5300 Series TECSource User`s Manual
Contents
1. see 32 Compensating for Cable 33 Internal Power eee enne 33 Specifications e EE 36 Error coo Eire ct 38 Maintenance Calibration and Warranty 40 European Community Declaration of Conformity 42 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Page Introduction Thank you for choosing the 5300 Series TECSource from Arroyo Instruments Your TECSource is a combination of leading edge technology combined with years of experience in the field of temperature control With a crystal clear VFD display high power outputs multi sensor support both RS232 and USB computer interfaces and small footprint the TECSource will fit into almost any temperature control application Unlike other temperature controllers in its class which use inexpensive 7 segment LED displays the TECSource takes advantage of its large VFD display to simultaneously display set point temperature actual temperature current and voltage The user interface of the TECSource is engineered to make using the instrument straightforward With its text based menus there is never any confusion over which setting is being changed and parameters are displayed in clear English no cryptic numbers or LEDs2. 30000 20000 Resistance Q 10000 0 10 00 10 00 30 00 50 00 70 00 90 00 110 00 Temperature C Typical Resistance vs Temperature Graph As can be seen be the graph the resistance of the thermistor drops very quickly In the typical control range 0 C to 40 C typical 10K thermistors offer good sensitivity to changes in temperature and this is the range in which most 10K thermistors are typically used 10K thermistors can be used at much higher temperatures but will suffer poorer temperature stability performance because of the lower sensitivity When evaluating the performance of a thermistor it is important to understand the resistance sensitivity of the thermistor at your application temperature which varies greatly by temperature and thermistor types The TECSource supports operation using a 10pA or 100pA constant current source which limits the upper control range to 450kQ 45kQ and 4 5kQ respectively To minimize noise and maximize stability you should select highest current while still allowing you full operation across your required 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Page 23 temperature range The typical setting is 100pA but your application will determine the actual needs The Steinhart Hart Equation As can be seen from the temperature versus resistance graph above resistance varies inversely with temperature in a non linear fashion This relationship can be accurately mode
3. RTD i Remote Sensor Sensor i Sensor RTD 4 wire Measurement arroyo Instruments Page 26 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual User Calibration of Resistance Sensors In some applications having the ability to compensate or calibrate the sensor measurement is desired such as referencing to an internal standard or to match the readings of another instrument This is supported on the TECSource by using the Sens Cal M and Sens Cal B menu entries to apply an offset and or slope compensation to thermistor or RTD readings LM335 and AD590 sensors have separate M and B settings The calibration is applied to the resistance measurement of the sensor not the temperature To adjust the resistance to temperature conversion change the thermistor or RTD coefficients as needed To prevent accidental modification of the sensor calibration the Sens Cal M and Sens Cal B menu entries are only editable when the Edit User Cal setting in the System sub menu is set to Yes By default Sens Cal M and Sens Cal B values are 1 000 and 0 00 respectively but can be adjusted to change the sensor measurement The calibrated measurement is computed as follows User calibrated reading Sens Cal M reading Sens Cal B Sens Cal B is displayed in kilo ohms for thermistors and ohms KQ for RTDs Be aware that the there is only a single set of calibration values and changing sensor type does not change the calibration
4. A current limit was detected and the output was turned off A voltage limit was detected and the output was turned off The thermistor resistance limit high or low was exceeded and the output was turned off The temperature limit high or low was exceeded and the output was turned off The sensor type was changed causing the output to be turned off The temperature went out of tolerance and the output was turned off Error Gee 5 E 415 E 416 E 419 E 433 E 434 E 435 E 436 E 437 E 997 E 998 E 999 Description Sensor short output turned off Cal failed TEC not stable Not a TEC Ite limit exceeds cable rating Mode Change AutoTune failed AutoTune in T mode only Control error cycle power Command not supported Non specific error 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Page 39 Cause A sensor short circuit was detected and the output was turned off An error occurred during calibration that caused the calibration to fail The unit is no longer in calibration mode The TEC is considered stable if the temperature has changed less than 0 02 C for more than 20 seconds The TEC CHAN command attempted to select a non TEC channel The cable plugged into the unit is not rated to carry the current as set by the current limit Use a 1262B cable 1263B cable or custom cable with ID pin connected to analog ground or reduce the current limit below 5A A mode change occurred when th
5. 103 0 58700 10 C 4 0000x10 and R 100 The TECSource automatically determines which equation to use based on the conditions at the time of the measurement 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Page 25 2 Wire versus 4 Wire Measurements One concern in using RTDs are their relatively low resistance typically 1000 at 0 C and small Because of these two factors the resistance of the cable used to connect to the sensor can become a significant error in the sensor measurement The TECSource offers two RTD measurement modes a conventional two wire measurement mode which is subject to this error and a four wire measurement mode that uses separate sensor and source lines to remotely sense the actual resistance of the RTD and eliminate the cable or connector resistances When using 4 wire measurement mode you must select RTD 4 wire as the sensor type and then connect the Sensor and Remote Sensor at one side of the RTD and Sensor and Remote Sensor to the other side of the RTD Make these connections as close to the sensor as possible The drawings below illustrate how 2 wire and 4 wire connections work Note that 4 wire measurements require all four wires to be brought through the cable to the mount A 1262B and 1263B cable is required for 4 wire measurement mode as the 1260B and 1261B cables do not have the wiring for this input Sensor RTD Sensor Sensor Sensor E Mount
6. Normal will display four values typically the set point temperature read back temperature current and voltage Large will display the read back temperature sensor or current depending on the mode T R or ITE mode respectively When changing the set point the set point will be displayed during the set point change Brightness The vacuum florescent display can be set to 100 one of eight brightness levels Audible This setting controls when the unit produces Yes Beep audible feedback Set to No to prevent sound or Yes or audible alerts such an error messages Lockout Lockout knob allows you to disable knob No Knob operation from the main display This prevents accidental changes of the set point The knob will always work in the menus regardless of this setting Knob Speed Controls the adjustment speed of the knob Slow Possible values are slow medium and fast ITE Tuning Enables or disables tuning of the ITE current to Yes prevent over powering of the heat sink Edit User Cal Enable or disable editing of user calibration No values This is not a persistent value and will always resets to No on power up 2170 0 Instruments Page 18 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Rear Panel In addition to the input power connector described above there are three connectors on the rear panel of the TECSource Output connector USB connector and RS232 connector TECSource Rear Panel TEC Output Connector The
7. default gain and sensor settings are automatically adjusted to values appropriate to the mount and menu settings limited to the capabilities of the mount For example when the 204 is selected the Sensor setting is hidden from the menu and the current limit is adjusted to the mount s rated limit to prevent damage to the mount s Peltier cooler Adjusting the Mount setting to User Defined removes all software limits allowing unrestricted operation of the TECSource Remote Mode Operation Remote mode operation is when the TECSource is being controlled by a computer over the USB or RS232 interfaces When in remote mode the TECSource behaves differently preventing you from affecting the operation of the instrument Some of the primary differences are you will not be able to change the set point you cannot enter the menu and the knob is disabled You can exit remote mode at any time by pressing the MENU button which has a secondary function to return the TECSource to local operation when in remote mode While in remote mode the Remote LED also acts as an activity indicator and will flash whenever there is communication with the computer Details on how to communicate with the TECSource can be found in a separate Computer Interfacing Manual which is included on the CD that accompanied this product 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Page 21 Installing the USB Drivers Using the TECSource via USB is just as simple as using t
8. Anything less and the instrument will lower the current to stay outside the red zone Operating Zone Any combination of current and voltage that lies outside the red shaded area is acceptable Non Operating Zone TEC current will be limited if 24 operating in the red zone 0d r r 1 r T r 2 08 2 82 3 56 4 30 504 5 78 652 7 26 8 00 Current Amps 2170 0 Instruments Page 36 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Specifications All values relate to a one hour warm up period Description 5305 5310 5300 08 24 Drive Channel Current Range A 5 10 8 Compliance Voltage V 12 12 24 Max Power W 60 120 192 Resolution A 0 01 0 01 0 01 Accuracy set point 0 30 0 60 0 60 Noise Ripple mA rms 5 15 15 Temperature Control Range 99 to 250 Resolution 9C 0 01 Thermistor Accuracy 9C 0 05 AD560 Accuracy 9C 0 05 LM335 Accuracy 9C 0 05 RTD Accuracy 9C 0 05 Short Term Stability 1hr 0 004 Short Term Stability 24h 2 0 01 Measurement Channels Current Resolution mA 10 Accuracy reading mA 0 30 0 60 0 60 Voltage Resolution mV 10 Accuracy reading V 0 0 05 Sensor 10uA Thermistor Range kQ 0 1 450 Resolution kQ 0 01 Accuracy 96 reading kQ 0 05 4 50 100uA Thermistor Range kQ 0 05 45 Resolution kQ 0 001 Accuracy 96 reading kO 0 05 5 LM335 Bias mA 1 Range mV 1730 4730 Resolutio
9. Compliant to the above noted EU Directives and are therefore eligible to bear the CE MARK This equipment as of the listed Date of Manufacture is technically exempted from the RoHS Directive Requirements not being classified as consumer electronics equipment hereby declare that the equipment named above has been designed to comply with the relevant sections of the above referenced specifications The unit with all essential requirements of the Directives Z A 7 Paul Corr Cou S NAME OF AUTHORIZED PERSON SIGNATURE OF AUTHORIZED PERSON President 1 February 2011 TITLE OF AUTHORIZED PERSON DATE OF ISSUE 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Page 43 NOTES 2110 Instruments arroyo instruments 624 Clarion Court San Luis Obispo CA 93401 Tel 805 543 1302 Fax 805 543 1303 sales arroyoinstruments com www arroyoinstruments com Copyright 2013 Arroyo Instruments All Rights Reserved P N 530 1011 Rev L
10. Output connection is a female DB 15 and has the following pin out DB 15 Pin Description 1 2 amp 9 3 4 810 TE 5 amp 6 Earth Ground 7 Sensor 8 Sensor 11 Fan 12 Fan Analog Ground 13 ID 14 Remote Sensor 15 Remote Sensor Output Connector DB 15 Female Using the ID Pin For operation above 5A the ID pin pin 13 must be connected analog ground pin 12 and make sure all three TE and all three TE pins are connected Using Remote Sensor The remote sensor pins pins 14 amp 15 are used in RTD 4 wire mode and provide a remote measurement of the RTD voltage to eliminate voltage measurement errors See Working With RTDs below for more information 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Page 19 USB Connector The USB connector is a standard Type B female connector and can be plugged into any USB 1 1 or USB 2 0 port For more information on using the USB interface see the Computer Interfacing Manual which is included on the CD that accompanied this product RS232 Connector The RS232 connection is male DB 9 connector wired in a NULL modem configuration Pin Description 2 Receive 3 Transmit 5 Ground 1 4 6 Commoned together 7 8 Commoned together 9 No connection Shell Earth ground RS232 Connector DB 9 Male For more information on using the RS232 interface see the Computer Interfacing Manual which is included on the CD that accompanied this product Connecting to the TECSou
11. below illustrate the minimum voltage requirements for the standard 5305 5310 and 5300 08 24 TECSource controllers Custom configurations will have a different profile Safe Operating Range for 5305 TECSource Example At 3 8A the minimum voltage at the TEC connector must 10 be greater than 3V Anything less and the instrument will lower the current to stay outside the red zone 7 Operating Zone Any combination of current and voltage that lies outside the red 5 shaded area is acceptable Voltage Volts 5 Non Operating Zone TEC current will be limited if 1 Operating in the red zone 0 1 2 60 2 90 3 20 3 50 3 80 4 10 4 40 4 70 5 00 Current Amps 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Page 35 Voltage Volts Safe Operating Range for 5310 TECSource Example At 8 41A the minimum voltage at the TEC connector must 10 _ be greater than 3 9V Anything less and the instrument will lower the current to stay outside the red zone 7 1 Operating Zone E Any combination of current and voltage that lies outside the red 5 shaded area is acceptable a4 Non Operating Zone TEC current will be limited if 14 operating in the red zone 4 3 62 4 42 5 22 6 01 6 81 7 61 8 41 9 20 10 00 Current Amps Voltage Volts Safe Operating Range for 5300 08 24 TECSource Example At 8 04A the minimum voltage at the TEC connector must be greater than 7V
12. data Therefore if you will be changing between thermistor to RTD sensors you will need to change the calibration values as appropriate for the new sensor setting Changing the values back to 1 000 and 0 00 will return the instrument to factory calibration 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Page 27 Working With AD590s and LM335s Unlike thermistors and RTDs an AD590 or LM335 is considered an IC sensor because it has an active transistor element that responds to changes in temperature by producing a current AD590 or voltage LM335 Also unlike thermistors and RTDs these IC sensors produce a linear response making conversion to temperature a very straightforward calculation AD590 sensors produce 1 so that 0 C which is equal to 273 15K would produce 273 15 uA Similarly LM335 sensors produce 10mV K so that 0 C would produce 2 7315V For both sensors because the response is linear the sensor coefficients default to a slope of 1 and an offset of zero but can be adjusted to achieve higher accuracy The temperature correction formula for the AD590 or LM335 is T MT B Where T is the temperature in C calculated using the standard conversion value of 1 C uA or 0 1 C mV as appropriate and adjusted from Kelvin to Celsius Controlling the Temperature Rate of Change Some applications require that temperature is changed at a specific rate to prevent damage that might otherwise come from rapid change
13. exceeds either of these limits 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Page 13 Settings and Menus All parameters of the TECSource can be viewed and changed within the menu The menus are constructed with the most used parameters first To change any setting press Menu to enter the menu then rotate the knob to select the parameter to change Press the knob to begin changing the value As a visual indication that you are in edit mode you will see an asterisk appear next to the value Once you have made your change press the knob or Menu button to store the value Pressing the Menu button will store and exit the menu while pressing the knob will store the value but leave you in the menu to make additional changes Some settings are contained inside a sub menu such as communications settings To access the sub menu simply press the knob to enter the sub menu when its name is displayed Below is a complete list of available settings Menu Description Factory Default Root Menu Main Menu Mode This set the operating mode T Mode R Mode T Mode Ite Mode of the temperature controller Mount Specify the mount connected to the User Defined TECSource If using a LaserMount select the appropriate model Otherwise select User Defined Lim Lim sets the current limit of the temperature 3A controller The limit should be set to a value that is suitable for your Peltier device Gain Gain controls the response of the temperatu
14. method of calculating cable resistance is to short the ITE and ITE connections making sure whatever you are using to short the terminals is not itself adding resistance to the circuit Use short heavy gauge wires preferably soldered onto the terminals to minimize any resistance the short might add Place the short as close to the Peltier as is reasonable A simple approach is to unplug the cable from the mount and place a shorting plug on the mount end of the cable which is easily made from a male DB15 connector and a soldering iron to solder the ITE and ITE pins together Make sure the Peltier is disconnected to protect it from current overloading during the test Change the instrument to ITE mode and set the current to 5A or the maximum current of your controller if less Depending on your setup you may first need to change the Mount to User Defined and adjust the limit higher Turn on the output and after the voltage has stabilize make a note of it and turn the output off Enter the measured voltage into the following equation to calculate Cable R Cable R Voltage Current Enter the resulting values into the Cable R menu entry and return the instrument to its original configuration Typical values for Cable R are 0 008 to 0 040 but depend on your actual configuration Internal Power Management The TECSource is a powerful instrument capable of delivering upwards of 180W in some custom configurations When driving a low volta
15. to decode The TECSource offers all the features you would expect from a modern temperature controller including e AutoTune for automatic PID parameter calculation e 0 004 temperature stability e 0 01 C resolution for both set point and actual temperatures e 60W 5A 12V and 120W 10A 12V output power What s in the Box Along with the TECSource itself a CD with electronic copies of this manual the Computer Interfacing Manual and USB drivers are included For USA customers a power cord is included For non USA customers an IEC 60320 C13 rated AC power cord must be provided Accessories Arroyo Instruments also sells several accessories designed to work with the TECSource These include e TECSource Cable 2m p n 1260B This cable has DB 15 male female connectors for interfacing to the LaserMount or other connectorized fixtures includes wiring for the fan interface and supports up to 5A of TE current A pigtailed version of 2170 0 Instruments Page 4 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual this cable with tinned ends for soldering into custom solutions is available as p n 1261B e TECSource Cable 10A 2m p n 1262B Similar to the 1260B cable but designed to support up to 10A of TEC current and also adds wiring for the remote sensor inputs This cable must be used when going above 5A A pigtailed version of this cable with tinned ends for soldering into custom solutions is available as p n 1263B e
16. unusual physical thermal or electrical stress improper installation misuse abuse accident or negligence in use storage transportation or handling This warranty also does not apply to fuses batteries or damage from battery leakage THIS WARRANTY IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR USE ARROYO INSTRUMENTS SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM THE PURCHASE OR USE OF ITS PRODUCTS arroyo Instruments Page 42 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual European Community Declaration of Conformity EC Declaration of Conformity Arroyo Instruments of 624 Clarion Court San Luis Obispo CA 93401 USA declare that 5300 Series TECSource Temperature Controller In accordance with the following directives EMC Directive 89 336 EEC Low Voltage Directive 73 23 EEC RoHS Directive 2002 95 EC89 336 EEC has been designed and manufactured to the following specifications EMC Directive Test Standards EN 61326 Electrical Equipment for Measurement Control and Laboratory Use EMC Requirements This encompasses 10 individual Tests Low Voltage Directive Test Standards EN 61010 Electrical Equipment for Measurement Control and Laboratory Use Safety Requirements This Certificate is the Manufacturer s Declaration which states that the 5300 Series TECSource Temperature Controller is
17. 4300 5300 Series 2U Rack Mount Kit 1 unit p n 1401 RM 1 4300 5300 Series 2U Rack Mount Kit 2 units p n 1401 RM 2 For installing your 5300 Series TECSource or 4300 LaserSource into a standard 19 rack The 1401 RM 1 is used when installing a single instrument into a 2U rack space For mounting two instruments side by side use the 1401 RM 2 rack mount kit A 1401 RM 1 cannot be converted to 1401 RM 2 or vise versa to be sure to purchase the correct rack mount kit e 10kQ Thermistor p n 1600 Accurate to 0 2 C e RS 232 NULL Cable 3m p n 1200 NULL e USB Cable 3m p n 1201 Safety Terms and Symbols The following safety related terms are used in this manual e Warnings noted by the WARNING heading explain dangers that could result in physical injury or death e Cautions noted by the CAUTION heading explain conditions that could result in damage to the instrument other equipment or your device e Notes noted by the NOTES heading are not safety related and are intended simply to point out important information If at any time any of the following conditions exist or are suspected of existing discontinue use of the unit until it can be inspected by qualified service personnel e Visible damage to the unit including damage or stress caused during product shipment e Storage of the unit outside the standard storage temperature or humidity rating or prolonged storage under harsh conditions e Failure to oper
18. USER S MANUAL TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER arroyo Instruments Page 2 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Table of Contents 3 Safety Terms and 4 eee 6 Installation niin nece 7 Front Panel Op 6raliOni 10 Settings and Menus ennemi ttes 13 Rear Panel PT 18 Connecting to the TECSource ssssssssssseeeeneeneen enne 19 Selecting Ihe 20 Remote Mode 20 Installing the USB Drivers nennen 21 Working With Thermistors seen eene 22 Working With RTDS ee eid aat 24 User Calibration of Resistance Sensors 26 Working With AD590s and LM338s ssem een 27 Controlling the Temperature Rate of Change 27 Changing the Set Point Step Size 28 External COmtrol ELE 29 Resistive Heaters and Heat Cool Only Modes 30 Gain Control and the PID Loop eseneneeeeennee enne 30 Using the AutoTune Function 31 Using the AutoTune Function Remotely
19. ate properly If needed contact your distributor or Arroyo Instruments for service or repair to ensure the safety of the product is maintained 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Page 5 Symbols Q Power Off Power On Caution refer to manual Earth ground A N Caution risk of electric shock General Warnings This instrument is intended for use by qualified personnel who understand the shock and laser hazards and are familiar with safety procedures required to avoid injury Read this manual completely before attempting to use this product To avoid electrical shock ensure a 3 prong power cord is used and is plugged into a earth grounded receptacle Failure to do so can result in severe injury or death There are no user serviceable parts inside All service and repair work shall be done by Arroyo Instruments or personnel authorized by Arroyo Instruments Modifications done by non authorized personnel will void the warranty Please see the Service section later in this manual for instructions on how to obtain service for this instrument 2170 0 Instruments Page 6 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual The TECSource was designed with ease of use in mind and you will likely have little need for this manual for almost all of the features the unit offers This section will show how you can quickly get the unit up and running in almost no time After unpacking the unit ensure that the voltage selection on the In
20. ated by AutoTune are not necessarily the idea PID parameters and small improvements may be possible by further refining the results manually Before starting the AutoTune function it is best to begin from ambient conditions either with the TEC off and the mount stabilized at ambient or the TEC on and the set point around 25 C While this is not required it can produce better results AutoTune only functions in temperature mode PID parameters must be manually determined for R mode Make sure the current and temperature limits are set prior to starting AutoTune AutoTune will intentionally cause your mount to oscillate so the temperature limit should be at least 5 to 10 degrees away from the test point to avoid tripping a limit during the process To start the AutoTune function select the AutoTune PID menu entry from the main menu and press ENTER If you wish to perform AutoTune remotely see the following section for more information The instrument will ask for the AutoTune test point You will want to select your typical operating point If you will be operating at two or more set points you will usually want to select the set point furthest away from ambient Once the temperature test point is selected press ENTER The instrument asks for a final confirmation to start the AutoTune process Press ENTER to start or MENU to exit Once the AutoTune process starts the display will indicate the present temperature which step it is
21. bispo CA 93401 USA By phone 1 805 543 1302 By fax 1 805 543 1303 By email support arroyoinstruments com On the web http www arroyoinstruments com In all cases Arroyo Instruments requires a return materials authorization RMA number You must contact Arroyo Instruments and obtain an RMA number prior to returning your instrument or the shipment may be rejected and sent back to you 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Page 41 Warranty Arroyo Instruments warrants that this product will be free from defects in material and workmanship and will comply with Arroyo Instruments published specifications at the time of sale for a period of one year from date of shipment If found to be defective during the warranty period the product will either be repaired or replaced at Arroyo Instruments option To exercise this warranty write or call your local Arroyo Instruments representative or contact the factory directly at the address given above You will be given prompt assistance and return instructions Send the product freight prepaid to the indicated service facility Repairs will be made and the instrument returned freight prepaid Repaired products are warranted for the balance of the original warranty period or 90 days whichever first occurs Limitation of Warranty The above warranties do not apply to products which have been repaired or modified without Arroyo Instruments written approval or products subjected to
22. d starting point before increasing the step size Note that changing the step size will not change the resolution of the displayed value for either the set point or the actual temperature 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Page 29 External Fan Control The TECSource has a built in user adjustable 4 12V DC power supply designed to provide up to 350mA to an external fan such as those built into the 240 Series LaserMounts When using the TECSource with mounts that require a fan no additional external power supply is needed and the Arroyo 126xB series cables all include the wiring to connect the fan power to the mount Fan control is setup in the menu using the Ext Fan Ext Fan Pwr Ext Fan Mode and Ext Fan Off settings Ext Fan can be set to Off Slow Medium Fast or Custom When set to Off the fan power is never turned on Slow Medium and Fast correspond to 9V 10 5V and 12V To select a different voltage choose the Custom setting and then adjust the Ext Fan Pwr menu item to the desired voltage from 4 0V to 12 0V The fan on off mode can be controlled using the Ext Fan Mode setting There are five modes Auto Fan is turned on whenever the TEC output is on and turns off when the TEC output is turned off On Fan is always on Delay Similar to the Auto mode the fan is turned on whenever the TEC output is on but when the TEC is turned off the fan will remaining running for an addition number of minutes as defined by th
23. d the set point and two or three measurements depending on the configuration you have chosen An example display is shown below Sample Display The set point will depend on the control mode you have selected When in T Mode the set point will be temperature When in R Mode the set point will be in the active sensor s units ohms for thermistor and RTD uA for AD590 and mV for LM335 When in Ite Mode the set point will be in amps arroyo Instruments Page 12 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Measurements The second line of the display contains the measurements appropriate for the control mode In T Mode the actual temperature current and voltage can be displayed depending on the display mode In R Mode the actual sensor value is displayed instead of the actual temperature In Ite Mode the actual temperature is displayed No Set Point Error Because 5300 Series TECSource uses a digital PID loop it will always stabilize at the set point and you will never have a temperature offset which is different that most other temperature controllers Using Limits The TECSource supports three different types of limits temperature sensor and current There is both a temperature high and temperature low limit and if the actual temperature exceeds either of these limits the output will be shut off Likewise both high and low limits exist for the sensor R limits and the output will be shut off if the sensor measurement
24. e see TEC ENAB OUTOFF commana R Low Lim is the sensor low limit If operating 0 01kQ in R Mode and the actual sensor measurement drops below this value the output will be turned off R limits are not monitored in Ite Mode Limit monitoring can also be disabled in software see TEC ENAB OUTOFF command R High Lim is the sensor high limit If operating 45 in R Mode and the actual sensor measurement exceeds this value the output will be turned off R limits are not monitored in Ite Mode Limit monitoring can also be disabled in software see TEC ENAB OUTOFF commana Tolerance time is the amount of time in 5 seconds seconds that the actual temperature must be within the set point temperature the Tol Temp value for the unit to be considered in tolerance 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Page 15 Menu Description Factory Default Tol Temp Tolerance temperature is a temperature band 0 1 C in C around the set point temperature When the actual temperature is within this band for longer than the Tol Time setting then the unit is considered to be in tolerance H C Mode This selects the heating and or cooling mode Heat Cool of the TECSource See the section below titled Resistive Heaters and Heat Cool Only Modes for more information Ext Fan This selects the voltage for the auxiliary fan Off power supply See the External Fan Control section below for more information Ext Fan Pwr When Ext Fa
25. e Ext Fan Off setting Cool Fan is turned on whenever the TEC output is on and cooling off otherwise Heat Fan is turned on whenever the TEC output is on and heating off otherwise 2170 0 Instruments Page 30 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Resistive Heaters and Heat Cool Only Modes The TECSource supports temperature control using resistive heaters instead of Peltier coolers With resistive heaters cooling is obviously not possible and the TECSource must be configured to not attempt to cool the output or a run away condition will occur when the cooling current actually causes additional heating If your application requires you can also configure the TECSource to operate in a cool only mode This is only possible with Peltier coolers as resistive heaters will heat regardless of the direction of current To change the cooling mode adjust the H C Mode setting to Heat Cool Heat Only or Cool Only as appropriate Gain Control and the PID Loop The TECSource supports a fully configurable PID loop allowing full customization of the PID control parameters To simplify control eight standard gain settings are also defined and many applications can achieve acceptable performance with these predefined gain settings eliminating the need to understand and adjust the PID loop The predefined gains are numbered 7 through 300 and set using the Gain menu setting Increasing the gain value will increase the speed of the contr
26. e output was on forcing the output off The AutoTune process failed See the Using the AutoTune Function for more information The AutoTune process is only available in T temperature mode In R mode the PID parameters much be determined manually A hardware control error occurred cycle power to resolve If error continues to occur contact factory A command was received that is not supported by this instrument A non specific error was encountered 2170 0 Instruments Page 40 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Maintenance Calibration Warranty Maintenance The TECSource requires no regular maintenance other than product calibration To clean the instrument use cotton cloth that is only damp not wet with a light solution of soap and water Fuses Under normal operation you should never need to replace a fuse However if either fuse does blow use only T 250V 1 0A IEC 60127 2 5x20mm metric fuses as replacements If after replacing the fuse it continues to blow immediately discontinue use of the instrument and contact service for support Service Service and repair for the TECSource can be obtained by contacting the distributor from where you purchased the instrument or directly from Arroyo Instruments A complete list of distributors is available on the Arroyo web site You can contact Arroyo Instruments through one of these methods By mail Arroyo Instruments 624 Clarion Court San Luis O
27. einhart Hart equation The A term in the RTD equation The B term in the RTD equation The C term in the RTD equation The R term in Q in the RTD equation The slope term in the AD590 correction equation The offset term in C in the AD590 correction equation The slope term in the LM335 correction equation The offset term in C in the LM335 correction equation The slope term for user sensor calibration of RTD or thermistor measurements The offset term for user sensor calibration of RTD or thermistor measurements Communications Menu This sets the baud rate for the RS232 serial port See the Computer Interfacing Manual which is included on the CD that accompanied this product To turn off the display of errors while in remote mode set this value to No To display errors while in remote mode set this value to Yes Factory Default 1 12924E 03 2 34108E 04 0 87755E 07 3 98480E 03 0 58700E 06 4 00000E 12 100 00 1 00000 0 000 1 00000 0 000 1 0000 0 00 Q 9600 Yes 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Page 17 Menu Description Factory Default Terminal Terminal mode simply echoes any characters No Mode received over the serial or USB interfaces Msg Term This controls the output message termination CR LF and can be set to CR LF CR LF or None Sys Menu System Settings Menu Disp Mode Display mode which is used to control the Normal layout on the main screen
28. ge load at higher currents a condition can arise where the voltage of the load is too low and unaddressed would result in excessive heat inside the instrument To manage this internal thermal load the TECSource relies on two methods of power control a tunable power supply and current limiting Where possible the Pr 2170 0 Instruments Page 34 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual internal power supply will be adjusted down to minimize the thermal load inside the instrument In some cases power supply adjustments are not enough and the instrument will then reduce the drive current until the internal thermal load is within the maximum allowable In many cases this will have little effect on the operation of your application but may slow the transition from one temperature to another However there may be conditions where the reduced current actually prevents the mount from achieving the desired operating temperature The only solution in this case is to increase the load voltage The simplest method is to wire a power resistor in series with the TEC to create additional voltage Depending on the voltage of your controller and application requirements the value of the resistor will vary but is typically in the 0 50 to 10 range Contact the factory for additional support When in ITE mode the current will not be limited and an error will be generated and the output turned off if operating outside the allowable range The graphs
29. he serial port In fact once you have installed the USB drivers the instrument will appear as a virtual serial port that you can use just like a normal serial port To install the drivers simply plug in the instrument to your computer When the Add New Hardware wizard appears insert the CD you received with the TECSource and follow the on screen instructions Once the drivers are installed to determine the COM port number go to Control Panel and select System Once the System Properties dialog appears choose the Hardware tab then click on the Device Manager button When the Device Manager appears click on the plus sign to the left of Ports The port identified as an USB Serial Port is the TECSource In the event you have multiple TECSource instruments plugged in simultaneously you will need to experiment to see which instrument was assigned to which port For example you could change the set point when the output was off to see which unit s set point changed 2170 0 Instruments Page 22 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Working With Thermistors The TECSource is designed to work with negative temperature coefficient NTC thermistors such as the BetaTHERM 10K3A1 thermistor used in the LaserMounts A thermistor works by translating temperature into resistance with resistance decreasing as temperature increases hence the negative coefficient Here is a typical response curve of a thermistor 50000 40000
30. hermistor Once you have made all your adjustments press the MENU button to exit the menu in the future if you re only changing one value you do not need to press the knob pressing the MENU button while changing a value will save the value and exit Next connect the cable between your LaserMount or other fixture and the Output connector of the TECSource We recommend using our cables as they have been designed to work well with the TECSource If using your own cables ensure they have been properly wired according to the pin out of the TECSource and your fixture Finally set the set point to an appropriate temperature and press the Output button The output will turn on and you will see the voltage and current begin 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Page 7 driving the fixture to the set point you have chosen Depending on the thermal size of your fixture it may take seconds or several minutes to reach the set point If you notice the temperature is oscillating around the set point and not stabilizing you may need to adjust the Gain setting in the menu You can use the AutoTune feature to automatically calculate the best PID values or select from a set of eight factory preset values that typically cover most applications To use the factory gains if the temperature is quickly jumping up and down the Gain will typically need to be reduced If the temperature is slowly moving up and down try a higher Gain You may need to ex
31. led by polynomial equations and one such being the Steinhart Hart equation 77 A B In R C In R The coefficients A B and C can usually be obtained from the thermistor manufacturer The TECSource defaults to the coefficients for the BetaTHERM 10K3A1 thermistor 1 12924x10 B 2 34108x10 C 0 87755x107 You can change the coefficients under the Sensor Coeffs menu 2170 0 Instruments Page 24 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Working With RTDs Like thermistors RTDs also function by converting temperature into resistance but unlike thermistors RTDs increase in resistance as temperature increases RTDs are also a fairly linear device meaning they can be used across a much broader temperature control range According to IEC751 the resistance temperature relationship is determined using one of two equations dependent on the temperature or resistance value being measured For resistances above the R value resistance at 0 C typically 100Q of the RTD the following equation is used R R 1 Below an additional term is added to the equation R R 1 AT BT C T 100 77 In both of these equations R is the resistance of the RTD at 0 C and A B and C are the coefficients as defined by IEC751 through regression analysis or by using the Callendar van Dusen method By default the TECSource uses the Laboratory standard coefficients which are for a 0 0039260 Q C curve A 3 9848
32. n mV 0 1 Accuracy reading mV 0 3 1 1 Software limits Actual range dependent on sensor type and system dynamics Accuracy figures are the additional error the 5300 adds to the measurement and does not include the sensor uncertainties 3 25 C 100uA thermistor Stability measurements done at 25 C using 10 thermistor on the 100QuA setting The number is the peak to peak deviation from the average over the measurement period 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Page 37 Description 5305 5310 5300 08 24 AD590 Bias V 4 5 Range uA 173 473 Resolution uA 0 01 Accuracy 96 reading 0 03 0 1 RTD Range Q 20 192 Resolution Q 0 01 Accuracy 96 reading O 0 03 0 1 Current Limit Resolution mA 10 Accuracy mA 50 Other Fan Supply 4 12V 350mA max TEC Connector Female DB 15 Display Type 2x20 VFD Computer Interface USB 2 0 Full Speed and RS 232 DB 9 male Power 100V 120V or 230V tumbler select 50 60Hz 100W 190W 280W Size H x W x D inches mm 3 5 90 x 8 5 215 x 12 305 Weight Ibs kg 6 2 2 8 7 4 3 4 7 4 3 4 Operating Temperature 10 C to 40 C Storage Temperature 20 C to 60 C 2170 0 Instruments Page 38 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Error 100 102 104 123 124 126 127 201 202 204 402 403 404 405 406 407 409 410 Erro
33. n is set to Custom this sets the 12 0 specific fan voltage from 4 0 to 12 0 volts See the External Fan Control section below for more information Ext Fan Controls when the fan operates See the Auto Mode External Fan Control section below for more information Ext Fan Off When Ext Fan Mode is set to Delay this setting 5 minutes defines the number of minutes to delay turning off the fan after the TEC output has been turned off See the External Fan Control section below for more information Cable R The resistance of the cable and connectors in 0 00800 ohms This setting allows for accurate voltage measurement at the TEC by removing the voltage loss of the cable T Rate Selects a desired temperature ramp rate in 0 0 C min degrees Celsius per minute Set to 0 0 C min to disable rate limiting Tset Step Adjusts the increment of the temperature set 0 01 C point from 0 01 C to as much as 10 C per knob tick 2170 0 Instruments Page 16 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Menu AutoTune PID Sensor Coeffs ThermA ThermB ThermC RTDA RTD RTD AD590 M AD590 B LM335 M LM335 B Sens Cal M Sens Cal B Comm Menu Baud Err While Rmt Description AutoTune PID Function See using the AutoTune Function later in this manual for details on this item Sensor Coefficients Menu The A term in the Steinhart Hart equation The B term in the Steinhart Hart equation The C term in the St
34. ns In order to achieve the highest level of accuracy the TECSource should be powered on for at least one hour prior to taking measurements In addition ensure that the unit is not operating outside the ambient temperature range or humidity conditions 2170 0 Instruments Page 10 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Front Panel Operation Operation of the TECSource is very straightforward The sections below will help familiarize you with the front panel the display and the menu structure The front panel is designed for simplicity in operation There are three buttons on the front panel Output Menu and the adjustment knob The Output button is used to turn the output on and off Whenever the output is on the blue Output On LED will be lit The Menu button is used to enter the TECSource menu When in remote mode it acts as a Local button returning the instrument to local mode The large adjustment knob located on the right hand side of the unit is used to change the set point or parameters in the menu It also acts as a push button primarily as an enter button when making changes in the menu When in the main screen pressing the knob will change from Normal to Large display mode There are four LEDs a green power LED that is lit whenever the AC power is turned on the blue Output On LED that indicates the TECSource is actively controlling the temperature a red Error LED that indicates an error has occurred and a
35. ol loop For full access to the PID parameters change the Gain setting to P D and the individual P and D values will be available as settings in the menu The PID parameters function within a mathematical formula as described below PID Formula Output 1 amp dt D lt lt Where is the error in the system expressed as Target Actual The controller can calculate ideal PID values using the AutoTune function discussed in detail in the next section To manually adjust the PID start by changing the and D values to zero and adjust the P value so that it reaches the set point as quickly as possible without overshooting the set point an unacceptable amount Gradually increase the 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Page 31 value until the set point is achieved without oscillation In many systems the D term is not needed and may be left at zero For additional information on PID loop tuning consult online resources such as Wikipedia http en wikipedia org wiki PID controller or search for terms such as Ziegler Nichols method or PID Loop Using the AutoTune Function The TECSource is capable of automatically determining PID parameters for most applications Using a form of the Ziegler Nichols method the TECSource will step through a process to determine the thermal response of the mount which can then be used in a mathematical model to calculate the PID parameters The PID parameters gener
36. performing and the word AutoTune will flash on the display Pr 2170 0 Instruments Page 32 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Once the AutoTune process is complete the output will remain on and the display will show AutoTune Successful The three PID parameters will also be displayed Due to display limitations only the first 2 places of resolution is displayed but additional resolution is available by viewing the PID parameters in the menu The Gain setting will be changed to PID If the AutoTune process fails the instrument will display an E 436 AutoTune Failed error message and turn the output off Any of the following can cause the AutoTune to fail e Noisy temperature measurements which make it difficult to accurately measure oscillations e condition that causes the output to turn off temperature limits sensor limits etc e Systems with very low P or terms In the Auto Tune fails due to thermal system limitations you will need to manually modify the PID parameters as described in the section above or select factory gain setting You can turn the output off at any time to cancel the AutoTune process and the PID parameters will remain unchanged an E 436 will also be displayed Using the AutoTune Function Remotely The AutoTune function can be done remotely and works essentially the same as local operation The TEC AUTOTUNE command starts the process and requires one parameter which is the AutoT
37. periment with several gain settings to find the ideal value and for even finer control you can set the Gain to PID and directly set the PID control values It s that simple For more detailed operating and installation instructions read on Installation Installation of the TECSource is very straightforward as the quick start section above illustrated This section will provide additional details and considerations for installing your TECSource After unpacking the unit make sure all packing materials have been removed and nothing obscures the ventilation ports on the back and bottom of the unit Changing the Voltage Selection Before powering on the unit ensure that the voltage selection on the IPC is set correctly Improper voltage selection can easily damage the unit Changing the voltage selection requires that you remove the voltage selection module from the IPC Remove the power cord from the unit Using a small flat blade screwdriver insert the tip of the screwdriver into the two small openings above and below the voltage indication to release the voltage selection module from the IPC as shown in the picture below 2170 0 Instruments Page 8 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Input Power Connector IPC Once the module has been removed remove the small white voltage selection tumbler from the module and then re insert so that the desired voltage is shown Re insert the module into the IPC Do not e
38. put Power Connector IPC on the back of the unit is set to the correct voltage This is critical as incorrect voltages can damage the unit The TECSource is typically shipped in the 120V configuration from the factory but may be set to your local voltage Make no assumptions and change the voltage as needed For more information refer to the IPC section below Once the voltage selection has been completed plug the AC cord into the unit and into the wall outlet Turn on the power switch located on the IPC and the unit will power up displaying the model information and firmware version number Press the MENU button to enter the menu and using the knob turn to the right until the Lim setting is displayed Press the knob to edit the setting and adjust the limit as appropriate to your Peltier Press the knob again to save the value Make the same adjustments to the high and low temperature limits T High Lim and T Low Lim as appropriate for your application The unit comes pre programmed for the BetaTHERM 10K3A1 thermistor If the TECSource is being connected to a LaserMount no changes need to be made as this is the thermistor used in the mount However if you are using manufacturer s thermistor or a different BetaTHERM thermistor you will need to verify the Steinhart Hart coefficients are set correctly Navigate to the Sensor Coeffs sub menu pressing the knob to enter the sub menu Adjust the constants to reflect the values for your t
39. r Messages Description General Error Message too long Type not allowed Path not found Data mismatch Too few or too many elements Change not allowed Data out of range Invalid data type Suffix not valid Sensor open output turned off Module open output turned off I limit output turned off V limit output turned off Thermistor resistance limit output turned off Temperature limit output turned off Sensor changed output turned off Temperature was out of tolerance output turned off Cause The error code is non specific and is generally used when no other error code is suitable The message is too long to process USB Serial only The RADix type was invalid The message used an invalid path command USB Serial only The message contained data that did not match the expected format USB Serial only The command requires more or less than the number of parameters actually supplied An attempt was made to change a parameter that cannot be changed or is currently read only The message attempted to set a value that was outside the allowable range USB Serial only When trying to parse the message the data was in an invalid format USB Serial only An invalid number base suffix radix was encountered when parsing a number USB Serial only A sensor open circuit was detected and the output was turned off A Peltier module open circuit was detected and the output was turned off
40. rce Arroyo Instruments carries two cable assemblies specifically designed for connecting the TECSource to temperature controlled fixtures or devices The 1260B is a two meter cable capable of up to 5A of TEC current designed for use with Arroyo Instruments mounts and has DB 15 connectors on both ends one male and one female In includes wiring for the fan interface as well The 1262B is identical to the 1260B cable but can support up to 10A of TEC current and should be used whenever operation above 5A is required The 1262B also provides wiring for RTD remote sense connections which are absent from the 1260B cable For custom applications a two meter cable with a male DB 15 on one end and bare leads on the other is available The 5A cable is p n 1261B while the 10A cable is 1263B Pr 2170 0 Instruments Page 20 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Connections to the TECSource and the fixture must be secure Tighten any screws on the DB 15 connectors and make sure all connections are in good condition See the manual for your fixture for additional safety and operational information Selecting the Fixture The TECSource has integrated support for many of the mounts offered by Arroyo Instruments such as the 204 TEC Butterfly LaserMount To simplify operation when using these mounts you can change the Mount setting in the menu to the mount type you are using By selecting a mount the current limit temperature limits
41. re 30 controller A higher gain value will cause the controller to respond more quickly to the difference between the set point and the actual temperature while a lower value will cause it to respond more slowly Select PID for direct access to the PID parameters Read more on setting gain below PID P The proportional term of the PID loop Will only 1 be available if Gain is set to PID 2170 0 Instruments Page 14 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Menu PID PID D Sensor T Low Lim T High Lim R Low Lim R High Lim Tol Time Description Factory Default The integral term of the PID loop Will only be 0 01 available if Gain is set to P D The derivative term of the PID loop Will only be 0 available if Gain is set to PID Sets the temperature measurement sensor Therm 100uA Can be Therm 100uA Therm 10uA Therm LM335 AD590 RTD or RTD 4 wire T Low Lim is the lower temperature limit If 99 C operating in T Mode and the actual temperature drops below this value the output will be turned off Temperature limits not monitored in R Mode or Ite Mode Limit monitoring can also be disabled in software see TEC ENAB OUTOFF command T High Lim is the upper temperature limit If 125 C operating in T Mode and the actual temperature rises above this value the output will be turned off Temperature limits not monitored in R Mode or Ite Mode Limit monitoring can also be disabled in softwar
42. s in device temperature Using the T Rate setting in the menu it is possible to control the temperature ramp rate of the controller limiting the rate of change to specific degrees Celsius per minute Because the temperature rate function relies on the instrument tracking a gradually changing set point a proper gain setting or PID values are important to achieve a smooth and continuous temperature transition To disable the temperature rate function simply set T Rate to 0 0 C min 2170 0 Instruments Page 28 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Changing the Set Point Step Size In many applications user will manually adjust the instrument between a few set points such as thermal testing in a production environment In these applications the high resolution of the temperature set point can actually be a hindrance as precisely adjusting between 25 00 C and 50 00 C for example will entail over and under shoots as the operator changes from one set point to the other Using the Tset Step setting in the menu you can select a step size of 0 01 0 05 0 1 0 5 1 5 or 10 C In the above application a step size of 5 C would allow for rapid and easy adjustment between the two temperatures Note that the step will adjust based on the current set point so for example if the set point was 25 31 C and the step size was 5 C the instrument would adjust to 30 31 C 35 31 C etc you may want to adjust the set point to a goo
43. une temperature test point The command will immediately put the instrument into AutoTune mode and the display will indicate progress in the same way as local operation The TEC AUTOTUNE query can be used to monitor the process of AutoTune A response of 1 indicates AutoTune is in progress Once complete the instrument will respond with a 2 if AutoTune failed or a 3 if AutoTune succeeded A response of 0 is returned if the instrument has never started an AutoTune process Turning the output off remotely will cancel the AutoTune process and generate an E 436 error More details on the use of the command can be found in the Computer Interfacing Manual 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Page 33 Compensating for Cable Resistance Because the high currents the TECSource can drive through the Peltier the voltage loss through the cable and connectors of the system can significantly affect the TEC voltage measurement In most cases accurate voltage measurements are not needed and the default compensation of the instrument is sufficient To improve the compensation the Cable R setting in the menu allows you to specify the cable resistance which is then used to dynamically subtract the voltage drop by simply using the formula V IR to calculate the voltage loss where is the TEC ITE current and R is the Cable R setting This value is then removed from the voltage measurement to display an accurate TEC voltage measurement The safest
44. xceed 250VAC on the line input It is critical to select the proper voltage selection prior to applying power to the unit If the actual voltage exceeds the voltage selection by 10 damage to the unit may occur Powering Up the Unit Once the correct voltage selection has been made connect the AC power cord to the unit Turn the power switch located on the front of the unit into the on position The unit will display the current firmware revision go through a quick power up self test and return to the last known operating state 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Page 9 Ventilation The TECSource has vent holes on the rear and left side of the unit You must not block these vent holes or overheating may occur causing damage to the unit Do not operate the unit above 40 C ambient and ensure the instrument is properly ventilated or the unit may overheat and possible damage to the instrument may occur Rack Mounting Rack mounting kits p n 1401 RM 1 or p n 1401 RM 2 for standard 19 racks are available for the TECSource and supports the rack mount of one 1401 RM 1 or two 1401 RM 2 units in a 2U 3 5 high opening Because the unit draws air from the side and therefore inside the rack housing be sure that the internal rack ambient temperature which will typically be several degrees higher than room ambient does not exceed the unit s operating temperature Warm up and Environmental Consideratio
45. yellow Remote LED that indicates the unit is being controlled via a computer Whenever an error is generated the red Error LED will light and the error will be displayed on the VFD display There may be one or more errors but only the first error will be displayed To display the next error press Menu button To clear all errors press the knob A list of error codes can be found in the Error Messages section below 5300 Series TECSource User s Manual Page 11 When the unit is in remote mode the yellow Remote LED will be lit More information about how the instrument behaves in remote mode can be found in the Remote Mode Operation section below Control Modes The TECSource offers three control modes constant temperature mode T Mode and constant resistance mode R Mode and constant current mode Ite Mode Changing the control mode is done through the menu by changing the Mode parameter to T Mode R Mode or Ite Mode Constant temperature mode uses the sensor constants to calculate the resistance of the thermistor at the desired or actual temperature While most users will only need the temperature control mode the constant resistance mode allows you to bypass the sensor equation and directly select the sensor set point This can be useful when only the desired sensor value is known or when the sensor to temperature conversion values are not available for your sensor Main Display Screen On the main display you will fin
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