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XEMACS New Users Guide

1. 22 1 ERILIBRRE be 28 mode overwrtte eene 29 Mode tex Ee eege dE ee e Re RE we 27 Mode eege luo ner dae Dee 28 T lee Geer cadet e rl pedos 27 modes major si iio Reha 27 modes mune ANEN NENNEN rd ees 28 mouse selections esseer 0b beeen et ees Al MOVING EE 42 N ames Ue comia ness abodes ews 3l negative argument 9 eeaa acne 17 New Frame menu Wem 10 New Frame menu item Open in 10 Newline 25 nu secet dears s ahd aw ae Saas eels 15 Drol Moderar diras eus 27 number mode ne 30 numeric argument ber eqs 17 O Only menu item Read ooooo 13 Open men tem ais sad e LET Rer 10 open another file 3 SEELEN ERR Db RE an aces 5 Open in New Frame menu item 10 Options menu mins nr ete ce Oh HE RE 13 Options Save sides endure Rae uu SERE 13 Others Un split keep 10 outline mode cs ei ete a bee Hees os 28 E gt si enr ete Oi e ise apr edad e 15 Overstrike menu tem 13 OVEFWIIbe MOdE sertesa tesi ae ok ei a 29 58 P Paren Highlighting menu item 13 paren blink re e ae 30 Paste menu it m IEN mI e 12 Pastis oer dod Soden 3 alse EE eh E 42 picture editos onde nda 28 POSItION CUT ove ve E ib AEG 16 primary selection 0ooooooooommmoo 41 Print Buffer menu item 10 pull down menus 0 00 eee ee eee eee 10 R Read Only menu Mem 13 Recording menu item End Macro 12 Re
2. add menu item Eilen Management Copy File copy file t add menu item File Management Delete File delete file t add menu item File Management Rename File rename file t This will create a sub menu Management under the File menu When you select the submenu Management it will contain three submenus Copy File Delete File and Rename File 22 Getting Started With XEmacs 2 delete menu item menu path This function will remove the menu item defined by menu name from the menu hierarchy Look at the following examples and the com ments just above them which specify what the examples do deletes the Replace String menu item created earlier delete menu item Edit Replace String 3 deletes the Bot menu created earlier delete menu item Bot deletes the sub menu Copy File created earlier delete menu item File File Management Copy File 3 deletes the sub menu Delete File created earlier delete menu item File Management Delete File 3 deletes the sub menu Rename File created earlier delete menu item File Management Rename File 3 disable menu item menu name Disables the specified menu item The following example disable menu item File Management Copy File will make the Copy File item unselectable This menu item would still be there but it will appear faded which would mean that it cannot be selected 4 enable men
3. file e The following expression will make in C mode insert a real tab character if the cursor or point is in the middle of the line Now hitting the key will indent a line only if the cursor is at the left margin or in the line s indentation setq c tab always indent nil The value of the variable c tab always indent is usually t for true When this variable is true then hitting the key always indents the current line e This expression will turn on the auto fill mode when you are in text mode setq text mode hook turn on auto fill This mode will automatically break lines when you type a space so that the lines don t become too long The length of the lines is controlled by the variable fill column You can set this variable to a value you wish Look at the documentation for this variable to see its default value To change the value to 75 for example use setq default fill column 75 This will change the value of this variable globally e The following expression will enable the use of eval expression without confirmation put eval expression disabled nil Now when you use eval expression it will print the value of the expression you specify in the echo area without confirming with you e This expression will remove the binding of C x C c because its easy to hit this key by mistake and you will exit Emacs unintentionally You can use the Exit Emacs option from the File menu to exit Emacs global set key C
4. 13 item Buffers Menu Length menu 13 item Buffers Sub Menus menu 13 item Case Sensitive Search menu 13 item Clear menti 22er m Jong IRR 12 item COPY MEM 236g d eo rte di 12 item Cut Men 22 0006 A danke chews ee d I2 item Delete Frame men 10 item End Macro Recording menu 12 item Execute Last Macro menu 12 Getting Started With XEmacs item Exit Emacs menu 10 item Font menu oz ics ievkbe ke Bep wwe 13 item Insert File mem 10 item Kill Buffer menu 10 item New Frame men 10 item Open MENU osi oor E owe das 10 item Open in New Frame menu 10 item Overstrike menu 13 item Paren Highlighting menu 13 item Paste men 12 item Print Buffer menu 10 item Read Only menu 13 item Revert Buffer menu 10 item Save Buffer As menu 10 item Save Buffer men 10 item Size menu iei pet ena PER Door 13 item Start Macro Recording menu 12 item Syntax Highlighting menu 13 item Teach Extended Commands menu 13 item Undo menu e ilem then 12 item Weight men 13 items deleting mem 21 items disabling mem 22 items enabling menu 22 items relabelling mem 22 K key te TEE 19 keys ageleet fregdes 19 k
5. emacs file See section Init File in X Emacs User s Manual You should also look at usr loca1 1ib xemacs 20 0 etc sample emacs P which is a sample emacs file It contains some of the commonly desired customizations in Emacs 40 Getting Started With XEmacs Chapter 9 Selecting and Moving Text 41 9 Selecting and Moving Text Many Emacs commands operate on an arbitrary contiguous part of the current buffer You can select some part of the buffer and edit only that part of the buffer This selected buffer is called a region You can select text in two ways e You use special keys to select text by defining a region between the cursor and the mark which you set e If you are running XEmacs under X you can also select text with the mouse 9 1 Setting the Mark To define a region you need to set the mark at one end of it and move the cursor to the other end Once you set the mark it remains there until you set it again to some other place Each buffer has its own mark ring a place where Emacs remembers 16 previous locations of the mark To set the mark you can use the following commands C SPC This command will set the mark at the position of your cursor set mark command You can move your cursor around and the mark will stay there C x C x Interchange mark and point exchange point and mark Since Emacs will have only one cursor after you move the cursor it will be unable to show you where you set the t
6. file ppend to EEN E ENN ba a ee 43 file FINS EE 32 file find alternate aaannnunnnrrrnnnunnue 32 file Write ti ni ea Et 32 file other frame find uuuuss 32 file other window Dnd 9 fill inode attert e ENN ia 15 29 find alternate file ooooooooooo 32 midlet ein 32 find file other frame oooooooomoooo 32 find file other window o o0oooooooooooo o 9 forward searches i2 2ien pet ia 45 totward chak suas 222 2890 ww Ike daa 16 forward word 2 liec ese av Bee 16 frame find file other oooocooocoooooo o o 32 50 G BOLO ClaE rr a 16 COTONE 2122 pira 16 H help with tutorial 22 m 4r ER RIS UR 15 horizontally split window o o oooooo o o o 9 I isearch backward ese ee eee ee eee 45 isearch forward 0 cece eee ee eee eee 45 item add menu Larra sre pere ees 20 item delete menu cee eee eee 21 item disable menu 2e eee 22 item enable menu 00 00 eee eee 22 items relabel menu 00 0 000 22 K kill emacs save buffers 0ooooooooomocmmmoo 6 O 16 LS rana ic 16 A A eed had Bete seedy be 16 kill word backward lesus 16 L line beginning of ooooooooooooooo eee 16 line nd dee k end oem ERR mL ice 16 liie COLO VS ie rindo oie PEL Ide 16 hine Killer sacd aida Dale 16 line next 221024 22 ie thes tat cone dede URP 1
7. oc EET 9 O eee eee eee 9 Coco m 9 CAD EE 9 o A TP 9 CELA ir e Plane dans ada aes 9 Geax dm o os a ad a 9 47 o apace Reh Poe Rede dak ies 6 e e A eo Rea ees 32 O 42 E tai 32 E T a yeu Sakae dace Glas E 42 Cle Cave tbe et oa 32 o RT 32 o E E bes 41 CA ps a 32 CHE TAB dt az 42 e EE Le CAV hae Rika O 42 GAZ 6 D II EE 15 M Mer ass Jg o ll E 16 MA A nee eee 16 MEC Varroa 9 Medir 16 MSDE Lio ata Di ais 16 DL 16 Mia qd fente RARE RE Melia Ra aeta 16 ME aues wee Ee Mene bd eminere 16 R BET tie 4eMESURR eR P EV REESE ea eee eed 15 48 Getting Started With XEmacs Command and Function Index Command and Function Index A add inenu item 2 dE AER is 20 alternate file find nnuussereunnnnueensnn 32 and mark eschange poimt 41 append to buffer 0 0 cc eee ee eee eee 43 e EE 43 auto hill mode 2122 22 car em hri 15 29 B backward search 45 backward chartics daa dre 16 backward char delete 0oooooo o oooooo oo o 16 backward killoword 0ooooooooooooom ooo 16 backward word 16 beginmning ot buffer 16 beginning of buffer mark 41 beginning of line 0 0 eee eee eee 16 buffer append to 0c eee eee eee 43 buffer beginning of 0 16 puffer copy t0 cama rra de es 43 A ike Rura red 16 buffer mark beginning of 41 buffer mark endot eee ee eee 41 b
8. time but it can turn on several minor modes at the same time After you have selected any major or minor mode you can select Describe Mode from the Help menu and you will get documentation about those modes 6 1 Major Modes Emacs has several major modes which customize Emacs to edit text of various sorts You can have only one major mode at any time Within each major mode Emacs redefines certain functions like cursor movement indentation and text killing to suit the needs of the text being edited When you are editing a specific type of text you should switch to the appropriate mode If you are working with C code you should switch to C mode if you are working with Lisp code then switch to lisp mode and if you are working with English text switch to Text mode When you open a file to work on Emacs usually selects the appropriate mode For example if you open a file called guide c then Emacs will select the C mode because of the c extension of the file To explicitly select a mode type the following command 333 selects lisp mode M x lisp mode 333 selects C mode M x c mode To select any other mode just add the major mode name before the mode The current mode in which you are in will be displayed in parenthesis in the mode line at the bottom of the frame All major modes have some special keybindings and you can get a listing of those keybindings by selecting List Keybindings from the Help menu on the menu bar S
9. Options Selecting this item will save the current settings of your Options menu to your emacs file so that the next time you start XEmacs you won t need to select the options again 2 2 4 The Buffers Menu The Buffers menu provides a selection of up to ten buffers and the item List All Buffers which provides a Buffer List If you select Buffers Sub menus from the Options menu you will get some sub menus for each of the buffer listing 2 2 5 The Help Menu The Help Menu gives you access to Emacs Info and provides a menu equivalent for some of the choices you have when using C h See Chapter 5 Help page 23 for more information The Describe variable and Describe function will provide documentation for the corre sponding variable or function The Help menu also gives access to UNIX online manual pages via the UNIX Manual option Chapter 3 Basic Editing Commands 15 3 Basic Editing Commands This chapter will introduce you to some basic editing commands You can also learn the basic editing commands by typing Control h t help with tutorial OR by selecting Emacs Tutorial from the Help menu on the menu bar Most of the Emacs commands will use the key or the key The following abbreviations will be used for the CONTROL and META key in this manual C lt chr gt This means that you should hold down the key while typing lt chr gt For example if the command is C g you should hold the key and type ei M lt chr g
10. This If the frame contains multiple windows it will remove all windows except the selected one Un Split Keep Others If the frame contains multiple windows it will remove the selected window and keep the other one Revert Buffer lt buffername gt If you do not wish to save the changes you made to the file since you opened it select this option It will restore the last saved version of the file to the current buffer Kill Buffer lt buffername gt It will kill the current buffer If will prompt you if there are unsaved changes Exit Emacs It will kill the Emacs process as opposed to simply killing the buffer Before it kills the process it will prompt you as to which unsaved buffers you wish to save by going through the list of the buffers 12 Getting Started With XEmacs 2 2 2 The Edit Menu Most of the commands in this menu work on a block of text or a selected region The text will be highlighted as you select it Undo Undoes the previous command If you type something by mistake you can use this command For example if you select Insert File from the File menu and insert a wrong file by mistake you can select this item and it will remove the inserted file It undoes a batch of text which is worth an emacs command Cut Removes the selected text block from the current buffer makes it the X clip board selection and places it in the kill ring see Section 9 4 Moving Text page 42 Before executing this command you
11. a new file You can make copies of a particular file using this command You can also undo all the changes made since the file was visited or saved by reading the text from the file again called reverting For more information on this option See section Reverting in XEmacs User s Manual When you save a file in Emacs it destroys its old contents However if you set the variable make backup files to non nil i e t Emacs will create a backup file Select the Describe variable option from the Help menu and look at the documentation for this vari able Its default value should be t However if its not then use M x set variable to set it to t see Section 8 1 Setting Variables page 35 The backup file will contain the contents from the last time you visited the file Emacs also provides options for creating numbered backups For more information on backups See section Backup in XEmacs User s Manual Emacs also saves all the files from time to time so that in case of a system crash you don t lose lot of your work You will see the message Auto saving displayed in the echo area when the buffer is being saved automatically The auto saved files are named by putting the character in front and back For example a file called myfile texinfo would be named as myfile texinfo For information on controlling auto saving and recovering data from auto saving See section Auto Save Files in XEm
12. have to select a region using Emacs region selection commands or with the mouse See Section 9 1 Select ing Text page 41 Copy Makes a selected text block the X clipboard selection and places it in the kill ring You can select text using one of the Emacs region selection commands or by selecting a text region with the mouse See Section 9 1 Selecting Text page 41 for more information Paste Inserts the current value of the X clipboard selection in the current buffer Note that this is not necessarily the same as the Emacs yank command because the Emacs kill ring and the X clipboard selection are not the same thing You can paste in text you have placed in the clipboard using Copy or Cut You can also use Paste to insert text that was pasted into the clipboard from other applications See section X Clipboard Selection in XEmacs User s Manual for information on using Clipboard Selection Clear Removes the selected text block from the current buffer but does not place it in the kill ring or the X clipboard selection You will not be able to get this text back Start Macro Recording After selecting this Emacs will remember every keystroke you type until End Macro Recording is selected End Macro Recording Selecting this tells emacs to stop remembering your keystrokes Execute Last Macro Selecting this item will cause emacs to re interpret all of the keystrokes which were saved between selections of the Start Macro Recordin
13. is through killing or cutting it and then yanking or pasting it You can also use the Cut or Copy option from the Edit menu for killing and copying respectively See Section 2 2 2 Edit menu page 12 for reviewing the commands for killing text All the killed text in Emacs is recorded in the kill ring Since there is only one kill ring in Emacs you can kill text in one buffer and yank it in another buffer To paste or yank the killed text you can use the following commands C y This command will yank or paste the last killed text yank M w Save region as last killed text without actually killing it copy region as kill You can use this command to copy a selected region and then yank or paste it without actually removing it from the buffer Chapter 9 Selecting and Moving Text 43 C M w Append next kill to last batch of killed text append next ki11 This com mand will append whatever you killed last to what you kill now Then later you will be able to yank the entire appended text from the kill ring 9 5 Accumulating Text The following commands can be used for accumulating text from different buffers into one place or for copying one region of text into many buffers M x append to buffer Append region to contents of specified buffer append to buffer After you type in this command and press RET Emacs will prompt you for a buffer name You will see a message in the echo area Append to buffer def
14. top of the Emacs frame provides ac cess to pull down menus of file edit and help related commands The menus only provide convenient shortcuts the options that they provide are available via key commands You can invoke those commands from the keyboard also For many of the options their corre sponding key commands are displayed right besides them The five default menus on the menubar that you will see on the frame are File Edit Options Buffers and Help See section XEmacs Pull down Menus in XEmacs User s Manual for detailed information on the functions provided by the pull down menus The Emacs frame has a rectangle shaped box at the extreme right and you can drag it up or down to scroll the window accordingly Clicking on the arrows also serves the same purpose The last line in your window is the Mode line which will give you a description of what s going on in that particular window See Section 1 4 Mode Line page 6 for more 6 Getting Started With XEmacs information Below the mode line is the Echo area Emacs uses this area to interact with the user See Section 1 5 Echo Area page 7 If you wish to open another file in a new window after you enter XEmacs select Open in New Frame from the File menu which will prompt you for a filename and open a new window with that filename as the current buffer If you want to open a new file in the same window select Open from the File menu You need to enter XEmac
15. x C c nil Now if you type C x C c you won t exit Emacs e The following expression will make the and the key work in the same manner global set key backspace delete e This expression will make searches case sensitive 38 Getting Started With XEmacs setq default case fold search nil If we use setq instead of setq default then searches will be case sensitive only in the current buffer s local value In this case the buffer would be the emacs file Since this would not be too helpful and we want to have case sensitive searches in all buffers we have to use setq default This expression will enable the font lock mode when you are using texinfo mode add hook texinfo mode hook turn on font lock See Section 6 2 Minor Modes page 28 for information on font lock mode Rebinds the key C x 1 to run the function make symbolic link global set key C xl make symbolic link We use the single quote before make symbolic link because its a function name You can also use the following expression which does the same thing define key global map C x1 make symbolic link The following expression will bind C x 1 to run the function make symbolic link in C mode only define key c mode map C x1 make symbolic link Instead of binding C x1 to run make symbolic link you can bind the key to run this function define key c mode map f1 make symbolic link Here you have to use lower case for naming func
16. 2 This command will split the selected window into two windows one above the other split window vertically Both the windows will start out by displaying the same buffer The window in which you have your cursor will be your selected window C x 3 This will split the selected window into two windows positioned side by side split window horizontally A line of vertical bars will separate the win dow You can select a buffer in another window by using some other commands These commands all have a prefix key C x 4 C x 4 b bufname This command will select a buffer bufname in another window This runs switch to buffer other window It will prompt you for a buffername C x 4 f filename Visit file filename and select its buffer in another window This runs find file other window See section Visiting in XEmacs User s Manual It will prompt you for a filename 10 Getting Started With XEmacs C x 4 d directory Select a Dired buffer for directory directory in another window This runs dired other window See section Dired in XEmacs User s Manual C x 4m Start composing a mail message in another window This runs mail other window and its same window version is C x m See section Sending Mail in XEmacs User s Manual for information on how to Send Mail using XEmacs See section Reading Mail With Rmail in XEmacs User s Manual for infor mation on reading mail using Rmail If you click the right button on the mouse o
17. 32 save buffers kill emacs oooooooo o 6 save some buffers oooooooooooooommoooo 32 scroll other window 9 sentence kill sss cede arriero 16 set mark command 0 0eeeeeeeee 41 set variables coccion di 36 some buffers Save 00 cece eee eee eee 32 split window horizontally o o o o oo 9 split window vertically oooooooooo o o 9 string Feplaces unicas ot pea HERE RR 45 suspend emacs lessen 6 switch to buffer other window 9 symbolic link make 20 Command and Function Index T transpose chalS ws paresca lara 16 tutorial help wtbh 15 y variable describe ooo cpmscconsosescinso 35 variable EE 36 vertically split window sssssseessrssssue 9 W window delete ee NEE bene metr s 9 window d re other 9 window find file Other 00oooo ooooo oo 9 window maiLother see tecsrosnisicernior tsa 9 window scroll otbher ooo 9 window switch to buffer other window horizontally Split window vertically pit windows delete other o oooooooooo with tutorial belp lesser word backoward o word backward all word forward e EEN EE ENEE SEN word EE KEE EE 51 52 Getting Started With XEmacs Variable Index Variable Index B backup files make 33 buffers menu Max SiZe 00 cee eee 38 C case fold search o ooooooooo
18. 6 1 5 The Echo Area T 2 XEmacs Windows and Menus 9 21 XEmacs WindOws cenicienta eee dale 9 2 2 XEmacs Pull down Men 10 2 2 1 The File Menn 10 2 22 The Edit Men 12 2 2 3 The Options Mem 12 2 2 4 The Buffers Men 14 2 2 5 The Help Menit cadens 14 3 Basic Editing Commands 15 Ol Inserting Lexi ore RE eet ef AE er 15 3 32 Movi g Around ai dg ed bd dia bad eO Eee a e UR RH ee ed 16 Ore Erasing EE RE eite utor fete a dos 16 3 4 Giving Numeric Argument 17 3 5 Undoing Changes 0 000 c cece eee eee eee 17 4 Customize key bindings and menus 19 4 1 Customize key bindings lesse esses 19 4 2 Customizing Meng 20 D Helper ca 23 Bl Help menus erer dede cbe dod dec e e E Rte nns 23 6 Major and Minor Modes 27 6 1 Major Modes ooccoccoocccccocccc ete nnn 2 0 2 Minor Modes dern ERAT RT ERA En 28 iv Getting Started With XEmacs EMI rr 31 7 1 File Name Sg G2 Visiting Files acte cansa AA dad 31 13 Saving Beside ret aia pee 32 8 Other CustomizatioNS 35 8 1 Other Customizations 00 00 c cece cece eee 35 8 2 Init File Examples ssueseessee ener 37 9 Selecting and Moving Text 41 9 1 Setting the Mark 41 9 2 Selecting Text with Mouse 41 9 3 Operating on the Hegion essere 42 9 4 Moving eet nec ret e recen obla ENEE qe dle 42 9 5 Accumulating Text ous e
19. 6 line pFeviolls Wasi o deletes ede RR Re 16 link make symbolic 000 0000 20 UE EEN 36 M mail other window ssssssuuuurrrrrrreuo 9 make directory EEN 31 make symbolic link oooooooooooccooooo 20 mark exchange point and 41 mark beginning of buffer 00 41 mark command set 41 mark end of buffer ooooooooocoocooooooo 41 menu item age vecinas dicen bee 20 menu item delete 0o oooooooooo 21 menu item disable ununesesreuunneae 22 menu item enable 22 Getting Started With XEmacs menu items relabel o o 22 mode atole cian os 15 29 N n xt lin copii ed prb gp ah 16 O options dlls a 2918 E de EEN aug iaa 36 options lisi determi ida 36 other frame find file 0oooooo oooooo o 32 other window dire 9 other window find file o oooo oo oooo 9 other window mai 9 other window scroll 0 ooooooooooooo o o o 9 other window switch to buffer 9 other windows delete 9 P point and mark exchange 41 prepend to buffer oooocooocccooooomoo 43 pr vious line AEN tr ee cee eee ea 16 Drini FeFloHB lt i es ado dr 42 R region Vales ipods 19 e ee EE 42 relabel men Atems ssssessunuuurrrrrnus 22 Temove director Nvidia is de 31 replace StTiNg concen be cr 45 S save b tler Lowe ds
20. 8 text accumulating cited iio eee Re 43 text COPYING 20d bebe ii whee es 43 lext MOVIE dai 42 This Un split keep 10 time displaying cnica 38 top level e ada R Salers bead Gobo 6 U Un split Keep Other 10 Un split Keep This 10 Udo p MENU pe pp oan ap alts Tg Undo meny Herreros de e A JS V variables setting cece ursrereioresinnr nieis 35 Visiting les iden 31 W Weight Menu item ceexevkk ee reri Y 13 window selected isso usinge kee nid oyinai aa 9 WIDdOWSs iras DEDE DUE RR Rs 5 9 10 X XEmacs frame shrinking 6 Xbmacs entering i e eR ere ER 5 Y VAMOS ness oce beds iu tuti ad Sap ep e E 42
21. Getting Started With XEmacs July 1994 General Public License upgraded January 1991 Richard Stallman and Rashmi Goyal Copyright 1985 1986 1988 Richard M Stallman Copyright 1991 1992 1993 1994 Lucid Inc Copyright 1993 1994 Sun Microsystems Inc Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies Short Contents LEE 1 ntrod cti n s ss SE ee eee SV eee eet eee Bases eee 3 1 Entering and Exiting mat sud ee we wee nee wes ee E 5 2 XEmacs Windows and Menus 223 Age 9 d Baste Editing Commands ssc sess osa scene ee eta ead xs 15 4 Customize key bindings and menus 19 D delia ereda ee dE ca AA ced 23 6 Major and Minor Modes eu xcci a aig Ae Roh m n 27 Eo rrr l Other Customizations esa3 33 39m RR EAE EG RES 35 9 Selecting and Moving Tebas pistas 41 10 Searching and Replacing 2245322242499 45 Key Character Index 24429 da va de ee AD ee ds 47 Command and Function Index sexos Bede eee ee es 49 Narable Widens de tie a RO sed AAA 53 Concept lides 55 Getting Started With XEmacs Table of Contents E d ek xr EORREREITERYx ERR rr 1 Ito CMC rm 3 1 Entering and Exiting Emacs 5 LI Entering EMS mii it duke Duende d 5 1 24 Emacs brame ule Eb rebate EE ER 5 L3 Exiting Em e8 ii eed ddd ede s ace Het dn 6 L The Mode Line mejicana aii edis
22. RET The specified file will be read into the current buffer The usr workspace might be the default directory When Emacs prompts you for a file it uses the default directory unless you specify a directory You can see what the default directory of the current buffer is by using the Describe Variable option from the Help menu When Emacs prompts you for the variable name to describe type default directory If you wish to open a file in some other directory use or the key to go back and type the path name of the new directory You can create a new directory by typing M x make directory This command will prompt you for a directory name Create directory usr workspace After you type a directory name and press RET a new directory with the specified name will be created If you do not wish to create a new directory then simply press C g to quit the command Similarly you can also remove a directory by using the command remove directory The command M x pwd will print the current buffer s default directory For more information on file names See section File Names in XEmacs User s Manual 7 2 Visiting Files To edit a file in Emacs you need to visit it Visiting a file means copying its contents or reading them into the current buffer Emacs will create a new buffer for each file that you visit The buffer will be named after the file that you open If you open a file usr workspace myfile texinfo the buffer will be ca
23. See section Help in XEmacs User s Manual Customizable means you can change the definitions of Emacs commands For example if you use a programming language in which comments start with lt and end with gt you can tell the Emacs comment manipulation commands to use those strings see section Comments in XEmacs User s Manual Another sort of customization is rearrangement of the command set For example you can set up the four basic cursor motion commands up down left and right on keys in a diamond pattern on the keyboard if you prefer See section Customization in XEmacs User s Manual Extensible means you can go beyond simple customization and write entirely new com mands programs in the Lisp language to be run by Emacs s own Lisp interpreter Emacs is an on line extensible system it is divided into many functions that call each other You can redefine any function in the middle of an editing session and replace any part of Emacs without making a separate copy of all of Emacs Most of the editing commands of Emacs are written in Lisp the few exceptions could have been written in Lisp but are written in C for efficiency Only a programmer can write an extension to Emacs but anybody can use it afterward Getting Started With XEmacs Chapter 1 Entering and Exiting Emacs 5 1 Entering and Exiting Emacs While using Emacs you should be familiar with the following three terms Buffer A buffer
24. a 19 blmk parenc A ete aeons RR Ene 30 UME pH 5 Buffer As menu item Save 10 Buffer menu item Kill 10 Buffer menu item Print 10 Buffer menu item Revert o o o oo o oo 10 Buffer menu item Have 10 Buffers Viet eg Eeer DRE TES 14 Buffers Menu Length menu item 13 Buffers Sub Menus menu item 13 EMO a da 28 Case Sensitive Search menu item I3 Clear menn item caciones 12 clipboard selecti0D 00oooooooomoooooo 41 55 Commands menu item Teach Extended 13 commands rectangle sous ncarss iris 43 Gontrol GUESO seul 16 Copy Ment Mirra EY eye 12 COPYING A ER EPIS mE 43 correcting mistakes o o oooooooooooo 17 Creating drectoriesg 31 cursor Control REEL EEN ee 16 CUTSOP POSITION 2 vs bie dir pen ee 16 cursor Shapes serrer etti ra 41 CUSTOMIZE apra paar 19 35 customize MENUS 33 22 54 9 eg br e eee 20 Cut menu tem si ri 12 D Delete Frame menu item 10 delete menus iii ede Mae seeds 20 Delete Selection menu item Auto 13 deleting i Aen eer cede 16 deleting menu tem 21 A A dE e EE EE e 15 digit argument 2 132 9 mcg RR DERE ki 17 directories creating oooooooooo 31 directories removing ooo 31 el Ee EEN 20 disabling menu tem 22 displaying tme m x 4M Ryu IIS 38 down menus oul 10 E ech garen ec e cs e
25. acs User s Manual Emacs provides protection from simultaneous editing which occurs if two users are vis iting the same file and trying to save their changes It will put a lock on a file which is being visited and modified If any other user tries to modify that file it will inform the user about the lock and provide some options For more information on protection against simultaneous editing See section Interlocking in XEmacs User s Manual 34 Getting Started With XEmacs Chapter 8 Other Customizations 35 8 Other Customizations You can modify the behavior of Emacs in minor ways permanently by putting your changes in your emacs file This file contains Lisp function call expressions Each of these expressions will consist of a function name followed by arguments all surrounded by parentheses For example to turn on the auto fill mode i e break lines automatically when they become too long put the following line in your emacs file add hook text mode hook lambda auto fill mode 1 Emacs has a function named turn on auto fill which is defined as lambda auto fill mode 1 Therefore you can also write the above as add hook text mode hook turn on auto fill Emacs provides a number of hooks for the sake of customization The hook variables contain list of functions to be called with no arguments To turn on the auto fill mode add the appropriate hook as shown in the example abo
26. acter starting from the beginning of the buffer M x goto line RET number RET To enable this command type M x goto line and hit the key After you see Goto line in the echo area type in a number n and hit key again This command will position the cursor on the nth line starting from the beginning of the buffer M x what line RET This command will display the current line number in the echo area 3 3 Erasing Text DEL If you press ie the delete key it will delete the character before the cursor delete backward char C d This will delete the character after the cursor delete char Chapter 3 Basic Editing Commands 17 C k Kill to the end of the line ki11 1ine If you kill the line by mistake you can yank or paste it back by typing C y See Section 9 4 Moving Text page 42 for more information on yanking M d Kill forward to the end of the next word kill word M DEL Kill back to the beginning of the previous word backward kill word M k Kill to the end of current sentence kill sentence M z char Kill up to next occurrence of char zap to char To use this command type M z You will see the following statement in the echo area Zap to char Type any char and press the key For example if you type p then the entire text starting from the position of the cursor until the first occurrence of p is killed 3 4 Giving Numeric Arguments Any Emacs command can be given a numeric argument S
27. ault lt buffer name gt After you type in a buffer name a copy of the region will be inserted at the location of the cursor into that buffer If there is no buffer with the name given by you Emacs will create a new buffer with that name By default the cursor s position in the lt buffer name gt is at the end M x prepend to buffer Prepend region to contents of specified buffer This command is similar to the above command except that the cursor in the buffer by default is at the beginning rather than at the end M x copy to buffer Copy region into specified buffer deleting that buffer s old contents This com mand will also prompt you for a buffer name M x insert buffer Insert contents of specified buffer into current buffer at point This command will prompt you for a buffername which you want to be copied into the current buffer at the location of the cursor M x append to file This command will prompt you for a filename and append the region to the end of the contents of the specified file See section Accumulating Text in XEmacs User s Manual for more information regarding this topic You can also use rectangle commands for operating on rectangular areas of text See section Rectangles in XEmacs User s Manual for more information regarding rectangle commands Emacs also provides registers which serve as temporary storage for text or positions Each register has a one character name and they can store reg
28. cording menu item Start Macro 12 rectangle commands NEE ENEE ENNEN 43 POSTON EE 41 ur c Pm 43 relabelling menu items 22 removing directories oooooooooooo o 31 A dares EE Ee EE GA 45 Revert Buffer menu jem 10 rng EE 42 S Save Buffer As menu item 10 Save Buffer menu item sssussuseresssnnuo 10 Save Options secar ten 13 save mode auto 29 saving less inicie RE Ree 32 SAVING auto bis Sia Nei EIFE DE eet 33 Search menu item Case Sensitive 13 Searchidg eese Mite need AC RP EFP E GU RETE 45 selected window rena 9 Selection menu item Auto Delete 13 selection clipboard 00ooooooooooooooo 41 selection mouse 0 ee cece cece eens 41 selection primar e SE Ed iia 41 Sensitive Search menu item Case 13 setting variables pss RR ber rea 35 SHAPES CUT ira da 41 shrinking XEmacs fame 6 simultaneous editing 000oooooooooooo 33 Size men Me coco 13 split Keep Others Un 10 Getting Started With XEmacs split Keep This Un 10 Split ramo e RR RESP peres 10 Start Macro Recording menu item 12 Storage tempora dE d pre eee iie 43 Sub Menus menu item Buffers 13 SUPE dis 6 Syntax Highlighting menu item 13 T Teach Extended Commands menu item 13 Temporary Storage oia Di ee eye e 43 e rivas di hs d 20 tekini Mde eg deet ee peas Sa RUE CS 2
29. de Use this mode for Lisp programs Look at the XEmacs User s Manual for more information fortran mode Use this mode for Fortran programs This mode provides special commands to move around and some other indentation commands For more information on this mode See section Fortran in XEmacs User s Manual edit picture This is the picture mode which you can use to create a picture out of text char acters See section Picture in XEmacs User s Manual for more information asm mode Use asm mode for editing files of assembler code Look at the file usr local lib xemacs 19 11 1isp modes asm el for more information There are some other modes and commands for working with other kinds of text or pro grams Emacs also provides commands for reading and sending Mail For more information on these features look at the XEmacs Manual Emacs also provides the functions of a desk calendar with a diary of past or planned events For more information on the calendar mode look at the manual for Calendar Mode and Diary 6 2 Minor Modes The minor modes in Emacs provide some optional features which you can turn on or off Any number of minor modes can be active at the same time with any major mode You can enable a minor mode in one buffer and disable it in other mode To enable a minor mode for example the font lock mode type the following command M x font lock mode To enable the other minor modes replace the font lock with the
30. e keyboards so it might be better to use the above command See section Undoing Changes in XEmacs User s Manual for more information on undoing changes Chapter 4 Customize key bindings and menus 19 4 Customize key bindings and menus When you start Emacs it reads the file emacs in your home directory You can use this file to initialize and customize Emacs to your liking This file should contain lisp code You can customize your emacs file to create new menus disable menus change key bindings enable a minor mode etc Any kind of customization affects only a particular Emacs job that you do them in If you want to save your customizations permanently i e for future use also you have to put it in your emacs file After you make changes to your emacs file and save it the changes will be effective only after you start Emacs again i e for a new Emacs process To try out some of the examples in this section highlight that region and evaluate the region by giving the command M x eval region You will be able to see the results of your customizations in that Emacs session only see section Lisp Eval in XEmacs User s Manual 4 1 Customize key bindings Most of Emacs commands use key sequences See section Keystrokes in XEmacs User s Manual for more information about Keys and Commands In Emacs the keys themselves carry no meaning unless they are bound to a function For example C
31. e and other keywords in different colors and fonts When you select More from the Syntax Highlighting option you get very detailed display of colors and fonts function names within comments themselves might appear in a different font and color auto fill mode Enabling this mode will provide automatic word wrapping The key will break lines i e insert newlines as you type to prevent lines from becoming too long overwrite mode When you enable this mode the text that you type will replace the existing text rather than moving it to the right the default case You can enable this mode by selecting Overstrike menu item from the Options menu from the menu bar abbrev mode After you enable this mode you can define words which will expand into some different text i e you can define abbreviations For example you might define expand to expand will eventually expand to this text After this definition you will be able to get expand will eventually expand to this text simply by typing expand See section Abbrevs in XEmacs User s Manual for more information on this mode and on defining abbreviations auto save mode After you enable this mode in a buffer the contents of that buffer will be saved periodically This will reduce the amount you might lose in case of a system crash 30 Getting Started With XEmacs line number mode After you enable this mode the line number at which your cursor is present will be displayed continously i
32. e instead To make a particular key undefined you can also use global unset key C x C c 6 20 Getting Started With XEmacs Now if you use the command C x C c you will get an error saying that the command is undefined Some other customizations you could try are e global set key button3 beginning of buffer Now when you press the third button of your mouse the cursor will be placed at the beginning of buffer global set key f1 goto line If you press the key you will be prompted for a line number After you type the line number and hit RET the cursor will be placed on that line number global set key f2 undo Pressing will undo the last command If you have a key on your keyboard try binding that key to the undo command Another syntax for customizing key bindings is define key keymap keys def It de fines keys to run def in the keymap keymap keymap is a keymap object which records the bindings of keys to the commands that they run keys is the sequence of keystrokes to bind def is anything that can be a key s definition Look at the following two examples define key global map C xl make symbolic link define key c mode map C xl make symbolic link Both the examples bind the key C x1 to run the function make symbolic link see section Misc File Ops in XEmacs User s Manual However the second example will bind the key only for C mode See section Major Modes in XEmacs Us
33. e wu ieee ee Ee ee eee eee eee li edit pICbure pisar 28 editing simultaneous essuscserrrrrsreru 33 Emacs menu item kat 10 Emacs energie Eh Zeien 5 roseg Killing cr ver Re D UPPER HE RE 6 enabling menu items oooooooooo cromo 22 End Macro Recording menu item 12 entering Marga IER PEE A 5 entering XDEmacs 2 di 5 CLASING d P EA e eee nae wt eins 16 examples Init le dree a 37 Execute Last Macro menu item 12 Exit Emacs menu Mem 10 96 Sa aara e ea a iaaa TER 6 Extended Commands menu item Teach 13 Mes radar 5 file examples iMit ooo oooooooooooo 3r A tori draiar RI 10 file names ira E NEE 31 file open another scele resero ei 5 File menu item Insert 10 HICSS rr ae a NE EE a Sch files SAVING Ee eR IU Ae AE 32 E e TEE 31 Font menu t m zs e 13 font Jock mode 29 35 fortran Modes ici rd aaa ds 28 Frame menu item Delete 10 Frame menu item New 10 frame shrinking Zkmacn 6 Brame plisadas iia 10 Frame menu item Open in New 10 fundamental mode 0 00 eee eens 27 G lis dana tales 23 Help Meat edu ph dg at seen a De 14 Highlighting menu item Paren 13 Highlighting menu item Syntax 13 HOOK CENE 35 init file examples EELER AEN Ne 3T Insert File menu item 10 MSC ti eee oe Me DPI E 15 item Auto Delete Selection menu
34. either of the 333 following commands C h v M x describe variable After you type any of the above commands you will be prompted for a variable name in the echo area Type in the name of the variable for example type case fold search Your window will split into two and you will see the following message in that window case fold search s value is t This value is specific to the current buffer Documentation Non nil if searches should ignore case Automatically becomes buffer local when set in any fashion Since this variable s value is t searches will ignore case If you want case sensitive search i e if you are searching for Foo and you do not want foo to be included in the search you need to set this variable to nil In order to do that use M x set variable Emacs will prompt you for the variable which you wish to set Type in case fold search and hit RED You will see the following message Set case fold search to value Type nil and hit RET Now if you again use M x describe variable you will see that the new value of case fold search will be nil and your searches will be case sensitive This will be effective only for that Emacs session If you want to change the value of a variable permanently put the following statement in your emacs file setq case fold search nil This statement wil make searches case sensitive only in the current buffer which is the emacs file This will not be
35. er 10 menu item Save Buffer 10 menu item Save Buffer As 0o ooococoooooo 10 Menu Item Zulia cd A 13 menu item Start Macro Recording 12 menu item Syntax Highlighting 13 menu item Teach Extended Commands 13 menuitem Undo ii sse dba 12 menu item Weight 13 menu items deleting oooooooo o oo 21 menu items disabling ooooooo o oo 22 menu items enabling o oooooooooooo 22 menu items relabelling 22 Menu Length menu item Buffers 13 tenui B flters cid 14 menu File 4 025 Leg thoes bei eee cee Ee hed 10 men Help irs dreni eretti SERER RR etd 14 menu Options 2 220p94e 0 IR RIO pe 13 MENUS ee pre Geib sia he ORI Re ETUR RC RR CR s 10 Menus menu item Buffers Sub 13 Men s add i e ree pee ras spe 20 MENUS customize o2ileleeceb leer tee YES 20 men s delete tre up oh Be edie ERE d 20 57 Menus disable Ri ree t Rm tent 20 menus Gulden 10 Minor Diodes 3 22 du bp Rente Rp ep ps 28 mistakes correcting oooooooooo 17 mode lexus ed RI REDDE 6 mode AbDreV tad RR iS 29 Mode ASMA Rede 28 mode auto SaVe 1 2 eee eee eee eens 29 mode Cors piel dada 28 mode font locka psss is resceeani bi nieee 29 35 mode TOM Tdci re 28 mode fundamental 27 mode Dne mumber eee eee eee 30 mode lisp penip EE 28 mode nolle rra Abi 2f mode outlin
36. er s Manual for more information on Major Modes in XEmacs 4 2 Customizing Menus You can customize any of the XEmacs Pull down Menus You can create your own menu delete an existing one enable a menu or disable a menu For more information on the default menus available to you See Section 2 2 Pull down Menus page 10 Some of the functions which are available to you for customization are 1 add menu item menu name item name function enabled p amp optional before This function will add a menu item to a menu creating the menu first if necessary If the named item already exists the menu will remain unchanged For example if you add the following example to your emacs file or evaluate it see Chapter 4 Customization Basics page 19 Chapter 4 Customize key bindings and menus 21 add menu item Edit Replace String replace string t Clear a sub menu Replace String will be created under Edit menu before the sub menu Clear The Edit menu will now look like Undo C x u Cut cut Copy copy Paste paste Replace String Clear Start Macro Recording C x End Macro Recording C x Execute Last Macro C xe Replace String will now execute the function replace string Select this menu item Emacs will prompt you for a string name to be replaced Type a string and hit RET Now type a new string to replace the old string and hit RET All occurrences of the old string will be replaced by the new string In this e
37. es and commands containing that string i e mode with a short description of its function List Keybindings Select this item and you will get a listing of all the keys and the commands that they execute Depending on which Major mode your buffer is in you will get a listing of the special keybindings for that particular buffer also For example if you are in Texinfo mode part of your list will contain C c C c n texinfo insert Onode o texinfo insert Onoindent s texinfo insert samp t texinfo insert Otable v texinfo insert Qvar x texinfo insert example C c texinfo insert braces These keybindings apply only to Texinfo mode See Chapter 6 Modes page 27 for more information on various modes Describe Key After you select this item you will be see the following message in the echo area Describe Key After you type a command key sequence full documentation of that command will be displayed For example if you type C g you will see the following documentation for C g keyboard quit Signal a quit condition This means that C g will quit whatever command you gave earlier Describe Function This menu item provides documentation for a function After you select this item it will prompt you for a function name in the echo area Describe function default lt some function name gt If you hit without giving a function name you will get documentation for that default function name otherwise if you type a functi
38. eystrokes circa 19 Kill Buffer menu Wem 10 EE 42 EE 42 killing HM acs eR oh REESE DEP 6 L Last Macro menu item Execute 12 Length menu item Buffers Menu 13 level TOPs PPAR NER URS 6 EES 16 le le 6 line number mode 30 Eet as 55 bm e ect SPESE 28 lock mode font 29 35 Concept Index M Macro menu item Execute Last 12 Macro Recording menu item End 12 Macro Recording menu item Start 12 MAJO modes edipi Ree RXRRRRUR dad 2T mark caco ds PPS 41 menu item Auto Delete Selection 13 menu item Buffers Menu Length 13 menu item Buffers Sub Menus 13 menu item Case Sensitive Search 13 menuitem Clears ee her c palsies 112 menu item COPY midis nar ERR 12 menu item Qut llllmele iR RI 12 menu item Delete Frame 10 menu item End Macro Recording 12 menu item Execute Last Macro 12 menu item Exit Emacs essssssunsuenee 10 menu item Fotovista 13 menu item Insert File 10 menu item Kill Buffer 10 menu item New Frame 10 men item OP acatar RIPug eee 10 menu item Open in New Frame 10 menu item Overstrike ooooooo o o o 13 menu item Paren Highlighting 13 menuitem Pastrana IRIS 12 menu item Print Buffer 10 menu item Read On 13 menu item Revert Buff
39. g and End Macro Recording menu items You can now execute the most recent keyboard macro See section Keyboard Macros in XEmacs User s Manual for further informa tion 2 2 3 The Options Menu Chapter 2 XEmacs Windows and Menus 13 There are sub menus for some of the menus which you will need to select If sub menus exist for an item they will be displayed automatically when you drag the mouse on that item The items in this menu provide some fancy editing operations Read Only Selecting this item will cause the buffer to visit the file in a read only mode Changes to the file will not be allowed Case Sensitive Search Selecting this item will cause searches to be case sensitive If its not selected then searches will ignore case This option is local to the buffer For example if this item is selected and you are searching for Smile then an occurrence of smile will not be recognized because of the smaller case of s Overstrike After selecting this item when you type letters they will replace existing text on a one to one basis rather than pushing it to the right At the end of a line such characters extend the line Before a tab such characters insert until the tab is filled in Auto Delete Selection Selecting this item will cause automatic deletion of the selected region After you select a region and hit the key the selected text will be deleted The typed text will replace the selection if the selecti
40. h XEmacs Both forms contain substantially the same text and are generated from a common source file which is also distributed along with XEmacs Getting Started With XEmacs Introduction 3 Introduction You are reading about XEmacs which is a self documenting customizable extensible real time display editor XEmacs is a display editor because normally the text being edited is visible on the screen and is updated automatically as you type See section Frame in XEmacs User s Manual It is a real time editor because the display is updated very frequently usually after each character or pair of characters you type This minimizes the amount of information you must keep in your head as you edit See section Basic Editing in XEmacs User s Manual It is advanced because it provides facilities that go beyond simple insertion and deletion filling of text automatic indentation of programs viewing two or more files at once and dealing in terms of characters words lines sentences paragraphs and pages as well as expressions and comments in several different programming languages It is much easier to type one command meaning go to the end of the paragraph than to find that spot with simple cursor keys Self documenting means that at any time you can type a special character Control h to find out what your options are You can also use C h to find out what a command does or to find all the commands relevant to a topic
41. he mark In order to see the mark you can type the command C x C x which will put your cursor on the position of your mark and your mark on the position of your cursor Use the command again to reset the positions of your cursor and mark C This command will push the mark at the beginning of the buffer without chang ing the position of your cursor c gt This command will push the mark at the end of the buffer without changing the position of your cursor You can also give arguments to C lt or C gt See section The Mark and the Region in XEmacs User s Manual for more information 9 2 Selecting Text with Mouse If you are using XEmacs under X you can use the mouse to select text The selected text will always be highlighted so just by looking at the text you know what you have selected so far To select a word just double click with the left mouse button on the word To select a whole line triple click anywhere on the line with the left mouse button You can also use the Copy item from the Edit menu on the menu bar to select text This kind of selection is called Clipboard selection See section X Clipboard Selection in XEmacs User s Manual for more information To select an arbitrary region follow these steps 42 Getting Started With XEmacs Move the mouse cursor over the character at the beginning of the region of text you want to select Press and hold the left mouse button While holding the left mou
42. in the echo area After you type the file name and press RET the specified file will be read into a new buffer and displayed on a new frame 7 3 Saving Files The changes that you make after visiting a file will not be saved unless you save the buffer When you save the buffer Emacs writes the current contents of the buffer into the visited file Some commands to save buffers are C x C s This command will permanently save the current buffer in its visited file save buffer You will see the following message in the echo area if you save a file called myfile texinfo Wrote usr workspace myfile texinfo Try using this command twice You will get the above message the first time you use this command the second time you will get the following message No changes need to be saved This message indicates that you haven t made any changes since the last time you saved the file C x s This command will save all the buffers in their visited files save some buffers It will prompt you for typing yes or no Save file usr workspace myfile texinfo y or n You will get the above message for all the buffers Type y if you want to save the buffer C x C w This command will prompt you for a file name and save the current buffer in that file write file You will see the following message in the echo area Chapter 7 Files 33 Write file usr workspace After you type in a file name press RET The buffer will be saved in
43. ing After you type in a string name for example FOO and press RET you will see another prompt Replace string FOO with Now type the string which you want to replace FOO with and press RET After all the occurrences are replaced you will see the message Done in the echo area If you want only some occurrences of the string to be replaced use M x query replace RET lt string gt RET lt newstring gt RET For more information See section Query Replace in XEmacs User s Manual XEmacs also provides a utility for checking spellings Use M x ispell buffer to check for spellings in the whole buffer You can also check the spelling of a word or a region You can use menus to check for spellings Evaluate the expression load big menubar To evaluate this expression you need to hit the or the key twice and type in the expression in the echo area before hitting RET You will get an extensive menubar Select the Spell Check menu item from the Utilities menu for checking spellings Key Character Index Key Character Index C ee ed E EN Ca al 41 Ci dis 16 O an hound VI ape abt vdd 16 OS Lis eet ITE Peto dnd dia Sac E aedes 16 1 Rr 16 o PET 16 Cro LI ERU Ad herbe de 24 Gah PP EE 24 GT OR PD bod le ote emer E 24 D eed TP 15 CA da dr es Ree A ee esi 16 CMA MR beEPDPUDRPEP e 42 Pp rt 16 CAP eem 16 E 45 Cda ooo redil 45 RE 41 42 Cd o reser id 16 e TEE 17 Crd abia 16 po CMM 42 odor 9 Cda PPP AP qe 9
44. ing Started With XEmacs Chapter 2 XEmacs Windows and Menus 9 2 XEmacs Windows and Menus The first section of this chapter will show you how you can manipulate XEmacs Windows and the other section will explain the Pull down Menus of an XEmacs window 2 1 XEmacs Windows When you use XEmacs under X you can open multiple windows and each window can display one buffer or multiple parts of one buffer Each window will have its own mode line and echo area At any one time there is only one selected window and the buffer it displays is the selected buffer There are some commands for manipulating windows M C v This command will scroll the window which is not selected scroll other window C x 0 This command will get rid of the selected window delete window That is a zero If there is more than one Emacs frame deleting the sole remaining window on that frame deletes the frame as well If the current frame is the only frame it is not deleted Cx This command will get rid of all the windows except the selected one delete other windows For example if you use the Describe variable option from the Help menu the window will split vertically and the bottom window will contain documentation for that variable After you are done looking at that variable s documentation you might want to come back to your original single window Just type C x 1 after your cursor is in the top window the window which you want to keep and hit RET C x
45. ions a rectangle or a mark i e a cursor position Whatever you store in register stays there until you store something else in that register To find out about commands which manipulate registers See section Registers in XEmacs User s Manual 44 Getting Started With XEmacs Chapter 10 Searching and Replacing 45 10 Searching and Replacing Emacs provides commands for searching for occurrences of a particular string The search is incremental i e it begins even before you complete typing the whole string All searches in Emacs ignore the case of the text they are searching i e if you are searching for String then string will also be one of the selections If you want a case sensitive search select the Case Sensitive Search from the Option menu You can also set the variable case fold search to nil for making searches case sensitive For information on setting variables See Section 8 1 Setting Variables page 35 The two commands for searching for strings in XEmacs are C s This command will prompt you for a string to search I search If you type myname as the string to be searched then Emacs will start searching for m my myn etc as you go on typing the whole string in the forward direction The cursor will be on the matching string which has been found so far If you find the correct match just hit or type C f or C b to set the cursor s position If you find a matching string myname but you were looking fo
46. is a region of memory holding characters It is the basic editing unit one buffer corresponds to one piece of text being edited You can have multiple buffers but you can edit only one buffer at any one time For more information See section Buffers in XEmacs User s Manual File A file is a region of disk space holding characters Emacs edits a file by reading it into a buffer editing that buffer and writing out the buffer back to the file To save your work permanently you have to write it to a file So after you load and work with a file you have to save it back Windows A window is a rectangular region in which a buffer is displayed You can open multiple windows with multiple buffers and edit them by selecting the corresponding buffer Initially when you start emacs it will automatically open up a window for you 1 1 Entering Emacs To enter Emacs type xemacs and press the Return key at the shell i e xemacs RET This will bring up an emacs window with scratch as the default buffer because Emacs must always have a buffer to work on Then choose the Open option from the File menu on the menubar at the top of the frame It will prompt you to enter a filename After you enter the filename Emacs will read that file into the current buffer You can also type xemacs lt filename gt directly which will bring up an Emacs frame with the filename as the buffer 1 2 Emacs Frame When you run XEmacs under X a menu bar on
47. lled myfile texinfo If a buffer with this name already exists a unique name will be constructed by appending lt 2 gt lt 3 gt etc If this is the second buffer with the same name a lt 2 gt will be appended lt 3 gt for a third buffer and so on The name of the buffer which is being displayed in the window will 32 Getting Started With XEmacs be shown both at the top and bottom of the frame Once you are in XEmacs you can use the following commands C x C f This command will visit a file find file It will prompt you for a file name to visit The Open option from the File menu does the same thing Find file usr workspace Type in a filename and press RET You will see a new buffer on the screen with its name in the mode line If the filename you specify already exists in Emacs the buffer containing that file will be selected You will get an error message if the filename does not exist If you still press RET a new buffer with the given filename will be displayed on the screen C x C v This command find alternate file will visit a different file instead of the one visited last It is similar to C c C f except that it kills the current buffer after offering to save it C x 5 C f This command will visit a file in another frame find file other frame without changing the current window or frame The Open in New Frame from the File menu will do the same thing It will prompt you for a file name
48. n a mode line you will get a menu with following options Delete Window Choosing this menu will remove the window above this modeline from the frame Delete Other Windows Delete all windows on the frame except for the one above this modeline Split Window Split the window above the mode line in half creating another window Split Window Horizontally Split the window above the mode line in half horizontally so that there will be two windows side by side Balance Windows Readjust the sizes of all windows on the frame until all windows have roughly the same number of lines 2 2 XEmacs Pull down Menus When you run XEmacs under X each Emacs frame has a menu bar at the top which provides commands for editing help and other options All these options are also available via key commands the menus just provide convenient short cuts The key commands are displayed right besides some of the options The following is a brief description of the four default menus on the menu bar 2 2 1 The File Menu The File menu bar contains the following items To choose a particular option press the left mouse button and drag it to the item you wish to select Then release the button Open This option will prompt you for a file name You will get a message in the echo area Find File After Find File there might be a directory path also After you type the file name and press the file will be loaded into a new buffer Chapter 2 XEmacs Wi
49. n moves the cursor to the next line because its bound to the function next line Similarly C p moves to the previous line because its bound to the function previous line The functions themselves define a particular behavior You can customize the key C n to move to the previous line by binding it to previous line and C p to move to the next line by binding it to next line To bind keys to globally run commands you need to use the following syntax in your emacs file global set key keys cmd Here global set key is a function which will bind the keys to the specified cmd For example if you type the following in your emacs file global set key C p next line global set key C n previous line then C p will move to the next line and C n to the previous line You can also disable a key binding by using nil as the cmd in the syntax stated above Here nil stands for false which means disable a command or turn off a feature If you want to enable a command or turn on a particular feature use t which stands for true For example if you do not wish C x C c to Exit Emacs you can type the following expression in your emacs file global set key C x C c nil You might want to have this statement in your emacs file because its easy to hit this command by mistake and it could be annoying to exit Emacs unintentionally There is a Exit Emacs option in the File menu which you might want to us
50. n the buffer you are working with See Chapter 6 Modes page 27 for information on Modes Hyper Apropos After you select this item you will see the following message in the echo area List symbols matching regexp If you type mode and hit RET you will get a list of all the symbols like functions and commands You can now get documentation on any of the given symbols by clicking on any of the symbols i e drag your mouse on the appropriate symbol and release the button For example if you click on the auto fill mode you will get the following message in the window at the bottom auto fill mode Function Command Toggle auto fill mode With arg turn auto fill mode on if and only if arg is positive In auto fill mode inserting a space at a column beyond fill column g automatically breaks the line at a previous space Variable value nil variable not documented 24 Getting Started With XEmacs Command Apropos Selecting this item will prompt you for a string just like when you select Hyper Apropos After you give a string name you will get a listing of all the func tions and commands containing that string name with a very short description about what that command does Full Apropos After you select this item you will be prompted for a string name in the echo area Apropos regexp Now you can give any string name for example mode and hit RED You will get a listing of all the variabl
51. n the mode line blink paren To enable this command just type M x blink paren Do not add the mode to it You can also select the Paren Highlighting option from the Options menu After you enable this command put your cursor on one of the left parenthesis The other matching parenthesis will start blinking See Section 2 2 3 Options Menu page 13 for more information on the Paren Highlighting option For information on some other modes look at the XEmacs User s Manual and the associated files Chapter 7 Files 31 7 Files The basic unit of stored data in Unix is the file To edit a file you must tell Emacs to read the file into a buffer This is called visiting the file You can now edit the buffer and to save the changes you must write the buffer back to the file In addition to visiting and saving files Emacs can delete copy rename and append to files and operate on file directories 7 1 File Names Most of the Emacs commands that operate on a file require you to specify a file name For example you might specify the file name initially when you enter Emacs xemacs myfile RET After you hit RET you will enter XEmacs with myfile read into the current buffer If you do not specify the filename when entering Emacs you can use the Open option from the File menu You will be prompted for a filename in the echo area Find file usr workspace Type in a file name which you want to open after the and hit
52. name of the minor mode To disable the mode type the command again A positive argument will always turn the mode on Whenever you type this command it will turn the mode on if it was off OR it Chapter 6 Major and Minor Modes 29 will turn it off if it was on i e it toggles Look at the mode line at the bottom of the frame If it says FLock in parentheses then it means that this mode is on otherwise it is off The following are some of the minor modes available in XEmacs To enable any one of them type M x in front of them font lock mode You can also choose this mode by selecting the Syntax Highlighting menu item from the Options menu on the menu bar at the top If you wish to have this mode enabled permanently choose Save Options from the Options menu See Section 2 2 3 Options Menu page 13 for more information on the Options menu You can also add statements in your emacs file For each major mode in which you wish to enable this minor mode you need a statement in your emacs file The following example shows how to enable the font lock mode when the major mode is c mode add hook c mode hook turn on font lock See Chapter 8 Other Customizations page 35 When you enable this mode the text will be displayed in different colors and fonts depending on the type of the text This makes the text very easy to read and understand For example comments might be displayed in red variables in black functions in blu
53. ndows and Menus 11 Open in New Frame It prompts you for a file name and loads that file in a new buffer in a new frame You can open many frames for the same Emacs session You can delete the frame by selecting Delete Frame Insert File Prompts you for a filename and inserts the contents of this filename in your current buffer Position your cursor at the place you wish to insert the file and select this option You will get the following message in the echo area Insert file Insert the file name and press RET Save lt Buffername gt It saves the changes you have made to the buffer If you have made changes which are not saved yet the option will appear dark otherwise it will be light and unselectable If you do not wish to save the changes select Revert Buffer Save As Prompts you for a filename and saves the current buffer in that file It loads the new file if the filename you specify is different from the one you were working with Print Buffer lt buffername gt Prints a hardcopy of the current or selected buffer New Frame Opens a new frame with scratch as the default buffer It doesn t prompt you for a filename To open a file you need to go to that frame and select Open Split Frame Splits the current window into two equal sized windows with the same buffer To get back a single frame select Un Split Keep This See Section 2 1 XEmacs Window page 9 for more information about windows Un Split Keep
54. ner RE ERR ERA PRU ed NN 43 10 Searching and Replacing 45 Key Character Index va ene d ENER nn 4T Command and Function Index 49 Variable Index 0 23 2592 cda E es un 53 Concept lider conocerse 55 Preface 1 Preface This guide is intended to help you get started on using the Emacs editor It will show you some examples of simple customizations For detailed information on any topic refer to the XEmacs User s Manual This doc ument will also refer the reader to the XEmacs User s Manual for more information on corresponding topics You can also use the on line learn by doing tutorial which you get by running Emacs and typing C h t OR you can choose the Emacs Tutorial from the Help menu on the menu bar which is located on the extreme right of the frame With it you learn Emacs by using Emacs on a specially designed file which describes commands tells you when to try them and then explains the results you see The first few chapters will introduce you to some basic Emacs commands Later on some examples of simple customizations will be shown To find the documentation on a particular command look in the index Keys character commands and command names have separate indexes There is also a glossary with a cross reference for each term This manual comes in two forms the published form and the Info form The Info form is for on line perusal with the INFO program it is distributed along wit
55. ome commands interpret the argument as a repetition count For example if you want to move forward ten characters you could type C f ten times However a more efficient way to do this would be to give an argument of ten to the key C f the command forward char move forward one character Negative arguments are also allowed Often they tell a command to move or act backwards For example if you want to move down ten lines type the following C u 10 C n RET After you press key the cursor will move ten lines downward You can also type M 10 C n RET Both C u and M allow you to give numeric arguments If you want to move ten lines backward you can also give negative arguments like C u 10 C n RET OR you could also type M 10 C n RET You can obviously use C b to move backward rather than giving negative arguments to C n See section Numeric Arguments in XEmacs User s Manual for more information on numeric arguments 3 5 Undoing Changes When you are editing a buffer you might type something by mistake Emacs allows you to undo all changes you make to a buffer but not more than 8000 characters Each buffer in Emacs keeps a record of the changes made to it individually so the undo command applies to the current buffer There are two undo commands C x u Undo one batch of changes usually one command s worth undo 18 Getting Started With XEmacs C The same as above but this command might not be obvious to type on som
56. ome of the available modes in XEmacs are fundamental mode When you start XEmacs usually you start with the default Fundamental mode This mode has no special definitions or settings nroff mode Use this mode when you have to format a text with nroff before it can be available in readable form It redefines some indentation commands See section Nroff Mode in XEmacs User s Manual for information on this mode tex mode Use this mode if you are using the LaTeX text formatter It provides commands for insertion of quotes braces and other characters It also allows you to format 28 Getting Started With XEmacs the buffer for printing See section TeX Mode in XEmacs User s Manual for information on this mode texinfo mode Texinfo is a documentation system that uses a single source file to produce both printed output and on line documentation When you use this mode there will be some special keybindings for inserting some characters and executing some commands This manual itself is produced by Texinfo outline mode Use this mode for editing outlines When you enable this mode you can make part of the text temporarily invisible so that you can see the overall structure of the outline See section Outline Mode in XEmacs User s Manual for information on this mode c mode Use this mode for C programs It will redefine some indentation commands See section C Indent in XEmacs User s Manual lisp mo
57. omomomomo 45 Column Alle cars ERE 31 D default directory 9 EE Eeer E 31 directory default 229 serbe n 31 display iime sg pe ERRARE RUE Y RR 38 F files make backunp oo 33 fBill Golummn EECH 3T fold search case 45 format frame title 056 5 cece ee ccoo 38 Prame Otle Zormat 0 0 cece eee eee 38 53 M make backup HfileS 0oooooooooommooo 33 max size buffers menu lesus sess 38 menu max size buerg 38 R regions ZMACSH ieee sae ENEE E eee E 38 search case told iis ee etre ede E BUR S 45 size buffers menu max lessen 38 T time displays occ once REI ER res 38 title format fame 38 Z Zmacs reglorns Eeer 38 54 Getting Started With XEmacs Concept Index Concept Index Keep Others Un split ooooo ooooooo 10 Keep This Un enit oo 10 Men item Open cid 10 menu item Save Buffer As 10 uro TP 19 EEN 29 accumulating text 45 24 rra WEEN REENEN 43 add mens sete e rr Rated J 20 another file open 3 202 0550 LER de DEEN 5 Area CONO ee sede vues etre edo Pep ipia T argumenta oir ea de argument negative sisser arto irena de argument HERE d iaa pu asm mode iu obescitpec Ripe pe eM ES lee 28 Auto Delete Selection menu item 13 AUTO SAVING Lr scri ere Riche EE ER Re Reus 33 auto save Mode 0 cece rri reai iiair 29 B pinding keys A Ae E HRS RARUS 19 bindings Key aimar
58. on is active i e if its highlighted If the option is not selected then the typed text is just inserted at the cursor Teach Extended Commands After you select this item any time you execute a command with M x which has a shorter keybinding you will be shown the alternate binding before the command executes For example if you type M x find file other window which performs the same function as the Open in Other Window in File menu you will see the following message M x find file other window bound to keys C x 4 f C x 4 C f Syntax Highlighting You can customize your emacs file to include the font lock mode so that when you select this item the comments will be displayed in one face strings in another reserved words in another and so on See section Customization in XEmacs User s Manual for more information on customizing emacs file After selecting this item you will find your code a lot easier to read When Fonts is selected different parts of the program will appear in different Fonts When Colors is selected then the program will be displayed in different colors Selecting None causes the program to appear in just one Font and Color Se lecting Less resets the Fonts and Colors to a fast minimal set of decorations Selecting More resets the Fonts and Colors to a larger set of decorations For example if Less is selected which is the default setting then you might have all comments in green color It does not matte
59. on name and hit RET you will get documentation for the given function Chapter 5 Help 25 Describe Variable You can get documentation on any variable by selecting this menu item It is similar to Describe Function and will prompt you for a variable name Unix Manual After you select this item you will be prompted for a Unix command for which you wish to see the man page You will see the following message in the echo area Manual entry default lt some name gt Now you can type any command for example type who and press RET You will get the man page for the Unix command who which lists who is on the system Emacs Tutorial Select this item and you will get a tutorial on Emacs It is good for new users Emacs News Select this item and you will get a lot of historical and current news on Emacs For more information on the Help facility See section Help in XEmacs User s Manual 26 Getting Started With XEmacs Chapter 6 Major and Minor Modes 27 6 Major and Minor Modes XEmacs is language sensitive It has several major and minor modes The major modes customize Emacs to edit text of a particular sort There are major modes for C Lisp Emacs Lisp LaTeX English etc Within each major mode certain functions and keys are redefined to suit that particular sort of text The minor modes provide certain features which can be turned off or on at any time Emacs can only be in one major mode at any
60. r a different occurrence of it use C s again If the search is unable to find the string it will give you an error message C r This command will perform an incremental search in the backward direction It will prompt you for a string name I search backward After you start typing the string name it will search for the string in the same fashion as it does for C s except that it will search in the backward direction If it cannot find the string name it will give you an error message If you make a mistake while typing the string names when you use the above commands you can use the key to erase characters Each will erase the last character At any time if you want to quit the search just type C g To do a non incremental search i e to start the search only after you have typed the whole string you can use the following commands C s RET string RET This command will search for the specified string in the forward direction and will give an error message if the string is not found C r RET string RET This command will search for the specified string in the backward direction For information on how Emacs searches for words and regular expressions See section Search in XEmacs User s Manual To replace all occurrences of a string in Emacs you can use the following command M x replace string After you type M x replace string you will be prompted for a string name to replace 46 Getting Started With XEmacs Replace str
61. r what the comments contain Whereas if More is selected then a function name in the comments themselves 14 Getting Started With XEmacs might appear in a different Color or Font Even though the comments them selves might appear in green color a function name within the comments might appear in red color Paren Highlighting After selecting Blink from this item if you place the cursor on a parenthesis the matching parenthesis will blink If you select Highlight and place the cur sor on a parenthesis the whole expression of the parenthesis under the cursor will be highlighted Selecting None will turn off the options regarding Paren Highlighting which you had selected earlier Font You can select any Font for your program by choosing from one of the available Fonts The whole buffer will be converted to the Font you select Size You can select any size for the text in your buffer ranging from 2 to 24 by selecting the appropriate option Weight You can choose either Bold or Medium for the weight of the text of your buffer Buffers Menu Length Prompts you for the number of buffers to display Then it will display that number of most recently selected buffers Buffers Sub Menus After selection of this item the Buffers menu will contain several commands as submenus of each buffer line If this item is unselected then there are no submenus for each buffer line the only command available will be selecting that buffer Save
62. s name what major and minor modes are in use whether the buffer s text has been changed and how far down the buffer you are currently looking The ch contains Oeo if the text in the buffer has been edited mE if the text in the buffer has not been edited hh if the buffer is a read only buffer i e it cannot be edited buf is the name of the window s chosen buffer If you are editing a file which is the selected buffer the file name appears in buf See section Buffers in XEmacs User s Manual Chapter 1 Entering and Exiting Emacs 7 pos contains ALL if your entire file is visible on the screen Top if you are looking at the beginning of the file Bot if you are looking at the end of the file uni nn will be a number corresponding to the percentage of the file above the top of the screen for example 52 which means that 52 of the file is above the top of the screen major is the name of the major mode in effect in the buffer At any time each buffer is in one and only one major mode The available major modes include Fundamental mode the least specialized Text mode Lisp mode and C mode See section Major Modes in XEmacs User s Manual for details on how the modes differ and how you select one minor is a list of some of the minor modes that are turned on in the window s chosen buffer For example Fill means that Auto Fill mode is on which means that lines are broken a
63. s only once you can edit multiple files by opening several other frames or by switching between buffers 1 3 Exiting Emacs There are two commands for exiting Emacs one for suspending Emacs and the other for killing Emacs Suspending means stopping Emacs temporarily and returning control to the shell allowing you to resume editing later in the same Emacs job with the same files same kill ring same undo history and so on This is the usual way to exit Killing Emacs means destroying the Emacs job You can run Emacs again later but you will get a fresh Emacs there is no way to resume the same editing session after it has been killed C z Suspend Emacs suspend emacs If used under the X window system this command will shrink the X window containing the Emacs frame to an icon Clicking on the icon will resume that Emacs process again See section Exiting Emacs in XEmacs User s Manual C x C c Kill Emacs save buffers kill emacs You can also select Exit Emacs op tion from the File menu to kill that Emacs process If you haven t saved the file Emacs will ask you if you wish to save the file before killing that process 1 4 The Mode Line When you enter XEmacs each text window s last line is a mode line which describes what is going on in that window Normally the mode line looks like ch XEmacs buf major minor pos This gives information about the buffer being displayed in the window the buffer
64. se button down drag the cursor to the character at the end of the region of text you want to select Release the left mouse button The selected region of text is highlighted See section Selecting Text with the Mouse in XEmacs User s Manual for more infor mation regarding the Mouse and additional mouse operations 9 3 Operating on the Region Once you have selected a region you can do a lot of things to the text in the region Kill the text with C w For example if you want to kill a paragraph position the cursor to the beginning of the paragraph and type C SPC Then go to the end of the paragraph and type C w The entire paragraph will be deleted You can also select the text with a mouse and type C w to kill the entire region See section Killing in XEmacs User s Manual for more information Save the text in a buffer or a file see section Accumulating Text in XEmacs User s Manual You can convert the case of the text with C x C 1 or C x C u If you type C x C u the selected text will become all upper case If you type C x C 1 the selected text will become all lower case Print hardcopy with M x print region See section Hardcopy in XEmacs User s Manual for more information This command will print a hardcopy of only the selected text Indent it with C x or C M See section Indentation in XEmacs User s Manual for more information 9 4 Moving Text The most common way to move or copy text in Emacs
65. section Filling in XEmacs User s Manual for information on using Auto Fill mode 16 Getting Started With XEmacs 3 2 Moving Around The following commands will allow you to move the cursor around the screen The actual function names corresponding to these commands are given in parenthesis You can also invoke these commands by typing M x lt function name gt You can do this for any command in XEmacs C b Move the cursor backward one character backward char Caf Move the cursor forward one character forward char C p Move the cursor up one line vertically previous line C n Move the cursor down one line vertically next line C a Move the cursor to the beginning of the line beginning of line C e Move the cursor to the end of the line end of line M f Move the cursor forward one word forward word M b Move the cursor backword one word backward word M Move the cursor to the top of the buffer beginning of buffer M Move the cursor to the end of the buffer end of buffer M x goto char RET number RET To enable this command type M x goto char and hit key In the echo area you will see Goto char You should then type in a number right after the colon and hit the RETURN key again After reading a number n this command will move the cursor to character number n Position 1 is the beginning of the buffer For example if you type M x goto char RET 200 RET then the cursor will move to the 200th char
66. t This means that you should hold down the META key while typing lt chr gt If there is no META key on your keyboard use the ESC key instead For example if the command is M x then type ESC release it and type x The following abbreviations will be used for some other keys Space bar Return key LED Linefeed key Tab ESC Escape Shift 3 1 Inserting Text To insert printing characters into the text you are editing just type them Emacs will automatically insert the characters that you type into the buffer at the cursor The cursor moves forward but if you prefer to have text characters replace overwrite existing text characters you can enable the Overstrike option from the Options menu in the menu bar To delete text you have just inserted use DEL deletes the character before the cursor not the one that the cursor is on top of or under that is the character after the cursor The cursor and all characters after it move backwards Therefore if you type a printing character and then type DEL they cancel out To end a line and start typing a new one type RET This inserts a newline character in the buffer If point is in the middle of a line splits the line Typing when the cursor is at the beginning of a line rubs out the newline before the line thus joining the line with the preceding line Emacs automatically splits lines when they become too long if you turn on a special mode called Auto Fill mode See
67. tion keys like F1 You can bind the function undo i e C x u to any key for example to F2 global set key f2 undo The following statement will display the current time in the modeline of the buffer display time This displays the current line number on which the cursor is present in the modeline setq line number mode t If you don t want the text to be highlighted when you use commands for marking regions so as to use the kill and yank commands later you can use the following expression in your emacs file setq zmacs regions nil Now if you use a command like C x C p mark page the text will not be highlighted To control the number of buffers listed when you select the Buffers menu you need to set the variable buffers menu max size to whatever value you wish For example if you want 20 buffers to be listed when you select Buffers use setq buffers menu max size 20 If you want the window title area to display the full directory name of the current buffer s file and not just the name use setq frame title format 4S f To get rid of the menu use set menubar nil If you want an extensive menu bar use the following expression in your emacs file Chapter 8 Other Customizations 39 load big menubar If you want to write your own menus you can look at some of the examples in usr local lib xemacs 20 0 lisp packages big menubar el file For more information on initializing your
68. u item menu name Enables the specified previously disabled menu item enable menu item File Management Copy File This will enable the sub menu Copy File which was disabled by the earlier command 5 relabel menu item menu name new name Change the string of the menu item spec ified by menu name to new name relabel menu item File Open Open File This example will rename the Open menu item from the File menu to Open File Chapter 5 Help 23 5 Help XEmacs provides a comprehensive Help facility On the extreme right of the menu bar there is a Help menu There are several help commands provided by this menu You can also use C h for invoking the Help facility Type for a list of keys you can type after typing C h If you want more information on what your options are and what kind of help you can get type again You will get a listing of all the keys you can type and what they will do Initially if you want help type C h three times 5 1 Help menu When you click on the Help menu with any of the mouse buttons you will get the following menu items Info Selecting this item will take you to the Info page which is the online documen tation browsing system You can simply click on the highlighted items and Info will take you to the document providing information about that topic Describe Mode After you select this item you will get a documentation on the major and minor modes which are enabled i
69. uffer prepend to nisar cess eee 43 butter Saver bes eG edad sat T ed qure bios 32 buffer other window switch t0 9 buffers save some lessen 32 buffers kill emacs save 00ooooooooooommmoo 6 C char backward EE Ee EENS Rm 16 char delete 2 erte ee AR dE EEN dE AE ce 16 char delete backward oooooo o oooooo oo o 16 char forward 24 2 die d EEN leaded PERDRE bows 16 Char BOLO sen a ica ge see Pe AN 16 char Zap tOn ile 16 chars transp086 sse i sita pea RETE 16 command set Mark 0o oooooooooo o o 41 COpy to Duffer accua 43 49 D delete backward char na 16 deleteschat rante 16 delete menu item oooooooooorrrommmooo 2l delete otbher windowng 9 delete window 000 cece cece eee 9 describe variable o ooooooooooo o o 35 directory make i gie p d pra 31 directory remoVe ges ir dd ts 31 dired other window oooooooooocoorro 9 disable menu item 000 0 cece eee eee 22 E Cdit OptiONns renerien rge Pe bete b ges Die 36 emacs save buffers kill o o o o oo 6 emacs suspend sssseseeees eee 6 enable menu item esee eese 22 end of buffer 000 cece cece eee sivine 16 end of buffer mark 41 end ofli s us cipe Beet fated ae ees 16 eval expression ces ra peered PT bane 37 EE 19 exchange point and mark Al expression OMA e ERR NES EE EENS goed 37 F
70. utomatically when they become too wide See section Minor Modes in XEmacs User s Manual for more information on various minor modes and how to enable them You can also display time in the mode line See section The Mode Line in XEmacs User s Manual for more information regarding the mode line 1 5 The Echo Area The line at the bottom of the frame below the mode line is the echo area Emacs uses this area to communicate with you e The echo area will print out the characters that you type For example if you choose the Open option from the File menu you might get the following in the echo area Find file usr lib x11 Now you need to give a file name to open for example if the file name is myfile you will type myfile after usr lib x11 and press the key If you pause for more than a second while typing you will see the characters that you type in the echo area e The echo area also prints error messages For example if you misspell usr and type urs lib x11 myfile in the above example you might get an error message Since Emacs will not be able to find the urs directory the echo area will say Opening directory no such file or directory urs lib x11 myfilel This error message will be accompanied by a beep Some XEmacs commands will print informative messages in the echo area See section The Echo Area in XEmacs User s Manual for more information on the echo area Gett
71. ve Similarly to enable the font lock mode which displays your program in different fonts and colors see Chapter 6 Modes page 27 put the following in your emacs file The comments above the statement explain what the statements do 333 enables the font lock mode in Lisp Mode add hook lisp mode hook turn on font lock 333 enables the font lock mode in Texinfo Mode add hook texinfo mode hook turn on font lock 333 enables the font lock mode in C Mode add hook c mode hook turn on font lock To turn on the font lock mode in other Major Modes like emacs lisp just put the name of the mode with hook appended to it as the middle parameter in the above examples You can also select the color that the functions comments or other keywords should be displayed in the function names will now be displayed in blue color set face foreground font lock function name face blue the comments will be displayed in forest green set face foreground font lock comment face forest green For other customizations regarding the font lock face look at the file usr local lib xemacs 19 11 etc sample emacs 8 1 Other Customizations In XEmacs variables are used for internal record keeping and customizations There are some variables called options which you can use for customizations To examine a variable use 36 Getting Started With XEmacs 333 print the value and documentation of the variable use
72. very useful To make searches case sensitive globally in all buffers use setq default case fold search nil If you want to change the value of any other variable use setq lt variable name gt new value setq will assign the new value to the variable name If you want a list of the options i e the variables available for customization type displays a buffer listing names values and documentation of options M x list options displays options and allows you to edit those list of options M x edit options Try these options If you are using edit options to edit a variable just point at the variable you wish to edit and use one of the following commands 1 Set the value of the variable to t non nil Chapter 8 Other Customizations 37 0 Set the value of the variable to nil n Move to the next variable p Move to the previous variable There are some other options available to make the value of a variable local to a buffer and then to switch to its global value You can also have a local variables list in a file which specifies the values to use for certain Emacs variables when you edit that file See section Variables in XEmacs User s Manual for information on these options 8 2 Init File Examples 6 For customizing Emacs you need to put Lisp expressions in your emacs file The following are some useful Lisp expressions If you find any of them useful just type them in your emacs
73. xample Edit is the menu name which identifies the menu into which the new menu item should be inserted Replace String is the item name which names the menu item to be added replace string is the function i e the command to be invoked when the menu item Replace String is selected t is the enabled p parameter which controls whether the menu item is selectable or not This parameter can be either t selectable nil not selectable or a form to evaluate This form is evaluated just before the menu is displayed and the menu item will be selectable if the form returns non nil Clear is the amp optional before parameter which is the name of the menu before which the new menu or sub menu should be added The amp optional string means that this parameter is optional You do not need to specify this parameter If you do not specify this parameter in the example above the Replace String menu item will be added at the end of the list of sub menus in the Edit menu i e after Execute Last Macro If you wish to add a new menu to the menubar try add menu item nil Bot end of buffer t This will create a new menu Bot on the menu bar Selecting this menu will take you to the end of the buffer Using nil for the parameter menu name will create a new menu Your menu bar will now look like File Edit Options Buffers Bot Help The following example will illustrate how you can add sub menus to the submenus themselves

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