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totem 2.4 - TOolbox for Traffic Engineering Methods

1. INFO LoadDomain Processing a load topology event File examples abilene abilene xm INFO InterDomainManager Load the domain 11537 from the file examples abilene abilene xml takes 72 milliseconds ERROR LoadDomain There is already a domain with the same AS ID INFO LoadTrafficMatrix Processing a load demand matrix event TMID O File examples abilene TrafficMatrix INFO Start lgo Processing a startAlgo event CSPF ERROR StartAlgo An error occurred when starting an algorithm Message Algorithm already started Link Info max 62 5 mean 24 17 std 17 95 percentilel0 57 5 percentile20 47 5 percentile30 30 Failure of link between STTL and DNVR 4 il I gt Figure 22 Console displaying part of a scenario execution output 10 10 SAMTE SAMTE is a hybrid IP MPLS optimization algorithm The description of the algorithm and its parameters can be found in the section 8 8 You can start SAMTE after loading a traffic matrix by clicking SAMTE from SAMTE menu of the main window You first have to specify candidate path list parameters such as the the maximum number of hops of the solution MAX_HOP and number of sortest path that are taken into account NB_SHORTEST_PATH On the same dialog you can also choose the traffic matrix to use and the number of LSPs to establish Max Lsp After accepting those parameters you will have a dialog that permit searching for SAMTE s
2. 5 1 Bandwidth Sharing When loading a domain you can choose to use bandwidth sharing or not If you choose so bandwidth will be shared among LSPs that are not activated at the same time primary backup sharing and backup backup sharing see 2 However Diffserv is not compatible with bandwidth sharing If you decide to use bandwidth sharing only one class type must be defined in the domain or an exception will be thrown Even if multiple preemption levels are defined in the class type those levels will be ignored and preemption will never occur 5 2 Rerouting Rerouting is used in case of a failure in the network When a resource link node is set to down the LSPs using these resources are deactivated This means that the LSPs are still established in the domain consume bandwidth resources but cannot be used to route traffic see 9 5 4 and 10 5 to see how to route with LSPs The backup LSPs are deactivated by default A reroute method can change this behaviour A reroute method basically monitors the changes in the status of a LSP and possibly decides to take some action in response to this change Here is a description of the reroute methods that are currently implemented 5 2 1 RemovePrimaryOnFailureRerouteMethod When a LSP is deactivated this method removes the LSP from the domain If the removed LSP had backups one of them is chosen The chosen backup LSP is activated and becomes a primary LSP with the same id as the failed LSP
3. 8 ALGORITHMS ALREADY PRESENT IN THE TOOLBOX Page 33 of 76 that is routed on each LSP An example of use of SAMTE can be found in examples abilene Scenario samte xml 8 9 Multi Commodity Flow This algorithm tries to solve the routing problem by using a linear programming formulation It uses the free program glpsol to solve the routing problem It tries to optimize the maximum link utilization The model used is located in the file src resources modelAMPL mcf min maxUtil mod You must have the glpsol executable in order to use this algorithm 8 10 Reopt This algorithm written by Sandford Bessler from FTW allows to dimension an LSP It is written in AMPL and uses the CPLEX solver It is based on a MCF problem and uses multiple explicit paths calculated in advance The idea of this algorithm is to adapt existing LSPs to new traffic conditions while minimizing the number of LSP size changes You can find more information about this algorithm in 16 8 11 LSPDimensioning This algorithm written by Hung Tuan Tran from FTW is an adaptive provisioning algorithm based on 1 Traffic load measurements 2 Packet level target QoS constraint P delay gt D lt e 3 where D is the given delay bound and e the given delay violation probability The traffic load is measured in a slot by slot manner A certain number of such measurement slots constitutes a resizing window The bandwidth is recalculated and updated using one of the f
4. 9 9 CBGP Events In this section we describe the events related to the C BGP simulator These are defined in the schema available at http totem run montefiore ulg ac be Schema CBGP Scenario vl_0 xsd 9 9 1 CBGPExecute The CBGPExecute element is used to run a single C BGP command It requires a single at tribute command of type string The parameter contains a C BGP command which will be executed by C BGP if it is valid Please refer to the C BGP documentation 11 for more informa tion on the available commands 9 9 2 CBGPInfo The CBGP Info element is used to extract information from C BGP It requires an attribute info of type string This parameter indicates which information type is requested For each infor mation type additional parameters are requested These parameters must be specified using the params attribute The CBGP Info currently supports the following information types Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 9 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A SCENARIO REPRE Page 48 of 76 SENTATION e Links Dumps all the links of the node identified by the parameter router The router parameter must contain the IP address of the node e Peers Dumps all the BGP peers of the router identified by the parameter router The router parameter must contain the IP address of the router e AdjRIB Dumps the BGP adjacent routing information base Adj RIB of the router identi fied by the parameter router The router parameter mu
5. Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 9 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A SCENARIO REPRE Page 51 of 76 SENTATION BRITE specific parameters topologyType Type of topology 1 Level AS Only 1 Level Router IP Only 2 Level Top Down 2 Level Bottom Up topLevelModel Model for the top level Waxman Barabasi Albert 1 Barabasi Albert 2 GLP bottomLevelModel Model for the bottom level Waxman Barabasi Albert 1 Barabasi Albert 2 GLP edgeConnectionModel See BRITE manual Random Smallest Degree Smallest Degree NonLeaf Smallest k Degree See BRITE manual groupingModel See BRITE manual Random Walk Random Pick asAssignment See BRITE manual Constant interB WDist Uniform intraB WDist Exponential Heavy Tailed topNodePlacement See BRITE manual Random ad Ile es topGrowth Type See BRITE manual All D ei On Table 8 Topology generation parameters default values have an asterisk part 1 Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 9 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A SCENARIO REPRE Page 52 of 76 SENTATION BRITE specific parameters bottomNodePlacement See BRITE manual Random bottomGrowthType See BRITE manual All fencer SER ree On bottomAlpha See BRITE manual float See BRITE manual See BRITE manual Topology connected or not boolean def true mustBeDualConnected At two links per node boolean def true metric The metric to use Hop count integer def
6. address description string type which can be CORE or EDGE location which con tains two mandatory float attributes lat it ude and longitude and finally an interfaces element which is a list of interface elements at least one An interface element has one mandatory id attribute string which is locally unique An interface element contains the following sub elements status which can be UP or DOWN UP by default ip which is an IP address and has a mandatory mask attribute IP mask of the form X X X X Y Y is in 0 32 One links element is a list of 1ink elements at least one Each 1ink element contains one mandatory attribute id which is a unique identifier string A link joins two nodes and more precisely two interfaces on two nodes So a link must have from and to sub elements which point respectively to the source interface and to the destination interface A f rom element has two attributes node string the identifier of the source node which is mandatory and if string the identifier of the interface on the source node A to element has three attributes as integer the AS number of the destination node which is used for inter domain links node string the identifier of the destination node which is mandatory and i string the identifier of the interface on the destination node A 1ink element can also contain the following sub elements status which can be UP or DOWN UP by default description string
7. A Summary of xml element and attribute types Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 1 INTRODUCTION Page 5 of 76 1 Introduction Today the usual way of providing a suitable level of service in an enterprise intranet or an Internet Service Provider is to overprovision the network with respect to the real needs With the increase in bandwidth demand this approach is less and less tenable economically An alternative way is to deploy traffic engineering techniques However most of the problems that are encountered in this field are combinatorial and of large size which implies to find efficient and near optimal heuristics We would like to set up an open source toolbox of traffic engineering methods called TOTEM that would federate many independent software pieces The resulting toolbox is expected to in clude more functionality than existing commercial ones and is clearly designed to be open i e incrementally extensible This guide presents how to use the TOTEM toolbox and what is needed to know in order to deal with it The traffic engineering methods can be classified along several axes intra domain versus inter domain IP versus G MPLS on line versus off line or centralized versus distributed They are suitable for network optimization better routing of traffic for providing QoS load balancing protection and restoration in case of failure etc The design of the toolbox also considers different possible use cases For example it ca
8. Links Lsps Link Id Source node Destination node Bandwidth e lt a T_Paservable bw Metric Delay STTL DNYR STTL DNYR 10 Y Link Id 6 574 564 2 095 oja DNYR STTL DNYR STTL 10 M Source node 10 000 2 095 of DNYR KSCY DNYR KSCY 10 Source interface 6 574 564 639 op KSCY DNYR KSCY DNYR 10 lieipectinanonnede 10 000 639 0 KSCY IPLS KSCY IPLS O ap 6 574 564 548 0 IPLS KSCY IPLS KSCY 10 10 000 548 0 KSCY HSTN KSCY HSTN 10 Y Bandwidth 10 000 902 0 HSTN KSCY HSTN KSCY 10 Z Reserved bw 10 000 902 0 IPLS CHIN IPLS CHIN 10 M Reservable bw 6 574 564 260 Ol Metric Y Delay I Status J Link int Id Figure 6 You can select which columns are displayed home delcourt Projects run totem examples att attxml home delcount Projects run totem examples abilene abilene xml Domain Manager Figure 7 Domains Menu your changes in a file you must do it explicitly Domains currently loaded S ASID 1234 Topology of ATT at POP level with 154 nodes and 367 links This topol Remove Domain O ASID 11537 Topology of Abilene network 21 feb 2005 Remove Domain Figure 8 Domain Manager 10 2 Manipulating graph The right part of the main window displays the current default domain The nodes can be moved by dragging them Once the nodes has been moved their latitude and longitude can be updated by clicking on the small button located in the bottom righ
9. meres Oo o o satus 10 1 sing UPOrDOWN O 7 o on sine Paires O o Coe j n A i link 1 00 from to status description type id technology delay srlgs A a Ade p O gt on sm J o 01 sine INTRA ori NTER oo o ee tow y Zoa Table 12 Summary of the elements of an XML network file part 1 0 0 Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL A SUMMARY OF XML ELEMENT AND ATTRIBUTE TYPES Page 73 of 76 Cardinaliy Isp path bw metric max_rate diff serv backup link Po tink toa ica o Foto ee preempion i protected Isp protected inks Pp sting integer fod IN i i static 0 1 metric te metric mrbw mbw oe ee admingroup diff serv On bu 0 0 0 Table 13 Summary of the elements of an XML network file part 2 Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL A SUMMARY OF XML ELEMENT AND ATTRIBUTE TYPES Page 74 of 76 wpe string ASD amen Ya integer type unit delay bandwidth value unit ns us ms s bps kbps mbps gbps priority Integer 7 0 ct priority Integer 7 0 preemption priority Integer 7 0 sring latitude location float Pe aa mask interface IP mask X X X Y PP ae if from No string integer string a Te pes Te 7 aang preemion Yer meco O holding preemption integer 0 if type igp No string ISISorOSPF string string ISISorOSPF or OSPF ua im ye 7 sring integer int
10. 621 Starine DAMOTE oe eek ee ee daa Geb 26 8 2 2 Computing a primary path with DAMOTE 27 8 2 3 Computing backups paths with DAMOTE 28 CONTENTS Page 2 of 76 8 2 4 Restrictions 2 ew ek a aaa ee ee ee 28 Oo MIRA ca ee eS sw SO A ci GR Ge aa ps AAA we eae 28 SA SAMCRA voce ee go wk a a aia e Goa al ew deal Mae bee be oe 28 3 3 oepiDividelM 2 0 4 2 ras eddie ded an bare Pew ee die haw ah als 29 BO CBGP o ou e m d ai a Whose dod OH Sule od Hw es A eS Bees Sy and 29 67 MOE ek ee IE 30 bo OMIE eae a we ce a Se a a ee Se eS 32 8 9 Mult Commodity Plow occitano eo A a a 33 Sl POM AER 33 Sll ESPIMMEASIOOIME ida cre aud ae Ge Re AR it a 33 8 12 ComputeMCNFOptimalRouting e 33 A standard XML format for a scenario representation 35 91 Common elements o rererere ee ee Eee AA Oe 38 OA ESUE NORIS ox che podar Gus iw E a ee ane dies ae a 38 OAs e e o bn Goes eo OM SiG rh ee ae Oo Gee SS 38 Qe Doman Evens oa 63 daca had ipik ROR we wR wae ats 38 OA A Md os ea a od wR we oe We a eS we 38 022 DAREMELELOCRAMOS ses ia iw Gre wR He BOR Bede Seale 38 O25 VIBE TEMECELO Changs os sanw a aie Gow a kb BR ee Bare 38 TEA LABRA a Bode SB 38 9253 loadDonain rer ca iaa aa 38 O20 HORSDO Ns a e ok ee amp Gee woe E e Ses 39 Os MODSUE a hee a Gow ee A RAS 39 O26 SAVEDOMA E 26 64 ace dud a A a A a a etetea 39 929 TOPOLOSYGENSCARLO oa 6 rese a ey ae ea ae eae we 39 93 Lsp amp
11. If the chosen backup was a local backup the other local backups becomes backups of the new primary if the resources they protect are still in the new LSPs Example Suppose that you have the simple topology of figure 2 The primary LSP path is 0 1 2 and the local backups paths are 0 3 1 2 and 0 1 4 2 If a link fails say 0 1 the primary LSP will be deactivated If the RemovePrimaryOnFailureRerouteMethod is used the LSP is also removed from the domain the backup LSP 0 3 1 2 is made primary and activated The second backup 0 1 4 2 becomes a backup of the new primary Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 5 MPLS ROUTING Page 18 of 76 5 2 2 UseBackupOnFailureRerouteMethod When a lsp status changes to down one of its backups is chosen and activated If the reusePrimary parameter is set to true when a link becomes up primaries on this link are activated if possible If a primary is activated its backups are deactivated Example Suppose that you have the simple topology of figure 2 The primary LSP path is 0 1 2 and the local backups paths are 0 3 1 2 and 0 1 4 2 If a link fails say 0 1 the primary LSP will be deactivated If the UseBackupOnFailureRerouteMethod is used the backup LSP 0 3 1 2 will be activated If reusePrimary was set when starting the reroute method when the link 0 1 becomes up again the primary 0 1 2 will be activated again and the backup LSP 0 3 1 2 will also return to its normal state deactivated 5 2 3 C
12. Risk Link Group and has one mandatory id attribute which is an integer lt info gt lt title gt This is the title of the topology lt title gt lt date gt 2005 02 16 lt date gt lt author gt University of Liitf j e lt author gt lt description gt The description of this domain lt description gt lt units gt lt unit type delay value ms gt lt unit type bandwidth value kbps gt lt units gt lt diff serv gt lt priority id 0 ct 0 preemption 0 gt lt priority id 1 ct 0 preemption 1 gt lt priority id 2 ct 1 preemption 0 gt lt priority id 3 ct 1 preemption 1 gt lt diff serv gt lt srlgs gt lt srlg id 241 gt information about this SRLG lt srlg gt lt srlgs gt lt info gt Table 2 Example of the XML INFO element usage 3 1 2 The topology element The topology element contains all the information about the topology seen at the network layer IP level So it is a set of nodes and links The topology element is composed of two sub elements nodes which is mandatory and links One nodes element is a list of node elements at least one Each node element contains one mandatory attribute id which is an unique identifier string The node element con tains the following sub elements status which can be UP or DOWN UP by default rid IP Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 3 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A NETWORK TOPOL Page 10 of 76 OGY REPRESENTATION
13. The topology and the info elements are mandatory In this document by default all the elements and attributes are optional except when the contrary is specified We decided to separate the information into sections for a clarity and ease of use reason So for example if an algorithm only needs topology and igp information it may just not care about the mpls and the bgp section The domain element has two attributes a name string and an ASID integer The ASID attribute is mandatory The info element contains all the extra information about the topology including the units in use The topology element contains all the information about the topology seen at the network layer IP level So it is a set of nodes and links The mp1s element is composed of a list of 1sp elements The igp element contains all the information of the intra domain routing protocol And finally the bgp element contains all the information of the inter domain routing protocol lt domain name domain_test ASID 1234 gt lt info gt lt info gt lt topology gt lt topology gt lt mpls gt lt mpls gt lt igp gt lt igp gt lt bgp gt lt bgp gt lt domain gt Table 1 Example of the XML DOMAIN element usage 3 1 1 The info element The info element contains all the extra information about the topology It contains the following sub elements title string date date author string and description a string Shttp t
14. xmlns http jaxb model scenario totem run montefiore ulg ac be This attribute indicates which namespace is the default namespace In this case this is the namespace associated with the core elements It means that in the sequel of the document all core elements have no prefix For example param and loadDomain are core events defined in http jaxb model scenario totem run montefiore ulg ac beand have no prefix Currently there are three scenario XML schemas shipped with the toolbox 1 Scenario v1_1 xsd which contains the core events 2 CBGP Scenario v1_0 xsd which contains the CBGP events 3 SAMTE Scenario v1_0 xsd which contains the events used by SAMTE We now describe two elements used by many events and all the core events classified by functions Then we give more details about the CBGP related events and the SAMTE related events Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 9 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A SCENARIO REPRE Page 38 of 76 SENTATION 9 1 Common elements 9 1 1 routingAlgo This element is used by events manipulating routing algorithms instances It has one required attribute name which is a string This attribute is the routing algorithm s name see 8 for the allowed values and their meaning You can also specify parameters for the routing algorithm The maximum number of param elements is unbounded and their type is described in section 9 1 2 9 1 2 param This element is a general purpose element which i
15. 1 sring def opo Sing def home directory string def fopology 7ip Table 9 Topology generation parameters default values have an asterisk part 2 Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 9 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A SCENARIO REPRE Page 53 of 76 SENTATION Nb of traffic matrices integer def 1 trafficMatrixPrefix The prefix of the files string def TM Frac of nodes generating traffic float def 1 trafficModel Traffic model to use Synthetic traffic Gravity model syntheticTraffic The distribution of the synth Bimodal Distribution traffic model Constant Normal Poisson Uniform float Uniform integer gravityScalingConstant The scaling constant double def 0 000001 E A SAO ET gravityFrictionFactor The friction factor Distance Probability Distribution gravityFrictionFactor The distribution of the Bimodal Distribution friction factor Constant Normal Poisson Uniform float Uniform integer Table 10 Traffic matrix generation parameters default values have an asterisk Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 10 GUI Page 54 of 76 10 GUI The toolbox is also shipped with a Graphical User Interface This section illustrates the use and the functionnalities of the GUL 10 1 Domain loading and unloading Probably the first thing you want to do is to load a domain This can be done by selecting the Load Topology item in the File menu or by pressing
16. Ctrl O The topology must be a good topology i e a instance of the topology XML schema see section 3 and no domain with the same ASID shall already be loaded You can select different options from the load topology dialog see figure 5 Remove multiple links is used to merge all links between the same source and destination node It might be useful since not every algorithm is compatible with multiple links between nodes The Use bandwidth sharing indicates if bandwidth sharing should be used see 5 1 If Use default reroute method is checked the RemovePrimaryOnFailureRerouteMethod will be used on the domain see 5 2 for more info on reroute methods This is the default behaviour If a link or node fails the Isps using the failed resources will be torn down fyload a topology Topology file name nfort Projects run totern examples abilene abilene xml Browse Options Remove multiple links Use bandwidth sharing Use default reroute method Load topology Cancel Figure 5 Select the file name and options to load the topology Once the domain is loaded it becomes automatically the default domain i e the domain that is displayed in the right part of the TOTEM main window The tabbed tables located on the bottom part of the window shows the links nodes and LSPs attributes of the current default domain It is also possible via the View menu to display those tables repr
17. LINE TOOLS Page 23 of 76 The exception is then described in the exceptions element In this case it contains one or more subelement s of the following form lt exception class gt lt exception gt The class attribute correspond to the class of the exception and the content of the exception element is the message of the exception 7 1 3 How to use it The toolbox socket interface can be started either by means of a scenario event either in the GUI The corresponding scenario event is startScenarioServer An example of a scenario that starts the server is LSPComputationServer xml located in the examples directory of the root TOTEM folder To start the server from the GUI click on the Start server item under the Scenario menu The result of every event executed from the remote place will be visible in the GUI The toolbox is also shipped with a simple client This client sends a complete scenario to a toolbox running the socket interface It takes three mandatory command line arguments host port and filename and one optional delay The client establishes a connection with the given host on the given port reads the scenario given by its filename and sends it to the server one event at a time If delay is also given the client will wait a certain time between each event To build the client use the specific ant task ant build socketclient The jar file containing the client is then located in dist socketclient jar under
18. LOSA LIPLS CHIN NYCM WASH ATLA HSTN Inital Solution RandominitialSolution g av gt Neighbourhood Random One change NA 8 10 Score Function SAMTELoadBalancingOF Ml LES Establish LSPs Cancel 0 8 Dataset Used None 4 ji j Upper bound None set 07 p 0 6 LOT PELA 0 2 500 5 000 7 500 10 000 12 500 15 000 17 500 20 000 Obtained in ms 4424 Kartan Fast Plotting v Click here to enable Fast Plotting Current Solution Best Solution Execute SA Display solutions Abort Exit Figure 23 SAMTE main window and solution dialog 10 11 What if scenario The What if menu helps you to see the changes made on a domain in reaction to a set of specific event s For now three sorts of events can be simulated by this mean Link failure Repare Link events change Traffic Matrix and change link capacity events Once you have chosen the events you want to simulate you can see the result on the network as tables of values and as charts The What If menu contains an item for each event that you can simulate and an item that allows you to combine multiple of these events Compose Events In order to simulate a link failure you must first load a domain and a traffic matrix as the default one for that domain Then click on the link failure menu item choose the link you want to see down and choose the characteristics that you want to observe on the domain The link and the reversed one will be disabled so the lo
19. Routing Events 245 sd soami aore a Mae a ee eG 39 9 3 1 cplex ComputeMCNFOptimalRouting 39 O32 COMPUESDCE ds ra em doe ee aad hy aod 40 933 GSletenliise ca cade dow we hy Oe Belew ek E eee as 40 9 3 4 IGPWOCalculateWeights o o 0008 40 933 LSPBWCHangS csm ve ae w ha ea See e due whee 41 936 USPRackUpCreat ton esmas a ea A 41 OS LSPCreation a acia ald aa e ada e ad 41 93 8 LSPDeletion prs raroa ie a a a GY Rad 42 93 9 OPEDEVEGSTM socs a s icma eh e ok Wh ee dow aw Beene Acad 42 Oe rate maite Events s css Gwe Sek oku aoe Sed dew ee ee a 42 gal gensrateintraTM cocina ee Re ede oo 42 DAD loadTrafficMatri sers er eseri reri eo Eee ES 42 943 removeTrafficMatrix soere rererere Eee ES 43 9 4 4 trafficMatrixGeneration s a s saae a a a 43 QS Display Eveem ceg ge kee ee CARRERE a a AAA AE 43 OSA o 2 46 fa euled Hale a TETEE Be ae EREET EEEE 43 O92 ECM Analysis sacosa yi ld 43 93a list hoortest o II BG a alee a oe 43 O54 ShowLinkinf es esere oe woe wha he ee hw aa ed To dy ded 43 9 5 5 ShowLinkReservableBandwidth o a 44 90 Chans EVEN 646 cara a a EEE ER Ree DL ROE 44 OGd ChareCrestien ciar ias podi A wae 45 Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 10 CONTENTS Page 3 of 76 O62 ChartAaddSebtles sucesi a aan ia aa a Boe woe Ge whe S 45 MOS AI 45 4 64 har eveleeior s osa sia o Bacal A deul Gow amp aw dre aged 46 97 ODN EVENS sek ea dea eh aS we bo Ge Re Bod we de aod
20. SIGCOMM workshop on Mod els pages 28 32 Karlsruhe Germany August 2003 ACM Press New York NY USA http portal acm org citation cfm id 9447709 Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL
21. deave blank to generate Ingress SNVA Egress NYCM Bandwidth 5000 DiffServ lt lt lt DiffServ configuration Priority Class Type and preemption levels Class Type 0 Setup preemption level 0 Holding preemption level 0 Algorithm XAMCRA Start another algorithm Additional routing parameters Parameter Yalue Description adadLsP Tell whether comput DelayConstraint MetricConstraint TEMetricConstraint Accept Parameters Figure 12 add LSP dialog window 10 4 2 Adding a detour Lsp Since TOTEM version 2 2 the GUI includes the possibility to compute detour Isps backup paths This can be achieved by selecting Compute Detour Lsp from the Routing menu see figure 15 The dialog allows you to specify an id for the new Isp to choose the Isp to protect the detour type local or global the protection type the algorithm and its parameters Among the algorithms shipped with the toolbox DAMOTE and CSPF algorithms are able to compute backup paths If local backup is selected you can choose if the calculated paths should protect the primary Isp from nodes or from links failures The last option of the protection type category Default lets the algorithm choose the parameter value for you Note that DAMOTE doesn t take this parameter into account at all it always tries to p
22. router 198 32 8 199 peer 198 32 11 62 msg BGP4101A1198 32 8 199 1115371130 104 16120965 2611 IGPI198 32 11 6210101 gt lt cbgp CBGPPeerRecv router 198 32 8 193 peer 62 40 103 165 msg BGP4101A1198 32 8 193 1115371130 104 16 20965 2611 IGP162 40 103 16510101 gt lt cbgp CBGPRun gt lt cbgp CBGPInfo info AdjRIB gt lt param name router gt 198 32 8 193 lt param gt lt cbgp CBGPInfo gt lt cbgp CBGPInfo info AdjRIB gt lt param name router gt 198 32 8 199 lt param gt Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 9 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A SCENARIO REPRE Page 36 of 76 SENTATION lt cbgp CBGPInfo gt lt cbgp CBGPInfo info AdjRIB gt lt param name router gt 198 32 8 202 lt param gt lt cbgp CBGPInfo gt lt cbgp CBGPInfo info RecordRoute gt lt param name src gt 198 32 8 200 lt param gt lt param name dst gt 130 104 230 54 lt param gt lt cbgp CBGPInfo gt lt cbgp CBGPInfo info RecordRoute gt lt param name src gt 198 32 8 201 lt param gt lt param name dst gt 130 104 230 54 lt param gt lt cbgp CBGPInfo gt lt cbgp CBGPInfo info RecordRoute gt lt param name src gt 198 32 8 202 lt param gt lt param name dst gt 130 104 230 54 lt param gt lt cbgp CBGPInfo gt lt cbgp CBGPPeerDown node 198 32 8 193 peer 62 40 103 165 gt lt cbgp CBGPRun gt lt cbgp CBGPInfo info RecordRoute gt lt param name src gt 198 32 8 200 lt param gt lt param name ds
23. specified domain See 5 2 for more information on reroute methods 9 8 4 removeRerouteMethod This event extends ASevent Type It has no attribute This event removes the reroute method associated with the domain 9 8 5 startAlgo This event extends ASTMEvent Type It has one required attribute name which is a st ring It also accepts an unbounded number of param elements as subelements This event starts the algorithm name on the specified domain and traffic matrix if the al gorithm is independent of one or both of these elements you are allowed to not specify them By means of the param elements you can specify algorithm specific parameters to start it The available algorithms and the possible values for name are given in section 8 Important note you always have to start an algorithm before using it Note that the started algorithms are automatically stopped when the execution of the scenario is finished 9 8 6 stopAlgo This event extends ASTMEvent Type It has one required attribute name which is a string This event stops the algorithm name on the specified domain and traffic matrix if the algo rithm is independent of one or both of these elements you are allowed to not specify them The available algorithms and the possible values for name are given in section 8 Important note this event allows the user to reinitialise an algorithm which doesn t use the observer design pattern Other uses of this event must be avoided
24. the TOTEM root folder You can start the client by using the script socketclient sh 7 2 Loading a domain from network 7 2 1 Description TOTEM can be feeded with a domain that comes from network This feature was originally developed to allow network discovery tools to feed the toolbox with a real domain In this operational mode TOTEM acts as a client and it connects to a topology server Once the server is ready it sends a topology to the toolbox The topology is loaded as it is being received Note that the domain must be in the TOTEM XML format see section 3 7 2 2 How to use it A domain can be loaded from a remote place either by using the corresponding scenario event loadDistantDomainevent either by using the GUI use Load Topology from network under the File menu In both cases the server host and port should be provided If no server 1s present at the given host and port this will result in an execution error If the server is present the connection will be established and TOTEM will start waiting for the topology to be received A simple topology server is provided as an example It is located in the class TopologyServer in the be ac ulg montefiore run totem core package This server sends a given topology file to a TOTEM toolbox instance that connects to it It has two mandatory arguments the port on which to listen for new connections and the filename from which to read the topology To build the server use the spe
25. the flow size is expressed in bytes A perl script to generate these aggregated files net flow2prefixes p1 Bis supplied in src perl netflow All required libraries can be found in src perl net flow perl First parameter to give to this script is the directory with the BGP ribs second parameter is the directory with non aggregated traffic third one is the directory where aggregated traffic should be contributed by Steve Uhlig Bruno Quoitin and Sebastien Tandel UCL Belgium contributed by Steve Uhlig UCL Belgium Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 11 TRAFFIC MATRIX GENERATION USING NETFLOW Page 70 of 76 TRACES written and finally last parameter is the day on which you want to work example 2005 01 01 We have also included the necessary flow tools in src per1 netflow flowtools All the aggregated files should be placed in directories following the same structure as BGP dumps 11 2 Traffix matrix generation steps You can find a typical example of source code doing this in examples abilene AbileneExampleTM java To use it as is you can move the file to src java be ac ulg montefiore run totem trafficMatrix Otherwise you have also a scenario event for the traffic matrix creation in itself see last section 11 2 1 Generating domain BGP information from BGP dump Information about iBGP and eBGP sessions must be added to the XML topology format eBGP sessions can typically be extracted from BGP dumps structured as presente
26. this class type lowest preemption level 6 3 Preemptions A basic preemption mechanism had been developed to allow preemption inside CTs With this basic mechanism preemption will never occur between CTs In fact preemption between CTs can be useful only if the following condition holds true which is not of common use y BC gt Max_Reservable_Bandwidth 2 Here is how the preemption mechanism works e Lowest preemption levels are looked first for LSPs to preempt e If only one LSP can be preempted at least preemption level to free enough bandwidth it is preempted e If not arbitrary LSPs of least preemption levels are preempted Preempted LSPs are removed from the domain Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 7 ON LINE TOOLS Page 22 of 76 7 On line tools 7 1 Socket Interface 7 1 1 Description The TOTEM toolbox can execute events sent from a remote place through a socket interface In this mode the toolbox acts as a server and processes events coming from another machine on the network Once a client is connected it can send XML scenario events to the toolbox which executes them before returning a result For example the socket interface can be used online in a network for path computation LSPCreat ion events are sent to the server which will respond by sending the computed path 7 1 2 Message format The messages that the clients should send consist of XML scenario events described in section 9 However it is i
27. this event simple all the parameters are optional and good default values have been defined So you can simply type lt topologyGeneration gt to generate a topology We now list in the tables 8 and 9 all the possible parameters and their possi ble values you can find more information about the BRITE specific parameters in the BRITE user manual 9 3 Lsp amp Routing Events This section describes the routing events You ll find LSP routing events and optimal routing events IP routing events are described at section 9 5 under Display events 9 3 1 cplex ComputeMCNFOptimalRouting In order to use this algorithm the user has to own an ILOG CPLEX licence and compile the toolbox as explained in section 8 12 This event extends ASTMEventType It has three optional arguments verbose and displayTEMetrics which are both of type boolean with default value false and exportModelToFile which is a st ring giving the path to a lp file where the linear programming model has to be ex ported The name argument of the cplex object iveFunction element defines the objective function to be optimized It is a string and is required The objective functions that can be optimized are those given in section 8 12 ie Fortz MIRA Blanchy MeanDelay WMeanDelay InvCap umax Degrande and MinHop The eventual parameters of the objective functions are defined in param elements as shown below lt param name alpha gt 0 5 lt param gt l
28. ths 46 GA Tos Dr Sean DOMmad e se ses wk a dod ee wade bend 46 9 7 2 listenToLSPsDemands ss ete ce ewo eci oE a E ewe es 46 9 73 startScenarioServer peca eem ewe ee ee ee 46 OS SDMEO COM events o cns s sora na a Ee ak a aCe A 46 9 8 1 addNetworkController sasaa sa apea 202 022 ee eee 46 9 8 2 removeNetworkController o o o 46 98 3 setRerouteMethod es sanee w toee a a aa 47 9 8 4 removeRerouteMethod aaas a 47 TaS Mote AMG rr a E T A de e Se ay 47 ISD SECAS aa aa a a A a Bde e 47 99 CBGP EVENS ora cra sneered Ea a a SES 47 OO ECBEGPERGCUES i446 22 be wa a ee we a Ee es 47 AZ CUGPINEO os uve a amp sod k Gow A A 47 993 CREGPIGSARID 2 22 cee wand dua ha cab ae eee eke wa wed 48 god CBEPPSeebOwWi su ad s sod Gh a eee eed A ae ed 48 OOS CBEPPeeeRecy so saiia a a ae aoe das a and 49 996 GBGPPESrUD sicher e ces aia Hal ae Woods amp Ea oa gaye aed 49 OIT CGP PGT o ua a Segoe Sy dom a Gy be ley ks AML Sw Sam eh Sy dad 49 9 10 SAMTE Events a e e a deae a dead a ee ee ae aw whale dears 49 910 1 generateCPL 2 6 i kek eee ee eee Ee S 49 DAO SAMIR o ius nian whe eh Gwe hE OS bee hw wh aes 50 9 10 3 simulatedAnnealing 0 0 02 ee eee eee 50 9 104 objectiveFunction cssc a ee a ti 50 GUI 54 10 1 Domain loading and unloading o 54 10 2 Manipulating graph gt s sce ee 55 10 3 Using traffic matrices 06 i atete tada eee ee bees 56 103 1 Intra TM generation oco acne ed een Bawa Re da a
29. which the neighborhood is sampled is determined by the users During the algorithm run the value of the sampling rate is updated If the current solution is improved the sampling rate is divided by three if not it is multiplied by two The upper and lower bounds of the sampling rate are determined by the users too The main IGP WO algorithm is written in C and integrated through JNI The IGPWO class is located in the package be ac ucl poms repository IGPWO The following method is provided by IGP WO Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 8 ALGORITHMS ALREADY PRESENT IN THE TOOLBOX Page 32 of 76 TotemActionList calculateWeightsParameters int ASID int TMID int num_iters int w_max int random_initial int seed double min_samp_rate double max_samp_rate double init_samp_rate double initialWeights throws Exception where ASID and TMID represent the domain and traffic matrix idenditification numbers IGP WO supports multiple traffic matrices In case of multiple traffic matrices the algorithm minimizes the sum of objective functions over the given traffic matrices num_iters ans w_max is the number of iterations and maximum possible weight value re spectively random_initial determines whether the initial solution of the algorithm is created randomly or is assigned to the currently used weights in the network seed default 0 is used for the random number generator min_samp_rate max_samp_rate init_samp_rate control the sampling
30. 20 of 76 Then concerning links the following information will be added in the lt static gt section see section 3 1 4 lt diff serv gt lt bcm gt MAM lt bcm gt lt bc id 0 gt bandwidth lt bc gt lt diff serv gt where bandwidth is the total bandwidth of the link Some fields will also be automatically added in the lt dynamic gt section see section 3 1 4 lt rbw gt lt priority id 0 gt bc_id_0 lt priority gt lt rbw gt where bc_id_0 is the value of the bandwidth constraint bc with id 0 Thus the reservable bandwidth at the unique priority 0 is set the link bandwidth This is the behaviour you expect when you don t want to use Diffserv 6 2 2 Info field specified but static or dynamic information missing Suppose now that you want to specify some priority levels but don t want to specify specific infor mation for static and dynamic fields of all links In this case here is the default behaviour Suppose we specify the following information in the lt info gt field lt diff serv gt lt priority id 0 ct 0 preemption 0 gt lt priority id 1 ct 0 preemption 1 gt lt priority id 4 ct 1 preemption 0 gt lt priority id 5 ct 1 preemption 1 gt lt priority id 6 ct 1 preemption 2 gt lt priority id 7 ct 1 preemption 3 gt lt diff serv gt Thus we have 2 CTs 2 accepted preemption levels for the first and 4 for the second If you do not specif
31. Description preempt false Tell whether pree addLsP false Tell whether com Figure 16 The computation of a fullmesh requires that you load a traffic matrix which provides the bandwidth of the LSPs to compute 10 5 IP routing You can route a traffic matrix on the network simulating IP routing From the routing menu select IGP Routing From there you can select the metric to use the IP strategy the traffic matrix and options see figure 17 You can choose from different metric that can be used by the shortest path algorithm see also 8 1 These are e Metric which is the IGP weight of the link e TE Metric which is the TE weight of the link e Inv Capacity which is the inverse of the link capacity e HopCount which is 1 for each link You can choose from the following IP strategies e Full IP routing which simulates normal IP routing e Basic IGP shortcut which is an hybrid IP MPLS model Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 10 GUI Page 62 of 76 E41GP routing Select Metric Select Strategy Metric Full IP routing TE Metric Basic IGP shortcut Inv Capacity IGP shortcut Hop Count Overlay Options Y ECMP Equal Cost Multi Path Select Traffic Matrix 1803969570 0 Compute Load Cancel Figure 17 IGP routing dialog e IGP shortcut which is also an hybrid model e Overlay strategy which is also an hybrid model You can fin
32. LSP If the Det our element is present a detour LSP will be created Otherwise we create a bypass LSP In the case of a detour LSP protectedLSP must be the ID of the LSP to protect methodType indicates whether the backup LSP to create must be local LOCAL or global GLOBAL and protectionType indicates whether the backup LSP must be node disjoint NODE_DISJOINT or link disjoint LINK_DISJOINT from the protected LSP In the case of a bypass LSP the linkId attributes of the protectedLink elements are the IDs of the links to protect Important note do not forget to start the routing algorithm before using it ina LSPBackupC reation event See the section 9 8 5 for more information 9 3 7 LSPCreation This event extends ASEvent Type It has two required attributes src and dst which are st rings and three optional attributes 1spId bw and establishLSP lspIdisastring bw isa float andestablishLSPisaboolean It also accepts the following subelements in sequence e A metric element that contains a float and that can occur 0 or 1 time e A maxRate element that contains a float and that can occur 0 or 1 time e A diff serv element that can occur 0 or 1 time The content of this element is the same as the dif f serv element described in section 6 e A path element that can occur 0 or time The content of this element specifies the route of the LSP It can be described as a sequence of node ids lt node gt node_id lt node gt or a se
33. Once again the use of this algorithm is quite similar to the use of CSPF algorithm Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 8 ALGORITHMS ALREADY PRESENT IN THE TOOLBOX Page 29 of 76 SAMCRA is an exact multi constrained shortest path algorithm that was originally proposed in 7 and later extended in 8 The implementation of SAMCRA included in the toolbox is the one described in 8 To use SAMCRA you have first to start the algorithm called XAMCRA precising the QoS constraints you desire and the version of the algorithm till now only SAMCRA is included but we plan to integrate other algorithm of the X AMCRA familly Once started you can compute a path using this algorithm precising the QoS constraint for the desired path If one QoS constraint that was desired is not provided we assume oo for this constraint i e no constraint and if one constraint is provided for a parameter that was not desired it is discarded When starting the algorithm you can use the following boolean parameters useDelay useMetric and useTEMetric The bandwidth constraint is allways used When routing a LSP using LSPCreation element you can use the following routing parameters Delay Constraint MetricConstraint and TEMetricConstraint to specify corresponding constraints The bandwidth constraint is included in the addLSP element You can find an example of scenario file using SAMCRA in examples abilene Scenario XAMCRA fullmesh xml 8 5 optDivideTM T
34. P 1spId of the given domain 9 3 9 optDivideTM This element launch the optDivideTM algorithm described in section 8 5 It has four optional attributes N an int whose default value is 3 oojectiveFunction which can be equal to MeanDelay WMeanDelayorNLFortz establishMultipleFullMesh which is a boolean and specify if a full mesh of LSP has to be established or not and finally verbose a boolean 9 4 Traffic matrix Events 9 4 1 generateIntraTM This event extends event Type This element requires the following attributes NETFLOWbase directory NETFLOWdirFileName BGPbasedirectory BGPdirFileName cluster FileName trafficMatrixFileName minutesand samplingRate All these attributes are st rings except the last two which are ints This event is used to generate an intra domain traffic matrix from BGP dump information and NetFlow traces See section 11 for more information about required formats You will find details about the parameters in section 11 The minutes and samplingRate parameters are used to convert flow sizes in bytes found in NetFlow traces in kbps You must fill minutes with the length in minutes of the NetFlow traces period samplingRate must contain the sampling rate used in the NetFlow traces 9 4 2 loadTrafficMatrix This event extends TMEvent Type It has one required attribute file which is a string This event loads the traffic matrix contained in the file file The traffic matrix ID of the loaded traffic ma
35. PATH Note that the default value of noPath and maxDepth is 5 the default value of verbose is false and the default value of fileName is cpl txt Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 9 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A SCENARIO REPRE Page 50 of 76 SENTATION This event can be used to generate a candidate path list noPath specifies the number of path to generate for each pair of nodes maxDepth is the maximal size of the paths in term of number of hops verbose set to true will print more details about the simulation fileName specifies the file to store the candidate path list type has now to be set to SINGLE_PATH but could be used differently in future releases 9 10 2 SAMTE This event extends ASTMEvent Type It accepts one optional sub element simulatedAnnealing defined in section 9 10 3 and four optional attributes nbRun and nbLSP which are ints cp1Name which is a string and verbose which is a boolean Note that the default value of nbRun and nbLSP is 5 the default value of verbose is false and the default value of cplName is cpl txt This event launch the execution of SAMTE In simulatedAnnealing element you can specify the parameters of simulated annealing meta heuristic nbRun specifies the number of times you want to execute SAMTE I suggest to start with 1 nbLSP is the number of LSP you want to install in the network cp1Name specifies the Candidate path list file to use verbose can be set to true to print more informati
36. RT see 11 and 12 for more information The CBGP LoadRib element requires two attributes node and file both of type string The node attribute specifies the IP address of the router in which the routes must be loaded The file specifies the name of the file that contains the BGP routes 9 94 CBGPPeerDown The CBGPPeerDown element is used to tear down a BGP session between a router and one of its peers The CBGPPeerDown element requires two attributes node and peer both of type string The node attribute specifies the IP address of the router and the peer attribute specifies the IP address of the router s peer Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 9 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A SCENARIO REPRE Page 49 of 76 SENTATION 9 9 55 CBGPPeerRecv The CBGPPeerRecv element is used to feed a router with one BGP route The route will appear to the router as 1f it was learned from one of its peers There are a few preconditions in order for this scenario element to be working First the peer from which the router will learn the route must have been declared with one neighbor element in the BGP section of the TOTEM XML topology Second this peer must be virtual that is the peer router must not really exist in the topology it will be created when the C BGP algorithm is loaded in the TOTEM toolbox see Section 9 8 5 The CBGPPeerRecvelement requires three attributes all of type st ring First the router attribute specifies the IP address of
37. SCENARIO REPRE Page 44 of 76 SENTATION This event prints information about the load or about the reservation of links 1f the value of type is LOAD or RESERVATION on the standard output stream If type is not specified it prints information about the load of links by default verbose must be t rue if you want to have information about each link of the given domain and false if you just want to print the following values maximum mean standard deviation and percentile 10 verbose is false by default SPFtype allows you to choose the SPF algorithm used to compute the load or the reservation of links see the section 8 1 for the possible values By default a classical SPF algorithm based on the links metrics is used If you want to enable ECMP Equal Cost MultiPath ECMP must be true and false otherwise By default ECMP is false If the value of type is PRIMARY_BACKUP the event prints some information about primary and backup link reservation total primary bandwidth reserved oversubscription for backup with or without taking sharing between primary and backup paths into account mean and max link utilization In order to use this feature correctly you have to set the useBWShar ing attribute of the l0adDomain element to true The values LOAD_BIS LOAD_IS LOAD_OVERLAY are used when part of the traffic is routed with IGP routing shortest path based on link weigths while other part of the traffic is routed with MPLS label switched path
38. STARTED Page 7 of 76 By using ant clean build You compile and build the whole toolbox in the dist totem lt version gt jar file If you compile for the first time the toolbox you need to call ant clean to create the needed directories More information can be found in the README file 2 3 The totem sh command This shell script runs the toolbox setting the maximum heap size to 512Mb The following options are available to the command line If no option is set the GUI will be launched see section 10 demo Launch the GUI with increased font size so that it can be projected for a live demo s lt scenario xml gt Executes the scenario scenario xml see section 9 for more infor mation about scenarios In the example directory you can see some scenarios examples highlighting the main functionalities of the toolbox validate lt file xml gt lt schemaLocation gt Validates the XML file file xml schemaLocation is optional if not present the validator uses the schema specified in the XML file gs lt type gt f lt scen xml gt d lt domain xml gt t lt tm xml gt m lt method gt Generates a scenario XML file scen xml using the XML domain file domain xml and the XML traffic matrix file tm xm1 The generated scenario depends on type which can be wca or fullmesh wca generates a scenario which simulates the failure of each link and displays the resulting load ful 1mesh generates a scenario which establis
39. TATION links loads The x axis represents the links and the y axis represents the absolute or relative load The plotter has been designed to allow the creation of two different bar charts e Charts where the load of all links is displayed e Charts where only a statistic about the load of links is displayed The distinction of the two types of charts is made thanks to the allLinks parameter If it is true the first type of charts is created Otherwise the second type of charts is created There is also a distinction in the meaning of the series names In the first case they give the name of the algorithm used to compute loads In the second case they give the links IDs Finally for the first type of plots a legend will be displayed This is not the case for the second type of plots Note that the asId parameter gives the domain on which the data were collected If it is not provided the default domain is used 9 6 4 chartDeletion This event refers to a chart created with chartCreat ion through the chart Id attribute Use it to free the resources associated with a chart 9 7 On line events 9 7 1 loadDistantDomain This event takes one required attribute host and one optional attribute port Once this event is executed the toolbox connects to the specified host and port and waits for an XML domain to be sent See section 7 2 for more information 9 7 2 listenToLSPsDemands This event is deprecated It was renamed to start Scena
40. TM traffic matrix BGP rib dumps and BGP cluster file The inter TM traffic matrix can be generated from netflow traces or it can be loaded from a file Those capabilities are in the TMGeneration module and can be accesed via the module s menu More information on the traffic matrix generation including the file formats and the parameters to use can be found in sections 11 and 9 4 1 Generating inter TM An inter domain traffic matrix can be generated from netflow traces You have to select the Netflow base directory as well as the suffix used The base directory is the directory where Netflow files are read from It should contains a directory for each node in the network Directories have to be named by the node id or by its rid router IP address The suffix filename refers to a path to the filenames containing the netflow data directly under the node directory Once you have selected Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 10 GUI Page 58 of 76 those parameters you can generate the matrix It will also be loaded so you can infer an intra domain traffic matrix from it In the inter domain traffic matrix generation dialog you can optionally save the matrix to a XML file for future use and also select the sampling the sampling rate and the minutes of the recorded data If you specified those options the matrix will be created with bandwidth unit corresponding to the domain one If it is not provided only raw data without units will be produ
41. TOTEM 2 4 User Guide Project Title TOTEM TOolbox for Traffic Engineering Methods Contributor Simon Balon ULg RUN Selin Cerav Erbas UCL POMS Olivier Delcourt ULg RUN Jean Lepropre ULg RUN Ga l Monfort ULg RUN Bruno Quoitin UCL INGD Fabian Skiv e ULg RUN Hakan Umit UCL POMS Abstract The TOTEM 2 4 toolbox provides a framework where re searchers can integrate their traffic engineering algorithms These algorithms can therefore be applied on models of real networks The TOTEM toolbox also gives network op erators the opportunity to experiment the currently devel oped traffic engineering algorithms on their own network Today the TOTEM toolbox already federates a large set of traffic engineering algorithms published in the scientific literature Website http totem run montefiore ulg ac be Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL CONTENTS Page of 76 Contents Introduction 5 Getting started 6 2d ASAS A Gah dere Sino A Go ee eee a de amp a 6 22 Compilation ie ai s iaje osa eee Lee ee Rae we Eee SES 6 23 The totemsh command gt ava a ace eh hw wn ee ha OER eS 7 A standard XML format for a network topology representation 8 3 1 Description of the XML network representation format 8 Sid Wheto Clement i sir a a Sede o 8 ALZ Vheitopelogy element lt eric a a ae ee a 9 3 1 3 The mpls element lt socs isis eae eee da ea 10 3 14 Thelgpelement 2 24 cacra cuau ta erent En
42. The author warrants that these schema documents are relevant to checking the validity of the document content on a namespace by namespace basis and The schemaLocation attribute value consists of one or more pairs of URI references sep arated by white space The first member of each pair is a namespace name and the second member of the pair is a hint describing where to find an appropriate schema document for that namespace The presence of these hints does not require the processor to obtain or use the cited schema documents and the processor is free to use other schemas obtained by any suitable means or to use no schema at all So in this example we use two namespaces http jaxb model scenario totem run montefiore ulg ac beand http jaxb model scenario totem ingi ucl ac be The first namespace contains the core elements and the associated schema is located at http totem run montefiore ulg ac be Schema Scenario v1_1 xsd The second namespace contains the CBGP related elements and the associated schema can be found at http totem run montefiore ulg ac be Schema CBGP Scenariovl1_0 xsd xmlns cbgp http jaxb model scenario totem ingi ucl ac be This attribute indicates that all the elements coming from the http jaxb model scenar io totem ingi ucl ac benamespace are prefixed with cbgp So as CBGPPeerRecv CBGPRun etc are defined in http jaxb model scenario totem ingi ucl ac be they are prefixed with cbgp
43. The internal representation of the domain also contains a model of BGP routing This includes nodes that are modelled as BGP routers and the BGP sessions that are established between the BGP routers This information is also obtained from the TOTEM XML topology within the bgp element see Section 3 1 5 Then C BGP makes possible running the path computation and later extracting information on the path computation results Running the path computation requires calling the int simRun method In order to extract the paths selected by C BGP the following methods are provided e Vector netNodeGetRT String sNodeAddr String sPrefix This method returns the content of the routing table of the node identified by sNodeAddr The sNodeAddr is a string that contains the IP address of the node The sPrefix arguments permits retrieving only the routes that match the given prefix The sPrefix contains a CIDR prefix in the form address mask length Vector bgpRouterGetRib String sRouterAddr String sPrefix This method returns the content of the BGP routing information base RIB of the BGP router identified by sRouterAddr The sRouterAddr is a string that contains the IP address of the router The sPrefix arguments permits retrieving only the routes that match the given prefix The sPrefix contains a CIDR prefix in the form address mask length Vector bgpRouterGetAdjRib String sRouterAddr String sNeighborAddr String sPre fix boolean b n
44. These default values are taken in part from 20 Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 9 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A SCENARIO REPRE Page 40 of 76 SENTATION The name argument gives the name of the parameter and its value is defined between the opening and closing tags The formulat ion element has a required subelement which can either be nodeLink or linkPath In the latter case the user has to set the value of the nbPaths argument which is of type int lt cplex formulation gt lt cplex linkPath nbPaths 2 gt lt cplex formulation gt An example scenario file using this event can be found in examples abilene Scenario cplexMCNF xml 9 3 2 computeMCF This event extends ASTMEvent Type It has also three optional attributes runGLP SOL dataF ile and resultF ile The two latter attributes are st rings and the former is aboolean This event runs the MCF algorithm on the given domain and traffic matrix and prints the result mean max standard deviation and percentile 10 using the logger at the info level runGLPSOL must be true if you want to run glpsol and false if you want only to generate the data file resultFileis the name of the file that glpsol must produce and dat aFile is the name of the file that glpsol takes as input 9 3 3 deleteAll1LSP This event extends ASEvent Type It deletes all the LSPs established on the specified domain or on the default domain if no domain is specified 9 3 4 IGPWOCalculateWeig
45. This method returns the content of the BGP routing adjacent information bases Adj RIBs of the BGP router identified by sRouterAddr The sRouterAddr is a string that contains the IP address of the router The sNeighborAddr argument specifies the IP address of the peer corresponding to the requested Adj RIB The sPrefix arguments permits retrieving only the routes that match the given prefix The sPrefix contains a CIDR prefix in the form address mask length The b n argument controls which Adj RIB is requested If b n is true the input Adj RIB is returned Otherwise the output Adj RIB is returned In order to load interdomain routes in C BGP the Java class provides the following method int bgpRouterLoadRib String sRouterAddr String sFileName This method loads the content of the specified MRT dump file into the BGP router identified with the sRouterAddr argument The MRT file must be provided uncompressed in ASCII format Use the route_btoa conversion tool provided with the MRTd routing toolkit 12 for this purpose A convenient way to call C BGP commands from the TOTEM toolbox is to rely on the int runCmd String sSCommand method The command takes a single argument sCommand which is a string containing a C BGP command If it is a valid C BGP command it is executed Many additional methods are provided but not yet documented Please refer to C BGP s documentation 11 and C BGP s Java classes for more details 8 7 IGP WO IGP
46. UCL 9 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A SCENARIO REPRE Page 35 of 76 SENTATION 9 A standard XML format for a scenario representation The XML scenario format is very simple it s a list of events There are four super abstract types that can only be extended event Type ASEventType TMEventType ASTMEvent Type The first one has only one optional attribute time which specifies when the event has to oc cur ASEventType and TMEventType define each an other optional attribute ASID and TMID respectively ASEventType is intended to be extended by intra domain events and TMEventType by traffic related events Finally ASTMEvent Type combine the two last types Note that if ASTD is not specified the events use the default domain and if TMID is not specified the events use the default traffic matrix for the specified domain or for the default domain Some events have to point out to files located on the local hard drive loadDomain loadTrafficMatrix By default the paths are defined relatively to the TOTEM root folder This default behaviour can be changed by setting the pathRelat iveTo attribute of the scenario element The value of this attribute corresponds to the directory from which the relative paths defined in the events must be interpreted It is even possible to specify a relative path for this attribute In this case the path is interpreted relatively to the current scenario file path For example if you want to create a scen
47. WO Interior Gateway Protocol Weight Optimization module aims at finding a link weight setting in the domain for an optimal load balancing It provides a routing scheme adapted to the traffic demand matrix for congestion avoidance The main inputs to the IGP WO module are Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 8 ALGORITHMS ALREADY PRESENT IN THE TOOLBOX Page 31 of 76 e Network topology routers nodes links arcs link capacities e Traffic demand matrix source destination demand bandwidth e Number of iterations total number of iterations used in the heuristic search e Maximum weight value Wmax maximum weight value that can be assigned to links The program yields an output as the weights for the links in the network Here are some remarks regarding the current version of the tool e Multiple path routing The traffic is assumed to be split equally among all of the shortest paths e A special objective function is used Each link is assigned a function which is convex and piecewise linearly increasing with the total load on the link The main objective is to minimize the sum of these functions over all the links For the definition of the function see 13 or 14 Since the problem of finding the optimal weight setting is NP hard no efficient algorithm available a heuristic algorithm is applied to find a good but not necessarily optimal solution 14 The algorithm is based on a well known heuristic technique called tabu se
48. XML FORMAT FOR A TRAFFIC MATRIX Page 15 of 76 REPRESENTATION 4 A standard XML format for a traffic matrix representation We have defined an XML format for intra and inter domain traffic matrices e An intra domain traffic matrix is associated with a domain and represents the traffic in this domain For example the traffic matrix expresses the fact that there is traffic of X Mbps between node A and node B both nodes A and B belonging to the particular domain the traffic enters the domain at node A and exits the domain at node B An inter domain traffic matrix is also associated with a domain but traffic is not defined as going from a node A to a node B inside the domain Traffic is defined as arriving on a specific domain node and coming from a source prefix to a certain destination prefix These informations are precious for inter domain traffic engineering If one wants to map such an inter domain traffic matrix to the corresponding intra domain traffic matrix one already knows the node where the traffic enters but one has to find the egress node for each destination prefix It is possible for example to use the C BGP simulator included in the toolbox We have created an XML Schema defining our XML traffic matrix representation format The root element is TrafficMatrixFile which is composed of two elements info optional and either int raTM either int erTM choice mandatory The info element is composed of the following sub el
49. a network wide score function Examples of such functions are load balancing hybrid load balancing where long detours are penalized pre emption aware routing where LSP reroutings are penalized Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 8 ALGORITHMS ALREADY PRESENT IN THE TOOLBOX Page 26 of 76 DAMOTE is generic in the sense that this score function is a parameter of the algorithm Like in CSPF constraints can be taken into account but here again the constraints can be parameterised quite freely Typical constraints refer to the available bandwidth on links per class type CT or to pre emption levels For example it is possible to specify that an LSP of a given CT can only be accepted on a link if there is enough unreserved bandwidth for this CT by counting only the resources reserved by LSPs at higher pre emption levels This allows us to pre empt other LSPs if needed In that case DAMOTE can also calculate the best subset of LSPs to pre empt DAMOTE can also compute local detour LSPs for fast rerouting In our approach each pri mary can be protected by a series of detour LSPs each of them originating at the node immediately upstream of any given link on the primary path Those detour LSPs thus protect the downstream node if possible or the downstream link and merges with the primary LSP anywhere between the protected resource exclusive and the egress node inclusive Those many LSPs have to be pre established for fast rerouting in ca
50. ad on the other links will be increased to keep in accordance with the loaded traffic matrix You can see the effect of the link failure on the report that is generated You can also compare the difference of load on the links of the domain between two different traffic matrices To simulate a change of traffic matrix you must have at least two traffic matrices loaded for the domain The default one is the initial one and you can choose the final one from the dialog You can also simulate a change of one s link capacity The last thing you can do is to create a scenario composed with multiple events of the kinds described above This is done by selecting and adding the events you want to a list that represent the generated scenario Each of the What 1f scenario executions will result in the display of a report see figure 24 that shows the initial and final load for all links of the domain as well as some aggregation of these values such as max mean standard deviation and percentile10 The report also contains a show charts button that displays two charts each of them comparing the load before and after the simulated scenario You can then right click on the charts to access some functionalities and properties of the graph saving printing zooming changing titles changing appearance 10 12 Creating Charts The interface of the GUI for chart creation functions quite the same way as in the scenario XML files see section 9 6 Cop
51. aded domain The loaded traffic matrices can be seen in the tabbed tables on the bottom of the main window where a new tab is added for each loaded traffic matrix relative to the default domain The domain can have a default traffic matrix which is identified on the tab label by a following the word TrafficMatrix see figure 10 You can also manage traffic matrices of the current domain by using the TrafficMatrix Manager window The TrafficMatrix Manager lists the matrices curently loaded for the current domain and Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 10 GUI Page 57 of 76 Nodes Links Lsps TrafficMatrix TrafficMatrix TrafficMatrix STTL DNYR KSCY IPLS CHIN NYCM WASH ATLA ATLA M5 HSTN LOSA SNVA STTL 0 0 315 0 518 0 315 0 175 0 518 0 175 0 315 0 0 0 175 0 315 0 250 0 DNVR 518 0 0 0 315 0 250 0 175 0 250 0 518 0 315 0 0 0 175 0 315 0 250 0 KSCY 518 0 250 0 0 0 315 0 518 0 175 0 518 0 315 0 0 0 250 0 250 0 315 0 IPLS 518 0 315 0 175 0 0 0 518 0 315 0 250 0 518 0 0 0 175 0 315 0 518 0 CHIN 250 0 315 0 175 0 250 0 0 0 315 0 175 0 518 0 0 0 315 0 250 0 315 0 NYCM 175 0 518 0 250 0 315 0 250 0 0 0 175 0 315 0 0 0 518 0 315 0 250 0 WASH 175 0 518 0 315 0 250 0 518 0 315 0 0 0 173 0 10 0 250 0 175 0 315 0 a Figure 10 Bottom part of the main window there are three matrices loaded for the current domain the second one is the default on
52. ain contained in the file file removeMultipleLinks must be true if you want to force the graph to not be a multigraph and false otherwise defaultDom ain must be true if you want to set the loaded domain as the default domain and false otherwise useBWSharing must be true if you want to use bandwidth sharing and false otherwise If backup LSPs need to be calculated useBWSharing should be set to true Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 9 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A SCENARIO REPRE Page 39 of 76 SENTATION 9 2 6 nodeDown This event extends ASEvent Type It has two attributes which are strings The first one is node ld which is required and the second one is cause which is optional This event sets the status of the node node Id that belongs to the given domain to DOWN The cause is just printed using the logger 9 2 7 nodeUp This event extends ASEvent Type It has only one required attribute nodeId whichisa string This event sets the status of the node node Id that belongs to the given domain to UP 9 2 8 saveDomain This event extends ASEvent Type It has only one required attribute file which is a string This event saves the given domain in the file file 9 2 9 topologyGeneration This event extends event Type It only accepts an unbounded number of param elements The pa ram element is described in section 9 1 2 This event allows you to use the topology generation capabilities of the toolbox In order to make the use of
53. arch 15 whose attributes are summarized as follows e Solution representation The solution is represented as a vector of weights The weights are restricted to be integers in the range of 1 Wmaz e Neighborhood structure Two types of neighborhood search are carried out Single weight change The weight of a randomly selected link is changed Evenly balancing flows Given a destination node t another node u is selected randomly among the ones that are on any shortest path toward t The weights of the arcs outgoing from u is adjusted in such a way that the traffic from u to t is shared among multiple arcs The weight change is restricted to the arcs which have less load than a threshold The changes leading infeasible weight values are also avoided e Tabu lists Tabu lists are used in tabu search to avoid cycling during the whole run In order to save memory and time special hash functions are utilized in IGP WO e Diversification Diversification is carried out when the working solution is not improved for 300 iterations During the diversification each link weight is changed with a probability rate 10 by adding a randomly chosen integer between 2 2 If the resulting weight is infeasible less than 1 or larger than Wmax it is forced to the corresponding bound value e Neighborhood Sampling At each iteration a proportion of the neighborhood is evaluated due to the large size of the problems The initial rate by
54. ario that will load a domain that is in the same folder as the scenario file you write something like the following lt scenario pathRelativeTo gt lt loadDomain file topology xml gt lt scenario gt If you did not specify the pathRelativeTo attribute TOTEM will look for a file named topology xml in its root folder Here is an example of a short scenario lt xml version 1 0 encoding ISO 8859 1 standalone yes gt lt This scenario uses CBGP to simulate the failure of a peering session between Abilene and Geant Author Bruno Quoitin bqu info ucl ac be Author Jean Lepropre lepropre run montefiore ulg ac be gt lt scenario xsi schemaLocation http jaxb model scenario totem run montefiore ulg ac be http totem run montefiore ulg ac be Schema Scenario vl_1 xsd http jaxb model scenario totem ingi ucl ac be http totem run montefiore ulg ac be Schema CBGP Scenario vl_0 xsd xmlIns xsi http www w3 org 2001 XMLSchema instance xmlins cbgp http jaxb model scenario totem ingi ucl ac be xmlns http jaxb model scenario totem run montefiore ulg ac be gt lt loadDomain file examples abilene abilene xml defaultDomain false removeMultipleLinks true gt lt startAlgo name CBGP gt lt cbgp CBGPPeerRecv router 198 32 8 202 peer 62 40 103 253 msg BGP4101A1198 32 8 202 1115371130 104 161 20965 2611 IGP162 40 103 25310101 gt lt cbgp CBGPPeerRecv
55. at this point The chartSave event takes the mandatory attributes chartId file and format with obvious mean The format can be JPG PNG or EPS Some other obvious parameters of the chart must be provided through sub elements It is title xAxisTitle yAxisTitle width height The last element that should be provided is the plotter whose name corresponds to a java class and defines the type of graph to build Again specifics parameters can be passed to the plotter For now three kinds of chart plotters are included in the toolbox LoadIntervalChart Plotter DecreasingLineChartPlotterand LoadChartPlotter The LoadIntervalChartPlotter take two optional parameter maxValue and nb Interval default values are respectively 1 and 10 The interval 0 maxValue is divided in a number of disjoint sets For each of these sets a bar is represented The height of the bar corre sponds to the frequency of the data for the considerated set The DecreasingLineChartPlotter takes no parameters It is used to plot a line graph where all values in a series are sorted The plotted point with the highest Y coordinate has the smallest X coordinate so that the chart represent a decreasing line The LoadChartPlotter takes two parameters asId and all Links The asId param eter has no default value all Links is false by default This plotter creates bar charts using Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 9 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A SCENARIO REPRE Page 46 of 76 SEN
56. ation given the data After acceptance of the parameters the chart representation is generated and displayed in a new window From there you can right click to get a contextual menu see figure 26 where you can do various operation on the chart such as saving printing changing appearence zooming Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 10 GUI Page 68 of 76 Load on abilene 30 0 27 5 25 0 E 225 Z 20 0 5175 a S 15 0 a Properties 3 12 5 Save as 5 10 0 Print SS 50 i l Zoom In gt 25 g 8 Zoom Out gt 0 0 10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 60 70 70 to Range boy a m 0 metric m Optimized metric metric m m 0 metric m Optimized metric metric Figure 26 Chart sample with contextual menu You can always view the last chart that you plot by selecting View last plot from the cor responding chart sub menu Until you remove the chart by selecting Remove chart you can always add new data series and replot the chart possibly using different plotter and parameters 10 13 Using CBGP CBGP description can be found in section 8 6 CBGP GUI integration was not yet tested thor oughly and might contains some bugs Prior to using CBGP you need to start a CBGP instance by selecting Start from the Algo rithms menu and choosing CBGP You can have access to CBGP functionnalities using CBGP menu from the main window or by right clicking on a node of th
57. b element rbw for Reservable Band Width The row element is a list of between 1 and 8 inclusive priority elements One priority element has one mandatory attribute id which is an integer in the interval 0 7 and should correspond to a priority defined under the dif f serv element of the info element and contains a float which is the reservable bandwidth associated with this priority The reservable bandwidth is dynamic in the sense that it can vary with the time when a new LSP is established on the link for example lt igp type IS IS gt lt links gt lt link id 1 gt 2 gt lt static gt lt metric gt 20050 0 lt metric gt lt te metric gt 50 0 lt te metric gt lt mrbw gt 2488320 0 lt mrbw gt lt mbw gt 2488320 0 lt mbw gt lt static gt lt dynamic gt lt rbw gt lt priority id 0 gt 2488320 0 lt priority gt lt priority id 1 gt 2488320 0 lt priority gt lt priority id 2 gt 2488320 0 lt priority gt lt priority id 3 gt 2488320 0 lt priority gt lt rbw gt lt dynamic gt lt link gt lt links gt lt igp gt Table 5 Example of the XML IGP element usage 3 1 5 The bgp element The bgp element contains the information related to the inter domain routing protocol BGP The bgp element is thus the place where nodes existing in the topology element will be defined as BGP routers This is also the place one defines the BGP sessions between the BGP routers as well as the IP prefixes t
58. cMatricFile element usage intra domain traffic matrix lt TrafficMatrixFile gt lt info gt lt date gt 2004 10 14T01 03 00 lt date gt lt units gt lt unit type bandwidth value kbps gt lt units gt lt info gt lt IntraTM ASID 1234 gt lt sre id 0 gt Thttp totem run montefiore ulg ac be Schema TrafficMatrix vl_2 xsd Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 4 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A TRAFFIC MATRIX Page 16 of 76 REPRESENTATION lt dst id 1 gt 37 lt dst gt lt dst id 2 gt 23 lt dst gt lt sre gt lt sre id 1 gt lt dst id 0 gt 17 lt dst gt lt dst id 2 gt 69 lt dst gt lt srce gt lt IntraTM gt lt TrafficMatrixFile gt Here is an example of the XML TrafficMatricFile element usage inter domain traffic matrix lt TrafficMatrixFile gt lt info gt lt date gt 2004 10 14T01 03 00 lt date gt lt units gt lt unit type bandwidth value kbps gt lt units gt lt info gt lt InterTM ASID 1234 gt lt node id nodel gt lt sre prefix 131 130 0 0 16 gt lt dst prefix 150 214 0 0 16 gt 37 lt dst gt lt dst prefix 202 13 4 0 23 gt 23 lt dst gt lt srce gt lt node gt lt InterTM gt lt TrafficMatrixFile gt Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 5 MPLS ROUTING Page 17 of 76 Figure 2 Sample topology 5 MPLS routing This section describes some of the features of the MPLS routing capabilities of TOTEM
59. ces Generating intra TM In order to generate an intra domain traffic matrix from a loaded inter domain traffic matrix either loaded from a file or generated from netflow traces you first have to give BGP information such as a BGP cluster file and the BGP rib dumps location The BGP rib dumps location is to be specified given a BGP base directory wich should contains a directory for every nodes named by the node id or rid and a BGP suffix which identify the file under that directory 10 4 MPLS routing 10 4 1 Adding a primary LSP Once a domain is loaded you can compute LSPs and add them to the domain Click on the Routing menu then Add Primary Lsp The Add LSP dialog is displayed see figure 12 and invites you to give Isp parameters such as ingress and egress nodes Isp bandwidth the algorithm to compute the path and some additional algorithm specific parameters It is also possible to specify the id of the new Isp If it is not specified it ll be automatically generated Finally you can change the default Diffserv parameters by expanding the corresponding panel There either the priority identifier either the class type and preeemption levels can be specified Note that if the panel if retracted the default Diffserv parameters will be used least preemption level lowest class type value The algorithm combobox shows all the started algorithms compatible with the current de fault domain Some algorithm uses an internal topology
60. cific ant task Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 7 ON LINE TOOLS Page 24 of 76 ant build toposerver The jar file containing the server is then located in dist toposerver jar under the TOTEM root folder You can start the server by using the script toposerver sh Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 8 ALGORITHMS ALREADY PRESENT IN THE TOOLBOX Page 25 of 76 8 Algorithms already present in the toolbox 8 1 Shortest Path First algorithm The toolbox contains a flexible implementation of the SPF algorithm and its constrained extension CSPF The implementation is very efficient and uses a priority queue to store the list of temporary visited nodes For computing the path of a LSP with a given reservation the CSPF skips links that do not meet the bandwidth requirement The scenario section explains in more detail how to use the CSPF to compute a LSP with the toolbox Differents metrics can be used by the CSPF e IGP metric given in the topology called CSPF e IGP TE metric given in the topology called CSPFTEMetric e the inverse of the link capacity called CSPFInvCap e the inverse of the reservable bandwidth called CSPFInvFreeBw e 1 for each link called CSPFHopCount Each different CSPF method has a name between parentheses used by the scenario to identify which metric to use Note that the implementation allows the efficient computation of all the paths from a particular source to all the destinations or from all the
61. cur In fact an exception will be thrown if you try to compute a backup path without bandwidth sharing enabled 8 3 MIRA This section describes how to use the MIRA implementation included in the toolbox This algo rithm can be used to compute LSPs between two nodes of the network In that sense the use of this algorithm is quite similar to the use of CSPF algorithm Two MIRA algorithms are integrated in the TOTEM Toolbox NEWMIRA described in 5 and Simple MIRA SMIRA described in 6 These algorithms are both based on the principle of Minimum Interference Routing When you start the algorithm it is needed to specify which algorithm you want to use In order to specify which algorithm you want to use you have to add a param XML element whose name is version and the value is either NEWMIRA or SMIRA By default SMIRA is used The MIRA algorithms make distinction between EDGE nodes and CORE nodes EDGE nodes can be LSPs extremity while CORE nodes can only be intermediate nodes If the node type is not set the node is considered as EDGE Report to section 3 1 2 to see how to define the node type in the topology file A example of scenario using MIRA can be found in examples simpleDomain Scenario create_lsp_mira xml 8 4 SAMCRA This section describes how to use the SAMCRA implementation included in the toolbox This algorithm can be used to compute LSPs between two nodes of the network
62. d above The class BgpFieldsCreation has two useful methods addiBGPFullMesh String topologyName String iBGPTopologyName which will add an iBGP full mesh to a topology file speci fied by its name and produce a topology file with added iBGP full mesh The second method addeBGPSessions String topologyName String eBGPTopologyName String BGPbaseDirectory String optionaldumpsubdir filename will create the eBGP sessions 11 2 2 Creating inter domain traffic matrix from NetFlow Starting from the aggregated NetFlow traces we first generate an inter domain traffic matrix The class InterDomainTrafficMatrixGeneration has the method generateXMLTrafficMatrixfromNetFlow Domain domain String NETFLOWbaseDirectory String optionalsubdir filename String suffixes String interdomainTrafficMatrixFileName The array suffixes can be used to specify potential suffixes for NetFlow file names 11 2 3 Generating intra domain traffic matrix from inter domain traffic matrix From this inter domain traffic matrix we can generate an intra domain traffic matrix The class POPPOPTrafficMatrixGenerat ion contains the method HashMap readCluster Domain domain String clusterFileName CBGP cbgpinstance String BGPbase Directory String optionaldumpsubdir filename that will load BGP messages corresponding to cluster prefixes in the CBGP instance and return a hashmap which allows to find to which cluster a prefix belongs and thus find the route for t
63. d min Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 9 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A SCENARIO REPRE Page 41 of 76 SENTATION 9 3 5 LSPBWChange This event extends ASEvent Type It has two required attributes 1spId which isa st ring and bw which is a float This event sets the reservation of the LSP 1spId of the given domain to bw 9 3 6 LSPBackupCreation This event extends ASEvent Type It has two optional attributes 1spId which is a string and bw which is a float It also accepts the following subelements in sequence e Detour or Bypass Exactly one of these two elements must occur exactly one time The Det our element has one required attribute protect edLSP which is a string and two optional attributes nethodType and protectionType methodType can be LOCAL or GLOBAL default value protectionType can be NODE_DISJOINT de fault value or LINK_DISJOINT The Bypass element accepts one or several protect edLink elements which have only one required attribute 1inkId which is a string e The routingAlgo element that must occur exactly one time This element is described in section 9 1 1 page 38 This event creates a backup LSP on the specified domain using the specified routing algorithm The ID of the newly created LSP will be 1spId and its bandwidth will be bw If these parame ters are not specified default values will be used an ID will be automatically generated and the bandwidth will be for example the bandwidth of the protected
64. d more information about these strategies in the paragraph describing ShowLinkInfo event 9 5 4 You can also choose to use ECMP Equal Cost Multi Path or not If you tick the ECMP checkbox the calculated traffic will be split over all paths of equal metric If not checked the traffic will take an arbitrary chosen path among all the equal cost paths of minimum cost Once the load is calculated an entry will be added to the panel where you can choose what the link colors represents on the left side of the screen On this panel you can choose to display the link reservation the link status up and down links and one of the calculated load see figure 18 Note that the calculated load will try to be up to date with the current state of the network That is if you set a link down the load will be computed again next time you display it on the graph or immediately if it is currently displayed Note that if you close a traffic matrix all the links load calculated thanks to this matrix will disappear from the panel Links colors shows Id Load 2 TM 0 CSPFHopCount Id Load 3 TM 0 CSPFHopCount ECMP NVA O Id Load 1 TM 0 CSPF ECMP _ Asld 11537 Tmld O Strategy SPFLinkLoadStrategy Algo CSPF ECMP Enabled o Se a n Reservation Legend H Link Down B5S 10 Figure 18 You can display the calculated load by selecting it in the panel The tooltip gives all the information about the calcu
65. database such as XAMCRA MIRA DAMOTE while others don t These ones can be used only on the domain on which they were started So the combobox displays all the started generic algorithms and the algorithms with a local database that were started on the domain Important note If you modify the topology removing adding nodes or links changing link bandwidth it is preferable to stop and restart the algorithms in order to rebuild the inter nal database Indeed these cases had not been tested thoroughly with all the algorithms so it might lead to unexpected results If you have not started an algorithm on the domain yet or you want to use another one click on the start another algorithm button There you are proposed with a list of all the available algorithms see figure 13 You can choose from that list and tune the parameters relevant for the chosen algorithm Note that some algorithms have no parameters at all It is notably the case for all the CSPF algorithms Once you click the Start Algorithm button the algorithm is started You can see all the started algorithm and their parameters in the algorithm manager see figure 14 accessible from the Algorithms menu Note that when you close a domain by choosing close Topology from the file menu or via the domain Manager the algorithms that are specific to the domain are also stopped Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 10 GUI Page 59 of 76 Ey Add LSP Lsp Id
66. dentifier of a link string A dif f serv element contains the following mandatory sub elements ct the identifier of the corresponding class type i e an integer in the interval 0 7 and preemption which has two mandatory attributes setup and holding which are the setup and holding preemption levels i e an integer in the interval 0 7 The backup element must be present if the LSP is a backup LSP This element has one manda tory attribute t ype a string that can be DETOUR_LOCAL for a local detour LSP DETOUR_E2E for an end to end detour LSP or BYPASS for a local bypass LSP The backup element has the following sub elements protect ed_1sp string which contains the identifier of the protected Isp in case of detour LSP and protected_links which is mandatory and is composed of a list of protected_link elements at least one A protected_link element is a string which is the identifier of the link that is protected by the LSP In case of local protection the list should contain the protected link and in case of end to end protection the list should contain all the links of the primary path lt mpls gt lt lsp id LSP1 gt lt path gt lt link gt 1 gt 2 lt lt link gt 2 gt 3 lt lt path gt lt bw gt 155000 lt bw gt lt lsp gt lt mpls gt Table 4 Example of the XML MPLS element usage 3 1 4 The igp element The igp element contains all the information of the intra domain routing protoco
67. document is in fact a Traffic Engineering Class TEC i e a combination of a CT and a preemption priority allowed for that CT During admission control on a link for a reservation at priority TEC 7 all we have to check is that the unreserved bandwidth at priority 2 stored in the toolbox database is larger than the bandwidth requested by this reserva tion This unreserved bandwidth per priority level is the data that should be advertised in IGP link state packets We also implemented a basic preemption support inside CTs 6 1 1 Conventions It is always considered that a higher numerical value corresponds to less priority traffic i e traffic from CT 0 should correspond to more important traffic than traffic from CT 1 And traffic with preemption level 0 has more priority than traffic with preemption level 1 6 2 Default behaviour We will explain here the behaviour you can expect from the Diffserv manager integrated into the toolbox when specifying some Diffserv fields in domain XML files 6 2 1 No Diffserv fields in domain XML files If you don t need Diffserv support do not put any diff serv fields into the lt info gt field of the domain XML file see section 3 1 1 However note that the following information will be added automatically lt diff serv gt lt priority id 0 ct 0 preemption 0 gt lt diff serv gt under the lt info gt element Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 6 DIFFSERV SUPPORT Page
68. e represented by a star allows you to perform various operations on the matrices From there you can select the default matrix save the matrix to a file or edit the traffic matrix content It is also possible to create a new traffic matrix corresponding to the current domain Simply select Create TrafficMatrix from the TrafficMatrix menu A new traffic matrix will be created with no traffic at all and the traffic matrix editing window will be displayed To edit the traffic matrix select the cells for which you want to change the value and right click to display the menu see 11 Select the operation that you want to perform set the traffic to a given value add substract multiply or divide the current traffic and input a value in the input box You can also edit a single cell by double clicking on it and directly entering the new value Y Traffic Matrix 1780866221 of domain 11537 fan ama mca STTL DNYR KSCY IPLS CHIN NYCM WASH ATLA A STTL 0 175 175 315 DNYR 518 518 315 KSCY 518 518 IPLS 518 CHIN 250 NYCM 175 WASH 175 ATLA 518 ATLA M5 0 HSTN 175 LOSA 518 SNVA 315 250 175 518 315 250 518 315 Figure 11 Traffic matrix editor window 10 3 1 Intra TM generation It is possible to generate some intra TM traffic matrices from the GUI The intra TM traffic matrix can be generated from an inter
69. e 57 TOS INIPLS TOUS sao aoe ele Hui mod Ge RA ere ae ae Oe os Sidhe ade A 58 10 4 1 Adding a primary LSP 2 0 0 020 eee eee 58 10 4 2 Adding a detour Usp os ke PA Oe ew aa ae as 59 104 3 Computing a fullmesh ooo aoe o we es 59 TOS PrE 2 ae ta ee ote ho a aw Aa ae ee Bee 61 10 5 1 Viewing paths ccoo onerosa eee 62 10 5 2 ECMP Analysis os cos icon ba ee Ee ee ce 63 106 Op mal towne osas ka Ga we eA ORR oe a oe RA 63 10 7 Optimizing link Weight with IGP WO o o o ooo o 63 LOS EXECUIME ascenaho sis ae a ee OA AA A gi ae a 64 10 9 Console s ceure EW beeen eee aie ow Gat ee doa day bw w Sree d 64 INTOSANTTE i e ih aie ea od wa ie awe Eat ae ei GH ac ales A 65 LOLA Wbatif SEUA o sa soane ian a we ee ae a ho de ad 66 10 12 Creatina Charis wae halt aa ee ea aw od ale ow dae 66 10 13Usne CBGP 22 oi eek ea De ee eee ees 68 Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL CONTENTS Page 4 of 76 11 Traffic matrix generation using NetFlow traces 11 1 Required data formats and file directory structures ILLI BGP intormatoi coc a Sek a A a a e TIA DNetElo MAS is cia a a de ad 11 2 Traffix matrix generation steps e e 11 2 1 Generating domain BGP information from BGP dump 11 2 2 Creating inter domain traffic matrix from NetFlow 11 2 3 Generating intra domain traffic matrix from inter domain traffic matrix es bo cha ee eee ee pew hd eee PR Oe ee RES
70. e domain Examples of XML files that you can use with CBGP are located in examples abilene cbgp see README for more info More information about CBGP utilisation coming soon Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 11 TRAFFIC MATRIX GENERATION USING NETFLOW Page 69 of 76 TRACES 11 Traffic matrix generation using NetFlow traces This section explains how to use the toolbox to generate traffic matrices from Netflow data The toolbox includes data from Abilene network to generate an accurate traffic matrix using topol ogy BGP and NetFlow information We will first explain the required data formats and needed file directory structures We will then explain how to generate an inter domain traffic matrix from NetFlow traces and eventually how to produce the corresponding intra domain traffic matrix 11 1 Required data formats and file directory structures One example of BGP information and Netflow traces is available is the archive example abilene abilene_20050101_bgp_netflow tar gz 11 1 1 BGP information You will need a snapshot of the entire BGP RIB of each router Typically such information is ob tained using an additional monitoring machine running Zebra bgpd which participates in the iBGP full mesh Resulting format is Zebra binary MRT dump which can be converted to ASCII machine readable format using route_btoa from the MRTd package http www mrtd net We have included the tool on the CVS in directory src perl bgp Typica
71. eger T07 Table 14 Summary of the attributes of an XML network file Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL REFERENCES Page 75 of 76 References 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 XML Schema http www w3 org XML Schema S Balon L M lon and G Leduc A scalable and decentralized fast rerouting scheme with efficient bandwidth sharing Computer Networks 50 16 November 2006 F Le Faucheur and W Lai Requirements for Support of Differentiated Services aware MPLS Traffic Engineering RFC 3564 Informational July 2003 F Le Faucheur and W Lai Maximum Allocation Bandwidth Constraints Model for Diffserv aware MPLS Traffic Engineering RFC 4125 Experimental June 2005 B Wang X Su and C Chen A new bandwidth guaranteed routing algorithm for mpls traffic engineering In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications ICC 2002 I Iliadis and D Bauer A new class of online minimum interference routing algorithms In proc of NETWORKING 2002 P Van Mieghem H De Neve and F A Kuipers Hop by hop Quality of Service Routing Computer Networks 37 3 4 407 423 2001 P Van Mieghem and F A Kuipers Concepts of Exact Quality of Service Algorithms IEEE ACM Transaction on Networking 2004 S Balon and G Leduc Dividing the Traffic Matrix to Approach Optimal Traffic Engineer ing In P
72. egories of services CTs are used to be fixed in the future If you plan to use preemption Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 8 ALGORITHMS ALREADY PRESENT IN THE TOOLBOX Page 28 of 76 please only specify one category of service and several preemption levels for this category of ser vice Additionnal note on preemption levels and categories of service The default library lib libdamote so included in the release supports up to eight preemption levels and eight class types If speed is a main concern for you and if you are using DAMOTE in a single class type and single preemption level environnement you should link libdamote so to libdamote1 1 so instead of libdamote88 so in order to increase speed perforcalculatemance 8 2 3 Computing backups paths with DAMOTE Detour LSPs can be created with the scenario event LSPBackupCreat ion DAMOTE supports end to end and local detour Corresponding parameters can then be passed to the scenario event 8 2 4 Restrictions Inside TOTEM as bandwidth sharing is not compatible with Diffserv see section 5 1 DAMOTE cannot be used to calculate backup paths when multiple priority levels are used Moreover DAMOTE should be used to calculate backups only when bandwidth sharing is enabled Otherwise DAMOTE may return a backup path for which bandwidth is shared with other Isps so it is possible that there is not enough free bandwidth to establish this Isp in TOTEM as bandwidth sharing does not oc
73. ements title string date dateTime duration doub1e expressed in minutes author string description string and units The units element is composed of one and only one sub element unit The unit element has two mandatory attributes type which is contrained to be bandwidth and value which can be bps kbps mbps gbps or tbps The int raTM element is composed of a list of src elements and has one mandatory AS ID attribute int One src element has one mandatory id attribute st ring which specifies to which source node the value is related to and is composed of a list of dst elements A dst element contains a non negative float value the traffic from the source node src to the desti nation node dst and has one mandatory id attribute st ring which identifies the destination node The interTM element is composed of a list of node elements and has one mandatory AS ID attribute int One node element has one mandatory id attribute st ring which identifies the node in the domain and is composed of a list of src elements A src element has one mandatory attribute prefix which identifies the source prefix from where data is coming and is composed of a list of dst elements A dst element contains a non negative float value the bandwidth from the source prefix src to the destination prefix dst and has one mandatory attribute prefix which identifies the destination prefix where data is going to Here is an example of the XML Traffi
74. esenting links nodes and Isps properties in new windows Note that those windows won t follow a change of the default domain on the contrary of the tabbed tables which are always displaying default domain information Right clicking on the columns headers displays a menu that allows columns to be shown or hidden see figure 6 Note that some columns are not displayed by default You can change the column display order by dragging the column header The menu items Network stats and Load Tables under the View menu give more in formation about the loaded domain and its resource usages The information concerns the MPLS reservation as well as the calculated loads Network stats gives domain wise statistics and Load Tables per link information You can see the loaded domains by looking at the Domains menu see figure 7 Every loaded domain is an item in that menu and you can change the default domain by simply clicking on the correpsponding item The Domain Manager see figure 8 which is accessible from the same menu displays the domain description and can be used to unload domains or change default one Finally you can save the domain by selecting Save topology as from the File menu Note that you won t be prompted to save a modified domain that you are closing If you want to save Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 10 GUI Page 55 of 76 Nodes
75. eviation from the optimal load balancing situation In a perfectly balanced network this deviation would be zero for all links so that all would be occupied in exactly the same proportions To use DAMOTE with a pure load balancing score function you must set parameter loadBal to 1 and parameter tMin to 0 within the StartAlgo event Hybrid load balancing score function Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 8 ALGORITHMS ALREADY PRESENT IN THE TOOLBOX Page 27 of 76 The main problem with the load balancing function presented above is that the only thing it tries to do is to flatten the relative load throughout the network It will not matter if some of the paths go a long way around in order to achieve a better load balancing We must then try to limit the length of the paths chosen for the LSPs by adding a kind of shortest path length term to the objective function Our traffic minimization term is the sum of the square relative link loads X Lig J As a consequence the compromise between load balancing and traffic minimization can be ex pressed as follows Laj Di Lan NY loadBal x 2 api j cap tMin x 2 wear i j 1 5 eu 1 5 eu The weighted combination of both terms will give more importance to the load balancing term if the deviation is high enough to justify the detour else it will let the shortest path term minimize the resources used By default DAMOTE is configured with loadBal equals to 2 a
76. hes a full mesh of LSPs The method used to route the traffic is given by method which can be CSPF CSPFInvFreeBw CSPFHopCount CSPFInvCap CSPFTEMetric and DAMOTE For example the following command line totem sh s examples abilene scenario CSPF fullmesh xml execute the scenario file CSPF fullmesh xml of the directory examples abilene scenario This scenario computes an LSP between each nodes with a reservation corresponding to the demand given by TMO abilene xml using CSPF At the end it displays the bandwidth reservation on each links This scenario has been generated using totem sh gs fullmesh You can find more example files on the toolbox web page http totem run montefiore ulg ac be Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 3 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A NETWORK TOPOL Page 8 of 76 OGY REPRESENTATION 3 A standard XML format for a network topology representation In this section we will explain the XML format we defined to represent network topology infor mation We have chosen the XML language because it is widely used and many tools exist for dealing with this language We have created an XML Schema 1 5 The schema allows us to validate a domain file so that we are sure that an XML instance satisfies the data structure we have defined 3 1 Description of the XML network representation format The root element of the XML file is the domain element It contains five sub elements info topology mpls igp and bgp
77. hether the load should be taken as relative or not via the absoluteLoad parameter which can be true or false If they are not set the default domain is taken and relative load is used i e absoluteload capacity Note that both collectors uses the same parameters set 9 6 2 chartAddSeries At the moment when this event is executed data are added to the currently under construc tion chart The chart to which to add the data is specified by the chart ld attribute The seriesName attribute is used to identify the data series It must have an unique value in a single chart It might be used by the plotter as the legend name of the data series Again parameters can be passed to the collector through the col lector sub element The LinksReservedBWData Collector takes no parameters when adding data series and the LinksLoadDataCollector can take up to four parameters tmId strategy routingAlgo and ECMP These corre sponds to IGP routing parameters used to compute the load see section 10 5 If you do not provide some of the parameters the default value will be used The default values for these pa rameters are SPF routing as strategy with CSPF as routing algo and ECMP disabled The default traffic matrix will be used when the parameter t mI d is not set 9 6 3 chartSave When the chart is created and contains some data it can be output to a file Note that we did not specify the type of chart that we want to build only the chart data is defined
78. his algorithm consists of dividing the traffic matrix into N sub matrices called strata and route each of these independently We can use two different implementations of this method in routers The method can also be used to compute a very precise approximation of the optimal value of a given objective function for comparison to heuristic Traffic Engineering algorithms For this application the algorithm is very efficient on large topologies compared to an LP formulation More information about this algorithm can be found in paper 9 You can find an example of scenario file using optDivideTM in examples abilene Scenario optDivideTM xml 8 6 CBGP C BGP is a BGP routing solver It aims at computing the interdomain routes selected by BGP routers in a domain The route computation relies on an accurate model of the BGP decision process 10 as well as several sources of input data The model of the decision process takes into account every decision rule present in the genuine BGP decision process as well as the iBGP hierarchy route reflectors More information on how C BGP works can be obtained from the C BGP web site 11 The input data required by C BGP includes intradomain and interdomain information First the knowledge of the interdomain routes learned through BGP from the neighbor domains is re quired This information can be obtained from MRT 12 dumps collected on the genuine BGP routers or it can be introduced manually The route compu
79. his prefix From then on the method TrafficMatrix generateTrafficMatrix TrafficMatrix temporaryTM HashMap clusters Domain domain String interdomainTrafficMatrixFile Name will generate the intra domain traffic matrix The first argument temporaryTM allows to add a traffic matrix to an existing one for example to produce a traffic matrix for 20 minutes when NetFlow files are available for 5 minutes 11 3 Scenario events We have created one scenario event documentated in the scenario part of this manual generate IntraTM An example of traffic matrix creation on Abilene using scenarios can be found in examples abilene Scenario generatelntraTM 20050101 xm1 To test it just Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 11 TRAFFIC MATRIX GENERATION USING NETFLOW Page 71 of 76 TRACES uncompress the archive abilene_20050101_bgp_netflow tar gz found in the same directory and run the scenario using totem sh s command line Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL A SUMMARY OF XML ELEMENT AND ATTRIBUTE TYPES Page 72 of 76 A Summary of xml element and attribute types author TI IE TO NE description S ACI on NT A unit Theol S S Casen TIO IAN oy AE prioriy sl SS a premio gs OM Topology HEM nodes ink O modes HE S node 1 00 status rid name description type id tas TOM ring UP OrDOWN O O o id f on sing TP address O mame HOM ag O SE 0 OO in pe O sring CORE OrEDGE Cocaina OOO O o nde ie interfaces 0
80. hts This event extends ASEvent Type It has three optional attributes which are ints maxPossi bleWeight nbIter and seed It also has an optional attribute called initialWeightArray which can be CURRENT or RANDOM The default value for noIteris 150 50 formaxPossible Weight 0 for seed and RANDOM for initialWeightArray It also accepts zero or one samplingRate element and an unbounded number of trafficMatrix elements These trafficMatrix elements have only one required attribute TMID that represents the ID of a traffic matrix The samplingRate element has three optional attributes which are floats initial default value 0 2 min default value 0 01 and max default value 0 4 This event runs the IGPWO algorithm on the given domain and traffic matrices nbIt er is the number of iterations that IGPWO must do and maxPossibleWeight is the maximum weight that IGPWO can produce seed is used for the random number generator in the algorithm The samplingRat e element controls the sampling of neighborhoods during local search At each iteration a proportion of the neighborhood is evaluated due to the large size of the problems The initial rate by which the neighborhood is sampled is determined by initial During the algorithm run the value of the sampling rate is updated If the current solution is improved the sampling rate is divided by three if not it is multiplied by two The upper and lower bounds of the sampling rate are determined by max an
81. hya 11 JL Thebopelemien pescarese aamua ai aa ire a A a ane o 12 Dye Eran NN 13 A standard XML format for a traffic matrix representation 15 MPLS routing 17 5 1 Bandwidth Sharing occ ee RAY RR eee ee ee ES 17 o ee ke ede Glee wd we Ee ee ee ee ee Ee aA 17 5 2 1 RemovePrimaryOnFailureRerouteMethod 17 5 2 2 UseBackupOnFailureRerouteMethod 18 5 2 3 ComputeBackupOnFailureRerouteMethod 18 Diffserv support 19 6 1 Current state of Diffserv support 2 2 20 2 2 ee ee ee 19 61 1 CONVENTIONS Co soas a w oe ee A we dae A 19 0 2 Detail DEBAVIQUE aio a ds da ae ok ede ado 19 6 2 1 No Diffserv fields in domain XML files 19 6 2 2 Info field specified but static or dynamic information missing 20 6 2 3 Adding areservation s cs eo oco eee eR ee ERE RES 21 6 3 PIEEMIPUONS o e sc coer ba ee eR eee Dea a Eee a Es 21 On line tools 22 Tal BDOCKECIAENECE ae ic Bred Soe He a Bene eed 22 PAA Desc POW ick ca u de a Ai Se aha ew ee aes 22 7 1 2 Message format 64 4 58 cee eee ee ee Ree Eee eS 22 TAS HOW TOUSEIE s 54 24 he a yh oY Ae Sew eee ed es 23 7 2 Loading a domain from network 0 000002 ee eee 23 Tete DESCAGUOA fou oka ee ER A ee ee ewe S 23 dees TAOWTOUSEIE gt 5 a fg bia we ee ee eo ae bw eee ek 23 Algorithms already present in the toolbox 25 8 1 Shortest Path First algorithm lt lt a eee 25 2 DAMOTE carrier a a eS Ee 25
82. ing for remaining flows optimise a given operational objective To use SAMTE you first have to generate a Candidate Path List using the samte generate CPL scenario element This element accept the following parameters nbPath the number of path to generater per source destination pair of nodes maxDepth the maximal number of nodes per path verbose print some information while generating the candidate path list and fileName which specifies the file where to store the candidate path list Once you have a candidate path list be carefull this list can take a huge amount of place on your hard disk 1 you can use SAMTE with the scenario event samte SAMTE You have to provide the Can didate Path List file with the parameter cplName You can also specify the number of runs of the algorithm nbRun the number of LSP to establish nbLSP and the Traffic Matrix to use TMID The subelement samte simulatedAnneal ing configures the parameters of the simulated annealing heuristic via the parameters TO the initial temperature alpha the cooling factor L the size of the plateau and E e parameter for the stopping conditions The subelement of samte simulatedAnnealingis samte objectiveFunction which specify the used objective function To show the link loads with the established LSPs you have to use the ShowLinkInfo ele ment with the type set to LOAD_BIS This means Basic IGP Shortcut This specifies the traffic Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL
83. ion Cp Umax Cu gt gt Ua which takes two parameters C_B and C_U Both of these parameters are of type double and their default values are both 1 0 The optimization is executed for the default domain using the traffic matrix given in the sce nario file For each objective function two formulations of the problem can be used 1 the Node Link formulation 2 the Link Path formulation This formulation uses the computeAllDistinctRoute method to compute the paths between each pair of nodes The user has to set the noPaths argument which defines the maximum number of paths to be computed for each pair An example of scenario using this algorithm can be found in examples abilene Scenario cplexMCNF xml Since the CPLEX optimizer is not free the default compiling options don t build this class People who own the CPLEX licence and thus have the cplex jar file can compile it as ex plained below e First add the path to cplex jar in the MANIFEST MF file which can be found in the src java be ac ulg montefiore run totem repository cplexMCNF META INF directory Class Path dist totem 2 4 jar PATH_TO_CPLEX cplex jar e Replacethepreferences xml file with the one located in src resources cplexMCNE e Build the toolbox using the following command ant clean build e Then build the plugin ant Dplugin be ac ulg montefiore run totem repository cplexMCNF build given plugin Copyright 2004 2007 ULg
84. l The type attribute specify the running routing protocol string that can be ISIS or OSPF The igp element contains a list of 1ink elements at least one One 1ink element contains all the link state information that is transmitted by the intra domain routing protocol The id attribute mandatory of the link element is a string that contains the identifier of the link to which the information is related One 1ink element contains two sub elements static and dynamic The static element contains the following sub elements met ric the IGP metric of the link a float te met ric the Traffic Engineering metric also a float mrbw maximum reserv able bandwidth a float mow maximum bandwidth a float admingroup integer and finally diff serv One diff serv element contains the following sub elements bcm which is mandatory and contains the bandwidth constraint model a string that can be either MAM Maxi mum Allocation Model or RDM Russian Doll Model and a list of bc elements at least one One bc element contains a float which is the value of the bandwidth constraint and a mandatory Sthis feature is not already supported by the toolbox Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 3 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A NETWORK TOPOL Page 12 of 76 OGY REPRESENTATION attribute id integer which identifies to what the bandwidth constraint is related in MAM it is related to one Class Type The dynamic element contains one mandatory su
85. lated load it represents 10 5 1 Viewing paths You can view the paths that are used for IP routing Use the List shortest paths dialog which is accessible from the routing menu The dialogs see figure 19 allows you to choose the algorithm to use from the SPF algorithm family and the paths that you want to observe You can either display the paths from a single source node to a single destination or select all sources and or all destinations This dialog updates in real time it starts the algorithms if necessary and calculate Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 10 GUI Page 63 of 76 the paths in function of the chosen options Paths can be displayed as a list of node ids or as a list of link ids If you select a path in the result list it will be highlighted links represented by dashed lined in the network visualization panel bu Shortest Paths List Source Destination Algorithm STTL y CSPF Node list All sources All destinations v ECMP Links list STTL DNVR STTL DNVR KSCY STTL DNVR KSCY IPLS STTL DNVR KSCY IPLS CHIN STTL DNVR KSCY IPLS CHIN NYCM STTL DNVR KSCY IPLS CHIN NYCM WASH STTL DNVR KSCY IPLS ATLA STTL DNVR KSCY IPLS ATLA ATLA MS STTL SNVA LOSA HSTN STTL SNVA LOSA STTL SNVA Figure 19 The list shortest paths dialog 10 5 2 ECMP Analysis The ECMP Equal Cost MultiPath Analysis dialog behaves the same wa
86. lly the toolbox module expects the following directory structure Each BGP RIB con verted in ASCII machine readable format using route_btoa rib_file m gt output should be in a directory called BGPbaseDirectory router_id optionaldumpsubdir or BGPbaseDirectory router_rid optionaldumpsubdir where router identifica tion information is found exclusively in the XML topology format Please note that 1f a router has several ip addresses these should be added in the XML topology format For each node the vid field should be filled with router main IP address If the router has other addresses you must add an interface for each of them field interface and in particular its subfield ip Fora concrete example see Abilene topology in examples abilene abilene xml C BGP has some scalability problems when too much prefixes are passed to it That s why we use clustering which allows to group prefixes announced with same BGP parameters and to adver tise only one of them for each group cluster The clustering is done by an ad hoc perl script we provide a perl script for Abilene called bgpsum2 p1 in src perl bgp Here is the com mand to execute the script bgp sum2 pl ribs dir directory_holding_ribs gt clusterFileName 11 1 2 NetFlow traces NetFlow traces for each router are also required The toolbox expects an aggregated text format extracted from the NetFlow traces which is the following src_prefix dst_prefix flow_size Where
87. mportant to note that for implementations reasons a single event sent through the socket interface must be written in only one text line Once the event has been executed by the toolbox a response message is sent back to the client The response message is also always transmitted in only one text line It has the following format shown here in multiple lines for readability lt result gt lt command gt lt command gt lt output gt lt object gt lt object gt lt message gt lt message gt lt output gt lt status gt lt status gt lt exceptions gt lt exceptions gt lt result gt The command element is a copy of the XML event sent by the client The output element contains two subelements object and message These are respectively a representation of an object and a text message both related to the execution of the event The text message is the same message that is written on standard output when the event is executed locally For example ifa LSPCreation event is correctly executed the object will be the XML representation of the new LSP and the message will be a string representation of the new LSP path followed by a list of preemped LSP ids Note that both subelements are optional The status element can be either OK or FAILED depending on the success of the event execution If the status is FAILED the event was not correctly executed because of an exception Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 7 ON
88. n SAMCRA Stop algorithm DAMOTE load 0 0 ASID 11537 loadBal 2 0 allowReroute false colorClause false capacityClause true delay 0 0 tMin 1 0 Stop algorithm Figure 14 Algorithm Manager the Isps bandwidth will be derived the diff serv parameters and the algorithm specific parameters You can also choose the LSP establishment order Decreasing bandwidth increasing bandwidth or shuffle After accepting the parameters by clicking the compute button you will be prompted to choose between adding the fullmesh while keeping existent LSPs or adding the fullmesh after removing all the LSPs already existing in the domain Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 10 GUI Page 61 of 76 Compute Detour LSP Lsp Id eave blank to generate LocalDetours for Primaryl Protected LSP Primary1 z Detour type Protection type O Local Node disjoint Link disjoint Global 2 Default Algorithm DAMOTE Z Start another algorithm Additional routing parameters Parameter Value I preempt ifalse Tell adaLsP false Tell w Accept Parameters fy Compute fullmesh Choose a Traffic Matric Select establishment order Decreasing BandWidth Order DiffServ gt gt gt Choose algorithm DAMOTE Start another algorithm Additional routing parameters Parameter Yalue
89. n be deployed as an on line centralized tool in an operational network or used off line as an optimiza tion tool or as a traffic engineering simulator Section 2 describes how to easily install and compile the toolbox Sections 3 and 4 describe the XML format that can be used to represent a network topology and a traffic matrix respectively Section 5 and 6 describes how to use MPLS and Diff serv in the toolbox Section 7 describes the tools designed to use the toolbox in a real network environment Section 8 presents the algorithms that are already included in the toolbox Section 9 presents how to use the toolbox without having to write Java code the scenario XML interface Section 10 describes the functionnalities of the GUI and how to use it Section 11 describes how to use the toolbox to generate Traffic Matrix files from netflow data About the TOTEM project http totem info ucl ac be Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 2 GETTING STARTED Page 6 of 76 2 Getting started The toolbox comes in two archives a binary one with a precompiled toolbox and a source one with all the Java sources These archives contain the following directories e dist contains the executable JAR Java Archive File totem lt version gt jar only for binary package e documentation contains this UserGuide e example contains examples of topology traffic matrix and scenario e licence contains the licence of the third libraries e lib con
90. n the standard and error output in addition to more detailed logging informa tion You can choose the level of logging information to display in the console by selecting one of the item DEBUG INFO WARN ERROR FATAL from the combobox located on top of the console window see figure 22 Note that when you close the Console window the standard output and error output are dis played where they were before you open the window console Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 10 GUI Page 65 of 76 D Msg is link 2_2 gt 4_2 and its capacity is 200000 0 9 EI LoadDomain D File examples simpleDomain domain1 xml y DefaultDomain true y E StanAigo 9 E Param 9 Ef Param 0 O value Name loadBal 9 EJParam 1 O value C Name c Param 2 amp Param 3 cI Param 4 Name DAMOTE 0 asio 10013 e Echo CI showLinkReservableBandwidth Linkid 2 2 gt 4 2 O Priority 0 gt C ShowLinkReservableBandwidth CI showLinkReservableBandwidth Loading a topology file which specifies 1 CT and 3 preemption levels We will establish LSPs between node 2 and 4 The link between both nodes is link 2_2 gt 4_2 and its capacity is 200000 0 DomainAlreadyExistException There is already a domain with the ASID 10013 Advance to selection Finish Execution y Stop on error Figure 21 Load a scenario and execute it step by step Console O ox clear
91. n the standard output stream Note that this event uses the standard metrics not the TE metrics of the given domain 9 5 3 listShortestPaths This event extends ASEventType It has five attributes src dst and SPFType which are strings and ECMP and nodeList which are booleans All these attributes are optional This event prints information about shortest paths of the given domain on the standard output stream If src and dst are specified 1t prints only shortest paths between these two nodes If only src resp dst is specified the shortest paths from src resp to dst to resp from all the other nodes are listed If neither is specified it prints all the shortest paths of the given domain If you want to take ECMP into account ECMP must be set to true and false otherwise note that itis false by default SPF Type is exactly the same attribute as the one described in section 9 5 4 Finally nodeList specifies whether the paths must be printed under the form of a list of nodes or a list of links If it is true a list of nodes is printed Otherwise the event prints a list of links Note that the attribute is t rue by default 9 5 4 ShowLinkInfo This event extends ASTMEvent Type It has four optional attributes t ype verbose ECMP and SPFtype type can be LOAD LOAD_BIS LOAD_IS RESERVATION and PRIMARY_BACKUP verbose and ECMP are booleans and SPFtypeisa string Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 9 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A
92. nd tMin equals to 1 You can change freely these two parameters Delay oriented score function Another available objective function is an average delay objective function 1 D wea i j Laj i j EU Since for a packet size P PIE approximates the queuing and transmission delay i j on link i j optimizing this function will strive to minimize the average delay throughout the network This will naturally lead to load balance the network Moreover this objective has a built in traffic minimization feature in the sense that long paths would degrade the average delay and are therefore discouraged To use this objective function you must set loadBal to 0 tMin to O and delay to 1 Shortest path score function Finally if you want to use min hop routing you can set loadBal to 0 tMin to O and load to 1 8 2 2 Computing a primary path with DAMOTE An LSP can be computed with DAMOTE using the LSPCreation scenario event see 9 3 7 When computing an LSP you can pass an additional parameter to DAMOTE called preempt boolean This parameters tells DAMOTE whether it can preempt LSPs to establish the new one In this case DAMOTE returns a list of LSPs to preempt and immediately deletes them from its own database These LSPs are also removed from the toolbox database itself Diffserv parameters can also be passed but note that DAMOTE does not correctly support preemption when multiple cat
93. ndow with a hierarchical structure reflecting the XML document content see figure 21 The window is divided into two parts the top part represents the scenario hierarchical structure and the bottom one is a text area that displays the results and the error messages coming from event execution The window is also decorated with three buttons Step Advance to selection and Finish Execution The action of the first button is to execute the next event in the scenario The second one executes all the events until and including the selected one The last one execute all the remaining events until the end of the scenario As you can see on picture 21 the events that are correctly executed appears in green and those that led to an execution error are displayed in red Note that it is impossible to undo execution of an event or to rollback the scenario At the very bottom of the window there is a checkbox named Stop on error If it is checked the execution will stop on the first error and an error dialog message will be displayed Otherwise the error will be ignored and the scenario will continue to execute Important note If you close the window before finishing scenario execution you can t get the rest of the scenario executed 10 9 Console If you want to have more detailed information about what is going on in the toolbox you can display the console by selecting Console from the View menu The console displays what should normally go o
94. o be advertised outside the domain An example of the XML BGP element usage is shown in Table 6 Basically the bgp element is a sequence of BGP router definitions Each BGP router is encoded in a router element which is composed of many attributes The router is identified by a mandatory id attribute whose value is a free form string of characters There is currently a single uniqueness constraint on the id attribute That is there cannot exist two routers that share the same value of the id attribute In addition to this the router element also has a mandatory rid attribute which represents the router ID This rid attribute is an IP address that identifies the BGP router in the BGP proto col Usually the router ID is taken as the highest IP address of the router or as the loopback of the Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 3 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A NETWORK TOPOL Page 13 of 76 OGY REPRESENTATION lt bgp gt lt routers gt lt router id routerl foo net gt lt rid gt 10 0 0 1 lt rid gt lt networks gt lt network prefix 10 0 1 24 gt lt networks gt lt neighbors gt lt neighbor ip 10 0 0 2 as 666 gt lt neighbor ip 10 0 0 3 as 666 gt lt neighbors gt lt router gt lt routers gt lt bgp gt Table 6 Example of the XML BGP element usage router In the toolbox we will assume that the value of the rid attribute corresponds to the rid of the corresponding node element in the topology secti
95. olutions see 23 Tune the parameters according to your wishes on the left part of the dialog then click on Execute SA to start SAMTE heuristic You will see on the right part of the dialog a graph representing the evolution of the solution If the solution found satisfies your needs you may want to display it by clicking the Display solutions button You will have a list of the LSPs found by SAMTE and you can establish them in the network if you wish to You can display the load on the links when using the established LSPs by starting IGP routing with strategy set to one of the hybrid strategy i e Basic IGP shortcut or IGP shortcut Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 10 GUI Page 66 of 76 XA Fast Simulated Annealing RUN CE Parameter Value Range Objective SAMTELoadBalancingOF To 0 05 joing 19 __ SAMTE computation result a 18 Summary 5 i L f a inff de Objective function used SAMTELoadBalancingOF alpha jo 7 10 11 de Cost of this solution 0 5963771680000001 epsilon 12 0 LSP __Ingress Egress Path gi 5 g IPLS ISNVA LIPLS ATLA HSTN KSCY DNVR SNVA K la Lin By i DNVR WASH DNYR STTL SNVA LOSA HSTN ATLA 5 i 2 IPLS DNYR LIPLS KSCY HSTN LOSA SNYA STTL D ESE Ela 3 DNVR NYCM DNVR SNVA LOSA HSTN ATLA WAS gt 5 12 4 IPLS
96. omputeBackupOnFailureRerouteMethod When a Isp has its status changed to down this reroute method will compute another Isp thanks to the given algorithm rout ingAlgo parameter Note that the algorithm must be started The new primary LSP will be established and activated If the parameter remove is set to true the old LSP will be removed from the domain otherwise it will be only deactivated If the original Isp is removed the new Isp will have the same id as the deleted one Otherwise it will have a new generated id Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 6 DIFFSERV SUPPORT Page 19 of 76 6 Diffserv support Diffserv 3 support is implemented into the toolbox If you don t want to use Diffserv you just have to avoid putting Diffserv fields in the different XML files and to never use the Java methods which specify a priority level 6 1 Current state of Diffserv support We implemented basic Diffserv aware TE support into the toolbox and in particular the MAM Maximum Allocation Model bandwidth constraints model 4 Other bandwidth constraints mod els will perhaps be implemented in the future We now give some brief explanations about MAM If you would like to have more information see 4 Suppose we have a certain number of cat egories of services called Class Types or CTs and the same number of associated bandwidth constraints BCs MAM states that Reserved_Bandwith CT lt BC 1 What we call a priority level in this
97. on Then comes the definition of the networks that this router will advertise through the BGP protocol The networks are defined in a networks element which is a sequence of network elements Each network element contains a single CIDR prefix This CIDR prefix has the form of a dotted IP address followed by a slash 7 followed by a mask length The networks element is optional and can be omitted if no network is originated by this router However if a networks element is present it cannot be empty That is it must contain at least a net work element Finally the router also contains a list of neighbors i e a list of other BGP neighbors with which it has BGP sessions The list of neighbors is defined with a neighbors element which is a sequence of neighbor elements Each neighbor represents a single BGP neighbor and has several attributes Two attributes are used to identify the neighbor an IP address and an AS number The IP address is specified using the ip element It represents the router ID of the neighbor router The AS number is specified using the as element It represents the AS number of the neighbor router This AS number can be the same as the local router if both routers share an internal IBGP session or they are different if both routers share an external eBGP session The neighbor element also makes possible the definition of BGP filters This part is however still in development and the form that will be given to these fil
98. on about the simulation 9 10 3 simulatedAnnealing This element accepts three optional sub elements object iveFunction defined in section 9 10 4 neighbourhood which must contain ONE_CHANGE and initialSolution which must contain RANDOM It also has five optional attributes TO which is a float alpha which is a float 0 1 L E and K which are ints The default value of L and K is 5 the default value of E and TO is 10 and the default value of alphais 0 8 objectiveFunct ionspecifies the objective function used in the algorithm neighbourhood specifies the neighborhood to search into only one choice for the moment and initialSolution specifies how to compute the initial solution also only one choice for the moment TO is the initial temperature alpha is the cooling factor L is the size of the plateaus and finally E and K are the parameters of the stopping conditions The algorithm stops 1f there are less than E of accepted moves during the last K plateaus 9 10 4 objectiveFunction This element accepts an unbounded number of param sub elements defined in section 9 1 2 It also has one required attribute name which can be MAX_LOAD or LOAD_BAL MAX_LOAD can be used for the objective function maxacaA Ua if A is the set of links of the network and u is the utilisation in of link a LOAD_BAL is the objective function gt Ua Uman a sca if Umean is the mean link utilisation Wmean mu X acA Ua
99. on may require a long amount of time to perform For now it is not possible to cancel the operation After the calculation is completed the new optimized metric values are put in the TEMetric property of the links and displayed on the graph next to the corresponding links Also a report is generated by IGP WO during computation and displayed in a window after the calculations are done You can save the report as a text file for futur use It is also possible to Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 10 GUI Page 64 of 76 consult the lastly generated report via the View last report item of the GPWO menu The last report is in fact located in the text file named IGP WO output txt in the Totem root folder IGP WO Parameters 9 ox Number of iterations 100 Maximum Possible Weight 50 Initial solution selection Random Seed for random number generator 1 Minimum sampling rate 0 01 Maximum sampling rate 0 4 Initial sampling rate 0 2 812001140 1326961738 Traffic Matrices y Accept Parameters Figure 20 IGPWO dialog you can select multiple traffic matrices for computation 10 8 Executing a scenario The Totem graphical interface allows you to load a scenario and take control on its execution process and see the step by step results graphically A scenario file see section 9 can be loaded from the Execute scenario item of the Scenario menu The loaded scenario is then shown in a new wi
100. otem run montefiore ulg ac be Schema Domain v1_2 xsd Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 3 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A NETWORK TOPOL Page 9 of 76 OGY REPRESENTATION It contains also a units element which is used to specify the units of the values found in the document The units element is a list of unit sub elements One unit element only has two mandatory attributes t ype which can be either delay or bandwidth and value which can be ns ws ms s for the delay values and bps kbps mbps gbps or tbps for the bandwidth values The units element is mandatory and must contain two unit sub elements one for bandwidth and the other for delay The info element also contains a diff serv element that contains the Diffserv information which is the correspondance between the pairs Classes Types Preemption level and the priority levels Formally the di f f serv element is a list of priority elements minimum 1 and maximum 8 priority elements which are composed of three mandatory attributes an id the identifier of the priority i e an integer in the interval 0 7 a ct the identifier of the corresponding class type i e an integer in the interval 0 7 and a preemption the corresponding preemption level i e an integer in the interval 0 7 The last sub element of the info element is the sr1gs element which is a list of sr1g elements at least one A srlg element is a string the information about the physical origin of the Shared
101. our prediction schemes at the end of each resizing window and the newly assigned bandwidth is valid for the next resizing window The algorithm is written in C and was integrated thanks to JNI More details about this algorithm can be found in 17 8 12 ComputeMCNFOptimalRouting This algorithm computes the optimal routing for an objective function given as an argument using the ILOG CPLEX linear programming solver 18 The available objective function are those cited in 19 ie e the Fortz objective function This function can also be optimized using the IGP WO algo rithm see 8 7 subsection e the MIRA objective function which minimizes the sum of the max flows between each pair of nodes of the network http www ftw at Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 8 ALGORITHMS ALREADY PRESENT IN THE TOOLBOX Page 34 of 76 the Blanchy objective function which takes an alpha parameter The type of this parameter is double and its defalut value is 1 0 This function is the compromise between load balancing and traffic minimization seen in subsection 8 2 the MeanDelay lt and WMeanDelay 2 objective functions In these cases piece Ca la wise linear approximations of the functions are computed The nbInt parameter can be set to define the number of intervals of this approximation The defalut value for nbInt is 9 the InvCap O Ua MinHop X la and umax max ua objective functions e the Degrande objective funct
102. quence of links ids lt 1ink gt link_id lt link gt e The routingAlgo element that is optional This element is described in section 9 1 1 page 38 Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 9 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A SCENARIO REPRE Page 42 of 76 SENTATION This event creates a primary LSP on the specified domain using the specified routing algorithm The source of the LSP is src and the destination of the LSP is dst Its reserved bandwidth is bw If bw is not specified the reserved bandwidth will be 0 1spId is the ID given to the created LSP if it is not specified an ID is automatically generated met ric is the metric of the created LSP and maxRate is the maximum rate at which it will be possible to send data over the LSP For more information about the dif f serv element see the section 6 The path element is used to establish explicit route LSPs If it is present the element routingAlgo will be ignored and the LSP will be established following the given route The establishLSP attribute which is true by default can be set to false in order to only calculate the LSP route without establishing it The calculated route will be printed on standard output Important note do not forget to start the routing algorithm before using itina LSPCreation event See the section 9 8 5 for more information 9 3 8 LSPDeletion This event extends ASEvent Type It has one required attribute 1spId which is a string This event deletes the LS
103. rate during the algorithm run The sampling rate is not allowed not to go behind min_samp_rate and max_samp_rate The default value for the number of iterations is set to 150 The default value is kept low for the small example problems in the toolbox If you have a large problem it is suggested to assign a higher value to num_iters The run time of the program increases with the number of iterations The default value for w_max is set to 50 The maximum value that can be given to w_max is 65535 The authors of the program suggest not to give a very large value for w_max As the value increases the output weights become less user friendly and the running time increases due to the computations necessary for hash table values The default values formin_samp_rate max_samp_rate init_samp_rateare 0 01 0 4 and 0 2 respectively The running time of the algorithm increases with the sampling rate control parameters 8 8 SAMTE TOTEM also includes an hybrid IP MPLS optimization method called SAMTE Scalable Ap proach for MPLS Traffic Engineering The idea of SAMTE is to combine both the simplicity and robustness of IGP routing and the flexibility of MPLS This approach lies between the pure IP metric based optimization as IGP WO and the full mesh of LSPs SAMTE uses the simu lated annealing meta heuristic to find a small number of LSPs given as parameter to establish in the network The combination of the set of LSPs computed by SAMTE and the IGP rout
104. read An XML namespace is a collection of names identified by a URI reference RFC2396 which are used in XML documents as element types and attribute names The URI of a namespace has no special meaning this is just a way to give a unique name to the namespace However as in our case the URI can be used for a special purpose Com panies often use it as a pointer to a real Web page where you can find information about the namespace In the toolbox we use it to identify the package in which the class of an event is defined as a package name is supposed to be unique scenario namespaces will also be unique So this attribute defines the xsi namespace This definition allows us to use the schemaLocation attribute defined in the xsi namespace Tf you use JAXB to write your scenario files you can just skip all these explanations as JAXB will do the job for you Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 9 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A SCENARIO REPRE Page 37 of 76 SENTATION xsi schemaLocation http jaxb model scenario totem run montefiore ulg ac be http totem run montefiore ulg ac be Schema Scenario v1_1 xsd http jaxb model scenario totem ingi ucl ac be http totem run montefiore ulg ac be Schema CBGP Scenario v1_0 xsd In the XML Schema Part 0 Primer document we can read In an instance document the at tribute xsi schemaLocation provides hints from the author to a processor regarding the loca tion of schema documents
105. rioServer 9 7 3 startScenarioServer This event starts a server that listens to XML events sent by the network interface see 7 1 This must be the last event of the scenario since it won t return This event extends event Type It has one optional attribute which is the port on which to listen to If this attribute is not given default port will be used port 1234 9 8 Other core events 9 8 1 addNetworkController This event extends ASTMEvent Type It has two required attributes name and className which are st rings It also accepts an unbounded number of param elements This event records a new network controller for the specified domain and traffic matrix The paramelements are used to specify parameters specific to the network controller to record name is a unique name identifying the network controller and className is the class name of the network controller to record 9 8 2 removeNetworkController This event extends event Type It has only one required attribute name that isa string This event removes the network controller name if it exists Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 9 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A SCENARIO REPRE Page 47 of 76 SENTATION 9 8 3 setRerouteMethod This event extends ASevent Type It has one mandatory attribute className which is a string representing the reroute method class to use It also accepts an unbounded number of param elements as subelements This event sets a reroute method for the
106. roceedings of 14th IEEE International Conference on Networks Singapore IEEE Xplore September 2006 B Halabi Internet Routing Architectures 2 4 edit ion Cisco Press 2000 B Quoitin C BGP an efficient BGP simulator http cbgp info ucl ac be September 2003 Merit Network MRT multi threaded routing toolkit http www mrtd net B Fortz and M Thorup Internet traffic enginnering by optimizing ospf weights In Proc IEEE INFOCOM 2000 pages 519 528 2000 B Fortz and M Thorup Increasing internet capacity using local search Computational Optimization and Applications 29 13 48 2004 F Glover and M Laguna Tabu Search Kluwer Academic Publisher 1997 S Bessler Label switched paths re configuration under time varying traffic conditions In Proceedings of the 15th ITC Workshop Wrzburg 2002 H T Tran and T Ziegler Adaptive Bandwidth Provisioning with Explicit Respect to QoS Requirements In LNCS 2811 in Proceedings of the QoFIS 03 conference pages 83 92 Sweden October 2003 ILOG CPLEX 9 1 User s Manual april 2005 S Balon F Skiv e and G Leduc How Well do Traffic Engineering Objective Functions Meet TE Requirements In Proc of IFIP International Networking Conference pages 75 86 2006 Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL REFERENCES Page 76 of 76 20 O Heckmann and M Piringer and J Schmitt and R Steinmetz On realistic network topologies for simulation In Proceedings of the ACM
107. rotect the downstream link AND the downstream node If the downstream node cannot be protected only the link will be 10 4 3 Computing a fullmesh The GUI also offers the possibility to compute a fullmesh of LSPs on a domain The modus operandi is quite the same as for adding a single LSP The only differences are that you mustn t provide the source and destination nodes as it is a fullmesh and that you must specify a traffic matrix instead of the bandwidth of the LSP You can access the fullmesh dialog see figure 16 via the Apply Full Mesh item from the Routing menu The dialog won t open if no traffic matrix is loaded for the default domain The dialog allows you to choose the algorithm to use to route the LSPs the traffic matrix from which Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 10 GUI Page 60 of 76 Add LSP Lsp Id deave blank to generate Primaryl Ingress SNVA v Egress THELR COA Available algorithms Bandwidth 5000 Parameters Parameter Value Description DiffServ gt gt gt ASID Domain ASID leave bl version SAMCRA Y on to use Algorithm useTEMetric Additional routing parami Parameter Start Algorithm Accept Parameters Figure 13 Start an algorithm Algorithms currently starte XAMCRA useDelay false ASID 10013 useTEMetric false useMetric false versio
108. s In particular the values LOAD_B1IS and LOAD_ IS can be used for SAMTE see section 8 8 but can also be used in other algorithms The value LOAD_BIS corresponds to the Basic IGP Shortcut model In this model the traffic that is forwarded on the path of an LSP is the whole traffic that crosses the ingress node of the LSP and whose exit point is the egress of the LSP The value LOAD_ TS is used for IGP Shortcut In this model the traffic that is forwarded on the path of an LSP is the whole traffic that crosses both the ingress and egress nodes of the LSP In this last model more traffic is forwarded on the LSP there is no restriction about the exit point of the traffic Finally the LOAD_OVERLAY value corresponds to the overlay model In this model the traffic is forwared on a LSP if the source and destination of the traffic match the ingress and egress of the LSP 9 5 5 ShowLinkReservableBandwidth This event extends ASEvent Type It has two attributes a string linkId which is required and an int priority which is optional This event prints the reservable bandwidth of the link 1inkId for the given priority level on the standard output stream If priority is not specified it uses the minimum priority level of the specified domain 9 6 Charts Events It is now possible since version 2 0 to generate some charts from the data in the toolbox The chart creation uses the JFreeChart library An interface has been created to output char
109. s divided into 3 steps Create the chart by selecting a data collector and its parameters add series of data to the chart and plot the chart To create a chart from the GUI go in the chart menu then select New chart You are then proposed to give an identifier to choose a data collector among those available and to tune the collector specific parameters After accepting a new Chart object is created internally However no data represents the chart you just specified which sort of data your chart will be able to receive Now that your chart is created and that you have specified a collector it s time to add some data series Go on the Charts menu again you should be able to see the chart identifier you give as a sub menu see figure 25 By selecting Add series from the sub menu a new series of data will be added to the chart You are prompted to enter a series name and eventually to tune some parameters specifying how the data will be collected by the collector Series name identifies the data series and will be used on the chart legend Note that the series name should be unique gt Add series view last plot Remove chart Figure 25 Chart menu with two charts created Draw the chart by selecting Plot from your chart menu You can then enter the general title of the chart the axises title and you can select a plotter and its parameters The plotter is in charge of creating a specific chart represent
110. s used whenever a general param value scheme is required It has one required attribute name which is a string and which represents the parameter s name The content of the element is a st ring and represents the parameter s value 9 2 Domain Events 9 2 1 linkDown This event extends ASEvent Type It has two attributes 1inkId which is a string and is required and cause which is a st ring and is optional This event sets the status of the link 1inkId that belongs to the given domain to DOWN The cause is just printed using the logger 9 2 2 linkMetricChange This event extends ASEvent Type It has two required attributes 1inkId which is a string and met ric which isa float This event sets the metric of the link 1inkId that belongs to the given domain to met ric 9 2 3 linkTeMetricChange This event is the same as 1inkMetricChange described in section 9 2 2 except that it changes the traffic engineering metric instead of the metric 9 2 4 linkUp This event extends ASEvent Type It has one required attribute 1inkId which is a string This event sets the status of the link 1inkTd that belongs to the given domain to UP 9 2 5 loadDomain This event extends event Type It has one required attribute file and three optional attributes defaultDomain useBWSharing and removeMultipleLinks file isa string and the three other attributes are booleans Note that the three booleans attributes are false by default This event loads the dom
111. se of failure and provisioned with bandwidth resource In terms of bandwidth consumption this scheme is only viable if detour LSPs are allowed to share bandwidth among themselves or with primary LSPs which is what we have achieved The main idea is that we assume that at most one link or node will fail at the same time in the network Under this assumption we can share bandwidth between LSP that will never be activated together We will now explain which additional parameters can be passed to corresponding scenario events to deal with the power of DAMOTE 8 2 1 Starting DAMOTE DAMOTE can be started using the st artAlgo scenario event see 9 8 5 If backup LSPs need to be calculated and bandwidth sharing is a desirable feature the domain must be loaded with bandwidth sharing enabled see 1oadDomain scenario event 9 2 5 By default DAMOTE is configured with a hybrid score function load balancing with traffic minimization contribution But DAMOTE can also use pure load balancing score function delay oriented score function min hop routing Let us review the available options Pure load balancing score function DAMOTE can first be used with a pure load balancing score function which is the following 2 S Lan L wea i j weap j eU L 1 Lij vith u 2 y i j EU the mean of the relative link load throughout the network This function is then the variance on the relative link load and as such represents the d
112. section 10 13 View Routing Table see section 10 13 Link set Link UP DOWN Enable Disable the link Change Link Bandwidth change the link capacity Anywhere else add LSP Pop up the Add LSP dialog see section 10 4 Save as Image Save the window content as an bitmap image png bmp or jpg Table 11 Contextual menus from graph window The links colors and their meaning can be freely chosen You can choose in which color should the links be displayed and what is the meaning of the colors The legend located on the left side of the main window shows the colors that are currently displayed on the graph From the panel straight above you can choose the color meaning you can display the link status link up or down by selecting Link status or the MPLS reservation by selecting Reservation It is also possible to display the relative load of the links resulting from traffic matrix routing see section 10 5 You can change the colors of the displayed legend by selecting Choose Link colors from the View menu Changing the colors for the reservation or the load will lead to a change for both reservation and loads Note that the colors for the link status can be independently changed 10 3 Using traffic matrices You can load a traffic matrix from the Load Traffic Matrix item of the Traffic Matrix menu shortcut Ctrl M The matrix must be an instance of the Traffic Matrix XML schema see section 4 and must correspond to one of the lo
113. sources to a particular destination The CSPF implementation is also able to compute backup paths These calculated backup paths can be either local or global link disjoint or node disjoint 8 2 DAMOTE We will first begin by introducing DAMOTE itself and then see which additional parameters can be passed to corresponding scenario events to deal with the power of DAMOTE DAMOTE Decentralized Agent for MPLS Online Traffic Engineering provides two main basic functionalities e QoS based routing of Diffserv LSPs Label Switched Paths under constraints e Local and global detour backup LSP routing for fast restoration Let us review both of them The first main function of DAMOTE is to compute primary paths at ingress nodes in a way similar to the classical CSPF Constraint Shortest Path First This means that all edge nodes will compute and set up the best path for any given LSP for which they are the ingress This com putation requires that ingress nodes have enough information about all link states in the network This is usually achieved by using extensions of link state routing protocols like OSPF TE or ISIS TE which flood the network regularly with updated link states Although similar in principle to CSPF our scheme generalizes it in several ways While CSPF is asimple SPF on a pruned topology obtained by removing links that have not enough capacity to accept the new LSP DAMOTE can perform much clever optimizations based on
114. st contain the IP address of the router The following optional parameters are also understood First the peer parameter can be used to only dump the routes related to this peer Second the prefix parameter can be used to only dump the routes that match this prefix Finally the in parameter can be used to select if the input or output Adj RIB must be dumped The default value of in is true which means that the Adj RIB in are dumped e RecordRoute Traces the route from a source node specified using the src parameter to wards a destination node specified using the dst parameter e RT Dumps the routing table of the node identified by the parameter router The router parameter must contain the IP address of the node e RIB Dumps the BGP routing information base RIB of the router identified by the pa rameter router The router parameter must contain the IP address of the router Note the optional prefix parameter described in the AdjRIB information type can also be used for the RIB information type Figure 3 shows an example of use of the CBGP Info element The example requests the RIB of router 10 0 0 1 lt CBGP Info info RIB gt lt param name router gt 10 0 0 1 lt param gt lt CBGPInfo gt Figure 3 Example of the XML CBGPInfo element usage 9 9 3 CBGPLoadRib The CBGPLoadRib element is used to load BGP routes collected on a genuine BGP router in C BGP The BGP routes are provided in a file whose format is ASCII M
115. t gt 130 104 230 54 lt param gt lt cbgp CBGPInfo gt lt cbgp CBGPInfo info RecordRoute gt lt param name src gt 198 32 8 201 lt param gt lt param name dst gt 130 104 230 54 lt param gt lt cbgp CBGPInfo gt lt cbgp CBGPInfo info RecordRoute gt lt param name src gt 198 32 8 202 lt param gt lt param name dst gt 130 104 230 54 lt param gt lt cbgp CBGPInfo gt lt scenario gt Since TOTEM 1 1 it s possible to plug new scenario events into the toolbox at the runtime This slightly complicates the writing of a scenario file but allows the user to really extend the scripting language defined by the scenarios In the developer guide we explain how to write new scenario events In this user guide we will only give some XML notions necessary to write scenario files at hand The above scenario file illustrates how to write scenario files which use several schemas In this particular scenario there are two types of events e Core events defined in the main scenario schema loadDomain startAlgo etc e CBGP related events defined in a separate schema CBGP Info CBGPPeerDown etc The idea is that the toolbox must know in which schema the events are defined This is done thanks to the attributes of the scenario element There are four attributes xmlns xsi http www w3 org 2001 XMLSchema instance This attribute de fines a namespace called xsi In the W3C recommandation about XML namespaces we can
116. t corner of the visualization panel between the two scrollbars Note that when the domain is saved the node positions are automatically updated Clicking outside a node and dragging will select multiple nodes The graph can be zoomed with mouse wheel There are two kinds of zoom modes one won t change the size of nodes labels and links so a more detailed view will be displayed when zooming The other is proportional zoom It has to be used when graph items labels nodes links should be drawn in bigger size Proportional zoom is obtained by holding down the control key and using mouse wheel The control key is also used to move the graph inside the window to display a specific part panning Leaving the mouse on a node or link during a short period of time will result in a tooltip display showing useful information about the element under the mouse pointer see figure 9 Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 10 GUI Page 56 of 76 Figure 9 Link information You can also change the appearance of the represented graph by selecting one of the pre defined layouts from the Layout submenu from the View menu Right clicking on the graph window displays a contextual menu whose content is different 1f the click is made on a link a node or somewhere else Table 11 summarizes the actions that can be performed from contextual menus Click location Action description Node set Node UP DOWN Enable Disable the node View BGP Info see
117. tains the libraries needed to compile and execute the toolbox e src contains the source code only for source package Currently the toolbox has been tested only on linux platforms 2 1 Installation To use the toolbox you need a Java Virtual Machine J2SE 5 0 or newer If you haven t a Java Virtual machine you have to download and install it Don t forget to set the JAVA_HOME envi ronment variable to your JVM installation directory Decompress the TOTEM archive with tar xzvf totem lt version gt tar gz With the binary archive the installation is finished You can go to section 2 3 to briefly see how to use the toolbox With the source release you need to compile the toolbox as described in the next section 2 2 Compilation The source archive contains all the Java source files and you need to compile them before run ning the toolbox To compile the toolbox we need Ant release 1 6 2 or newer provided by the Apache project Ant is a Java based build tool It is kind of tool like Make If you haven t Ant installed download and install it Don t forget to set the ANT_HOME environment variable The Ant build file build xml contains the following interesting targets e build builds the TOTEM project e clean cleans the project and prepares the directory e doc generates the javadoc in doc directory http java sun com 3j2se 1 5 http ant apache org bindownload cgi Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 2 GETTING
118. tation also relies on the knowledge of the intradomain structure Indeed the BGP decision process relies at some point on the IGP weight of the interdomain paths from ingress to egress routers to perform its route selection This is often related to as the hot potato routing rule For this purpose C BGP also contains a model of the intradomain routing relying on shortest path computation The intradomain structure knowl edge is obtained from the TOTEM XML topology Finally C BGP needs to be told what must be computed through a simulation scenario See Section 9 for more information on the scenario events that are currently available in the TOTEM toolbox The C BGP algorithm is available in the toolbox through the CBGP class in the package be ac ucl ingi totem C BGP currently provides the following functionnalities within the TOTEM toolbox First when the C BGP algorithm is started see Section 9 8 5 it builds an Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 8 ALGORITHMS ALREADY PRESENT IN THE TOOLBOX Page 30 of 76 internal representation of the domain being considered from the TOTEM XML topology which was previously loaded This includes building a model of the domain s network based on the topology element The intradomain model built by C BGP currently only takes into account the nodes links and IGP weights found in the nodes and igp It does not model the multiple interfaces of one node Nor does it model multiple links between a pair of nodes
119. ters is not yet precisely defined 3 2 Example In table 7 we present an example of the very simple network of figure 1 Co 0_0 gt 1_0 C 0 1 Figure 1 An example simple topology Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 3 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A NETWORK TOPOL Page 14 of 76 OGY REPRESENTATION lt xml version 1 0 encoding UTF 8 gt lt domain ASID 1234 gt lt info gt lt title gt Test Topology lt title gt lt date gt 2005 01 31 lt date gt lt author gt RUN University of Liege lt author gt lt description gt TOTEM Project http totem info ucl ac be lt description gt lt units gt lt unit type bandwidth value kbps gt lt unit type delay value ms gt lt units gt lt info gt lt topology gt lt nodes gt lt node id 0 gt lt location latitude 5 longitude 7 gt lt interfaces gt lt interface id 0 gt lt interface gt lt interfaces gt lt node gt lt node id 1 gt lt location latitude 44 longitude 1 gt lt interfaces gt lt interface id 0 gt lt interface gt lt interfaces gt lt node gt lt nodes gt lt links gt lt link id 0_0 gt 1_0 gt lt from node 0 if 0 gt lt to node 1 if 0 gt lt bw gt 200000 lt bw gt lt delay gt 1 4 lt delay gt lt link gt lt links gt lt topology gt lt domain gt Table 7 Example of an XML domain file Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 4 A STANDARD
120. the BGP router that will receive the BGP route Second the peer attribute specifies the IP address of the peer of the router Finally the msg attribute describes the BGP route using the MRT format 12 An example is shown in Fig 4 lt CBGPPeerRecv router 10 0 0 1 peer 20 0 0 1 msg BGP4 0 A 10 0 0 1 1 30 0 1 24 20 30 IGP 20 0 0 1 0 0 gt Figure 4 Example of the XML CBGPPeerRecv element usage 9 9 6 CBGPPeerUp The CBGPPeerUp element is used to establish a previously configured BGP session between a router and one of its peers The CBGPPeerDown element requires two attributes node and peer both of type string The node attribute specifies the IP address of the router and the peer attribute specifies the IP address of the router s peer 9 9 7 CBGPRun The CBGPRun element is used to start the computation of routes This element does not require any argument This element must be used after changes such as BGP sessions state changes or after the first topology representation has been built 9 10 SAMTE Events In this section we describe the events related to SAMTE described in section 8 8 These are defined in the schema available at http totem run montefiore ulg ac be Schema SAMTE Scenario v1_0 xsd 9 10 1 generateCPL This event extends ASEventType It has five optional attributes nbPath and maxDepth which are ints verbose which is a boolean fileName which isa string and type which must be SINGLE_
121. trix will be the given traffic matrix ID If you don t specify an ID it will be generated automatically and the matrix will be set as the default traffic matrix Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 9 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A SCENARIO REPRE Page 43 of 76 SENTATION 9 4 3 removeTrafficMatrix This event extends ASTMEvent Type It has no other parameters This event removes the traffic matrix from the manager If the attribute tmI d is not provided the default traffic matrix is removed 94 4 trafficMatrixGeneration This event extends ASTMEvent Type It only accepts an unbounded number of par am elements The pa ram element is described in section 9 1 2 This event allows you to use the traffic generation capabilities of the toolbox A traffic matrix with the specified TMID will be created for the specified domain In order to make the use of this event simple all the parameters are optional and default values have been defined So you can simply type lt trafficMatrixGeneration gt to generate a traffic matrix We now list in the table 10 all the possible parameters and their possible values 9 5 Display Events 9 5 1 echo This event extends event Type It has one required attribute msg which is a string This event prints the string msg on the standard output stream 9 5 2 ECMPAnalysis This event extends ASEvent Type It accepts no attribute nor element This event prints information about existing equal cost paths o
122. ts in graphics files from the scenario XML Examples of scenario that use charts can be found in e example abilene Scenario charts1 xml e example abilene Scenario charts2 xml e example abilene Scenario SPF load chart xml The chart creation process is divided into three parts selecting the data to collect collecting the data and outputting the chart Each of these steps refers to a specific scenario event detailed hereunder nttp www jfree org jfreechart Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 9 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A SCENARIO REPRE Page 45 of 76 SENTATION 9 6 1 chartCreation This is the first event to use when willing to create a chart This event takes one mandatory attribute id which is the referring name of the chart and has only one mandatory sub event collector The latter specifies the type of data to collect before the chart can be built The attribute name refers to the name of the java class that is used to collect the data Specifics parameters can be passed to the collector via an unbounded number of param sub elements For now there are only two types of chart data collectors LinksLoadDataCollector and LinksReservedBWDataCollector The first one collects the load of each link computed via a shortest path algorithm and the second one collects the reserved bandwidth of each link The parameters that can be passed are the domain on which to collect the data via the parameter as Id and w
123. type which can be INTRA ACCESS PEERING or INTER bw which is the bandwidth of the link float technology string de la y which is the delay of the link float and sr1gs which is a list of sr 1g elements An sr 1g element is an integer the identifier of the SRLG the link belong to lt topology gt lt nodes gt lt node id routerl foo net gt lt rid gt 10 0 0 1 lt rid gt lt interfaces gt lt interface id 10 0 2 0 30 gt lt ip mask 10 0 2 0 30 gt 10 0 2 1 lt ip gt lt interface gt lt interfaces gt lt node gt lt nodes gt lt links gt lt link id 1 gt 2 gt lt from if 10 0 2 0 30 node 10 0 0 1 gt lt to if 10 0 2 0 30 node 10 0 0 2 gt lt link gt links gt LOgy gt Table 3 Example of the XML TOPOLOGY element usage 3 1 3 The mpls element The mpl1s element is composed of a list of 1sp elements at least one An lsp element is composed of the following sub elements path which is mandatory bw which is the bandwidth demand of the LSP float met ric which is the metric of the LSP a float max_rate which Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 3 A STANDARD XML FORMAT FOR A NETWORK TOPOL Page 11 of 76 OGY REPRESENTATION is the maximal bandwidth rate of the LSP a float diff serv and backup An 1sp element also has a mandatory attribute id which is the identifier of the LSP a string A path element is a list of at least one 1ink sub element which is the i
124. y Diffserv information in the static link fields following information will be added in the lt stat ic gt section of the link lt diff serv gt lt bcm gt MAM lt bcm gt lt bc id 0 gt bandwidth 2 lt bc gt lt bc id 1 gt bandwidth 2 lt bc gt lt diff serv gt Copyright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 6 DIFFSERV SUPPORT Page 21 of 76 One constraint is thus defined for each CT and their value is equal to the maximum reservable bandwidth divided by the number of CTs Dynamic information is set accordingly lt priority id 0 gt bc_id_0 lt priority gt lt priority id 1 gt bc_id_0 lt priority gt lt priority id 4 gt bc_id_1 lt priority gt lt priority id 5 gt bc_id_1 lt priority gt lt priority id 6 gt bc_id_1 lt priority gt lt priority id 7 gt bc_id_1 lt priority gt lt rbw gt Note that if you choose to specify some BC values for some links dynamic information will also be set according to the values you specified 6 2 3 Adding a reservation Suppose you want to establish an LSP of priority 1 i e a couple of CT and preemption level with reservation b You have to check for each link in the path the unreserved bandwidth for this priority level is bigger than b If it is you can add this reservation Now you may want to not specify a priority this parameter being often optional In this case the considered priority level is the least priority existing one i e least priority CT and in
125. y as the List shortest paths dialog see section 10 5 1 The only option you can choose is the algorithm to use The result list shows shortest paths of equal costs if there are more than one for all source destination pairs 10 6 Optimal routing If you want to use nearly optimal routing you can either use the MCF that uses glpsol program see section 8 9 or the OptDivideTM algorithm see section 8 5 The CPLEX algorithm is not yet integrated in the GUI see section 8 12 With the current model the MCF algorithm optimizes the maximum link utilization of the network The OptDivideTM algorithm see section 8 5 allows you to choose the objective function to optimize Both algorithms are accessible from the routing menu 10 7 Optimizing link Weight with IGP WO It is also possible to optimize link weights from the GUI thanks to IGP WO algorithm see section 8 7 To start IGP WO weight optimization you must load a domain and a traffic matrix for that domain Starting IGP WO is done via the IGP WO menu by selecting Optimize Link Weight A dialog where you can tune the algorithm parameters is displayed and filled with default values see figure 20 You may also want to select different traffic matrices to use in the computation The loaded traffic matrix ids are displayed in a listbox and you can select multiple ones by pressing and holding the control key while clicking on the matrix ids Pay attention to the fact that the calculati
126. yright 2004 2007 ULg UCL 10 GUI Page 67 of 76 What if Scenario Report amp ox Load i Link Id Initial Load Final Load Difference pomum toad z STTL DNVR 0 0 0 0 0 0 A Max Load Before scenario 8679 0 DNYR STTL 0 0 0 0 0 0 Max Load After scenario 9356 0 DNWR KSCY 0 0 0 0 0 0 z E KSCY DNVR 915 0 0 0 915 0 MeanValue KSCY IPLS 1008 0 0 0 1008 0 Mean Load Before scenario 3113 6333 IPLS KSCY 1305 0 315 0 990 0 Mean Load After scenario 3358 2334 KSCY HSTN 1398 0 518 0 880 0 HSTN KSCY 1433 0 1083 0 350 0 Standard Deviation IPLS CHIN 1433 0 1351 0 82 0 Standard Deviation Before scenario 2437 272 CHIN IPLS 1498 0 1748 0 250 0 Standard Deviation After scenario 2648 0684 Pe ATLA 1508 0 1898 0 290 0 ATLA IPLS 1776 0 2563 0 787 0 Percentile ATLAMS ATLA 2231 0 3111 0 880 0 Percentile 10 Before scenario 7858 0 arene 510 gee aoe Percentile 10 After scenario 8226 0 NYCM CHIN 3425 0 3209 0 784 0 NYCM WASH 2672 0 3518 0 846 0 WASH NYCM 2756 0 3699 0 943 0 WASH ATLA 2896 0 3784 0 888 0 ATLA WASH 3162 0 4310 0 1148 0 ATLA HSTN 3723 0 4451 0 728 0 HSTN ATLA 3914 0 4847 0 933 0 HSTN LOSA 4164 0 4869 0 705 0 LOSA HSTN 4227 0 4932 0 705 0 LOSA SNVA 5784 0 5130 0 594 0 5 Show charts Keep changes and close Figure 24 What if scenario report As already said the chart creation process i

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