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DEFNODE User`s Manual Version 2007.10.25 CONTENTS

1. S lines slip vectors 1 A 2 Longitude 3 Latitude 4 Distance along profile km 41 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 5 Azimuth 6 Azimuth sigma v lines volcanoes iV 2 Longitude 3 Latitude 4 Distance along profile km Q lines earthquakes Tro 2 Longitude 3 Latitude 4 Distance along profile km 5 Depth km L line profile label The last line contains the label for plotting Use grep L to extract it Line 1 242 5 31 8 46 40 It contains in order the Line number longitude and latitude of starting point the profile azimuth and the width of the included data MODL_grid_N vec file contains vectors at grid points in psvelo format N is the grid number MODL_grid_N info file contains grid information format 2 9 3 19 1x 10 2 2x a4 al 1 Longitude of grid point 2 Latitude of grid point 3 East velocity total 4 North velocity total 5 East velocity sigma 6 7 8 9 North velocity sigma component of block rotation componen of block rotation mE zZ e component velocity sigma oo ERSE 10 N component velocity sigma 11 NE correlation of block velocity 12 E component of block strain 13 N component of block strain 14 E component of block strain sigma 15 N component of block strain sigma 16 E component of fault locking strain 17 N comp
2. To remove all GPS sites form a particular block put a b in 3rd column RMb NoAm Paci where NoAm and Paci are block names RO rotation rate data RO filename F 31 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 Rotation rate data file F weight factor F is multiplied by all sigmas Format of data file Long Lat Rot_Rate Sigma Identifier Rates in deg Ma clockwise is negative Identifier is 40 char ro data rot dat 3 Alternative is to put all on one line use d in 3rd column rod Long Lat Rot_Rate Sigma Identifier rod 243 2 25 3 0 7 0 3 So_and_so paleomag RS reference site for GPS vectors RS N SITE GPS vector field N is relative to site SITE The calculated vector at SITE is subtracted from all others in field N SA simulated annealing inversion controls SA T I Al A2 Run simulated annealing and sets controls e T temperature set to 0 for downhill simplex e I number of iterations e Al A2 min and max allowed values for node phi values 0 and 1 for interseismic sa 100 250 0 1 Without the GS or SA line the program will do forward model only if for flag is set and will make plot files only if for flag set SI strain rate tensors to adjust SI NNN List the strain rate tensors to adjust in the inversion siz 2 5 adjust tensors 2 and 5 in the inversion keep all others fixed Note that this does not necessarily mean blocks 2 and 5 since tensors 2 and 5 may be assigned to
3. 49 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 seismological data Geophysical Journal International doi 10 1111 1365 246X 2006 03183 x PDF Socquet A C Vigny N Chamot Rooke W Simons C Rangin and B Ambrosius 2006 India and Sunda plates motion and deformation along their boundary in Myanmar determined by GPS J Geophys Res 111 B05406 doi 10 1029 2005JB003877 Galgana G M Hamburger R McCaffrey E Corpuz and Q Chen 2007 Crustal deformation in Luzon Island Philippines using terrain models geodetic observations and focal mechanisms Tectonophysics 432 63 87 PDF McCaffrey R A I Qamar R W King R Wells G Khazaradze C A Williams C W Stevens J J Vollick and P C Zwick 2007 Fault locking Block Rotation and Crustal Deformation in the Pacific Northwest Geophysical Journal International doi 10 1111 j 1365 246X 2007 03371 x PDF Velocity field Supplement Plattner C R Malservisi T H Dixon P LaFemina G F Sella J Fletcher and F Suarez Vidal 2007 New constraints on relative motion between the Pacific Plate and Baja California microplate Mexico from GPS measurements Geophys J Int doi 10 1111 1365 246X 2007 03494 Theses Prawirodirdjo L M 2000 PhD UCSD A Geodetic Study of Sumatra and the Indonesian Region Kinematics and Crustal Deformation from GPS and Triangulation Wallace L M 2002 PhD UCSC Tectonics and arc continent collision in Papua
4. After the site_name each line contains the GPS velocity field name the block name and the pole number each 4 characters for example 245 5190 62 4810 0 73 0 12 0 17 0 17 0 0000 YELL_GPS ITRF NoAm P005 37 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 where YELL_GPS is the site name ITRF is the velocity field name NoAm is the block name and P005 is the rotation pole i e the pole this vector constrains is 5 in the solution MODL_fslip out relative velocities between blocks at requested points from FS option In psvelo Se format The site_name field has the block pairs and this is followed by the total velocity and its uncertainty format 2f10 4 4f8 1 9 4 1x a9 28 1 Items 1 Longitude Latitude East_velocity North_velocity East_sigma North_sigma NE_correlation Block pairs 9 characters Total velocity 0 Total velocity sigma FPO WMODTNADA BW DH 241 0000 35 5000 11 8 7 6 0 3 0 2 0 0727 SNEV_NOAM 14 1 0 2 MODL_mid vec fault information at mid points between each pair of nodes along faults format 2 8 3 4 7 1 7 3 1x al0 2 1x a4 i4 4 6 1 2 7 3 6 6 1 Items 1 Longitude 2 Latitude 3 East_velocity 4 North_velocity 5 East_sigma 6 8 9 North_sigma NE_correlation Fault name Hangingwall block Footwall block Fault number Total velocity Total velocity sigma Velocity azimuth Velocity azimuth sigma Phi value Phi value sigma Vel
5. F scaling factor F multiplied by all sigmas Azimuth azimuth of rate measurement ship track direction for example If Azimuth 0 the total slip rate is used e Smin minimum sigma allowed e Label label 40 chars no blanks or put in quotes e Type 33 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 o if Type 0 V1 mean rate V2 rate sigma treat as Gaussian data o if Type 1 V1 mean rate V2 rate sigma treat as Uniform min max data min V1 V2 max V1 V2 sigma V2 o if Type 2 V1 min rate V2 max rate treat as Uniform min max data sigma V2 V1 4 o if Type 3 V1 min rate V2 max rate treat as Gaussian data mean V1 V2 2 sigma V2 V1 4 assumes min max range is 2 sigma sr saf_rate dat NOAM PACI 1 0 0 where saf_rate dat looks like 242 2 33 3 25 4 3 4 320 or srf saf_rate dat 1 0 0 where saf_rate dat looks like be NOAM PACI 242 2 33 3 25 4 3 4 320 For Gaussian fitting the penalty is the residual sigma 2 where the residual is the difference between the calculated value and the mean observed value For the uniform fitting the residual is how far the calculated value falls outside the min max range of the observed value and the penalty is the residual sigma 2 SS strain rate data SS filename F Horizontal surface strain rate data file F scaling factor F multiplied by all sigmas ss strains dat 2 Format of data file strain rates in nanostrain
6. the NV input line For example if the node has index 5 assigned it is assigned the phi that is fifth in the NV list for this fault In the example below the first 3 nodes of fault 1 have slip ratio phi values of 0 1 the next 3 have phi values of 0 2 the next 3 nodes have phi 0 3 and the last 3 are zero The nx line fixes the last 3 nodes at phi 0 in the inversion 25 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 nn 1 12 A 1 2 nv 2333 444 0 nx 1 4 b a N WN For multiple faults the index numbering starts with 1 for each fault mn 1 1211222333 444 nv so JO j p N nn 2 112233 nv 2 3 6 9 An alternative more intuitive input format is available by using NNg In this case the node indices are entered in a grid mimicking their spatial relation on the fault N 5 g oOonunuwrz oOnunuwre OURAN U URANA 0 0 The first argument after the NNg is the fault number then the number of nodes along strike then number of nodes downdip The node indices are then listed in a grid fashion The example above is equivalent to the single line NN form ni 9 2b 22 33 44 5 5 5 5 amp 5 5 5S 0000 NV NO node phi values NV F V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 Node slip ratio values or coseismic slip amounts mm F fault number V Slip ratio phi or slip mm values for node indices For example any node that is assigned a 1 in the NN line will be assigned phi V1 This line should contain the number o
7. train rate in principle axis of residual strain 1989 pp 502 503 2 8 3 6f8 1 39 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 7 Node Longitude 8 Node Latitude 9 Node depth DAIAADOBPWNEF CO 20 Alo Eas North compo Node phi Node phi uncertainty Fault East Fault North Fault East S slip rate mm yr lip rate mm yr 21 Across stri it in km 22 Downdip dis 23 Faul 24 Fault dip a 25 Moment rat MODL_pNN out NN profile number contain calculated and observed values along profile lines In columns HO lt SJUCHQAQA Hh O 5 C lines G Ve Ve Ve Leou 0U RAUN O a O G a e o Fault North s Fault slip rate NE correlation t component of slip deficit rate mm yr nent of slip deficit rate mm yr 9 Azimuth of slip at node ng strike distance of node Ke e slip rate sigma mm yr Lip rate sigma mm yr from first node horizontal distance of node from surface node updip from tance of node from surface node updip from it Lt strike at node t node associated with this node in N m column is a letter calculated values gps observed observed observed observed observed volcano earthquak label Longitude Latitude Distance ra Azimu Til ra ra ra til lt rate up lift slip vector azimuth slip rate e X Y Z calculated values alo
8. 120 38 3273 The 10th X node and Sth Z node of fault 2 will be at long 120 3 lat 32 3 GD Green s function directory step sizes and parameters GD Directory X_step W_step Flag dx_node x_near x_far Generate Green s functions GFs are calculated for all faults as needed e Directory is for Green s functions files Default is gfs Directory name must be 3 characters no spaces e X_step W_step are sizes of patches along fault surfaces for integration between nodes for GFs only X_step length of fault patch in km along strike default 10 km W_step length of fault patch in km downdip default 5 km The X W interpolation values specified here can be different from those in the IN option e Flag 0 generate GFs as needed 1 force new GFs for all faults e dx_node tolerance in km of new node position that triggers calculation of new Green s functions default 1 km e X_near proximity in km of sites that use same Green s functions default 1 km e x_far don t generate GFs for sites farther than x_far in km from any node default 1500 km gd gfl 2 1 O 1 1 1000 will place GFs in directory gf1 Step size for GF integration is 2 km along strike 1 km downdip Before generating a new GF the program checks whether or not the current GF is up to date by looking at the node position surrounding node positions the interpolation distances if the new ones are greater than or equal to the stored ones new GF is not
9. 22 Sigma of principle axis of strain rate in bl ional principle axis of s 23 Azimuth of 24 Sigma of azimuth of mos block 25 Principle axis of residual strain rate in bl contractional 26 Sigma of principle axis of residual strain rate 27 Principle axis of residual strain rate in bl contractional 28 Sigma of principle axis of residual strain rate 29 Azimuth of block 30 Sigma of azimuth of most contractional rate in block most contrac nanoradians a most contractional nanostrai nanostrai train rate in block contractional principle axis of s nanostrai nanostrai residual s most contractional principle 31 Rotation rate of GPS residuals in block 32 Sigma of rotation rate of GPS residuals 33 Number of GPS observations in block 34 Not used 35 Not used 36 Angular distance from block centroid to 37 Normalized RMS of GPS in block 38 Weighted RMS of GPS in block 39 Probability that GPS is satisfied Q of MODL nod Summary of node information format al0 313 2 1x a4 1x 3f9 3 210 lpel10 3 Item 1 Fault name Hanging wall Foot wall bl Now WN 10 char Fault number Node X index Node Z index L block name lock name nanoradians a nanoradians a block pole Press et al n a n a train rate in n a most nanostrain a n a least nanostrain a
10. 425 478 e McCaffrey R M D Long C Goldfinger P Zwick J Nabelek and C Smith 2000 Rotation and plate locking at the southern Cascadia subduction zone Geophysical Research Letters 27 3117 3120 PDF e McCaffrey R 2002 Crustal block rotations and plate coupling in Plate Boundary Zones Geodynamics Series 30 S Stein and J Freymueller editors 101 122 AGU PDF e McCaffrey R 2005 Block kinematics of the Pacific North America plate boundary in the southwestern US from inversion of GPS seismological and geologic data Journal of Geophysical Research 110 BO7401 doi 10 1029 2004JB003307 2005 e McCaffrey R A I Qamar R W King R Wells Z Ning C A Williams C W Stevens J J Vollick and P C Zwick 2007 Plate locking block rotation and crustal deformation in the Pacific Northwest Geophysical Journal International doi 10 1111 1365 246X 2007 03371 x e Okada Y 1985 Surface deformation to shear and tensile faults in a half space Bull Seismol Soc Am 75 1135 1154 e Okada Y 1992 Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half space Bull Seismol Soc Am 82 1018 1040 e Press W H B P Flannery S A Teukolsky and W T Vetterling 1989 Numerical Recipes Cambridge Univ Press Cambridge 48 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 Savage J C W Gan and J L Svarc 2001 Strain accumlation and rotation in the Eastern California Sh
11. End of control file no arguments anything in the file after this line is ignored EQ equate two nodes EQ F1 X1 Z1 F2 X2 Z2 Make two nodes on different faults have same value of phi in the inversion F X and Z are the indices for the nodes eq 142212 forces the node of the first fault which is fourth along strike and second downdip to have the same phi as the second fault s first node along strike and second downdip KS 2D Gaussian slip source ES Flt Srce Long Lat X dim W dim Amp Describe a 2 dimensional Gaussian slip distribution on the fault e Filt fault number e Src source number for this fault e Long lat longitude and latitude of center of source in degrees e X dim W dim source dimensions along strike and down dip in kms e Amp peak slip amplitude of source in mm es 1 1 167 0 45 2 40 30 500 The source is described in fault plane coordinates x along strike and w downdip This option is currently is still in development so use with caution and keep an eye on the results FA fault information 13 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 FA Fault_Name Fault_Number multiline data section Fault_Name fault name up to 10 characters no spaces Fault_Number fault number The fault number has to be unique for each fault but not necessarily sequential in the file Nodes are placed along contours of the fault and numbered along strike starting at the surface Stri
12. NF is officially now NN but NF still works NO is officially now NV but NO still works No more WARNING file all warnings are output to screen GF options now incorporated into GD but GF still works e Version 2007 10 25 O Oo oO 0 0 Included files now have h extension New options EI ES RC RF SN Changes made to options FA GD GR GS NI PO RM For FA see Changing fault dip azimuth the format has changed For RM add a b i e RMb if you are removing sites from an entire block DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 COMPILATION The program can be compiled with various fortran compilers Lately I have been using gfortran in Fedora Linux to compile Other compilers may be fussy and give errors or warnings Let me know and I can try to fix them Files needed source code defnode f include files defconst h defcomml h defcomm2 h deffiles h defedc h defedp h Smithsonian volcanoes file optional see code for format votw gmt Engdahl et al earthquakes file optional see code for format ehb gmt Download defnode zip file Includes an example data and control file from Costa Rica Before compiling do the following 1 Set array dimensions within defcomm1 h The dimensions are set in a PARAMETER statement and all start with MAX_ Be sure to keep the structure of the PARAMETER statement intact Exceeding array dimensions is not always checked exp
13. case grep C MODL_p19 out awk print 2 3 I psxy W4 0 200 200t5_5 5 dots at all node positions awk print 7 8 MODL nod Ipsxy Sc 11 dots at surface node positions awk if 4 1 print 7 8 MODL nod Ipsxy Sc 1i label node with fault number at surface only awk if 4 1 print 7 8 7 0 0 CM 2 MODL nod Ipstext label blocks with names W255 255 255 results in whiting out beneath label awk print 2 3 8 0 0 CM 1 MODL_blocks out pstext W255 255 255 47 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 plot pole positions dot and error ellipses awk print 4 5 MODL_blocks out psxy Sc0 1i awk print 4 5 8 9 111 2 10 111 2 MODL_blocks out psxy SE plot fault slip vectors halfway between fault nodes awk print 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 MODL_mid vec psvelo Se principle axes for block strain rates awk print 2 3 21 19 23 MODL_blocks out psvelo Sx0 1 SAMPLE INPUT See the file cr dfn for an example of the control file Acknowledgments Thanks to C Williams Y Okada S Roecker and C DeMets for supplying various subroutines And to L Wallace and L Prawirodirdjo for testing the program Program development was supported by NSF and USGS NEHRP grants CITATIONS e DeMets C R G Gordon D F Argus and S Stein 1990 Current plate motions Geophys J Int 101
14. depth kms 8 mean locking depth for 1D Gaussian phi z kms 9 spread of locking depth for 1D Gaussian phi z kms 10 Longitude for 2D Gaussian phi x z degrees 11 Latitude for 2D Gaussian phi x z degrees 12 Along strike spread for 2D Gaussian phi x z kms 13 Downdip spread for 2D Gaussian phi x z kms 14 not used Set the minimum locking depth to be between 0 and 5 kilometers pm 6 0 5 PN node depth profile indices PN F IIIII F fault number I node depth profile indices 28 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 The nodes on faults can be parameterized as specified functions of depth In this mode each node depth profile starts at the surface node and goes downdip along the fault each node in the node depth profile therefore has the same x index A fault has the number of node depth profiles equal to its number of surface points The phi values in a node depth profile follow a specified function of depth see FT option The node depth profile parameters are controlled by the PN PV and PX options much like the NN NV and NX options control the individual node parameters PN 1 112234 4 In this example fault 1 has 7 node depth profiles along strike The first 2 will have the same parameters the 3rd and 4th will have equal parameters and so on Example below is a boxcar function of depth for fault 1 The first 3 of the 6 node depth profiles have same parameters and second
15. file name ONAN BWN MODLssrs fits to fault slip rates format 2f9 3 Sf6 1 F122 1x al Ix 2tisx a4 286 1 Isc asn Use a25 Vk a30 Items 1 Longitude Latitude Observed slip rate mean or minimum Observed slip rate zero or maximim Sigma Calculated Residual Residual divided by sigma OYNAHNDO BW DN 43 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 9 M or S M indicates min max was fit S indicates mean sigma was fit Block 1 Block 2 Azimuth of slip rate measurement Total rate at that point not corrected for azimuth Input file number Data label input file name NOP WNE Tf item 9 is M then 3 is the minimum slip rate 4 is the maximum slip rate and 5 is the assigned uncertainty for the inversion one quarter the min max range The residual is zero if the calculated slip rate 6 falls between the min and max observed If the calculated is outside the observed range the residual is how far it falls outside the range Tf item 9 is S then 3 is the mean slip rate 4 is not used and 5 is the assigned uncertainty in the slip rate MODL poles rotation poles This file lists all the relative rotation poles as lat lon omega and as Cartesian vectors with uncertainties format 213 1x a4 3f 10 4 6f10 4 1 File number 2 No pole number 3 Name Block GPS file name 4 Wx x component of angular velocity deg Myr 5 W
16. not documented every option However I use it extensively for my own research as is I am happy to hear about tests you perform and will try to fix any bugs you discover REQUEST Please do not make changes to the code and re disribute it I am happy to help with any improvements or changes DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 The program can solve for e interseismic plate locking or coseismic slip distribution on faults e block plate angular velocities e uniform strain rates within blocks and e rotation of GPS velocity solutions relative to reference frame Data to constrain the models include e GPS vectors e surface uplifts e earthquake slip vectors e spreading rates e rotation rates e fault slip rates e transform azimuths e surface strain rates and e surface tilt rates Output files comprise text files suitable for plotting with GMT Wessel and Smith 1991 Prior users changes The program is largely backwards compatible all earlier commands should work except as noted here e Version 2006 08 28 Oo 0 Oo oO 6 oO GP line requires a pole index number specifying which pole to use in rotating the velocity field PG line needs a c ie PGc if specifying a Cartesian angular velocity ST line strain rates are now in nanostrain year instead of microstrain yr The pol output file is now called poles and does not have strain tensors in it they are in the strain file
17. other blocks Strain rate tensors are calculated for a spherical Earth using the formulas in Savage et al 2001 32 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 SK skip input SKip Skip over following input lines until CO continue line is found Allows skipping many lines of input data SM along strike smoothing of fault coupling SM Fault_number smoothing_factor Smoothing factor sets the maximum allowed along strike variation in phi The smoothing_factor given is the maximum allowable change in phi over one degree 111 km of distance along strike Not applied if this value is zero sm 5 0 4 SN snap polygon points together SN tolerance_in_km Force points along adjacent block polygons to have the same values to remove small gaps and overlaps If the points are within tolerance_in_km of each other in distance they are both assigned a value equal to their average sniz 25 20 SR fault slip rate data Three input options are available e From a file with blocks specified in control file sr filename BLK1 BLK2 F Smin Type format of file Long Lat V1 V2 Azimuth e From file with blocks specified in file srf filename F Smin Type format of file BLK1 BLK2 Long Lat V1 V2 Azimuth Label e Read as line directly from control file srd BLK1 BLK2 Long Lat V1 V2 Azimuth Smin Type Label where filename slip rate or spreading rate data file Slip rates in mm yr are between Block BLK1 and block BLK2
18. set of 3 have same parameters The PV option gives the initial parameter values for the indices Node depth profiles 1 to 3 are assigned index 1 in the PN statement and node depth profiles 4 6 have index 2 Index has parameters of 0 5 10 and 30 so these are assigned to node depth profiles 1 to 3 In the inversion node depth profiles 1 to 3 will always have the same parameters since they are assigned the same index ETE a3 PN 1 111 222 PV 1 2 lt 5 8 10 10 30 25 PO angular velocities poles for blocks po N Lat Lon Omega or poc N Wx Wy Wz covariance ellipse or pob Block_name Wx Wy Wz covariance ellipse or pof N Wx Wy Wz covariance ellipse Poles of rotation N pole number then lat lon and omega deg Ma of pole po 1 000 use for reference frame block po 2 10 145 37 po 3 45 245 1 3 3rd char c for Cartesian pole specification f to overwrite parameter file value Cartesian only b to use block name to specify pole Cartesian only Cartesian enter Wx Wy Wz in degrees Ma then Sx Sy Sz standard errors in deg Ma then Sxy Sxz Syz the unitless covariances poc 5 1 2 0 4 1 1 0 12 0 23 0 12 0 001 0 002 0 112 29 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 pob Paci 1 2 0 4 1 1 0 12 0 23 0 12 0 001 0 002 0 112 If you re using the PF option parameter file use POf to fix a pole at a specified value in the inversion use Cartesian angular velocity representation and r
19. 4 Subduction Zone Coupling and Tectonic Block Rotations in the North Island New Zealand Journal of Geophysical Research 109 B12406 doi 10 1029 2004JB003241 PDF McCaffrey R 2005 Block kinematics of the Pacific North America plate boundary in the southwestern US from inversion of GPS seismological and geologic data Journal of Geophysical Research 110 B07401 doi 10 1029 2004JB003307 PDF and Supplemental data Wallace L M R McCaffrey J Beavan and S Ellis 2005 Rapid microplate rotations and backarc rifting at the transition between collision and subduction Geology 33 857 860 PDF Vigny C et al 2005 Insight into the 2004 Sumatra Andaman earthquake from GPS measurements in southeast Asia Nature 436 201 206 Subarya C M Chlieh L Prawirodirdjo J P Avouac Y Bock K Sieh A J Meltzner D H Natawidjaja and R McCaffrey 2006 Plate boundary deformation of the great Aceh Andaman earthquake Nature 440 p 46 51 doil0 1038 PDF Socquet A W Simons C Vigny R McCaffrey C Subarya D Sarsito B Ambrosius W Spakman 2006 Micro block rotations and fault coupling in SE Asia triple junction Sulawesi Indonesia from GPS and Earthquake Slip Vector data Journal of Geophysical Research 111 B08409 doi 10 1029 2005JB003963 Wallace L M J Beavan R McCaffrey K Berryman and P Denys 2006 Balancing the plate motion budget in the South Island New Zealand using GPS geological and
20. 5 NVg 2 6 3 16 1 0 1 01 01 0 1 0 1 0 17 0 7 0 7 0 6 0 6 0 5 0 5 1B O43 O43 023 0 3 0 3 0 3 19 20 or 2 3 NV 2 120 140 120 120 T20 1 0 O27 0 7 046 0 6 0 5 045 043 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 03 22 23 to force the phi values to decrease downdip use either 24 FT 21 25 or to apply to all faults 26 FLag ddc 19 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 2h 28 to fix the 6 surface nodes at phi 1 use 29 NX 2 123456 30 31 or more easily make all the surface nodes have the same index and fix that one index 32 33 NNg 2 6 3 34 de ie A kes Ca 35 2 Bo AL 2D 6 OF 36 8 9 LO ET ok 2 13 37 NV 2 P30 0 67 OnT Oeo 026 065 055 O13 083 0 3 0 23 03 O23 38 NX 2 1 39 Full coupling from surface to depth Z2 no coupling below Zp let Z vary along strike red curve above Use boxcar option fix A 1 fix Z 0 solve for Z2 40 set fault 1 to type 3 boxcar 41 FT 13 42 43 gt fault has 6 nodes along strike they will all be different 44 PN 1 123 45 6 45 46 fix the first and second parameters A and Z1 47 PX 1 12 48 49 A 1 and Z1 0 for all profiles Z2 is variable and will be adjusted 50 PV 1 6 S15 a de ob a 52 o 0 0 0 0 53 30 35 40 30 35 40 54 55 Full coupling from surface to depth Z linear decrease to depth Z and no coupling below Z2 Fix Z at 10 km let Z vary along strike blue curve abov
21. DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 Author Rob McCaffrey Email mecafr rpi edu or R McCaffrey gns cri nz Last webpage update Oct 25 2007 CONTENTS BACKGROUND CONTROL FILE OUTPUT FILES PLOTTING WITH GMT SAMPLE INPUT CITATIONS BACKGROUND Version dates 08 12 1995 03 22 1996 10 26 1996 09 28 1999 12 09 1999 01 13 2000 12 27 2000 10 19 2001 06 27 2002 07 16 2002 08 16 2002 11 01 2002 05 01 2003 06 05 2003 10 28 2003 12 31 2003 02 17 2004 06 22 2004 01 07 2005 08 05 2005 10 13 2005 01 12 2006 08 28 2006 10 25 2007 CA SSS Link to Papers using DEFNODE listed after citations DEFNODE is a Fortran program to model elastic lithospheric block rotations and strains and locking or coseismic slip on block bounding faults Block motions are specified by spherical Earth angular velocities Euler rotation poles and interseismic backslip is applied along faults that separate blocks based on the routines of Okada 1985 1992 The faults are specified by lon lat depth coordinates of nodes forming an irregular grid of points along the fault planes The parameters are estimated by simulated annealing or grid search DISCLAIMER I make no guarantees whatsoever that this program will do what you want it to do or what you think it is doing It has more than 20 000 lines of code and I guarantee some bugs are there I have not tested every option thoroughly and have
22. New Guinea Insights from geodetic geophysical and geologic data Galgana G 2005 Master s Indiana University Kinematics of an active plate boundary zone insights on the tectonics of Luzon Philippines using terrain models focal mechanisms and GPS observations 50
23. YWORD MUST START IN THE FIRST COLUMN OR THE LINE IS IGNORED Case does not matter The data section of the input line goes from the colon to the end of the line and its contents depend on the keyword In a few cases the data section comprises multiple lines i e always BL and FA and sometimes others For example the key characters for a fault are FA and this has two arguments the fault name and the fault number so the following lines are correct fa JavaTrench 1 fault JT 1 Fault Java trench JavaTr 1 FA JT 1 but thrust fault 1 fault JT 1 Fault 1 JavaTrench are not valid Some notes on input lines e Lines without the key characters in the first 2 columns are ignored unless they are part of a multiline data section e Input lines can be commented out by putting any other character in the first column or or a space for examples e Multiline data sections can be skipped by commenting out the keyword line only e Contiguous lines of input can be skipped by bracketing them within the SK skip and CO continue options e Itis advisable and good practice to start comment lines with a space or some other character outside the range A Z the program has many undocumented options and you may trigger one by accident Multiple lines can exist in the control file for a particular input the program uses the last occurrence it finds For example if the following pole specification lines ar
24. ain rate tensors SRT for the blocks are input in a similar way as the rotation poles Each SRT is assigned an index integer and blocks are assigned a SRT index As with poles more than one block can be assigned to a single SRT Velocities are estimated from the SRT using the block s centroid as origin default or a user assigned origin if multiple blocks use the same SRT assign an origin for this SRT see ST option Faults and blocks Faults along which backslip is applied are specified and must coincide point for point at the surface with block boundary polygons However not all sections of block boundaries have to be specified as a fault If the boundary is not specified as a fault it is treated as free slipping and will not produce any elastic strain ie there will be a step in velocity across the boundary By specifying no faults you can solve for the block rotations alone Fault nodes Fault surfaces are specified in 3 dimensions by nodes which are given by their longitude and latitude in degrees and depth in km positive down Nodes are placed along depth contours of the faults and each depth contour has the same number of nodes Nodes are numbered in order first along strike then down dip The figure below shows the numbering system for the nodes Strike is the direction faced if the fault dips off to your right Faults cannot be exactly vertical 90 dip as the hangingwall and footwall blocks must be defined The fault geometry
25. alculated These centroids are used when solving for strain rates in block and are output to files for labels in maps e Don t close the block by making first and last points the same the program does this for you e To avoid counting corners of the block use 9999 for the number of corners and 9999 9999 for the last corner For example bl NOAM 1 1 9999 50 50 135 55 130 44 100 44 260 55 9999 9999 BP specify pole strain tensor for block BP NAME N M Block NAME uses pole of rotation N and strain rate tensor M This overrides the assignments given in BL option Set to 0 if no pole or strain tensor is used bp NoAm 1 0 bp JdFa 2 0 bp EOre 3 1 CF connect faults CF Fl F2 Connect 2 faults at their intersection Where fault F1 and fault F2 intersect at the surface force deeper nodes to also intersect by moving nodes at same depth from both faults to the average position of the two nodes Both faults must have their nodes at the same depths for this to work City g F CL clear data Remove data controls read in thus far 11 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 e gps for GPS vectors e sys for slip vectors e srs for fault slip rates e sss for surface strain rates e srs for fault slip rates e ups for uplift rates e tlt for tilt rates e rot for rotation rates e nrm turn off all RM lines e hcs turn off all hard constraints cl gps svs Up to 8 p
26. anging hangingwall block along strike which the program determines the hanging wall block you specify does not have to be correct but the footwall block must be correct and unique for this fault e Fault dip cannot be 90 or greater Hangingwall and footwall must be unambiguous e Either a profile grid or input data are required to tell the program where to calculate surface velocities e Exceeding array dimensions is not always checked explicitly and can cause strange behavior e It is sometimes advisable to put character strings in quotes filenames for example if the program has trouble reading the file e The program tries to catch simple mistakes and produces warnings output to the screen e To stop iterating create a file called stop MODLstop or stopMODL in the working directory MODL is the model name given by the MO option DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 CONTROL FILE The program reads the model and all controls from an ASCII file Some data can be in the control file The control file format is described here Lines in the control file comprise a keyword section and a data section The keyword section starts with a 2 character keyword in the first 2 columns and ends with a colon Normally only the first 2 characters of the keyword are used so in general any characters between the 3rd character and the are ignored Sometimes the third character specifies a format as outlined below THE KE
27. at depth can be built either by specifying all the node coordinates individually or by using the DD and ZD options DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 Surface expression of fault Indexing of nodes on the fault surface The coupling fractions ratio of locked to total slip called phi or slip amplitude for coseismic applications are either specified or estimated at the nodes The slip deficit rate vector is phi is multiplied by the slip vector V at the node where V is estimated from the angular velocities The slip rate deficit gives rise to the elastic deformation around the fault For coseismic phi is the fault slip amplitude and the unit vector V gives the slip direction The elastic deformation is calculated by integrating over small patches quadrilaterals in the regions between the nodes The Okada method is used to calculate surface velocities while applying backslip at a rate of V Phi or V Phi for coseismic on each of these little patches Because the Okada formulas used are for rectangular patches the sizes of the interpolated patches should be kept small less than a few kilometers As the patches get smaller their deviations from rectangles matters less the point source approximation The distribution of slip on the fault can be parameterized in several ways see FT option for details The nodes can be treated as independent parameters or can be grouped such that multiple nodes have the same phi value The
28. cted GPS sites within Radius in km from point at Lon Lat re 143 2 43 4 20 0 RE reference frame RE Block_name Block Block_name is reference frame for vectors If GPS vectors are not in this reference frame use the GI option to find the rotation to put them in the reference frame reference block NOAM You can set the reference frame to something other than a block eg NNR or ITRF by making a fictitious block and setting it to be the reference frame RF output vectors in new reference frame RF Wx Wy Wz Wx Wy Wz gives angular velocity of rotation to apply The velocities from this pole are subtracted from the model velocities Output velocities in this new reference frame will be in MODL_newf obs observed velocities and MODL_newf vec calculated velocities RM remove selected GPS vectors RM GPS_name sitel site2 site3 or RMb Blk1 Blk2 B1k3 or RM8 sit2_GPS sit3_GPS remove selected GPS sites rm SCEC GOLD SPN1 AREQ rm PNW1 HOB1 YBHB rm FAIR rmb NoAm Paci The first entry is the 4 char name of the velocity solution defined in GP option The site names that follow will be removed if they are in that velocity solution Use to remove the sites from ALL solutions for example above FAIR will be removed from all solutions Up to 50 entries per line multiple lines allowed up to MAX_rm To specify 8 character GPS site names put an 8 in 3rd column RM8 SCEC GOLD_GPS site_EDM
29. de to list points directly in the input file For example fsp NOAM PACI 241 40 8 fsp NOAM PACI 241 39 8 FT fault node parameterization type ft Fault Type Parameterization of slip distributions on faults can be done in a number of ways These fall into 3 classes independent node values node depth profiles with a 1 D distribution and 2D distributions In the independent node methods Types 0 and 1 the node values can be independent in both strike and depth In the node depth profile mode Types 2 3 and 4 slip at the nodes are prescribed functions of depth In the 2D distribution Type 6 node slip values are a prescribed Gaussian function of strike and depth Types of parameterization for the fault nodes Type 0 independent nodes each node can be a free parameter or nodes can be grouped 1 independent nodes phi decreasing down dip equivalent to type 0 flag ddc each node can be a free parameter 17 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 constraint is phi zt l lt phi z 2 modified Wang et al 2003 function for phi z free parameters G Zi Z2 Z2 gt Z1 G G 0 0 lt G lt 10 0 G 20 0 G 10 0 lt G lt 20 0 phi z 1 0 z lt 21 phi z exp z G exp 1 0 G 1 0 exp 1 0 G for Z1 lt z lt Z2 where z Z Z1 Z22 21 phi z 0 0 z gt Z2 G shape parameter Z1 top of transition zone Z2 bottom of transit
30. des the fault will dip at 88 to 6 km depth and at 89 to 14km depth The general format is zd Z Dipl N1 Dip2 N2 Dip3 N3 where Z is the depth km Dip1 is the dip angle from the depth above to Z N1 is the number of nodes along strike with this dip N2 is the number of nodes along strike with dip angle of Dip2 and so on The dip angles specified are always for the depth increment above the depth of Z Make sure the sum of the N s equals the number of nodes in the along strike direction FF add or remove selected faults List the faults by number negative to remove fault from inversion positive to include in inversion Default is all faults included in inversion fis 5 47 FL set flags FL ddc cov cos The flags turn ya option on the flag turns it off Default values are listed in parentheses cos cos do coseismic inversion NO cov cov calculate parameter uncertainties YES cr2 cr2 use CRUST2 rigidities for calculating moments NO tddc ddc force node phi values to decrease downdip on all faults NO tdgt dgt calculate residual strains and rotations at end NO t eqk qk read earthquake file s and put in profile files NO for for do forward model at end of run YES gcv gcv use GPS NE covariances is estimating chi 2 YES 16 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 inf inf write MODL_info out file details of individual faul
31. distribution of slip can also be set to one of a few specified functions of depth exponential boxcar or Gaussian along depth profiles called z profiles In this case the parameters for the function can be varied along strike on the z profiles This version allows 2D Gaussian distributions of slip on the fault surface that may be suitable for earthquakes or slow slip events Green s functions If you are performing an inversion the program uses unit response Green s functions GFs for the elastic deformation part of the problem since the inversion method downhill simplex has to calculate numerous forward models The GFs are put in a directory called gfs or a user specified directory using GD option and the files are named with the form gf001001001g gf001002001g etc First 3 digits are fault number next 3 are the along strike X node index the next 3 are the downdip Z node index the final letter is the data type g GPS u Uplift t Tilts s strain rates Once you have calculated GFs for a particular set of faults you DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 can use these in inversions without recalculating them see option GD The GFs are based on the node geometry GPS data uplift data strain tensor data and tilt rate data so if you change the node positions or ADD data you need to re calculate GFs If you REMOVE data you do not need to recalculate GFs You can add or subtract slip azimuths slip rate and rotat
32. e Use Wang option fix A 10 fix Z 10 solve for Z2 56 set fault 1 to type 2 Wang STe ET i 2 58 59 fault has 6 nodes along strike they will all be different 60 PN 1 123 45 6 61 62 fix the first and second parameters A and Z1 63 s Px dy SR 2 64 65 A 10 and Z1 10 for all profiles Z2 is variable and will be adjusted 66 PV 1 6 67 10 10 10 10 10 10 68 10 10 10 10 10 10 69 30 35 40 30 35 40 70 71 Full coupling from surface to depth Z exponential decrease Wang to depth Z and no coupling below Z2 Let Z let Z2 and A be adjusted and vary along strike green curve above 72 set fault 1 to type 2 Wang 713 FETs 2 2 20 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 74 75 fault has 6 nodes along strike first 2 are the same rest are different 76 PN 1 112345 TT 78 no PX line as all parameters are fr 79 80 Starting A 10 Z1 5 Z2 30 and all will be adjusted 81 second argument of PV line is now 5 as there are now only 5 unique sets of 82 parameters per the PN line 83 PV 15 84 10 10 10 10 10 85 5 5 5 5 5 86 30 30 30 30 30 FX fix node position fx Fault Node X index Node Z index Longitude Latitude Force node given by Fault Node X index Node Z index to be at Longitude and Latitude Overrides all other position specifications ie implemented after FA and MV lines fx 2 10 gt 5
33. e in the control file DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 pol pol er 22 0 40 2 ep T 19 33 64 the values 19 33 1 will be assigned to pole 1 An exception to this rule pertains to data files that are all used The order of the statements in the control file should not matter since the program reads it in 3 times the first time getting the blocks then the faults then the rest The control file can contain lines after the end of input EN statement and these are ignored Summary of key characters BL BP CF ZH W o a e Z uv O mj mj AY Ay ry HUF PHNP oe oe OO ee FX spe D HOEAAAANA DA FU Zan iA K 1 SEER QUyYAxXSa AHO BAG UZZZZ W u tg g ZH Fg Z outline of elastic rotating plate polygon specify pole and strain tensor indices for a block connect 2 faults remove overlap or gap from subsurface intersection of faults clear specified data type continue reading from input file used sith SK option list which 2D Gaussian sources to adjust end of model input section end of input data equate two nodes on different faults set their phi s equal 2D Gaussian source coseismic fault geometry input set depth and dip to nodes use only within FA section similar to DD fault flags turn faults on and off set flags calculate and output relative block velocities at specified points fault parameterization type specify pos
34. ear Zone Journal of Geophysical Research 106 21995 22071 Wang K Wells R Mazzotti S Hyndman R D amp Sagiya T 2003 A revised dislocation model of interseismic deformation of the Cascadia subduction zone J Geophys Res 108 2026 doi 10 1029 2001JB001227 Wessel P and W H F Smith 1991 Free software helps map and display data EOS Trans AGU 72 445 446 Papers using DEFNODE Prawirodirdjo L Y Bock R McCaffrey J Genrich E Calais C Stevens S S O Puntodewo C Subarya and J Rais 1997 Geodetic observations of interseismic strain segmentation at the Sumatra subduction zone Geophysical Research Letters 2601 2604 html PDF McCaffrey R M D Long C Goldfinger P Zwick J Nabelek and C Smith Rotation and plate locking at the southern Cascadia subduction zone 2000 Geophysical Research Letters 27 3117 3120 PDF McCaffrey R 2002 Crustal block rotations and plate coupling in Plate Boundary Zones Geodynamics Series 30 S Stein and J Freymueller editors 101 122 AGU PDF Wallace L M C W Stevens E Silver R McCaffrey W Loratung S Hasiata R Curley R Rosa J Taugaloidi and H Davies 2004 GPS Constraints on Active Tectonics and Arc Continent Collision in Papua New Guinea evidence for edge driven microplate rotations Journal of Geophysical Research 109 B05404 doi 10 1029 2003JB002481 PDF Wallace L M J Beavan R McCaffrey and D Darby 200
35. ely for for accuracy some could be different than shown Let me know if something looks awry MODL 4 character experiment name from MO option default temp MODL cov covariance matrix needs wcv flag set MODL der derivatives matrix needs wdr flag set MODL dgt residual strain rates and rotations for blocks needs dgt flag set MODL hcs result of hard constraints MODL net GPS network adjustment velocities MODL nod summary of node information MODL obs observed GPS vectors with re scaled uncertainties MODL omr observed GPS vectors minus rotational part MODL pol summary of poles relative poles for all block pairs MODL prm input parameters MODL res GPS vector residuals MODL rot rotational part of predicted GPS velocity field 36 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 MODL slp fault strain deformation part of predicted GPS velocity field MODL str internal strain part of predicted GPS velocity field MODL srs summary of fits to slip rate data MODL sss summary of fits to strain rate data MODL svs summary of fits to slip vectors fault azimuths MODL tl1t summary of fits to tilt rate data MODL ups summary of fits to uplift rates MODL vec predicted GPS vectors MODL_b1lk gmt plot file of block outlines MODL_b1k2 gmt plot file of block boundaries separating blocks with same pole MODL_b1k3 gmt pl
36. emove pole number from PI list This pole vector then overrides the pole values read in from the parameter file Alternatively you can edit the parameter file and change the pole values pofi 5 1 2 0 4 1 1 0 12 0 23 0 12 0 001 0 002 0 112 PR profile pr N Xo Yo M dX Az Hwdth Creates GMT plottable files to generate profile lines e N Line number e Xo starting Longitude degrees E e Yo starting Latitude degrees N e M number of points e dX distance step degrees e Az azimuth of profile degrees clockwise from North e Hwdth half width km for plotting observations along profile line pr 1 245 35 50 05 0 25 profile 2 45 degrees 2 126 5 4 30 05 45 60 PV node depth profile parameter values Sets the initial values of the parameters for fault types 2 to 4 PV F N A A A A Zl Z1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 F fault number N number of columns of parameter values to follow PV 3 4 10 8 3 10 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 35 PX node depth profile fixed parameters Specify which parameters are fixed for fault types 2 to 4 PX F II F fault number I parameter number to fix See FT for the parameters for each fault type FT 2 3 PX 2 1 3 30 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 Fault 2 is boxcar type 3 and the amplitude parameter 1 for boxcar and bottom depth parameter 3 for boxcar are fixed RC remove GPS vectors from circular region RC Lon Lat Radius Remove sele
37. ep value S is decreased If gradient search is being used it will step down the gradient in the chi 2 until it reaches a minimum Grid search is run before simulated annealing gs 10 0 1 3 0 HC hard constraints he I Lon Lat BLK1 BLK2 Lower_value Upper_value Hard constraints force value of slip rate or slip azimuth on fault to fall in specified range I 1 for slip rate constraint I 2 for slip direction constraint I 3 for rotation rate constraint BLK1 moving block BLK2 fixed block This works by applying a severe penalty for values falling outside the specified range Results are put in MODL hcs file he 1 Noam Paci 232 5 32 1 24 0 34 0 he 2 Noam Paci 232 5 32 1 280 0 320 0 IN fault interpolation step sizes IN dX dW Sizes of patches along fault surfaces for integration between nodes for the forward solution and plot file only dX length of fault patch in km along strike dW length of fault patch in km downdip direction In general these should be the same as in the GF option To speed up preliminary runs these can be made larger than in the GF option These interpolation values are used for the grid GR and profile PR calculations as well as for the plot file MODL_flt_atr gmt To really speed things up if you want to make the plot files only without calculations use the flag for no forward calculations in 4 4 MF merge faults MF M N Merge faults M and N at a T junction Fau
38. er line CO continue CO Continue reading data from file turns off SK skip mode DD specify dip and depth of fault segment see FA option EI 2D Gaussian sources to adjust EI F NNN For fault F adjust the 2D Gaussian slip sources listed by N ei 2 1 2 3 EM end of model section EM End of model input section no arguments To specify unique parameters for several models in a single input file make a model input section as follows mo modl pi 12 4 gi 1 pf modl iol pio 3 mo mod2 pi 2 3 gi 2 pf mod2 io2 pio 3 mo mod3 rm INDO BABI pis 3 pf mod3 io3 pio 3 12 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 em then when you run defnode you specify the model to use as the second command line argument for example o defnode models inp mod2 The first MO command marks the beginning of the models input section and the EM command marks its end If you do not specify a model in the second argument defnode will use the last model it finds in the file the MO EM structure is ignored In the case above it will run model mod3 but will use some of the specifications of the prior models such as the GI line which is not given for mod3 For a specified model the program will process all input lines leading up to the first MO line all lines within the specified model and all lines after the EM line up to the EN line EN end of data in control file EN
39. f phi values equal to the number of different indices in the NN line nv 1 26 M3 Alternatively NV like NN has a grid form implemented with a g in the third column The lines n 1 111222333 444 nye Lo sl s2 e3 0 can be equivalently entered as nng 13 4 La a 2 3 4 A wN Bm UNE nvg 13 4 26 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 OWNER OWNER OWNER If NV not specified phi values are assigned as a decreasing function of depth NX fix node value nx FIIIII Specifies which nodes are to be fixed ie not a free parameter in the inversion F fault number I node index to be fixed nx 5 2 3 will fix any nodes with indices of 2 or 3 in fault 5 PE set penalty factors PE N Factor Penalty factors for constraints When a parameter value strays outside the allowed range this factor is multiplied by the difference and added to the penalty See PM option for setting parameter ranges 1 Moment 2 Node values 3 Depths 4 Downdip constraints 5 Smoothing along strike 6 Hard constraints pe 3 50 Set penalty factor for depths to 50 PF parameter file PF filename N Specify a filename to hold the model parameter values The number N controls reading writing of the parameters e N read parameters from the file e N 2 write parameters to file e N 3 read and write parameters from to file Reads take place prior to inversion writes take place after inversi
40. fault strikes North To change this to 95 do fa SAF 2 3 3 NOAM PACI 0 0 0 0 0 125 Sp Slo JOs 125 36 1 95 125 AQ 1 95 zd 6 85 zd 14 87 Adding along strike nodes To add new nodes along strike use a 2 as the third entry on the Lon Lat line of the surface nodes This will insert a new surface node halfway between this node and the next node If you use ZD or DD the subsurface nodes will be built Note that you are 15 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 increasing the number of along strike nodes so you must change the relevant node assignment lines by hand NN NV PN PV etc fa SAF 2 3 3 NOAM PACI 0 0 0 0 0 125 35 2 125 36 2 125 40 zd 6 85 zd 14 87 Changing fault dip along strike Sometimes the dip angle of a fault may change along strike This can also be accommodated automatically with the DD or ZD lines In the DD or ZD line you specify first the depth increment or depth for ZD then the dip angle then optionally the number of nodes along strike that have this dip angle then a new dip angle followed by the number of nodes with that dip angle and so on For example fa SAF 2 5 3 NOAM PACI 0 0 0 0 0 L25 DIe L 95 125 36s 1 90 125 37 1 90 125 38 1 90 125 40 1 95 zd 6 85 2 88 3 zd 14 87 2 89 3 In this case downdip from the first 2 surface nodes the fault will dip at 85 to 6 km depth and at 87 to 14km depth Downdip from the last 3 no
41. generated If the stored GF does not match a new one is generated Sometimes this checking can fail for example if you add new data To override the checking and regenerate all GFs set Flag 1 or manually delete all the GF files 21 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 gd ggg 52 1 will force generation of all new GFs The GFs are in ASCII files named gf001001001g gf001002001g etc in the directory specified by the GD option File names first 3 digits are fault number second 3 are the along strike node index the third 3 are the downdip node index and the final letter designates the data type g GPS u Uplift t Tilts s strain rates Important note If you add new data you must re generate all GFs The program cannot append new GFs to the existing GF files GI rotate GPS velocity fields into reference frame gi N1 N2 List of GPS velocity field poles to adjust during the inversion The listed poles correspond to the pole index number given in the GP line This applies a 3 parameter rotation to the velocity field in the inversion to fit the reference frame better gi 2 4 Adjusts velocity field poles 2 and 4 The GPS sites in a particular field should not be on a single block and should have some overlap with other GPS solutions or the reference frame block GP GPS file GP NAME filename N F Wx Wy Wz Smin Smax RSmax Read GPS data file NAME 4 char code name for this GPS velocity file fi
42. ion rate data without re calculating GFs since those data are calculated from the rotation poles only If you change a node position the program will detect the change it and re calculate only the necessary GFs If you add GPS vectors the program will not detect that and GFs may not be calculated In this case re calculate all the GFs The GFs are the responses at the surface observation points to a unit velocity or displacement in the North and East directions at the central node The slip velocity is tapered to zero at all adjacent nodes Unit slip at central node Depth contours Unit response function Data files and weighting Data files are generally in free format but the information must be in the correct order as outlined below Multiple data files can be specified and they are all read in and used An uncertainty scaling factor F can be applied to each data file this number is multiplied by the data standard errors given in the file Since the weight applied is the inverse of the datum variance the weight of the datum will be multiplied by F If s is the standard deviation of the datum given in the file the new standard deviation s sF and the weight s 2 sF Data covariance is used when the correlation coefficient is given for GPS vectors Some data types have the option of being entered within the control file itself Inversion The inversion estimates the set of parameters that minimizes the reduced chi s
43. ion zone 3 boxcar phi z free parameters A Z1 22 Z2 gt Z1 phi z 0 z lt Z1 phi z A Z1 lt z lt Z2 phi z 0 z gt Z2 A Amplitude of boxcar Z1 upper depth Z2 lower depth 4 Gaussian phi z free parameters A Zm Zs phi z A exp 0 5 z Zm Zs 2 A peak amplitude Zm mean depth of distribution Zs spread of distribution 5 not used 6 2D Gaussian phi x w free parameters Lon Lat A sX sW x is along strike dimension w is down dip dimension on fault not depth phi x w is specified by Lon Lat of center peak amplitude A distance scales in X and W see ES option phi x w A exp 0 5 dX sX 2 exp 0 5 dW sW 2 A amplitude dX dW source to node offsets in X and W sX and sW source spread in X and W ft 2 4 Controls for types 0 and 1 are through options NN NV and NX For types 2 4 use PN PV and PX 18 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 Phi 0 7 Z9 Node z profile types Some Examples 1 All nodes have independent phi values and are all free parameters 2 set fault 2 to type 0 free nodes Sis FT 2 0 4 Se fault 2 has 6 nodes along strike 3 downdip Each node has a unique index number 6 NNg 2 6 3 Ti 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 2 38 9 TOTE 12 9 13 14 15 16 17 18 10 11 an equivalent NN line is 12 NN 2 123456 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 13 14 initial phi values 1
44. it longitude 7 Latit latitude 8 Ve observed East velocity corrected for ref frame rotation 9 Vn observed North velocity corrected for ref frame rotation 10 Se standard error in East velocity 11 Sn standard error in North velocity 12 Sne NE correlation 13 Enet East velocity from ref frame rotation 14 Nnet North velocity from ref frame rotation 15 Eref Obs East velocity in reference frame 16 Nref Obs North velocity in reference frame 17 Eela East velocity component of elastic deformation 18 Nela North velocity component of elastic deformation 19 Erot East velocity component of block rotation 20 Nrot North velocity component of block rotation 21 Estr East velocity component of permanent strain 22 Nstr North velocity component of permanent strain 23 Eres East velocity residual 24 Nres North velocity residual 25 Vres Total residual rate 26 Vsig Total residual sigma 27 R S Vres Vsig PLOTTING WITH GMT Using GREP and AWK to make profiles Use grep and awk to extract desired columns from the profile files For example to get the profile distance and the observed East GPS velocity and sigma grep G MODL_pOl out awk print 4 5 6 psxy grep G gets all the lines starting with G from the file the awk command prints the 4th 5th and 6th entries from each line How to plot maps Most things are accesssible for plotting with GMT Some may
45. ition of a particular fault node overrides all other cifications specify Green s functions directory and other GF parameters GPS velocity field rotations relative to reference frame to be adjusted GPS input data file grid of vectors to calculate parameter grid search controls hard constraints to apply interpolation lengths for fault segments between nodes for final forward merge faults at T junction range of seismic moments allowed for a fault model experiment name used for output filenames move surface points number of iterations node parameter index numbers same as old NF node values same as old NO indices of fixed nodes scaling factors for penalty functions parameter and model I O file initialize pole of rotation for GPS vector file block poles to be adjusted parameter min and max values allowed node z profile parameter index numbers DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 PO block pole of rotation values PR surface profile line PV node z profile parameter values PX fix node z profile parameters RC remove sites within a specified circular area e g volcanic region reference block for vectors rotate reference frame for vector output RM remove named GPS sites or blocks from data RO rotation rates input data file RS reference site for GPS vectors SA simulated annealing inversion controls SI strain rates tensors to be adjusted SK skip following lines of input data u
46. ke positive X is the direction faced if the fault dips to the right Multiline data section Number of nodes along strike max MAX_x Number of nodes downdip max MAX_z Hangingwall block name 4 char name Footwall block name 4 char name Fault slip mode O shear only 1 3D slip see below Downdip constraint 1 force downdip decrease in phi Smoothing factor for each depth e Depth of node in km for each node e Longitude of node degrees E e Latitude of node degrees N e optional settings used for first depth only Set azimuth of nodes going downdip if using DD or ZD option or add a new node fa My_fault 2 3 2 NaAm Paci 0 0 0 0 125 35 125 36 125 40 12 125 01 35 0 125 01 36 0 125 01 40 0 In the case above the fault strikes North nodes input in order of increasing latitude so the dip will be to the Fast e Fault slip mode if set to 0 only shear is used on the fault ie Okada s U1 and U2 if set to 1 the U3 tensional component is used also If this is changed the Green s functions must be re calculated 14 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 e Downdip constraint if set to 1 phi is forced to decrease downdip on fault use ddc in FL option to apply to all faults e Smoothing factor sets the maximum allowed along strike variation in phi The number given is the maximum allowable change in phi over one degree 111 km of distance along strike Not applied if this
47. l i4 1x a4 2f 8 3 1 P No 6 10 2 2 pole number 3 Block Block name 4 Longitude of origin 5 Latitude of origin 6 El most compressive strain rate 7 SigEl standard error in El 8 E2 least compressive strain rate 9 SigE2 standard error in E2 10 Al azimuth of El Tis nanostrain yr ns yr and rotations SigAl standard error in Al Block residual principle strain rates format a4 8f 10 2 1 Block Block name 2 El most compressive strain rate 3 SigEl standard error in El 4 E2 least compressive strain rate 5 SigE2 standard error in E2 6 Al azimuth of El 7 SigAl standard error in Al 8 Rot rotation rate in nanoradians year 9 SigRot standard error in Rot MODL hc results of hard constraints format a4 i2 2 10 4 2 1x a4 3f 8 2 1x e12 4 Item 1 Type 2 Type code 1 slip rate 2 azimuth 3 rotation 3 Longitude 4 Latitude 5 Fixed block 6 Moving block 7 Minimum value 8 Maximum value 9 Calculated value 10 Penalty MODL table misc results nanoradians yr 45 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 format al a8 1x al4 2f 9 3 4 7 1 8 4 14 7 1 8 2 Item 1 Used x if datum not used 2 Site site nam 3 Srce GPS velocity field 4 Blck block name 5 Pole pole number 6 Long
48. lename file containing data N index for the GPS velocity field rotation pole used in GI option F sigma scaling factor each sigma multiplied by F so weight is multiplied by 1 F 2 default 1 0 e Wx Wy Wz are the components of the angular velocity vector that puts these vectors into the desired reference frame e Smin minumum velocity sigma for this file if sigma is less than Smin sigma Smin e Smax maximum velocity sigma for this file if sigma is greater than Smax velocity is not used e RSmax if Residual Sigma exceeds RSmax velocity is not used use this with caution if at all e if Smin Smax RSmax are zero these are not applied gps file IND1 data indol vec 1 2 0 12 20 1 22 File format use GMT psvelo Se format lon lat Ve Vn SigVe SigVn NE_Corr Site_name 22 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 Site_names are stored as 8 character strings WARNING If a site name starts with a number defnode may choke on the file while trying to read in free format In this case you can format the input file and include a format line at the top of the file The program looks for an open parentheses symbol in the first column to indicate a format line For example 2 8 3 4 8 1 8 4 1x a8 243 111 35 425 19 4 6 1 0 6 0 4 0 0014 001D 240 375 49 323 13 1 11 8 0 6 0 4 0 0018 4750 212 501 64 978 8 1 22 3 0 6 0 4 0 0036 47SB 243 411 35 825 14 4 4 1 1 6 1 4 0 0014 0001_edm A
49. licitly and can cause strange behavior 2 Optional Set paths to the volcanoes votw gmt needed if vtw flag set and earthquakes needed if eqk flag set files in the file deffiles h see more instructions in file For example path of volcanoes file volcfile data votw gmt path of earthquake file num_quakefiles 1 quakefile 1 data ehb gmt RUNNING If you type defnode the program will ask for the control file name and the model name Or type the control file name as a command line argument defnode control_file_name Or also type model name as second command line argument defnode control_file_name model_name Runtime messages are all output to the screen Many files are generated as discussed later NOTES DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 Directories All output will be put into a directory specified by the MO model command The program also produces a directory called gfs or a user assigned directory to store the Green s function files Poles angular velocities and blocks You can specify many poles and many blocks dimensioned with MAX_poles MAX_blocks There is NOT a one one correspondence between poles and blocks More than one block can be assigned the same pole ie the blocks rotate together but each block can be assigned only one pole Poles can be specified as lat lon omega or by their Cartesian components W Wy W3 Strain rates and blocks The str
50. lt M is truncated against fault N The truncated end of fault M follows the plane of fault N downdip mf 1 3 dee ee le ole ll a WWW WW Ww 24 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 This is not always succesful you can use the FX option to force nodes to be where you want them MM min and max moment for fault MM N M1 M2 The seismic moment for fault N is constrained to fall between M1 and M2 in N m This can be used to damp slip models mm 3 0 0 1 2e20 MO model name MO MODL Model name 4 characters used as prefix to name output files and directory A directory with this name will be created and all output files placed in it model indo See also EM MV move surface points mv xl yl x2 y2 Move all occurrences of point x1 yl to x2 y2 Applied to block boundaries and faults mv 120 21 43 21 120 25 43 22 NI number of iterations ni N Run both the simulated annealing and grid search N times ni 2 NN NEF node indices NN FIIIIIdII Node indices F fault number I parameter index one for each node on fault in order see introductory notes for ordering of nodes Each node on the fault is assigned an index number which is used to assign properties to it its phi inversion characteristics If the index is not zero or in the fixed node list the node is a free parameter in the inversion The initial slip ratio phi for this node is taken from the list of node phi values
51. ng profile km locity in locity in locity in Horizontal velocity Radial velocity along profile line nsverse velocity perpendicular to profile th of vector t rate in nanoradians year Radial component of rotation nsverse component of rotation Radial component of locking nsverse component of locking Radial component of strain velocity nsverse component of strain velocity 40 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 G lines GPS 1 G 2 Longitude 3 Latitude 4 Distance along profile km 5 E Velocity 6 E sigma 7 N Velocity 8 N sigma 9 Horizontal velocity 10 Horizontal sigma 11 Radial velocity along profile line 12 radial sigma 13 Transverse velocity perpendicular to profile 14 Transverse sigma 15 Azimuth 16 Azimuth sigma 17 Ve residual 18 Vn residual 19 Normal distance from profile line km 20 Site name 21 GPS file name 22 Block name U lines uplift rates 1 U 2 Longitude 3 Latitude 4 Distance along profile km 5 Up rate observed 6 Up rate sigma 7 Calculated Up rate R lines slip rates TNR 2 Longitude 3 Latitude 4 Distance along profile km 5 Slip rate observed 6 Slip rate sigma 7 Calculated slip rate T lines tilt rates HEO i 2 Longitude 3 Latitude 4 Distance along profile km 5 Tilt rate observed 6 ilt rate sigma 7 Calculated tilt rate
52. nother way is to put the site names in quotes ie 001D You can read in multiple GPS velocity files up to MAX_gpsfiles GR grid GR N X_start Number_of_X_steps X_step Y_start Number_of_Y_steps Y_step Surface grid calculations made at points in a regular grid Output files MODL_grid_N info and MODL_grd_N vec see format below can be countoured with GMT s pscontour or plotted with psvelo Can now output multiple grids N in file names is grid number up to MAX_ grids e Grid index e Starting X longitude e Number of X steps e X step in degrees e Starting Y latitude e Number of Y steps e Y step in degrees gr 1 245 1 40 0 1 23 1 50 0 1 GS grid search controls GS grid_steps parameter_grid_step grid_searches search_type Set controls for parameter grid search e grid_steps This integer controls the number of grid steps max 100 e grid_step step for searching parameter values e grid_searches number of times the grid search goes through all the parameters e search_type o 0 search the full range of parameters in order o l search full range in random parameter order o 2 gradient search follow gradient from current parameter value o 3 gradient search in random parameter order 23 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 If N grid_steps S is the grid_step and P is the current best value of the parameter the parameter will be searched from P N S to P N S in steps of S For each grid search this st
53. ntil a CO line is encountered SM apply along strike smoothing to fault phi SN snap block boundary points together f S ce nj m SR fault slip rate spreading rate data file SS train rate tensor data file ST initialize strain rate tensor values SV slip vector transform azimuth data file TI tilt rate data file UP uplift rate data file Descriptions of Key Characters and input format Key characters and formats Examples are given at bottom Brackets show optional inputs MODL 4 char model name BL block plate outline BL NAME M N optional filename multiline data section NAME 4 character name of block M Rotation pole index for block overridden by BP option N Strain rate tensor index for block overridden by BP option filename optional file containing block outline Multiline data section alternatively contents of filename First line Number of corners outlining block CentroidX CentroidY CentroidX x coordinate of block centroid optional CentroidY y coordinate of block centroid optional For each corner one coordinate pair lon lat in each line bl NOAM 1 1 4 50 50 135 55 130 44 100 44 10 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 260 55 or bl NOAM 1 1 NOAM block where NOAM block is a file contining 4 50 50 13 5 55 130 44 100 44 260 55 e If the block centroid is not given or 0 0 it is c
54. ocity parallel to fault positive is right lateral 19 Velocity parallel to fault sigma 20 Velocity normal to fault positive is divergence 21 Velocity normal to fault sigma 22 Fault strike 23 Fault dip DAI OG A O e MODL_blocks out summary of block information format a4 4f 8 3 2 8 3 2 7 2 6 2 4f6 1 8 4 f 6 1 7 3 1x 8 1 14f8 4 25 S606 2 2 821 Items 1 Block name 4 char 2 Block centroid longitude DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 lock centroid latitude lock pole lock pole ongitude latitude w ww w w w Kozo o En S S DIANA ARBWNHERO lock east loc loc loc east NNN AW w w w w w U Horizontal Vertical axis ro lock pole rotation rate deg Ma lock pole rotation rate sigma deg Ma Azimuth of pol rror ellipse semi major axis Pole semi major axis length degrees ole semi minor axis length degrees velocity at centroid mm a north velocity at centroid mm a velocity sigma at centroid mm a north velocity sigma at centroid lock velocity NE correlation coefficent a Distance of pole to block centroid degrees tation rate at centroid velocity gradient at centroid 19 Principle axis of strain rate in block 20 Sigma of principle axis of strain rate in 21 Principle axis of strain rate in block contractional
55. on pf bestfit io 3 Temporary parameter files will also be generated A final file with the name MMMM_pio YYYYMMDD will be generated Y YY Y year MM month DD day PG pole for GPS file PG NAME Latitude Longitude Omega or 27 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 PGc NAME Wx Wy Wz Pole of rotation for GPS file to put it in reference frame NAME GPS file short name 4 char from GP line latitude longitude omega are pole OR Wx Wy Wz are Cartesian components of angular velocity vector in deg Ma pg INDO 12 0 123 0 0 2 pgc PNW1 1 3 8 The c indicates pole is in Cartesian coordinates PI block poles to adjust PI NNN List the block poles to adjust in the inversion pi 2 5 adjust poles 2 and 5 in the inversion keep all other poles fixed Note that this does not necessarily mean blocks 2 and 5 since poles 2 and 5 may be assigned to other blocks Use the GI option to adjust the poles of GPS velocity fields PM parameter min and max values PM N Min_value Max_value Set the minimum and maximum limits on parameter types Parameter N is constrained to fall between Min_value and Max_value N parameter type 1 GPS velocity field pole component deg Ma 2 block pole component deg Ma 3 strain rate component nanostrain yr 4 Slip amplitude mm 5 Modified Wang gamma value dimensionless 6 minimum locking depth kms 7 maximum locking
56. onent of fault locking strain 18 E component of fault locking strain sigma 19 component of fault locking strain sigma 20 Up component of fault locking strain 21 Up component of fault locking strain sigma 22 Block name 4 char 23 if point falls on a fault blank otherwise 42 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 MODL summary model statistics by data block and pole First line format SUM 1x a4 1x al2 9 3 316 10 2 8 3 1 SUM 2 Model name 3 Run date YYYYMMDDHHMM 4 Reduced chi 2 5 Degrees of freedom 6 Number of data 7 Number of free parameters 8 Total chi 2 9 Probability of fit For each data type file format 1x a4 i5 2 1x e10 3 3f9 3 9 2 1 Data aggregate name Data type GPS file code block code or pole number 2 obs Number of GPS components 3 DataVar Weighted variance of data gt SUM Obs Sigma 2 4 Chi2 Chi 2 of residual gt SUM Res Sigma 2 5 Chi2 N Chi 2 per observation 6 Nrms Normalized rms gt SQRT chi 2 N 7 Wrms weighted rms gt SQRT chi 2 SumWt Bis SumWt sum of weights gt SUM 1 0 sigma 2 MODL svs fits to slip vector transform azimuths format 2f9 3 4f6 1 7 2 2 1x a4 1x a4 1x a25 1x a30 Items 1 Longitude Latitude Azimiuth Sigma Calculated Residual residual sigma Fixed block 9 Moving block 10 Input file number 11 Slip vector label 12 Input
57. ot file of faults MODL_blocks out block information output see below MODL_grid_N vec predicted vectors for grid points N is grid number GR option MODL_fslip out relative velocities at requested points from FS option MODL_info out information on each subsegment of faults MODL_lin gmt coordinates of profile lines for putting on map MODL_model input poles block boundaries and faults in control file format MODL_control backup copy of control file MODL_mid vec relative block vectors on faults at midpoints between surface nodes MODL_obs gmt tilt lines and strain network polygons for plotting MODL_flt_atr gmt plot file for fault parameters s below MODL_pNN out output for profile number NN see below MODL_removed vec vectors removed from inversion MODL_sa out summary of simulated annealing run with final solution MODL summary summary of fits to data poles blocks MODL table comprehensive table of GPS velocities Files ending with gmt are plot files for GMT and are described in the PLOTTING section The vector files followed by an asterisk above are in GMT s psvelo Se command format format 2f10 4 2f10 2 2 8 2 9 4 2x a8 3 1x a4 Items 1 Longitude 2 Latitude 3 East_velocity 4 North_velocity 5 East_sigma 6 North_sigma 7 8 9 1 1 NE_correlation Site_name 8 characters GPS velocity field 4 char code 0 Block 4 char code 1 Pole 4 char code
58. quared statistic X SUM PSF dof DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 where r is the residual s is the standard deviation and dof is the degrees of freedom For angular data the r s is determined using the equation of DeMets et al 1990 Minimization is performed by the simulated annealing technique see Press et al 1989 You supply the number of iterations and the initial temperature in the sa command If Temp 0 the downhill simplex method is used There is also the option of performing grid searches for the minimum x Parameter constraints are applied by using penalties for parameters that stray outside the specified bounds Units e Slip rates GPS velocities millimeters per year millimeters for coseismic e Depths kilometers e Latitude longitude azimuths degrees e Strain rates nanostrain year 10 per year e Rotation rates degrees per million years Coordinates e Most coordinates are entered in geographic lon lat order unless noted otherwise Lat lon input is allowed in the BL and FA controls e Poles are lat lon omega following common use Cartesian components can also be used e North latitude is positive South is negative Longitude can be entered in either 0 to 360 or 180 to 180 degrees the program converts all longitudes to 0 to 360 unless a flag is set to use 180 to 180 Miscellaneous notes e Each fault must have a unique footwall block It can have a ch
59. require clever scripting Here are a few suggestions Vector files are generally in psvelo Se format psvelo MODL vec Se0 03 0 7 7 but have other info appended to the line If psvelo cannot handle the long line use cut 46 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 cat MODL res cut c1 65 psvelo Se OR awk awk print 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 MODL res psvelo Se The MODL_flt_atr gmt file contains fault attributes and quadrilaterals and can be used to make color plots Since the header line for each segment fault has multiple attributes following the Z use awk to select the one to plot awk if 1 gt print 1 2 4 else print 1 2 MODL_flt_atr gmt psxy Cpalette cpt where 1 gt 2 Z and the attributes are in order 3 fault_number 4 slip_rate_deficit 5 phi 6 phi_error 7 slip_rate 8 fault_parallel_slip_rate 9 fault_normal_slip_rate The MODL_blk gmt file containing the block outlines similarly has multiple attributes on the header line the attributes are in order 3 block_number 4 pole_number 5 block_name filled blocks fill color based on pole number awk if 1 gt print 1 2 4 else print 1 2 MODL_blk gmt psxy Cpalette cpt L unfilled block outlines psxy MODL_blk gmt W5 100 100 100 L M dashed lines for all profiles psxy MODL_lin gmt R J W4 0 200 200t5_5 5 M or for a single profile 19 in this
60. t patches NO inp inp write each line of input file to screen to check reading errors NO mif mif output blocks and faults to MapInfo mif mid files NO pen pen write penalties on iteration screen NO ph0 phO set phi for all faults to zero remove all coupling NO ph1 phl set phi for all faults to one complete coupling on all faults NO phf phf set phi for all faults to current value and don t adjust them NO pos pos make all longitudes positive 0 to 360 degrees YES prm prm use PREM rigidities for calculating moments NO rnd rnd add random noise to output vec file NO sim sim write simplex in MODL_sa out file NO tab tab write table table file of GPS velocities NO vtw vtw read volcano file votw gmt and put in profile files NO wcv wcv write covariance matrix to file NO wdr wdr write derivative matrix to file NO Flags can be on multiple lines and more than one flag allowed per line Flags from previous versions are still supported FS calculate relative vectors and write to file FS filename BLK1 BLK2 Calculate the velocities of block BLK2 relative to block BLK1 at the lon lat points contained in file filename Velocities are output in GMT psvelo format in file MODL_fslip out There can be several FS lines Alternatively or in addition use fsp BLK1 BLK2 longitude latitu
61. value is zero This can be overridden by the SM option Automated node generation at depth DD and ZD Subsurface nodes defining a fault surface can also be set up automatically by the program In this case you specify the surface nodes and the depth and dip angle to the nodes at depth using DD or ZD For example fa SAF 2 3 2 NOAM PACI 0 0 0 0 0 125 39s 125 36 125 40 dd 6 85 dd 8 87 The DD option is followed by the incremental depth and dip to the next set of nodes The ZD option is the same except the depth given is the actual depth not an incremental depth The dip azimuth is taken as the normal to the fault strike In the example above the 2nd set of nodes will be 6 km deeper than the surface nodes and at a dip angle of 85 from them The 3rd set of nodes will be 8 km deeper at 14 km depth than the second set and at a dip angle of 87 from them An equivalent setup using ZD would be fa SAF 2 3 3 NOAM PACI 0 0 0 0 0 125 35 125 36 125 40 ZO 62 85 ze WA GTa Changing fault dip azimuth In the cases above defnode determines the dip azimuth from the surface nodes to those at depth by taking the normal to the fault azimuth i e dip azimuth fault azimuth 90 The dip azimuth can be specified explicitly by entering a 1 as the third entry on the Lon Lat line of the surface nodes followed by the desired dip azimuth The example above would default to a dip azimuth of 90 since the
62. xed block BLK2 is the moving block BLK2 moves at the given azimuth relative to BLK1 Azimuths in degrees clockwise from North F scaling factor F multiplied by all sigmas Label is 40 char description no spaces for file formats label is filename sv svs slip_vec dat NOAM PACI 5 TI tilt rate data TI filename F Tilt rate data file F scaling factor F multiplied by all sigmas tilt rate and sigma in nanoradians year ti data tilt dat 1 0 Format of data file Lonl Latl Lon2 Lat2 Tilt_rate Tilt_rate_sigma NAME 4 chars Lon1 Lat1 and Lon2 Lat2 are endpoints of profile over which the tilt rate is measured Tilt_rate is positive if uplift increases along profile UP uplift rate data UP filename F Uplift rate data file 35 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 F scaling factor F multiplied by all sigmas up data up dat 1 0 uplift rates in mm a up is positive Format of data file Lon Lat Uplift_rate Sigma Site name use up1 if format is Lat Lon Uplift_rate Sigma A fortran format can also be specified by placing it at the beginning of the input file starting in the first column For example 4 8 1 1x a4 243 111 35 425 1 4 0 6 001D 240 375 49 323 glo 0 6 4750 212 501 64 978 21 0 6 47SB ZD specify dip and depth of fault segment see FA option OUTPUT FILES All output files are put in model directory Not all of these listings have been checked intens
63. y y component of angular velocity deg Myr 6 Wz z component of angular velocity deg Myr 7 Sx standard error of Wx 8 Sy standard error of Wy 9 Sz standard error of Wz 10 Sxy covariance of Wx and Wy 11 Sxz covariance of Wx and Wz 12 Syz covariance of Wy and Wz and format 213 1x a4 4f10 4 ff8 2 1 File number 2 No pole number 3 Name Block GPS file name 4 Lon Longitude of pole 5 Lat Latitude of pole 6 Omega rotation rate deg Myr 7 SigOm standard error of rotation rate deg Myr 8 Emax maximum axis of lon lat error ellips 9 Emin minimum axis of lon lat error ellips 10 Az azimuth of maximum axis of lon lat error ellips MODL strain strain rate tensors in nanostrain year Block strain rate tensors in N E coordinate system format al i4 1x a4 28 3 6 10 2 3f 10 4 Le T 44 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 2 No pole number 3 Block Block name 4 Longitude of origin 5 Latitude of origin 6 Exx normal strain rate in East direction 7 Eyy normal strain rate in North direction 8 Exy shear strain rate 9 Sxx standard error in Exx 10 Syy standard error in Eyy 11 Sxy standard error in Exy 12 Cxx yy covariance between Exx and Eyy 13 Cxx xy covariance between Exx and Exy 14 Cyy xy covariance between Exy and Eyy Block principle strain rates format a
64. yr Two formats are allowed in one the strain rate tensor is in the form of principal axes the other is in N E coordinate system input lines of form Lon Lat Radius Type El sigEl E2 sigE2 E3 sigE3 Network Name Lon Lat are of network centroid Radius is approximate radius of network in kilometers if Type 0 shear strain rates are read in E N x y coordinates E1 Exx E2 Exy E3 Eyy if Type 1 principle strain rates are read in and converted to E N coordinate system E1 maximum strain rate contraction is negative E2 minimum strain rate E3 Azimuth of maximum strain rate 34 DEFNODE User s Manual Version 2007 10 25 ST strain rate tensor ST I Exx Eyy Exy Cx Cy For strain rate tensor I values are given in nanostrain year Cx and Cy are the longitude and latitude of the origin for this strain rate tensor these default to the centroid of the block but should be specified if the tensor is for multiple blocks st 4 3 2 4 1 6 2 234 2 43 2 SV slip vector data Slip vector or transform fault azimuth data Read from file sv filename BLK1 BLK2 F Format of data file Long Lat Azimuth Sigma Read from file svf filename F Format of data file BLK1 BLK2 Long Lat Azimuth Sigma Read from within control file svd BLK1 BLK2 Long Lat Azimuth Sigma Label Slip vector azimuth or transform fault azimuth is between block BLK1 and block BLK2 BLK1 is the fi

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