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1. GOO GO GO GO 72 APPENDIX X RAYS B 1 Uranium and Daughter X Rays Pa X rays 93 350 E keV 95 863 93 434 89 957 92 282 94 654 105 604 108 422 111 298 108 582 111 486 114 445 104 819 107 595 110 421 108 955 111 870 114 844 106 239 109 072 111 964 109 442 refers to percent decay per 100 k shell vacancies 112 380 115 377 B 2 X rays Associated with Uranium Decay Sorted by Energy Uranium x ray fluorescence intensity is set to 1 00 for U Ka in this comparison The other branching ratios are derived from the observed decay of 220 The Pa branching ratios determined from the protactinium fluorescent decay ratios normalized to a 0 042 branching ratio for the Pa Kp line at 108 422 keV The thorium branching ratios determined from the Th fluorescent decay ratios normalized to a 503 branching ratio for the Th line at 93 350 keV E keV Branch Type X Ray Ratio 89 957 28 100 0 3113 Th Ko2 IC decay 92 282 28 100 0 1103 IC decay 93 350 45 400 0 5030 Th Kal IC decay 94 654 28 200 0 6253 U Ko2 fluorescence 95 863 45 300 0 1778 IC decay 98 434 45 100 1 0000 U Kol fluorescence 104 819 5 610 0 0622 Th IC decay 105 604 10 700 0 1185 Th IC decay 106 239 0 380
2. Q ul 5 T 5 215 30 217 94 221 38 226 63 227 17 233 50 238 50 240 85 246 84 258 20 291 63 293 90 0 0288 0 0370 0 1200 0 0059 0 0055 0 0290 0 0092 0 0540 0 0530 0 0730 0 0180 0 0039 U 235 Th 231 U 235 Pa 234 Pa 234 U 235 Th 231 U 235 U 235 Pa 234m U 235 Pa 234 0 037 0 001 0 12 0 01 o 4 Jy Je N Handbook of Nuclear Data for Safeguards INDC NDS 248 IAEA 1991 GAMGEN code LLNL Presented in CEA meeting by DAMPRI LPRI 1996 4 Decay Data of the Transactinium Nuclides Report 261 IAEA 1986 71 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 2 230 and Daughters Th GAMGEN calculation showing gammas second gram of 280 g s gm at five years since separation and the implied branching ratio branching ratio normalized to 2 60 at 92 3 keV BR x100 Source Parent 1 Emiter 2 Parent 2 0 0182 Th 234 U 238 0 0105 Pa 234m U 238 0 0408 Th 234 U 238 0 0670 Th 234 U 238 2 6000 Th 234 U 238 2 5769 Th 234 U 238 0 1662 234 U 238 0 0125 Th 234 U 238 0 0229 U 238 U 238 0 0332 Pa 234m 238 0 0248 Pa 234 U 238 0 0083 Pa 234 U 238 0 0115 Th 234 U 238 0 0694 Pa 234m U 238 e 1
3. 31 5 3 5 Display Analysis Results 31 Be yu kula Q T wc RES 33 oui oou e oen nua ete piam elo 33 S Previous RECord asso oe A eee ee ech aa Uus 33 JA u Next RECOrd RE eds 33 at wS s baked 33 SOT MIC OS eo Duo dra up shak u a bu asas 33 8231 zEbock Ufilock detector ada qaa Ee Y rr 33 5 5 2 Edit Detector List 34 RU MACS TIO ue e aepo ise a E oto 35 DOS VICW XAG pha or othe 36 23 6 15 Analysis Table 36 5 0 2 ACQUISITION u DR rx 36 210 2 BY ISODIODE 5 BE BEM 37 SPCCUUM e ap he o d 38 9 75 Displa s eise oo e atc t inetd We eat ae 39 3 7 Do Talerangd es MOREE Z phe ua MAL e 39 5 7 2 Automatic Y AXIS 39 351 5 Automate ususi a bear 39 S Logarithmic te Rid toe f a wisata 39 2725 Natrower and eee usq haya 39 3 50 Lere
4. 99 We assume that you are thoroughly familiar with 32 bit Microsoft Windows usage and terminology If you are not fully acquainted with the Windows environment including the use of the mouse we strongly urge you to read the Microsoft documentation supplied with your Windows software and familiarize yourself with a few simple applications before proceeding The convention used in this manual to represent actual keys pressed is to enclose the key label within angle brackets for example lt F1 gt For key combinations the key labels are joined by a within the angle brackets for example vii U235View 1 0 MGA B32 1 INTRODUCTION The U235View program uses gamma ray and x ray emissions to analyze and report the isotopic abundances of plutonium and other actinides in a sample This nondestructive technique has been in use since1974 and has been constantly refined and improved since then The analysis methods and algorithms used in this program have been developed for analyzing gamma ray spectra from a germanium detector and are used here under license The program accurately determines the relative abundances of several different uranium isotopes in a sample The methods require only an energy and peak shape calibration and are thus suited to measure any shape or size of uranium sample Measurement times can be as short as a few minutes With proper care measurement accuracies can be within 1
5. kisu LS 64 ROL Ls ferie x oe pa ae a 65 B L2 LEX s a aan bue te bc aha chet Nen 65 Honzontal al ua ORs arsuwa asua oe Mp deep 65 66 519 Command Line nterface 66 ERROR MESSAGES 552 e Caled Berk WR g qas dos 67 APPENDIX A S LAND ILDECAY ka na ER ACE RR 69 Gamma and X Ray Decay of gt U 280 and their Daughters from 49 300 keV You ab ted ad et ce cedar er Nuts aoe angele 69 2 PU and Dauehters Pa and Rad ete 72 APPENDIX B Sasser tense sas kipa e Gia E i E 73 B 1 Uranium and Daughter X RayS 73 2 X rays Associated with Uranium Decay Sorted by Energy 73 APPENDIX C DAUGHTER GAMMA AND X RAYS 717 1 U Daughter Th Gamma Rays Pa X Rays and Branching Ratios 77 luu pus yaa 78 C 3 247 and Daughter Gamma Rays 80 Daushters Paand qa te 82 C 5 2380 Daughter Protactinium Gammas Branching Ratios 83 APPENDIX D OUTPUT BILES pus
6. 44 58 MAESTRO hoot dates 6 22 hue te 5 material thickness 52 MCBCON32 automaatit T AE 97 ode e dus det 9 METHODS 41 1 naturaluranium 42 OUTPUT FILES 85 Output Options 28 zea a Z una qa Jus MER 15 peak shape calibration 7 e e dur ie 7 Ga ssia ou ROT n eg deir y peak shape parameters 29 lone term 52 29 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 Short teri oy os sua ERR as 29 Pole Re Rs 7 eb yaaa e 19 rate Teter CoG Ma eed 22 5 24 Real ame Ree is 19 database oen b erae 33 PC 59 Report options 28 rubber rectangle 12 ID cae EEEE ERE RR 21 EEEE 27 Sereen OUIDULU 4c u ew 29 Separation Date 28 DEMVICES hath wa 33 Short term tailing 29 x crm EEEE bk 38 colorp
7. Fig 18 is redisplayed The number 0761 keV ch 1 2180 keV Enter Low En keV ref Pk Energy Ex 12 195 715 13 59 5 of peaks in the list may change due Enter Hi keV ref Pk Energy 34 195 715 22 165 85 to the change in the energy Fig 19 Gain and Offset Adjustment calibration Select two peaks to be used for the peak shape calculation 25 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 The current peak parameters shown Peak Shape Parameters Fig 20 The FWHM amplitude and slope of 59 500 2771 En FWHM keV 4 65 850 929 En FWHM keV the short tailing term and the amplitude and 55220 l E 850 049 short slope of the long tailing term are shown for iso Red dise ant Ti ES the two peaks used The long tailing term is 850 1 000 En Slope short 1 keV 500 000 long not used in U235 500 000 En Slope long i keV you want to adjust check peak data Y N v If the peak parameters are to be changed enter Y This will start the process for Fig 20 Initial Peak Shape Parameters developing new peak parameters as shown in Fig 27 Two peak numbers from the list shown in Fig 21 are entered now to specify the peaks to be used In the figure peak 13 and peak 22 have been selected Next the peak type of either gamma ray or Two peaks are required to find peak parameters Separate input with commas Enter
8. calibration source endcap 69 The Recall Spectrum File for Plotting Dialog Figure 70 shows the Recall a settings file Recall a settings file dialog All of the settings specified on Lookin E Tml e the Options Plot dialog can be saved in the RedPlot set settings file The file is saved in the Save Settings menu item Various groups of settings can be saved and recalled here to make the desired plots or to be used in the command line mode File name RedPlot set Files of type Settings Files Cancel Fig 70 The Recall a Settings File Dialog 63 U235View V1 0 MGA B32 The Print Plot dialog Fig 71 allows you to choose a printer from the Name droplist Click on Properties to adjust the settings for the current printer Print Plot HP DeskJet 550C Printer Fig 71 The Print Plot Dialog 8 2 Options The Options menu is shown in Fig 72 These menu items control the plot settings and WINPLOTS operation 8 2 1 Plot The Plot Options dialog is shown in Fig 73 These settings are all stored in the default settings file and reloaded when WINPLOTS is next started The Title is printed at the top of every plot just above the sample description If no title is specified a default title is generated which is composed of the spectrum and ROI file names The Printer is selected from the list of available printers in Windows Plot Opt
9. Peak Energy Counts Uncertainty 1 1424e 001 5 6419 001 1 1424e 001 5 6419 001 2 9943e 003 5 6419 001 8 2459e 003 1 1850 002 1 4194e 004 1 53 002 Calibration Errors Gain 00752454474 Peak fit 3711013754 0 238767385 Error code 040000000 Fig 43 Isotope Database Table 5 6 2 Acquisition Table The Acquisition Table menu item displays this table from the database in the display window The table shows the type of sample the time of data collection and the spectrum name or 36 5 MENU FUNCTIONS names the database for the selected analysis When this table 5 displayed the Record Advance toolbars buttons are active The table display 15 shown in 44 U235 Database Acquisition Parameters Fig 44 Database Acquisition Table 5 6 3 By Isotope This menu item displays the table of analysis results for all the uranium isotopes for all the analyzed spectra between the selected dates from the database in the display window The display is shown in Fig 45 The time and date for the analysis is entered directly in the fields shown All of the analysis results for the selected time span are shown 37 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 0235 Database Isotope Abundance in Sample RT Data analyzed between 7798 4 53 36 PM 8 28 4 53 36 1234 Abundance 1235 Abundance 1238 Abundance 0937 1 062841 0 174123 94 126053 14 78
10. If Auto increment under the Spectrum File section see Section 5 2 2 1 was not selected the old files may be overwritten 5 3 4 Display Background Fit This command displays the spectrum C U235 heu0937 spf background and fitted spectrum for the total energy range of the spectrum see perl Fig 32 from a background fit SPF file Each of the curves is shown in a different color The user can also access the corresponding results database tables Use the Analysis Standard Toolbar buttons to adjust the horizontal and 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 vertical scale and the zoom tool to Energy keV expand any regions of interest see Section 4 2 maximize screen m Fig 32 Display Analysis Results area the Spectrum Toolbar detector sidebar and status bar can be hidden see Section 5 6 5 3 5 Display Analysis Results This displays the spectrum data individual peaks background and residuals for the energy range of 85 to 101 keV The peaks can be plotted by energy as shown in Fig 33 or by isotope as 31 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 shown in Fig 34 Each of curves is shown different color with different symbols sidebar shows the possible variables to plot The check box shows the variables plotted C U235 heu0937 fit Analysis Results U2 Peak Table 1 Raw data Smoothed data Background Peaks W235 T
11. to EXIT X ray is specified for these two peaks ENTER Peak s Low En 8 High En 12 34 13 22 f ENTER peak gammas 0 1 0 0 0 0 Next the source for the peak parameters 15 2 I Use Peak Parameters From Setup File 1 Data fits 2 Keybd 3 selected from Setup file Data fits or Enter Choice 2 keyboard To use the current spectrum Fig 21 Specifying Peak Parameter Inputs select Data fits To enter the parameters directly select keyboard The direct entry 15 better done on the Peak Shape Parameters Tab see Section 5 3 1 3 pep 59 504 500 Fit Iterations After selecting Data fits the spectrum peaks are fit and the process is shown in Fig 22 The number of iterations depends on how quickly the fitting converges 165 850 When the fitting has converged the final peak parameters are displayed At this time the dialog in Fig 23 15 shown If the parameters are acceptable then Peak Shape Parameters press N to retain them If Y is entered the 500 En FWHN keV N N 850 929 En FWHM keV dialog in Fig is shown to redo the parameters 500 061 En AMP short 850 049 AMP short To retain the peak parameters to be used in 500 923 En Slope short 1 keV 850 000 En Slope short 1 keV subsequent analyses enter Y to the Save 500 1000 En AMP long 500 000 En Slope long 1 keV question Entering N here
12. 012552 Recall spectrum file for plotting 02 Jun 97 19 57 09 67 The Main WINPLOTS Display 8 1 File Fig 68 shows the File menu These menu items select the spectrum and to be displayed read and write the settings file and actually make Recall Spectrum the plot Recall Print Plot Once a file has been selected using the Recall Spectrum function Recall Settings see the file open dialog shown in Fig 69 it is automatically Save Settings As previewed using the current settings This is the exact plot that will be Exit Alt F4 printed There are minor differences between display and printer fonts Fig 68 The File Menu and colors The sample description format and number of channels are shown at the bottom of the dialog to aid in selecting the correct file 62 8 WINPLOTS spectrum file for plotting Lookin E User e m 5041901 Testl spc N71calb spc I 234 16 5 2 in 0030 Qcdigmy spe Test2job s in 0031 5 in Qedlgmv1 spe uran 6h sp m P10633ab spe I Ocd1 in p20666ac spc Test spc Mantle1 spc Mcbdemo spc Mk4D spc Mna22 spc N11083ac spc N30201b spe File name N71 calb spc Files of type sec Format Spectra Cancel Show Description Integer SPC Format 16384 Channels
13. Convoluted DCN 4 107 Counts FWHM of about 100 eV When this energy distribution of radiations 15 convoluted 105 with instrumental dispersion the resulting peak shape as shown in Fig 64 10 20 30 40 50 50 is substantially different from that of an equivalent energy gamma ray The algorithms reported in footnote 13 are used to compute the altered response Channel Fig 64 The Lorentzian broadened energy distribution of x rays both increases the FWHM of a peak and significantly alters its line shape The above equations are adequate for describing peaks in a spectrum taken at modest counting rates Additional peak shape distortions may occur when using high counting rates These manifest themselves as protrusions or tails on the high energy side of the peaks The magnitude and shape of this distortion is not predictable However a relatively simple procedure has been implemented to account for this distortion when generating peak shape profiles In this procedure the Gaussian portion of the 59 and 208 keV peaks is first stripped out The net counts remaining on the high energy side of these peaks are used to determine an approximate magnitude and shape of any distortion caused by pulse pileup This profile is stored and used when calculating the shape responses of the peaks in the 94 to 104 keV region The program determines and uses the constants A B C D 5 and S from the Peak Shape Parameter
14. peak width parameter T x tailing function Gamma ray shape FWHM 500 eV Gaussian distribution Short term talling component Long term talling v 5 o Ge escape P Fo continuum 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Channel Fig 63 The principal shape components of a gamma ray peak are described by central Gaussian distribution and two tailing components 2 Quantitative Analysis by Gamma Ray Spectrometry Vol 1 Description of the GAMANAL Program R Gunnink and J Niday Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore Calif UCRL 51061 1972 56 6 ANALYSIS METHODS The tailing function is given by T x Ae P4 Ce 9 04 8 4 where x XX short term tailing long term tailing 6 lforx x O for x The are referred to as tailing amplitude parameters while and D are parameters that describe the two tailing slopes The final term involving reduces the effect of T x to zero at the peak position to limit the tailing contributions only to the low energy side of a peak These equations are used to unfold the data in complex peak regions as discussed below For now it is important to note that some of the variables are linear in equations such as yo and C whereas the others are in the exponents The variables appearing in the exponents can be predetermined and therefore are treated as co
15. 0 0042 Th 5 IC decay 107 595 5 640 0 0221 IC decay 108 422 10 700 0 0420 IC decay 108 582 4 100 0 0454 Th IC decay 108 955 0 110 0 0012 Th Kf4 IC decay Browne and R Firestone Table of Radioactive Isotopes LBL 2986 C 23 73 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 Branch Type X Ray Ratio 109 072 IC decay 109 442 IC decay 110 421 fluorescence 111 298 fluorescence 111 486 IC decay 111 870 IC decay 111 964 fluorescence 112 380 IC decay 114 445 fluorescence 114 844 fluorescence 115 377 fluorescence Th X rays Intensity Scofield Th X rays Calc Meas measured Calculation diff 93 350 93 348 100 45 4 100 45 40 Kal 0 89 957 89 957 61 27 694 61 9 28 10 2 0 105 604 105 606 19 8 626 22 35 10 70 2 47 108 582 108 471 10 4 54 8 5601 4 10 Kp2 2 9 104 819 104 822 11 466 5 61 3 53 108 955 0 11 Kp4 106 239 0 8247 0 38 Kp5 0 68 109 442 0 90 k02 3 Pa X rays 95 863 95 867 100 45 3 100 45 300 Kal 0 92 282 92 284 62 28 086 62 2 28 100 2 0 1 108 422 108 418 24 10 872 22 45 10 700 2 36 111 486 0 8 6882 4 163 Kp2 2 62 107 595 107 586 11 4 983 11 472 5 640 3 86 111 870 0 110 Kp4 109 072 0 8441 0 389 Kp5 0 78 112 380 0 930 k02 3 U X rays 98 434 98 435 100 45 100 0 94 654 94 656 62 5 28 200 2 0 02 111 298 11
16. 0 6 Pa Ko2 0 004026 93 300 0 1 G 0 5 0 05 0 000336 95 870 0 05 x 10 3 1 0 006911 99 300 0 05 2 1 0 2 0 001409 102 300 0 05 102 270 6 7 0 7 0 004 0 004496 105 730 0 1 0 14 0 02 9 39 05 106 580 0 1 0 34 0 04 0 000228 107 620 0 1 x 1 29 0 14 0 000866 108 490 0 1 x 2 43 0 24 KB1 5 0 001631 111 590 0 1 X 0 9 0 1 Pa 2 0 000604 112 460 0 1 X 0 34 0 04 Pak 0 0 000228 115 500 0 2 G 0 04 0 01 2 68E 05 116 910 0 05 G 0 39 0 04 0 000262 125 100 0 05 124 914 G 0 95 0 09 0 0006 0 000637 134 140 0 08 134 030 G 0 42 0 05 0 00025 0 000282 135 770 0 06 135 664 G 1 3 0 1 0 00084 0 000872 136 780 0 2 G 0 09 0 03 6 04E 05 145 150 0 3 G 0 12 0 03 8 05E 05 146 000 0 07 G 0 58 0 06 0 000389 163 160 0 06 G 2 6 0 03 0 001745 77 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 keV E keV Imp Branch 164 940 4 03 05 169 580 2 01 05 174 190 0 000208 183 470 0 000382 188 770 5 37E 05 218 000 0 00037 0 00045 236 170 0 000121 240 400 3 36E 06 242 600 8 72E 06 249 800 6 71E 06 250 500 7 38 06 267 800 1 54 05 308 900 5 37E 06 311 000 3 62E 05 318 000 1 34E 06 320 200 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q aQ a a Normalized to 0 0671 for 84 17 keV transition Browne E and F Asaro Phys Rev 7 6 2545 84 17 keV transiti
17. 4 jap i 150 93 86 52 6 ANALYSIS METHODS Fig 59 is the samma spectrum 500 RTI UH from 118 to 180 keV of a Y net 10 075 U sample Peaks bnc rather sparse this region e 400 143 7600 with usable 280 peaks mainly o showing up at low U concentrations U at 120 90 keV is usually quite 300 weak but can still be analyzed because of its isolation Lack of good statistics on this peak may limit its accuracy 2351 143 760 255 Y net 2 09 152 70 175 23517 163 230 180 Fig 60 shows same 118 180 range for a 0 017 220 sample 281 peaks enhanced but low count rate makes getting t i decent statistics for analysis o PUMA inu d very time consuming 24 120 90 keV peak 15 normally too weak to analyze at low 250 concentrations 120 00 13000 140 00 15000 16000 170 00 180 00 Energy Fig 60 Spectrum for 118 180 keV Range for 0 017 230 Sample 6 2 6 The 180 210 keV Energy Region The 180 210 keV region has several prominent 21 peaks including the most intense 220 peak at 185 715 keV This peak in conjunction with the 98 443 keV uranium x ray peak is used to determine a more accurate gain and zero for the spectrum and to verify that 220 is present in the sp
18. 5 z Hi g 3 20 00 30 00 40 00 50 00 60 00 70 00 80 00 Energy Fig 54 Plot of a 10 075 7 U 89 975 280 Spectrum from 20 80 keV 6 2 2 The 80 85 keV Energy Region The lowest energy range of practical use is the 80 85 region It contains peaks due to 20 81 228 82 087 and 84 214 keV as well as a 83 300 keV peak due to U decay Fig 54 shows the spectrum of a 10 075 2 sample Even though the lead x rays are weak they are a typical contaminant to spectra in this region and have to be accounted for in making accurate peak intensity determinations The 83 30 keV U 2 peak is quite weak making its accurate determination difficult Fig 55 shows the net background subtracted uranium spectrum 10 075906 U from 80 to 87 keV As can be seen U 83 300 keV peak is quite weak making good peak intensity measurements difficult for this sample and samples with lower concentrations of gt U 47 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 235 84 214 251 81 228 5U 82 87 keV 84 930 keV Al 5 U 83 300 keV Pb x ray 84 450 keV 85 0 Fig 55 The Net Background Subtracted Uranium Spectrum 10 07590 2350 from 80 to 87 keV 6 2 3 The 87 100 keV Energy Region This region has three peaks due to 24 a number of 2 peaks and the two strong uranium Ka and Ko x ray peaks The tight clustering of peaks requires careful peak fitting an
19. 8081E 05 counts min Total Counts 9 4751E 07 counts 0752 keV channel 2384 keV 4096 Calculated gain Calculated zero Number of data channels Peak Summary for Individual Peaks E in E fit FWHM Ampsh Slpsh Pkht Tot_cts Rchisq 67 2001 650 26645 7 2343 06 693 9 4 116 120 90 120201 525 001 22626 532 2 3798 13 553 129 30 129 71 000 000 000 39 7 61 87 7 79 000 143 76 143 77 547 001 628 5539 3 4303E 05 298 2 2 723 163 33 163 35 594 001 639 2455 2 2105 05 209 6 1 314 205 30 205 31 657 002 661 2176 0 2088 05 186 8 35 649 111 30 111 30 489 001 608 8357 8 7256 05 323 5 4 305 0238 92 36 keV peak 220 4 269 3 Tets U238 92 79 keV peak 224 4 269 3 cts U235 93 35 keV peak 57703 0 269 3 cts U 94 66 keV X ray peak 162918 3 572 2 cts U 98 44 keV x ray peak 269663 8 814 2 cts Rchisq 6 0096 URANIUM ISOTOPE ANALYSIS RESULTS U Isotope Abundance 5 Uncertainty 5 0234 801 093 11 623 0235 94 278 3 586 3 804 U238 4 920 3 586 72 881 Data corrected for absorber 2 g cm 3 1 T3 246989 2000 Data fit have statistics Answers should b
20. CHAR 26 CHAR 8 INTEGER 2 2 CHAR 12 CHAR 12 CHAR 12 CHAR 8 INTEGER 2 136 Type REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 INTEGER INTEGER REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 Position 1 128 129 256 257 320 321 333 334 346 347 350 351 352 353 358 359 364 365 370 371 374 375 512 Position 1 4 5 8 9 12 13 16 17 20 21 24 25 26 27 28 29 32 33 36 37 40 41 44 45 48 49 52 53 56 57 60 Variable IDT1 IDT2 Isotope record Variable s ISONAM GRMS ER ER2 PCT1 SPPOW ISONAMI GRMS1 201 01 101 SPPOWOI Pu 242 record Variable NPU Extra PU242C SP242 CPU242 Description Low energy dead time High energy dead time Description Isotope name relative abundance uncertainty uncertainty isotopic analysis by weight 96 of Pu 1 sigma uncertainty specific power milliwatts g Declared abundance Isotope name relative abundance uncertainty uncertainty isotopic analysis by weight 96 of Pu 1 sigma uncertainty specific power milliwatts g Declared abundance Description Pu 242 algorithm flag 0 New 0 2 Old gt 0 entered by operator isotopic analysis by weight 96 of Pu 242 specific power milliwatts g of Pu 242 User input of Pu 242 abundance APPENDIX D OUTPUT FILES Type INTEGER INTEGER Type CHAR 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 CHA
21. ErrPu240Eff Database Column SampleID AnalysisDate Isotope RelAbundance PerUncert Per Uncert Percent SigmaUncert SpecificPower Description Am241 Pu241 ratio Error in RAmPu241 Separation time years ago Error in Tz Pu 240 effective Error in Pu240Eff E 3 Isotope Table Description Primary Key Unique analysis results identifier Analysis date Isotope name relative abundance uncertainty uncertainty isotopic analysis by weight of Pu 1 sigma uncertainty specific power milliwatts g Type REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 CHAR 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 APPENDIX F MGAVIEW FILES Files in the default directory Nmga setup mga Contains the information that appears in the Analyze Settings fields This is an ASCII text file and can be edited with Windows Notepad or other text processors 235Rpt mdb The U235View database which should be backed up regularly ORTEC strongly recommends that users not manipulate this database outside of the U235View program copy the database and manipulate the copy Files in c Program files Mga If any of these files are missing or corrupt default values will be used U235br txt Contains the default branching ratios While it is strongly recommended that users not edit this ASCII text file follow its format to create customized branching ratio files setu23 txt Contains the setup files keys This file can be tra
22. Pa 234 131 3 20 00 Pa 234 153 0 6 60 Pa 234 83 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 84 234mPa IC decay IC decay prob E keV x1000 Uncert 226 9 11 50 Pa 234 569 3 13 80 Pa 234 699 1 4 75 Pa 234 805 5 3 10 Pa 234 824 7 3 70 Pa 234 831 1 5 10 Pa 234 926 7 16 80 Pa 234 945 8 18 40 Pa 234 980 5 3 90 Pa 234 1394 1 2 40 Pa 234 Radiochem Radioanal Lett 357 75 221 APPENDIX D D 1 Report File D 1 1 Isotopic Ratio File for Post processing D 1 1 1 Output UFM file Unformatted U235 file UFM record Variable sFormat sType LREC LSPCREC LOWEDES HIGHEDES ANIREC AN2REC LAN3REC AN4RECAL AN4RECBL AN4RECAH AN4RECBH CALDESL CALRECL CALDESH CALRECH CLRREC ISORECI ISORECL NISOREC UFM Record U235 analysis records taken from src file CALREC record taken from sprc file Analysis results records Description Must be 1 Must be 4096 Last used record Spc file names record pointer long record Low energy detector description record High energy detector description record First U235 analysis record Second U235 analysis record for low energy detector Third U235 analysis record long record Fourth SPC analysis record for low energy detector Fourth SPC analysis record B for low energy detector Fourth SPC analysis record for high energy detecto
23. Parent 1 Emitter 2 Parent 2 62 9 2 36 Th 234 U 238 73 9 1 36 Pa 234m U 238 74 0 5 30 Th 234 U 238 83 3 8 71 Th 234 U 238 92 3 338 0 Th 234 U 238 92 8 335 0 Th 234 U 238 94 7 21 6 Pa 234m U 238 Pa 234 95 9 1 62 Th 234 U 238 110 5 2 98 U 238 U 238 114 9 4 32 Pa 234m U 238 Pa 234 131 3 3 23 Pa 234 U 238 152 7 1 08 Pa 234 U 238 184 8 1 49 Th 234 APPENDIX C DAUGHTER GAMMA AND X RAYS E keV Emitter 2 U 238 258 2 9 02 C 5 238U Daughter Protactinium Gammas and Pa 234m U 238 Branching Ratios 234mPa IC decay IC decay prob E keV x1000 Uncert 257 90 57 000 0 230 Pa234m 691 00 5 500 0 500 Pa234m 701 60 5 400 0 500 Pa234m 740 10 7 100 0 700 Pa234m 743 00 56 600 0 230 Pa234m 766 60 207 800 0 800 Pa234m 782 30 5 300 0 500 Pa234m 786 40 34 200 0 130 Pa234m 887 50 5 200 0 500 Pa234m 922 30 8 300 0 800 Pa234m 946 30 7 000 0 700 Pa234m 1001 20 590 000 Pa234m 1738 20 14 200 0 600 Pa234m 1831 50 11 200 0 400 Pa234m 1868 20 5 300 0 500 Pa234m 1911 80 3 700 0 400 Pa234m 1937 70 2 100 NORMALIZED 1001 590 0 59 x 1000 Ardisson G and C Marsol Nuovo Chimie 11v28A 155 1975 0 200 Pa234m 234mPa IC IC decay prob decay E keV x1000 Uncert 63 0 4 10
24. a function of energy 5 3 1 4 Absorption This tab Fig 28 is used to specify the absorber e g the container walls between the source and the detector These inputs are used in the program to calculated the attenuation of gamma rays due to these materials The list of available elements is shown If the element is to be included check the Material box for that element Enter the density and length for the elements included The Length is the thickness of the sample in the direction perpendicular to the detector That is length is the expected average path length of gamma rays from the far side of the sample through the sample to the detector U235View x Sample Type Peak shape parameters Output Options Absorption Source Detector Absorption Energy Value FwHM 198 44 05 FWHM 1185 71 0 65 Energy keV Value Short term tail Long term tail Amp 30 Joon Amp 100 Amp us Slope 90 0 95 Slope 100 o Slope fies fi 1 OK Cancel Fig 27 Peak Shape Calibration Parameters Sample Type Output Options Peak shape parameters Absorption Source Detector Absorption Material Density 7 3 Length foo 26989 for fro fo cd 885 NN Pe sm p Cancel 28 Absorption Parameters 29 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 The Default Density button is used to set all the densities
25. hardware control functions 5 MENU FUNCTIONS Record First Record Previous Record Next Record Last Record Fig 35 Record Menu Lock Unlock detector 5 5 1 Lock Unlock detector Edit detector list Run Maestro This command allows the user to protect an MCB from destructive access e g Start Stop Clear etc by any program on the PC or network While any program can view the data and read the contents Fig 36 Services Menu of any MCB in the system locked or unlocked the contents of a locked MCB cannot be changed without knowing the password NOTE There is no master password If the Lock Detector 2 Tx password is lost contact ORTEC Customer EE Service for assistance unlocking the Password Cancel Verify m If the MCB is currently unlocked selecting i Fig 37 Name Password to Lock Unlock will show the dialog displayed in Lock an Fig 37 Enter the Owner name Then enter a password in the Password field and re enter it in the Verify field the two entries must agree 33 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 Click The password 15 not case sensitive that 15 uppercase and lowercase letters treated the same If the MCB 5 currently locked selecting Unlock Detector x Lock Unlock will display the dialog in Fig 38 Enter OK the correct password to unlock the MCB Password di Canc
26. of the stated value U235View in conjunction with MAESTRO 32 controls the MCB hardware and the acquisition of one or two spectra sets the analysis parameters analyzes the spectrum or spectra produces a report and stores the results in a Microsoft Access format database The spectra are stored in ORTEC format with complete analysis and available hardware settings stored in the file The spectra can be re analyzed at anytime either by U235View MGAView or GammaVision 32 To ensure consistent results the physical parameters of all the relevant isotopes such as gamma ray or x ray energy yield and half life are stored in the program R Gunnink J B Niday and P D Siemens A System for Plutonium Analysis by Gamma Ray Spectrometry LLNL Livermore CA UCRL 51577 1974 U235View is the subject of a cooperative research and development agreement CRADA TSV 1368 96 and license License Number TL 1375 96 between ORTEC and the University of California under which ORTEC is integrating those programs into the ORTEC software environment to enhance usability U235View 1 0 MGA B32 2 SYSTEM 5 Due to the complexity of the spectrum the U235View software requires the following minimum hardware specifications which can be met with normal commercial components 2 1 Detector Specifications A germanium detector with a resolution full width half maximum FWHM less than 550 eV at 122 keV is recommende
27. or Descriptions Double click on the detector in the upper left Change the description and press All detectors must have a unique ID number To Change ID Numbers Press Renumber All to renumber all detectors starting from 1 Use this button with caution since existing detector numbers may change R Press Renumber New to number new detectors ones with for their ID number higher than all existing detectors Fig 81 Detector Renumbering Help 98 Acquire 222 3 sa RA vidc maqa sha vies 19 Analysis JXSSUBIDUDIL Z ig rie ee Ae 44 ADDE d avibus 27 Ask on Start DI iP encore RAE rb 21 Sample 21 Auto increment Q a NE R Ss 21 Sample ID 2 uersa 21 Automa 39 Automate Y dl OG s 39 Background Spectrum 28 calibration wed eb eae Be wae e dev 7 Peak Shape vires Cie ates ee ood 8 Channels button 20 ONC AD de SES 23 colorprinting 65 control DUOUS ua koe s des ACER 10 database rs 10 Display v e GER OSS X 11 o ERES 20 database COMMON Lu Ge snot pes duri ue wae 10 HCO aa EST ees 33 DATAB
28. to fixed values These be used if no other values are known 5 3 1 5 Source Detector Absorption This tab Fig 29 is used to specify the sample material to correct for self Sample Output Options absorption in the sample and detector Peak shape parameters Absorption Source Detector Absorption The corrections can be turned on or Default Density off by marking or unmarking the On Ge checkbox If on the chemical On C TotalAten Density 3 5 32 composition can also be selected C Photo Alten Coherent Scatter Length 0 01 The physical form e g metal or aie 5 powder 15 indicated by the Length and r pu cy z Density g cm3 2 Density inputs the source description C 002 The Length is the thickness of the Length fem 0 sample in the direction perpendicular to the detector That is length is the expected average path length of gamma rays from the far side of the x med sample through the sample to the Fig 29 Source and Detector Absorption Parameters detector The Density 15 the average density of the sample The Default Density value can be used if the actual density 15 not known The default is the density for powder The absorber corrections are used to give better fits to the data The program will determine the best values based on the fitting process but exact values entered here for the known abso
29. wildcard requirements The default list of files is set to the appropriate file type for the function being performed For example in Analyze Display Analysis Results if you leave the default filename criterion Background fit files spf in the Files of type field the list of files box will display only the files that have the extension SPF In addition to typing in a wildcard search you can also click on the File of type field to open its drop down list then choose one of its file extensions types To recall an existing file double click on its filename in the list of files box or enter its filename in the File name field then press lt Enter gt or click on Open In some cases you will be saving new data for which no file exists yet To do this enter the new filename in the File name field and click on press lt Enter gt or click on Save The Save As dialog also allows you to reuse an existing filename by saving new data into an existing file Note that this completely overwrites destroys the previous data To do this double click on a filename from the list of files box or enter one of those existing filenames into the File name field then press lt Enter gt or click on Save The system will display a message saying This file already exists Replace existing file Click on Yes to save the new data or No to cancel the Save As operation 14 4 5 1 Changing Drive Pathname There are two ways to chan
30. 0 in PKFIT 2 The fit MATRIX is singular in PKFIT 4 Tried to read beyond EOF OF INPUT file in RDBLK 8 LIVETIME NOT found in header Approximate LIVETIME value calculated 10 Data TYPE set to 1 Cannot read INPUT data of this type 20 GAIN ZERO appear to be incorrect in Setup file Use C Calibrate to check or change 40 Total counts VERY HIGH Possible IO or data problems 80 Total counts VERY LOW Possible IO statistics or data problems 100 Livetime Realtime in Header record Possible IO or data problems 200 Analyzer DEADTIME VERY HIGH Possible IO or data problems 400 Fit 185 715 peak RCHISQ value Possible GAIN ZERO or STATISTICS problems 800 Fit of 85 100 keV peak region RCHISQ value FIT did NOT converge well Possible GAIN ZERO or STATISTICS problems 1000 U 235 185 715 keV peak VERY LOW or non existent U235 may NOT be present for analysis or Possible GAIN ZERO or STATISTICS problems 2000 Fit Matrix is SINGULAR in PKFIT cannot fit data Possible GAIN ZERO or STATISTICS problems 67 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 4000 8000 warnum 1 10 20 40 80 68 Possible SPURIOUS 5 detected fit residual data Set Output Level 6 to examine data fit file Possible GAIN ZERO BACKGROUND or STATISTICS problems Uranium 98 443 keV X ray peak VERY LOW or non existent U235 may NOT be present for analysis or Possible GAIN ZERO or STATISTICS problems Requested Material Cross Section NOT in
31. 00 50 00 60 00 70 00 80 00 Energy keV Fig 52 Plot of 99 983 280 Spectrum from 20 80 45 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 Fig 53 shows the spectrum from a 99 1 sample of 70 It is considerably different than the 2380 spectrum shown above There are no strong lines from or its daughters in this region The lead Ka and Ka x ray lines are a typical spectral contaminant resulting from fluorescent x rays in the collimator Counts 26 00 30 00 40 00 50 00 60 00 70 00 80 00 Energy keV Fig 53 Spectrum from a 99 1 Sample of U from 20 80 keV 46 6 ANALYSIS METHODS Fig 54 shows 10 075 20 89 975 280 spectrum from 20 80 keV In this region is found the only pure U peak at 49 369 keV 280 peak at 49 550 keV is normally too weak to be seen Samples that have been in a reactor will often have a much higher U peak in c e 53 2 p Pm i amp ES 8 i amp m 5 m n CENE 2 i ei d ioe n End 9 5 1 4 i2 in 10 1 i rni gt 1 in m Fd e 1 65 Po BO 2 1 1 m DM 1 H ity gt n Pel 4 gt i 5 ee iu D o 5 OQ DE mnm i A Counts Sm Counts Bkg a 1 000 H H H H i I T
32. 0223 Total Fit Residuals Energy keV 33 Display Peaks Plotted by Energy C U235 heu0937 fit OP x9 Analysis Results C U235 heu0937 fit Isotope Table 1 Raw data Smoothed data Background Peaks U 235 Total Fit Residuals 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 37 98 99 100 Energy Fig 34 Display Peaks Plotted by Isotope To remove a curve click in the check box To add the curve click again Use the Analysis Standard Toolbar buttons to adjust the horizontal and vertical scale and the zoom tool to expand any regions of interest see Section 4 2 To maximize the screen area the Spectrum Toolbar detector sidebar and status bar can be hidden using the commands on the View menu see Section 5 6 32 5 4 When the results database is displayed the commands this menu Fig 35 allow the user to index through the tables of the results database These functions duplicate the arrow buttons on the Analysis Toolbar 5 4 1 First Record This jumps to the first record in the table 5 4 2 Previous Record This moves to the record before the current record in the table 5 4 3 Next Record This moves to the record after the current record in the table 5 4 4 Last Record This jumps to the last record in the table 5 5 Services This menu Fig 36 contains three
33. 1 300 22 6 10 700 2 25 74 114 445 Th X 5 measured Intensity Scofield Calculation Th X rays APPENDIX B X RAYS Calc Meas diff 110 421 110 416 114 844 111 964 112 043 115 377 Kp3 Kp1 5 0 619 0 224 0 513 0 0369 0 622 0 225 0 512 0 0376 0 625 0 226 0 511 Barreau et al Z Phys A Atoms and Nuclei 308 209 213 1982 0 0383 Scofield J D Relativistic Hartree Slater Values of and L X ray Emission Atomic and Nuclear Data Tables 14 121 137 1974 75 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 76 APPENDIX DAUGHTER GAMMA AND X RAYS C 1 U Daughter Th Gamma Rays Pa X Rays and Branching Ratios IAEA Gor Rel Branch Imp E keV X Int b Notes Ratio Branch IAEA 26 560 25 640 202 20 0 146 0 135542 44 100 0 3 0 06 0 04 4 03 05 58 470 0 05 58 570 7 2 0 7 0 005 0 004831 63 700 0 2 G 0 68 0 14 0 000456 72 660 0 06 72 751 G 4 0 4 0 0026 0 002684 73 000 0 1 G 0 1 0 04 6 71E 05 81 180 0 05 81 228 14 2 1 4 0 0085 0 009528 82 020 0 06 82 087 7 2 0 7 0 0037 0 004831 84 170 84 214 G 100 Reference a 0 0671 0 067100 89 940 0 05 15 3 1 5 0 010266 92 230 0 05 x 6
34. 10 075 U sample In this region there is only one 280 peak of interest and a few U peaks 54 6 ANALYSIS METHODS 1000 I I I T La RRN Fa P i 2 4 z 5 o Q 100 220 240 260 280 300 Energy keV Fig 62 The Net Count Spectrum from 210 to 300 keV of a 10 075 2350 Sample 6 3 Describing the Peak Shape Some peaks in uranium spectra are well enough resolved that their intensity can be simply determined by integrating the counts in selected channels and subtracting related backgrounds to obtain the net peak areas However the peaks in other regions overlap severely requiring a more involved procedure to interpret the data To start one must have an analytic function or algorithm that adequately describes the shapes of the peaks in the regions of interest This shape is mainly described by a Gaussian function however some tailing does occur particularly on Adapted from A Gamma Ray Spectrum Analysis Code for Determining Plutonium Isotopic Abundances Vol 1 and 2 R Gunnick W D Ruhter UCRL LR 103220 1990 55 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 the low energy side Therefore the following equation is used to fit a peak as shown Fig 63 with a central Gaussian component and a short term and sometimes a long term tailing component 2 y y e TE 3 where y net counts in channel x yo peak height at the peak position x
35. 2 T decay constant for isotope i measured peak intensities from isotope T half life in the same time units of isotope i 8 gamma counting efficiencies of isotope branching ratios for characteristic gamma rays of isotope Analysis 15 greatly simplified by the following observations 1 e T 1 if the two gammas are close to the same energy The fractional solid angle of detector is the same for both gammas cancels out T is known from the previously measured half lives is known from the previously measured branching ratios 1 has to be determined extremely accurately to get precise isotopic ratios The analysis proceeds on the assumptions that the solid angle terms cancel out and the half lives and branching ratios of the respective gamma and x rays can be determined The efficiencies for detecting gamma rays are harder to determine involving the intrinsic detector efficiencies and the overall detector and counting geometry used to obtain the data and x ray transmissions are nearly equal for energies close to each other Fortunately for gammas and x rays close in energy the ratio of these terms t e 1 is approximately 1 Approximate detector efficiencies and gamma transmission corrections are used to make first order corrections to this ratio The accuracy of determining the isotopic ratio A A is largely determined by the accuracy of determining the respective pea
36. 22 4 811108 14 782228 45 Database Display Isotope See Section 4 3 1 for information spectrum table window features 5 6 4 Spectrum Use Spectrum to display the spectrum in the MCB see example in Fig 46 The spectrum window is display only the MCB functions cannot be changed here SafeGuard 1 0 SafeGuard LO AX A 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 Energy keV Fig 46 Spectrum Window NOTE To prevent the MCB parameters such as gain or pole zero from being changed you may remove MAESTRO 32 from the PC after hardware setup is completed From the Windows Taskbar click on Start Settings Control Panel and Add Remove Programs On the list of installed programs click on MAESTRO for Windows click on the Add Remove button and answer any prompts 38 5 MENU FUNCTIONS 5 7 Display Figure 47 shows the Display menu which contains commands for Display changing the horizontal and vertical scaling of a spectrum and for hiding Taller or displaying the legend Shorter Automatic 5 7 1 Taller and Shorter Automatic Logarithmic Taller and Shorter switch the spectrum display to a linear vertical m scale and respectively increase or decrease the full scale value These Wider commands are duplicated by the Taller and Shorter buttons on the Analysis Toolbar Legend Fig 47 Display 5 7 2 Automat
37. 235 2 88 500 0 030 G Th 227 U 235 3 89 956 3 360 X Th 2 U 235 IC decay 3 17 0 08 3 4 0 8 69 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 Group E keV Branch G Source Parent URADOS IAEA No Ratio or Branch Ratio Branch Ratio BRx100 X BRx100 x100 4 89 970 0 742 G Th 231 U 235 0 97 0 05 5 92 290 0 470 X 2 00 235 0 451 0 036 0 39 0 03 6 92 365 2 600 Th 234 U 238 2 52 0 06 2 60 0 53 7 92790 2 560 G Th 234 U 238 2 50 0 06 2 56 0 52 8 93 356 5 500 x Th Kal U 235 IC decay 5 22 0 14 5 6 1 3 9 94 660 9 161 X U Ko2 fluorescence 61 2 norm 28 2 0 6 10 94 700 0 0321 Pa 234 U 238 11 95 850 0 0024 G Th 234 U 238 12 95 860 0 880 X Kal U 235 IC decay 0 776 0 043 0 63 0 05 13 98 443 14 800 X U fluorescence 100 0 norm 45 1 0 9 14 990270 0 400 G Th 231 U 235 0 14 03 Group 3 1 102 270 0 400 Th 231 U 235 0 40 0 02 2 104 819 0 137 x Th IC decay 3 105 604 0 262 X Th KB1 IC decay 4 106 239 0 009 X Th 5 IC decay 5 107 595 0 022 X Pa Kp3 IC decay 6 108 422 0 042 X Pa IC decay 7 108 582 0 100 X Th Kp2 IC decay 8 108 955 0 003 X Th Kf4 IC decay 9 109 072 0 002 X Pa Kp5 IC decay 10 109 160 1 540 G U 235 U 235 1 54 0 05 11 109 442 0 022 X ThKO2 3 IC decay 12 110 480 0 555 x U fluorescence 13 110 500 00
38. 28 02 235 235 109 200 0 01563 1 23E 03 U 235 U 235 111 900 0 00077 6 08 01 Th 231 U 235 116 100 0 00071 5 60E 01 U 235 U 235 124 900 0 00057 4 48E 01 Th 231 U 235 135 700 0 00079 6 24E 01 Th 231 U 235 140 800 0 00224 1 76 02 235 235 143 800 0 11133 8 76E 03 U 235 U 235 150 900 0 00081 6 40E 01 U 235 U 235 163 100 0 00158 1 24E 02 Th 231 U 235 163 300 0 05160 4 06E 03 U 235 U 235 182 600 0 00346 2 72E 02 U 235 U 235 185 700 0 58077 4 57E 04 U 235 U 235 194 900 0 00641 5 04E 02 U 235 U 235 198 900 0 00427 3 36E 02 U 235 U 235 202 100 0 01098 8 64 02 235 0 235 205 300 0 05096 4 01E 03 0 235 0 235 221 400 0 00122 9 60E 01 U 235 U 235 240 900 0 00055 4 32 01 235 U 235 Normalized to 0671 at 84 214 keV 79 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 2381 and Daughter Gamma Rays keV Branch 90 uncert 90 g s gm Emitter 1 Parent 1 63 24 3 6000 3 4 73 02 Th 234 U 238 131 31 0 0286 1 4 3 23 00 234 0 238 152 76 0 0083 37 1 08E 00 Pa 234 U 238 203 12 0 0027 8 3 37E 01 Pa 234 U 238 226 85 0 0167 1 3 9 54E 01 Pa 234 U 238 249 21 0 0035 4 7 4 53E 01 Pa 234 U 238 258 26 0 0730 0 46 9 02E 00 Pa 234m U 238 272 20 0 0018 9 1 1 62E 01 Pa 234 U 238 293 74 0 0049 3 1 6 31E 01 P
39. 4 0 0068 2 6 6 47E 01 Pa 234 U 238 831 39 0 0078 1 9 8 89 01 234 0 238 851 57 0 0070 2 6 88 01 Pa 234m U 238 875 94 0 0042 3 6 47E 01 Pa 234 U 238 880 45 0 0212 0 9 1 46E 00 Pa 234 U 238 883 22 0 0211 0 9 2 13E 00 Pa 234 U 238 887 28 0 0071 1 8 8 27E 01 Pa 234m U 238 898 52 0 0059 2 2 6 63E 01 Pa 234 U 238 921 70 0 0127 1 1 1 32E 00 Pa 234m U 238 924 98 0 0142 1 2 1 78E 00 Pa 234 U 238 926 61 0 0192 1 1 1 60E 00 Pa 234 U 238 941 94 0 0025 4 2 3 45E 01 Pa 234m U 238 945 90 0 0335 0 86 2 44E 00 Pa 234 U 238 947 43 0 0031 4 4 1 29E 00 Pa 234 U 238 980 42 0 0045 3 4 85E 01 Pa 234 U 238 984 09 0 0030 4 2 3 07E 01 Pa 234 U 238 994 93 0 0057 2 1 4 61E 01 Pa 234m U 238 1000 99 0 839 0 56 1 03E 02 Pa 234m U 238 1041 70 0 0012 8 1 54E 01 Pa 234m U 238 1061 89 0 0023 5 2 2 23E 01 Pa 234m U 238 1084 25 0 0012 7 5 2 22E 01 Pa 234 U 238 1124 93 0 0042 3 1 3 34E 01 Pa 234m U 238 1193 69 0 0135 0 96 1 43E 00 Pa 234m U 238 1220 37 0 0009 10 2 1 11E 01 Pa 234m U 238 1237 24 0 0053 1 8 5 73E 02 Pa 234m U 238 1292 66 0 0009 11 2 9 70E 02 Pa 234 U 238 1352 80 0 0019 4 1 2 75E 01 Pa 234 U 238 1393 57 0 0039 2 5 4 85E 01 Pa 234 U 238 1413 88 0 0023 4 2 2 39E 01 Pa 234m U 238 1434 13 0 0097 1 3 9 07E 01 Pa 234m U 238 1452 63 0 0012 7 3 1 62E 01 Pa 234 U 238 1510 20 0 0129 1 2 1 45E 00 Pa 234m U 238 1527 27 0 0024 3 7 2 47E 01 Pa 234m U 238 1548 12 0 0014 5 9 2 07E 01 Pa 234m U 238 81 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 E Branch Ratio 90 u
40. 43 x U 238 U 238 14 111 350 1 000 x U KBI fluorescence 15 111 486 0 017 X Pa KB2 IC decay 16 111 870 0 001 X Pa Kp4 IC decay 17 111 964 0 037 X UKp5 fluorescence 18 112 380 0 004 X PaKO2 3 IC decay 19 112 820 0 040 Th 234 U 238 0 256 0 054 20 114 540 0 388 x U 2 fluorescence 21 114 844 0 011 x U fluorescence 22 114 900 0 0064 Pa 234m U 238 23 115 377 0 089 X U 23 fluorescence Group 4 1 120 900 0 0342 G U 234 0 041 0 006 0 0342 0 0005 2 124 914 0 0600 G Th 231 U 235 0 06 x 0 003 70 keV Branch Ratio BRx100 Source Parent APPENDIX DECAY U AND U URADOS Branch Ratio BRx100 IAEA Branch Ratio x100 131 300 134 030 135 664 140 760 143 760 150 930 152 700 163 330 0 0286 0 0250 0 0840 0 2200 10 9600 0 0800 0 0083 5 0800 Pa 234 Th 231 Th 231 U 235 U 235 U 235 Pa 234 U 235 0 025 x 0 005 0 084 x 0 007 0 22 0 02 10 96 x 0 08 08 0 024 10 95 0 15 o Q 5 11 0 05 5 08 0 04 182 610 183 500 184 800 185 715 185 900 194 940 198 900 202 110 205 311 0 3400 0 0329 0 2200 57 2000 0 0039 0 6300 0 0420 1 0800 5 0100 U 235 U 235 Th 234 U 235 Pa 234 U 235 U 235 U 235 U 235 0 37 0 02 0 34 0 02 0329 57 2 0 02 57 2 0 5 3 89E 3 0 630 0 01 0 042 1 080 0 02 5 010 0 05
41. AESTRO by clicking on the x box in the upper right hand corner In U235View set the preset time for the collection using Acquire Preset Limits Now select Acquire Calibrate and perform the Peak Shape Calibration according to the methods in Section 5 2 10 The system is now ready to collect and analyze a sample spectrum Put the sample in front of the detector and select Acquire then Start Save Report The sample spectrum will be collected stored on disk analyzed and the results printed and stored in the database 4 DISPLAY FEATURES This chapter covers U235View s display features discusses the role of the mouse and keyboard covers the use of the toolbar buttons and fields and shows how to change to different disk drives and folders 4 1 Main Screen Features Figure 3 shows U235View s principal screen features a Ansi2a Hecord Services View Dieplay Window Tue 18 4 0 1998 11 35 12 AM 2 Fig 3 U235View Main Display 1 Main title bar contains the Minimize Maximize and Close buttons on the far right If one of the windows in the display area 15 maximized the contents of 15 title bar are shown mann title bar 2 Menu bar shows the commands that can be selected with the mouse or keyboard see Chapter 5 U235View V1 0 MGA B32 3 Analysis or Standard Toolbar beneath the menu bar contains speed buttons for indexing through the records in the various d
42. ASE TABLES 93 decay o dass apte p 69 Default Density 30 detector TS Ju stes pes dura a q aE 34 joco MT 33 vise eor QUT oe 33 password oo ua paqu et OESTE ES 33 protect ue us dne dura QST RES 33 cs ous GET SE S 33 ERREUR EA 15 Display yaru dE Ene s ES STERNE 39 ZXULOTDAUG au aE 39 Automatic Y 39 zuo TET 39 aa Q a S P auqa u 39 Re 39 39 39 Display Background 31 Rd Gained 15 Error Messages 67 File format a RE x Ayes 31 Tile TECAM 2 ua 8 Z e RR 14 File Recall Dialog 14 fresh uranium 42 Gaussian profille 44 graphics disable 95 Enable 20229 95 Helps 2 ete s Ha ey dues 98 Horizontal Geetha 11 39 Integral 19 lead Aue 46 SE eden d 39 PINO NI SZ umay aq Z tlah u S 19 LockdeteetOt z 33 Lock Unlock aa uu sua auca a uui 33 Logarithm Scale 39 Lorenzian profile
43. E DATABASE TABLES Database Column SampleID LowESpectrum LowEDetector LowERealTime LowELiveTime LowEDeadTime HighESpectrum HighEDetector HighERealTime HighELiveTime HighEDeadTime Operator SampleType AcquisitionDate AnalysisDate DeclaredDate E 2 Database Column SampleID AnalysisDate PuAbs CdAbs 122 IW208 QFit NormQFit UPu ErrUpu E 1 Acquisition Table Description Unique analysis results identifier Low energy spectrum name Low energy detector name Low energy real time Low energy live time Low energy dead time High energy spectrum name High energy detector name High energy real time High energy live time High energy dead time Operator name Sample type Freshly separated Aged or U Pu Acquisition date Analysis date Declared date Analysis Results Table Description Unique analysis results identifier Analysis Date PU absorption g cm CD absorption g cm FWHM at 122 keV FWHM at 208 keV Reduced chi Intensity normalized chi U Pu ratio Error in UPu Variable Type CHAR 256 CHAR 26 CHAR 256 CHAR 26 CHAR 64 CHAR 26 CHAR 12 CHAR 12 CHAR 12 REAL 8 REAL 8 INTEGER INTEGER REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 93 U235View V1 0 MGA B32 U235 Variable 241 TZ ERRTZ PEFF EPEFF U235 Variable ItemID ANLDAT ISONAM GRMS ER ER2 SPPOW 94 Database Column RAmPu241 ErrRAmPu241 Tz ErrTz Pu240Eff
44. ORTEC Multi Group Analysis MGA The U235 Program Uranium Isotopic Abundance by Gamma Ray Spectroscopy U235View Part 2 of MGA B32 Software User s Manual Printed in U S A ORTEC Part No 779950 1202 Manual Revision C Advanced Measurement Technology Inc a k a ORTEC a subsidiary of Inc WARRANTY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE NOT EXPRESSLY SET FORTH HEREIN IN NO EVENT WILL ORTEC BE LIABLE FOR INDIRECT INCIDENTAL SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES INCLUDING LOST PROFITS OR LOST SAVINGS EVEN IF ORTEC HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THESE DATA Copyright 2002 Advanced Measurement Technology Inc All rights reserved ORTEC is a registered trademark of Advanced Measurement Technology Inc All other trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION a at gi aed maq diet a S sy 1 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS eed putin 3 2 le Detect r Specifications eee Quy 3 2 2 PrOCESSINS T ipd rele bake SQ py eu ua a RM 3 ae a tart a ge Sm 4 GETTING STARTED u usss s
45. R 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 Type INTEGER INTEGER REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 Position 61 62 63 64 Position 1 4 5 8 9 12 13 16 17 20 21 24 25 28 29 32 33 36 37 40 41 44 45 48 49 52 53 56 57 60 61 64 Position 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 12 13 16 89 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 Variable POW SGPOW UPU ERUPU RDPM PEFF EPEFF CONC SIG CDFCT R4139 D4139 241 record Variable Description 241 Am Pu241 weight ratio ERRAM Error in Am Pu241 weight ratio STDDEV Number standard deviations 100 622 Am241 peak results differ by PCTDIF 100 622 Am241 peak results differ by 100 Zero time weight derived from 100 300 600 keV peak 300 Zero time weight derived from 100 300 600 keV peak AM600 Zero time weight derived from 100 300 600 keV peak DM100 PCT 5 ER1 5 Error in zero time weight derived from 100 keV peak DM300 PCT 5 ER1 5 Error in zero time weight derived from 300 keV peak DM600 PCT 5 ER1 5 Error in zero time weight derived from 600 keV peak AA 2 Beta 106 243 239 flag 90 Description Uncertainty in Ratio Total power U Pu ratio by fluorescence approx Error in U Pu ratio Related to U237 separation date calculate days from 1 240 effective Error 240 effective solution concentration Error in pu solution concentration Pu solution concentration correction factor Pu241 239 rat
46. Rae teg afe 21 Spectrum Fil se ape 21 5 22 Sample 21 522 611 an EE ERAS ua 22 Dod ud OK Or Cancel sciences Gide a acd eos nae 22 gt 22 3 Run MAESTRO 25 ax maaa a 22 PEG MCI CPP 22 SUE NEP CE RT 23 5 2 5 Stakb SaVe REPO t eb Ce x ete u DRE 23 Rub E Eb ae Ld Adda EE 23 SUN ME T TCI TT CTETUR REP 23 52 0 AVC d any atatao amp eek aan destin tato tar tue vorat eia latte ome es 23 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 5 22 97 Re Olarl SAVELREDOIL S S yun yu p yn e Bee eRe RE T 24 5 2 DO uta manna Oe oie ce 24 27 ea a tae MP E 27 S 3 SAMS Su u Che ef 27 OUfput OptI nS u di eade S 28 5 3 1 3 Peak Shape Parameters 29 2A BSOEDIOD urs s plua 29 5 3 1 5 Source Detector Absorption 30 5 3 2 SBectrunrom DISK r iQ Seat Oa 30 5 3 3 Spectrum In ata i RES 31 5 3 4 Display Background Fit
47. a 234 U 238 369 52 0 0044 3 5 4 69E 01 Pa 234 U 238 372 02 0 0023 6 9 2 10E 01 Pa 234 U 238 450 96 0 0030 5 2 3 36E 01 Pa 234m U 238 453 58 0 0019 8 4 2 71E 01 Pa 234m U 238 458 63 0 0020 8 2 43E 01 Pa 234 U 238 468 44 0 0023 6 8 2 63E 01 Pa 234m U 238 475 75 0 0023 6 5 3 18 01 Pa 234m U 238 506 70 0 0035 5 5 2 59E 01 Pa 234 U 238 543 98 0 0036 4 7 4 14E 01 Pa 234m U 238 569 30 0 0203 1 3 1 73E 00 Pa 234 U 238 654 37 0 0022 7 6 9 70E 02 Pa 234 U 238 666 42 0 0015 9 8 2 59E 01 Pa 234 U 238 669 64 0 0017 8 9 2 26E 01 Pa 234 U 238 691 08 0 0090 2 1 8 75E 01 Pa 234m U 238 699 02 0 0059 2 6 7 44E 01 Pa 234 U 238 702 05 0 0071 2 4 8 59E 01 Pa 234m U 238 705 90 0 0065 2 4 9 16E 01 Pa 234 U 238 733 38 0 0115 1 5 1 39E 00 Pa 234 U 238 737 88 0 0021 8 3 1 62E 01 Pa 234 U 238 739 95 0 0118 2 1 1 13E 00 Pa 234m U 238 742 77 0 0946 0 7 9 38 00 Pa 234m U 238 755 00 0 0021 8 1 1 62E 01 Pa 234 U 238 766 37 0 3220 0 65 3 29E 01 Pa 234m U 238 781 73 0 0078 2 2 8 43E 01 Pa 234m U 238 786 25 0 0554 0 93 5 67E 00 Pa 234m U 238 796 42 0 0054 4 3 6 14E 01 Pa 234 U 238 80 APPENDIX DAUGHTER AND X RAYS keV Branch 90 uncert 90 g s gm Emitter 1 Parent 1 805 74 0 0088 1 8 1 04E 00 Pa 234 U 238 808 20 0 0026 10 3 60E 01 Pa 234m U 238 819 21 0 0037 3 9 4 20 01 234 U 238 824 9
48. adioactive daughters produced by successive alpha and beta decays In addition to gamma decay these elements decay by internal conversion IC and subsequent emission of daughter product x rays For example when 220 alpha decays the result is a radioactive nucleus This thorium isotope decays by both gamma emission and IC IC results in an electron being ejected usually from the K shell but L M etc shell conversions are also possible This ejected electron gives rise to the thorium x ray spectrum associated with the decay This section based 0235 A Gamma Ray Analysis Code for Uranium Isotopic Determination DeLynn Clark UCRL ID 125727 1996 The standard uranium enrichment meter relies on making standards of the various sample types of interest then analyzing these standards with mass spectrometry to find the appropriate calibration factors to calibrate out all the unknowns in the counting scheme The strong 220 gamma peak at 185 712 keV can then be counted with a simple two channel analyzer to find the peak counts and background The net 185 715 counts are used to calculate the enrichment This technique works well but has the draw back that new standards have to be made for each different geometry and analyzed by mass spectrometry This calibration process is often very time consuming and costly as well as being limited to calibrated geometries 41 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 In addition x rays are
49. as relatively few peaks The usually clean 120 90 keV peak of 25417 is useful for obtaining an estimate of that Isotope This peak is usually weak sometimes too weak to analyze giving poor statistic answers and there are no nearby peaks to ratio it to For good accuracy the 120 90 keV peak intensity needs to be corrected for efficiency and gamma transmission There are usually no U or dauehter peaks of sufficient intensity to of interest in this i i region The only exception is i i i i for depleted uranium spectra i zU where the normally weak X 131 300 keV U peak is enhanced and the 143 760 keV 251 peak is one of the cleanest 220 peaks available see Fig 60 i d Extracting the peak area of the I 1209032525 93 35 keV U Th x ray peak I from the 82 102 spectral region 1s very inaccurate at very low U concentrations These isolated 257 and 1000 U daughter peaks in the 118 180 region be more accurately analyzed The 143 76 and 163 33 keV 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 25U peaks can be used to Energy keV establish the average material 59 The Gamma Spectrum from 118 to 180 keV of a 10 075 thickness in the sample by 235 Sample analyzing their relative intensities Both of these techniques are utilized in the 0235 code for low U concentrations and transmission corrections 143 76 29928 363 33 13387 1041 Counts 140 76 1559
50. atabase tables and adjusting a spectrum s vertical and horizontal scale 4 Spectrum Toolbar contains speed buttons for starting and stopping data acquisition clearing the current spectrum from the display starting MAESTRO and selecting an MCB for acquisition 5 Detector field provides a drop down pick list of the available MCBs and lists the currently selected MCB 6 Detector sidebar displays the current status of the MCB including the real time live time dead time and presets 7 Display area can display several windows at once showing the spectrum being acquired analyzed as well as one or more analysis results tables selected using the View menu Section 5 6 These windows can be moved sized minimized maximized and closed with the mouse and cascaded or tiled from the Window menu 8 Hardware status line beneath the display area showing the present state of the MCB error messages etc 9 System status line beneath the hardware status line displaying tool tips when the mouse is over a button or icon error messages etc 4 2 Analysis Toolbar The first four buttons on this toolbar allow you to move through the records in the analysis results database They are active only when a database table is open in the display area The remaining eight buttons control the spectrum scaling and legend and are active only when a spectrum window is open Id Move to First Record jumps to the first record in the res
51. ation APPENDIX D OUTPUT FILES Type INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 27 Type INTEGER 2 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 INTEGER REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 6 Position 34 35 36 37 38 64 Position l 2 5 6 9 10 13 14 17 18 21 22 25 26 29 30 31 32 35 36 39 40 43 44 47 48 51 52 55 56 57 64 87 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 Third analysis record also file Variable cOutputFile cRpgPgm szOperator szSampID szSampleType szU235Ver wExtra szDecDat szAnlDat szAcqDat szU235 Extra Description Report file name Report program name Operator name Sample ID Unique Sample Type U235 Version extra Declared date Analysis date Acquisition date U235 Version Calibration results record Variable PUGPSC CDABS ANS ICMP 13 RSLP SHAPC 10 SHAPC 2 IW122 IW208 QFIT RMSD Counts HighECounts TIME RLTIME TIM RLTIM2 88 Description PU absorption g cm CD absorption g cm tailing amplitude residual slope 100 keV background slope resolution slope FWHM at 122 keV FWHM at 208 keV Reduced chi Intensity normalized chi Number of counts in low energy detector Number of counts in high energy detector Low energy live time Low energy real time High energy live time High energy real time Type 256 CHAR 256 CHAR 64 CHAR 26
52. cal properties of the material and not its isotopic composition Gamma rays and x rays are listed by energy This should allow quicker identification of observed spectra and may help pinpoint potential interference in a given measurement Only the strongest lines are listed many other gammas in this range are normally too weak to observe These lines will occur with different intensity depending on the isotopic concentration being observed The branching ratios listed in column three are the ones presently used at LLNL Group E keV Branch G Source Parent URADOS IAEA No Ratio or Branch Ratio Branch Ratio BRx100 X BRx100 x100 Group 1 1 49 550 0 064 U 238 U 238 0 064 0 008 2 53 200 0 123 G U 234 0 123 0 002 3 58 570 0 500 G Th 231 U 235 0 46 0 060 0 5 0 05 4 63 290 4 470 G Th 234 U 238 3 94 0 010 4 47 0 88 5 72 751 0 260 Th 231 U 235 0 26 0 02 6 72 804 27 700 X Pb Ko2 fluorescence 7 73 920 0 202 Pa 234m U 238 8 74 000 0 036 234 U 238 9 74 910 0 510 G U 235 U 235 10 74 969 46 200 X Pb Kal fluorescence 11 81 228 0 850 G Th 231 U 235 0 85 0 03 12 82 087 0 370 Th 231 U 235 0 37 0 02 13 83 300 0 073 G Th 234 U 238 0 064 0 10 0 073 14 84 214 6 710 G Th 231 U 235 6 71 0 1 15 84 450 5 580 X Pb Kp3 fluorescence 16 84 930 10 700 X Pb KB1 fluorescence 17 87 300 3 910 X Pb KB2 fluorescence Group 2 1 87 700 0 050 231 Th 231 U
53. cale is selected the plot vertical axis is Vertical Range ptions x adjusted so that the largest count in the spectrum 1S Enter the Maximum Value for the Vertical Axis near the top of the plot region When Auto Scale is clicked off the Range button is enabled Clicking on Range will display the dialog shown in Fig 76 The value entered will be the value for the top of the plotted region Any counts above this value will be plotted at this value Cancel Fig 76 Vertical Range Options Dialog 8 3 Command Line Interface The Command Line Interface will support options available in the interactive mode as shown below WINPLT32 lt spectrum gt R lt roi_file gt S lt set_file gt P Where lt spectrum gt Specifies the spectral data file SPC An1 or The extension must be included R roi file Specifies the file The extension must be included S lt set_file gt Specifies the settings file The extension must be included P Causes the program to print the plot and exit automatically Used mainly in JOB files or the Export function 66 9 ERROR MESSAGES The following lists U235 error flags These message numbers are displayed by the analysis engine U235 if a problem occurs in the analysis In the database the first four digits of the error are the errnum value and the second four are the warnum value Errnum Meaning Hexadecimal 1 The peak parameter shapc 1
54. cay scheme for U 225 Pure 280 emits only 49 55 keV gamma that is too weak to be useful for analysis see Fig 52 Fortunately 280 alpha and beta decays so that in within a few months it is in equilibrium with the 280 decay and there are gammas from 24 and U available for analysis see Appendix E for a discussion of equilibrium The small percentage 0 005796 of natural 241 typically observed is due to the constant decay of 2 Similarly 27 relatively quickly decays to equilibrium with its daughters Th and Pa Samples of uranium that have been enriched or separated can be analyzed for their U concentrations by using these daughter product decays in all cases except very fresh 2 month old samples At present the only way to accurately measure fresh samples before equilibrium is established is to use mass spectrometry Firestone B F ed Table of Isotopes 8th Edition Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory John Wiley amp Sons 1996 Decay Data of the Transactinium Nuclides Technical Report 261 IAEA 1986 Roy J C et al Int J Appl Radiation Isotopes 35 pg 899 1984 PL ammer M and O Schwerer Handbook of Nuclear Data for Safeguards INDC NDS 248 IAEA 1991 42 6 ANALYSIS METHODS 234 U 2 45 x 10 yr 231 Pa 3 28 x 10 yr 2 1 18 230 Th 7 7 x 10 yr Fig 51 250 Decay Scheme Showing Their Principal Daughters and Half Lives Alternat
55. cessories d Configuration The detectors signal electronics MCBs and computer should be connected and setup according to the manufacturer s instructions for each part A gamma emitting radioactive source of any type is needed for setup of the MCBs and amplifiers B MSDOS Prompt windows Explorer WinPlots Start U235View by going to the Taskbar and clicking on Start Programs Mga and U235View see Fig 1 Figure 2 shows the initial U235View screen Its Windows25 features are discussed in detail in Fig 1 Starting U235View Chapter 4 There is a field on the right half of the Spectrum Toolbar located just above the File Analyze Services View Display Window Help display area It contains a drop down list eea E of the MCBs connected to the PC Click 924 m Low Eney EF on the field or the down arrow beside it then click on the desired MCB The toolbars can be turned off so the display may not look exactly like this 3 2 1 Hardware Adjustment Start MAESTRO 32 by clicking on the Run MAESTRO toolbar button In MAESTRO display the spectrum for the oS same MCB by using Display Detector Reb Tue 18 Aug 1999 113512 M 7 then clicking on the MCB name Fig 2 U235View Screen 3 GETTING STARTED Go to Acquire Adjust Controls If the MCB has software controlled polarity
56. control data acquisition Start Acquisition starts data acquisition in current detector s sue Stop Acquisition stops data collection Clear Detector clears the detector data from the window 11 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 M Run MAESTRO starts MAESTRO 32 The right half of the toolbar contains a drop down list of the available detectors Fig 4 To select a detector click in the field MicroNUMAD 001 or on the down arrow beside it to open the list then click on the DART 0103 desired detector The detector sidebar will update to show the RKe MCB 1 values for the selected detectors To display the spectrum select MCB 2 Spectrum from the View menu see Section 5 6 4 Pg Detector Tast pi Spectrum Toolbar 4 3 1 Spectrum and Table Window Features Each window in the display area has a title bar with an icon indicating the window type spectrum or table and lists the detector disk file description or the table name respectively If a window is maximized the contents of its title bar are shown in the main U235View title bar Each window has its own Minimize Maximize and Close buttons which respectively reduce the active window to a short title bar re sd at the bottom of the display area fully expand the window to occupy the entire display area and close the window Refer also to your Windows 95 NT documentation Note that when you maximize a window these three bu
57. cription list with the mouse The description will then be displayed in the lower edit box When a configuration is performed the result is normally broadcast to all PCs on the network This can be stopped by removing the checkmark from the Update detector list on all systems checkbox under the detector list If this box is not checked the configuration is only saved to the local PC 97 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 If the Detector numbers not in the desired order click Renumber All to assign new numbers sequence or Renumber New to renumber only the new detectors Figure 79 will be displayed if the list is a mixture of old and new numbers have chosen to Renumber All of your detectors even though at least one detector already has a number If you want your detector numbers to remain unchanged for your existing detectors you should press Cancel then choose Renumber New Press OK to continue renumbering or Cancel to abandon this operation Fig 79 Renumbering Warning To change the detector number or description double click on the Detector MCB Input System ID Close entry in Fig 77 This will display the i a dialog box shown in Fig 80 This shows the physical detector location and allows the description and number to be changed Fig 80 Change Detector Description or ID Click on Help to display the information screen shown in Fig 81 To Change Individual ID Numbers
58. d Detectors with resolutions of 600 keV or above may not produce results with sufficient precision Where the count rate is hieh the detector can be a relatively small volume planar detector For counting small or low count rate samples large volume detectors can be used but attention must be given to maintain as good a resolution as possible The peak shape of the net counts in the full energy peak should be as Gaussian as can be obtained The amount of low energy tailing should not be detectable at 10 of the peak height and should be insignificant at 2 of the peak height The amount of high energy tailing should not be detectable at all but may appear at high count rates If high energy tailing is noticed reduce either the count rate or the shaping time The count rate can be reduced with cadmium or copper absorbers to reduce the low energy counts The ORTEC Model SG Series Safeguards Detectors are optimized for this application 2 2 Signal Processing Spectrum analysis for actinide isotopic ratios is an extremely difficult procedure Good quality nuclear electronics are required for the best analysis results If analog electronics such as the Model 92 or DART are used a shaping time constant of 1 us for high count rates 20k to 40k counts s and a shaping time constant of 2 us for low count rates lt 20k counts s are needed When a high energy coaxial detector is used shaping times of less than 2 us are not likely to give sati
59. d a color monitor is recommended U235View communicates with the MCB hardware and is CONNECTIONS 32 compliant This means that it will communicate with any supported MCA using the ORTEC Dual Port Memory Interface such as the 92X the printer port interface such as the DART the Ethernet interface such as the DSPEC and the serial port interface such as the LANL or the 166 by GBS High Count Rate Spectroscopy with Germanium Detectors Quantitative Evaluation of the Performance of High Rate Systems Twomey Keyser M L Simpson and 5 Wagner Radioact Radiochem Vol 2 No 3 1991 4 3 GETTING STARTED The following procedure outlines the steps needed to start 0235 View and analyze a sample Detailed instructions for all of the U235View functions are in Chapter 5 3 1 Software Installation The installation program installs both MGAView and U235View and configures the system Before installing MGA View U235 View connect MCBs to the PC and power them on otherwise the configuration program will not locate the MCBs and configuration will have to be performed at a later time Until configuration is completed the user will not be able to access the by computer to set them up for data acquisition The hardware 15 set up in the following section using the MAESTRO software which needs a completed configuration to access the MCBs MAESTRO should be installed according to the instructi
60. d analysis For most concentrations this is the region of primary interest since the 92 365 and 92 790 keV 25 0 Th peaks are very near the 93 356 keV Th Ko 20 peak The thorium Ka and Th x ray peaks due U decay bracket the 247 doublet The 280 95 85 keV peak is so weak and has so much interference from the Pa Ka 95 89 keV peak that it is virtually useless as a diagnostic tool The main limitations on using this energy range are that at high 220 concentrations the signals of the U peaks are too small to be accurately determined and at low U concentrations the 220 peaks are too small 48 6 ANALYSIS METHODS Fig 56 shows all 13 peaks used in fitting the data in 86 102 keV region Appendix gives the identification of each of energies and where they come from Clearly seen is samma ray profile of the 257 peaks and the much broader Voight x ray profile of the U Th x ray daughter peaks and the uranium x rays 10 10 Net Counts o e o 10 5 86 0 88 0 90 0 920 94 0 96 0 98 0 100 0 102 0 Energy Fig 56 The 13 Peaks Used in Fitting the Data in the 86 102 ke V Region 49 50 U235View V1 0 MGA B32 Fig 57 shows the net count spectrum from 86 to 102 keV of a 10 075 220 sample with the peaks grouped into their respective components At this 220 concentration U 2 peaks are approximately equal The fitting process uses both the protactinium and thorium x rays fr
61. database Transmission correction in ERROR A peak was found near 129 3 keV Pu 239 may be present Possible source contamination Analysis may be Inaccurate Input Energy out of cross section range in material value Invalid inputs in Peak Parameters Check SETUP file or Examine Analysis Settings Possible errors include zero energies or widths that are too small Uranium X ray peaks at 94 65 or 111 298 keV appear to be Calculated incorrectly No Correction to data applied Possible GAIN ZERO or STATISTICS problems Code was unable to resolve very weak U 238 peaks percentage U235 is probably 90 Possible inadequate count Gain calculation error Unable to calculate gain or zero Possible input GAIN ZERO or STATISTICS problems Low U235 185 715 keV peak signal Possible input GAIN ZERO or STATISTICS problems APPENDIX U AND 224 DECAY A 1 Gamma and X Ray Decay of 235 230 and their Daughters from 49 300 keV The gamma ray energies listed in bold are used with the branching ratios listed in column three to determine U U U ratios by U235 code x rays listed as IC decay are internally converted in the isotope and decay with the isotope s decay characteristics half life and isotopic composition All x rays labeled as fluorescence are caused nearly completely by photoelectric absorption in the material and subsequent L K shell electron decay These x rays are characteristic of the physi
62. du E RES 85 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 Db Report EME Acree aep RM d sug VN Ne E uA 85 D 1 1 Isotopic Ratio File for Post processing 85 DX TAE De Output UFM file _ 85 MBI ECON d at onde scm 85 SPC Record c ep i Vr tr 86 First Analysis Record Also in File 86 Second analysis record also SPC 87 Third analysis record also in SPC 88 Calibration results record 88 record mo suu aca MoS eee S39 89 AIn24 T TOCOR oui obese eb Y Q 90 APPENDIX E DATABASE TABLES 93 E 1 Acquisition Table tege pi e estos Qux Res eae nl d sce E teo 93 E 2 Analysis Results Table usya oe ale 93 Isotope Table uc s zs er EDU Er AL C oy x De qd eta 94 APPENDIX E MGAVIEMN PILES Eu eue uwa ER I e DR 95 F 1 Disabling and Enabling U235View s Graphics 95 F 2 Analysis Command Line Options 96 APPENDIX G MCB CONFIGURATION 97 G 1 Initial Configuration 97 INDEX Yu Sa
63. e manner the Peak Info calculation see the To 1203 user manual git To disable any preset enter a value of zero which the MCB Fig 43 Peak Region Selection interprets as infinity If all preset conditions are disabled data acquisition continues until manually stopped Any or all of the presets can be enabled at one time When more than one preset is set to a non zero value the first condition met during the acquisition causes the Detector to stop This can be useful when samples of widely varying activity are analyzed and the general activity is not known before counting For example the Live Time preset can be set so that sufficient counts can be obtained for proper calculation of the activity in the sample with the least activity But if the sample contains a large amount of this or another nuclide the dead time may be high resulting in a long counting time for the sample By setting the ROI Peak preset in addition to the Live Time preset the low level samples will be counted to the desired fixed live time while the very active samples will be counted for the ROI peak count Therefore the ROI Peak preset can be viewed as a safety valve The values of all presets currently loaded into the selected MCB are shown in the detector sidebar to the right of the spectrum display These values are not changed by the entry of new values in the Acquisition Presets dialog until the user clicks on OK To
64. e used with CAUTION Total peak fit error gt 120 1 ERROR WARNINGS 3 Possible FRRORS reported Fit 185 715 peak RCHISQ 4 Possible GAIN ZERO or STATISTICS problems Fit of 85 100 keV peak region RCHISQ 6 0 FIT did NOT converge well Possible GAIN ZERO or STATISTICS problems Possible SPURIOUS peak s detected in fit residual data Set Output Level 6 to examine data fit file Possible GAIN ERO BACKGROUND or STATISTICS problems N Fig 65 U235 Standard Report 60 8 WINPLOTS This program makes hardcopy output of type of spectrum file in fixed format with many user set optional such as grid lines available The plotting output devices include the full range of graphics capable printing devices supported by Windows hardcopy is not limited only to plotters WINPLOTS allows the user to select and set up the printer In the interactive mode a preview of the spectrum plot is automatically displayed on the screen and updated as changes are made to the display parameters The operator can select the start and stop channels or energy range for the plot the printer to be used whether the plot will be in loga
65. e zero from being changed you may remove MAESTRO 32 from the PC after hardware setup is completed From the Windows Taskbar click on Start Settings Control Panel and Add Remove Programs On the list of installed programs click on MAESTRO for Windows click on the Add Remove button and answer any prompts 35 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 5 6 View Use the commands the View menu Fig 42 to select what will be displayed on the main screen check marks beside the toolbar Detector Bar names indicate that all of the toolbars are currently displayed as shown v Standard Toolbar in Fig 3 Click beside an item to unmark it and U235View will hide it Spectrum Toolbar v Status Bar 5 6 1 Analysis Table Analysis T able Acquisition T able The Analysis Table menu item displays this table from the database in the By Isotope display window The table shows the analysis parameters in the database for the selected analysis When this table is displayed the Record Advance toolbar buttons active Fig 42 View Menu and Toolbar a 2 Sub The table 15 shown in 43 This shows the results of some of the calculations for one analysis U235 Database Isotope Abundance in Sample OF Xx Sample ID neu0937 Isotope Abundance 2 Uncertainty 2 Uncertainty 1234 1 062841 0174123 16 382774 0235 34 126053 14782228 15 704714 1238 4 811108 14 782228 307 252075
66. ecified in Acquire Settings The file type is the ORTEC spc spectrum file which saves the U235 analysis parameters 23 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 5 2 9 Re Start Save Report This will restart data collection wait the preset condition then save and analyze the spectrum It operates the same way as the Start Save Report except that the data are not cleared before starting The presets need to be changed before selecting this option This is used when the initial spectrum did not produce adequate results and the user wishes to continue the count If Auto increment is enabled in the Spectrum File section under Settings Section 5 2 2 this will save spectra with new names so the first shorter time spectra will also be saved 5 2 10 Calibrate The peak analysis requires accurate modeling of the peak shape The peak shape parameters AN Changing the energy and peak shape calibration will affect your are automatically calculated in this process TERDEE When this command is selected the dialo g Choose CANCEL to return to the main menu without re calibrating shown in Fig 16 is displayed to warn the user T Cancel that this step should done with care 16 Calibration Warning The calibration is performed on the spectrum stored in the MCB After calibration the user is shown the results and has the option of keeping them or repeating the process If the parameters are kept they are stored internal
67. ectrum There are no easily observable 280 peaks in this region The only major uncertainty here is the 185 712 keV peak which has several other weak peaks around it that must be accounted for to get a good 185 715 keV peak intensity One of the significant variations observed in this region is the 185 715 keV peak height to 188 keV background ratio This ratio is found to vary from about 1000 at 90 enrichment to 1 at 02 enrichment This change is attributed to the high energy gamma rays in decay and the contribution they make to the Compton continuum in this energy region A spectrum with a high 185 712 to 188 keV ratio has almost certainly a high 220 enrichment Conversely a weak 185 715 peak with a high Compton continuum has a low U enrichment Fig 61 shows the net count spectrum from 180 to 210 keV of a 10 075 20 sample In this region there are typically 280 peaks intense enough for peak analysis 53 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 10 Net Count 1000 100 10 E M h i B 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 Energy Fig 61 The Net Count Spectrum from 180 to 210 keV of a 10 075 2350 Sample 6 2 7 The 210 300 Energy Region The 210 300 keV region only has one strong U peak at 258 2 keV This peak is too weak to be of any great interest The overall low intensity of this region lowers its utility in analyzing isotopic ratios Fig 62 is the net count spectrum from 210 to 300 keV of a
68. el Each time destructive access to an MCB is attempted Fig 38 Unlocking an MCB while it is locked the Locked Detector dialog see Fig 39 will ask for the password In addition the owner of the MCB will be displayed on the Status DK line as in Fig 40 Password gt SSCS Cancel Locked Detector 2x di If the incorrect password is entered in either the Unlock or Locked Detector dialog the dialog will ene reappear waiting for the correct password If the password is not known click on Cancel to abort the access attempt Marker 578 Detector Locked Fred Bloggs 5 5 2 Edit Detector List Fig 40 Name of Person Who This allows the user to select those MCBs on the system that Locked MCB are to be available in U235View on this PC Other applications e g GammaVision AlphaVision ScintiVision on the same PC can have their own lists In this way the different MCBs on the network can be segregated by function or type Figure 41 shows the Detector List Editor dialog On the left is the Master Detector List of all MCBs on the system This is created by the MCB Configuration program which can be run automatically during MGA View U235 View installation or from MGA menu started from the Windows Taskbar The default descriptions are derived from the hardware and can be changed by running the configuration program On a single PC system U235View in
69. ely using high resolution gamma spectrometers the spectra can be measured and the 5U U ratio determined by finding the peak intensities of neighboring gamma or x ray peaks from each isotope By taking intensity ratios on gamma peaks very close to the same energy the detector efficiency and gamma attenuation differences in the sample will be small and to first order cancel When referring to the U peaks in the following discussion the assumption is made that the gamma spectrum is in equilibrium with daughters Th 24 1 d 6 70 hr 1 17 min but 2 457 10 yr and its daughters Similarly the U spectrum is assumed to be in equilibrium with its daughter 25 52 hr but not Pa 3 276x10 yr and its daughters The isotopic abundance is related to the observed peak intensities by the following relation where measured peak intensity of isotope 7 0 6932 decay constant of isotope 7 T material half life in seconds of isotope 7 A number of atoms of isotope B branching ratio of Isotope 7 factional solid angle of detector gamma counting efficiency of isotope t gamma transmission to detector 43 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 The isotopic ratio is given by the following equation 5 A B L 2 2 112 x 1 27 1T where A AA isotopic ratio i 693
70. f the sample type file It is used to help distinguish the different files from one another It is recommended that you enter a fairly comprehensive description to save time and confusion as you accumulate these files 27 U235View V1 0 MGA B32 Operator This is the operator name it appears in the database and on the output report Separation Date This is the date that the uranium separation was performed If no date is given the program assumes the sample is in equilibrium Background Subtraction If the Background Spectrum checkbox is marked the file entered in the field is subtracted from the spectrum before the analysis Use Browse to locate the file A background subtraction is usually not needed for the analysis The program determines an appropriate background and only in a very few circumstances is background subtraction in this manner beneficial NOTE The Background Subtraction option only applies when a spectrum is analyzed from disk and the Use current analysis options is chosen 5 3 1 2 Output Options This tab is shown in Fig 26 The output rep ort op tions are selected here Peak shape parameters Absorption Source Detector Absorption Sample Type Output Options Output The ASCII output can be sent to a File a Program or the Windows default Printer The File Browse filename be specified If no O HE name is specified the spectrum E name is used with the extensio
71. ge to another directory and or drive click on the Look in Save in field to open a drop down list of all drives and subdirectories connected to your PC see Fig 9 or click on the Up One Level button Just rieht of the Look in Save in field to move one level at a time to higher and higher level directories In both cases movement through the drives and directories is similar to using Windows 95 NT Explorer 4 DISPLAY FEATURES Sy 1235 Save Computer E 3 Floppy nbs13 nbs13 nbs13 nbs18 nbs13 iz Removable Disk 9 Changing Drive and Pathname with the Drop Down List 15 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 16 5 MENU COMMANDS This chapter describes all the U235View menu functions and their associated dialogs As is customary for Windows menus accelerator s if any are shown to the right of the menu function they duplicate Also the underlined letter in the menu item indicates a key that can be used together with the Alt key for quick access in the menu So for example the Settings dialog under the Acquire menu can be reached by the following key sequence Alt A gt Alt 55 The ellipsis following a menu selection indicates that a dialog is displayed to complete the function Finally a small arrow gt following a menu selection means a submenu with more selections will be shown The menus covered in this section in the order
72. h a Y Now enter the peak number from the above list and the actual energy of that peak for the low energy point and the high energy point The peak number and the Pk Peak_En Peak ct Pk width 447 62099 000 11316 345 3013 543 3028 193 490 465 1238 869 101 471 1126 304 13344 436 56191 157 3319 420 17396 441 214 298 1170 829 209 000 857 451 2077 042 56 618 68 286 573 875 535 727 584 759 268 967 958 650 10297 255 1086 384 387 000 815 987 192 750 824 141 12012 015 195 225 349 178 5217 610 608 085 501 975 4332 269 238 688 58 255 359 127 Press Enter to Continue J c n 45 F O U t ID O 5 C YN ID MON J G D PD PON F J J F D mm O IO O oc J n J n S 1D O 18 Peak List Calibration energy are separated by agate Gaze with the used in the energy value a dices When the second value is entered meximum Energy of data 310 6758 keV Do you want to adjust GAIN and ZERO Y N gain and offset are recalculated using A Data GAIN and ZERO Calibration Separate input with 1 these two peak fitted centroids and For only one peak Enter other D Reference peaks must have a reasonable width the entered energies The peak list of mud Ee Sr 0015 oa
73. he FW 02M FWHM ratio is 2 38 The peak shape calibration is discussed in Section 5 2 10 and below Adjust the coarse and fine gain until a calibration of about 0 075 keV channel is obtained The gain should be within 5 of this value Table 1 shows the channel number for some energies with this gain This is best done with a source with only a few energies Next perform an exact calibration on the MCB using the calibration feature of MAESTRO The MAESTRO 32 Energy Channel Software User s Manual provides complete details but here is Am 241 an outline of the steps 1 Mark the known peaks as ROIs by putting the marker on 57 122 1 each peak and pressing the lt Insert gt key Ce 139 165 8 2210 Cd 108 2 marker the lowest energy U235View 1 0 MGA B32 7 8 Click on Calculate Calibrate and enter the energy of the peak Press lt Shift gt gt to go to the next higher ROI click on Calculate Calibrate and enter the energy of the peak Repeat this for all ROIs in the spectrum This calibration will be stored in the MCB and in each spectrum file acquired with this MCB until it is recalibrated Check the resolution at this time by double clicking in the ROI The FWHM and FW 1 10 M will be displayed for the peak If FW 1 10 M is not shown go to Calculate Settings and change the to 10 Verify that the FWHM agrees with the detector specifications Now exit M
74. hown in Fig 11 These functions control Acquire spectrum acquisition Preset limits Settings 5 2 1 Preset Limits Count rate Start Alt 1 The Preset dialog is shown in Fig 12 Any or all of the presets can be used at the same time If a preset type is not valid for the selected MCB it is not shown This function is available only on that are not acquiring data Start Save Report Stop Alt 2 Clear Alt 3 Save Re Start S The Real Time and Live Time fields are used to enter the real time and live time presets respectively in units of seconds and fractions of a second These values are stored internally with a resolution of Fig 11 Acquire Menu 20 milliseconds ms since the MCB clock increments by 20 ms Real time means elapsed time or clock time Live time refers to the amount of time that the MCB is available to accept another pulse 1 is not busy and is equal to the real time minus the dead time the time the MCB is not available Calibrate The ROI Peak field is used to enter the ROI peak count preset in counts With this preset condition the MCB to Clear Disable any Preset stops counting when any ROI channel reaches this Real Time 1800 value unless there are no ROIs marked in an MCB in Live Time l l l ive Time 1200 Cancel which case that MCB continues counting until the ROI Peak Cancel count is manually stopped ROl
75. ic Y Axis Menu Automatic Y switches the spectrum window from logarithmic to linear vertical scale and adjusts the Y axis so the tallest currently displayed peak fills the maximum space available without overflowing the display This function is duplicated by the Automatic Y Axis button on the Analysis Toolbar 5 7 3 Automatic Automatic switches the spectrum window from logarithmic to linear vertical scale and adjusts the X and Y axes so the entire plot fills the maximum space available without overflowing the display scaling up a small graph and scaling down a too big graph This function is duplicated by the Automatic button on the Analysis Toolbar 5 7 4 Logarithmic Logarithmic toggles the vertical scale of the spectrum display between the logarithmic and linear modes This function is duplicated by the Log Linear Display button on the Analysis Toolbar 5 7 5 Narrower and Wider Narrower and Wider increase and decrease the horizontal full scale of the spectrum window so that the peaks appear respectively narrower and wider These commands are duplicated by the Narrower and Wider buttons on the Analysis Toolbar 5 7 6 Legend This displays or hides the graph legend box it duplicates the Legend button on the Analysis Toolbar 39 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 5 8 Window This menu shown in Fig 48 contains the standard Windows Cascade and Tile commands for arranging the open windows on the screen refer to the W
76. indows 95 NT documentation Arrange Icons aligns any minimized windows icons If any spectrum or table windows are open they are listed on the lower portion of the menu Window Cascade Tile Arrange Icons 1 U235 Database Isotope Abundance in Sample 2235 Database Acquisition Parameters v 3C U235 heu0937 spf with a check mark beside the active window To switch to a different window press lt Alt W gt Alt window number gt click on the window name on the menu list or click anywhere on the window you wish to activate Fig 48 Window Menu 5 9 Help Help Topics About U235View Fig 49 Help Menu The Help menu is shown in Fig 49 This accesses U235View help The About box is shown in Fig 50 This dialog contains version information that will be useful should you require technical support About U235View E Model 1235 32 Version 1 00 83 1998 U235iew provides an interface to 0235 and supports ADCAM sornes and SPECTRUM MASTER hardware DSPEC and SPECTRUM MASTER are trademarks of ORTEC This product is licensed Liz Singley OATEC Copyright 1338 All Rights Reserved Ackrowledgements Disclaimer Fig 50 About U235View 40 6 ANALYSIS METHODS 6 1 Discussion of Fundamentals 0235 program accurately determines uranium isotopic ratios from very low 20 concentrations depleted sources
77. io based on 148 129 keV peaks Difference between R4139 and isotope calculation Type REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 Type REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 Position 17 20 21 24 25 28 29 32 33 36 37 40 41 44 45 48 49 52 53 56 57 60 61 64 Position 1 4 5 8 9 12 13 16 17 20 21 24 25 28 29 32 33 36 37 40 41 44 45 48 APPENDIX OUTPUT FILES Variable Description Type Position TZ Current date Am241 separation date years REAL 8 49 52 ERRTZ Error in tz REAL 8 53 56 Extra INTEGER 2 8 57 64 Variable Description Size Position ENRG Energy keV REAL 8 1 4 YNET Net counts REAL 8 5 9 RM Residuals REAL 8 10 12 REAL 8 13 16 YNETI Net counts REAL 8 17 20 RMI Residuals REAL 8 21 24 ENRG2 Energy keV REAL 8 25 28 YNET2 Net counts REAL 8 29 32 RM2 Residuals REAL 8 33 36 ENRG3 Energy keV REAL 8 37 40 YNET3 Net counts REAL 8 41 44 RM3 Residuals REAL 8 45 48 ENRG4 Energy keV REAL 8 49 52 YNET4 Net counts REAL 8 53 56 RM4 Residuals REAL 8 57 60 91 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 92 U235 Variable ItemID SPCIID DETID RLTIME TIME IDT1 SPC2ID DETID 14 26 RLTIM2 TIME2 IDT2 OPRNAM STYPES ACQDAT ANLDAT DECDAT U235 Variable ItemID ANLDAT PUGPSC CABS IW122 IW208 QFIT RMSD UPU ERUPU APPENDIX
78. ions Fig 72 The Options Menu HP DeskJet 550C Printer 9 Fig 73 Plot Options Dialog 64 8 WINPLOTS If the printer supports color printing the Colors button will be Color Options enabled Clicking on it will display the color options dialog Fig 74 peuaus If monochrome prints are desired from a color printer check the o ooo Monochrome The five different plot areas have different Te colors Select the desired color from the drop down list for each area These are the Windows colors defined for the selected printer and may not duplicate the actual colors printed Roi Box or Fil Spectrum Data E Red Labels Black 8 2 1 1 ROI Other Text Green The ROIs can be Boxed that is represented as boxes drawn from the start to the stop channel or energy and from the baseline Cancel to above the spectrum The Filled selection will fill the region m Fig 74 The Color Options under the spectrum data with a cross hatch It is not completely Dialog filled in and does not extend above the data 8 2 1 2 Text The Axis Labels and the text Description from the file can be printed The description includes the sample detector and acquisition description 8 2 1 3 Horizontal If the spectrum to be plotted is calibrated the plot can be either in Energy or Channel numbers If the spectrum i
79. is entered whenever acquisition is started from the Acquire menu or the Spectrum Toolbar If Auto increment is checked File is incremented each time a spectrum is stored to disk The spectrum names are stored in the database and included on the report 5 2 2 2 Sample ID When a spectrum is saved on disk the Sample ID field is constructed from the Prefix and the Sample The Prefix can include any keyboard characters and the Sample is at least 1 digit The maximum length of the Sample ID including the Sample 15 26 characters For example if uranium is entered for the Prefix and 10 is entered for the Sample the Sample ID will be uranium10 If Ask on Start is checked the sample ID Prefix is entered whenever acquisition is started from the Acquire menu or the Spectrum Toolbar 21 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 If Auto increment is checked Sample is incremented each time spectrum is stored to disk The Sample ID is stored in the database and included in the report 5 2 2 3 Calibration The current calibration stored with the MCB is displayed this is the calibration done by MAESTRO see Chapter 3 It is also stored with the spectrum file and used in the analysis 5 2 2 4 OK or Cancel When the inputs are finished click on OK to return to the main screen Click on Cancel to ignore the inputs and return to the original settings 5 2 2 5 Run MAESTRO MAESTRO can be used to view the spectrum or change the energ
80. k intensities 7 U235 code determines these peak intensities as accurately as possible then applies the second order corrections for efficiency and transmission differences between the ratio ed peaks to get a more accurate answer The program very precisely subtracts the background signal and fits the observed peak shapes X rays are fit with a Voight profile the shape resulting from the Lorentzian profile emitted by the x rays and the Gaussian detector response Gammas are fitted with a Gaussian profile and a low energy exponential tail see Figs 55 56 and 57 for examples of these profiles The complex peak multiplets in the spectra are unfolded using mathematical 44 6 ANALYSIS METHODS descriptions of the peak shapes and Taylor series minimization to fit the observed data as accurately as possible 6 2 Useful Energy Regions 6 2 1 The 20 80 Energy Region Fig 52 is a plot of a 99 983 27 spectrum from 20 80 keV It clearly shows the only gamma directly associated with the U decay the 49 369 keV peak U peak at 49 550 keV is normally too weak to be seen The strongest line in this region is the 257 to Th daughter line at 63 29 keV The first number on the peak labels above shows their energy the second number gives their approximate peak counts and the third gives their origin 10 dA o 3 S uy T a 4 000 i 1 Hi E 5 i Li t 3 t t t 20 00 30 00 40
81. keep the current presets and discard any changes click on Cancel or press lt Esc gt 20 5 MENU FUNCTIONS 5 2 2 Settings The settings dialog is shown in Fig 14 This dialog allows the user to set the Spectrum File OK displays the current energy MCB calibration s Fem 0 V Auto increment spectrum file name and sample ID and Prefix con SCLOO Browse Cancel Sample ID Run Maestro 5 2 2 1 Spectrum File Prefix Ask On Start When a spectrum is saved on disk the o de filename is constructed from the prefix Detector energy calibration and the file number The Prefix can be Sen UPEN bosin any valid Windows name without Cee Ter ken extension If the drive letter and path are included the spectrum will be stored Fig 14 Acquisition Settings in that place If only the base name is entered the spectrum will be stored in the default directory The total number of characters in the filename will include the file number File which is at least one digit For example if SCLOO is entered for the Prefix and 10 is entered for the File the first spectrum saved will be 5 10010 SPC Click on Browse to locate an existing filename in this way the complete filename can be entered easily and reliably Click once on the desired filename and it will display in the File name field If Ask on Start is checked the filename Prefix
82. ly The peak shape parameters can be viewed and modified see Section 5 3 1 3 To do the calibration first collect the spec Welcome to the CZTU U235 peak Calibration routine trum of the calibration sample The Data Counted on 8 18 1998 for 33 2 min D Analyzer deadtime 9 73 5 calibration sample can mixed isotope ee Fedunca standard or a uranium sample spectrum sasin should be collected for a long enough period Observed peak width 3720 lt data in peak parameter of time to get peaks with small statistical Total peaks detected 27 Doubles 5 Now start the calibration operation The Fig 17 Beginning of the Calibration Process first display in the calibration sequence is shown in Fig 17 This gives the information on the spectrum just collected in the MCB After the peaks have been located in the spectrum the list shown in Fig 18 The peak energy column Peak_En gives the energy of the peak using the current calibration This should be accurate or close because U235 operates with the gain setting of 0 075 keV per channel 24 5 MENU FUNCTIONS Pick two peaks in this list that are isolated and high counts Peak_ct and record the peak number Pk This number will be needed later Press Enter when finished reviewing the list Now the current gain and offset are shown as in Fig 19 If these values need to be recalculated answer the question wit
83. mega SO Uncertainty 3 Channels The ROI Integral field is used to enter ROI integral preset value in counts With this preset Fig 12 The Acquisition Presets Dialog condition the MCB stops counting when the sum of all counts in all channels for this MCB marked with an ROI reaches this value unless ROIs are marked in the MCB Isotopic Ratio Analysis does not require good dead time correction accuracy since it is based on relative peak amplitudes in a single spectrum or on two spectra collected at the same time 19 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 The Uncertainty preset DSPEC DART and 92 only is used to stop acquisition when statistical or counting uncertainty of a user selected net peak reaches the value entered by the user The value is entered as percent uncertainty at 1 sigma of the net peak area The user has complete control over the selected peak region As the uncertainty is calculated approximately every 30 seconds the uncertainty achieved for a high count rate sample may be better than the preset value The 1 sigma Uncertainty is entered as percent the Acquisition Presets dialog The range is from 99 to 0 1 in 0 1 steps The peak region is selected by clicking on the Channels button The Uncertain Peak Channels dialog Fig 13 allows the user to enter the channel limits directly The net peak area and statistical uncertainty are calculated in From Cancel the sam
84. n RPT Output Report Options Screen output level The ASCII output can be sent to a Program for further processing A common program is Windows Notepad Notepad exe When Notepad is specified the analysis report is displayed on the screen when the Cancel analysis is complete Fig 26 Output Options Saverepot v Plot fit Peak Summary Peak fit details fo EY When Printer is selected the output file is automatically sent to the Windows default printer Report options To save the report as a text file even if it is also being sent to the printer or to a program check the Save report box Marking the Peak Summary checkbox adds this section to the report The Plot fit option creates a F1T file of values that is used to make the output plot Peak fit details adds the numeric details to the report 28 5 MENU FUNCTIONS The Screen output level field controls the output to the analysis window during the analysis It defaults to 0 zero the normal value except during debugging 5 3 1 3 Peak Shape Parameters This tab Fig 27 shows the peak shape parameters used in the program to describe the peak The values are given for two energies as selected in the calibration The peak is shown in Fig 63 Section 6 3 The three components are added to give the total peak The formula for the peak uses parameter values which are fitted to these values to give the peak shape as
85. n mutually exclusive choices Fig 6 Radio Buttons Checkboxes Fig 7 indicate that the user can choose one or more options at one time Report Options Savereport Plot fit Peak Summary Peak fit details Fig 7 Checkboxes 13 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 4 5 Using the File Recall Save Dialogs U235View provides a consistent user Save As interface for all functions that involve Savein 1235 e 8 reading files from or writing files to disk The standard file recall save dialog an neu0936 Spc c ed spf c 942 m heu0336 spt heu 937 t t nbs1942 t t example of which is shown in Fig 8 5 heu0936 bt fe 0937 nbs1942 ufm ih includes a Look in or Save in box that a 0936 nbs1942 chn nbs1943 chn lu allows the user to specify the drive and heu0937 fit nbs1942 fit 5 pathname list of files box File name gt box a Files of type box and on certain Fie tomi ra save dialogs a Show Description checkbox Save as that allows the user to display sample description if available Fig 8 Standard File Save Dialog Any extension or filename can be entered in the File name field If this entry contains wildcards or and the user clicks on OK the list of files box will show the list of all files for the current drive and path that meet the
86. ncert 908 g s gm Emitter 1 Parent 1 1553 74 0 0081 1 6 1 00 00 234 U 238 1570 67 0 0011 7 8 1 21E 01 Pa 234m U 238 1591 65 0 0019 5 2 4 30E 01 Pa 234m U 238 1593 88 0 0027 3 6 9 70E 02 Pa 234 U 238 1668 44 0 0012 6 2 1 94E 01 Pa 234 U 238 1694 08 0 0013 5 9 1 94E 01 Pa 234 U 238 1737 73 0 0212 1 1 2 26E 00 Pa 234m U 238 1759 81 0 0014 4 4 2 55E 01 Pa 234m U 238 1765 44 0 0087 1 4 9 71E 01 Pa 234m U 238 1809 04 0 0037 2 1 4 77E 01 Pa 234m U 238 1819 69 0 0009 7 3 1 32E 01 Pa 234m U 238 1831 36 0 0172 1 3 1 78E 00 Pa 234m U 238 1863 09 0 0012 4 3 1 35E 01 Pa 234m U 238 1867 68 0 0092 1 4 8 43E 01 Pa 234m U 238 1874 85 0 0082 1 5 8 75E 01 Pa 234m U 238 1877 21 0 00165 3 4 3 07E 02 Pa 234 U 238 1893 50 0 00219 2 9 2 39E 01 Pa 234m U 238 1911 17 0 0063 1 6 5 89 01 234 U 238 1925 42 0 0005 10 1 8 08E 02 Pa 234 U 238 1937 01 0 0029 2 3 3 34E 01 Scott H L and K W Marlow NIM A286 1990 549 55 82 4 2384 and Daughters and Th Pa 234m U 238 E keV Emitter
87. nd a qia au tank do Pa 39 2 6 aii Dya E ee tA 40 oh MEI ss y sami asas LE 40 6 ANAEYSIS METHODS acusa puya EE aus u Gin eye EM 41 6 1 Discussion of Fundamentals 41 6 1 1 Basis of Gamma Ray Methods 41 6 2 Useful d ER EN ER PEN P CR PES 45 TABLE OF CONTENTS 6 2 1 The 20 80 keV Energy Region 45 6 2 2 The 80 85 keV Energy Region 47 6 2 3 The 87 100 keV Energy Region 48 6 2 4 The 100 118 keV Energy Region 51 6 2 5 The 118 180 keV Energy Region 52 6 2 6 The 180 210 keV Energy Region 53 6 2 7 The 210 300 Energy Region 54 6 3 Describing the Peak Shape riu SORES Se Rs 55 Je REPORT sete E ek eae Rc A 59 T T Standard Report De ED RD DA E EEA 59 WINPEOTS huacas ha aE aie aa ae a 61 oh EIC yasa n heal ne cy see ale alata E a aaa 62 8 23 CR ym pierde 64 S 2 u z nisha isu manu
88. nslated into another language and the u23 files will be written in it u235msg txt Contains the U235View messages and FORMAT statements that are used to write the report file Included for translation F 1 Disabling and Enabling U235View s Graphics To disable graphics on a PC with the Typical U235View installation go to the Windows Taskbar and click on Start Run On the command line of the Run dialog enter regsvr32 gsx ocx regsvr32 a space a forward slash and a u a space and 5 and press Enter To re enable graphics on this PC click on Start Run then enter regsvr32 gsx ocx no slash u and press Enter 95 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 2 Analysis Command Line Options The analysis engine may be run in command line mode for use by other programs or directly The command line is 0235 lowfilename O M parfilename n Where U235 is the program name of the analysis engine normally located in c program files mga Lowfilename is the filename of the low energy spectrum it must always be present Turns debugging output default is off parfilename Reads the analysis parameters from parfilename The default is to read the parameters from the spectrum file if possible If not possible internal parameters are used The file has the same format as setup U23 n is the spectrum file format index The default is 9 1 LLNL ACCUDUMP 2 ASCII sequen
89. nstants The equations are then linear in form so that they can be solved by a one pass least squares calculation rather than by iterative calculations The peak shape characterization is done in the calibration step Also the parameters can be entered by the operator in the analysis settings dialogs The peak resolution parameter o is related to the peak width o by the equation 1 207 5 where is given by o 6 o 6 and where o the total peak width at half maximum contributions due to the system noise o detector contribution related to the statistical process of electron hole production Because o is a constant for a given spectrum and o is directly related to the energy Eq 6 can be written as 02 5 5 7 57 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 The shape constants 5 and S determined measuring the peak width of two clean peaks in a spectrum during the calibration 100 Although Eqs 3 and 4 are useful for describing gamma ray peak shapes they do not accurately describe the observed distribution of K series x ray peaks associated with actinide elements 7 Because of the short lifetime of the virtual X ray state associated with the electron conversion process the Lorentzian 40 distribution of x rays emitted have an Lorentzian x ray energy distributlon 10 X ray shape Instrumental Tray line shape
90. om the 2220 daughters to find the best fit to the combined 257 2 spectrum U peaks x rays 2 kal peaks U 235 other Net Counts wsaasnnnasunansana 94 0 980 1000 1020 Energy Fig 57 Net Count Spectrum from 86 to 102 keV of a 10 07590 250 Sample 6 ANALYSIS METHODS 6 2 4 The 100 118 keV Energy Region This region is very complex with 21 peaks containing all the KB x rays of U Th and Pa plus a 109 2 keV gamma from 2517 and a 112 82 keV peak from 24 The large number of peaks and the overlap of peaks due to the wide Voight profile of the x ray signals make extracting useful peak ratios difficult The thorium and protactinium x ray peaks tied to the 220 decay and cannot be used because good branching ratio values are not available Fig 58 shows the different x ray multiplets in this region each the sum of six x ray peaks and the two gamma rays This energy region is not used in the analysis due to the difficult nature of the signals and the poor information available on branching ratios 5 A Y net 10 E Y fit Th x rays x rays i U x rays 10 1000 Q 2 100 10 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 Energy Fig 58 Net Count Spectrum from 102 to 118 of a 10 075 25 Sample 51 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 6 2 5 The 118 180 Energy Region 118 180 region h
91. on branching ratio 0 070 0 003 2 235 and Daughters Gammas 2 35E 06 keV Branch ratio g s gm Emitter 1 Parent 1 Emitter 2 Parent 2 11 400 0 03050 2 40 03 Th 231 U 235 13 000 0 22367 1 76E 04 U 235 U 235 Ac 227 U 235 13 700 0 49817 3 92E 04 Th 231 U 235 14 500 0 00224 1 76E 02 U 235 U 235 Ac 227 U 235 15 000 0 00407 3 20E 02 Th 231 U 235 16 100 0 15250 1 20E 04 U 235 U 235 16 600 0 37617 2 96 04 Th 231 U 235 17 200 0 00224 1 76E 02 Th 231 U 235 19 100 0 02643 2 08 03 235 235 19 800 0 07523 5 92E 03 Th 231 U 235 25 600 0 14869 1 17E 04 Th 231 U 235 42 000 0 00061 4 80 01 0 235 0 235 42 800 0 00059 4 64 01 Th 231 U 235 78 APPENDIX DAUGHTER AND X RAYS keV Branch ratio g s gm Emitter 1 Parent 1 Emitter 2 Parent 2 58 600 0 00488 3 84E 02 Th 231 U 235 72 700 0 00112 8 80E 01 U 235 U 235 72 800 0 00255 2 01E 02 Th 231 U 235 74 800 0 00061 4 80 01 U 235 U 235 81 200 0 00915 7 20 02 Th 231 U 235 84 200 0 06710 5 28 03 Th 231 U 235 90 000 0 03419 2 69E 03 U 235 U 235 90 000 0 00956 7 52E 02 Th 231 U 235 92 300 0 00397 3 12 02 Th 231 U 235 93 400 0 05592 4 40E 03 U 235 U 235 95 900 0 00641 5 04E 02 Th 231 U 235 96 200 0 00087 6 88E 01 U 235 U 235 99 300 0 00122 9 60E 01 Th 231 U 235 102 300 0 00417 3 28E 02 Th 231 U 235 105 400 0 02008 1 58E 03 U 235 U 235 108 200 0 00231 1 82E 02 Th 231 U 235 109 000 0 00671 5
92. ons included with the MAESTRO software The Windows 95 NT version is required MAESTRO is used for the MCA setup Once the setup is complete MAESTRO can be removed Put Disk 1 in drive A and click on Start then Run Enter A SETUP in the Run dialog and click on OK 3 1 1 Installation Options Typical This is the standard installation which includes graphics and database If this is a reinstallation this option will ask if you want to overwrite your database Make sure you have a backup of any prior U235View database before allowing that database to be overwritten Custom This option allows you to install the database but disable the graphics display by unmarking the graphics option Compact This setup does not install the database or graphics Use this should you need to reinstall U235View To disable U235View s and MGAView s graphics capability see Appendix F 1 3 1 2 To Complete Installation Restart the PC If the MCBs were not connected during the installation of MGA View U235 View run the MCB Configuration program by going to the Windows Taskbar and clicking on Start Programs U235View 1 0 MGA B32 MGA then MCB Configuration A list of connected detectors will be shown The default detector names descriptions are based on the physical hardware names These can be changed to more personalized descriptions in the MCB Configuration program Complete details are in Appendix G 3 2 Hardware Setup Ac
93. op mode the total count rate is shown Click on OK to apply any new inputs and close the dialog click on Cancel to ignore the changes 5 2 4 Start This starts data collection in the selected MCB Any warnings arising from problems detected at the hardware level will be displayed in a message box or on one of the status lines at the bottom of the display The MCB can also be started with lt Alt 1 gt or the Start Acquisition button on the Spectrum Toolbar If the MCB 15 already started this entry is grayed 5 2 5 Start Save Report This function performs all three functions without operator intervention The Start is the same as Acquire Start Save is the same as Acquire Save using the filename in the Acquire Settings dialog and Report is the same as specified in Analyze Settings 5 2 6 Stop Stop terminates data collection in the selected MCB If the MCB is not active the entry is grayed The MCB can also be stopped with lt Alt 2 or the Stop Acquisition button on the Spectrum Toolbar 5 2 7 Clear Clear erases the MCB spectral data and the descriptors real time live time start time etc for the selected MCB The presets are not altered This function may not operate on some types of 5 when they are collecting data The data can also be cleared with lt Alt 3 gt or the Clear Spectrum button on the Spectrum Toolbar 5 2 8 Save Use this to save the data in the MCB to disk using the filename s sp
94. produced gamma rays interacting via the photoelectric effect in the material itself the so called fluorescent x rays In the case of a pure uranium sample these will be uranium x rays IC processes give rise to characteristic x rays of the daughter product not the parent and are not proportional to the amount of material in the sample the amount of thorium in a decaying sample of purified uranium is very small IC induced x rays are proportional to the number of decays i e each decay has a fractional output of x rays of the daughter product regardless of the parent material present in the sample This fact makes these x rays usable for isotopic analysis if the sample has a very low concentration of daughter material Th To accurately use these IC x ray peaks requires that the thorium present in very old natural uranium samples be removed X rays induced by the photoelectric effect fluorescent x rays have energies characteristic of the bulk material and are proportional to the mass of material present in the source The observed x rays from both fluorescent and internally converted sources must originate near the surface to be easily observed Branching ratio and gamma x ray energy data have been published in various places for U and U and some of their daughter products but this data is sometimes incomplete or of inadequate accuracy The current status of this data are summarized in Appendix A Figure 51 shows the main de
95. r Fourth SPC analysis record B for high energy detector Low energy calibration description Low energy calibration record High energy calibration description High energy calibration record Calibration results record First isotope record Last isotope record Number of isotopes OUTPUT FILES Variable Type INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 1 00 10 BW N P HF m oO OO tA BW C Position 85 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 Variable Description PUREC Pu 242 record AMREC 241 record First record PKRECL Last peak record Extra SPC Record Variable Description SPCIID Low energy spectrum name SPC2ID High energy spectrum name SampleTupe Sample type Extra First Analysis Record Also in SPC File Variable wU235 Type bFreshSample bUPresent bThPresent bAm241Heterogeneous bPuFixed dPuThickness dSolutionArea dCell dConc dDepth bSolution bTwoDetectors bHighEnergy dFeThickness 86 Description 0235 type flag 1 2 U235 4 CZTU Freshly separated sample Uranium present Th x rays present Am241 Heterogeneous Fixed Pu abundance Pu thickness Solution area Cell to detector distance Solution concentration Solution depth Sample is a solution Two de
96. rbers usually improves the fitting 5 3 2 Spectrum on Disk This is used to analyze previously collected spectra stored on disk The dialog is shown in Fig 30 cine calis sting Use current analysis settings The analysis ASCII format settings used in the analysis can be either the settings in the spectrum file or the currently Spectrum File Browse selected settings see Analyze Settings Section 5 3 1 1 Some file formats do not have Fig 30 Select Spectrum File to Analyze Cancel 30 5 MENU FUNCTIONS the analysis settings stored internally this case the currently selected values used Checking this box will use the current settings in all cases File format Several different file formats are supported LLNL ACCUDUMP binary ASCII Sequential integer no header Nuclear Data uMCA amp ccuSpec Canberra 5100 format The list is shown in Fig 31 Spectrum File This is the filename for the spectrum Use adden CAM Fenn the Browse button to find and specify the filename SPE ASCII format Euro ASCII format txt ORTEC U235 format Fig 31 Spectrum File Formats 5 3 3 Spectrum in MCB This analyzes the spectrum in the MCB using the current Analyze Settings parameters Section 5 3 1 and saves the spectrum to disk with the analysis settings using the filename selected in Acquire Settings Section 5 2 2
97. rinting 65 hardeopy sock yaa Z s b wk CER Ora um 61 ah 61 Spectrum File u 256 Z ha 21 Spectrum on Disk 30 Fil eem Rae 31 speed buttons 45e eser mac e CER Rue 11 ssp Nd ERR Pa 23 Start Save Report 23 wa wa emer 24 SOD a e as ah u ae ek ae 23 tailing amplitude parameters 55 57 Tile us ax ach na ykampu 9 transmission correction 52 Uncertainty x patur hme tran E Re ads 20 uranium lo pese CE Rd 42 42 Vertical Scale 11 39 Voight profile 44 51 Window AMT 40 WINELOUS EU M 61 Command Line 66 X rays Voight profile 35 44 ZONE cd eo a ay 12 100
98. rithm mode or linear mode and whether to specify the scale maximum in linear mode or use automatic scaling If a color printer is used the colors of the different parts of the plot can be selected The sample detector and acquisition descriptions in the file can be plotted or suppressed ROIs can be plotted when stored in the spectrum spc file or in a separate ROI file To start WINPLOTS click on Start on the Windows Taskbar then Programs Mga and WinPlots see Fig 66 WINPLOTS can also be run in command line mode for use in JOB files or directly from other Windows programs see Section 8 3 In this mode the settings can be specified or the defaults can be used Accersones k d Configuration MAESTRO 32 P m Moaview Cy Documents Eh Selling MB MS DOS Prompt Find Windows Explorer d Suspend Shut Down 66 Starting WINPLOTS The spectrum files are associated with WINPLOTS by the installation program so double clicking on a spectrum filename within Windows Explorer will start WINPLOTS and display that spectrum The main WINPLOTS display 15 shown Fig 67 61 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 T8 winPlots N71calb spc Options Help Mixed Gemma catibralon source on Acquired 15 Nou 15672 120551 PM Rea Time 101415862 94123 45 2 File C USERWT spc Crercelz 16356
99. s entered or calculated in the calibration The Voight profile is used in fitting peaks that are identified as x rays P An Algorithm for Fitting Lorentzian Broadened K Series X Ray Peaks of the Heavy Elements R Gunnink Nucl Instrum Meth 143 145 1977 58 7 REPORT 7 1 Standard Report The standard report is shown in Fig 65 This 15 the normal report which includes several measurement and bookkeeping parameters as well as the analysis results The top of the report contains version information analysis time data collection time and sample details The next section shows the peak summary for each peak in the analysis This section is included or not depending on the output settings The FWHM Slpsh are the peak parameters for the tail and the main peak The next section shows the 92 to 98 keV region peak areas and the reduced chi square for this region The next section shows the isotopic abundance for the three uranium isotopes and the uncertainty associated with each value The last section shows the file name of the spectrum and the results files The results files are needed for the graphic display of the analysis results Any errors in the analysis are shown at the end of the report 59 U235View V1 0 MGA B32 U235 Calculation Summary File C U235 heu0936 Spc Analyzed 6 17 1998 14 21 Data Counted on 5 29 1998 for 121 3 min Analyzer deadtime 1 11 Count rate 7
100. s not calibrated this value is set to channel and cannot be altered Tic Marks small lines indicating the scale on the axes can be included Including them makes the plot more readable Grid Lines can also be included The grid lines are lines across the complete width of the plot at the major tic marks The plot can either be the complete spectrum or any part of the spectrum Unmarking Full Scale will enable the Range button Selecting Range will open the dialog Enter the Range for the Horizontal Axis h ig imi Units shown in Fig 75 where the limits for the plot are set es p The range of the plot can be either in Channels or i 12000000 Channels Energy independent of the plot labeling order to easily compare spectra the energy can be set to values below the first channel in the spectrum In this the data below channel 0 are plotted as 0 Fig 75 Horizontal Range Options Dialog 65 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 8 2 1 4 Vertical One of the two choices Log selected clicking the appropriate radio button The linear scale is set by clicking on Range Tic Marks small lines indicating the scale on the axes can be included Including them makes the plot more readable Grid Lines can also be included The grid lines are lines across the complete height of the plot at the major tic marks When Auto S
101. set it to the correct polarity Otherwise set the hardware to the correct polarity Set the amplifier input polarity to the polarity required by the detector Turn on the high voltage Click on OK to leave the Adjust Controls dialog Now select Acquire ADC Setup to set the ADC conversion gain to 4096 channels Click on OK to leave the ADC Setup dialog Put the radioactive source in front of the detector and start the acquisition by selecting Acquire Start A spectrum should begin accumulating on the display Set the display to Log mode if needed Select Acquire Adjust Controls to show the MCB control dialog If using a DSPEC set up the controls according to the Adjust DSPEC Controls section of the MAESTRO manual and click on Optimize For other MCBs select the shaping time desired and click on the Pole Zero button For manual systems manually select the shaping time and perform the pole zero NOTE near Gaussian peak shape is required for a good analysis This is only possible if the pole zero adjustment is correctly done For manual pole zero systems perform the pole zero carefully and verify that it is correct For automatic pole zero verify that it has been done according to the procedure in the manual be certain that the adjustment is correct collect a spectrum of a simple source such as and use the MAESTRO Calculate function to verify the peak shape The FW 1M FWHM ratio for a perfect Gaussian peak is 1 83 t
102. sfactory results For DSP systems such as the DSPEC similar equivalent shaping times are needed although the time constants can be increased to obtain better resolution and still maintain the pulse throughput without peak shape deterioration The electronics should also include pulse pileup rejection to reject coincidence or summed peaks and baseline restoration to maintain detector resolution The system must be stable with regard to zero level and gain over the expected temperature range or have zero and gain stabilizers The multichannel analyzer MCA also called the multichannel buffer or MCB must have a conversion gain of at least 4096 channels Some special applications will require a conversion gain of 8192 channels For high count rate applications consideration should be given to the U235View 1 0 MGA B32 limit placed on the maximum throughput ADC speed and amplifier shaping The MCB must have a sufficiently low conversion time that the dead time of the analysis is low The MCB must also have good differential and integral linearity All of these requirements are met by ORTEC MCBs such as the portable DART and DSPEC 2 3 Computer The operator interface program U235View and the analysis module U235 are 32 bit applications that must be run under Windows 95 or Windows Any PC that will run Windows 95 NT is sufficient to run U235View A high capacity hard disk for spectrum storage is useful an
103. stallation program initially sets the available MCB list identical to the master list On a networked system the system configuration program rather than the installation program sets the MCB list identical to the master list The Master Detector List including the MCB descriptions are the same for all ORTEC CONNECTIONS 32 programs running on all PCs connected to the workgroup To add an MCB to the U235View Pick List for this PC click on the name in the master list then click on Add To add all the MCBs on the Master Detector List click on All 34 5 MENU FUNCTIONS Detector List E ditor 24x Master Detector List Pick List 0000002 SafeGuard LO AX 0000003 GEM 40190 0000001 100 P 321 572 0000002 SafeGuard LO AX 0000003 GEM 40190 All New i Remove Fig 41 Detector List Editor Dialog To remove an MCB from this local pick list click on the name in the Pick List and click on Remove To remove all the MCBs click on New When MCB selection is complete click on OK These selections will be saved to disk and used by U235View until changed on this screen or until the entire network is reconfigured 5 5 3 Run Maestro This starts MAESTRO which can be used to view the spectrum or change the energy calibration as well as for many other functions This duplicates the Run MAESTRO button on the Spectrum Toolbar NOTE To prevent the MCB parameters such as gain or pol
104. tays Sa Ee aa ga seu saa al en NUS d E 5 3T Software Installatie Quya 5 3 1 1 Installation Options ew We ee Fist ad 5 3 1 2 To Complete Installation 5 3 2 Hardware Sel p d NU EU E pL 6 3 2 T Hardware Adjustment wesc cot ree lt DISPLAY FEATURES xi RR a EUR ia 9 4 1 Main Screen Features sect teret Ue RN tabat ea rm SR No e Os 9 4 2 Analysis Toolbar c aote Sale ideo e aded deos Oda Pado dd 10 4 3 odo a DN DU a 11 4 3 1 Spectrum and Table Window Features 12 4 3 2 Zooming In on an Area of Interest Spectrum 12 24 Buttons BOXES tee eO Rb pang uu upa wag EE ELE 13 4 5 Using the File Recall Save Dialogs 14 4 5 1 Changing Drive and 15 oe ma ed v aw 17 Su Wes EAD 19 Du S GAPQUITES oot dq Ge Fl M kale 19 Breset LIMI tS e E N A da 19 38223 Sie esa Ee usa w quu
105. tector analysis High energy detector SPC file flag Steel sample container thickness Variable Type INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 39 Variable Type CHAR 256 CHAR 256 CHAR 26 INTEGER 2 243 Type INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 REAL 8 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 INTEGER 2 REAL 8 Position 22 23 24 25 26 64 Position 1 123 124 256 257 282 292 512 Position 1 Nn O N 11 14 15 18 19 22 23 26 27 28 29 30 33 Variable wOutputDevice bLonePrint bPrintPeaks bPrintRatio Extra Description 1 file 2 screen 3 printer Long printout Print peak information Print Pu241 ratio Second analysis record also in SPC file Variable wPuAbundance dPuAbundance dColtm dCoeff dE2421 dE2422 dE2423 dE2424 IChannel dDepth dVolume dPbThickness dCdThickness dCdFrac dCd2 wU235Cal Extra Description Pu abundance calculation flag Operator entered Pu value Collection time Pu abundance calculation coefficient Pu calculation coefficient Pu calculation coefficient Pu calculation coefficient Pu calculation coefficient Number channels in spectrum Detector depth Detector volume Lead thickness Cd thickness Fraction Cd in second gamma path low energy detector only Cd thickness in second gamma path low energy detector only 0 read detector calibration from SPC file 1 Use default calibr
106. they appear on the menu bar are as follows File Exit Acquire Preset Limits Settings Count rate Start Alt 1 gt Start Save Report Stop lt Alt 2 gt Clear lt Alt 3 gt Save Re start Save Report Calibrate Analyze Settings Spectrum on Disk Spectrum in MCB Display Background Fit Display Analysis Results Record First Record Previous Record Next Record Last Record 17 U235View 1 0 MGA B32 Services Lock Unlock detector Edit detector List Run MAESTRO View Detector Bar Analysis Toolbar Spectrum Toolbar Status Bar Analysis Table Acquisition Table By Isotope Spectrum Display Taller Shorter Automatic Y Axis Automatic Logarithmic Narrower Wider Legend Window Cascade Tile Arrange Icons Help Help Topics About U235 View NOTE To prevent the MCB parameters such as gain or pole zero from being changed you may remove MAESTRO 32 from the PC after hardware setup is completed From the Windows Taskbar click on Start Settings Control Panel and Add Remove Programs On the list of installed programs click on MAESTRO for Windows click on the Add Remove button and answer any prompts 18 5 MENU FUNCTIONS 5 1 File The only menu item for is Exit as shown in Fig 10 This closes U235View File This will abort any Start Stop Report in progress but will not stop the data Exit collection Fi ig 10 5 2 Acquire The Acquire menu is s
107. tial integer no header 3 Nuclear Data Accuspec cnf 4 Canberra S100 format 5 ORTEC format chn 6 LLNL ASCII format 7 SPE ASCII format spe 8 Euro ASCII format txt 9 ORTEC format spc 96 APPENDIX MCB CONFIGURATION G 1 Initial Configuration The initial configuration is determined by the program Number amp Description Close MCBCON32 which is either run by NERO SETUP or run manually and set to DART nLowLevellab emea the Master Detector List for 5 RONALDKE MCB 2 Hep MAESTRO Renumber When MCBCON32 is run it searches Renumber New the PC and the network if any for MCBs After this search is complete Update detector list on all systems the list of Detectors is displayed MCB Input System Fig 77 The Detectors are listed in alphanumeric order server hardware MCB number and seement Fig 77 Detector Numbering or device number The first time the system is configured Fig 78 will be displayed to remind you of the Detector numbering scheme This the first time you have configured these detectors All detectors must have an ID number Since none of your detectors have ID numbers it is recommended that you press Renumber All to establish initial ID numbers for your detectors Fig 78 Detector Numbering First Time The PC hardware description for a particular Detector can be viewed by clicking once on the Detector from the Number amp Des
108. to very high 220 concentration enriched sources Presently the program works for uranium samples that 0 05 220 to 95 221 There are several potential energy regions in the uranium gamma ray spectra that can be used to calculate isotopic abundance ratios In this program only gamma and x rays less than 300 keV are used This energy region is measured by a typical low energy Ge detector set with a gain of 075 keV channel and 4096 channels of data The only serious limitation this energy range imposes is the relative few 280 and daughters peaks less than 300 keV Fortunately there are two relatively strong U Th lines at 92 365 and 92 790 keV and a relatively strong IC x ray at 93 356 keV U Th Ka see Appendix A One of the disadvantages of using gammas in the 80 to 300 keV range is their limited transmission through thick material This restricts the applicability of the analysis procedures to homogenous sources or thin heterogeneous uranium sources 6 1 1 Basis of Gamma Ray Methods Gamma ray spectrometry can be used to determine uranium isotopic abundance ratios This method is more accurate and complicated than the so called enrichment meter method Accurate analysis of a radioactive sample by spectrometry requires correct information on the gamma ray and x ray branching ratios for the radionuclides in the sample 220 280 sample analysis is complicated in that the gammas observed often come from their r
109. ttons move to the far right of the menu bar Only one spectrum window can be open at a time If you choose another MCB from the list its spectrum will replace the previous MCB s spectrum in the spectrum window However one or more results database tables and spectrum analysis windows can be open at the same time 4 3 2 Zooming In an Area of Interest in a Spectrum to draw a rubber rectangle around an area of interest and zoom in on it Position the mouse on one corner of the desired area press the left mouse button and drag the mouse diagonally across the area to be magnified see Fig 5 When you release the mouse button the graph axes will scale up to the approximate extent of the rubber rectangle and the area of interest will enlarge accordingly Use the Automatic button on the Analysis Toolbar to restore the graph to its original scaling a In spectrum windows the mouse pointer is shaped like a magnifying glass Use this 12 4 DISPLAY FEATURES TEM 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 Energy kev 5 Zooming In on an Area of Interest 4 4 Buttons and Boxes This section describes U235View s radio buttons and checkboxes To activate Ge I Total Atten a button or box just click on it Photo Atten Coherent Scatter Radio buttons Fig 6 allow the user to switch betwee
110. ults database 4 Move to Previous Record steps to the previous record in the results database b Move to Next Record steps to the next record in the results database 10 4 DISPLAY FEATURES Move to Last Record jumps to the last record in the results database E Log Linear Display switches between logarithmic and linear scaling Automatic reads the data set adjusts X so entire plot fills the maximum space available to it on screen scaling up a small graph and scaling down too big graph Es Automatic Y adjusts the Y axis so the currently displayed peaks fill the maximum vertical space available Shorter switches the spectrum display to a linear vertical scale and increases the full scale value making the peaks appear shorter Only active when display is zoomed in Taller switches the spectrum display to a linear vertical scale and decreases the full scale value making the peaks appear taller Only active when display is zoomed in Narrower increases the horizontal full scale of the spectrum window so that the peaks appear narrower Only active when display is zoomed in BEER E Wider decreases the horizontal full scale of the spectrum window so that the peaks appear wider Only active when display is zoomed in Legend On Off toggle displays or hides the legend box for the spectrum in the active display window 4 3 Spectrum Toolbar These speed buttons
111. will discard these parameters and return to the starting parameters In both cases control returns to the main screen you want to adjust check peak data Y N n you want to save use new Peak Parameters Y N Y Fig 23 Ending the Peak Shape Parameter Entry 26 5 MENU FUNCTIONS 5 3 Analyze The Analyze menu is shown in Fig 24 Analyze Settings 5 3 1 Settings Spectrum on Disk This dialog Fig 25 has five tabs sub screens for defining the sample type definition file All of the entries on all the Settings tab Display Background Fit are stored in this file Users can create an unlimited number of sample Display Analysis Rosuks type definition files Fig 24 Analyze Menu 5 3 1 1 Sample Type On this tab are specified the file name and description of the sample type definition file U235View x Peak shape parameters Absorption Source Detector Absorption Sample Output Options File c U235 setup2 u23 Browse Description Defaut 1235 setup file Save s Operator RMK Separation Date Background Subtraction Background Spectrum Browse Cancel Fig 25 Settings Dialog Sample Type File The name of the sample type file is specified in this entry Click on Browse to find existing files or to specify the total path for the new file Description This is the description o
112. y calibration as well as to perform many other functions To use it click on Run MAESTRO This duplicates the Run MAESTRO button on the Spectrum Toolbar If MAESTRO has been disabled this button does not function 5 2 3 Count rate The count rate must be kept within reasonable limits To reduce the count He Oris rate absorbers such as cadmium or Low Energy 160 keV m copper can be mounted between the f Roi Limits detector and the sample to reduce the 159 aid low energy gamma rays To monitor the NES count rate in the MCB select Count I 0 052088 cps rate to open the dialog shown in Fig 15 It shows the count rate for the energy range selected The count rate is the Stop integral of the counts for a short time in the selected range divided by the elapsed live time since the last reading Fig 15 Monitor Count Rate Region of Interest The count rate region 15 specified energy so the MCB must be calibrated using MAESTRO The energy limits can be specified exactly Also if an ROI is set in the MCB with MAESTRO these limits can be selected by clicking on the ROI Limits button The limits are stored and used the next time 22 5 MENU FUNCTIONS The Count Rate section shows the actual count rate in counts per second the start data collection click on Start To stop the data collection click on Stop In st

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