The user manual can be found here.
Contents
1. clock BUFGMUX_X1Y11 No 1299 0 079 0 196 screen_update Local 199 0 092 2 239 joy_timer pulse Local 16 1 486 3 318 Net Skew is the difference between the minimum and maximum routing only delays for the net Note this is different from Clock Skew which is reported in TRCE timing report Clock Skew is the difference between the minimum and maximum path delays which includes logic delays The Delay Summary Report The NUMBER OF SIGNALS NOT COMPLETELY ROUTED for this design is 0 The AVERAGE CONNECTION DELAY for this design is 1 125 The MAXIMUM PIN DELAY IS 7 607 29 The AVERAGE CONNECTION DELAY on the 10 WORST NETS is 6 153 Listing Pin Delays by value nsec d lt 1 00 lt d lt 2 00 lt d lt 3 00 lt d lt 4 00 lt d lt 8 00 d gt 8 00 10908 5318 1898 802 417 0 Timing Score 0 Number of Timing Constraints that were not applied 1 Asterisk preceding a constraint indicates it was not met This may be due to a setup or hold violation Constraint Check Worst Case Best Case Timing Timing Slack Achievable Errors Score PERIOD analysis for net clo2. Phase 11 5 Phase 11 5 Checksum 68e7775 REAL time 36 secs REAL time consumed by placer 37 secs CPU time consumed by placer 34 secs Writing design to file ball_blaster ncd Total REAL time to Placer completion 38 secs Total CPU time to Placer completion 35 secs 27 Starting Router Phase 1 19349 unrouted REAL time 40 secs Phase 2 17792 unrouted REAL time 41 secs Phase 3 4572 unrouted REAL time 44 secs Phase 4 4572 unrouted 0 REAL time 44 secs Phase 5 4572 unrouted 0 REAL time 45 secs Phase 6 4572 unrouted 0 REAL time 45 secs Phase 7 0 unrouted 0 REAL time 49 secs Phase 8 0 unrouted 0 REAL time 50 secs WARNING Route 455 CLK Net joy_timer pulse may have excessive skew because 4 CLK pins and 0 NON_CLK pins failed to route using a CLK template WARNING Route 455 CLK Net screen_update may have excessive skew because 0 CLK pins and 194 NON_CLK pins failed to route using a CLK template Total REAL time to Router completion 51 secs Total CPU time to Router completion 48 secs Partition Implementation Status No Partitions were found in this design 28 Generating PAR statistics FRR AK RAR KKK KKK RK KKK KKK KKK KKK Generating Clock Report FRR AK RAR KKK KKK KK KKK KKK KKK KKK Clock Net Resource Locked Fanout Net Skew ns Max Delay ns
3. Transitions to Draw Triangle Start state Draw Triangle Start This state pulses character_generator s start signal to start drawing the triangle and transitions to Draw Triangle state Draw Triangle Once the triangle is drawn character_generator pulses its done signal and state transitions to Draw Laser Select state Draw Laser Select This state is used to select laser object in ObjSys entity and transitions to Draw Laser Load Draw Laser Load In this state the laser s current co ordinates are registered in laser_x and laser_y registers used for scoring while ObjSys calculates new laser co ordinates Transitions to Draw Laser Start state Draw Laser Start This state pulses character_generator s start signal to start drawing the laser and transitions to Draw Laser state Draw Laser Once the laser is drawn character _generator pulses its done signal and state transitions to Draw Green Select state Draw Green Select Draw Green Load Draw Green Ball Start amp These 4 states form a for loop The number of green balls is given by ball count which is set using slide switches Draw Green Select state is the loop condition i e it checks if number of green balls char_counter Draw Green Ball equals ball count e If NO it selects a green ball in ObjSys and transitions to Draw Green Load state which reads the green ball s current co ordinates for
4. scoring while ObjSys calculates new green ball co ordinates Transitions to Draw Green Ball Start state which pulses character_generator s start signal to start drawing a green ball and transitions to Draw Green Balls state Once the green ball is drawn character_generator pulses its done signal and state transitions back to Draw Green Select state after incrementing char_counter e If YKS it transitions to Draw Red Select state While in Draw Green Balls state score is incremented based on triangle s and current green ball s position i e if triangle captures the green ball point signal is high Draw Red Select These 4 states form a for loop The number of red balls Draw Red Load is given by ball_count which is set using slide switches Draw Red Balls Start amp Draw Red Select state is the loop condition i e it checks if number of red balls char_counter equals ball count 15 Draw Red Balls e If NO it selects a red ball in ObjSys and transitions to Draw Red Load state which reads the red ball s current co ordinates for scoring while ObjSys calculates new red ball co ordinates Transitions to Draw Red Ball Start state which pulses character_generator s start signal to start drawing a red ball and transitions to Draw Red Balls state Once the red ball is drawn character_generator pulses its done signal and state transitions back to Draw Red Select state after in
5. INI ONE pi Vi me oavtvretrercerets Seeeeeseeeeeeeee v CE HIC23 Lra am am O Image 2 Proper jumper positioning for booting the game Next it is useful to check that all accessory hardware is properly connected First make sure that an NES compliant joystick is plugged into the proper general IO pins of the board Also assure that the games speaker is connected to its proper IO pins Both plugins can be seen in the image below 5 Image 3 proper connections for JoyStick left and Speaker right The ball blaster board must be connected to a 5 Volt barrel jack power supply Once connected the board can be turned on by using the power switched shown below When powered the board s power LED will turn on as shown SINAWNALSNI o ave eso SVXAL Dy TNE A tHE wR see X lt i ENRON erati Flat Mesene ee eS a unma ATA OM anini DA 4 42 Image 4 Proper power connection Once powered on the user will see the introduction screen to the game which should read Ball Blasters Redux At this time if the user would like the game s soundtrack to play they should change the position of the jumpers as shown in the following image maan FA a 7 FAT me sa pt gt amp S oO 3S Al lelel ek Po ate CIR TR LLALAALALAL ADE EASAARRERRAARARAR SeeVSeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeReerere Image 5 Proper Jumper Positioning for music
6. VGA_pulse_high_low This file implements a simple module to generate a pulse when a high to low transition occurs on the horizontal sync data line generated by the VGA pulse gen file This pulse is then sued to increment the vertical sync counter in VGA_counter which is needed for proper VGA control signals Debouncer The debouncer file implements control modules for on board hardware input Specifically a control module is made for the set of 4 slide switches on the Spartan board and a control module is made for the rotary encoder on the Xilinx board The sliding switch control module debounces input data before sending it off the main state machine where it is used to control the number of active balls The rotary encoder control module implements a simple state machine to determine which way if any the rotary encoder is being turned When the encoder is rotated the module creates a rotation event which is used in the main state machine to control a counter that is used to set the speed of the player controlled triangle 20 Flash_controller The flash controller module implements a state machine that accesses data from the board s parallel flash memory which contains audio data The module reads data from two locations a byte is read from the theme song memory space and a byte is read from the memory space of an extra sound effect The module then determines which sound is to be output based on a select input line and outputs the appro
7. buffer Dp_64kx3_ram This file is designed such that Xilinx will synthesize a large chunk of memory as easily accessible block RAM The memory is used as the frame buffer for the VGA output As such displaying an object or character requires a write to the appropriate address in the RAM and the VGA controller will simply read and output the entire frame buffer each update Note that each address space in this ram corresponds to 3 bits the RGB value for the associated pixel Font_rom The font rom takes an address as input and outputs an according 8 bit pattern Each character or object has an 8 by 8 bit pattern stored on the font rom 19 which can be accessed by incrementing through the address allocated to each character These 8 by 8 bit patterns go on to be processed and stored in the frame buffer for display VGA_controller The VGA controller file accesses the systems frame buffer and generates the necessary control signals for a 256x256 3 bit color output This is done by iterating through the frame buffer and outputting corresponding pixel color patterns at the times indicated by supporting VGA peripherals VGA_counter This file implements a simple counter that is used to aid the VGA controller in generating correct control signals VGA_pulse_gen This file generates a high output when the count value in VGA counter is within a specified range This pulse is then used to generate control signals in the VGA controller
8. to play Upon removing a jumper the user should notice a totally jammin soundtrack begin to play At this point the user should begin playing the game Game Rules When first turned on the game will display a simple welcome screen that shows the message Ball Blasters Redux When the B button is pressed the game will begin The player controls a highly advanced triangular spacecraft that is capable of firing lasers and warping around the fringes of the screen Red and green balls will periodically spawn along the edges of the play zone One red ball will spawn every 3 seconds and one green ball will spawn every 5 seconds The balls all have a random trajectory and will bounce off of the games borders It is the player s goal to blast 8 red balls and collect green balls To blast red balls the player can fire a laser from his ship by pressing the A button The laser will project out of the triangle in the direction that the ship was last moving and destroy any red balls that it collides with Note that the laser will not be destroyed when hitting a red ball it will continue to move through space potentially blasting many balls The laser will disappear when it reaches the edge of the screen Note that only a single laser can exist at a time and pressing A while a laser is active will do nothing A blasted red ball will trigger a popping sound and add one to the players score which is displayed at the top of the screen The
9. vga_counter dp_64kx3_ram vga image ram frame buffer j vga_controller gt main vga output module K line_plotter gt character_generator il i vga_pulse_gen font_rom binary_to_bcd 18 Display Handling Hardware Detailed Hardware Description Following is a detailed description of each file and how it plays into the system as a whole Binary_to_bcd This file simply converts an 8 bit binary value to a digit ASCII number in base 10 This file is needed for converting the players score into the appropriate numbers to display on the game screen The raw score data is output from the main state machine converted into ASCII BCD and then output to the character_generator which goes on to display the numbers Character_generator The character generator file is one of two main drawing modules in the system Character generator takes an address of the character to be displayed and a position as input and writes that character to the VGA frame memory This is done through close interaction with the font rom which contains all bit patterns and binary to bcd which is used to generate addresses for numbers Line_plotter The line plotter file implments Bresenham s algorithm for plotting straight lines This file is used to create the border of the game screen and writes directly to the frame
10. Ball Blasters Redux Manual and System Information Josh Fromm Vikash Gunreddy Index 1 Basic System Description Page 3 2 User Manual Page 5 3 State Machine Diagram Page 12 4 State Machine Detailed Description Page 14 5 System Hardware Overview Page 18 6 Detailed Description of Hardware Page 19 7 Place and Route Report 23 Basic System Description The system is a hardware implementation of a single player game of the space odyssey genre The game is implemented using a Xilinx Spartan 3E board that employs a XC3S500E FPGA The game takes user input using an NES compliant joystick an on board rotary encoder and four on board slide switches The board outputs visual data through a standard FPGA connection and outputs audio data through a modified speaker gt x eee s G Q c3 a SPOUT IT fe hese ee 4 OG N LIA OS x SAN OY SSS X x gt lt x ABLES hiin eee as gt A y a ae a Pe M ak i E A PS lt a HP Das IN ix Image 1 Ball Blasters board with part labelling Part Number Part Description 1 Power Connector and Power Switch 2 Speed Control Dial VGA Port Boot Music Jumpers Ball Count Control Switches JoyStick Connection NI OD Oo A Ww Speaker Connection Game Backstory In the near dystopian future mankind has encountered alien life Dubbed Balls due to their ellipsoid physi
11. OS33 Comp sf_A lt 10 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 Comp sf_A lt 11 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 Comp sf_A lt 12 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 Comp sf_A lt 13 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 25 Comp sf_A lt 14 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 Comp sf_A lt 15 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 Comp sf_A lt 16 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 Comp sf_A lt 17 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 Comp sf_A lt 18 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 Comp sf_A lt 19 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 Comp sf_A lt 20 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 Comp sf_A lt 21 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 Comp sf_A lt 22 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 Comp sf_A lt 23 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 Comp sf_A lt 24 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 Comp sf_A lt 25 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS25 INFO Place 834 Only a subset of IOs are locked Out of 48 IOs 47 are locked and 1 are not locked If you would like to print the names of these IOs please set the environment variable XIL_PAR_DESIGN_CHECK_VERBOSE to 1 Phase 2 7 Checksum 1312cfe REAL time 6 secs Phase 3 31 Phase 3 31 Checksum 1c9c37d REAL time 6 secs Phase 4 2 Phase 4 2 Checksum 98a2ff REAL time 7 secs Phase 5 30 Phase 5 30 Checksum 2faf07b REAL time 7 secs Phase 6 3 26 Phase 6 3 Checksum 39386fa REAL time 7 secs Phase 7 5 Phase 7 5 Checksum 42c1d79 REAL time 7 secs Phase 8 8 Phase 8 8 Checksum ffb5df REAL time 26 secs Phase 9 5 Phase 9 5 Checksum 55d4a77 REAL time 26 secs Phase 10 18 Phase 10 18 Checksum 5f5e0f6 REAL time 36 secs
12. age Start state after incrementing char_counter e If YKS it transitions to Wait state Wait The state machine waits in this state until the user presses joystick button B It then transitions to Game Screen Background state Game Screen Background The state machine waits in this state until all display pixels are set to Black color and then transitions to Draw Line Start state Draw Line Start amp Draw Line These 2 states form a for loop There are 5 lines each identified by line_id The process for line_id is a case statement which changes line_id to the next line that is to be drawn Once the final line is drawn line_id is set to NULL_LINE Draw Line Start state is the loop condition i e it checks if line_id equals NULL LINE e IfNO it pulses the start signal of line_plotter entity to start drawing the current line and transitions to Display Line state Once the line is drawn line_plotter pulses its done signal and state transitions back to Draw Line Start state after changing line_id If YES it transitions to Draw Triangle Select state Draw Triangle Select This state is used to select triangle object in ObjSys entity and transitions to Draw Triangle Load Draw Triangle Load In this state the triangle s current co ordinates are registered in triangle x and triangle _y registers used for 14 scoring while ObjSys calculates new triangle co ordinates
13. ate Display Game Over Message Start amp Display Game Over Message These 2 states form a for loop The message is Game Over n Score Display Game Over Message Start state is the loop condition i e it checks if number of characters char_counter equals 17 e IfNO it pulses the start signal of character_generator entity to start drawing the 16 current character and transitions to Display Game Over Message state Once the character is drawn character_generator pulses its done signal and state transitions back to Display Game Over Message Start state after incrementing char_counter e If YKS it transitions to End state End The state machine waits in this state until the user presses joystick button B It then transitions to Reset state to restart the game 17 System Hardware Overview Now that the state machine has been covered the purpose of other blocks should be more clearly apparent Following is a block diagram showing the hardware interaction of the entire system Ball Blasters Redux Hardware Block Diagram Audio Handling Hardware flash_controller sigma_delta_dac data access j gt digital to analog unit conversion f E Joystick Input Hardware Object Tracking and Update Hardware debouncer switch input handling Accessory Inputs vga_pulse_high_low
14. ck_dcm deriv SETUP 22 415ns 17 585ns Ol 0 ed from NET clock_int PERIOD 20nsH HOLD _ 0 639ns O 0 IGH 50 NET clock_int PERIOD 20 ns HIGH 50 N A N A N A N A N A All constraints were met 30 INFO Timing 2761 N A entries in the Constraints list may indicate that the constraint does not cover any paths or that it has no requested value Generating Pad Report All signals are completely routed WARNING Par 283 There are 1 loadless signals in this design This design will cause Bitgen to issue DRC warnings Total REAL time to PAR completion 53 secs Total CPU time to PAR completion 50 secs Peak Memory Usage 220 MB Placement Completed No errors found Routing Completed No errors found Timing Completed No errors found Number of error messages 0 Number of warning messages 7 Number of info messages 1 Writing design to file ball_blaster ncd PAR done 31 32
15. crementing char_counter If however impact signal is high in Draw Red Balls state i e triangle and red ball have collided then state transitions to Game Over Background state e If YES it transitions to Display Game Info Start state While in Draw Red Balls state score is incremented based on laser s and current red ball s position i e if laser kills the red ball kill signal is high gt Display Game Info Start amp These 2 states form a for loop The message is Score Display Game Info Start state is the loop Display Game Info condition i e it checks if number of characters char_counter equals 8 e IfNO it pulses the start signal of character_generator entity to start drawing the current character and transitions to Display Game Info state Once the character is drawn character_generator pulses its done signal and state transitions back to Display Game Info Start state after incrementing char_counter If YKS it transitions to Done state Done This state indicates that one frame has been completed It waits for the VGA timer 20 Hz to expire to transition back to Game Screen Background state to redraw the frame Game Over Background Draw Red Balls state transitions to this state if impact signal is high The state machine waits in this state until all display pixels are set to Yellow color and then transitions to Display Game Over Message Start st
16. g data from one of the many processing elements and decoder for enabling a single element to receive control logic Timer The timer file implements a simple variable period timer which is a useful thing to have For more specific information about how each file works see the attached folder which contains all VHDL code 22 Xilinx Place amp Route Report Following is the place and route report for the finished Ball Blasters project This report gives information about the utilization of the FPGA Note that the report can also be found in a more cleanly formatted form in the folder this manual is located in Release 9 2 04i par J 40 Copyright c 1995 2007 Xilinx Inc All rights reserved ECEXILINXVM Tue Jun 04 01 31 53 2013 par w intstyle ise ol std t 1 ball_blaster_map ncd ball_blaster ncd ball_blaster pcf Constraints file ball_blaster pcf Loading device for application Rf_Device from file 3s500e nph in environment C Xilinx92i ball_blaster is an NCD version 3 1 device xc3s500e package fg320 speed 4 Initializing temperature to 85 000 Celsius default Range 40 000 to 100 000 Celsius Initializing voltage to 1 140 Volts default Range 1 140 to 1 320 Volts Device speed data version PRODUCTION 1 27 2007 10 19 Design Summary Report 23 Number of External IOBs 69 out of 232 29 Number of External Input IOBs 21 Number of External Input IBUFs 21 Number of LOCed External I
17. nput IBUFs 21 outof21 100 Number of External Output IOBs 48 Number of External Output IOBs 48 Number of LOCed External Output IOBs 47 outof48 97 Number of External Bidir IOBs 0 Number of BUFGMUXs 1outof24 4 Number of DCMs 1outof4 25 Number of RAMB16s 12 outof20 60 Number of Slices 3133 out of 4656 67 Number of SLICEMs 76 out of 2328 3 Overall effort level ol Standard Placer effort level pl High Placer cost table entry t 1 Router effort level rl Standard Starting initial Timing Analysis REAL time 4 secs 24 Finished initial Timing Analysis REAL time 4 secs WARNING Par 288 The signal sf_sts_IBUF has no load PAR will not attempt to route this signal Starting Placer Phase 1 1 Phase 1 1 Checksum 994bf6 REAL time 6 secs Phase 2 7 WARNING Place 837 Partially locked IO Bus is found Following components of the bus are not locked Comp sf_A lt 25 gt WARNING Place 838 An IO Bus with more than one IO standard is found Components associated with this bus are as follows Comp sf_A lt 0 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 Comp sf_A lt 1 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 Comp sf_A lt 2 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 Comp sf_A lt 3 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 Comp sf_A lt 4 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 Comp sf_A lt 5 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 Comp sf_A lt 6 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 Comp sf_A lt 7 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 Comp sf_A lt 8 gt IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 Comp sf_A lt 9 gt IOSTANDARD LVCM
18. ns the main state machine used to implement Ball Blasters Redux so it is a useful exercise to first fully examine its operation before further delving into the peripherals that support it Following is a block diagram of the state machines transitions and a tail giving a detailed explanation of each state 12 Ball Blasters State Machine Transition Diagram all characters written B Button Pressed all characters written All pixels set all lines drawn VGA timer expires all green balls drawn all red balls drawn all characters written 13 State Description Reset The state machine transitions to this state when the reset button is pressed It then transitions to Welcome Screen state Welcome Screen The state machine waits in this state until all display pixels are set to Yellow color and then transitions to Display Welcome Message Start Display Welcome Message Start amp Display Welcome Message These 2 states form a for loop The welcome message is Ball Blasters Redux Display Welcome Message Start state is the loop condition i e it checks if number of characters char_counter equals 17 e IfNO it pulses the start signal of character_ generator entity to start drawing the current character and transitions to Display Welcome Message state Once the character is drawn character_generator pulses its done signal and state transitions back to Display Welcome Mess
19. ology and spacecraft design although there were initial thrilling space skirmishes between the two Balls and Humans have improved their relations immensely in the past several space years You were charged with representing humans in the upcoming peace and economic space summits that are to be held on the Ball home world Circulon As your sizeable diplomatic fleet warped into orbit around Circulon the Balls revealed that they are as traitorous as they are round very A massive Ball armada was waiting for your arrival Before you could organize your fleet the Ball ships began their linear assault crashing into and destroying all ships but your own Stunned you survey the debris field that was once humanities pride Among the wreckage you see many intact life pods some of the crew managed to escape Before you can start collecting the life pods the balls begin a second attack You ll need to out manoeuvre them using projectile weapons and your ships ability to turn technologies far too advanced for the Balls Your diplomatic journey has ended Your new mission is simple save as many survivors as possible and Blast Balls Good luck Captain User Manual Before powering on the board check to be sure the jumpers shown in the image below are correctly in place Proper jumper positioning is needed for the game to properly boot up Del 179 178 ts ae s Hia Do lp a ar ED gt bg PE ve ar W g 3S m gt 8
20. player is also encouraged to collect green balls by piloting his ship and colliding with the green balls When a green ball is collected a collection sound will trigger and a point will be added to the players score Note that the laser has no effect on green balls It is of paramount importance that the player avoids colliding his spacecraft with a red ball as this will end the game When a red ball collision occurs an explosion noise will be heard and the game will transition to the game over screen which shows the players final score In order to play again the player simply presses the B button y A Button Ay E TE S B Button Image 6 Joystick Control Labelling Controls A Button The A button is used to fire lasers B Button The B button starts the game JoyStick The Joystick controls the movement of the triangle 10 Ball Control The ball control switches determine how many balls will be active on the screen ata time The switches represent the number of the maximum number of a single colour of balls that will spawn ata time The position of the switches is the binary number of balls that will spawn minus one Speed Dial The speed dial determines how fast the player controlled triangle will move The current speed of the triangle is shown on the board s LEDs 11 Hardware Manual The core of the game is the ball_blaster vhd file This file contai
21. priate byte to the DAC for enough cycles to give a 44 KHz sampling frequency Sigma_delta_dac The DAC module implements a simple 8 bit first order sigma delta DAC The DAC takes input from the flash controller and outputs directly to the system s speaker through general IO Joystick The joystick file implements a state machine which produces the signals necessary to input data from an NES compliant joystick The 8 bits of raw data are latched after finishing a full read The latched data is used in JoyInterpret to generate the movement signals needed by the rest of the system JoyInterpret The JoyInterpret file simply converts raw joystick data into more workable forms ObjUpdate The ObjUpdate file implements each type of object processing element needed by the game The types of processing elements are ball laser and triangle Each processing element represents a single on screen object The processing element is entirely responsible for keeping track of and updating the objects position including interactions with boundaries Inter object interaction such as the collision between a laser and a red ball is handled by the main state machine When one of these events is detected an object s processing element can be accessed with control signals through Objsys 21 ObjSys The purpose of ObjSys is simply to instantiate all the processing elements needed by the game ObjSys also implements a large multiplexer for selectin
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