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IEEE Computer Society Style Guide

1. Don t change the title but the report talks about building a teraflops not teraflop computer flowchart flow control n flow control adj the sequence of operations performed in the execution of an algorithm flowgraph flowtime FOAF Friend of a Friend Protocol focused focusing follow up n adj follow up v footprint loosely defined as the amount of space a machine takes on a surface usually a floor or desktop or as the system resources an application uses in a computer foreign Because the IEEE is an international society foreign is not truly applicable in our publications when referring to nationalities use non US or international instead Italicize terms that are not commonly accepted in English but use such terms only when there is no suitable English equivalent See the Non English Words and Phrases section and CMS 7 49 7 53 formulas not formulae Forth a programming language Fortran for formula translator a programming language dialects include Fortran 77 FOTS fiber optics transmission system FPGA field programmable gate array Don t spell this out in Pervasive Computing fps frames per second Don t spell this out in Computer Graphics and Applications when the context is obvious fractions Use slash notation 1 1000 for a general rounded off measurement use decimals 0 001 for a specific precise measurement See the Numbers and Symbols Style Guide version Octob
2. Here are the guidelines for naming electronic folders with examples e First theme al Harel e Second theme a2 Jones e Third theme a3 Smith e Nontheme b Harris e Column c Opinions e Department d Projects e Track t Virtualization The electronic folder should contain the current version of the article figures and author photos when necessary and a Versions folder that holds all the other files When the layout is ready move the most recent MS Word file to the Versions folder You don t need to clean out the folders before they re archived For the hard copy folders you don t need to keep the materials in any specific order although some kind of order would be nice and you don t need to remove anything before the folders are archived Software uses Focus to indicate theme articles and Feature to indicate nontheme articles Main text Introductions should be three paragraphs although a little longer is okay if necessary In the optional magazines use title caps on first and second level headings In Computer first level headings use all caps and second level headings use just an initial cap On multiline headings try to make the lower lines the longer ones Don t indent the paragraph immediately following a first or second level heading When first referring to a group of more than two authors use this style Jane Doe and her colleagues For two authors give their first and la
3. A compound adjective consisting of a number and an abbreviation is hyphenated For example 24 Kbyte memory Numbers with four digits or more have commas 1 000 10 000 Exceptions include page numbers and dates CMS 9 55 Precede decimal fractions with values of less than one with a zero to prevent the reader from overlooking the period 0 1 however observe the exceptions listed in CMS 3 70 and 9 19 And remember they re singular 0 1 inch not 0 1 inches Use an s to create plurals of numerals e the early 1920s e intwos threes and zeros e he had a collection of 386s and 486s Style Guide version October 2014 25 Fonts and computers are inconsistent in the treatment and availability of fraction symbols For in text fractions therefore full size numerals with a slash are usually preferred 1 2 not 1 2 In more complicated mathematical expressions set in MathType built up fractions are generally used numerator over denominator separated by a horizontal line In mixed numerals put a hyphen between the integer and the fraction e 8 1 2 inches wide e 24 5 8 mile track For further reference see CMS Chapter 9 especially the parts on scientific and technical usage Symbols and signs Use symbols in text only when you are certain that readers are familiar with them 6699 Multiplication symbol Use the multiplication sign x instead of by when numerals refer to dimensions 3 x 5 cm box 3 in x 5 ft boar
4. keyboard keyframe keyshare keystream keyword Kflops thousand floating point operations per second spell out or convert to Mflops notation Khornerstone benchmark kHz kilohertz 50 kHz kiloWhetstone measure of floating point capacity see benchmarks KIPS thousand instructions per second spell out or convert to MIPS notation i KLOC thousands of lines of code kludge n kludgy adj a quick fix on a computer or in code Kluwer Academic Publishers KM knowledge management km okay to use instead of square kilometers k means a type of algorithm knowledge base KSRI1 no internal hyphen a parallel supercomputer from Kendal Square Research kVA kilovoltampere kW kilowatt Style Guide version October 2014 68 LALR 1 left to right scan with one look ahead token compare to LL 1 5 LAMP an open source Web server software bundle LAN local area network Lapack a benchmark see also ScaLapack large scale integration see LSI laser disk preferred spelling over laser disc unless the word appears as a trademark LASSO least absolute shrinkage and selection operator LaTeX TeX PCTeX PCLaTeX formatting language for typesetting math heavy articles pronounced la tech do not set in small caps or shift any characters above or below the baseline LaTeX is a superset of TeX the original format devised by Donald Knuth LCD liquid crystal display LCCC leadless ceramic chip carriers chip packa
5. other protocols are also legitimate for example ftp and some addresses don t need or even won t work with www Omit the http if the URL starts with www Be sure to include all punctuation exactly as supplied hyphens and tildes in particular are very common in Web addresses If a URL must run across more than one line follow these guidelines e Break after a colon or double slash Do not split the double slash e Break before a slash a tilde a period a comma a hyphen an underline a question mark a number sign or a percent symbol e Break before or after an equals sign or an ampersand e Do not introduce hyphens to break words be very careful about this as Word might try to hyphenate automatically e Separating the extension for example the html at the end is discouraged Style Guide version October 2014 32 Some URL examples using www web pac com mall pacific start html Acceptable www web pac com mall pacific start html www web pac com mall pacific start html www web pac com mall pacific start html www web pac com mall pacific start html www web pac com mall pacific start html Not acceptable www web pac com mall pacific start html www web pac com mall paci fic start html www web pac com mall pacific start html Legal citations Note In text italicize the names of court cases US Supreme Court decisions e Olmstead v United States US Reports vol 277 1928 p
6. AMS American Mathematical Society AMU Association of Minicomputer Users analog not analogue and or avoid this construction ANOVA analysis of variance a statistical test ANSI American National Standards Institute Ansys finite element analysis software by Swanson Analysis Systems anti not hyphenated as a compound modifier unless root word is a proper noun or begins with i for example antialiasing anti intellectual apa all points addressable APDA Apple Programmers and Developers Association API application programming interface APL A Programming Language Style Guide version October 2014 42 appendices not appendixes Apple He IIgs Macintosh IIc Iex IIfx and so on apps acceptable abbreviated term for applications Arcnet Attached Resource Computer Network developed by Datapoint Corp ARO after receipt of order Army Research Office preceded by US if spelled out ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency a part of the US Defense Department DARPA is the preferred usage Arpanet the oldest of the networks on the Internet initial capital only artificial intelligence AI is acceptable on first reference if the context makes it clear The term loosely includes expert systems knowledge bases natural language interfaces pattern recognition voice image and signal and neural networks ASC American Society for Cybernetics ASCI Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative is ASCII American St
7. Snobol and SQL Case sensitive ABC C C Eiffel Interlisp Loops including the Common Loops and Concurrent Loops dialects Modula 2 Prolog and Smalltalk Most case sensitive languages are object oriented although some are not ABC for example is not object oriented Some newer dialects of these languages may not be case sensitive check with the author Style Guide version October 2014 28 Punctuation In general punctuation is such a complex topic that referring to the appropriate sections in CMS is the preferred option However here we present some specific guidelines Colons When a colon introduces text within a sentence the following word starts with a lowercase letter Otherwise the following word has an initial cap Ellipses Because the correct use of an ellipsis is sometimes mysterious the following guidelines are provided e For omissions within a sentence when using Word insert a space the ellipsis symbol Insert Symbol Symbol and a space e For omissions between sentences use closing punctuation before an ellipsis if the preceding sentence is grammatically complete If the preceding sentence is not grammatically complete do not use closing punctuation Place a space directly before and after the ellipsis For more complete information about using an ellipsis see CMS 13 48 13 56 Em dashes In Internet Computing place a space before and after an em dash owing to font issues En dashe
8. Whether you spell out the term or use abbreviations be consistent 8 ft x 5 ft or eight feet by five feet See the Numbers and Symbols section DIMM dual inline memory module DIP dual in line package also MiniDIP with no hyphen disk preferred as in floppy disk however disc is the standard in optics farming and medical applications display list adj Disspla initial cap only product of Computer Associates Int distributed computing system A system in which storage and processing facilities are dispersed and loosely coupled by transmission media also a system in which many processors perform a computation in parallel DIVE Distributed Interactive Virtual Environment DLL dynamic linked library Style Guide version October 2014 53 DMA direct memory access j DNS Domain Name System doctorate preferred over doctor s degree DoD Use Department of Defense on first reference consider using Defense Department instead add US if context isn t clear DoD Std Department of Defense standard not the same as Mil Std DoE Use Department of Energy on first reference consider using Energy Department instead add US if context isn t clear DOF degrees of freedom DOI digital object identifier DoJ Use Department of Justice on first reference consider using Justice Department instead add US if context isn t clear DOM document object model K DOS disk operating system DoS see denial of service
9. endpoint 7 use in a geometric context and when referring to networks otherwise use two words end point Style Guide version October 2014 55 Style Guide version October 2014 end user n end user adj the ultimate user or customer Use just user unless distinguishing different types of users such as testing user support user Consider substituting customer ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer an early generation computer EPFL Ecole polytechnique f d rale de Lausanne Eprom erasable programmable read only memory EPS encapsulated PostScript ERP enterprise resource planning Esprit European Strategic Programme for Research and Development retain the spelling of Programme et al et alia use for more than three authors in a bibliography including a period after al okay to substitute and colleagues or and coauthors in text etc et cetera substitute and so forth or and so on Ethernet LAN technology also Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet EU European Union formerly the European Community euclidean lowercase in most uses except when referring to the Euclidean algorithm Euler pronounced oiler takes an as its article adjective describing a mathematical concept Euler Poincar formula a graphics algorithm euro European monetary unit EuroASIC European Conference on Application Specific Integrated Circuits EuroDAC European Design Automation Conference European Federation
10. in brackets Zur experimentalen Aesthetic Toward an Experimental Aesthetic For a complete treatment of titles see CMS 8 154 8 195 Style Guide version October 2014 38 Abbreviations in references Use the following abbreviations in the titles of periodicals and when naming publishing institutions Am American Ann Annual Assoc Association Bull Bulletin Comm Communications of Conf Conference on CS Computer Society Dept Department of ed edition editor Eng Engineering Fed Federal Govt Government Inst Institute Intl International J Journal of Lab s Laboratory Laboratories Math Mathematics Mathematical Nat l National no Number Org Organization Proc Proceedings of Q Quarterly Rev Review Soc Society Symp Symposium of or on Trans Transactions on Univ University vol Volume Use Comm for Communications when the term refers to the type of periodical and is part of U the periodical s name not when it refers to the topic of communications se Eng for Engineering in the titles of periodicals and conference proceedings and in the names of professional organizations not in article or book titles Drop the on from Workshop on constructions When abbreviating institution names drop of except in University of constructions for example Inst Systems Research Univ of Wisconsin Style Guide version Oc
11. single instruction multiple data the simplest form of parallel architecture pronounced sim dee and takes a as its article Spell out on first use if necessary for contextual clarity Use hyphens when written out and used as a modifier adjective SIMM single in line memory module Simox separation by implanted oxygen single sign on single stuck at fault model see stuck at SIP Session Initiation Protocol SITA Soci t Internationale de T l communications A ronautiques Style Guide version October 2014 87 sizeable Webster s also uses sizable SkinnyDIP trademark name for thin packaged DIP chips D P stands for dual in line package Slim Software Life Cycle Management a project estimation system developed by Lawrence Putnam SLOC source lines of code Don t spell this out in Software SLP Service Location Protocol small scale adj smart card n smart home n smart home adj smartphone n SMD surface mount device SME Society of Manufacturing Engineers and small and medium enterprise SMEs small and medium enterprises SMIL Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language use a before acronym pronounced smile S MIME secure MIME SMS short message service SMT surface mount technology SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SNAP scalable networks and platforms phrase coined by Gordon Bell and Jim Gray at University of California Berkeley SNMP Simple Network Management Protoc
12. 1596 1992 Scalable Coherent Interface SCI IEEE 1992 IETF working draft L Martini et al Transport of Layer 2 Frames over MPLS IETF Internet draft work in progress Feb 2001 Note Per IETF guidelines references to working drafts should not include URLs because they expire after six months use work in progress instead Industry specification C Evans et al Web Services Reliability WS Reliability v 1 0 joint specification by Fujitsu NEC Oracle Sonic Software and Sun Microsystems Jan 2003 www developers sun com sw platform technologies ws reliability html MPEG specification MPEG 21 Overview ISO MPEG N5231 MPEG Requirements Group Oct 2002 RFC C Perkins and E Guttman DHCP Options for Service Location Protocol IETF RFC 2610 June 1999 www rfc editor org rfc rfc2610 txt W3C note D Box et al Simple Object Access Protocol SOAP 1 1 World Wide Web Consortium W3C note May 2000 www w3 org TR SOAP W3C recommendation N Mitra SOAP v 1 2 Part 0 Primer World Wide Web Consortium W3C recommendation June 2003 www w3 org TR soap12 part0 Supplemental material K Xu et al Spherical Piecewise Constant Basis Functions for All Frequency Precomputed Radiance Transfer JEEE Trans Visualization and Computer Graphics vol 14 no 2 2008 pp 454 467 supplemental material http csdl computer org comp trans tg 2008 02 ttg2008020454s avi Style Guide version Octobe
13. 438 e Olmstead v United States US Reports vol 277 1928 p 478 Justice Brandeis dissenting Lower court decisions e US v Councilman Federal Supplement 2nd Series vol 245 2003 p 321 US District Court for the District of Mass e US v Councilman Federal Reporter 3rd Series vol 373 2004 p 204 US Court of Appeals for the First Circuit US laws e US Code Title 18 section 3123 a 1 2 2000 and 2002 Supplement e Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Public Law No 107 56 section 209 US Statutes at Large vol 115 2001 p 285 Style Guide version October 2014 33 e Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 Public Law No 90 351 sections 801 804 US Statutes at Large vol 82 pp 211 223 codified as amended in US Code Title 18 sections 2510 2522 2000 and 2002 Supplement Newsletter J Butler CASE Outlook System Development Newsletter Applied Computer Research Phoenix Ariz Nov 1987 p 3 Non English source Including original title A N Zhirabok and A E Shumskii Electronnoe Modelirovanie Electronic Modeling Energoatomizdat Leningrad 1984 in Russian Original title unprintable T Nakayama et al NEC Corporation Develops 32 Bit RISC Microprocessor Nikkei Electronics vol 6 no 12 1995 pp 111 121 in Japanese Patent With information about patentee M Hoff S Mazor and F Fa
14. G Lewis et al Dates Include just the year of publication for books For periodicals normally include the volume number issue number and year However for popular periodicals include the month and year If a periodical appears more frequently than monthly include the date with the month 5 Mar 2000 If a periodical appears quarterly use the season or issue number depending on the periodical s usage For periodicals that appear irregularly do not use the month vol 16 no 5 1997 Spell out May June and July abbreviate the other months Jan Feb Mar Apr Aug Sept Oct Nov and Dec Use a slash for bimonthly issues Aug Sept 2000 and an en dash for a quarterly July Sept 2000 Capitalize the names of seasons Winter Spring Summer and Fall Electronic references References to electronic repositories are acceptable in IEEE Computer Society publications but they are not the references of choice for formal archival use If possible replace such references with references to printed material However when this is not possible cite the electronic address along with as much additional information as possible If the address itself becomes invalid in the future the other information might help researchers find the same document elsewhere on the Internet At the very least a reference to an electronic source must include the Internet URL When citing an electronic reference simply to give the reader a place to
15. I think e My wardrobe is distinctive e I can decide what to wear depending on my mood e I need some new clothes My wardrobe has many distinct characteristics e Unusual Most people would not be comfortable making the same choices e Versatile I can dress comfortably for a business meeting or casual Friday e Color coordinated I can mix and match garments to achieve a new look The following are examples of formatting alternatives for more complicated lists The major architectural components include e a thin client terminal hosting a Web browser the client terminals periodically send location updates to the network e an application server that delivers Web content prioritized according to user preferences the application server formats the generated information content and adapts it for display on the client terminal and e a context and profile manager CPM that tracks the user s dynamic context the CPM also queries Web services and filters Web content data according to user profile context The architecture has three major components e A thin client terminal hosts a Web browser The client terminals periodically send location updates to the network e An application server delivers Web content prioritized according to user preferences The application server formats the generated information content and adapts it for display on the client terminal e A context and profile manager CPM tracks the user s dynamic c
16. IEEE Standard 855 1990 mother one of several family words used to describe relationships among nodes in databases preferred usage is gender neutral parent however do not change without checking with author motherboard a circuit board into which various processor boards are plugged Motorola do not follow with Inc as there is confusion in the company about whether Inc or Corp is appropriate even though company stationery uses Inc Use the MC Style Guide version October 2014 73 prefix when referring to the specific microprocessor from Motorola for example MC68030 Use M68000 when referring to the family of devices that share the M68000 architecture Moving Picture Experts Group MPEG family of standards for coding audio visual information x MP3 MP4 audio file formats MPEG 1 MPEG 2 MPEG 3 MPEG 4 MPI message passing interface MPU microprocessing unit MPW an Apple development environment for the Mac MRI magnetic resonance imaging ms millisecond MS DOS Microsoft s version of DOS see also DOS MSI medium scale integration MSPS million searches per second MTBF mean time between failures MTTR mean time to repair mean time to restore MTU maximum transmission unit mu 1 Greek letter used as a symbol for micron multi prefix Do not hyphenate when used to form a compound except with double i combinations multimeter multi integral Multibus Mul
17. Research Center Hampton Va Lewis Research Center Cleveland Ohio Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville Ala NASA Massively Parallel Processor NAT network address translator NBS National Bureau of Standards an agency of the US Commerce Dept obsolete now known as NIST NC numerical control NCCCD National Center for Computer Crime Data NCGA National Computer Graphics Association n channel n channel device insulated gate field effect transistor where source and drain are regions of n type conductivity NCSA National Center for Supercomputing Applications nCube in preference to nCUBE or nCUBE NCP Network Control Protocol Net short name for the Internet NET Style Guide version October 2014 75 NetBIOS a product that provides basic I O services for a network do not use as a synonym for network BIOS or LAN BIOS which are generic terms for a BIOS designed for a local area network Netherlands use the netlist n adj a list of the pin connections pin network that appear on a printed circuit board newsfeed Newton Raphson a well known algorithm for solving equations NFS Network File System from Sun Microsystems application SunSoft NGSCB Microsoft s next generation secure computing base NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology formerly NBS nm nanometer NMOS n channel metal oxide semiconductor no abbreviation for number nos plural NOAA National O
18. Standard abbreviation Alta B C Man N B N L N W T N S Ont P E I Que Sask Yukon Postal abbreviation AB BC MB NB NL NT NS NU ON PE QC SK YT Note Quebec used to be abbreviated P Q for Province du Qu bec but this is now obsolete Francophones in Qu bec often use the postal abbreviation Qc Postal code placement Canada s postal code system is similar to the US ZIP code system Postal codes are placed after the province code The six character codes are broken into two groups of three characters separated by a space The format is letter number letter space number letter number for example Kingston ON K1A 0S2 United Kingdom UK postal codes are placed after the country England Scotland Northern Ireland and Wales and are separated by a space Add the nation UK after the postal code The six character codes are usually broken into two groups of three characters separated by a space The usual format is letter letter number space number letter letter for example Stirling Scotland FK9 4LA UK However some cities use variations on this format Europe Postal codes are placed before the city name D 4054 Nettetal Germany The number of digits varies among countries The European postal union includes country prefixes with the postal codes These prefixes which are separated from the postal code by a hyphen include B Belgium I Italy CH Switzerland N Norway D Germany
19. for example A If the vectors are simply mathematical and do not represent physical quantities and direction that is they do not need to be clearly differentiated from scalars boldfacing is less important and you can use lightface italic type if the author has styled them that way If the author consistently uses another scheme consider going along with it Style Guide version October 2014 19 Equation formatting guidelines Display equations can be broken down a number of ways to fit within a column First note that each line of an equation must be aligned to either a relation symbol or a binary operator in the first line of the equation if one exists These symbols work in a hierarchy Relation symbols are aligned with other relation symbols binary operators are aligned with other binary operators and binary operators are indented from relation symbols For example x I s w gt s x y log z N 0 h P w z p w pz Md l p w v p v z 2 og s x y p w z 5 s x y log 0 N 0 q x y log 4 s r s dr s 9 7 9 s ar s Ze Pirar If there is only one relation symbol or binary operator in an equation break the equation after the relation symbol or binary operator and indent the second line slightly dA dt ae o Mantle B A aT ss A K A B p T A P T 0 A If there is room align the equation like this a lt Mna d z 2 x
20. go for more information instead of including it in a formal reference list noting it within parentheses in the running text is acceptable Because such references break the flow of the text use them sparingly and do not set them off in italic boldface or typewriter font If an article includes many electronic references consider placing them in a sidebar or a broken out list When referring to various portions of a WWW page in text use an initial cap for the designated item Do not set it off with quotes parentheses or italics Thus a sample reference could be The proper way to search the page is to click on the Go button or The text can be found in the Publications section of the company s Web site When referring to hypertext links found on a Web page the highlighted underlined words put the entire text of the link in quotes For example Click on the go here link to reach the table When referring to URLs in a string of text don t apply extra formatting Style Guide version October 2014 37 Publications Italicize names of books including collections magazines journals newsletters technical reports white papers and manuals Use quotation marks to enclose names of articles papers theses dissertations technical notes and technical memos When listing conference abbreviations in a reference use the conference abbreviation and the last two digits of the year AAAI 07 After the name of a book thesis
21. not good practice and suggest an alternative An editor s decisions should not be or appear to be arbitrary Explaining that the Style Guide Committee has given considerable thought to CS policies and has established guidelines intended to enhance the authority effectiveness and prestige of CS publications is usually the best way to enlist an author s cooperation in the search for a solution Unresolved disputes between an equally adamant author and editor should be referred to the department manager Acknowledgments The participation of the following IEEE Computer Society staff members in revising this manual is gratefully acknowledged Mark Gallaher Chris Nelson Lisa O Conner Dennis Taylor and Carrie Walsh Style Guide version October 2014 2 Abbreviations Styles differ on whether or not periods should be used with particular abbreviations The Society discourages the use of periods in certain abbreviations such as those for academic degrees names of countries and other abbreviations that are in all capitals When periods are removed from abbreviations the internal space should also be removed for example MIT PhD US The internal space is also removed from other abbreviations with internal periods as with author initials Note that if an abbreviation also spells a word removing the following period could cause confusion in some contexts for example in no Although many style manuals decry the use of abbrev
22. of words and acronyms This strict approach has not been sustainable in the real world We now permit one internal capital when it is the first letter of another word as in PostScript MacDraw or dBase Only a few exceptions exist for example NeXT and LaTeX If in doubt see the alphabetical section of this style guide Titles In the titles of articles books and so forth capitalize nouns pronouns adjectives verbs adverbs and first and last words Function words articles coordinate conjunctions and prepositions are not capitalized regardless of their length Better Health through Psychotherapy Keeping the Peace without Creating Conflict The exception is following a colon for example Along a Different Path A Case Study For hyphenated words in titles see CMS 8 159 In references use standard capitalization for titles but don t lowercase internal capitals or improper acronyms that appear as part of a product or system name even if it conflicts with the style guidelines Department names Names of departments divisions laboratories and so forth are capitalized when used as part of an organization s proper name the University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer Science the university s computer science department the IBM Almaden Research Center Hewlett Packard s advertising department Style Guide version October 2014 10 Copyrights The IEEE owns the copyright for material publishe
23. or 0 stuck at 1 fault stuck at 0 fault can also be abbreviated as SA and SAO stuck open fault n not synonymous with stuck at fault stylesheet n adj Style Guide version October 2014 89 Styrofoam use foam or plastic foam when referring to generic consumer or packaging products capitalize when used as a trademark subsystem 7 Sun OS Sun Microsystems version of the Unix operating system SunSoft division of Sun Microsystems that provides system software Sun workstation initial capital on Sun from Sun Microsystems Sunmos Sandia University of New Mexico operating system an OS for the Intel Paragon parallel supercomputer super no hyphen when used to form a compound word supercomputer supercomputer 7 no fixed processing speed definition changes with advances in technology supermini short for superminicomputer which is the preferred usage surface Do not use as a transitive verb in the sense of bringing to the top A whale surfaces but a speaker does not surface an idea If you must give buoyancy to ideas float them However surface can be used as a transitive verb in the sense of refining or smoothing a physical surface as in surfacing lumber surface mount device surface mount technology board manufacturing method in which chips are glued to boards SW southwest in addresses SWEBOK Guide Preferred abbreviated format to use when referring to the Guide to the Softwa
24. prefix not hyphenated when used to form a compound minicartridges MiniDIP trademark name for a dual in line package MINX Multimedia Information Network Exchange MIP mapping multiple texture mapping technique MIPS million instructions per second also MIPS Technologies Inc a subsidiary of SGI use full name when context requires it i MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology spell out on first use if context dictates MITI Japan s Ministry of International Trade and Industry MITRE preferred format for this company s name mL millilambert ml milliliter 5 ml strip 0 5 ml mm millimeter 35 mm film 0 5 mm MMOG massively multiplayer online game MMU memory management unit MobiCom For 1999 and before the conference acronym format is MobiCom 99 for 2000 and afterwards the format is MobiCom 2000 The full conference name is for example 6th Ann Int Conf Mobile Computing and Networking MobiCom 2000 2000 mobile phone not hyphenated even when it s an adjective mockup n adj MODFET modulation doped field effect transistor molecular dynamics hyphenated when it s an adjective Moore s law a theory predicting that the number of transistors on a chip doubles as technology advances MOPS million operations per second Morgan Kaufmann publisher MOS adj metal oxide semiconductor MOSFET metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor MOSI Microprocessor Operating Systems Interface
25. proceedings or other book like material list the publisher year of publication and inclusive page numbers if applicable Delete terms such as Co amp Co Ltd S A Publisher and Publishing Co retain Press Where the publisher is a university add its location if needed for clarity for example Miami Univ Ohio Do not include the editor s name for a conference proceedings unless it is an edited volume published as a book References for proceedings should tell where an interested reader can find the source not where the conference took place If a proceedings did not use a traditional publisher provide the sponsoring organization and its location Use an en dash to indicate multiple issue numbers for example vol 5 nos 1 4 If the name of a column is cited in the reference use initial caps without quotation marks for example Embedded Computing Titles Capitalize the first and last words and all nouns pronouns adjectives verbs adverbs and subordinating conjunctions Lowercase articles coordinating conjunctions and prepositions regardless of length Example Toward Better Real Time Programming through Dataflow To make a source easy for researchers to find use the title as it originally appears Do not add or remove hyphens change words to preferred spellings or lowercase internal capitals For foreign language references provide the original title first followed by its English translation if available
26. using standards such as RDF along with ontologies and other mechanisms to define meaning for abstract data to facilitate machine machine communication semi prefix do not hyphenate September 11 2001 9 11 Serial ATA Series 1000 but the 1000 series servocontroller servo by itself is not sufficient servomechanism an automatic feedback system that monitors an operation and makes necessary adjustments servo is not sufficient set top box an interactive television device that sits on top of the television setup n set up v SGI formerly Silicon Graphics Inc SGML Standard Generalized Markup Language SGMP Simple Gateway Monitoring Protocol shar shell archive a file combination protocol shrink wrapped SI acronym for the French version of International System of Units a scientific method of expressing the magnitude or quantity of seven specific natural phenomena SIA Semiconductor Industry Association SIAM Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics SID Society for Information Display SIG special interest group see ACM Siggraph Sigmod Sigma a project to develop a software development workstation environment staffed by a consortium of companies working under the direction of Japan s Ministry of International Trade and Industry MITT through the Information Processing Technology Agency IPA signs see the Numbers and Symbols section SITA Software Information Industry Assoc Sim benchmark SIMD
27. 2007 http googleblog blogspot com 2007 10 about google education summit html M Watson Using the PowerLoom Reasoning System with JRuby blog 2 Oct 2007 http markwatson com aiblog Reinforcement Learning Is Cool blog 24 Oct 2007 http smart machines blogspot com 2007 10 reinforcement learning is cool html no named author Book W M Newman and R F Sproull Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics McGraw Hill 1979 p 402 M A Arbib ed The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks MIT Press 1998 Book series Y Yao et al Web Intelligence WI Research Challenges and Trends in the New Information Age Web Intelligence Research and Development LNAI 2198 N Zhong et al eds Springer 2001 pp 1 17 R Focardi and R Gorrieri eds Foundations of Security Analysis and Design LNCS 2171 Springer 2001 Note According to CMS 14 128 if the book can be located without it the series title can be omitted to save space CD ROM Place the term CD ROM following the publication s title and preceding the publisher s name Note Some CD ROMs will have page numbers The format for a book that is available on CD ROM is W M Newman and R F Sproull Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics CD ROM McGraw Hill 1979 When a proceedings is published on CD ROM follow the accepted format for a proceedings but add CD ROM William Song A Semantic Approach to Interna
28. 3 Non English Words and Phrases The IEEE Computer Society is a worldwide organization but its publications are produced in the United States in English The way Society publications deal with non English terms and phrases depends on several factors namely the true foreignness of the expression many non English expressions have entered mainstream English the availability of appropriate accented fonts the staff s familiarity with languages other than English and the extent of the non English readership of the publication s and the degree to which the Society desires to appeal to that audience Here are some guidelines for using non English terms Use accents in anglicized foreign terms when they affect pronunciation or when they will prevent confusion between English words that are spelled the same Italicize terms not commonly accepted in English but generally use such terms in text only when there is no suitable English equivalent The way to determine whether a term is commonly accepted in English is to see whether it is in the main body of Webster s dictionary if it is don t italicize Transliterate non Roman languages into the Roman alphabet Use the transliterated phrase an English translation or both For non English institutional names use the original name for spellings using the Roman alphabet providing a translation if the reader might not understand This approach works well with organizations wh
29. Automation Society International OASIS Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards WWwW oaSiS open org Object Management Group OMG Object Modeling Technique OMT object orientation object oriented OO an approach to programming that stresses the creation of functions objects that are linked in various relationships usually in hierarchies to provide the desired functionality compare with traditional approaches such as imperative programming which stresses actions to be taken rather than relationships between objects Objective C a computer language Occam language used by Inmos for its transputer chip OCR optical character recognition the machine is an OCR scanner octree a tree structure that describes the division of a cubic region into smaller cubes OCX optical cross connect ODBC open database connectivity OEM original equipment manufacturer OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing off chip adj offline all uses as in the printer is offline offline equipment offload offscreen offsite The Ohio State University the Ohio State University in text ohm n a unit of electrical resistance OIL ontology inference layer see also DAML O L okay OLAP online analytical processing OLE object linking and embedding a Microsoft item OLED organic light emitting diode OLTP online transaction processing OMG Object Management Group Omnimax n adj a stereoscopic eggshell shaped
30. Codasyl Conference on Data Systems Languages an obsolete organization devoted to developing a universal data system language for business active from 1959 to about 1971 code base codesign hardware software codesign Codiac centralized operation deterministic interface access control colocate locate together as in putting two things close together to share common facilities COM Component Object Model compiler a program that translates code in a high level language into instructions a machine can execute complex instruction set computing also CISC compute resist the tendency to use as an adjective or adverb Use computationally intensive instead of compute intensive and computation server instead of compute server Computer magazine not IEEE Computer computer games Italicize the names of computer games but not the names of other types of games Computer Science Press an imprint of W H Freeman spell out the name to avoid confusion with CS Press Computer Society Use the IEEE Computer Society on first reference Computer Society without ZEEE is acceptable on second reference The executive staff often uses IEEE CS in its official communications Style Guide version October 2014 49 Computer Society publications use IEEE CS in references cooltown A ubiquitous computing initiative sponsored by Hewlett Packard Don t call it CoolTown copyleft a general method for making a software program free and requir
31. ECC error correcting code ECL emitter coupled logic E D enhancement depletion mode EDI electronic data interchange editor in chief n editor in chief adj Editor in Chief Bill Smith Bill Smith the magazine s editor in chief editor in chief position EDSAC Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator EDVAC Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer Eeprom electrically erasable programmable read only memory e g exempli gratia substitute such as or for example EGA extended graphics adapter or array an IBM color display standard allowing 16 colors EIA Electronic Industries Alliance EIAJ Electronic Industries Association of Japan eigen prefix meaning characteristic EISA extended international standard architecture Eispack benchmark EJB Enterprise JavaBeans E JFET n channel enhancement mode junction field effect transistor electron beam n electron beam adj ellipsis See the Punctuation section or CMS 13 48 13 56 email electronic mail use curly brackets to list multiple persons at the same email address for example jsmith pjones abrown computer org EMS Expanded Memory Specification a standard developed by Lotus Development Intel Microsoft and AST Research for configuring and addressing memory above the MS DOS direct address 640 Kbyte limit Also known as LIM EMS from the companies names AST became a development partner after the acronym was coined end fire coupling
32. Government Work Not Protected by US Copyright The CCC code must not appear with the above notice Other useful information can be found at the IEEE Intellectual Property Rights website www ieee org copyright Image Permissions If an image has been published elsewhere the author must obtain permission from the publisher or the creator of the image for the IEEE Computer Society to reproduce it in the publication s print and electronic versions Obtaining permission and paying any fees the publisher requires are the author s responsibility If permission isn t obtained the figure should not be used in the article Style Guide version October 2014 11 File Extensions and Their Meanings arj relatively uncommon archive file bak backup file bin binhex file Macintosh bmp bitmap file cca cc Mail archive file cdr Corel Draw data file cfg configuration file cnt MS Office file com command file cpl current privilege level file for WWW dat data file dbf database file dir directory dll dynamic link library Windows file system doc MS Word document dos DOS file dot MS Word template drv printer driver file eps encapsulated PostScript file exe executable file a program fon font file ftg MS Office file gid MS Access file gif graphics interchange format an art file QZ G zipped file Unix based compressed file hgx Harvard Graphics file hlp help file hqx BinHex compressed fil
33. IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY STYLE GUIDE IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY Table of Contents Introduction 1 e Mission statement e General information e Resolving differences with authors e Acknowledgments Abbreviations 3 Acronyms and Abbreviated Terms 4 Authors and Affiliations 5 Best Practices 6 Biographical Sketches 9 Capitalization 10 e Internal capitals e Titles e Department names Copyrights Trademarks US Government Work and Image Permissions 11 File Extensions and Their Meanings 12 Lists 13 Locations 15 e Standard and postal abbreviations US states and Canadian provinces e Postal code placement Mathematical Expressions 19 e Miscellaneous math style issues e Equation formatting guidelines e Math guidelines Non English Words and Phrases 24 Numbers and Symbols 25 Dates Numerals Symbols and signs Telephone and fax numbers Program Code 27 e Punctuation e Capitalization e Tokens in text Punctuation 29 References 30 e Sample formats e General style e Abbreviations in references Transactions Department References 40 Alphabetical Listing 41 Usages not identified or adequately defined in accepted external sources Introduction Mission statement The IEEE Computer Society Style Guide Committee s mission is to clarify the editorial styles and standards that the Society s publications use We maintain and periodically update a style guide to clarify those usages not adequately defined in accepted e
34. NL Netherlands DK Denmark S Sweden E Spain UK United Kingdom F France Style Guide version October 2014 17 Include the state for all US cities except the following Atlanta Baltimore Boston Chicago Dallas Denver Detroit Honolulu Indianapolis Los Angeles Miami Minneapolis New Orleans New York Philadelphia Phoenix Pittsburgh St Louis Salt Lake City San Diego San Francisco and Seattle Do not list state name or province for cities outside the US and Canada For most cities located outside the US list the nation after the city However do not include the nation for the following locations Amsterdam Athens Bangkok Barcelona Beijing Berlin Brussels Budapest Cairo Copenhagen Edinburgh Geneva Helsinki Hong Kong Istanbul Jerusalem Rome Kyoto Seoul London Shanghai Madrid Singapore Melbourne Stockholm Mexico City Sydney Montreal Taipei Moscow Taiwan Munich Tokyo Oslo Toronto Ottawa Vienna Paris Warsaw Prague Zurich Reykjavik Rio de Janeiro Style Guide version October 2014 18 Mathematical Expressions Most style manuals do not cover mathematical style well CMS has some good suggestions in Chapter 12 but is insufficient Another reference source is N J Higham The Handbook of Writing for the Mathematical Sciences Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 1998 Although this book is largely about how to write mathematics clearly it also has some suggestio
35. WSCI Web service choreography interface WSDL Web Services Description Language pronounced whizdle WSN wireless sensor network WVGA wide VGA WWW see World Wide Web Web depending on context abbreviated form acceptable on first reference WYSIWYG stands for what you see is what you get acceptable on first reference in departments but spell out on first reference in feature articles Style Guide version October 2014 99 9 07 Xen open source virtualization software X 25 the network layer protocol in the ISO protocol suite X 400 an ISO mail protocol x axis n adj Xbox X client n X client adj see also X Window System XDR External Data Representation a protocol Xenix an operating system similar to Unix from Microsoft for PCs based on the Intel 8088 80286 and 80386 chips Xerox PARC now just PARC XGA extended graphics array a high resolution graphics standard introduced by IBM in 1990 XLANG XLink XML Linking Language XMI XML Metadata Interchange Xmodem abbreviated term for cross modem an error free file transfer protocol XML Extensible Markup Language XMPP Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol X MS extended memory specification used to address memory above 1 Mbyte in the 80286 and later CPUs XMT extensible MPEG 4 textual format XNS Xerox Network Services XOR exclusive OR operation used in cryptography XPath XML Path Language XPointer XML Pointer Language x
36. Xs VAX reportedly comes from virtual address extension to the PDP 11 VAX 11 725 11 730 11 750 11 780 11 782 11 785 8600 note slash not hyphen VAX VMS operating system for VAX computers VMS stands for VAX Management System VCCS voltage controlled current source z VCR videocassette recorder Vdc volts of direct current 25 Vdc VDT video display terminal a generic term not interchangeable with CRT verification determining whether a product meets its requirements whether it does what it is supposed to compare with validation Versabus VersaDOS version capitalize only when used with the name of a product Microsoft Word Version 6 0 An acceptable informal abbreviation except at the beginning of a sentence is lowercase v closed up next to a number Macsyma v2 0 The word version or its abbreviation is not always necessary Word 6 0 is a major release versus see v and vs vertices plural of vertex a VGA video graphics adapter or array an IBM color display standard allowing 256 colors VHDL very high density logic also VHSIC Hardware Description Language Don t spell this out in Pervasive Computing when it means the latter VHSIC very high speed integrated circuit via Use this word sparingly It means by way of through the medium or agency of or by means of Often through works just as well and sounds less formal VIC video interface chip vice presiden
37. a position at name of institution or company with department name if applicable Contact him her at email Transactions biographies follow this format First name last name received the first to latest sequential degrees in respective disciplines and institutions He is a academic title institution or business title company His research interests include list three or four topics He has authored number of papers or the name of relevant texts He is a member of relevant professional organizations For abbreviations in magazine bios spell them out in each bio in which they appear If an abbreviation appears more than once in a bio place it in parentheses after the first instance of the related term and then use just the abbreviation later in the bio Style Guide version October 2014 9 Capitalization The Computer Society style is conservative in the use of capital letters A company s or public relations firm s wishes about capitalization rarely carry any weight For company product system and language names use an initial capital only Editors should determine whether the term is really a proper noun or merely descriptive or generic Internal capitals For many years Computer Society style prohibited the use of internal capitals in words insisting on an initial capital only for product names system names and so forth Words such as MiniDIP and AutoCAD were accepted as combinations
38. andard Code for Information Interchange ASIC application specific integrated circuit Don t spell this out in Pervasive Computing ASIS American Society for Information Science and Technology ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASP application service provider application specific processor Active Server Pages ASPLOS Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems the name of a conference assembly language lowercase not assembler a computer language that assembles the assembly language code as a compiler compiles high level code ASTI Association for Science Technology and Innovation ATE automatic test equipment ATM asynchronous transfer mode ATPG automatic test pattern generation AutoCAD software from Autodesk Inc exception to normal style because of common usage Autoprobe avatar graphical image that represents a person Awk a language based on the authors names Aho Weinberger and Kernighan Style Guide version October 2014 43 B2B business to business B2C business to consumer bachelor s degree back end n back end adj backplane n an electronic circuit board containing circuitry and sockets into which additional electronic devices on other circuit boards or cards can be plugged generally synonymous with or part of a computer motherboard backup n adj for example the system served as a backup a backup copy back up v as in you can back up the
39. bulk e mail ubicomp abbreviation for ubiquitous computing ubiquitous computing when it s an adjective no hyphen in Pervasive Computing but hyphenated in other magazines UCE unsolicited commercial e mail UCS universal character set 7 UDDI universal description discovery and integration UDP User Datagram Protocol UI unit interval a measure of time UIMS user interface management system UIMSs plural UIP user interface presentation UIST user interface software and technology UK United Kingdom no periods comprising England Scotland Northern Ireland and Wales not synonymous with Britain Do not use UK if the country name is sufficient ULSI ultralarge scale integration can be used as a stand alone noun when referring to the concept but not to physical objects for example ULSI circuit ULSI chip Ultracomputer IBM and New York University s supercomputer Ultranet ultrawideband adj See also UWB UML Unified Modeling Language Don t spell this out in Software UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UN United Nations no periods underway adv under way adj uni not hyphenated as a prefix uniprocessor unicode UniForum Univac Universal Automatic Computer University X at Y or University X Y or University X Y Follow the specific institution s usage Although some universities capitalize the and consider it part of the university s name Computer Society style either deletes or lowerca
40. cally represented by the letter c Authors probably wouldn t explicitly refer to it as a constant but it is and you should not italicize it By the way this is the same c that appears in Einstein s most famous equation E mc Written properly the E energy and m mass should be italicized because they re variables but the c the speed of light should not be italicized Variables A variable unlike a constant is a letter that can represent more than one possible value Italicize all such letters except uppercase Greek For example we could represent time by the letter a variable Time can be 3 4 5 seconds Time is a variable Even when we are referring to one instance for example 4 or even if the author says something like we are keeping the time constant we should still italicize t because it is possible in another situation that would not be kept constant at 4 ms or whatever Time is not a constant that is universally always equal to 4 The speed of light on the other hand never changes no matter what Boltzmann s constant never changes either That is it is impossible for a constant to be anything except the value it equals If you can t make this statement then you re not looking at a constant Matrices Matrices represent an array of numbers columns and rows like the desks in a classroom Make them italic In addition the individual elements should be italic not bold be
41. cause they are actually variables For example imagine you are in classroom A a matrix The person in the 1st row Ist column is element a Second row first column is element a21 If you sit in the 2nd row from the front 3rd column from the left you are element azz Note that rows go across the classroom side to side while columns go from front to back even though for some reason in school people call rows what are actually columns Now the person behind you 3rd row 3rd column is element a33 The person to your right second row fourth column is element a24 and so on Vectors Vectors are in a way special variables that also have a direction associated with them However do not italicize vectors Instead make vectors bold for example the vector v We typically represent vectors by lowercase letters whereas we represent matrices by uppercase letters However we often represent the elements in a matrix by lowercase letters but I think P ve seen capital letters used for matrix elements as well Style Guide version October 2014 21 Units Units are letters that actually stand for words not numbers Do not italicize them For example when s means second we should not italicize it The same goes for Greek letters We italicize lowercase Greek variables but we do not italicize lowercase Greek units such as the u in us meaning microseconds Acronyms disguised as variables Beware of acronyms disguised a
42. cceptable for subsequent references DEC 10 The DEC 10 is the same computer as the PDP 10 Digital Equipment Corp changed the name to DEC 10 around 1973 Style Guide version October 2014 52 decimals See the Numbers and Symbols section decision maker n decision making n decision making adj DECnet A Digital Equipment Corp facilities network DECsystem 10 DECUS Digital Equipment Corp Users Society absorbed into Encompass an HP users group deep submicron adj degrees spell out in text when used as a unit of measure educational degrees see academic degrees use symbol for temperatures Denelcor a defunct company famous for making the HEP a parallel processor no longer in production denial of service adj abbreviation is DoS depth buffer see z buffer DES Data Encryption Standard design by contract n desktop device independent adj capable of making I O requests without regard for the characteristics of I O equipment DFM design for manufacturability DFT discrete Fourier transform design for testability DHCP dynamic host configuration protocol Dhrystone a benchmark DHTML Dynamic HTML dialog as in dialog box dialogue a conversation Be consistent regarding spelling if dialogue and dialog appear in proximity dial up adj Diffserv differentiated services Digital Equipment Corp spell out on first reference in text use DEC or Digital for subsequent references dimensions
43. ceanic and Atmospheric Administration an agency in the US Dept of Commerce although sometimes pronounced noah it takes an as an article as if each letter were pronounced an NOAA study NoD news on demand node family words mother daughter child are used to describe relationships among nodes in databases the terms are legitimate don t try to edit them out non prefix not usually hyphenated be flexible with words that are difficult to read for example non negligible non real time mode non von Neumann see von Neumann in this case an en dash is recommended over a hyphen NoSQL not SQL a generic term NP hard NP complete classes of difficult problems n queen s solver ns nanoseconds 3 000 ns NSA National Security Agency NSERC Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council a Canadian research agency similar to the US National Science Foundation NSF US National Science Foundation NSF is acceptable on second reference or on first reference in the acknowledgment section of a feature when used with grant number NSFnet NSPE National Society of Professional Engineers NuBus Numbers and Symbols see special section and CMS Section 9 NTSC National TV Standards Committee note committee and standard use same acronym Nurbs nonuniform rational B spline Nvidia NW northwest in addresses no periods NYU IBS Ultracomputer Style Guide version October 2014 76 OASI Office
44. chnically doesn t require hyphenation for example reallocate might be confusing consider hyphenating it Hz hertz the standard term for cycles per second Style Guide version October 2014 63 IAB Internet Architecture Board IAMA Internet Assigned Members Authority IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority IAP Internet access provider IBE identity based encryption IBM International Business Machines Corporation sometimes informally referred to as Big Blue IBM 3740 formatted disk IBM 370 type controllers note hyphenation IBM PC IBM PC AT IBM PC XT IBM RT PC IBM PS 2 Models 25 30 50 60 and 80 no hyphens IBM PC AT compatible adj IBM System 360 IBM System 370 IBM mainframes IBM T J Watson Research Center IC integrated circuit acceptable on first reference if context warrants ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ICASE Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering at NASA s Langley Research Center ICCC International Council for Computer Communication Washington D C ICOT Japan s Institute of New Generation Computer Technology the so called Fifth Generation project The initials refer to the Japanese transliteration of the program not the English translation ICQ an instant messaging program ICT information and communications technology ID identification IDC formerly International Data Corp Ippo IDE integrated drive e
45. communications protocol for high performance information transfer fiber optic n fiber optic adj field testing n field testing adj v field test v FIFO adj first in first out for example first in first out accounting filename can be used as two words when not relevant to computers file system finite element analysis FIPA Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents FIPS federal information processing standard FIR finite length impulse response FireWire trademarked name for IEEE 1394 an external bus standard Style Guide version October 2014 57 fixed bubble memory fixed length field fixed point n notation in which the position of the point is fixed in relation to the numerals according to some convention fixed point adj as in fixed point arithmetic fJ femtojoule Flash proprietary Adobe software platform flash memory flat panel display Flex 32 system from Flexible Computer Corp flip flop 7 circuit or device capable of assuming one of two states at a given time abbreviated FF flits flow control digits floating point n floating point adj notation in which the location of a point is not fixed but is regularly recalculated the location is usually expressed as a power of the base floorplan flops floating point operations per second never flop except when quoting the use of this incorrect form For example the 1993 Branscomb Report is titled From Desktop to Teraflop
46. d Spacing of characters for units of measurement and symbols Abbreviations for units of measurement even if one letter are separated from the numeral by a space 3 V 5 m 14 mm Actual symbols as opposed to abbreviations for units can be closed up for example 42 30 for 42 degrees 30 minutes latitude Use sq ft not ft Do not use abbreviations when the reference is indefinite or casual say several gigahertz not several GHz However where brevity is a key factor for example in new product write ups and tables use symbols liberally 669 When defining variables in run in text use is rather than for example where is the temperature not where the temperature Use the word percent in text use the symbol only in figures and tables Telephone and fax numbers The IEEE Policies and Procedures specify the following format for phone and fax numbers In North America 1 area code xxx xxxx for example 1 714 821 8380 Outside North America country code city code xxx xxxx for example in Belgium 32 3 770 2242 Style Guide version October 2014 26 Program Code Most Computer Society publications use a special font called Program to set program code a sequence of coded instructions whether in text or broken out The Transactions Department uses the Courier font for program code This monospace type allows consistent vertical alignment of cha
47. d by the IEEE Computer Society Authors must sign the IEEE copyright form available online along with detailed information about IEEE intellectual property rights at www ieee org copyright Authors should not include a copyright notice of their own in published articles or department submissions Authors transfer copyright to the IEEE as part of the publication agreement Staff members do not need to complete a copyright agreement because its terms are part of the general conditions of their employment Each feature article carries a notice of IEEE ownership of copyright at the bottom of the first page The two acceptable versions with the symbol and with text of the standard format are e 2013 IEEE e Copyright 2013 by IEEE Address questions regarding copyright issues to IEEE Intellectual Property Rights Office IEEE Service Center 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway NJ 08854 1331 Phone 1 732 562 3966 Fax 1 732 981 8062 e mail copyrights ieee org Trademarks We do not include the trademark symbol in articles published in IEEE Computer Society periodicals and proceedings Trademark law does not apply to the press because using a product name in the headline or text of an article does not constitute an attempt to capitalize on the reputation of the company or the product US Government Work When an author is or all authors are employed by the US government the following wording is used instead of the IEEE copyright line US
48. database bandwidth bar code Basic a programming language allegedly stands for beginner s all purpose symbolic instruction code but this is etymologically suspect BasicA Microsoft advanced Basic known as GW Basic on non IBM MS DOS computers baud singular plural transmission speed in units per second originally used to measure telegraph transmission In computing the units are usually bits hence the common practice of using baud and bps interchangeably However this is technically inaccurate because the unit in a baud can be any discrete element BCS British Computer Society BDI beliefs desires intentions a model of human reasoning BEEP Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol Beijing the Pinyin form used instead of Peking benchmark a standardized problem test or suite of tests that serves as a basis for the repeatable objective comparison of hardware or software examples include Dhrystone Mflops Sim Whetstone beta site the secondary hence beta site Beta spline 7 adj not the same as a B spline beta test n v Bezier no accent mark on the first syllable BFL buffered field effect transistor logic BIES binary format for scenes BGP Border Gateway Protocol Big Blue informal name for IBM BIOS basic input output system operating system software that handles communications with devices including monitors keyboards disk drives processors and ports Birkhaiiser B
49. digit year two digit month two digit day for example 2004 01 06 e Centuries Use the symbol for ordinal numbers for example 20th century Note CMS spells out the century for example twentieth century e Decades The abbreviation is 90s not 90s Transactions use the four digit format 1990s Numerals Spell out integers one through nine and use numerals for 0 on except in the following cases As a general rule numerals should be used even for one through nine when the integer is coupled with a symbol or unit of measurement 2 3 V By the same token numerals should be used with percentages even for one through nine a5 percent drop 3 percent responded 3 to 6 percent However in nontechnical passages numbers less than 10 used with common units especially time units may look better spelled out as do numbers used with approximate measurements the program ran in 8 minutes exact measurement but a report from eight years ago said nontechnical he lives eight miles down the road nontechnical about eight or nine centimeters approximate Spell out a number at the beginning of a sentence or recast the sentence In general for units of measure spell out on first use and abbreviate thereafter When a sentence includes both an integer less than nine and an integer greater than nine to describe something in the same category use numerals for consistency for example The network can have 4 8 or 16 nodes
50. dot com Internet based business dot matrix printer no hyphen double buffer adj as in a double buffer scheme double buffering download v downtime 7 DPA attack differential power analysis dpi dots per inch DPMA Data Processing Management Association DPMI DOS protected mode interface 7 DRAM dynamic RAM pronounced dee ram DRAM module a group of dynamic RAM chips packaged together DRM digital rights management DSL digital subscriber line DSP digital signal processor chips digital signal processing applications systems Don t spell this out in Pervasive Computing DSS decision support system DSSS direct sequence spread spectrum DTD document type definition an SGML term DTF dielectric thin film filters DTR data terminal ready DUT device under test z DVD digital video disc or digital versatile disc DXF data exchange file format Style Guide version October 2014 54 E east in addresses e prefix denoting electronic as in e commerce e health e learning e publishing e science but not in email When using in an article title or headings capitalize both the e and the word following the hyphen as in E Commerce in Asia on Earth planet of the earth soil EasyLiving A ubiquitous computing project of the Vision Group at Microsoft Research Don t call it easy living eBay EBCDIC extended binary coded decimal interchange code compare with ASCH
51. e htm or html hypertext file WWW page file ico icon file inf information file ini initialization file Windows file Jpg JPEG image file kbd keyboard layout file lan local area network file a Novell system file Jha relatively uncommon archive file lo QuarkXPress document Macintosh log log file Ast list file zh relatively uncommon archive file mim mime encoded file mpl MS Project data file mpg MPEG image file msg message file nim NetWare Loadable Module Novell nls NetWare License Server Novell ped photo CD file pet PICT graphic pcx pdf pdr pfb pfm pif png ppa ppd ppt prn ps psd pub qxp Teg rtf ul sam smi Sty SWp SYS tar taz tbl tex tif tlb tmp ttf txt vbx vxd wav wk1 wks wmf wpd wpg wql wri ws2 xls xtg zip ZOO PC Paintbrush graphic portable document format file Adobe Acrobat printer description file Macintosh Adobe printer font binary Adobe printer font metric program information file Windows shortcut file portable network graphics image file format PowerPoint presentation file PostScript printer definition file PowerPoint document MS Word print file PostScript format PostScript file Adobe Photoshop native format file MS Publisher document QuarkXPress document registry file Windows file systems rich text format a form of text formatting cc Mail rule file AmiPro file syste
52. e processor is addressed includes sequential forward and backward addressing among other modes hyphenate when used as an adjective ADSL asymmetric digital subscriber line for fast Internet access admin okay to use instead of administration in appropriate cases AEA American Electronics Association AEC adj architecture engineering construction no hyphens in the acronym AES Advanced Encryption Standard NIST standard for symmetric key encryption AFCET Association Francaise pour la Cybern tique Economique et Technique AFIPS American Federation of Information Processing Societies no longer exists agile not capitalized when it refers to programming techniques AI artificial intelligence acceptable on first reference if context makes it clear AIAA American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics AIChE American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIIM Association for Information and Image Management AIM advanced instruction module AIP American Institute of Physics Ajax Asynchronous JavaScript and XML A K Peters Publisher note no periods after initials Algol stands for algorithmic language ALPG algorithmic pattern generator hardware and software Al Qaeda ALU arithmetic logic unit a m ante meridiem before noon also includes 12 00 midnight See also p m ampersand retain symbol in proper names when the name owner uses it that way otherwise avoid Amazon com Amazon Mechanical Turk MTurk
53. e product on first reference to establish ownership for example Sun s Sbus thereafter use the product name by itself tradeoff n trade off v transition Do not use as a verb transputer 7 transister computer a microprocessor with local memory and communication links It s both an Inmos product and a generic term troff text run off pronounce tee roff a Unix text format front end coding and output printing processor variations include nroff and ditroff device independent troff Trojan horse TRON The Real Time Operating System Nucleus a Japanese computer project to develop hardware and software technology to run household systems that are independent but communicate with each other for smart homes and the like modules include MTRON BTRON ITRON CTRON and ITRON TSR terminate and stay resident TTL transistor transistor logic TTS adj text to speech t test a statistical test that deals with the problems associated with inference based on small samples tuple suffix for a set lt lt of so many gt gt elements turnaround turnkey adj describes a system delivered ready to run without adding any hardware or software synonym for off the shelf TV abbreviation for television TWAIN technology without an interesting name programming interface that lets a graphics application activate a scanner or other image capturing device Style Guide version October 2014 93 UBE unsolicited
54. econd p channel adj PC personal computer see also JBM PC PC DOS IBM s version of MS DOS PCB printed circuit board plural form is PCBs PCI peripheral component interconnect PCM pulse code modulation PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Assoc PDA personal digital assistant j PDF portable document format Style Guide version October 2014 79 PDL page description language PDP 11 PDP 11 03 PDP 11 70 Digital Equipment Corporation computers percent spell it out don t use don t use without a number as a replacement for percentage j Perl Practical Extraction and Report Language pervasive computing when used as an adjective no hyphen in Pervasive Computing but hyphenated in other magazines PET positron emission tomography peta a thousand trillion petaflops a thousand teraflops petabit Petri net n a graphical model of information flow showing static and dynamic properties of a system named after Karl Petri a German mathematician pF picofarad a unit of capacitance equal to one trillionth of a farad PhD no periods PHIGS Programmer s Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System an ANSI and ISO standard photo no hyphen when used as a modifier photomultiplier photomicrograph magnified picture of small things do not confuse with microphotograph i PHP recursive acronym for Hypertext Preprocessor a scripting language pico prefix one trillionth no hyphen
55. ect Macsyma a symbolic manipulation program developed at MIT mainframe a computer housed in a large frame or cabinet usually used for multiuser applications which usually requires a temperature controlled environment and special power supply Examples are the Digital Equipment Corporation VAX and IBM System 370 computers saying mainframe computer is redundant makefile MAN metropolitan area network manet mobile ad hoc network in Transactions MANET man hour man month man year nouns try to use a non gender specific term such as staff hour man in the middle attack MITM attack MAP Manufacturing Automation Protocol MAP TOP Manufacturing Automation Protocol Technical Office Protocol communications standards supported by General Motors and Boeing both standards follow OSI Open Systems Interconnection protocols marked up When it s used as an adjective hyphenate it when it comes before the word it modifies but not when it comes after market research firm markup adj n mashup 7 mash up v master s degree master slice 7 a nonmetalized wafer containing arrays of circuit elements interconnected to perform different functions matrices preferred over matrixes in a mathematical context in other contexts such as structural composition use matrixes example matrixes of materials Matlab matrix es see matrices MB megabyte use Mbyte 40 Mbyte hard disk 12 Mbytes of memory Style Guide vers
56. een as RTP rubberbanding a computer graphics technique that lets lines in an image be stretched and moved as if elastic rule set run time 7 the time when computer program runs run time adj referring to the time when a computer program runs runtime 7 adj the measure of the time expended to execute a program Style Guide version October 2014 85 s SI abbreviation for second for example when part of a compound 30 s 30 ns see sec S south in addresses SaaS software as a service SAE Society of Automotive Engineers safety in some computing contexts a technical term meaning the quality of making sure that nothing bad happens Safety for example ensures that a calculation is performed but not that the results of the calculation are actually returned to a user or program module Do not use this term without an explanation compare with liveness SAML Security Assertion Markup Language an OASIS standard SAN storage area network system area network SATAN Security Administrator Tool for Analyzing Networks do not lowercase the acronym SAX Simple API for XML scalable ScaLapack a benchmarking package see also Lapack scan in scan out n scan line 7 one of the lines that make up a graphics display scatterplot Scene Scientific Computation Environment for Numerical Experimentation a scientific visualization environment developed at Rutgers schema term used in artificial intelligence and i
57. er 2014 58 section and appropriate sections in CMS frame buffer n Free Software Foundation supports GNU Linux front end 7 usually refers to a small computer that serves as an interface between the host system and its peripherals front end adj as in front end processing FSM finite state machine FTAM file transfer and management FTP File Transfer Protocol full scale adj full screen adj Futurebus n IEEE Standard 896 bus fuzzy set n fuzzy set adj Style Guide version October 2014 59 G giga standard prefix meaning one billion g gravity 6 g acceleration passengers in a BMW are exposed to 2 g the gravitational 6699 notation g is often italicized to differentiate it from g for gram or grams GaAs gallium arsenide a semiconducting material like silicon used for integrated circuits spell out on first use Game Boy Game Boy Advance GameCube gameplay GB gigabyte Use Gbyte instead of GB or spell out Gbit gigabit Use Gbit or spell out Gbps gigabits per second Don t spell this out in Internet Computing GBps gigabytes per second Gbyte gigabyte Examples 25 Gbytes 25 Gbyte memory GEM Digital Research s Graphics Environment Manager an operating environment for MS DOS PCs general purpose processors genlock to superimpose computer generated graphics over videotaped images from a camera VCR or VTR Georgia Tech Gflops gigaflops i GHz
58. ggin Memory System for Multi Chip Digital Computer US patent 3 821 715 to Intel Corp Patent and Trademark Office 1974 Without patentee information Digital to Analog Converting Unit with Improved Linearity US patent 5 162 800 Patent and Trademark Office 1992 Pending publication For an article or paper include the name of the publication and date if known R Lee New Media Processing to be published in JEEE Micro Nov Dec 2012 For a book include the publisher and year of publication R Lee Writing New Programs McMillan to be published in 2012 Personal communication and unpublished materials These are usually not referenced because they are not available to the reader Authors who insist on attributing material obtained through personal communication should identify the source of the information in the main text for example As Maria Youngblood stated during a conference panel Preprint J M P Martinez et al Integrating Data Warehouses with Web Data A Survey IEEE Trans Knowledge and Data Eng preprint 21 Dec 2007 doi 10 1109 TKDE 2007 190746 Style Guide version October 2014 34 Special issue Computing in Science amp Eng special issue on computing in optics Nov Dec 2003 http csdl computer org comp mags cs 2003 06 c6toc htm Standard Recommendation ITU R BT 601 Encoding Parameters of Digital Television for Studios Int Telecommunication Union 1992 IEEE Std
59. gic programming language PROM programmable read only memory pronouns he she try to use a gender neutral alternative for example plural he or she or the user ps picosecond PS 2 Personal System 2 an IBM PC family based on Intel 80286 80386 processors unlike the IBM PC AT it has a proprietary Micro Channel bus it can run OS 2 or MS DOS PSB parallel system bus pseudo prefix no hyphen when used to form a compound pseudorandom word Style Guide version October 2014 81 processors might hyphenate after pseu but be careful to hyphenate after pseudo PSN packet switch node PSP Personal Software Process or PlayStation Portable PSTN public switched telephone network p test pulsewidth not the same as pulse duration PUMA programmable universal mechanical assembly p value PWB printed wiring board Style Guide version October 2014 82 Q bus from Digital Equipment Corp QCD quantum chromodynamics QED quantum electrodynamics also quod erat demonstrandum which was to be demonstrated commonly used at the end of mathematical proofs However in Computer Society Transactions this is usually replaced with a small box known as the tombstone or halmos symbol QoS n quality of service adj quality of service QR code n quick response code quadword 48 bit or 32 bit piece of data quasi quasi hyphenated for adjectives quasi parenthetical open for nouns exce
60. gigahertz GIF graphic interchange format an electronic file format giga standard prefix meaning one billion Gigabit Ethernet GIGI DEC s General Imaging Generator and Interpreter GIGO garbage in garbage out GIPS billion instructions per second GIS geographic information system GKS Graphical Kernel System an international graphics standard GlobeCom IEEE conference GNP gross national product GNU supports GNU Linux GNU s not Unix googling GOPS giga operations per second GPL General Public License GPRS general packet radio service GPS Global Positioning System a constellation of 24 satellites used for navigation and precise geodetic position measurements GPU graphics processing or processor unit Style Guide version October 2014 60 graftal an image constructed using parallel graph grammars to define complex objects grandparent grandmother grandfather a group of family words used to describe relationships among nodes in databases The terms are legitimate do not edit out Use gender neutral grandparent when possible grand challenge a difficult problem at the leading edge of a computing field Grappa Java graph drawing package from AT amp T gray not grey except in quoted material Gray code binary sequence in which two contiguous numbers differ in only one bit capitalize Gray because it is the inventor s name gray scale n gray scale adj for example displayed in gray scale a gray scale dis
61. ging LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol Lear Siegler hardware manufacturer least worst an acceptable term in decision theory i LED light emitting diode LiDAR light detection and ranging scanning technology life cycle n life cycle adj the software product development process usually divided into typical phases requirements specification design validation development testing verification implementation and maintenance LIFO adj last in first out light pen LIM EMS Lotus Intel Microsoft AST Research expanded memory specification a standard for configuring and addressing memory above the MS DOS direct address 640 Kbyte limit AST became a development partner after the acronym was coined Lincages Linkage Interactive Computer Analysis and Graphically Enhanced Synthesis package not a true acronym but handle as one a synthesis program for mechanism design developed at the University of Minnesota Linpack see benchmark Linux open operating system based on the Unix platform LIPS logical inferences per second Lisp from list processing a programming language used mainly in artificial intelligence liveness the quality of making sure that something good happens not just ensuring that nothing bad happens liveness ensures for example that a calculation s results are returned for use not just calculated do not use this term without an explanation compare with safety LL 1 left to right scan wit
62. glicized non English terms when important for pronunciation to avoid confusion with another word or where context makes it unclear Use accents in non English names especially names of individuals In general lean toward the author s preference See also the Non English Words and Phrases section ACE Advanced Computing Environment ACID atomicity consistency isolation and durability a test ACK acknowledgment Acknowledgments not Acknowledgements ACL Association for Computational Linguistics ACM Association for Computing Machinery includes several special interest groups SIGs With the exception of Siggraph and Sigmod use the ACM style for each SIG in text or references See www acm org sigs for a current listing Use is a member of ACM in bios In references use ACM instead of ACM Press old format acronyms See the Acronyms and Abbreviated Terms section for general style guidelines ACS Australian Computer Society ActiveX software technology from Microsoft A D analog digital Ada a programming language named for Augusta Ada Lovelace developed by the US Defense Department ADAPSO Association of Data Processing Service Organizations renamed as Information Technology Association of America ITAA in 1991 ADC analog to digital converter add in board Addison Wesley or Addison Wesley Longman Addison Wesley Professional Style Guide version October 2014 41 add on adj address mode 7 the way th
63. h one look ahead token producing a leftmost derivation short for leftmost LALR 1 see LALR 1 LNAI Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence Style Guide version October 2014 69 LNCS Lecture Notes in Computer Science use abbreviation in reference lists LOC lines of code LOCS lines of code in service LoD learning on demand login logon logout logoff n adj log in log on log out log off verbs look ahead adj lookaside lookup n adj look up v process of matching by computer the words of a text with material stored in memory LOTOS logic of temporal ordering system low cost adj low end adj lowercase n adj lpi lines per inch 300 Ipi resolution 300 lpi lpm lines per minute 45 pm printer 145 Ipm LSI large scale integration about 1 000 to 10 000 circuits per chip LUT lookup table but avoid using the acronym Style Guide version October 2014 70 u mu see mu and micro entries M SI prefix for million or mega 40 Mbyte hard disk 12 Mbytes of memory m one one thousandth or milli 18 mm mA milliampere 20 mA current loop 20 mA MAA Mathematical Association of America MAC media access control MacDraw MacPaint MacWrite Macintosh computer from Apple Macro II Digital Equipment Corp assembly language macro prefix not hyphenated when used to form a compound macroassembler 6699 exception is when a double o occurs for example macro obj
64. h the hyphen Cedar a Xerox programming language Cedex a French postal pickup station used in addresses cel clear acetate sheet onto which animators drawings are traced and painted for photographing cell phone century use symbol for ordinal numbers for example 20th century Note CMS spells out the century twentieth century CerDIP trademark name for a ceramic dual in line package i CERN Centre Europ en des Recherches Nucl aires European Center for Nuclear Research CERT Coordination Center CERT CC a center of Internet security expertise located at the Software Engineering Institute Carnegie Mellon University CGA color graphics adapter or array an IBM color display standard allowing eight colors CGI common gateway interface CGS Computer Graphics Society CHI The annual Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Don t spell this out in Pervasive Computing child one of several family words used to describe relationships among nodes in databases the terms are legitimate don t edit them out chipmaker chipset CHMOS Intel s CMOS CIDR classless interdomain routing CIE International Commission on Illumination Commission Internationale de l Eclairage CIELUV perceptually based color space CIM computer integrated manufacturing ciphertext no hyphen i not y CIPS Canadian Information Processing Society CISC complex instruction set computing CLB configurable logic block cleanr
65. iations some words are seldom spelled out Among these are abbreviations for affiliations or scholarly degrees after a name BA PhD and abbreviations such as AD CPA and Ltd A symbol or figure beginning a sentence on the other hand is usually spelled out if it cannot be the sentence is rewritten Two hundred miles not 200 miles Other abbreviation style tips The abbreviations Jr Sr II and so forth do not require a comma because they are part of the person s name John Smith Jr Mr Mrs and Dr are dropped if another title is also used not Dr John Smith Jr PhD The preferred format avoids using a descriptor unless the company name might not be clear without it for example Data Co However if it is necessary to use Limited Incorporated Corporation or Company they are abbreviated to Ltd Inc Corp or Co respectively and the abbreviation is not preceded by a comma The abbreviations Nat l and Int l for national and international do not take a period The standard abbreviations for most of the degrees we encounter in our authors biographies are BS MS MSc and PhD For additional rules on abbreviating academic degrees see the entry under academic degrees in the alphabetical section Centuries use the ordinal symbol for example 2 st century Also see the References section for a more complete discussion of abbreviations see CMS Chapter 10 Style Guide version October 2014 3 Acronyms a
66. iliation tag The tagged affiliation in the bio should match the tagged affiliation on the first page However after an affiliation first appears in a bio you can abbreviate subsequent instances of that affiliation in that or any following bio to save space In this case the abbreviation should appear in parentheses after the first instance of the affiliation If an author must have more than one affiliation on the first page or if the tagged text on the first page and in the bio must differ inform Monette Velasco or Jennie Zhu Mai before the issue ships Style Guide version October 2014 5 Best Practices Here are a variety of guidelines for editing articles conforming to CS style Some guidelines are specific to particular magazines Abstracts Print abstracts the short abstracts that appear at the article s beginning should have a maximum of 50 words for Computer Graphics and Applications 25 words for Intelligent Systems 80 to 100 words for Internet Computing 50 words for department articles 35 words for Pervasive Computing 35 to 40 words for Security amp Privacy and 40 words for Software Article titles Capitalize both parts of a hyphenated compound unless the first part is a prefix in that case capitalize only the prefix Figures For figure callouts use see Figure X if the sentence doesn t already mention the figure The callout normally shouldn t give the page number For figure captions
67. ing all modified and extended versions of the program to be free software as well copyright See the Copyrights Trademarks and Image Permissions section Corba common object request broker architecture Don t spell this out in Software Corp abbreviated when used in text as part of a company name spelled out when used in a byline or biography Generally used only if a company s name might not be clear without it for example Logic Corp Cosmic Cube supercomputer at the University of Illinois cost effective always hyphenated COTS commercial off the shelf counter prefix not hyphenated Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences an institute at New York University CPA Computer Press Association CP M CP M 86 two of many early operating systems cpi characters per inch cpl characters per line spell it out cps characters per second as in 25 cps printer i CPU central processing unit plural is CPUs Cray 1 Cray 2 Cray X MP 24 Cray X MP 48 Cray MP parallel processors from Cray Research now Cray Inc CRM customer relationship management cross assembler cross compiler an assembler or compiler that assembles compiles code on one machine for use on another normally incompatible machine crossbar adj cross hair cursor cross section n cross section adj Crosstalk communications software cross validation n cross validation adj crowdfunding crowdsource CRT cathode ray tube acceptable on f
68. ion October 2014 71 Mb megabit use Mbit or spell out Mbit megabit use Mbit or spell out Mbps megabits per second spell out on first use except in Internet Computing Mbps not MBPS Mbone multicast backbone Internet broadcasting technology Mbyte megabyte 40 Mbyte hard disk 12 Mbytes of memory MCAE mechanical computer aided engineering MCM multichip module MDA Model Driven Architecture MEMS microelectromechanical systems MEPS millions of events per second meta prefix not hyphenated when used to form a compound metarule unless it looks weird as when the second term starts with a vowel meta analysis Mflops megaflops million floating point operations per second MHEG Multimedia and Hypermedia Experts Group MHz megahertz 50 MHz channel 50 MHz micro micros acceptable as nouns when referring to microcomputers micro prefix one millionth part of a specified unit microgram not hyphenated when used to form a compound microelectronics micro BGA micro ball grid array microCAD microCADD computer aided design and computer aided design and drafting performed on a microcomputer no longer relevant since most CAD CADD is performed on microcomputers microelectromechanical one word no hyphens or capitals often seen as microelectromechanical systems abbreviated as MEMS micrometer um SI abbreviation for one millionth part of a meter accepted abbreviation is u micron millionth part
69. irst reference use VDT when talking about video displays in general CS informal acronym for IEEE Computer Society rarely used alone in publications CSCW computer supported cooperative work CSE computational science and engineering also computer science and engineering CSG constructive solid geometry CSI Computer Security Institute CSIC customer specific integrated circuit pronounced seasick CSMA CA carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance Style Guide version October 2014 50 CSnet Computer Science Network A network established to connect institutions that have Arpanet to each other and also to those that don t Merged with Bitnet in 1989 CS Press no longer used except for books as of 2011 use IEEE CS in references to conference proceedings CSS Cascading Style Sheets a style sheet language CT computerized tomography a 3D scanning technique not CAT CUDA Compute Unified Device Architecture Not commonly spelled out CURE an algorithm CUT circuit under test cyber adj relating to computers or computer networks cyber prefix cyberattack cyberinfrastructure cybersecurity cyberworld cyber physical systems Style Guide version October 2014 51 DA design automation D A digital analog DAC digital analog converter Design Automation Conference DAG directed acyclic graph a data structure for representing computer graphics daisy chain 7 daisy chained adj daisy
70. l Structure Formation in the Semantic Grid Proc Third Int l Conf Semantics Knowledge and Grid SKG 2007 CD ROM IEEE CS 2007 pp 248 253 Style Guide version October 2014 31 Dissertation or thesis B Fagin A Parallel Execution Model for Prolog PhD dissertation Dept Computer Sciences Univ of California Berkeley 1987 M Nichols The Graphical Kernel System in Prolog master s thesis Dept Computer Science and Eng Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst 1985 Electronic publication DOIs Note If the volume issue number date and page numbers are available it is not necessary to include the DOI Article in a journal D Kornack and P Rakic Cell Proliferation without Neurogenesis in Adult Primate Neocortex Science doi 10 1126 science 1065467 Article in a conference proceedings H Goto Y Hasegawa and M Tanaka Efficient Scheduling Focusing on the Duality of MPL Representation Proc IEEE Symp Computational Intelligence in Scheduling SCIS 07 IEEE 2007 doi 10 1109 SCIS 2007 367670 Online only publication F Kaplan From Baghdad to Manila Another Lousy Analogy for the Occupation of Iraq Slate 21 Oct 2003 http slate msn com id 2090114 Website R Bartle Early MUD History Nov 1990 www ludd luth se aber mud history html URL formatting and punctuation Verify URLs by copying and pasting them into your browser Some addresses don t start with http
71. l network YO a adj input output IOP Internetworking Operating System IoT Internet of Things Style Guide version October 2014 65 IP Internet Protocol intellectual property iPhone acceptable at the beginning of a sentence iPSC parallel processor from Intel IPsec Internet Protocol security IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6 IPX internetwork packet exchange IR infrared Don t spell this out in Pervasive Computing IrDA Infrared Data Association Don t spell this out in Pervasive Computing IRDS information resource dictionary system a de facto CASE standard IRQ interrupt request ISAM indexed sequential access method iSBX bus product of Intel ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network a telecommunications service ISM band Industry Science Medicine band ISMM International Society of Mini and Microcomputers ISO International Organization for Standardization ISO use ISO when referring to standards for example ISO 9000 or an ISO standard but use the entire name with the letters in parentheses when referring to the organization ISO was originally a true acronym for the International Standards Organization but the name has been changed and the letters are now only an identifier Don t spell this out in Software ISP Internet service provider italics Use sparingly for emphasis or to introduce new terms use also for foreign expressions not commonly accepted in English that is not found in the main bod
72. lectronics also integrated development environment Don t spell this out in Software when it means the latter IDL Interface Definition Language i e that is spell out accept in Transactions if authors insist IEC International Electrotechnical Commission an international standards organization TEE Institution of Electrical Engineers UK as of May 2006 renamed as Institution of Engineering and Technology IET merged with Institution of Incorporated Engineers IEEE 488 bus IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers when used to refer to the publisher of a document it s no longer IEEE Press just IEEE IESG Internet Engineering Steering Group IET Institution of Engineering and Technology formerly IEE see above IETF Internet Engineering Task Force IFIP International Federation for Information Processing Style Guide version October 2014 64 IGES International Graphics Exchange Standard iff if and only if spell out accept in Transactions if authors use it if then IIL integrated interconnection logic ility ilities This is a Software related term On its first appearance in an article use quotes ilities but no italics On subsequent appearances drop the quotes but keep the hyphen Iliac IV An early computer retired from NASA use at Ames Research Center Moffett Field Calif in 1985 IMACS International Association for Mathematics and Computers in Simulation i mode a wi
73. m management interrupt Intel LaTeX style file Windows swap file DOS Windows system file tape archive file Unix based compressed file tar file that has been z compressed Adobe table editor file LaTeX file a form of text formatting tagged information format file an image file MS Office executable file temporary file Windows applications TrueType font file text file usually plain ASCII Visual Basic file virtual driver file Windows wave sound file Lotus 123 spreadsheet file MS Works file Windows metafile a graphics file WordPerfect document WordPerfect graphic Quattro Pro spreadsheet MS Write document WordStart 2 document Excel spreadsheet file QuarkXPress document PC compressed file from a Unix based system compressed file from WinZip relatively uncommon archive file Style Guide version October 2014 12 Lists How to use punctuation in a list depends on whether the introductory phrase is a dependent clause it is not a complete sentence or an independent clause it is a complete sentence If the introductory phrase is a dependent clause there is no colon In the past few months I ve been e dressing more casually e finding unusual combinations of styles colors and textures and e looking for bargains If the introductory phrase is an independent clause there is a colon People describe my wardrobe in many ways e sporty e colorful and e distinctive Here s what
74. m with a base of 16 A through F represent the decimal numbers 10 through 15 HID human interface device hidden line removal hidden Markov model hidden surface algorithm hidden surface removal In computer graphics removing from the display the surfaces that ordinarily would be obscured by the rest of the object high level 7 high level adj high performance computing high speed adj For example high speed computing high speed switch but very high speed switch also International Journal of High Speed Computing HiperLan2 Hippi high performance parallel interface also written as HiPPI and HIPPI be prepared Style Guide version October 2014 62 to negotiate hither yon In computer graphics the near and far clipping planes HMM hidden Markov model homepage hostname HPC high performance computing HPCwire An online weekly publication about high performance computing Paper copy does not exist Italicize it as with the name of any periodical HPGL Hewlett Packard Graphics Language HTML Hypertext Markup Language HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol in Web addresses use lowercase http HVAC heating ventilation and air conditioning always spell out hyper prefix not hyphenated when used to form a compound hypercube a parallel computer architecture hyphenation If you can t resolve a hyphenation question by consulting Webster s review CMS 71 11 1 85 If you feel a word that te
75. n modeling to represent an approach scheme or relation precisely and usually diagrammatically Ensure that the generic scheme is inappropriate before using schema Plural is schemas not the Greek schemata Scheme an artificial intelligence language Schr dinger equation spell with umlaut not oe SCI scalable coherent interface scratchpad a fast auxiliary computer memory usually used for temporary data storage screen dump n screenshot n screensaver n scroll bar n Scrum a framework for software development SCSI Small Computer System Interface pronounced skuzzy and takes a as its article SDI serial digital interface SDK software developer s kit SDRAM synchronous DRAM dynamic random access memory SE southeast in addresses SEBoK Guide Preferred abbreviated form when referring to the Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge sec nontechnical abbreviation for second Use s unless confusion could result second sourcing 7 in manufacturing the practice of using an alternate company to Style Guide version October 2014 86 produce something that the original manufacturer designed and produces itself for example when the original manufacturer cannot make enough to meet demand SEI Software Engineering Institute a US Defense Dept research arm managed by the US Navy based at Carnegie Mellon University In Software SEI doesn t need CMU with it Semantic Web an extension of the current Web
76. nd Abbreviated Terms A true acronym is formed by using the first letter from two or more separate words for example DEC for Digital Equipment Corporation Articles or prepositions falling in between for example and of in the are generally not used as part of the acronym Use all capitals only for true acronyms Many acronyms abbreviated terms used for measurements are traditionally all lowercase for example cpi characters per inch and dpi dots per inch A few are mixed such as kHz kilohertz Capitalization also can differ depending on meaning for example MW megawatt and mW milliwatt See the alphabetical section when in doubt As a general rule spell out all acronyms on first use but don t use initial capitals just because the letters form the acronym There must be another reason for the caps for example the words constitute a proper noun In other words CAD is computer aided design not Computer Aided Design Exceptions to the spell out on first use rule are acronyms so well known to a particular magazine or publication s readers that spelling them out would be insulting In the alphabetical section the Style Guide Committee has determined that acronyms marked with an asterisk are so familiar to all our readers that they don t need to be spelled out on first use Examples include RAM ROM and CD ROM Put the acronym in parentheses immediately after the spelled out term In long articles with unfamiliar acronym
77. nference initialism in parentheses for example ICDE 98 following the abbreviated name of the conference Include the sponsor s name if it s part of the official proceedings title The publisher s name is unnecessary Use the page numbers article number or DOI H Yuan et al Sparse Representation Using Contextual Information for Hyperspectral Image Classification Proc 2013 IEEE Conf Cybernetics CYBCONF 13 2013 pp 138 143 N Zhong Toward Web Intelligence Advances in Web Intelligence Ist Int l Atlantic Web Intelligence Conf AWIC 03 LNCS 2663 2003 pp 1 14 Article in a journal or magazine Use lowercase for vol and no The default is to use the volume and issue number but for popular publications you can use the publication date instead Page numbers through 9999 do not require a comma LE Sutherland R F Sproull and R A Schumaker A Characterization of Ten Hidden Surface Algorithms ACM Computing Surveys vol 6 no 1 1974 pp 1 55 Blog To cite the blog itself The Official Google Blog Google http googleblog blogspot com Google is listed as the publisher here M Watson Artificial Intelligence Blog http markwatson com aiblog Style Guide version October 2014 30 Artificial Intelligence and Robots blog http smart machines blogspot com no named author or publisher Entries in a blog M Sahami About the Google Education Summit blog 26 Oct
78. ns about math typography and other stylistic matters Miscellaneous math style issues If authors use punctuation after mathematical expressions including displayed equations leave it in or revise as necessary Include a space on either side of multiplication signs equals signs and other operators when they are at full size for example 100 x 100 matrix and a b c MathType automatically inserts thin spaces around these symbols In subscripts and superscripts omit these thin spaces unless the formula becomes confusing without them Also when lt or gt precedes a number in text that isn t a formula there should be no space after the symbol If line breaks are needed in equations that appear in a paragraph they should come after a plus sign equals sign or similar character Characters with overbars must be set in MathType If an article has many symbols with overbars or other symbols that make typesetting difficult consider asking the author if there is an easier alternative Equation numbers are put in parentheses to the right of displayed formulas They should not be boldface Generally speaking only formulas called out in the text need to be numbered Use italic type for lowercase Greek variables do not use italic type for uppercase Greek variables Variables that denote vectors are set boldface not italic Do not use the small arrows above the variable to denote vectors Set the label that denotes a matrix in italic
79. nt unit PMOS p channel MOS PNG portable network graphics PnP plug and play PO post office in addresses use no periods PO Box 33 PocketPC brand name pocket PC generic term podcast policymaker POP3 Post Office Protocol version 3 popup Posix IEEE standard for a portable operating systems interface The initial standard deals with portability standards for C programs on computers running Unix post no hyphen unless root is based on a proper noun postprocessing post Victorian postmortem PostScript a graphics and font description language from Adobe Systems used primarily in desktop publishing power down v PowerPC pp abbreviation for multiple pages single page references are denoted by p PPP Point to Point Protocol pre no hyphen unless root is based on a proper noun preeminent pre Columbian prefixes see CMS 7 85 Table 4 Prentice Hall prepositions in titles see the Capitalization section president capitalize only when referring to the President of a country prettyprinting the process of reformatting source code so that it has a consistent layout price performance ratio written with a slash not a hyphen printed circuit board board on which most components are connected by printed circuitry PCB PCBs are acceptable on second reference printout Prism parallel reduced instruction set multiprocessing Apollo architecture programs and tokens see Program Code section Prolog a lo
80. o the computer indentations make a program easier to understand Punctuation e Do not substitute two single typesetting quotation marks or normal double typesetting quotation marks for typewriter quotation marks e Do not substitute a hyphen for a minus sign e Do not substitute a raised asterisk for a multiplication asterisk e Do not substitute an em dash for two hyphens which is a comment symbol in some languages Capitalization Words or letters in programming languages generally represent commands tokens or variables In Fortran and Basic the general convention is to capitalize commands such as IF PRINT FORMAT GOTO and variables often I N X N In C Algol and PostScript these words and letters are lowercase Style Guide version October 2014 27 Tokens in text Set program commands or tokens in Program font type to distinguish them in text Resist using boldface italics underlines or super and subscripting If the language is case sensitive where a compiler does not see do Do dO and DO as equivalent follow the language s rules Most popular languages are not case sensitive Case insensitive Ada Algol Anna APL assembly Basic Clu Cobol Fortran job control languages Lisp including Common Lisp Logo MS DOS and other operating system level command interpreters micro and mainframe Occam Pascal PL I Prolog SISAL
81. of National Engineering Associations EuroVHDL European Conference on VHSIC Hardware Description Language EUUG European Unix Users Group now known as EurOpen Extensible Markup Language XML okay to use acronym on first use Extreme Progamming XP not eXtreme Programming 56 fail soft features fan in fan out n adj types of logic networks fan in fan out v i FAQ farad unit of capacitance Fastbus an IEEE standard Fast Ethernet fast Fourier transform FFT not hyphenated decoding algorithm father One of several family words used to describe relationships among nodes in databases Although preferred usage is the gender neutral parent both terms are legitimate do not edit out fault tolerance 7 fault tolerant adj a system s capability to keep executing in the presence of a limited number of faults fax document facsimile document facsimile telecommunications equipment FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDM frequency division multiplexing FEA finite element analysis also acronym for Fast Ethernet Alliance Fellow uppercase in IEEE Fellow and other similar titles she s a fellow of IEEE FEM finite element method femtosecond one quadrillionth of a second FET field effect transistor also occurs in combinations such as MESFET ff femtofarad FF flip flop spell out in text FFT fast Fourier transform Fhourstone a benchmark FHSS frequency hopping spread spectrum Fibre Channel computer
82. of a meter but SI term is micrometer usage varies for example micron is used in integrated circuit production can also be written as u microphotograph small photograph normally magnified for viewing such as microfilm The field is called micrographics Do not confuse with photomicrograph a magnified picture of small things microsecond us the letter u is not a replacement If a Greek font is not available spell out as mu In magazines spelled out form is preferred at least on first reference except perhaps in tables MicroVAX MicroVAX II MicroVMS mid Check Webster s for preferred format middle out design midframe a computer housed in a small frame or cabinet usually used for multiuser applications that does not require a temperature controlled environment or special power supply saying midframe computer is redundant i MIDI musical instrument digital interface millisecond abbreviation is ms Style Guide version October 2014 72 Milnet along with Arpanet the main constituent of the Defense Data Network DDN Minet is the European split off from Milnet Mil Std military standard not the same as DoD Std MIMD multiple instruction multiple data Pronounced mimdee and takes a as its article spell out on first use unless context dictates otherwise add hyphens when used as a modifier MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions MIMO multiple input multiple output mini
83. ol SNR signal to noise ratio SOA service oriented architecture pronounced soh uh as in a SOA SOAP a Web services messaging protocol originally the acronym for Simple Object Access Protocol the term is no longer defined in common use SOC service oriented computing service oriented collaboration SoC system on chip adj system on chip n systems on chip n pl abbreviated plural noun form is SoCs social media n adj social network soft copy n soft copy adj software engineering n adj software hardware development n Softwire soho small office home office SOJ small outline J lead solid modeling 7 solid modeling adj okay to omit hyphen in graphics or visualization publications son one of several family words used to describe relationships among nodes in databases the term is legitimate don t edit it out Style Guide version October 2014 88 Sonet Synchronous Optical Network a Bellcore standard Sony PlayStation source code no hyphen for n or adj SPA Software Publishers Association now part of SHA see entry above also scratchpad area from IEEE spam junk email Sparc Sun Microsystems scalable processor architecture a RISC based CPU used primarily in engineering workstations Sparcstation examples are Sparcstation IPX and Sparcstation 2 SPC Software Productivity Consortium a research group SPEC Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation formerly Sys
84. on October 2014 78 P2P peer to peer P3P Platform for Privacy Preferences a W3C standard p not italicized when used to indicate probability p SI prefix for one trillionth or pico 3 ps p abbreviation for page when referred to in text use pp for multiple pages PABX private automated branch exchange a telephone system packet a packed block of data for data transmission PAD packet assembler disassembler PADL Part and Assembly Description Language developed at the University of Rochester pairwise PAL phase alternating line a European video standard also the acronym for Paradox Application Language Palm Pilot PAN personal area network PAR project authorization request parameterization not parametrization to split at the end of a line note that parameter and like words are split after the m for example param eter but parametric is split before the m para metric automatic hyphenation programs tend to split parameter incorrectly PARC Palo Alto Research Center ParcTab the first context sensitive computer developed at Xerox PARC Note the capitalization parseable alternate spelling parsable PASC Portable Applications Standards Committee Pascal a programming language named for mathematician Blaise Pascal parent one of several family words used to describe relationships among nodes in databases The terms are legitimate don t try to edit them out pass fail pathname Pbps petabits per s
85. onal Telenet 7 Terminal Emulation Protocol US Sprint s switching network originally developed for Arpanet testbed 7 an environment containing all the components necessary for testing a system tests statistical F test t test chi square test P value Wilcoxon rank sum test TeX see LaTeX pronounced tech Tflops teraflops one billion flops TFT thin film transistor the When referring to an academic institution s name that starts with the such as the University of Texas lowercase the or delete it Always delete the in a byline This rule stands regardless of the format on university stationery seals and so forth When referring to a corporate entity whose name begins with the such as the Irvine Company lowercase or delete the Style Guide version October 2014 91 ThinDIP trademark name for thin packaged DIP chips DIP stands for dual in line package Thomas J Watson Research Center T J Watson Research Center an IBM facility refer to as JBM T J Watson Research Center on first use Thomas J Watson when referring to the persons distinguish between Jr and Sr three space three dimensional space a mathematical term also 3 space can be written 3 3 as S orR throughput tif an electronic file format TIFF tagged image file format graphics file format even though the filename extension is tif the acronym is TIFF tiling a nonoverlapping approach to wind
86. ontext The CPM also queries Web services and filters Web content data according to user profile context Style Guide version October 2014 13 The architecture has three major components e a thin client terminal e an application server and e a context and profile manager CPM The client terminal hosts a Web browser and periodically sends location updates to the network The application server delivers Web content prioritized according to user preferences it formats the generated information content and adapts it for display on the client terminal The CPM tracks the user s dynamic context and also queries Web services and filters Web content data according to user profile context Style Guide version October 2014 14 Note With the exception of running text where the state name is spelled out use of the postal abbreviation is preferred CMS 10 28 Locations United States State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York Style Guide version October 2014 Standard abbreviation Ala Alaska Ariz Ark Calif Colo Conn Del D C Fla Ga Guam Hawaii Idaho Ill Ind Iowa Kan N J Pos
87. oom a software development approach aimed at producing software with the minimum number of errors cleanup n adj clean up v Style Guide version October 2014 48 cleartext n client server use hyphen not slash clk clock clock cycle the time it takes the CPU to fetch and execute an instruction do not substitute clock closed loop adj the cloud cloud computing CLUT color lookup table CMM Capability Maturity Model Levels 1 5 Don t spell this out in Software CMOS complementary metal oxide semiconductor co Compounds formed with this prefix are generally not hyphenated Exceptions are compounds that result in a double o co op co official and a compound such as co edition that could be confusing or suggests infelicitous reading However this does not apply to words such as coincidence or cooperate where the first two letters through long standing use are viewed more as an integral part of the word than as prefixes See Webster s and CMS 7 85 Table 4 for other examples Co abbreviated when used in text as part of a company name avoid using unless a company s name might not be clear without it for example Data Co COze equivalent carbon dioxide Cobol Common Business Oriented Language Cobol on all references CoCom an informal abbreviation for Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Expert Controls x Cocomo Cost Constructive Model a project estimation system developed by Barry Boehm
88. oosely speaking a 3D pixel VPE visual programming environment VPL visual programming language VPN virtual private network VRAM video random access memory Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Free University Amsterdam Commonly used acronym VU University Amsterdam doesn t work it s redundant VRML Virtual Reality Modeling Language vs normal abbreviation for versus except in legal context see v spell out in text abbreviation is acceptable elsewhere VT52 VT100 VT101 VT102 VT131 VT220 Digital Equipment Corp video display terminals Style Guide version October 2014 97 W watts 25 W dissipation W west in addresses W3C World Wide Web Consortium wafer scale integration WAN wide area network Don t spell this out in the optional magazines WAP Wireless Application Protocol Washington DC watts waveform wave front wave function WCGA World Computer Graphics Association WDM wavelength division multiplexing WDP World Data Processing Web short name for the World Wide Web Net is the short name for the Internet Web browser Web services webcam webcast weblog webmaster webpage webserver website well a well defined concept the concept is well defined don t hyphenate well words following being verbs WG see working group Whetstone benchmarks whiteboard white list white pages wide suffix see CMS 7 85 Table 3 wideband adj Wi Fi wireless products certified by
89. ose acronyms are well known such as CCITT Comit Consultatif International de T l graphique et T l phonique because using a translation International Consultative Committee for Telegraphy and Telephony followed by the acronym could confuse some readers This same guideline applies to university names in bylines and references In some cases the non English acronym is well known and always associated with the English translation An example is the European Center for Nuclear Research which is widely known by its French acronym CERN For non English references provide the original title first but follow it with the English translation in brackets so that English only readers can understand it Follow English capitalization rules in the translated title If you don t have a translation or can t translate the title query the author of the article who presumably has read the work and can translate the title If the author cannot provide a translation propose deleting the reference For author names always follow the author s preference However if the accents required are not readily available in the Society font list ask the author for English equivalents Style Guide version October 2014 24 Numbers and Symbols Dates The ZEEE Policies and Procedures Jan 2000 specify the following formats for dates e E mail and formal correspondence day month year for example 6 January 2004 e Software applications four
90. oston North American branch of the Swiss publisher Birkhaiiser Publishing BIST built in self test bit a binary digit 0 or 1 the basic element making up digital data Style Guide version October 2014 44 bit suffix adjectives formed with numbers and bit are hyphenated for example 64 bit processor bitblt Previous CS Style Guide versions defined this term as bit block level transfer but some authors insist on bit block transfer bitline bitmap digital representation of an image in which bits are mapped into pixels in color graphics a different bitmap is used for each red green and blue value bitmapped graphics Bitnet communications network between universities and research centers Although it s reputed to stand for Because It s Time Network the term is not a true acronym bit rate bit slice processor bit sliced adj bitstream n adj bitwise n dealing with bits rather than a larger structure such as a byte bitwise operators are programming commands or statements that work with individual bits black and white adj BlackBerry black box a complicated electronic device whose internal mechanism is usually hidden from or mysterious to the user BLAS basic linear algebra subroutines blog a shared online journal Bluetooth Blu ray BNF Backus Naur Form a metalanguage boldface strictly limit use as an emphasis technique italic type is preferred and should be used whenever pos
91. ow management time consuming time frame time line description of events during a particular historical period timeline a schedule of events or procedures time multiplexed adj time out n time out v time shared adj time sharing 7 simultaneous use of a central computer by many users at remote locations time sheet 7 time stamp n time step n time step adj time to market TI OMAP Texas Instruments Open Multimedia Applications Platform TIP terminal interface processor TLB translation look aside buffer TLS Transport Layer Security TMS32010 TMS34010 no space between letters and numbers processors from Texas Instruments toolbox n toolkit n toolset n one word when used in computer contexts tonnes use metric tons instead TOP Technical Office Protocol see MAP TOP top down design touch pad n a touch sensitive user interface touchscreen 7 a touch sensitive user interface TP0 TP4 Transport Protocol Class 0 to 4 a set of transmission protocols in the ISO protocol suite traceable traceback traceroute trackball n Style Guide version October 2014 92 trademark The registered trademark symbol indicates that the trademark is registered in the US Patent and Trademark Office indicates that it is pending Avoid using trademark symbols in text However oblige an author who owns a trademark and insists upon its use In this case use the company s name before th
92. picogram picosecond Pict an image file format generally produced by Apple Macintosh programs not the same as a PIC graphics file which is produced primarily by MS DOS spreadsheet programs PID proportional integral derivative PIM peripheral interface module Protocol Independent Multicast SM Sparse Mode SSM Single Source Multicast i PIN personal identification number Don t use PIN number pinout Pisces parallel implementation of scientific computing environments Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center one of the four US national supercomputer centers funded by the National Science Foundation pixel n derived from pix short for picture and element it is the smallest resolvable dot in an image display PKI public key infrastructure PL I a programming language developed by IBM roman T per textbook by developer PLA programmable logic array plaintext the intelligible form of an encrypted text for example plaintext contains routing information use plain text when referring to unencrypted text for example user entries are in italics the computer s response is in plain text PlayStation plug in n adj plurals The general rule is to add an s 1980s year 40s temperature HP 1000s name Apple IIs name see CMS 7 14 and 9 54 Style Guide version October 2014 80 i p m post meridiem meaning after noon also includes 12 00 noon see also a m PMU processor manageme
93. play grid grid computing GSM Global System for Mobile Communications Don t spell this out in Pervasive Computing GUI graphical user interface GW Basic Microsoft version of Basic for MS DOS computers BasicA is the IBM version Style Guide version October 2014 61 hacker an expert who explores the details of programmable systems to stretch their capabilities halfword half a computer word halftone an image reproduced from a photo or similar original medium comprising a series of lines arrayed in a screen to facilitate sharp clear printing of images when producing books Also the preferred format for images in electronic text for camera ready and other forms A 100 to 110 line screen is best lines per inch is the US unit of measure handheld adj n handshaking identification protocol for modems hard copy n hard copy adj hardwired describes circuits with only wire and terminal connections with no intervening switching no resistors inductors or capacitors HarperBusiness HarperCollins hashtag HCI human computer interaction Don t spell this out in Pervasive Computing HD adj high definition HDL hardware description language any language from a class of computer languages HDTV high definition TV head mounted display healthcare help desk hertz see Hz Hewlett Packard Laboratories either HP Labs or HP is acceptable Always use the hyphen when spelled out hexadecimal A numbering syste
94. pt for some established closed compounds quasi system quasiparticle Quel a relational calculus language quicksort routine memory sorting QuickTime the Macintosh movie animation application quotation marks Use around direct quotations chapter titles episode titles words when referred to as words and letters when referred to as letters In an article that begins with a quotation do not use the opening quotation marks with the initial drop cap an oversized boldface capital at the beginning of a paragraph but close the quotation with quotation marks Block quotations do not take quotation marks For more information see CMS 13 20 13 22 and 13 37 13 41 QVGA quarter VGA qwerty the standard typewriter or computer keyboard with the letters q w e r t and y at the upper left no initial capital Style Guide version October 2014 83 R8000 a 64 bit RISC microprocessor introduced in 1994 by MIPS Technologies Inc It was formerly code named TFP Other processors made by MIPS include the R4400 and R4600 rackmount adj computer equipment that is standardized to 19 inches in width j RAID redundant array of independent disks originally inexpensive disks i RAM random access memory RAND Corp official format for the name of the nonprofit research corporation In Security amp Privacy use Rand Corporation in affiliations and bios K R amp D research and development raster n the scan lines that form
95. quations one string of mathematical operations sits above another Always consider whether these can be converted to a single line using a slash to represent the fraction bar instead of a horizontal line Equations that use the square root symbol An example is 7 Jt Try instead if the author doesn t object raising the number to the 1 2 power Tbe Tx which is the same as taking the square root Characters with overbars If possible consider whether the author can make some substitution Some production artists actually throws out our carefully coded Math Type overbar characters and draw a bar over the letter in Quark But you still may need to code MathType for SGML 1 3 An exponent of an exponent An example of this would be Unfortunately there s not much we can do to change this one A superscript of a superscript a ora subscript of a subscript a For the latter case consider asking the author to use for example a 4 which can be coded without MathType For the former a super of a sub use MathType Common ways to avoid MathType A character that has both a superscript and a subscript for example G does not require MathType Simply code the p as a subscript and code the A as a superscript Change a stacked equation such as T Tye 0 Pet ke into a single line equation Tee T Py Ps Note the necessary use of parentheses in this case Style Guide version October 2014 2
96. quest for comments RFID radio frequency identification Style Guide version October 2014 84 RFP request for proposal spell out on first use RGB red green blue an additive color model used in TV and raster displays RISC reduced instruction set computing or computer RMI remote method invocation see Java RMI road map ROI return on investment rollout 7 roll out v x ROM read only memory nonerasable roman a type style that is not italic or boldface no initial capital when referring to the type style round off error royalty free images RPC Remote Procedure Call a protocol RPF reverse path forwarding rpm revolutions per minute RS 232 RS 232C hardware interface protocols RS 6000 RISC System 6000 a workstation from IBM comes in a variety of models such as the IBM RS 6000 Model 350 RSCS Remote Spooling and Communications Subsystem the spooling protocol used in Vnet and Bitnet RSS Really Simple Syndication Rich Site Summary RDF Site Summary a method of describing Web content that is available for distribution or syndication from an online publisher to Web users RSVP Resource Reservation Protocol RT register transfer RT 11 operating system for Digital Equipment Corp PDP 11 computers RTCP Real Time Control Protocol RTL register transfer level also Register Transfer Language RTP Real Time Transfer Protocol RTSP Real Time Streaming Protocol RTTP Real Time Transport Protocol also s
97. r 2014 35 Technical memo technical report technical or user manual Include the department name for technical memos technical reports and other material that may not be indexed in a company wide or university wide library or by an abstracting service Technical memo Requirements for Software Engineering Databases tech memo Imperial Software Technology London 1983 Technical report with report number C Hoffman and J Hopcroft Quadratic Blending Surfaces tech report TR 85 674 Computer Science Dept Cornell Univ 1985 Technical report without report number E Yarwood Toward Program Illustration tech report Computer Systems Research Group Univ of Toronto 1977 Technical or user manual The Unix System V Interface Definition vol 1 AT amp T Bell Laboratories Murray Hill N J 1991 White paper Consolidating the IT Infrastructure white paper Oracle Corp Dec 2003 Wikipedia Avoid citing as a reference if a more standardized source is available Style Guide version October 2014 36 General style Author names Use each author s initials and last name Leave no space between initials but do leave a space between the period following the last initial and the first letter of the last name E F Codd For hyphenated first names use a period for each initial for example J L Picard If an entry has more than three authors use the first author s name and follow it with et al T
98. racters It also makes program code stand out from text saying this is not real English so you re not supposed to understand it as natural language and it is easily recognizable as program code by most of our readers In text set program code in a standard column width using an indent to further set it off from narrative text The width of the indent should be specified in your publication s style The justification should always be ragged right If the lines of code are longer than a column width box the code and put it across two or more columns Magazines with 13 pica columns three columns per page often require boxed code Code presented in this manner should be identified as a figure and numbered as such with a caption If a program line doesn t fit on a single printed line break and indent it to indicate the continuation Never add extra punctuation Authors will often request continuation lines to be right justified or will otherwise express strong preferences on this issue In general try to duplicate the spacing indentation punctuation and capitalization in the author s manuscript Programming languages do not normally recognize boldface or italics but these may be used by the author simply for emphasis Spacing is very important because omitting a space will often prevent a computer from recognizing a command or variable Indentations often indicate subsets of the program although they are not necessary t
99. ray n adj v XHTTP XHTML XML XT see JBM PC XScale an Intel processor X Window System X Windows no hyphens a graphics environment from MIT for Unix workstations X11 Windows xy plane also yz xz planes XSL Extensible Style Sheet Language XSLT Extensible Style Sheet Language Transformation Style Guide version October 2014 100 Y2K Problem the crisis that didn t happen in 2000 YACC a compiler compiler a Unix tool Yahoo y axis n adj 66099 years to form plural add an s 1990s when referring to just the decade spell out for example nineties yellow pages Ymodem file transfer protocol Style Guide version October 2014 101 0 day refers to the timing of viruses released the same day as a patch z axis n adj z buffer storage for z axis values for 3D images sometimes called the depth buffer Z80 a microprocessor from Zenith Data Systems Z80 A Zadeh Lotfi a pioneer in fuzzy logic note the first name often misspelled ZIP zigzag in line package a file compression technique ZIP code Zmodem successor to Xmodem and Ymodem Style Guide version October 2014 102
100. re Engineering Body of Knowledge SWIG simplified wrapper and interface generator systemwide Style Guide version October 2014 90 2D two dimensional no hyphen x 3D three dimensional no hyphen 3DES say triple DES T1 digital transmission at 1 544 Mbits per second T3 is a faster line tape out tar tape archive file combination protocol task ID use the one word form taskid only in program statements task type use the one word form fasktype only in program statements Tbyte terabyte one billion bytes TC technical committee spell out on first use Tcl Tk a computer language developed by John Ousterhout of UC Berkeley can also be separate Tcl and Tk i TCP Transmission Control Protocol TCPA Microsoft s Trusted Computing Platform Architecture formerly known as Palladium z TCP IP TDM time division multiplexing TDMA time division multiple access telephone numbers see the Numbers and Symbols section also CMS 6 77 teletext a noninteractive broadcast text graphics communications system Teletype use only when describing Teletype Corp equipment generic word is teletypewriter teletypewriter see above abbreviated TTY television okay to abbreviate as TV telex acronym for teletype exchange a service that permits the transmission of data using commercial telecommunication facilities comprised of a network of teletypewriters Tell A Graf graphics software by Computer Associates Internati
101. re are any Otherwise contact the authors If authors listed next to each other share an affiliation group them together If authors share an affiliation but aren t listed next to each other don t group them together For example note the first and third lines of this list Khairi Reda and Alessandro Febretti University of Illinois at Chicago Aaron Knoll University of Texas at Austin Jillian Aurisano Jason Leigh and Andrew Johnson University of Illinois at Chicago Michael E Papka and Mark Hereld Argonne National Laboratory The author order on the first page and in the bios should be the same Normally each author should have only one affiliation on the article s first page usually the affiliation at which the research occurred You can list other affiliations in the bio If the affiliation is an institute or organization associated primarily with a university use just the university name as the affiliation However in JEEE Software you can list Software Engineering Institute as the affiliation without listing Carnegie Mellon University The author s name on the first page takes the AUTHOR tag the name in the author bio takes the vita name tag The affiliation on the first page takes the AUTHOR AFFILIATION tag a paragraph tag if it s on a separate line from the author name or the author affiliation tag a character tag if it s on the same line The affiliation in the bio takes the vita aff
102. reless service IMP interface message processor implementer Inc abbreviate when used in text as part of a company name but avoid using it unless a company s name might not be clear without it Lisp Inc no longer set off with a comma inches Whether you use symbols or spell them out be consistent when describing dimensions for example three inches by five inches or 3 x 5 See also the Numbers and Symbols section indexes use indices in mathematical contexts informatics a term often used to refer to computer science Information Age INFORMS the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences formed in 1995 when the Operations Research Society of America ORSA merged with the Institute of Management Sciences IMS infoserver in house adj ink jet printers inline adj input output I O in queue hyphenate when using as an adjective an in queue directory INRIA Institut National de R cherche en Informatique et en Automatique French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control in service adj INSPEC Information Services for Physics Electronics and Computing an IEE UK database of English language research papers Not a true acronym but handle as one integrated circuit IC is acceptable on first reference Intel s XScale processor International standard use ZSO standard Internet normally the Internet Internet 2 Internet Stream Protocol ST intranet interna
103. rence Calcomp Calcomp IGS 500 Calcomp 960 plotter CALM Common Assembly Language for Microprocessors Caltech California Institute of Technology CAM contact addressable memory CAM I Computer Aided Manufacturing International Carnegie Mellon University The Pittsburgh based university removed the hyphen from its name in 1986 Cartesian initial capital CASE computer aided software engineering CASA SME Computer and Automated Systems Association of the Society of Mechanical Engineers CAT computer aided testing not computerized axial tomography see CT catalog not catalogue CAVE Cave Automatic Virtual Environment CavernSoft note internal cap CBEMA Computer Business Equipment Manufacturers Association CCALI Center for Computer Assisted Legal Instruction CCD charge coupled device Style Guide version October 2014 47 CCIA Computer and Communications Industry Association CCITT Comit Consultatif International de T l graphique et T l phonique International Consultative Committee for Telegraphy and Telephony a Geneva based division of the International Telecommunications Union a New York based United Nations organization rarely spelled out Now ITU T see listing in the P section CDA DEC s compound document architecture CD I compact disc interactive CDMA code division multiple access a wireless communications technology i CD ROM compact disc read only memory preferred spelling is wit
104. s Use en dashes for page ranges and other cases where the CMS calls for them see CMS 6 78 681 Quotation marks Use double quotation marks for quoted text inside block quotations decks headings and interviews Don t put quotation marks around the entire quotation deck and so on Slashes virgules Use your judgment regarding the use of slashes Normally there should be no space on either side of the slash For an exception see CMS 6 104 Style Guide version October 2014 29 References This special section consists of two subsections sample formats and general style The first presents examples of most of the reference types that arise in Computer Society publications The second delineates the policies and style principles underlying the formats For Transactions see Transactions Department References compiled November 2011 To save time ask the authors for any missing reference information If they don t provide it then search for it if possible Sample formats Article in a collection A J Albrecht Measuring Application Development Productivity Programmer Productivity Issues for the Eighties 2nd ed C Jones ed IEEE CS 1981 pp 34 43 Article in a conference proceedings In general delete prepositions in conference titles where the meaning is clear without them see the Abbreviations section Use the ordinal symbol 2nd 14th 23rd for annual conferences If available include the co
105. s it helps to spell out the words occasionally throughout to refresh readers memories and aid those who browse If an article includes many unfamiliar acronyms consider creating a glossary or sidebar Use judgment before allowing a short common term to be reduced to an acronym for example operating system to OS Readers have difficulty with articles that read like alphabet soup Provided that an acronym isn t visually distracting use your judgment capitalize it as the author submitted it so long as the CS Style Guide doesn t already prescribe a style for it and its formatting agrees with the official version For example the www flossproject org provides the project s preferred capitalization FLOSS When deciding whether to revise acronym capitalization first consider clarity followed by author preference The alphabetical section of the Style Guide includes combinations of words and acronyms such as MiniDIP which generally follow both capitalization and acronym rules For units of measurement you don t need to spell out common abbreviations such as s min and ms For unfamiliar units of measurement spell them out on first use Style Guide version October 2014 4 Authors and Affiliations For the optional magazines on an article s first page list the authors in the order in which they appeared on the original accepted paper s first page If no names appeared there use the order of the author bios if the
106. s not intended to alienate authors universities or corporations its goal is to achieve professionalism and consistency while treating all firms organizations and individuals equally This house style is generally supported by US trademark law Occasional author editor disagreements can be expected and compromises are often necessary Each party should recognize that the other has a stake in the outcome The author s name appears on the book or article for all the world and numerous colleagues to see and the editor must follow guidelines established by senior editors managers the publisher and accepted CS editing practices Authors frequently feel that a particular usage is correct because it has appeared in a variety of printed communications However if these communications are conference proceedings in house technical reports or unpublished papers that have not been professionally edited no one has yet applied standard publishing rules Once in a while though CS style may indeed be out of step and questionable cases should be referred to the Style Guide Committee Willingness to view a situation from another s vantage point is a big step toward resolving differences Editors should be flexible enough to compromise when firm publishing and editing principles are not being violated If an author s preference violates strict grammar rules or firm CS guidelines the editor should make clear what that violation is explain why it is
107. s variables Don t italicize them Innocent editors can fall prey to mistakenly italicizing a subscript or superscript that looks like a variable but actually isn t For example in Vpp the letter Vis a variable and should be italicized but DD are neither variables nor constants They are more akin to acronyms They don t stand for numbers they stand for words That s the test If you can t put a number in for a letter then don t italicize it because it s not a variable In this case the DD tells us that this is the drain voltage in a transistor Now let s consider Vr This T probably refers to temperature and so is not a variable You ll have to look at the context surrounding it However usually these subscripts are not variables A common exception is n or i or even f when indicating a series of numbers such as Vi V2 Vn In this case a number can indeed be inserted in place of n so we should italicize it Another example of an acronym in disguise but one that is not a subscript is in the following sentence from an article I edited by Sachdev The NMOS transistor s source n bulk p and drain n terminals form an npn bipolar transistor In this case the n and p are neither variables nor constants They are once again more akin to acronyms but typically appear in lowercase You cannot substitute a number for either of these Control flow diagrams Letters in control flow diagrams represent s
108. ses the word Thus it is the Ohio State University not The Ohio State University and the University of Kansas not The University of Kansas See also the It s University of California at Santa Barbara but all other UC campuses use this format University of California Berkeley Unix a multilanguage operating system developed at AT amp T Bell Laboratories various versions are in existence upgradable UPnP universal plug and play uppercase s URI uniform resource identifier Style Guide version October 2014 94 URL uniform resource locator URN uniform resource name US n adj United States no periods USB Universal Serial Bus USENIX user friendly adj frequently overused avoid unless appropriate to the context username USRA Universities Space Research Association UTF 8 Unicode Transformation Format 8 UUCPnet Unix to Unix copy network UWB ultrawideband a wireless communication technology Style Guide version October 2014 95 V volts Examples 45 V n 45 V adj power supply v abbreviation for versus in a legal context Smith v Jones see also vs Vac volts of alternating current 25 Vac validation testing a product or product specification to ensure that it meets the requirements that it has the specified functions compare with verification Vanet vehicular ad hoc network VAR value added reseller variable length field VAX a mainframe made by Digital Equipment Corp plural is VA
109. sible Boolean from George Boole spelling with a capital B is preferred bootup n boot up v more commonly just boot botnet jargon term for a collection of software robots or bots that run autonomously bottom up design design that starts at the system level as opposed to top down design which starts at the logic level and works down In middle out design design starts at the middle level and proceeds up or down boundary scan a self test technique not synonymous with scan BPEL4WS Business Process Execution Language for Web Services bpi bits per inch for example 600 bpi magnetic tape unit 1 600 bpi BPML Business Process Modeling Language bps bits per second as in 7 200 bps see also baud BPSS Business Process Specification Schema BRDF bidirectional reflectance distribution function B rep boundary representation broadband n technique for high speed data transmission broadcast bus sends a single data item to all bus destinations in a unit of time Style Guide version October 2014 45 brute force attack BSA Business Software Alliance Bsafe encryption software BSD Berkeley Software Distribution an extended and modified version of AT amp T Unix from the University of California Berkeley B spline n adj not the same as a Beta spline Bsquare b trieve random access search technique used in databases burn in adj n burn in v bus bused busing buses The s is not doubled byte an eigh
110. ss the author is Tim Berners Lee and he complains Style Guide version October 2014 8 Biographical Sketches Except for transactions the preferred format for biographical sketches can vary depending on the publication But full articles should generally follow this format Author Name is a position at name of institution or company with department name if applicable His Her research interests include list three or four topics Last name received a highest academic degree use an abbreviation if possible in name of discipline use lowercase from name of degree granting institution He She has received names of awards He She is in on the editorial board of name of publication and has been name of volunteer position at name of conference He She is a member of list up to three relevant professional organizations okay to use an acronym or initialism for organizations Contact him her at email address Note If there are space issues for example an unusually large number of authors the professional organizations and research interests can be deleted in that order For columns and departments Computing in Science and Engineering Internet Computing IT Pro and Security amp Privacy use the same format as for regular articles Computer Graphics and Applications Intelligent Systems Pervasive Computing and Software follow this format Author Name is
111. st names When referring to a specific table or figure in the text use capitalization Figure 3 Table 2 and so on Avoid having a line with a drop cap on the last line of a column Use the appropriate punctuation at the end of a display equation Style Guide version October 2014 7 When referring to a numbered and displayed item in an article use an initial capital letter Figure 1 Table 2 Equation 3 Algorithm 4 Otherwise for nouns accompanied by numbers or letters don t capitalize the noun level 5 participant B step 1 and so on unless it s a proper noun or it s from a specification or standard For a quote that starts in the middle of a sentence use an ellipsis at the beginning and an initial lowercase letter for the first word For names of software patterns use an initial capital letter and no special formatting Use a drop cap not a heading to start the conclusion Sidebars For sidebar titles use normal title capitalization For titles of related work sidebars use Related Work in not Related Work on Tables We no longer use the TABLE ROWz tag When referring to table columns or rows in the main text normally use quotation marks and no capital letters In the total characters column URLs If you have to put a URL in parentheses after an acronym use a semicolon to separate the two Don t use http in URLs that start with www unle
112. t see CMS 8 21 capitalize when referring to the Vice President of the United States videocassette videocassette recorder videoconference videoconferencing Style Guide version October 2014 96 videodisk video game video on demand n video on demand adj VoD abbreviation videotape n v videotex interactive text graphics communications system also known as viewdata video over IP viewport virtual memory virtual reality VR In Computer Graphics and Applications don t hyphenate this when it s used as a compound adjective Also you normally don t need to spell this out in Computer Graphics and Applications VisiCalc a financial spreadsheet program from now defunct Software Arts Products f VLSI very large scale integration VLSI can be used as a stand alone noun when referring to the concept but not to physical objects for example VLSI circuit VLSI chip VLSI also is acceptable for VLSI Technology Inc VM virtual machine also JVM or Java virtual machine VMEbus VMS VAX Management System an operating system for DEC VAX computers Vnet an IBM internal network VoD video on demand n voice over IP n voice over IP adj VoIP abbreviation von Neumann adj refers to the concept of storing data and the instructions that apply to that data together the stored program concept von Neumann sort non von Neumann architecture note that the second example takes an en dash not a hyphen voxel l
113. t bit string that a processor reads as a group generally one byte equals one alphanumeric character bytecode one word Style Guide version October 2014 46 C a programming language C a programming language based on C and extended to include object oriented features is not super or subscripted Cc command control and communications C I command control communications and intelligence C x is an integer or an algebraic representation of an integer a mathematical notation referring to the continuity of a function and therefore its differentiability in calculus because derivatives are undefined where functions are discontinuous Less formally continuity refers to the smoothness of a function or curve C means the function is continuous but its derivatives are not C means both the function and its first derivative are continuous but the second derivative might not be More complicated forms such as Cc also occur Some authors make the C calligraphic but this is not necessary CAD computer aided design CADAM computer graphics augmented design and manufacturing system 5 CAD CAM computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing CADD computer aided design and drafting CAE computer aided engineering CAGD computer aided geometric design CAI computer assisted instruction or computer aided instruction CalArts California Institute of the Arts abbreviated term acceptable only on second refe
114. tal abbreviation AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE DC FL GA GU HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY 15 North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Trust Territories of the Pacific Utah Vermont Virginia Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Note States names with five letters or fewer are never abbreviated The names of states and N C N D Ohio Okla Ore Pa Puerto Rico R I S C S D Tenn Texas Trust Territories Utah Vt Va Virgin Islands Wash W Va Wis Wyo NC ND OH OK OR PA PR RI SC SD TN TX TT UT VT VA VI WA WV WI WY territories outside the 48 contiguous US states are abbreviated only when used with a postal code Postal code placement ZIP Zone Improvement Program codes follow the state code and are separated by a space Los Alamitos CA 90720 The Postal Service has expanded the original five digit code to nine digits known as ZIP 4 The added digits follow a hyphen appended to the original code Los Alamitos CA 90720 1314 Style Guide version October 2014 16 Canada Province Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Northwest Territories Nova Scotia Nunavut Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon Territory
115. tem Performance Evaluation Cooperative a vendor sponsored source of the SPEC benchmarks examples are the SPECint92 and SPECfp92 speedup n Spice simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis SPIE Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers the organization now styles itself the international society for optical engineering spreadsheet n Springer book publisher use in all references SQL Structured Query Language squash and stretch 7 function that enlarges and reduces not necessarily in proportion to all dimensions also called rubberbanding SRAM static RAM SRI Stanford Research Institute SSH Secure Shell or Secure Socket Shell a security protocol SSI small scale integration typically from one to four circuits SSL Secure Sockets Layer a security protocol stand alone adj Staran Stars Software Technology for Adaptable Reliable Systems a US Defense Dept project Star Tap StartTLS start up n adj statechart not state chart or state chart state of the art n state of the art adj represents the highest level of available technology as compared with state of the practice which is the highest level in general use It is an overworked phrase consider substituting current technology state transition adj stereo pair n two pictures that produce a 3D image stuck at adj stuck at fault n a type of circuit defect in which a gate can be stuck at either 1
116. teps not numbers Don t italicize them Once again a variable is a letter that represents a number If you can t substitute a number for a letter then that letter is not a variable and thus should not be italicized For an example of a control flow diagram see Figures 1 and 2 in Intra Task Voltage Scheduling for Low Energy Hard Real Time Applications Dongkun Shin Jihong Kim and Seongsoo Lee JEEE Design amp Test Mar Apr 2001 pp 20 21 Coding math Always code math from your keyboard or the insert symbol Symbol font menu rather than from other menus such as normal type Euclid Math and so on Hard coding the symbols using the numeric keypad is also acceptable for example you can use Alt 0150 to insert a minus sign but don t forget to turn NumLock on When to use or not use MathType The general rule of thumb is to resist using MathType MathType is difficult to set when it is inline embedded in the text because the artist must make a small picture box sit inline with the text Stand alone display when a MathType equation sits on a line of its own also takes more processing by the production artist Style Guide version October 2014 22 Unavoidable MathType A few situations always require the use of MathType If you really think you need to use Math Type but the situation isn t listed here you might consider getting a second opinion from someone familiar with math Stacked equations In these e
117. the Wi Alliance to be interoperable Wii Remote wiki computer software for creating editing and linking web pages Wikipedia a multilingual web based encyclopedia project operated by the Wikimedia Foundation wild cards John Wiley amp Sons WiMax WIMP windows icons menus pointing devices Windows 95 98 NT 2000 Me WinZip file compression program wireframe adj refers to a line drawing of a 2D or 3D object a wireframe image Style Guide version October 2014 98 wire wrap 7 a method of making an electrical connection in a circuit by wrapping wires around terminals wire wrapping adj as in wire wrapping techniques WISC writable instruction set computing WLAN wireless local area network word a sequence of bits that a processor can act on simultaneously More bits per word let the processor work on more data simultaneously A word can be defined in terms of bytes a two byte word equals a 16 bit word but bits are the more common unit also Mword Kword word slice processor workaround working group initial capitals if in a title for example Working Group on Posix Definitions lowercase if generic workflow workload workplace worksheet workspace the amount of memory a program requires over and above the amount necessary to store the program itself workstation worldwide World Wide Web abbreviated WWW see Web WWW WORM write once read many times WoZ wrap up n wrap up v
118. the graphic output on a computer display also referred to as bitmap raster op raster operation ray tracer n an algorithm for drawing computer generated shaded or highlighted images also a ray tracing algorithm RC resistance capacitance RCS radar cross section RDBMS plural RDBMSs relational database management system RDF Resource Description Framework RDFS RDF Schema re no hyphenation in most cases see Webster s for individual examples watch context for words such as resign to quit a job or re sign to sign again readback a way to ensure the accuracy of output by comparing the transmitted data with the original data readout 7 a visual display of data stored electronically read out v read write RealNetworks real time 7 real time adj the actual time during which something takes place reengineer to examine and alter a subject system to reconstitute it into a new form and to subsequently implement the new form contrast with reverse engineering registered trademark see trademark register transfer adj as in register transfer level relational database a database with data organized into tables REST Representational State Transfer an XML protocol reverse engineering 7 reverse engineering adj reverse engineer v to deduce the plans of something already built as opposed to reengineering an entity Rexx IBM s Restructured Extended Executor i RF radio frequency RFC re
119. the preferred style is to use a phrase to describe the figure and a sentence or more to describe the figure s significance For example Figure 1 Blue marshmallows The campers mix blue dye with sugar and the mucilaginous root of the marshmallow thus turning a pink flowered European perennial herb into a tasty campfire treat For abbreviations in captions spell them out in the first caption in which they appear with the abbreviation in parentheses immediately following the related term Later captions can use just the abbreviation To acknowledge outside sources of figures use this style Source NameOfSource used with permission For program code examples that are part of a figure input the code into the Word file and tag it properly if at all possible Don t send the code to the layout artist for input File and folder conventions optional mags Here are examples of the optional magazines file name format using the May June Computer Graphics and Applications Harel article as an example e g3har org pdf original file that the author sent e g3har tag doc original tagged but unedited file e g3har dt doc 1st edit by Dennis Taylor e g3har dt bb doc 2nd read by Brian Brannon This version usually replaces the previous one Style Guide version October 2014 6 e g3har gal doc version sent to author e g3har au doc version with author corrections e g3har fin doc version ready for layout
120. theater OMT object modeling technique ONA Open Network Architecture onboard all uses as in onboard regulation on chip adj as in on chip logic on demand adj online all uses as in the printer is online online equipment ONR US Office of Naval Research Style Guide version October 2014 77 onscreen onsite OO object oriented op amp operation amplifier spell out in text on first use opcode 7 operation code OpenGL a graphics programming language open loop adj as in an open loop program open loop n a system in which there is no feedback mechanism for self correction as there is in a closed loop open source n adj don t use as a verb instead consider wording such as released X as open source order of magnitude adj ORB object request broker ORSA merged with the Institute of Management Sciences in 1995 to become the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences INFORMS orthogonal In linear algebra the term describes a set of vectors that are independent in that no element is a linear combination of the others In programming the term is used more loosely to refer to independent although possibly related concepts OS operating system OSI open systems interconnection a concept whereby different vendors products work together OSPF Open Shortest Path First Protocol OS X out queue 7 out queue adj OWL Web Ontology Language Style Guide versi
121. tibus II Intel trademarks IEEE 796 is the multibus standard multiplexer n MUT module under test mux multiplexer muxes p ura spell out on first reference MVP matrix vector product the primary operation around which supercomputers are designed MVS an IBM mainframe operating system MW megawatt 2 MW 2 MW system mW milliwatt 200 mW 200 mW system Mycin an expert system that can be programmed with knowledge databases for different domains Style Guide version October 2014 74 9 07 Xen open source virtualization software 9 11 September 11 2001 n SI prefix for one billionth or nano 00 ns n variable designation for an integer italicized N north in addresses N A not applicable NAA formerly the National Association of Accountants reincarnated as the Institute of Management Accountants IMA naive namespace nano prefix one billionth do not use hyphen nanoseconds 100 ns narrow band n narrow band adj however according to the JEEE Dictionary of Electrical and Electronic Terms narrowband or narrow band are used as adjectives in some contexts NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington D C Ames Research Center Moffett Field Calif Dryden Research Center Edwards AFB Calif Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Md Jet Propulsion Lab Pasadena Calif Johnson Space Flight Center Houston Kennedy Space Flight Center Cape Canaveral Fla Langley
122. tober 2014 39 Transactions Department References While IEEE Computer Society journals and IEEE journals have distinct templates and formatting styles IEEE Computer Society journals follow the IEEE s guidelines for formatting references within the bibliography For further information about these guidelines please visit the IEEE s Style Manual at http www ieee org documents style_manual pdf Style Guide version October 2014 40 Denotes entries for which it is okay to use acronym or abbreviated term on first use A ampere for example 25 A n 25 A current adj AAAI American Association for Artificial Intelligence AAAS American Association for the Advancement of Science AACP American Association of Computing Professionals ABET Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology z AC alternating current academic degrees BS MS and PhD are the standard abbreviations for the bachelor s master s and doctoral degrees that we encounter in most of our authors biographies However if an author insists using BSME or BSEE instead of BS in mechanical engineering or MSc instead of MS is acceptable These and other variants have the sanction of being included in the Webster s list of abbreviations In general reproduce non US degrees as authors submit them except for periods for example BEng BTech and DPhil See also bachelor s master s doctorate accents Use accents in an
123. tronic file format Jr does not require preceding comma JSON JavaScript Object Notation JTAG Joint Test Action Group founders of the boundary scan standard jth just in time jit an inventory management method no capitals needed it s almost always used as a modifier JVM Java virtual machine JXTA platform independent peer to peer distributed networking protocol developed by Sun Jython Style Guide version October 2014 67 K 1 024 the binary thousand 25 Kbytes 25 Kbyte memory also used as temperature designator for Kelvin scale as in 273 K However when used as 10K with no space K means 1 000 The use of K when referring to monetary quantities is discouraged k 1 000 the decimal thousand 64 km used in metric designations see CMS 10 57 KAoS knowledgeable agent oriented system nonstandard but accepted acronym KB kilobyte use Kbyte 25 Kbytes 25 Kbyte memory Kb kilobit use Kbit or spell out but use Kbps for kilobits per second KBES knowledge based expert system as opposed to rule based Kbit kilobit use Kbit or spell out Kbps kilobits per second preferred over Kb s spell out on first use Kbyte kilobyte 25 Kbytes 25 Kbyte memory Don t use KB KEE Knowledge Engineering Environment product of Intellicorp keiretsu group of companies kernel central part of a program or operating system that does the bulk of the calculations not to be confused with the mathematical meaning
124. use some terms look like acronyms and some acronyms look like terms the style guide provides overlapping entries to make it easier to use Likewise the listings include cross references where necessary This style guide will be updated as required An electronic version is available at www computer org portal web publications styleguide The Style Guide Committee is a permanent body with a mandate to rule on questions of style and to provide guidelines where none exist If you have a question to pose or you find an entry that needs to be added or changed please send your request by e mail to style computer org The committee will endeavor to reply within 30 days Style Guide version October 2014 1 Resolving differences with authors The Style Guide Committee s goal is to direct editors to published works and offer guidelines that they should consider and follow except in cases where they have good reasons to do otherwise We recognize that each CS publication has its own minor style variations Moreover a good editor knows when to bend a good rule in order to maintain clarity of meaning within a written passage Authors provide the technical content for Computer Society publications and together with referees bear the major responsibility for ensuring technical accuracy The editor s job is to present the material in the most effective manner possible consistent with established CS publishing practices Computer Society style i
125. wheel DAML DARPA Agent Markup Language DAML OIL DARPA Agent Markup Language ontology inference layer spell out on first use DARPA US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DASD direct access storage device DASH Design Aid Schematic Helpmate data Follow author preference for use as singular or plural but maintain consistency within an article unless context clearly demands inconsistency database datacenter datapath dataset datatype data entry adj as in data entry switch dataflow n adj data mining Data General The Westboro Mass based company s products include Eclipse MV 8000 Eclipse MV 1000 superminicomputer Eclipse 130 and GW 4000 graphics workstation daughter One of several family words used in computer based relationships Although preferred usage is the gender neutral child the term is legitimate do not edit out Davic Digital Audio Video Interactive Council dB decibels 40 dB dBase II dBase III dBase I database products produced by Ashton Tate DBMS database management system plural form is DBMSs DC direct current DCE Distributed Computing Environment DCEL direct coupled field effect transistor logic DCOM Distributed Component Object Model DCT discrete cosine transform DDL document description language DDN Defense Data Network DDN PMO Defense Data Network Program Management Office DEC Use Digital Equipment Corp on first reference in text DEC or Digital is a
126. xternal sources Our purpose is to promote coherence consistency and identity of style making it easier for CS editors and our authors to produce quality submissions and publications that communicate clearly to all our readers General information This revised November 2013 edition of the IEEE Computer Society Style Guide complements these primary references e Preferred dictionary Webster s Collegiate Dictionary 11th ed 2003 e General style guide The Chicago Manual of Style 16th ed 2010 called CMS in this style guide The CS style guide defines and explains unique IEEE Computer Society usages particularly where they differ from other usages It also defines specialized terms to help editors determine proper usage and phraseology Entries in the alphabetical listing include commonly used acronyms definitions and brief remarks on points of style Entries for terms are listed with their initial letter in lowercase unless the term is a proper name or conventionally appears with an initial capital letter A keyword given in italics denotes entries for remarks on style Where topics cannot be covered by short explanations they are presented in the special sections listed in the Table of Contents An denotes entries in the alphabetical listing that can be used as acronyms on first reference An individual magazine s editorial staff can make determinations about applying this designation to other acronyms on the list Beca
127. y m 2 k 3 If a display equation can t be centered the first line can be made flush left to the column to allow more room for the following lines of the equation to fit If an equation number won t fit to the right of an equation it is acceptable to have the equation number fall one line below the equation and to keep it right justified to the column Style Guide version October 2014 20 Math guidelines When should you italicize when should you use bold and when should you do neither If you edit Computer Society articles you need to have a good handle on the answers to these questions The detailed answers below are meant to help you see the logic behind these answers so that you will be able to consistently make the right decisions when confronted with a math heavy article Constants A constant is a letter that represents one distinct value that never changes no matter what Don t italicize constants For example the letter k is often used to represent Boltzmann s constant which is always equal to 1 380622 x 10 Joules Kelvin We use the letter k to avoid having to write out this long number in our equations but it s not a variable because its value can never change it remains constant In most cases the author will identify the letter as a constant If he or she doesn t you can probably assume it s not a constant The only exception I can think of is the speed of light 2 997925 x 10 m s a constant typi
128. y of Webster s single letter variables longer variables that might be confused with text if not in italics book titles includes manuals movie titles and TV series titles IT information technology ITC International Test Conference item set some publications use itemset iterator n a programmed action that sets up a counter to control the number of times the action is performed ith note no space no hyphen no superscript ITU T International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector formerly CCITT Style Guide version October 2014 66 J2EE Java 2 Enterprise Edition J2ME Java 2 Micro Edition J2SE Java 2 Standard Edition For more information on emerging Java technologies see http java sun com Jabber streaming XML protocol Java cross platform programming language from Sun Microsystems JavaOne JavaBeans JavaScript JavaServer Pages JSP Java RMI Java remote method invocation JDK Java development kit JEDEC The JEDEC Solid State Technology Assoc once known as the Joint Electron Device Engineering Council JEIDA Japan Electronic Industry Development Association JFIF J PEG file interchange format jif an electronic file format Jini Java wireless technology JMS Java Message Service John Wiley amp Sons Josephson junction 7 an electronic switching device Jossey Bass a subsidiary of John Wiley amp Sons joystick JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group also an elec

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