H 7001H and 7002H 256 112 0 28672 7000H The three bytes are 169 A9H a PAGE ZERO instruction 8 8H a location 96 60H a RETURN instruction When executed this program would cause the drive controller to load its accumulator with the contents of location 0008H and then return control back to the disk drive 30 MEMORY READ PURPOSE Read data from drive memory FORMAT PRINT 15 file M R CHR address low byte CHR address high byte The MEMORY READ command selects a byte to be read from a location in the disk drive memory specified by the low and high bytes of the location address The next byte read using
8. of third side sector 2 10 11 Track and sector of fourth side sector 3 12 13 Track and sector of fifth side sector 4 14 15 Track and sector of sixth side sector 5 16 256 Track and sector pointers to 120 data blocks USING RELATIVE FILES Relative files are created the first time they are OPENed That same file will be used until it is CLOSEd A relative file can only be erased from a disk by using the SCRATCH command or by re formatting the entire disk The sign used with SAVE as a SAVE and REPLACE will not work with relative files FORMAT TO CREATE RELATIVE FILE OPEN file device channel O name L CHRS rl record length 26 EXAMPLES OPEN 2 8 2 0 FILE L CHR 100 record length is 100 OPEN F 8 F 0 AS L CHRS Q FORMAT TO OPEN EXISTING RELATIVE FILE OPEN file device channel 0 name EXAMPLE OPEN 2 8 6 0 TEST In this case the DOS can tell by the syntax that it is a relative file Both of the above formats allow either reading or writing to the file HOWEVER In order to read or write BEFORE ANY OPERATION you must position the file pointer to the correct record position POSITION PURPOSE To POSITION the file pointer at a record FORMAT PRINT file P CHRS channel CHRS rec lo CHR rec hi CHR record position NOTE CHR record position specifies the location within the record itself and is optional Since there are 720
9. this manual at once The first three or four chapters will let you use the disk drive for most applications and the following chapters tell you how to set up files access any data and program the disk drive itself at the machine language level NOTES In FORMAT examples lower case words need to be replaced by an appropriate word or number that you choose In this manual zeroes look like this 0 and the letter oh looks like this o or O 2 SPECIFICATIONS FSD 1 FLOPPY DISK DRIVE Slim line construction low profile and fully Commodore compatible Disk size 5 1 4 inch diameter Capacity Per Disk oooomomom ooooo o 174 8 kbytes Directory Entries 144 disk Sector TrEack 6629999 24 Bytes Sector es 256 TraCcKS 4152499995 A x3 139 Average MTBF rate of 8000 hours Power Requirements Voltage 0000 09099 099099 99090990909 99 117 VAC 220 240 VAC optional Frequency oocco 50 60 Hertz Power Dissipation 24 Watts Mechanical Dimensions Height width depth 70 X 163 X 330 mm Weight 0 00 000000000000000000 2 8 KgS All metal vented chassis Solid state power supply Dual serial port with chaining option 5 1 4 inch industry standard format FIG FSD 1 FLOPPY DISK DRIVE POWER amp POWER INDICATER SERIAL BUS POWER SWITCH Note Above diagram is of alternate version of the FSD 1 with identical performance to the model pictured in
10. to go with each random file This file is used to keep just a list of record track and block locations This means you have three channels open to the disk for each random file The command channel the channel for the random data and the channel for the sequential file You re also using two buffers at the same time Following you will find four programs that use random access within blocks PROGRAM A writes 10 random access blocks with a sequential file PROGRAM B reads back the same file PROGRAM C writes 10 random access blocks with 4 records each PROGRAM D reads back the same file 20 PROGRAM A WRITES SEQUENTIAL FILE 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 OPEN 15 8 15 OPEN 5 8 5 OPEN 4 8 4 Q0 KEYS S W A Record Contents FOR R 1 TO 10 PRINT 5 A R T 1 S 1 PRINT 15 B A 0 T S INPUT 15 A BS C D 100 IF A 65 THEN T C S D GOTO 80 110 PRINT 15 B W 5 0 T S 120 PRINT 4 T S 130 NEXT R 140 CLOSE 4 CLOSE 5 CLOSE 15 PROGRAM B READS SEQUENTIAL FILE 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 OPEN 15 8 15 OPEN 5 8 5 OPEN 4 8 4 KEYS S R FOR R 1 TO 10 INPUT 4 T S PRINT 15 B R 5 0 T S INPUT 5 A X IF AS lt gt Record Contents OR X lt gt R THEN STOP PRINT 15 B F 0 T S 100 NEXT R 21 110 120 130 PROGRAM 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 CLOSE 4 CLOSE 5 PRINT 15 SO KEYS CLOSE 15 C WRITES RANDOM ACCESS FILE OPEN 15 8 15 OPEN 5 8 5 OPE
11. 0 THEN STOP 50 PRINT 415 P CHRS 6 CHRS 100 CHRS O CHRS 1 60 GOSUB 1000 70 IF A 50 THEN PRINT 2 1 GOTO50 80 IF A 100 THEN STOP 90 PRINT 2 123456789 100 PRINTI or E Cone N6 CARS TO0ICHRS COUCHSY 20 110 PRINT 2 JOHN QWERTY 120 CLOSE 2 CLOSE15 130 END 1000 INPUT 15 A AS BS CS 1010 IF A 50 OR A lt 20 THEN RETURN 1020 PRINT FATAL ERROR 1030 PRINT A A B C 1040 A 100 RETURN Lines 10 and 20 open the command and a data channel Lines 30 and 40 check for errors Line 50 moves the file pointer to the 100th record position Since no records exist yet an error signal is generated Lines 60 70 and 80 check for the error and create 100 records Line 90 writes 9 bytes of data to the first 9 locations in record 100 E Line 110 then prints a name from that position It is important that data is written into the record sequentially so data already in the record is not destroyed 28 The following program reads back the data put in the file by the previous program 10 OPEN 15 8 15 20 OPEN 2 8 6 0 TEST 30 GOSUB 1000 40 IF A 100 THEN STOP 50 PRINT 415 P CHRS 6 CHRS 100 CHRS O CHRS 1 60 GOSUB 1000 70 IF A 50 THEN PRINT AS 80 IF A 100 THEN STOP 90 INPUT 2 D PRINT DS 100 PRINT 15 P CHRS 6 CHR 100 CHRS 0 CHRS 20 110 INPUT 2 E PRINT ES 120 CLOSE 2 CLOSE15 130 END 1000 INPUT 15 A AS BS CS 1010 IF A 50 OR A lt 20 THEN RETURN 1020 PRINT FATAL ERROR 1030 PRINT A AS
12. 909 USERI 09 9999 099 99 0699909699999 99 9909 USER2 9 909 9 9999909999 9999999999909 Chapter 8 Relative Files POSITION 0 0009925099 999 9990999099999 Chapter 9 Programming the Disk Controller MEMORY WRITE o e MEMORY READ ee eee ee ee ees MEMORY EXECUTE USER COMMANDS E 99 999 999 9709999999909 35 Wo 00000 27 APPENDIX B DESCRIPTION OF ERROR MESSAGES Whenever an error signal is generated the LED light on the front panel of the fsp will start flashing The disk drive will not send the error message to the computer unless requested The following routine inputs the error message and prints it on the computer s screen 10 20 30 40 50 OPEN 15 8 5 INPUT 415 A AS BS CS PRINT A AS BS CS CLOSE 15 END Below is a list and explanation of the error messages used on the FSD 1 Disk Drive 21 22 23 NO ERROR This is not an indication of an error and will occur when the error channel is read while the LED isn t flashing FILES SCRATCHED This also is not an error condition Reading the error channel after one or more files have been scratched will show this as well as the number of files that have been scratched UNUSED ERROR MESSAGE NUMBERS READ ERROR block header not found The disk controller is unable to locate the header of the requested block This can be caused by a bad header on the disk or specifying an illegal sector number RE
13. AD ERROR no sync character The disk controller is unable to detect a sync mark on the desired track Caused by misalignment of the read write head or disk not present unformatted or not seated properly Can also indicate a hardware failure READ ERROR data block not present The disk controller has been requested to read or verify a data block that was not properly written This error message occurs in conjunction with the BLOCK commands and indicates an illegal track and or sector request READ ERROR checksum error in data block This error message indicates that there is an error in one or more of the data bytes The data has been read into the DOS memory but the checksum over the data is in error May also indicate grounding problems 36 24 25 26 28 29 30 32 READ ERROR byte decoding error The data or header has been read into the DOS memory but a hardware error has been created due to an invalid bit pattern in the data byte May also indicate grounding problems WRITE ERROR write verify error This message is generated if the controller detects a mismatch between the written data and data in the DOS memory WRITE PROTECT ON The controller has been requested to write a data block while the write protect switch is depressed Typically this is caused by using a disk with a write protect tab over the notch READ ERROR checksum error in header There is an error in the header of
14. ALLOCATE command This allows use of BLOCK commands on a disk with files already on it By checking the BAM the command determines if the specified block has been used Since the BAM updates each time a file is stored on the disk files can be maintained BLOCK commands do not update the BAM and so will not be recognized unless a BLOCK ALLOCATE has been executed CAUTION the VALIDATE command does not recognize random files and should never be used on a disk that has random files If BLOCK ALLOCATE determines that the specified block has already been used an error signal 65 wiil be generated The error message tells you the numbers of the next available track and block on the disk This block does not get allocated so the BLOCK ALLOCATE command must be used again but this time you can be sure that the block specified is free to use The following program will allocate a block and write to that block If the block is already used it will write to the next available one as indicated by the error message 10 OPEN 15 8 15 0PEN 8 8 8 20 PRINT 8 THIS GOES INTO THE BUFFER 30 T 5 S 9 40 PRINT 15 B A 0 T S 50 INPUT 15 A AS B C 60 IF A 65 THEN T B S C GOTO 40 70 PRINT 15 B W 8 0 T S 80 PRINT DATA WAS STORED IN TRACK T SECTOR S 90 CLOSE 8 CLOSE 15 100 END Line 20 loads the buffer with text lines 30 and 40 check block 9 on track 5 to see if it s free and line 50 inputs the error Signal If the block is free the
15. BS CS 1040 A 100 RETURN Lines 90 100 and 110 read the record and display the contents on the screen Notice that the carriage return sent to the disk after each PRINT statement on the write routine is the separator for each field on the record If the file is to be written or read sequentially it isn t necessary to adjust the pointer to each record The record pointer automatically starts at Position 1 if no other position has been defined The pointer moves through the record as each field is read or written 29 9 PROGRAMMING THE DISK CONTROLLER The FSD 1 is a smart peripheral which means that it contains its own microprocessor and memory An advanced programmer can access the microprocessor and its memory providing a wide range of applications Routines can be designed that reside in the disk memory and operate on the microprocessor to control disk drive operation DOS programs can be added that come from the actual disk There is 16K of ROM in the disk drive as well as 2K RAM The most useful area to the advanced programmer is the buffer RAM area located between 4000H and 5FFFH the H means it s a hexadecimal number This area can actually be written into with Machine Language level instructions and executed by the disk controller microprocessor The method of handling data transfers to and from memory are referred to as MEMORY commands There are three basic MEMORY commands and some additional commands called USER
16. FORMAT PRINT 15 RENAMEO newname 0 oldname This command lets you change the name of a file once it s in the disk directory RENAME will not work on any files that are currently open EXAMPLE PRINT 15 R 0 GOODNAME 0 DUMBNAME VALIDATE PURPOSE Removes wasted spaces on disk FORMAT OPEN 15 8 15 V0 12 After a disk has had many files saved and erased small gaps in the data begin to accumulate and waste memory space on the disk VALIDATE reorganizes your disk so you can get the most memory from the available space Also this command removes files that were OPENed but never properly CLOSEd CAUTION VALIDATE erases random files see chapter 7 If your disk contains random files DO NOT use this command READING THE ERROR CHANNEL Without the DOS Support Program there is no way to read the disk error channel since you need to use the INPUT command unusable outside a program Here is a simple BASIC program to read the error channel 10 OPEN 15 8 15 20 INPUT 15 AS BS CS DS 30 PRINT AS BS C DS When you use an INPUT from the command channel you read up to four variables that describe the error condition The first third and fourth are numbers so numberic variables can be used The inputs are organized as follows First error number 0 means no error Second error description Third track number where error occurred Fourth block sector in track where error occurred Errors on track 18 c
17. FSD 1 FLOPPY DISK USER S MANUAL V 1 10 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction 0 060 060 0 60 0000000006060000000000006000000000000000 2 Specifications 0 1 00000000000000000000000000000000u 00050000 3 Installation 44334999 9 x xw e 3 49 we mW ae e Ri Box Contents 25e occc0cccoc0c0900994999009066 Cable Connections eec e Re A Turning On Power oo ooooooooooooooooonoooooo o Disk Insertion 4s ts RIEN E CK RR arce un yu Yu ul Using Programs oooooooooooononoonoopoosrprrross o Using Prepackaged Software oooooooooooooooooo The Disk Directory o o ooooonooooooonooooooooo o Pattern Matching and Wild Cards 0 J OY O Disk Commands 0 0 906009 060999 0909069 9090009009909 990069999999 9999099 9 10 Reading the Error Channel ooooooooorooooooo 13 Sequential Files e 9 60 e e 6 9 9 9 O0 6 O0 O0 0 9 9 9 9 0 O 6 9 6 9 9 8086 14 Random Files 000000000000006000000000000 00000000 L lt cn o 16 Using Random Files 00000000000000000000000s0s0s0 20 Relative Files eoeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeweeeeteeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 25 Using Relative Files eeeoeoeeeeseeestseeet eeeeeeeeee 26 Programming the Disk Controller ooooooooorooooooooo 30 Changing the Device Number 9 00000000000000000000000000s0080 33 Software Method 00 0 0 L EOO SC COOC O sS OCq LOOOOO0 0000000 33 Hardware Method e 0 0
18. GET from channel 15 will be from the specified memory location The following example illustrates this by reading data from 10 consecutive bytes located from FFOOH to FFOAH in decimal 65280 to 65290 10 OPEN 15 8 15 20 FOR A 1 TO 10 30 PRINT 15 M R CHRS A CHRS 255 40 GET 15 A PRINT ASC AS CHRS 0 50 NEXT 60 CLOSE 15 When using MEMORY READ any use of INPUT on the error channel will give peculiar results This can be cleared up by using any other command except the MEMORY commands Here s a useful program that reads the disk controller s memory 10 OPEN 15 8 15 20 INPUT LOCATION PLEASE A 30 Al INT A 256 A2 A Al 256 40 PRINT 15 M R CHR A2 CHRS A1 50 FOR L 1 TO 5 60 GET 15 A 70 PRINT ASC AS CHR 0 80 NEXT 90 INPUT CONTINUE AS 100 IF LEFTS A 1 Y THEN 50 110 GOTO 20 MEMORY EXECUTE PURPOSE Executes program in disk memory FORMAT PRINT 15 file M E CHRS address low byte CHR address high byte Once a program has been loaded into disk memory either the 16K in the ROM or the 2K in the RAM the address of the MEMORY EXECUTE command specifies where program execution will begin The use of this commmand requires that the program to be executed end with an RTS instruction so control will be returned to the DOS Following is a routine that writes an RTS ReTurn from Subroutine 31 10 OPEN 15 8 15 M W CHR 0 CHRS 5 1 CHRS 96 20 PRINT 15 M E CHRS 0 CHR 19
19. N 4 8 4 KEYS S W A Record Contents FOR R 1 TO 10 FOR L 1 TO 4 PRINT 15 B P 5 L 1 64 PRINT 5 A L NEXT L 100 T 1 S 1 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 PRINT 15 B A 0 T S INPUT 15 A B C D IF A 65 THEN T C S D GOTO 110 PRINT 15 B W 5 0 T S PRINT 4 T S NEXT R CLOSE 4 CLOSE 5 CLOSE 15 22 PROGRAM D READS RANDOM FILE 10 OPEN15 8 15 20 OPEN 5 8 5 30 OPEN 4 8 4 KEYS S R 40 FOR R 1 TO 10 50 INPUT 4 T S 60 PRINT 15 B R 5 0 T S 70 FOR L 1T04 80 PRINT 15 B P 5 L 1 64 90 INPUT 5 AS X 100 IF A lt gt Record Contents OR X L THEN STOP 110 NEXT L 120 PRINT 15 B F 0 T S 130 NEXT R 140 CLOSE 4 CLOSE 5 150 PRINT 15 S0 KEYS 160 CLOSE 15 USER PURPOSE To read a full 256 byte block from disk to buffer FORMAT PRINT file Ul channel drive track f block The USER1 command is almost identical to the BLOCK READ command except that USERI1 forces the buffer pointer to the end of the block to be read so the entire block is read USER1 can be abbreviated as either Ul or UA Following is a sample program that will get the entire 256 bytes from track 5 block 9 and display it on the screen 23 10 OPEN 15 8 15 OPEN 8 8 8 20 PRINT 15 U1 8 0 5 9 30 GET A PRINT AS 40 IF ST 0 THEN 30 50 CLOSE 8 CLOSE 15 60 END USER2 PURPOSE To write a block of data to the disk without altering the buffer pointer FORMAT PRINT 15 U2 channel drive track b
20. andom access FORMAT OPEN file 4 device channel When working with random files you need to have two channels open to the disk the command channel 15 to send commands and a data channel 2 to 14 for the data transfer The data channel for random access files is OPENed by selecting the pound sign as the file name The additional on the end of the command causes the disk to allocate a 256 byte buffer for the purpose of handling the desired block of data If a buffer number is specified the allocated buffer will be the one you specified EXAMPLES OPEN 5 8 5 you don t care which buffer OPEN A B C 42 you specify buffer 2 17 BLOCK READ PURPOSE To read a specific block of data from the disk FORMAT PRINT file BLOCK READ channel drive track block BLOCK READ can be replaced with B R The file and channel numbers are ones that have been OPENed The track number and block number indicate which 256 byte block is to be read Executing this command causes the disk drive to move the specified block of data into the buffer area The data can then be read from the buffer area using either INPUT or GET Only data in that particular block will be read and any unused bytes in the block will not be read The sample program below uses BLOCK READ to read the contents of block 9 on track 5 and display the block s contents on the screen 10 OPEN 15 8 15 20 OPEN 8 8 8 30 PRINT 15 B R 8
21. data is stored there If block 9 on track 5 is already used line 60 takes the new block and track numbers and allocates the block they specify and then the data is stored in the new block Lines 70 and 80 read the track and block numbers into the computer and print them on the screen BLOCK FREE PURPOSE Free up a used block for new use FORMAT OPEN 15 8 15 B F drive track block This command is the opposite of BLOCK ALLOCATE in that it frees a block you don t want to use any more for use by the sytem It is something like che SCRATCH command in that it doesn t actually erase anything just frees the entry in this case just in the BAM EXAMPLES 10 OPEN 8 8 20 OPEN 15 8 15 B F 0 5 9 30 CLOSE 8 CLOSE 15 frees track 5 block 9 for use BUFFER POINTER PURPOSE To allow random access inside a block FORMAT PRINT 15 B P channel location byte The buffer pointer keeps track of where the last piece of data was written and points to where the next piece of data will be read By changing the buffer pointer s location in the buffer you can randomly access individual bytes inside a block This means you can divide a single block into records EXAMPLE PRINT 15 B P 5 64 sets pointer to 64th character in buffer USING RANDOM FILES The problem with random files is that you have no way of keeping track of which blocks you have used To keep track the most common method is to create a sequential file
22. een formatted in a non compatible format This message may also appear after power up DRIVE NOT READY An attempt has been made to access the disk drive when there isn t a disk in the drive 39 Printed in Japan
23. er is the same as in previous uses of the OPEN command the device number is usually 8 the channel number is a Gata channel 2 through 14 It s a good idea to use the same number for both file and channel numbers for easy remembering you may have noticed this in previous examples The name is the file name for which no wild cards or pattern matching may be used if you re creating a write file The type can be any one from the list below or at least the first letter of one The direction must be READ or WRITE or at least their first letters FILE TYPE MEANING PRG Program file SEQ Sequential file USR User file REL Relative not implemented in BASIC 2 0 EXAMPLES OPEN 5 8 5 0 DATA S R OPEN A B C O TEXT P W OPEN A B C 0 AS U W OPENS a write file with a name specified by the string variable AS OPEN 2 8 2 Q0 PHONES S W replaces old version of the file with a new one Once a file has been opened for reading or writing three commands can be used to actually transfer the data These commands are PRINT INPUT and GET 14 PRINT PURPOSE Directs output to previously opened file FORMAT PRINT file data list no space allowed between PRINT and The PRINT statement works exactly like PRINT formatting Capabilities for punctuation and data types work just the same But that means you need to be careful when putting data into files The file number is the one just OPENed and the data list consi
24. ever to a horizontal position slide the disk in gently till it stops and turn the lever down The disk goes in face up with the large opening going in first and the write protect notch a small square cutout in the disk on the left Never remove a disk when the drive light is on And remember always remove the disk before the drive is turned on or off Data can be destroyed by the drive at this time 4 USING PROGRAMS USING PREPACKAGED PROGRAMS If you want to use a program already written on a disk such aS a video game here s all you have to do Turn the lever up and insert the preprogrammed disk so the label on the disk is facing up and closest to you There should be a little notch on the disk maybe covered with tape that should be on the left Turn the lever down Now type in LOAD program name and hit the RETURN key The disk will make noise and your screen will say SEARCHING FOR PROGRAM NAME LOADING READY When the screen says READY just type in RUN and hit the RETURN key your program is ready to use LOAD COMMAND PURPOSE To transfer a program from the disk to the computer s current memory FORMAT LOAD program ame device command The program name is a character string that is either a name in quotes or the contents of a given string variable The device number is preset on the disk drive s circuit board to be 8 If you have more than one drive read the chapter on changing the device number Thi
25. gin with a letter not a number Spaces are permitted While there is no restriction on the length of a file name all commands must be 58 or fewer characters in length For example in the above VERIFY command there are 10 characters besides the actual program name so the maximum name length in this case is 48 characters 5 DISK COMMANDS So far you have learned the simple ways of using the disk drive In order to communicate more fully with the disk disk commands need to be used Two of these OPEN and PRINT allow the creation and filling of a data file on the disk Just as important is their ability to open a command channel allowing the exchange of information between computer and disk drive OPEN PURPOSE Creates a file by OPENing a communication channel between computer and disk drive FORMAT OPEN file device command channel text string The file number should be any number from 1 to 127 Numbers from 128 to 255 can be used but should be avoided as they cause the PRINT statement to generate a linefeed after carriage returns The device number is usually 8 The channel number can be any number from 2 to 15 These refer to channels used to communicate with the disk and channels O and 1 are used by the operating system for LOADing and SAVEing Channels 2 through 14 can be used to send data to files while 15 is reserved as the command channel The text string is a character string that is used as the name for t
26. he file created A file cannot be created unless the file name is specified in the text string If you attempt to open a file already opened the error signal FILE OPEN ERROR will be generated 10 EXAMPLES OPEN 5 8 5 TEST creates a file called TEST OPEN 15 8 15 I sends command to disk on command channel OPEN A B C Z these variables must be defined PRINT PURPOSE Fills a previously OPENed file with data FORMAT PRINT file text string The PRINT command works exactly like the PRINT command except the data goes to a device other than the screen in this case the disk drive When used with a data channel PRINT sends information to a buffer in the disk drive which then LOADs it onto the disk When used with a command channel PRINT sends commands to the disk drive The command is placed inside quotes as a text string EXAMPLES PRINT 7 C fills file 7 with text string C PRINT 15 I sends disk command on command channel INITIALIZE PURPOSE Initializes disk driver to power up condition FORMAT OPEN 15 8 15 1 or OPEN 15 8 15 PRINT 15 I Sometimes an error condition on the disk will prevent you from performing an operation INITIALIZE returns the disk drive to its original state when power is turned on NEW PURPOSE Formats new disk or re formats used one FORMAT PRINT 15 NEW 0 disk name id This command formats a new disk It is also useful to erase an already formatted disk a
27. le by the DOS NOT USED RECORD NOT PRESENT Result of disk reading past the last record through the INPUT or GET commands This message will also occur after positioning to a record beyond the end of a file in a relative file If the intent is to expand the file by adding the new record with a PRINT command the error message may be ignored INPUT or GET should not be used after this error occurs without first repositioning OVERFLOW IN RECORD PRINT statement exceeds the record boundary truncating information Since the carriage return sent as a record terminator is counted in the record size this message will occur if the total characters in the record including the final carriage return exceeds the defined size FILE TOO LARGE Record position within a relative file indicates that disk overflow will result NOT USED WRITE FILE NOT OPEN A write file that has not been closed is being opened for reading FILE NOT OPEN A file being accessed has not been opened in the DOS Sometimes in this situation an error is not generated the request is simply ignored FILE NOT FOUND The requested file doesn t exist on the indicated drive FILE EXISTS The file name of the file being created already exists on the disk 38 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 FILE TYPE MISMATCH The file type does not match the file type in the directory entry for the requested file NO BLOCK Occur
28. lock USER2 abbreviated as U2 or UB is very similiar to the BLOCK WRITE command But U2 does not change the position of the buffer pointer when the buffer is written to the disk This is useful if you want to read a block of data into the buffer and modify it After finding the particular data with the buffer pointer and modifying it the USER2 command can be used to rewrite the data to the disk and the buffer pointer will be in the correct position If BLOCK WRITE was used the buffer pointer would have to be reset first The following program uses the USER1 and USER2 commands 10 OPEN 15 8 15 0PEN 8 8 8 20 PRINT 15 U1 8 0 5 9 30 PRINT415 B P 8 32 40 PRINT 8 A 50 PRINT 15 U2 8 0 5 9 60 CLOSE 8 CLOSE 15 70 END Line 20 reads track 5 block 9 into the buffer Line 30 moves the buffer pointer to byte 32 Line 40 changes byte 32 to the character A Line 50 prints the buffer back to the disk Even though the buffer pointer has been altered USER2 makes sure the old buffer pointer is not changed on the disk 24 8 RELATIVE FILES Relative files can access any piece of data on the disk just like random files but you don t have to maintain the files in your own program The DOS maintains the data for you keeping track of the status of your files Because of this relative files are slower than random files but often the extra convenience makes up for this The DOS keeps track of the tracks and sectors blocks
29. mark acts as a wild card The above can also be used when LOADing the directory into current memory This allows checking for a list of specific programs The procedure is the same as above except for the addition of a EXAMPLE LOAD T ST 8 LOADs all file names in the directory that have the correct first third and fourth letters SAVE PURPOSE Transfer a program in current memory onto the disk for later use FORMAT SAVE program name device command As before the command number is optional If there is already a program or file by the same name on the disk or there isn t enough room on the disk an error signal will be generated If there isn t enough room other programs will have to be erased or use a different disk EXAMPLE SAVE HOMEWORK 8 SAVE AND REPLACE PURPOSE Replace an already existing file with a revised version FORMAT SAVE QO program name 8 If you edit an existing program and want to save it under the same name SAVE AND REPLACE does so automatically If you want to keep the old version save the new version under a different name EXAMPLE SAVE 0 HOMEWORK 8 VERIFY PURPOSE Checks current program with one on the disk FORMAT VERIFY program name device command VERIFY does a byte by byte comparison of the program in current memory with one on the disk as specified in the VERIFY command EXAMPLE VERIFY OLD VERSION 8 NOTE ABOUT FILE NAMES File names must be
30. nd 80 will read the data from the disk and print it out See page 20 for two useful sample programs 16 7 RANDOM FILES Sequential files are fine when you re just working with a continuous stream of data but some jobs need more flexibility For example if you have a large mailing list it would be inconvenient to scan the entire list to find one person s address A random access method would let you pick out the desired data without having to read the whole file There are two file types that can do this random files and relative files Random files are the best choice when speed is a desired factor as in machine language programs This is because locations of the data are maintained by the program when random files are used while relative file locations are maintained by the DOS The problem is random files are easy to accidentally remove from the disk since the DOS doesn t maintain them Random files are files that have been written to a certain physical location on the disk The disk is divided into 35 concentric rings or tracks with each track containing from 17 to 21 sectors TRACK NUMBER SECTOR RANGE TOTAL SECTORS 1 TO 17 0 TO 20 21 18 TO 24 0 TO 18 19 25 TO 30 0 TO 17 18 31 TO 35 0 TO 16 17 It is possible to read and write to any block on the disk as well as determine which blocks are available for use The following commands explain how to use the random file functions OPEN PURPOSE OPENs a data channel for r
31. oncern the BAM and directory CLOSE PURPOSE Proper allocation of data blocks closes entry FORMAT CLOSE file This command is very important Once a file that was opened is no longer needed for data entry IT MUST BE CLOSED OR ELSE ALL DATA IN THAT FILE WILL BE LOST It is very important that the data files be CLOSEd before the error channel channel 15 is CLOSEd Otherwise the disk drive will CLOSE them for you but BASIC will still think they are open and let you try to write to them The error channel should be OPENed first and CLOSEd last of all your files NOTE If your BASIC program leads to an error condition all files are CLOSEd in BASIC but not on the disk drive This is VERY DANGEROUS Immediately type CLOSE 15 OPEN 15 9 15 CBOSE l5 This will re initialize your drive and make all your files safe 13 6 SEQUENTIAL FILES Sequential files are stored and read sequentially from beginning to end There are basically three different types of sequential files that can be used The first is the program file which is abbreviated in the directory as PRG The PRG is the only sequential file that can store and read programs The second file sequential SEQ and the third file user USR are for data handling These two files must be opened just like the command channel in the last chapter OPEN PURPOSE Open a sequential file FORMAT OPEN file device channel 0 name type direction The file numb
32. original diagram but slightly different appearance 4 B 3 INSTALLATION CONTENTS OF BOX The FSD 1 Disk Drive consists of the disk drive power cable serial bus cable and this manual The power cable has a connection for the back of the disk drive on one end and a connection for a three prong electrical outlet on the other end The serial bus cable has a six pin DIN plug on both ends CABLE CONNECTIONS First plug the power cable into the back of the disk drive It won t go in if you try to put it in upside down Next plug the other end into the electrical outlet If the drive makes any sound at this time turn it off using the switch on the back Do not plug any other cables into the drive with the power on Second plug the serial bus cable into either one of the serial bus sockets on the back of the drive Turn off the computer and plug the other end of the cable into the back of the computer You re ready to go If you have a printer or another disk drive attach its cable to the remaining serial bus socket to daisy chain the devices If it s a disk drive you will need to change one of the drives device numbers TURNING ON THE POWER When all the devices are hooked together the power may be turned on It is important to turn them on in the correct order the computer is always last Also make sure there are no disks in the disk drive when you turn on the power DISK INSERTION To insert a disk Simply turn the l
33. records available and the largest number one byte can hold is 256 two bytes must be used to specify the position The rec lo contains the least significant part of the address and rec hi hold the most significant The relationship is represented by rec rec hi 256 rec lo The rec is the actual position in a record where data transfer starts EXAMPLES PRINT 15 P CHRS 2 CHRS 1 CHRS 0 PRINT 15 P CHRS CH CHRS R1 CHRS R2 CHRS P Here s a sample program that creates a relative file 10 OPEN 15 8 15 20 OPEN 8 8 8 0 TEST L CHR 50 30 PRINT 15 P CHRS 8 CHRS 0 CHRS 4 CHRS 1 40 PRINT 8 CHR 255 50 CLOSE8 CLOSE15 27 This program creates a relative file called TEST that will contain records that are 50 bytes long Line 30 moves the pointer to the first position in record 1024 rec 256 4 0 1024 Notice that the POINTER command is sent on the command channel while data is sent on a data channel 8 in this case Since the record didn t already exist an error message will be generated warning you not to use GET or INPUT Once a relative file exists you can OPEN it and expand it or access it for data transfer The file can be expanded but the record length cannot be changed To expand a file just specify a larger number of records as in Line 30 in the previous example program To write data to an existing relative file use the following 10 OPEN 15 8 15 20 OPEN 2 8 6 0 TEST 30 GOSUB 1000 40 IF A 10
34. s it erases the entire disk puts timing and block markers on and creates the directory and the BAM The disk name is for user convenience while the id is a 2 digit alphanumeric identifier that is placed in the directory and every block on the disk If you switch disks while writing data the drive will know by checking the id EXAMPLES OPEN 15 8 15 NEW 0 TEST DISK Al OPEN 15 8 15 PRINT 15 N 0 MY DISK MY 11 If the disk needs erasing but not reformatting the same command is used but leave out the id EXAMPLE OPEN 15 8 15 N 0 NEW INFO SCRATCH PURPOSE Erase a file or files from the disk FORMAT PRINT 15 SCRATCH 0 filename This command erases one or more files from the disk making room for new or longer files Groups of files can be erased at one time by naming all of them in one scratch command EXAMPLES PRINT 15 S 0 TEXT erases file called TEXT PRINT 15 SCRATCHO TEXT O TEST O MUSIC erases files TEXT TEST and MUSIC COPY PURPOSE Duplicate an existing file FORMAT PRINT 15 COPY O newfilename 0 oldfilename COPY allows you to make a copy of any program or file on the disk The new file s name must be different from the old one COPY can also combine up to four files into one new one EXAMPLES PRINT 15 C 0 BACKUP 0 ORIGINAL PRINT 15 COPY O NEWFILE 0 OLD1 0 OLD2 0 combines OLD1 and OLD2 into NEWFILE RENAME PURPOSE Change the name of existing file
35. s manual assumes you re using 8 as the device number for the disk drive The command number is optional If not given or zero the program is loaded normally into the start of your computer s available memory for BASIC programs If the number is 1 the program will be loaded into exactly the same memory locations from which it came The command number 1 is used mainly for machine language character sets and other memory dependant functions EXAMPLES LOAD TEST 8 LOAD Program 1 8 LOAD Mach Lang 8 1l LOAD AS J K CAUTION Besides putting your program into the computer s current memory LOAD wipes out any previous program there NOTE As in the last example you can use variables to represent strings device numbers and command numbers just be sure they are all previously defined in your program Also see the note on file names on page 9 THE DISK DIRECTORY Your disk drive is a random access device This means the read write head of the drive can go to any spot on the disk and access a single block of data which hold up to 256 bytes of information There are 683 blocks on a disk Fortunately you don t have to worry about individual blocks of data check chapter 5 if you do There is a program in the disk drive called the Disk Operating System or DOS that keeps track of the blocks for you It organizes them into a Block Availibility Map or BAM and a directory The BAM is simply a checklist of the blocks and is
36. s when a block to be allocated has already been allocated The parameters indicate the track and sector available with th next highest number If the parameters are zero then all blocks higher in number are in use ILLEGAL TRACK AND SECTOR The DOS has attempted to access a track or sector which does not exist in the format being used May indicate a problem reading the pointer to the next block ILLEGAL SYTEM T OR S This special error indicates an illegal sytem track or sector l NOT USED NO CHANNEL available The requested channel is not available or all channels are in use A maximum of five sequential files may be opened at one time to the DOS Direct access channels may have six opened files DIRECTORY ERROR The BAM Block Availability Map does not match the internal count There is a problem in the BAM allocation or the BAM has been overwritten in DOS memory To correct this problem reinitialize the disk to restore the BAM in memory Some active files may be terminated by the corrective action DISK FULL Either the blocks on the disk are used up or the directory is at its limit of 144 entries DOS MISMATCH DOS 1 and 2 are read compatible but not write compatible Disks may be interchangeably read with either DOS but a disk formatted on one version cannot be written upon with the other version because the format is different This error is displayed whenever an attempt is made to write upon a disk which has b
37. sts of variables and or text inside quotation marks Care must be taken when writing in data so that it is as easy aS possible to read out later Commas used to separate items will cause spaces to be stored on the disk Semi colons will keep spaces from being stored If both commas and semi colons are absent a carriage return CR will be stored at the end of the data that is written in Consider the following example program 10 A THIS IS A 20 B TEST 30 OPEN 8 8 8 O TEST S W 40 PRINT48 AS BS OF THE DISK 50 CLOSE8 60 END If you could see the data and its position on the disk it would look like this 12345678 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 THIS IS A T E S T 0O P 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 T H E D I S K CR eof end of file The comma semi colon and carriage return have special meaning when stored to the disk When used inside a string or quotes they will be stored as regular characters When used as a separator between fields the comma inserts spaces usually a waste of memory the semi colon doesn t and the CR stores a carriage return on the disk These are important when you use GET or INPUT to retrieve the data you stored GET PURPOSE To get data from the disk byte by byte FORMAT GET file variable list Data comes in byte by byte including CR s commas and other separators Generally it s safer to use character string variables to avoid error messages 15 EXAMPLES
38. the requested data block The block has not been read into the DOS memory May also indicate grounding problems WRITE ERROR long data block The controller attempts to detect the sync mark of the next header after writing a data block If the sync mark does not appear within a pre determined time the error message is generated The rror is caused by a bad disk format data extends into the next block or by a hardware failure DISK ID MISMATCH The controller has been requested to access a disk which has not been initialized or has a bad header Also occurs if disks are switched during data transfer SYNTAX ERROR general syntax The DOS cannot interpret the command sent to the command channel Typically this is caused by an illegal number of file names or patterns are illegally used SYNTAX ERROR invalid command The DOS doesn t recognize the command The command must start in the first position SYNTAX ERROR long line The command sent is longer than 58 characters SYNTAX ERROR invalid file name Pattern matching is used invalidly in the OPEN or SAVE command 37 34 35 38 39 40 49 50 51 52 53 59 60 61 62 63 SYNTAX ERROR no file given The file name was left out of a command or the DOS does not recognize it as such Typically a colon has been omitted NOT USED SYNTAX ERROR invalid command May result if the command sent to the command channel is unrecognizab
39. updated every time a program is SAVEd or a data file OPENed The directory is a list of all programs and other files stored on the disk There are 144 entries available consisting of information like file name and type a list of blocks used and the starting block Like the BAM the directory is updated each time a program is SAVEd or a file OPENed However the BAM isn t updated until the file is CLOSEd If not CLOSEd properly all data in that file will be lost More on this later The directory can be LOADed into your computer memory just like a BASIC program Put the disk in the drive and type LOAD S 8 The computer will say SEARCHING FOR FOUND LOADING READY Now the directory is in current memory and if you type LIST it will be displayed on the screen To examine the directory from inside a BASIC program see chapter 6 concerning the GET statement PATTERN MATCHING AND WILD CARDS To make LOADing easier pattern matching lets you specify certain letters in the program name so the first program in the disk that matches your pattern is the one loaded EXAMPLES LOAD 8 LOADs first file on disk LOAD TE 8 LOADs first file that starts with TE LOAD TE 8 LOADs first file that has four letters and begins with TE LOAD T 2NT 8 LOADs first file that has four letters but could be TINT TENT et cetera The asterisk tells the computer not to worry about the rest of the name while the question
40. upper right hand corner of Chip 17 6522 with JBl 1 closer to the front of the drive When shipped from the factory there are jumpers on JB1 1 and on JBl 2 This configuration makes the device number to be 8 The jumper number is added to the old device number 8 when cut In other words Cutting JBl 1l makes the device number 1 8 9 Cutting JBl 2 makes the device number 2 8 10 Cutting both makes the device number 1 2 8 1l Once you ve changed the device number reposition the drive mechanism and retighten the mounting screws Replace the drive s cover and securely tighten the screws Reconnect the cables and turn the power on The drive is now ready to use and will always have your new device number 34 APPENDIX A LIST OF COMMANDS Chapter 4 Using Programs LOAD 900000000000006000000006000000 SAVE 0 00U00 0006000000000 000 0 SAVE AND REPLACE VERIFY 6 0 000000000000000000000080 Chapter 5 Disk Commands OPEN 4 5 5555 e PRINTE 444A pe STE Wes INITIALIZE oooooo o NEW ecco ooo oon SCRATCH c oooooooooooooo COPY 4 499549 45 Ves RENAME eee tn n VALIDATE CLOSE 2e 00e A A 99929969 Chapter 6 Sequential Files OPEN v0 09 99099 9 PRINT GET 6 1 1 L O E INPUT e o e Chapter 7 Random Files OPEN 0000000000000 BLOCK READ BLOCK WRITE BLOCK ALLOCATE BLOCK FREE e ooo oo BUFFER POINTER 9999990
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