University of Queensland - Turbine Technologies, LTD.
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1. https www google com patents US4584486 http uk farnell com wind turbine pitch control applications www nrel gov electricity transmission pdfs wind workshop2 l6shao pdf https www dnvgel com services wind turbine control system design 5668 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 51 LABORATORY MODULE 3 BLADE PITCH POSITIONING SAMPLE SOLUTIONS 1 Comment on the following quantities and display a graph which indicates how they change dependent on pitch angle The following graphs have been created using data from balanced 60 loading a Voltage Pitch Variation Voltage Profile This graph compares the voltage profile of phase A for a range of different pitch angles A decrease in voltage is illustrated with an increase in pitch angle 5 Degrees oome On all three blades This is expected 15 Degrees wm Voltage V a w because a reduction total power output with increasing pitch hence resulting in lower voltage to each phase Wind Speed m s b Current Pitch Variation Current Profile Similar to the phase A voltage a decrease in phase current is noticed with increasing z ene blade pitch angles This was also expected 3 a aS the power is directly proportional to 004 ene current Wind Speed m s c Frequency Pitch Variation The frequency illustrates an interesting Frequency Profile ef2. 7 Toggles the lower graphical display 5 between chart display or graph display 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 24 LOGGING DATATO FILE a os ties ode ain edu ddi ade oa JE AOS a e A When you want to save Data you must hit Stop Save button then 1 Use the drop down menu to select a file path to save your data 2 Give your data a file name then select OK It is now saved in that file 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 25 Importing Acquisition Data into MS Excel Spreadsheet A convenient way to analyze WindLab performance data is to graph the data points using a spreadsheet program such as Microsoft Excel To accomplish this Delimited data captured during the lab data acquisition must be imported into the Excel program Note MS Excel spreadsheet program will be illustrated If using another spread sheet program please review how to accomplish these same results with that particular program SI a U algj j Njo y ye pt e et Oe ee oF AR Owes A GAS td x 5 ew penr A EE ET E ES EA Dyana Jas res al h 3 4 4 El a be let surtia A roy 6 Cl T F Pe cored hemes a het tem Geral poy ada 2 Crane ote ree n Dime he Ma Troe Dial bot deve ter vou Gabe 4 A lod aane ach pe meet or a Gap el pr Pude e C hadh RI re O A eat n bar nach ha p snmma E mg or cr 18 19 Ei 2 cee a Mu gt a a y B z J m4 1 sheti
3. Power coefficient where C max 0 59 The largest wind turbine currently in operation can generate around 3MW on land or up to 5 MW off shore where larger structures are feasible Turbines can be used as stand alone applications or they can be connected to a utility power grid For utility scale sources of wind energy a large number of turbines are usually built together to form a wind farm 4 which in Australia have a total capacity of 60MW to 300MW Wind Turbine Technology Advancements Pitch Control One key variable for determining wind power generation is the wind speed at the locations chosen for wind farms Wind speeds are more consistent at heights of some 100m above prevailing hilltops which is one of the reasons for sighting wind turbines on tall towers along ridges and above cliffs Research and studies are performed into the average wind profiles of the location to test the feasibility for a wind farm establishment If determined suitable this wind data is used to select the optimal size generator to optimise its power generation over the expected range of wind speeds and to maximise its time spent generating rated power Wind speed controls the RPM of the blades connected to the generator rotor and thereby the electrical output of the generator One of the focal points of today s wind power industry is to devise control methods that automatically moderate the generator power output over a range of wind speeds whilst ensurin
4. Amps 0 08 0 07 0 06 0 05 0 04 0 03 0 02 0 01 0 AAI NO TI aoa 109 118 127 136 145 154 163 172 181 190 199 208 217 226 eee Current A Amps 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 32 2015 G RMS Voltage B RMS Voltage B Volts 2 5 2 L3 1 0 5 0 on7m7negeongermraseseam mnevysepnggeese aa NM Tt I NOT ANMTHORWADGOAN asa cs ec Ao et ant att nwt nw A att ANN YN RMS Voltage B Volts H Current B Currrent B Amps 0 08 0 07 0 06 0 05 0 04 0 03 0 02 0 01 0 PA A Ww 0 0 Y NN MT o AAO AN ai vi a A a aA AF At aA Aa ae AN NA eee Currrent B Amps ID RMS Voltage C Voltage C Volts La 1 5 0 5 0 TM AS A AAA AAA a A AN OT SWOOMDOOWANMTANUORAWAAAHAAA WO ANI el al A A Ai a 7 a AAs vir N N Oe Voltage C Volts Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 33 J Current C Currrent C Amps 0 08 0 07 0 06 0 05 0 04 0 03 0 02 0 01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100 109 118 127 136 145 154 163 172 181 190 199 208 217 226 0 01 eee Currrent C Amps K Power Power Watts 0 09 0 08 0 07 0 06 0 05 0 04 0 03 0 02 0 01 118 of wonsrtrnmnarandw oandar wo A A NMI NUR DOH OC O NmMtrnNnonrwdanaoxntwyn ao Ant nt nti nti ti ne TA ANN NSN Power Watts EXERCISE Compare the theoretical values of frequency and power with those obtained in experiments in this part of the lab module Comment on any mismatches
5. LAB Laboratory Module Preparation Aim After completing the pre lab students should acquire necessary theoretical information required to complete the succeeding laboratory modules on the WindLab wind turbine System Objectives Students should be able to demonstrate the understanding of the operational details of the WindLab laboratory equipment the interfaces that will be controlled and the theory supplied in this pre lab Lab Requirements Operational Manual WindLab Wind Turbine Electrical Generation System Background Information Wind Energy Wind power is a major pillar of tomorrow s energy supply Since the first developments of using wind power for electricity generation in the early 1900s the utilisation and growth in this field has been flourishing 2 Due to nations all around the world suffering from pollution and toxic emissions renewable clean energy sources such as wind has been the focal point to convert to a healthy efficient and less polluted world The wind industry set a new record for annual installations in 2014 with increasing market growth by 44 according to the global wind market statistics released by the Global Wind Energy Council 3 A global net capacity roughly 370GW is the current statistic 4 The essential components for large scale wind turbines incorporating grid connection include S e Rotor rotor blades aerodynamic brake and hub e Drive train rotor shaft be
6. LSet des it J ore pene COE ADS Fe A See TA Penh un Pat rte Mer tes BE erent im el Bont 294 9Ga one eure faced Bent AA Sa SO jia W e 0e pe pat ryme h Qi bnie thb j FR Cae BAP ths K Opt 1169 OF U BRB Sa 2 Ow Ow Jud 208 5 u sr At A Da cee tate pow tated pach coher arc at the Cate tee eee CO eee an ees re vals AENA ad A e ee IET BEAR EIA ESR RECTOR IRA e stes tet Fed Y le 1 fF 1 In Excel Open your data file from where it is saved You will see the attached screen come up with Delimited highlighted Click Next and then click Next again when the next screen comes up 2 When this screen comes up click Finish 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 26 3 Data is now in spreadsheet format f 1 Highlight the desired column or columns of data desired for graph For this l z E Lot Bes CIN AS lt 2 example Rotor Speed and ADOS SS i Generator RPM column data z FESS ig EEE will be plotted C amp D su om J0 Pe am 3 ERER SS sE 5 2 mi 2 Click Insert on the top g menu bar gt tirs 3 After clicking Insert click on Chart Layouts In this case select no markers for data points and just lines 4 Click Move Chart Me e amp amp de w oan Satrasaraecvets sau stecececcreeececerceceece a8 13 E 3 7 P H 5 Je
7. polluted world The wind industry set a new record for annual installations in 2014 with wind power capacity growing by 44 according to the global statistics released by the Global Wind Energy Council 3 Figure 1 below shows that almost 70 of the world s 370GW of wind power are located in China USA Germany Spain and India 4 TOP 10 CUMULATIVE CAPACITY DEC 2014 Rest of the world PR China Brazil Italy France ____ Canada United Kingdom ndia Spain Germany USA PR China 114 763 31 0 USA 65 879 17 8 Germany 39 165 10 6 Spain 22 987 6 2 India 22 465 6 1 United Kingdom 12 440 3 4 Canada 9 694 2 6 France 9 285 2 5 Italy 8 663 2 3 Brazil 5 939 1 6 Rest of the world 58 275 15 8 Total TOP 10 311 279 84 2 World Total 369 553 100 Figure 1 Cumulative global capacity in 2014 The essential components for large scale wind turbines include 5 e Rotor rotor blades aerodynamic brake and hub e Drive train rotor shaft bearings brake gearbox and generator e Supporting structure tower and foundation e Electrical components for control and grid connection 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 4 Main Gearbox Generator Drive Shaft wi y Wind Housing High Speed Shaft y Rotating Bearing Tower Blades Support Source http www alternative energy tutorials com wind energy wind turbine design
8. resulting pitch angle of the Figure 5 0 WindLab Wind blade turbine blade angle Wind Turbine Hub Blade Pitch Angle Eo Angle degrees degrees Figure 6 0 Blade pitch angle taken from outmost point 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 49 Changing WindLab wind turbine blade pitch angles The following steps when followed will result in successful adjustment of the blade pitch positioning of the WindLab wind turbine blades l 3 Once the cage is removed use an Allen key to loosen the three screws but Before touching the cage and inside the wind turbine it is essential to ensure that the machine is turned off and power disabled First step the protection cage must be taken off This can be achieved by rotating the cage in a clockwise direction until the clamps are released The structure of the clamps is shown in Figures 7 0 and 8 0 Figure 7 0 Safety cage Figure 8 0 Exploded view of clamps locking cage into position do not remove these completely The location of these screws is indicated on Figure 9 0 This will allow the blades to be rotated and angle adjusted without falling out or deconstructing the turbine hub Once at the desired angle tighten all three screws and double check they are tight before putting the cage back on Figure 9 0 Location of screws locking blades into position 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 50 Question 1 This question requires significant
9. solution from part C the total repayment time if the system costs 10 000 can be found by 10000 00 Total R t Time AE Saving per year 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 41 LABORATORY MODULE 2 SYSTEM ANALYSIS SAMPLE SOLUTIONS 1 Create a table in excel with all the data using the conditions outlined Display the 2015 wind power curve wind generation graph Indicate the wind turbine power output W on different wind speeds Wind Power Curve Based upon your power curve wind generation graph and an average loading of 50 what would be the total watt hours of power generated for the 24 hour period if recorded wind data is as shown Midnight to 1 00AM CALM 1 00 to 2 00 AM CALM 2 00 to 3 00 AM Steady at 1 m s 3 00 to 4 00 AM Steady at 2 m s 4 00 to 5 00 AM Steady at 4 m s 5 00 to 6 00 AM Steady at 4 m s 6 00 to 7 00 AM Steady at 4 m s 7 00 to 8 00 AM Steady at 4 m s 8 00 to 9 00 AM steady at 4 6 m s 9 00 to 10 00 AM steady at 4 6 m s 10 00 to 11 00 AM Heavy at 6 7 m s 11 00 to 12 00 Noon Heavy at 6 7 m s 12 00 Noon to 1 00 PM steady at 4 6 m s 1 00 to 2 00 PM steady at 4 6 m s 2 00 to 3 00 PM Steady at 6 m s 3 00 to 4 00 PM Steady at 6 m s 4 00 to 5 00 PM Steady at 5 m s 5 00 to 6 00 PM Steady at 4 m s 6 00 to 7 00 PM Steady at 2 m s 7 00 to 8 00 PM CALM 8 00 to 9 00 PM CALM 9 00 to 10 00 PM CALM 10 00 to 11 00 PM CALM 11 00 to Midnight CALM Wind turbine lab mod
10. the power required in the outlined period B If billed electric service cost the facility property owner 0 30 w hr what saving will wind turbine owner realize for this day Total Cost without Turbine 74 0 30 Total Cost without Turbine 22 20 The Wind Turbine covers 7 5 percent of the total power consumed therefore Total Daily Savings 22 20 0 075 Total Daily Savings 1 70 C If this pattern of usage and generation were to be steady for a year what is the average saving for a year 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 44 Extrapolating the daily saving to year long period 1 70 365 620 50 D Ifthe system being used had an acquisition cost of 10 000 00 what would be calculated payback in years for the unit 10000 00 Total Repayment Time 620 50 Total Repayment Time 16 11 years EXERCISE Repeat part D using the Net Present Value analysis and assuming a discount rate of 5 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 45 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 46 LABORATORY MODULE 3 BLADE PITCH POSITIONING WORKSHEET Aim 1 To gain an understanding of the significance and acquire basic skills in adjusting blade pitch angles to control the operation of wind turbines Objectives 1 To determine the effect that pitch positioning has on power voltage current rotor RPM and frequency on the wind turbine throughout its operational range 2 To b
11. 6
12. A The Australian Power Institute LABORATORY MODULES FOR WIND TURBINE EXPERIMENTS USING THE WINDLAB FACILITY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND Mike Evrat and Rahul Sharma School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering Power and Energy System THE UNIVERSITY The University of Queensland Ay OF QUEENSLAND l SEE AUSTRALIA St Lucia QLD Copyright Statement These experiments are prepared based on the WindLab manual for their facility and as such the copyright remains with Turbine Technologies USA To run these experiments the user needs access to a WindLab facility This module cannot be made publicly available 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS as AP eee O AE A EA N eee A ee ee A A E eer es 3 Backroom A Onm ro T T T A 4 Pundo mental or Wind E DE rE E E 4 Wind turbine technology advancements Pitch control ooocccccnncnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnss 6 WindLab by Turbine Ase ava 10 674 lt eee een en EE EE R 8 A o E E E N EE EE 8 Mid CAI tene 8 Customisable CAL UECS nto 9 Calibration of WindLab meters cccccnnnnnnncccncncnnnnnnnnnnnnnnninononnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnanininass 10 Laboratory Modules Structure and Overview oococccccnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnoss 11 PU AAO A e O OO 5 ME PEO ATA EEEIEE senshuncenmoatadenachan 13 Laboratory Module 1 System Familiarisation ooccccccnnnnnnnnnnnno
13. ade pitch angle to the next increment on each of the three blades To adjust the blade pitch angle refer to the Step through guide Lab Module 3 for the safe and clear procedure Questions l 2015 Plot graphs to illustrate the relationship between the following quantities and pitch angle a Voltage b Current c Frequency d Rotor RPM e Power Create a graph of Power W verses Wind Speed m s for each of the pitch angles where the effect of changing loads is illustrated Four separate graphs should be created From your results comment on how automated pitch control is essential in management of the operation of wind turbines Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 48 LABORATORY MODULE 3 BLADE PITCH POSITIONING STEP THROUGH GUIDE The following steps are required in order to gather the information needed to complete Worksheet Lab Module 3 Pitch Angle Statement The blade angles as indicated on the WindLab wind turbine hub are as displayed in Figure 5 0 This indicates the angle that the bottom of the blade creates with the hub and NOT the actual pitch angle of the blade The blade pitch angle is meaured from the outmost point of the blade and when the blade s face is perpendicular to the wind correlates to zero degrees See Figure 6 0 below for visual interpretation The table below shows the correlation between the indicated angle as displayed on the wind turbine hub vs the
14. arings brake gearbox and generator e Supporting structure tower and foundation e Electrical components for control and grid connection Wind turbines operate on a simple principle The energy in the wind turns two or three propeller like blades around a rotor The rotor is connected to the main shaft which spins a generator to create electricity 6 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 13 A blade acts much like an airplane wing When the wind blows a pocket of low pressure air forms on the downwind side of the blade The low pressure air pocket then pulls the blade toward it causing the rotor to turn This is called ift The force of the lift is actually much stronger than the wind s force against the front side of the blade which is called drag The combination of lift and drag causes the rotor to spin like a propeller and the turning shaft spins a generator to make electricity 7 The 3 phase power generated from a balanced system is calculated by P3 phase 3 Vonaselpnase The theoretical equation for calculation of the frequency depends on the RPM and the number of poles within the generator hy RPM P fz 0 where RPM represents the generator revolutions per minute and P denotes the number of generator poles Turbines can be used as stand alone applications or they can be connected to a utility power grid For utility scale sources of wind energy a large number of turbines are usually built together t
15. at 0 12 A Producing 0 5 watts of power WindLab Components The following components description has been adapted from the Operational user manual supplied with the WindLab Turbine 1 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 8 The wind turbine features an adjustable pitch turbine blade hub and factory blades attached which are able to be replaced with alternative blade designs This allows blade pitch setting experiments and also testing of alternative blade designs to be performed to compare effectiveness and efficiency Behind the wind turbine rotor is the housing which contains the electrical power generation inside this contains Gear box o Due to slow speeds of the wind turbine the RPM of the motor is stepped up by 4 times o The gearbox is a planetary configuration Generator o Three phase output DC excited generator wired in delta configuration o Connected to the generator are three phase wye connected loads Generator excitation voltage is also a component which is user defined Generator excitation is required to magnetise the electromagnetic core inside the generator and can be set between 0 14V This is delivered through a set of slip rings mounted at the rear of the generator spinning shaft A scaled 4 cup wind anemometer is mounted on the wind turbine tower pole to provide accurate wind speed measurements It has the ability to accurately model gusty wind scenarios displaying and recording them in real
16. ata for operation and analysis On Board Data Acquisition System which feeds a cabinet mounted USB Port The computer features a Virtual Instrument Panel VI for the WindLab System Discussion By completion of this pre reading laboratory module students should have revised the fundamentals of power generation using wind turbines and their significance It should be noted that the review material presented in the pre lab section only presents a high level overview of the wind turbine operation and significance It is by no means an extensive coverage of the fundaments of the wind turbine design and operation Students are strongly recommended to review the relevant theoretical contents for example the contents covered in the ELEC3300 and ELEC7313 lectures for UQ students 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 17 2015 Module 1 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 18 LABORATORY MODULE 1 SYSTEM FAMILIARISATION WORKSHEET Aims After completing this module students should have the ability to safely and independently operate the WindLab facility to obtain accurate usable experimental data and be able to correlate theoretical calculations with practical results Objectives After completion of this module students should be able to 1 Independently conduct pre start up start up operation and shutdown of WindLab Wind Turbine Power System 2 Utilise the data acquisition system to capture the operat
17. atistics vol 10 2 2015 ed Belgium GWEC 2014 Energy gov 2002 18 03 Wind turbine basics Available http energy gov eere wind how do wind turbines work R Gasch and J Twele Wind turbines design and components ed Berlin Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2012 pp 46 113 Energy gov 2002 18 03 How do wind turbines work Available http energy gov eere wind how do wind turbines work NREL Wind Energy Basics vol 2015 2014 T R A o Engineering Wind turbine Power Calculations Educational Laboratory Report 30 March 2015 K Selvam S Kanev J W van Wingerden T van Engelen and M Verhaegen Feedback feedforward individual pitch control for wind turbine load reduction International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control 2008 A Stotsky B Egardt T Chalmers University of h Chalmers tekniska R Institutionen for signaler och system S Department of et al Individual pitch control of wind turbines Model based approach Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part I Journal of Systems and Control Engineering vol 227 pp 602 609 2013 D Zhang P Cross X Ma and W Li Improved control of individual blade pitch for wind turbines Sensors amp Actuators A Physical vol 198 p 8 14 2013 P F Company 2015 1 11 Alternative Energy Available http uk farnell com wind turbine pitch control applications Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 5
18. b wind turbine is an electrical power plant generation system which serves as a perfect learning tool for any research lab or learning environment WindLab is housed in a 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 14 self contained wind tunnel and comes with a programmable variable speed wind source It also features custom on board instrumentation created with LabVIEW WindLab is a classroom sized power plant built to last with aerospace grade components including an all alloy planetary gear box 3 phase power generator cut away gondola cover a stainless steel tower and ABS plastic blades 9 The turbine rotor shaft drives a precision machined alloy planetary gearbox which multiplies turbine rotor shaft RPM by 4 The three phase generator features an adjustable range DC excited eight pole rotor and an eight pole three phase stator The WindLab wind turbine system comes with an operation manual which describes important operating procedures that must be followed 2 Particularly the start up procedure and maximum operating conditions Before operation of the WindLab wind turbine the user must confirm the following aspects Wind fan remains unadjusted with no visible damage Turbine blades have been inspected ensuring firm connection to the wind blade hub Load Rheostats are off Excitation Voltage Rheostat is off DAQ Computer connected Operation limits that must be followed Maximum wind fan speed which is li
19. d stop saving data through the laptop interface and reduce all dials back to no load no wind speed conditions and shut down the system Now by recalling the Importing Acquisition Data into an MS Excel Spreadsheet steps found in Step though Guide Laboratory Module 1 complete a data analysis and produce important graphs as required 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 39 Procedure for completing Question 1 Use the imported excel data to create a graph of Power watts vs Time seconds Identify the different wind speeds by matching up the time values when each speed increment was adjusted Procedure for completing Question 2 To complete this question you will need 1 Atleast 30 seconds of sampled data for each whole wind speed at 50 balanced loads 2 The total hours in which the wind turbine operates for at each wind speed Derive this from the table on the Worksheet illustrating an average daily wind profile The power reading supplied within each time segment is the power generated within one hour Accordingly the energy calculation can be performed using E w hr P w x T hr Multiplying each wind speed generation power W by the respective time hours spent at that speed using P w x T hr and then summing these together will return the total energy generated in the day portrayed Procedure for completing Question 3 A First step is to create a data plot illustrating the wind turbine generati
20. data to be collected and analysed For each blade pitch angle 0 5 10 and15 degrees a constant balanced load must be selected and then data needs to be collected for each whole wind speed from 2 7 m s for this load By utilising techniques learnt through previous modules the data acquisition system can be used to import the results into excel Once in excel multiple worksheets can be created one for each pitch angle in which the respective data can be organised From the excel workbook the respective quantities requiring commenting on can be grouped and graphed using the scatter plot against wind speed Using a scatter plot in excel allows you to graph more than one plot on the same axis with corresponding x and y values One graph should be created for each section with four plots within indicating the different pitch angles used Question 2 The experimental procedure outlined on worksheet 3 is the process required to gather the required data to answer this question There are two underlying learning goals of this question and aspects to keep in mind Firstly when graphing notice and understand the effect that increasing load has on the wind turbine power output Secondly clearly determine and compare the power profiles amongst changing pitch angles Question 3 Sources relevant and informational of wind turbine blade pitch control http machinedesign com news wind turbine blades change pitch boost wind power efficiency
21. e able to demonstrate understanding of the relevance and necessity the automated pitch control contains for utility scale wind turbines System Requirements WindLab Wind Turbine Data Acquisition Computer WindLab 1 0 software USB cable Allen key for blade pitch positioning alterations General Lab Procedure 1 Complete the following exercises by safely collecting the required data through experimenting with the blade pitch positioning on the WindLab wind turbine Specific Lab Procedure Refer to the LAB Module 3 Step through Guide for detailed steps for completion of the following worksheet Experimental Procedure Conditions Perform the following experiment through implementing the procedure outlined below Analyse the systems response with the turbines blade pitch positioning set at 0 5 10 and 15 degrees Set and record the blade pitch angle on all three blades to 0 degrees With balanced unloaded conditions and 5V DC excitation ramp adjust the wind speed to 2 m s Notice that the turbine will begin to spin Upon stabilization record unloaded power RPM Begin saving and sample data for 30 seconds on each whole wind speed value up until the threshold current is reached Note the voltage current rotor RPM power output and frequency change Using the rheostat slowly add load to all three phases in 20 increases and repeat steps 2 3 and 4 Repeat steps 1 to 5 adjusting the bl
22. ed States which manufactures educational laboratory products As explained on its website 9 The WindLab wind turbine is an electrical power plant generation system which serves as a perfect learning tool for any research lab or learning environment WindLab is housed in a self contained wind tunnel and comes with a programmable variable speed wind source It also features custom on board instrumentation created with LabVIEW WindLab is a classroom sized power plant built to last with aerospace grade components including an all alloy planetary gear box 3 phase power generator cut away gondola cover a stainless steel tower and ABS plastic blades The WindLab wind turbine system comes with an operation manual which describes important operating procedures that must be followed Particularly the start up procedure and maximum operating conditions Before operation of the WindLab wind turbine the user must confirm the following aspects Wind fan remains unadjusted with no visible damage Turbine blades have been inspected ensuring firm connection to the wind blade hub Load Rheostats are off Excitation Voltage Rheostat is off DAQ Computer connected Operation limits that must be followed Maximum wind fan speed is limited by amperage draw of the motor which is 7 8A Wind turbine speed can handle any operation assuring that wind fan speed limits are obeyed Maximum generator output can provide up to 2 5V
23. ees to maximise the power capture through maximisation of the aerodynamic efficiency although the maximisation of aerodynamic efficiency is not demonstrated in this module When wind speed is higher than the rated speed the pitch control mechanism changes blade incidence so that the output power of generator is within the allowed range The benefits of having an effective and efficient pitch control method will enhance turbine safety and efficiency by preventing runaway speeds while ensuring best possible power yield from available wind ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDED OUT OF LAB EXERCISE Propose and discuss two potential methods that may be used to limit the variability of wind turbine power output Using the data obtained in Module 3 demonstrate the application of your proposed methods in mitigate intermittency of WindLab power output State any assumptions that you make in performing this analysis 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 55 REFERENCES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 2015 R Repas 2011 31 03 2015 Wind turbine blades that change pitch boost wind power efficiency Available http machinedesign com news wind turbine blades change pitch boost wind power efficiency T Technologies Operation Manual in Wind turbine Electrical Generation system ed USA p 47 E Hau and H v Renouard Wind Turbines DE Springer Verlag 2013 GWEC Global Wind St
24. features of the WindLab system In particular the effect of blade pitch positioning is investigated where the adjustable blades are configured at different angles and the turbine performance for each configuration is analysed The effect of blade pitch on system performance of both the model wind turbine and a full scale application is examined providing insight into a current issue and focus within the wind industry 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 3 BACKGROUND INFORMATION Fundamentals of Wind Turbines Wind power is a major supporting column of tomorrow s renewable electricity supply Since wind power was first used to generate electricity in the early 1900s its utilisation and growth has been staggering particularly during the last ten years 2 Driven by climate change concerns nations all around the world have set and pursued aggressive targets to reduce CO emissions by installing renewable energy generation facilities Of the available renewable energy technologies wind power has been the most prevalent to date because of its lower costs its proven technological status the abundance of wind resources and lack of undeveloped hydro electric resources Besides reducing CO emissions renewable energy reduces pollution from particulate emissions and toxic emissions such as SOx and NOx Renewable clean energy sources such as wind and solar power have been the focal point in the transition to a healthy efficient and less
25. fect with various pitch angles It evidently starts off lower at higher o Degrees pitch angles and as wind speed x sins increases all angles results in e frequency eventually capped at 35 Hz s by the internal safety features of i WindLab Frequemcy Hz ro 4 Wind Speed m s 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 52 Rotor RPM d Rotor RPM Pitch Variation Rotor RPM Profile 0 Degrees 5 Degrees 10 Degrees 15 Degrees Wind Speed m s e Power Power W Pitch Variation Power Profile 0 Degrees 5 Degrees 10 Degrees 15 Degrees Wind Speed m s The influence that pitch positioning has on rotor RPM is similar to that of frequency With an expected RPM with increasing wind speeds the higher increase in rotor pitch angles start with lower initial RPM All eventually reach an RPM which is at a capped value of 260 It is clear that pitch angle control is essential to ensure that rotor RPM within its remains permissible limits The figure demonstrates that for a given wind speed power output reduces as the pitch angle is increased Hence pitch control system is crucial in smoothing the wind power output 2 Create a graph of Power W vs Wind Speed m s for each of the pitch angles where the effect of changing loads is illustrated Four separate graphs should be created Pitch A
26. fits from this system six hours of laboratory modules have been developed for use in existing and future BE ME and BE ME courses that cover wind power generation The laboratory modules have been developed as three separate practical sessions that would each take approximately two hours to complete The format and structure of each module is consistent with other API practical and laboratory modules developed by UQ and each module contains a worksheet step through guide and sample solutions The first eight sections of this report summarise some background theory and fundamentals on wind power pitch control the WindLab system and how to calibrate relevant meters as well as pre lab procedures The first laboratory module is designed to familiarise the user with all necessary safety procedures and the basic operational overview of the WindLab system It runs through the wind turbines control parameters and how to sample and save data through the data acquisition system and the program installed on the supplied laptop The second module is designed to explore the turbines functionality reveal the underlying operating principles and wind power s potential benefits The worksheet provides real world scenarios and instructs the user to gather experimental data using this system to answer questions as well as requiring theoretical knowledge to justify the user s decisions The third two hour module aims to provide an insight into the customisable
27. g generator protection Wind turbine blade pitch positioning is the primary method currently used for this control Altering the pitch of the turbine blades can optimise and regulate generated power for a given wind speed The wind turbine pitch control system changes the incidence of rotor blades in a wind turbine based on real time wind speed for the purpose of adjusting output power achieving higher utilization and efficiency of wind power and providing protection for rotor blades When wind speed is not higher than the rated speed the blade incidence stay near the angle 0 highest power point When wind speed is higher than the rated speed the pitch control mechanism changes blade incidence so that the generated power remains within the allowed range This acts as both an optimisation control feature as well as a protection method preventing runaway states of the generator 14 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 6 A typical process for blade pitch control is explained below by a manufacturer company called Farnell 14 2015 VOLTAGE SENSOR GENERATOR CURRENT SENSOR Typically a Wind turbine pitch control system is built with a controller pitch control mechanisms a backup power supply and a feedback module monitoring generator output power High performance MCUs or DSCs are often selected as the controllers of pitch control systems They are responsible for giving instructions to pitch control mechanisms based on
28. html Figure 2 Inside view of a wind turbine Wind turbines operate on a simple principle The energy in the wind turns two or three propeller like blades around a rotor The rotor is connected to the main shaft which rotates within a stator surrounded by copper wire loops Electromagnetic induction is created and electricity is generated 6 Horizontal axis turbines sit high atop towers to take advantage of the stronger and less turbulent wind at 100 feet 30 meters or more aboveground 4 A blade acts much like an airplane wing When the wind blows a pocket of low pressure air forms on the downwind side of the blade The low pressure air pocket then pulls the blade toward it causing the rotor to turn This is called lift The force of the lift 1s actually much stronger than the wind s force against the front side of the blade which is called drag The combination of lift and drag causes the rotor to spin like a propeller and the turning shaft spins a generator to make electricity 7 iS Turbine Aerodynamics Source environmental green science wind power3 htm Figure 3 Lift and drag illustration 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 5 http science howstuffworks com The power developed from a wind turbine can be calculated from the formulae 8 Pavail p AvC Where p Air density kg m A Area of blade coverage determine through knowledge of blade length m v Wind speed m sec C
29. idation of the power calculations can be performed along the same lines 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 30 2 Conditions 150 RPM on turbine at 4V excitation Sample for 50 seconds at 0 50 70 and 90 balanced load 2015 L Plot the following quantities against Time s A Wind Speed m s 2 3 1 5 0 5 0 5 Wind Speed m s B Rotor RPM p a SA me BoP SBR RS ORR STREETS BR SG SS Ss AI NmMrTtnNwoOonese WOOaAa orn mm NA MR 00 0qnOSRRAR Nm WY a Ft an St n St oan BS oa OO NON N ONG 5 _ Rotor RPM 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 GOOD MOo0O OTT 0 06 y SN H OOo OoOsth0wunmn D ei NM TYT lt 5oOmr so o yOQOO rv N M M X O MN 0 0 00 00 A wes SF SF as SF att n AI NNN YN 10 E C Generator RPM 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Generator RPM 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 108 117 126 135 144 153 162 171 180 189 198 207 216 225 234 Time Sec Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 31 D Frequency Hz Frequency Hz 25 20 15 10 0 aA AN OM TST WY Nomo 109 118 127 136 145 154 163 172 181 190 199 208 217 226 Frequency Hz E RMS Voltage A RMS Voltage A Volts 2 1 8 1 6 1 4 1 2 1 0 8 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 AAW NOT Se oS 109 118 127 136 145 154 163 172 181 190 199 208 217 226 RMS Voltage A Volts F Current Current A
30. in the two values that you might observe II Give two real life examples of what loads might be connected to Wind Turbines 1 Energy Storage systems 2 Power grid 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 2015 Module 2 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 35 LABORATORY MODULE 2 SYSTEM ANALYSIS WORKSHEET Aim To have the ability to evaluate and establish economic viability of wind generation systems for a given wind and load demand profile Objectives 1 To develop and apply analysis skills to prove the relevance and intended benefits that this WindLab system provides for modelling and estimating wind power generation 2 To analyse the technical and financial effects of wind energy generation on the load profiles System Requirements WindLab Wind Turbine Data Acquisition Computer WindLab 1 0 software USBcable General Lab Procedure 1 Using operational and theoretical knowledge learnt in the previous laboratory module utilise the wind turbine to complete the following tasks Specific Lab Procedure Refer to the Module 2 Step through Guide for detailed steps for completion of the following worksheet 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 36 Questions Conditions Collect data for each whole wind speed 1 m s to 7 m s at 50 balanced load conditions with 4V DC excitation l Create a table in excel with all the data using the conditions ou
31. ional values returned from experiments outlined 3 Evaluate the operation of WindLab wind turbine system under wide range of operating conditions System Requirements WindLab Wind Turbine Data Acquisition Computer WindLab 1 0 software USB cable General Lab Procedure I Utilise WindLab operator s manual and follow section 4 to perform system pre start operation and shut down steps of the system II Use section 6 5 1 Virtual Instrument VI display data collection in operator s menu for data collection Specific Lab Procedure Refer to the LAB Module 1 Step through Guide for detailed steps for completion of the following worksheet Questions l Conditions Safely turn on the WindLab Wind Turbine system with balanced no load conditions with 5V DC excitation Slowly adjust the wind speed up to 6 m s and then back to a stop 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 19 2 111 Through utilizing the Data Collection software WindLab1 0 save the conditions described and produce a plot of Wind Speed m s vs Time s HINT Use the Sample rate to obtain time Document the speed in which the turbine engages At 5 m s use the theoretical equations to calculate the following quantities a Total Power W b Frequency Hz Compare the theoretical values calculated to the practical values returned through graphical analysis Conditions Set the rotor RPM to a consta
32. mited by amperage draw of the motor set at 7 84 Wind turbine speed can handle any operation assuring that wind fan speed limits are obeyed Maximum generator output can provide up to 2 5V at 0 12A Producing 0 5 watts of power 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 15 WindLab Basic Component Overview 2 i Tars e i 4 Pr K A Iez e A MN r E d gt he A l et ow a ei DUTY ae The operator s control panel consists of the following 1 Master Power Switch for turning electrical power on or off to the unit 2 Wind Speed Master Controller Display Controls displays wind speed wind fan 3 Generator Excitation Controller Display Controls displays excitation voltage to generator electro magnetic rotor core 4 Wind Turbine RPM Display 5 Wind Speed Display AV Voltage Display for Phase A AA Amperage Display for Phase A AR Adjustable Resistance for Phase A rheostat provides individual phase loading for turbine s electrical generator same for each phase i BV Voltage Display for Phase B BA Amperage Display for Phase B BR Adjustable Resistance for Phase B CV Voltage Display for Phase C CA Amperage Display for Phase C CR Adjustable Resistance for Phase C 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab Data Acquisition Computer WindLab ait e mo Ea mets Computer connects to unit s on board data acquisition system via a cabinet mounted USB port Displays and captures d
33. n back to a stop i Through utilizing the Data Collection software WindLab1 0 save the conditions described and produce a plot of Wind Speed m s vs Time s HINT Use the Sample rate to obtain time Sample Time used 1 data point each second Wind Speed m s 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Tn tTOMWONTOWAONTOWOMAONTOWAONTOWON ST O ODoOANMTORADONMATANUVUADOANTMNORWAOANM 1 amp aAa ee ee nc cr ft a el oo oo lt CC Do 0 a 0 Eo 0 o Y ii Document the speed in which the turbine engages The wind turbine under the described conditions engages at 2m s iii At m s use the theoretical equations to calculate the following quantities a Total Power W Power P v3 VLine phase Balanced conditions therefore any phase can used Va la Vp Ib Ve Ie Power P 3 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 29 6 19 x 0 0335 6 37 x 0 0333 6 31 x 0 0313 A rr V3 P 0 356 Watts b Frequency Generator RPM N Number of Poles P Frequency f 120 pe 1046 x 4 120 F 34 86Hz iv Compare the theoretical values calculated to the practical values returned through graphical analysis Practical Results Frequency Hz 40 30 20 10 0 ZANMATFOWOROd lt OoOoNAN lt 3 mQo 10 Y N TF 00 ON TOWN HAMNMHA gg A10Nn A A YAA AA TD ANNAN NANO Om w E E Practical frequency 34 88 Hz As evident the theoretical frequency calculation matches perfectly the practical value returned Val
34. ngle Power Graphs 0 Degrees O Degrees Pitch Angle _ vn 0 Load 20 Load ex 40 Load 60 Load 80 Load 04 100 Load Wind Speed m s 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 53 5 Degrees 10 Degrees 15 Degrees 2015 0 8 5 degrees Pitch Angle 0 6 No Load 20 Load 40 Load 60 Load 380 Load 100 Load Power W gt 0 2 Wind Speed m s 05 10 degrees Pitch Angle No Load 20 Load 40 Load 60 Load 80 Load Power W 100 Load Wind Power m s 0 3 15 degress Pitch Angle o III AX l OA y No Load 0 15 a 20 Load 0 1 al AZ 60 Load ae ES 100 Load S Power W Wind Speed m s Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 54 3 From the discoveries made throughout this modules comment on how automated pitch control is essential to full scale wind turbines and what benefits it entails Wind turbine pitch control systems are implemented to control and change the incidence of rotor blades based on real time wind speed The purpose is to adjust the output power achieving higher utilisation efficiency of wind power and ensure rotor blades continue to operate in safe operating limits From the discoveries of this module it is evident that as long as the wind speed is below the rated wind speed the pitch is set at 0 degr
35. nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnononnnnnnnnonoss 18 nn 19 in ee ee ne ee ee eee 21 Sample Solutions occcccccncnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnninnnss 29 Laboratory Module 2 System Analysis iaa 35 A 36 Pron EOE pan 39 Sampe OO e a E E E EE EEA E E E A 42 Laboratory Module 3 Blade Pitch Positioning Analysis occccnnnnoooonnnnnnccononanananononocononanos 46 A e E E o E 47 Sii A eae 49 Sample PP e o ES O OE A 52 O Pee mR eR E Deere D ERNE ene ane nN Ror eee 56 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab INTRODUCTION The University of Queensland has recently acquired a WindLab wind turbine by Turbine Technologies which has been part funded by the Australian Power Institute API The aim of this purchase is to provide undergraduate and postgraduate power engineers with a practical method of learning and understanding the fundamentals of how wind turbines operate and the principals of wind power generation This system will provide power engineering students with a platform to develop test and simulate a wind turbine and its associated generator under variable wind conditions The WindLab wind turbine is designed to be a viable hands on tool for renewable wind energy education The system will be used for experimentation and research along with studies into aerodynamics structures and electrical engineering 1 To ensure that UQ engineers get the full educational and practical bene
36. nt 150 RPM and Excitation to 50 Sample data for 50 seconds at 0 50 70 and 90 load 2015 I IT Plot the following quantities against Time s A Wind Speed m s B Rotor RPM C Generator RPM D Frequency Hz E RMS Voltage A V F Current A A G RMS Voltage B V H Current B A I RMS Voltage C V J Current C A K Power W Give two real life examples of what loads might be connected to Wind Turbines Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 20 LABORATORY MODULE 1 SYSTEM FAMILIARISATION STEP THROUGH GUIDE The following steps are required in order to gather the required information to complete Module 1 Worksheet Safely turning on the WindLab Wind Turbine and Connecting to Laptop 1 Verify that all the rheostats are set at no load zero for each phase and excitations phase C shown 2 Turn MASTER Power on at the wall followed by the key to position ON 3 Start system and choose a low wind speed When wind anemometer starts to spin the WIND SPEED meter will start to display data 4 At this stage you will need to connect the system to the laptop supplied and open the data acquisition program named WindLABl1 0 in order to view and capture data results For individual Steps on Connecting to the laptop Refer to Data Collection amp Importing to Excel from WindLab 1 0 on page 23 Visually confirm that the system is connected by adjusting wind speeds and no
37. o form a wind farm 4 From an operational point of view the task of wind turbine control system 1s to simultaneously deliver best possible output power up to the turbine ratings and prolong turbine lifetime Prolongation of turbine lifetime is governed by reductions in the turbine structural loading For this reason control methods have been devised and are currently a focal point of today s wind industry for development and effective management of large scale wind turbines A key mechanism in the control systems development is the effective management of wind turbine blade pitch angles e g 10 12 Wind turbine pitch control system changes the incidence of rotor blades in a wind power generation system based on real time wind speed for the purpose of adjusting output power achieving higher utilization efficiency of wind power and providing protection for rotor blades When wind speed is not higher than the rated speed the blade incidence stays near the angle 0 highest power point When wind speed is higher than the rated speed the pitch control mechanism changes blade incidence so that the output power of generator is within the allowed range This acts as both an optimisation control feature as well as a protection method preventing runaway states of the generator 13 WindLab By Turbine Technologies Turbine technologies are a company located in the United States which manufactures educational lab products The WindLa
38. on over the typical day as portrayed To achieve this Create a table with the headings Time of day hr Wind Turbine Generation w hr For each hour of the day use the information supplied from Question 2 and the data collected to enter the respective energy generation w hr of the WindLab system Graph the resultant table and superimpose this over the Daily electric power consumption curve for comparison The example daily appliance usage curve can easily be replicated in excel for superimposing the two plots To find the daily power percentage covered by the Wind Turbine the total sum of watt hours generated can be expressed as a percentage in comparison to the total watt hours consumed 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 40 B The question provides a fixed price dollar rate of 0 3 w hr which represents the owners cost per Watt hour consumed As we know the total watt hours consumed each day we can find the total cost for the owner firstly without the wind turbine included Total Cost without Turbine Total w hr consumed 0 30 The solution from Question A discovered the percentage of power covered by the wind turbine The savings for the wind turbine owner can be formulated by multiplying this percentage by the total daily cost without the wind turbine C Simply multiply the saving per day that the WindLab system would provide by the total number of days in a year D Using the
39. pear press the down arrow until it reads 0 000 Press the P button until it resets itself All the meters are on default in a locked position To unlock the jumped wire located on the back must first be removed 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 10 LABORATORY MODULES STRUCTURE AND OVERVIEW The three two hour laboratory modules developed each contain three individual documents which has the following purposes Worksheet Outlines the aims and objectives of the following practical session Asks questions designed to engage interaction between the student s theoretical knowledge and WindLab system to derive solutions Step through Guide Indicates all the required procedures and safety steps necessary for a complete guided run through of the worksheet and operational instructions needed to operate the wind turbine Solutions Provides detailed answers to questions asked for marking and comparison purposes To provide the theoretical knowledge required for completion of the three modules a Pre lab document has been supplied for the user s pre reading before beginning the practicals which covers basic wind power principles and an analysis of the WindLab components The pre lab document and the three laboratory modules have been attached in the following section 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 11 2015 PRE LAB Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 12 PRE
40. quirement will be handled by the wind turbine if you have both wind turbine and commercial power distribution service connected to your facilities Show an overlay plot of wind turbine performance onto the typical usual curve for visual comparison If billed electric service cost the facility property owner 0 30 w hr what saving will wind turbine owner realize for this day If this pattern of usage and generation were to be steady for a year what is the average saving for a year If the system being used had an acquisition cost of 10 000 00 what would be calculated payback in years for the unit Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 38 LABORATORY MODULE 2 SYSTEM ANALYSIS STEP THROUGH GUIDE The following steps are required in order to gather the required information to complete Worksheet Laboratory Module 2 Refer to Step through Guide Laboratory Module 1 for the following procedures when necessary 1 Safely turning the WindLab system on 2 Connecting to the Laptop 3 Saving data to files using Data Acquisition program 4 Creating excel graphs Collecting data Operating Steps 1 Set the initial operating conditions 50 to all loads m s wind speed 4V DC excitation 2 Start saving to a new file utilising the Data Acquisition Software 3 Sampling for 30 seconds on each whole wind speed obtain data up until 7 m s while keeping all other conditions constant 4 Once complete
41. r To verify that the software is communicating with the DAQ Module open Measurement and Automation from desktop In menu tree click on Devices and Interfaces then click on NI DAQ 6218 This provides and verifies the proper serial number for the on board DAQ system and also verifies that a proper connection to that device is being made Measurement and Automation Icon TO PERFORM THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS Virtual Instrument Panel Software Controls are shown on next page Logging Data to File feature is shown on page 9 importing Acquisition Data into MS Excel Spreadsheet is shown on page 10 Graphing Spreadsheet Data is shown on page 11 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab Virtual Instrument Panel Software Controls v im ee jos Hosen Opente Jem ierdor a gt a w AAA A 3 F fe Fa ee oe r ee ee a WindLab 44 c ETR Eo Fi vN 48 A an gt ni 6 pN kam 3 H r Brig ss 2 Do f CG ual l e Pee A d a HEN TAn F sm ie pas Me ee rai 1 The program opens acquiring data and can be toggled on with the black arrow or off with the stop button 2 Will save data to a text file see below 3 This will send an image of this VI see saving data below 4 Controls a pre recorded wind speed program 5 A graph of the raw voltage from the generator 6 Controls the rate data is taken press the up arrow for slower rate and down for faster
42. real time wind speed pre set power rating pitch information and output power signal of generator Pitch control mechanisms are commonly made up of rotary encoders gate drivers IGBT modules and servo motors Each motor blade needs a single control mechanism which means three mechanisms in total are required After the instructions given by controller are received the gate drivers IGBT modules of these mechanisms drive their associated motors to change blade incidence Meanwhile the real time pitch information is sent back to controller by rotary encoders Feedback module is composed of voltage sensor and current sensor which the collect voltage and current signals from generator and send to controller In order to feather the blades in the event of an emergency situation backup power is needed Backup power can be implemented with batteries ultra capacitors or even a hybrid solution offering the best of both options This procedure is illustrated in the schematic diagram below which indicates the component interaction to deliver the desired pitch automation PITCH SERVO MOTORS _ ATOR GATE ISOLATO DRIVER IGBT AT GATE ISOLATOR DRIVER IGBT GATE Source http au element14 com wind turbine pitch control GENERATOR GQ Figure 4 Automated pitch control procedure Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 7 WINDLAB BY TURBINE TECHNOLOGIES Overview Turbine Technologies is a company located in the Unit
43. ss 7 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 27 F f i e iran y mb n a j e Iar sea we I terre s v e I wae a 4 s 4 w 4 131 jut 1 pnt a t ome 4 u y i Male lt t gt pat a pno os 1 uu LT ams a horus to u Mus u a ms k o sis om k Tr MA pe ave re lt muse one bp A ami oe u o mur y E ant ore 4 py zot om u E wae to it 2 Als a Am 4 n F Aami 4 ari 4 u A 30 u RAL sm n a u Je ILA So Te l a AE AA AA E PL bd 5 Click on New Sheet bullet Mate al a wh tananing a O O Fe FS and Chart 1 will be ov oo 1 om bh i su E highlighted to name the chart lt A 1 ote Stee in this case call it RPM 6 Once named click OK Chart will be moved toa separate sheet with a tab at the bottom labeled RPM 7 Click on w Axes Primary Horizontal Axis Show Left to Right Axis 8 Final Graph Generator and Rotor RPM Comparison Pr vrrrer SS Pg PPP ah PP TER EAT AB OS Ad TIS 44 3 ERE PPP re rrr ey ELA SEOP PS OH 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 28 LABORATORY MODULE 1 SYSTEM FAMILIARISATION SAMPLE SOLUTIONS 1 Conditions Safely turn on the WindLab Wind Turbine system with balanced no Load conditions and a 5V DC excitation Slowly adjust the wind speed up to 6 m s and the
44. stays constant at 150 RPM 4 Once all data has been collected stop saving to the file through the laptop interface and reduce the 3 phase loads to 0 and the wind speed back to 0 m s Safetly shut the system down Now follow the Importing Acquisition Data into an MS Excel Spreadsheet section for data analysis and steps on how to produce important graphs 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 22 Data Collection amp Importing to Excel from WindLab 1 0 2 The following steps assume the use of the standard WindLab Software and default settings as supplied with the WindLab Use of non default setting or other software may necessitate alternative methods or procedures for data collection Consult the LabView National Instruments software specific information as required From Windows OPEN the WindLab Software by double clicking on the WindLab 1 0 shortcut icon located on the Windows Desktop WindLab 1 0 will start with the Main Display Control and Channel configuration Window displayed WindLab 1 0 ci A WindLab Launch Icon NOTE The computer must be connected to the WindLab USB port prior to opening the WindLab software ii o The WindLab configuration software is dependent upon the specific DAQ Module serial number as installed in the WindLab and will not function properly if the DAQ Module cannot be found If this was not done incorrectly exit the program attach the USB cable and start ove
45. ticing replica changes displayed on the laptop and meters 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 21 Collecting data Ensure that the saving data process is known through the data acquisition program and that a successful test run has been completed for confirmation Operating Steps for Question 1 1 Set the initial operating conditions 3 phases to no load conditions DC excitation level to 5 V 2 Start saving data to a new file utilising the Data Acquisition Software 3 With each passing second increase the Wind Speed Control by pushing once This will slowly increment the wind speed from 0 m s to 6 m s while capturing the entire systems response 4 Make note of the Wind Speed in which the turbine engages 5 Once the wind speed has reached 6 m s stop saving data through the laptop interface and reduce the windspeed back to 0 m s and return all meter dials to 0 and shut down the system Now follow the Importing Acquisition Data into an MS Excel Spreadsheet section for data analysis and steps on how to produce important graphs Operating Steps for Question 2 1 Set the initial conditions 150 RPM at the rotor DC Excitation at 50 7 V All 3 phases at no load conditions 0 2 Start saving data to a new file utilising the Data Acquisition System and also set a stop watch simultaneously 3 Sample data for each of the loads described for 50 seconds each ensuring that the rotor RPM
46. time Customisable Features Customisable features that the WindLab system offers are 1 Removable and changeable blade profiles Allows different and innovated blade designs to be tested and performance analysed 2 Adjustable blade pitch angles Enables experiments and investigations into the benefits that adjustable pitch angle entails Provides a platform to test automated power optimising algorithms and to determine the effectiveness for implementation into full scale turbines 3 Simulating Real Wind Profiles from Set Locations When investigating new possible wind farm locations this system can load the wind profiles recorded through the laptop and simulate the wind environment Measurements and discoveries can be made helping to justify the end decision 2015 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 9 CALIBRATION OF WINDLAB METERS The settings of voltmeters and the ammeters installed on WindLab can be adjusted by following the following steps Press the P and up arrow at the same time CAL should start flashing Press the P again bhi should start flashing press and hold the down arrow till it reads 0 500 Press the P button blo will appear press the down arrow till it reads 0 000 Press the P button dp will appear press the down arrow until it reads 0 000 Press the P button br will appear Press the P button An hi will appear press the up arrow until it reads 9 999 Press the P button An lo will ap
47. tlined Display the power curve wind generation graph Indicate the wind turbine power output W on different wind speeds 2 Based upon your power curve wind generation graph and an average loading of 50 3 2015 what would be the total watt hours of power generated for the 24 hour period if recorded wind data is as shown Midnight to 1 00 AM CALM 1 00 to 2 00 AM CALM 2 00 to 3 00 AM Steady at 1 m s 3 00 to 4 00 AM Steady at 2 m s 4 00 to 5 00 AM Steady at 4 m s 5 00 to 6 00 AM Steady at 4 m s 6 00 to 7 00 AM Steady at 4 m s 7 00 to 8 00 AM Steady at 4 m s 8 00 to 9 00 AM Light Gusting 4 6 m s 9 00 to 10 00 AM Light Gusting 4 6 m s 10 00 to 11 00 AM Heavy Gusting 6 7 m s 11 00 to 12 00 Noon Heavy Gusting 6 7 m s 12 00 Noon to 1 00 PM Light Gusting 4 6 m s 1 00 to 2 00 PM Light Gusting 4 6 m s 2 00 to 3 00 PM Steady at 6 m s 3 00 to 4 00 PM Steady at 6 m s 4 00 to 5 00 PM Steady at 5 m s 5 00 to 6 00 PM Steady at 4 m s 6 00 to 7 00 PM Steady at 2 m s 7 00 to 8 00 PM CALM 8 00 to 9 00 PM TALM 9 00 to 10 00 PM CALM 10 00 to 11 00 PM CALM 11 00 to Midnight CALM If your facilities have an average daily hourly electric power consumption curve that looks like the following Usage in w hr 6 Usage in w hr 0 tee 3 3 7 9 TL 13 Y 17 19 21 23 Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 37 2015 Based on the conditions cited earlier what portion of that re
48. ules using WindLab 42 3 2015 Wind Speed m s Time at that speed Power Gen Total Power hours Watts hour Generation wind speeds 6 average of ee IE 6 7 average of 0 629 l 258 6 5 Total Time breakdown during the day 17hrs operating 7 hours calm no wind Total w hr generated by the wind turbine in the day 5 562 W If your facilities have an average daily electric power consumption curve that looks like the following Usage in w hr Usage in w hr 0 F rrrrrrrrr rrrrrrrrrroer 13 3 7 93 11 13 15 17 M9 21 23 A Based on the conditions cited earlier what portion of that requirement will be handled by the wind turbine if you have both wind turbine and commercial power distribution service connected to your facilities Show an overlay plot of wind turbine performance onto the typical usual curve for visual comparison Wind turbine lab modules using WindLab 43 HOUR Generated W Hr Usage W Hr Daily Usage vs Wind Turbine Generation jad womOnN DW PWN a Eo eo 0 q II SS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Generated W Hr Usage W Hr Total Watt hours supplied by Wind Turbine 5 562 Total Watt hours consumed by daily energy usage 74 1 1 i 1 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 5 562 x 100 Power Covered by Wind Turbine Therefore the Wind Turbine provides 7 5 of
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