Build options setup
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1. Hide Folders form Figure 12 Naming the new file A target is a type of compiled version You can work with a debug target which will allow you to test the program using a debugger A debug target will be larger in size because it has extra information in it to allow you to test for errors A release target is smaller in size because it does not have the debugging information Figure 13 Adding a new file to the project selection of configurations Deselect All Selected 2 Marius Joldos Computer Science Dept T U Cluj Napoca 10 How to use CodeBlocks IDE for Computer Programming Laboratory Sessions October 2013 Removing Files from Your Project Since the sample c is not needed for your project please remove it From the Project menu select Remove files You can do this also by right clicking the project name First Project here in the Management pane and select Remove files from the pop up menu A window like the one in Figure 14 pops up Place a check mark next to any file s that you wish to remove or remove check marks next to the files you want to keep Press OK when you are done Multiple selection Figure 14 Removing files form project Wildcard select You will need to confirm that you wish to remove the Toggle selection Toggle selection file s Press Yes if you SelectAll Select All Select All are sure you want to remove them Otherwise press No Desel2. Active debuggers gt Start Continue F8 eat n Il Break debugger e 2 Stop debugger Shift F8 e stdio h e stdlib h Run to cursor Se Next line Ff iIInts int n int m Ve Step into Shift F7 z a Py ee Step o F7 Fa otep out Ctrl F m n amp Next instruction Alt F urn p Step into instruction Alt Shift F7 nO Set next statement m 18 n 11 r Toggle breakpoint F5 Remove all breakpoints sumInts m n Add symbol file intf Ad ad d m n r Debugging windows gt pe Information d Attach to process Detach I Send user command to debugger bL I Figure 18 Start debugging at the point the cursor is in the editor window The program will generate an empty output window It is empty since that program has yet to execute any line that displays something To watch certain variables during the execution of the program you Should open the Watches window This will show you the variables in your code This is accomplished by going to the Debug pull down menu and clicking on Debugging Windows and then Watches as shown in Figure 19 These are the watches that the debugger is displaying Notice that m and n have the correct values Variable r has not been assigned it s value on line 14 yet The current value is a random value Line 14 has a yellow marker on the left side This indicates that the program has paused on that line which is the breakpoint Marius J
3. This is done by using the Debug pull down menu and clicking on Run to Cursor or use shortcut key F4 The cursor should be over the first line of code where you wish to start the tracing process This starts the debugging process Marius Joldos Computer Science Dept T U Cluj Napoca 13 How to use CodeBlocks IDE for Computer Programming Laboratory Sessions October 2013 main c Debug Example Code Blocks 12 11 k au MMC FBSA 9 XR5 QAiO enj mdaeptpehg X v PES GY DM include lt stdio h gt include lt stdlib h gt int sumInts int n int m int p p m n return p H int main i m D OO sd C un B LU M ES ho int m 16 n 11 r P ku r sumInts m n om un printf XdaXd 3d m n r return co x minqw32 g4 exe o bin Debug Debug Example exe obj Debug main o Output size is 28 40 EB Process terminated with status 0 0 minutes 0 seconds 0 errors 0 warnings 0 minutes 0 seconds WINDOWS 1252 Line 16 Column 20 Read Write default Figure 17 Sample program to debug Marius Joldos Computer Science Dept T U Cluj Napoca How to use CodeBlocks IDE for Computer Programming Laboratory Sessions October 2013 Hs main c Debug Example Code Blocks 12 11 File Edit View Search Project Build wxSmith Tools Tools PI 48 E Build target Debug if
4. Code Blocks 211 LL NN File Edit View Search Project Debug wxSmith Tools Tools Plugins amp Build Ctrl F9 P E Build target Debug Figure 15 Compiling the currently opened file Compile current file Ctrl Shift i3 b gt Run Ctrl F10 N 4 Build and run F9 4 Test the project from the Build Pull gt Rebuild Ctrl F11 include stdio h E include lt ctAlah Rh down menu by clicking on Build Clean Include 5 1D h and Run This step will build an Build workspace int main executable file for you A project l f l Rebuild workspace printf Ha11 orld n bu l Id will ta ke the compiled combine them into one program You are able to press F9 which is a TUE p keyboard shortcut that will build See Te p your project and run it at the same time As you gain more experience with the system it will be easier to P just press F9 to Build and Run your program The Message window will indicate if there are any errors during a compile or build phase Figure 16 shows the output from your first program Notice that besides displaying Hello world it also says to Press any key to continue with the program paused This is because when executing the application from the IDE the execution is performed under the control of a program codeblocks runner which is a part of the IDE That program adds the Press any key to continue message Pressing any key will exit the program
5. If you execute the program by running it from uutside the IDE in a console window you will not see the Press any key to continue message If you execute this program by double clicking on it s icon the program would close right away That is because the pause statement is only done when you run your program in Code Blocks When you are done save all your files by pulling down the File menu and clicking on Save all files Now you can select to save the project When you exit the program you may be asked to save the Workspace and the Layout 8 CAUsers jim Documents First Project bin Debug First Projectexe EX Hello world Process returned O 0x0 execution time 3 315 s Press any key to continue Figure 16 Output window for First Project Marius Joldos Computer Science Dept T U Cluj Napoca 12 How to use CodeBlocks IDE for Computer Programming Laboratory Sessions October 2013 Say Yes to save the Workspace This saves settings of the workspace you are working on If the Layout has changed you can also save the layout You now know the basics of how to use the compiler work with a project and use the debugger The Layout refers to the placement of various windows that you may have positioned Generally you would select to Save the Layout unless you know you really do not want it saved The Workspace refers to the projects you are working on It is possible for you to be working on multiple projects within your
6. use the pull down File menu and open an empty file use File New Empty file You will be asked if you want to add this file to the project see Figure 11 Add file to project bs e 6c Figure 11 Add file to project confirmation dialog Do you want to add this new file in the active project has to be saved first Choose Yes Code Blocks will ask for a file name to save the file as shown in Figure 12 Give a name to the file Pick a name that is related to the content of the file Here it is called sample c Note that C files need to be of the type c and C files of type cpp Press Save to save the file A window like the one in Figure 13 will pop up If the Debug and Release checkboxes are not marked then press Select All to have this file saved as both Debug amp Release targets Press OK when done Marius Joldos Computer Science Dept T U Cluj Napoca 9 How to use CodeBlocks IDE for Computer Programming Laboratory Sessions October 2013 mur H5 Save file lo Nes b jim My Documents First Project gt Search First Project Organize New folder P Favorites Nam Date modified Type ME Desktop l bi 5 10 2013 04 57 File folder Ay Downloads obj 5 10 2013 04 57 File folder amp Recent Places i 24 11 2012 11 57 C source file da Google Drive 1 4 Libraries LL Documents Music Pictures Subversion E videos x File name sample Save as type C C4 files z
7. Dept T U Cluj Napoca 18
8. How to use CodeBlocks IDE for Computer Programming Laboratory Sessions October 2013 HOW TO USE CODE BLOCKS IDE FOR COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LABORATORY SESSIONS INTRODUCTION A program written in a computer language such as C C is turned into executable using special translator software The first translator involved in this process is called a compiler A compiler is a computer program or set of programs that transforms source code written in a computer language the source language into another computer language the target language often having a binary form known as object code Then in the case of C C another translator is involved called a linker a linker or link editor is a program that takes one or more objects generated by a compiler and combines them into a single executable program However the path from a given problem statement to a program that solves it takes a lot of time and effort Usually it takes several refinements of the ideas and several rewrites of the source code to get the program to work correctly To accomplish this students must learn a disciplined approach to organizing the code and learn how to trace their programs The purpose of this instructions is to help the student develop the skills to organize program coding and develop sound techniques for finding and isolating errors Here you will learn how to trace the code step by step so that it becomes clear where the problem is and why your program do
9. In C mode remove GNU extensions that cc Enable all compiler warnings overrides many other settings Wall Enable extra compiler warnings Wextra R Stop compiling after first error Wfatal errors Inhibit all warning messages w Have g follow the 1998 ISO C language standard std c 98 Have g follow the coming C 0x ISO C language standard std c 0x Have g follow the C 11 ISO C language standard std c 11 Enable warnings demanded by strict ISO C and ISO C pedantic Treat as errors the warnings demanded by strict ISO C and ISO C pedantic errors ia Figure 9 Preparing your project for debugging First Project Selected compiler Figure 10 Specifying that sources are according to C99 standard Marius Joldos Computer Science Dept T U Cluj Napoca How to use CodeBlocks IDE for Computer Programming Laboratory Sessions October 2013 Adding Files To Your Project If you have a project with additional existing files go to the Project menu and select Add files This will bring in the files associated with your program You also have the option to Remove files performing Build options and to Set programs arguments Clicking on Add files to project will bring up a window so you can browse towhere your files that you wish to add are Select any additional file you want to add and press Open The file will then be added to your project If you are creating a new file you can
10. d codeblocks 12 11mingw setup exe Run the setup program and follow the instructions given by the installer Notice that you must select full installation for Code Blocks in order to have all features installed Step 2 Customization of the Code Blocks User Interface Optional The following steps will enable you to customize your IDE so that it is will be consistent with what your instructor will be using in class 1 Configure the editor a Choose Editor from the Settings Menu b Under the Genera Setting tab c Change the font size to 10 or 12 point Use the Choose button if you need larger characters in editor d Under Other Options place a check mark the following options Marius Joldos Computer Science Dept T U Cluj Napoca 2 How to use CodeBlocks IDE for Computer Programming Laboratory Sessions October 2013 i Show line numbers ii highlight line under caret Your screen should now look like what is shown in Figure 1 General settings This is sample text General settings Reset zoom of all editors to default if leaving dialog TAB options End of line options use TAB character L Show end of line chars TAB indents Strip trailing blanks TAB size in spaces 4 End files with blank line E Ensure consistent EOLs End of line mode CRLF Indent options Highlight occurrences Auto indent Highlight occurrences Smart indent Case sensitive T Brace completion Whole words only Margin
11. e language that you will use Select the language as C then press Next D application Direct X Dynamic Link Empty project project Library HB 5 g FLTK project Fortran DLL Fortran Fortran library application TIP Try right clicking an item 1 Select a wizard type first on the left 2 Select a specific wizard from the main window filter by categories if needed 3 Press Go Marius Joldos Computer Science Dept T U Cluj Napoca 4 How to use CodeBlocks IDE for Computer Programming Laboratory Sessions October 2013 Console application Console Console application Console Please select the language you want to use Please make a selection Please select the folder where you want the new project to be created as well as its title Project title First Project Folder to create project in C Users jim Documents Ld Project filename First Project cbp Resulting filename C Users jim Documents First Project First Project cbp Figure 5 Filling the Project information Figure 4 Selection of C dialect Start by filling in the Project Title see Figure 5 You will notice that the Project Filename automatically becomes the same name If you wish you can change the file name but in general we will leave it as it is To specify the location of the folder to contain the project click on the a button selected in the picture above and browse to a folder on your drive to st
12. e program pauses at the breakpoint a red circle with a 11 i yellow triangle mark will appear at the breakpoint 12 int m 18 n 11 r Le You can set multiple breakpoints The keyboard shortcut F5 14 r sumInts m n 15 allows you to toggle the breakpoint at any line 16 printf d xd 4d m n r 17 return 0 This screen shows breakpoints on lines 7 and 16 but line 7 indicates that the code has executed to that point Selecting Continue from the Debugger menu will run the program till the next breakpoint Now the program stops at line 16 because the program reached the second breakpoint see Figure 23 Press Ctrl F7 to continue Now the program runs till the end of the program because there are no further breakpoints to encounter H5 main c Debug Example Code Blocks 12 11 File Edit View Search Project Build Debug wxSmith Tools Tools Plugins DoxyBlocks Settings Help Dm G Be Q BE D 4e B Build target Debug i eee ec ev n aj m 11 int 1 include lt stdio h gt 2 include lt stdlib h gt r 21 int 3 as 4 int sumInts int n int m 5 i 5 int p 70 p m n a return p a 9 n 18 int main 11 f 12 int m 16 n 11 r 13 Management x r sumInts m n Projects Symbols Files Resources 160 printf XdaXd Xd m n r Q Workspace a ES c 98 Debug Example 4 I EE Sources INEST Lo maine Figure 23 Breakpoint at line 16 reached Marius Joldos Computer Science
13. ect all Deselect All Selected 1 You will now see an updated listing of the Sources in your file You should now see only main c In the Open Files list there may be a file called Untitled Please ignore this To edit a file from your project double click on it s name from Sources and it will appear in the window with line numbers You can now edit the file and prepare your program In order to check that Debug configuration is running you can use the Project pull down menu and click on Build options When this is done the Project Build options window will come up Make sure that the Enable all compiler warnings Wall and the Produce debugging symbols g is checked as shown in Figure 9 Press OK when done After clicking on OK the system will return to main cpp When testing your code make sure that Debug is selected as the target to use This way when you Compile your program you will have a Debug version available To compile a file means to take the instructions that you have written and translate it into machine code for the computer to understand Compile your file from the Build pull down menu by clicking on Compile current file Ctrl Shift F9 Note that this option is enabled only if there is a file opened in the editor window see Figure 15 Marius Joldos Computer Science Dept T U Cluj Napoca 11 How to use CodeBlocks IDE for Computer Programming Laboratory Sessions October 2013 i main c First Project
14. es not execute properly This is called debugging the program Hand tracing is useful in helping students understand where the bugs are and correct the program appropriately To trace a program execution one can add printing statements at points in the source code to output useful information on the program being executed Automatic tools have also been developed to help you trace programs that you have written and will be an important tool as your programs become more complex This type of tool is called a debugger A debugger lets you pause a program while it is in the middle of running and watch what is going on Some debuggers work as command line line debuggers e g gdb the GNU debugger but newer debuggers have a nice graphical user interface which is useful in helping you watch variables that you have defined as the program executes The graphically based debugger environment is part of what is called the Integrated Development Environment IDE An Integrated development environment IDE is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development An IDE normally consists of a source code editor compiler and or interpreter build automation tools and usually a debugger The purpose of these notes is to introduce you to this environment and help you learn how to use it as you develop and hone your programming skills A debugger cannot solve your problems for you It is merely a tool t
15. his setting as it is and press GNU GCC Compiler Next Create Debug configuration Debug The system will then return to the Debug options First Program window and you are Output dir bin Debug ready to write your program It Objects output dir obj Debug should be noted that the Build target is Debug which will allow you to use v Create Release configuration Release the debugger to find errors Release options Output dir bin Release Objects output dir obj Release A First Project CodezBlocks 12 11 pm File Edit View Search Project Build Debug wxSmith Tools Tools Plugins Doxyl Fe EB OMS 25 Oy Rh 8 amp amp Build target Debug a 4 Projects Symbols Fil gt Workspace c 98 First Project H Sources S Figure 7 Expand sources tree to see your source code files In the Management area of the screen Shift F2 toggles the Management display you will see the files that are part of the project in the Projects tab To see the source files click on the markers triangles Marius Joldos Computer Science Dept T U Cluj Napoca 6 How to use CodeBlocks IDE for Computer Programming Laboratory Sessions October 2013 pointing right or plus signs situated left to expandable items to expand the Workspace and its sub directories Under Sources there is a file called main c which is automatically created for you when you build a console application Build op
16. kpoint for r Toggle breakpoint Figure 20 Right click context menu in Debug mode Marius Joldos Computer Science Dept T U Cluj Napoca 16 How to use CodeBlocks IDE for Computer Programming Laboratory Sessions October 2013 To proceed to the next line of code select Next line from the Debug menu Pressing F7 is a useful keyboard shortcut and will become second nature as you become familiar with the system To step through the statements of function sumInt select Step Into now Debugging will now enter sumInt As you pass over line 7 the debug Watches reflects the change of local variable p P main c Debug Example Code Blocks 12 11 File Edit View Search Project Build Debug wx mith Tools Tools Plugins DoxyBlocks Settings Help i C b BI a p iM oT D Wd Build target Debug B e al G amp S main Y int h 5 ba A Watches new X m 10 int 1 include lt stdio h gt n 11 int f 2 include lt stdlib h gt j 4404872 int 3 Booo e 4 int sumInts int n int mI 5 i 6 int p 7 p m n a return p 9 18 int main 11 1 12 int m 18 n 11 r 13 Management x zi P r sumInts m n Projects Symbols Files Resources 16 printf Xd Xd Xd m n r Workspace 17 return 6 Debug Example a mGA AAA EHE Sources Figure 21 Program before invoking sumInts When you are done debugging you can click on Continue from the Deb
17. l the files in an organized way When first starting out in computer programming generally your projects will consist of a single source file However as you gain experience and work on more complex projects you will have projects containing many source files and dealing with header files as well Ha Start here CodezBlocks 12 1 Lees eel To create a project click Edit View Search Project Build Debug wxSmith Tools Tools Plugins DoxyBlocks on the File pull down New J Emptyfile Ctrl Shift N menu open New and then Project as shown in 2 Open Ctrl O EHE Figure 2 Open with hex editor Project M Build target Recent projects File NK n DIEI Figure 2 New project From template Hte Import project i Nassi Shneiderman diagram This will bring up the New from template window shown in Figure 3 Opening clicking on Console Application will then allow you to write a program with input and output on the console The other applications are for developing more advanced types of applications After selecting Console application click on the Go button to begin using the Console Application Wizard New from template g m plate M Projects Category Build targets Figure 3 New from template Files W M console application chosen Custom ARM Project AVR Project Code Blocks ESSE User templates plugin application The next window shown in Figure 4 allows you to choose th
18. o assist you when programming You should first attempt to read over your code and using paper and pencil analyze the code to get an understanding of what is going on Once you have gotten an idea of where in your code you have an Marius Joldos Computer Science Dept T U Cluj Napoca 1 How to use CodeBlocks IDE for Computer Programming Laboratory Sessions October 2013 error you can then set the debugger to watch certain variables in your program Watching your code will show you step by step how your program is being executed The debugger that you will use is can be invoked from within an Open Source free IDE called Code Blocks which we have found easy to use and is described in these notes Code Blocks when bundled with MinGW Minimalist GNU for Windows has a C C editor and compiler Otherwise it can use a previously installed compiler like gcc It will allow you to create and test your programs from one easy to use application Additional information regarding Code Blocks can be found at http www codeblocks or A complete manual for Code Blocks is available at http www codeblocks org user manual INSTALLATION OF CODE BLOCKS Step 1 Download and install the software This step does not need to be executed in the laboratory There the software is already installed In order to install the Code Blocks IDE as well as the MinGW compiler you must download it Go to http www codeblocks org downloads 26 and downloa
19. oldos Computer Science Dept T U Cluj Napoca 15 How to use CodeBlocks IDE for Computer Programming Laboratory Sessions October 2013 ls main c Debug Exam ple Code Blocks 12 11 Elle Edit View Search Project Build Debug wxSmith Tools Tools Plugins DoxyBlocks Settings Help EREA X m RR O P amp B Build targets Debug b See ee Ww MH BO global main int ih 0 Rd 33 mm m im moos amp amp S Ci include lt stdio h gt include lt stdlib h gt int sumInts int n int m i int p p m n return p int main 1 int m 18 n 11 r r sumInts m n printf Xdexd kd m n r m return amp Files Resources Q Workspace EL Debug Example 4 Debugger f DoxyBlocks x s Sert ing breakpoints Debugger name and version GNU gdb GDB 7 5 Child process PID 756 At C Users jim Documents Debug Example main c 14 j files list x 4 Thread search x CA Users jim Documents De WINDOWS 1252 Read Write default Figure 19 The debugged program is at line 14 To determine how your program will function when calling functions such as Z addem x y Step info Shift F7 can be selected from the Debug pull down menu The next step is line 8 The local variables r from main have not yet been initialized as shown in the Watches window line 14 has not been executed yet as shown in Figure 21 Run to cursor Set next statement Watch r Add data brea
20. ore the project That brings up a window with title Please select the folder to create your project in Figure 5 shows the selection of the home directory for user jim not your user name Generally you can save it in My Documents under Microsoft Windows or in your home folder under Linux or some sub folders of those Marius Joldos Computer Science Dept T U Cluj Napoca 5 How to use CodeBlocks IDE for Computer Programming Laboratory Sessions October 2013 Now Code Blocks will create a directory called First Program Project Title and returns your selected directory in Folder to create project in Inside that directory will be the Project Filename First Program and a resulting file name which contains a Code Block Project file cbp named First Program cbp The project title and project file name in this case are the same However they need not be the same and these names can be altered Click on the Next button when done The next window to pop up also named Console application will allow you to specify the compiler and project configurations This specifies where the Debug and Release compiled versions of your program will be placed An example is shown in Figure 6 Console application Figure 6 Configuring the debug and A Co nso le Please select the compiler to use and which configurations g g g g wW you want enabled in your project release output folders Compiler AZd G 0 Leave t
21. s and caret ee Highlight colour re Show indentation guides Brace Smart Indent Selection brace completion Other options Word wrap Home end to wrap point line otherwise Use POSIX style for RegEx searches Use Advanced RegEx searches Show line numbers Highlight line under caret Home key always moves caret to first column es r E CTRL cursor and CTRL SHIFT cursor moves selects words considering CamelCase Default code E zooming resizes all editors Syntax highlighting Figure 1 Editor general settings A FIRST PROJECT After setting up the Code Blocks system you can start to write source code Code Blocks creates what is called a Workspace to keep track of the project you are working on Code Blocks allows you to work on multiple projects within your workspace A project is a collection of one or more source as well as header files Source files are the files that contain the source code for your program If you are developing a C program you are writing C source code files with c extension Header files are used when you are creating library files h files Marius Joldos Computer Science Dept T U Cluj Napoca 3 How to use CodeBlocks IDE for Computer Programming Laboratory Sessions October 2013 A library is a collection of functions that are called to perform specific tasks such as doing working with strings printing doing math etc Setting up a project allows you to keep track of al
22. tions setup To set project building options use the Project menu and select Build options from the drop down menu as shown in Figure 8 Ml First Project CodezBlocks 12 11 File Edit View Search Build Add files R Add files recursively Remove files Project tree d Set programs arguments Properties Reparse current project Autoversioning Increment version Changes log Marius Joldos Figure 8 Invoking Build Options There are two highly recommended options to use for project building when you develop code as shown in the Figure 9 We need to produce debugging symbols during application development because we might need to solve logic errors The corresponding command line switch for the GNU C compiler is g For getting full aid from the compiler which might not properly understand some of our constructs we should instruct the compiler to inform us of all warnings it generates The corresponding command line switch for the GNU C compiler is Wall Figure 10 shows how to instruct the compiler bundled with Codeblocks12 11 to produce code using the C99 standard Computer Science Dept T U Cluj Napoca 7 How to use CodeBlocks IDE for Computer Programming Laboratory Sessions October 2013 Project build options a m auum Selected compiler GNU GCC Compiler v Produce debugging symbols q Profile code when executed pq E In C mode support all ISO C90 programs
23. ug menu and your program will run to completion This is better than selecting to Stop debugger The reason it is better to Continue is because the program comes to a natural end rather than aborting However if your program is stuck in a loop or you are sure you can exit safely you can select from the Debug menu Stop Debugger You can further define places in your program to pause and allow you to inspect the code This is done by setting breakpoints in your code You can have zero or more breakpoints in your code When the debugger encounters a breakpoint the program pauses and the debugger will allow you to inspect your code The breakpoint remains until you remove it It can be toggled with F5 or by right clicking a non empty line it and select Add breakpoint from the pop up menu which appears A breakpoint has been set at lines 7 The red circle on the left indicates that there is a breakpoint in the code Marius Joldos Computer Science Dept T U Cluj Napoca 17 How to use CodeBlocks IDE for Computer Programming Laboratory Sessions October 2013 main c x 1 include lt stdio h gt 3 3 include lt stdlib h gt Figure 22 Breakpoint at line 7 3 4 int sumInts int n int m The program is started by selecting from the Debug pull down 5 menu Start This will run the program in the debugger until a 3 du breakpoint is encountered at which point the program will 7 p min 8 return p pause 9 I 18 int main When th
24. workspace Saving your workspace will allow you to return to the same set of projects when you next open Code Blocks A good idea would be to use your name and group id when naming the workspace file To open an existing project From the File menu select Open From the list at the bottom right of the Open file window which shows All files by default when collapsed select Code Blocks project files and then select the cbp file pertaining to your program Press Open when done The project has reopened You can get more space to see your program if you close the Messages window Pressing F2 toggles the display of the messages The Messages window has been turned off for the remainder of this tutorial to allow more space to be visible on the screen Note You may also open a project directly from Windows Explorer File browser under Linux by double clicking on the file with the cbp extension DEBUGGING A PROGRAM As your programs become more complicated there will be a need to trace the program execution step by step or place break points where you wish the program to pause This is where a debugger is utilized A debugger can pause your program and you can watch the values of the variables that you have defined Figure 17 shows a sample program that can be traced line by line while watching what happens as each line of code is executed First it is necessary to set a place in the code to have the program pause
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