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Final Paper - Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer

1. First Name Devin Last Name McLean Company Address City State Zip Code Country United States Email devin mclean knights ucf edu Phone ext Nature of Inquiry General Questions Other How may we assist you https mail google com mail ui 2 amp ik 1 2 12 7 2009 Gmail RE Contact Inquiry from www To Whom It May Concern My name is Devin McLean and I am part of an Electrical and Computer Engineering Senior Design group at the University of Central Florida in Orlando Florida As an ABET accredited univ ersity we are required to design a project that encapsulates our entire undergraduate education We are designing a project to monitor solar panel arrays via wireless communication We would like to use the registered trademark word Wi Fi within our design documentation Thank you very much in advance Sincerely Devin McLean How did you hear about us Please rate www wi fi org Excellent What was the purpose of your visit today How likely are you to return to www wi fi org Very likely How likely are you to recommend www wi fi org to others 0 Form filled out at approx 12 06 2009 01 55 29 pm EST Sent To info wi fi org https mail google com mail ui 2 amp ik 2 2 12 6 2009 Gmail Request for Permission to Use P i ma i Devin McLean lt airlinedev gmail com gt Request for Permission to Use Product Details Marcello Hernandez lt MHernandez zerogwir
2. Figure 37 Design Diagram Page 61 Schematics This section will be used on how we are indicating and calculating all of the needed parts and values of parts for this installation The string device will have a two part approach it will have an analog or power electronic side and it will have a digital electronic side We will keep these separate for a few reason Ground planes can be very easily polluted by digital and analog devices due to noise Often times one ground plane will not act as a ground plane for the other which could result in unexpected values or worse yet damage to components on either the analog or digital side We will start on the analog portion of the board as it will be the most complicated We will need to make a PCB and layout for this board Before we do that we need to how many device components will be needed to fit on this PCB As detail in the spec sheet on LM5116 is in the Appendix which will contain all the details on how the selection of what materials are need and at what values The part that we are most interested in is controlling the output voltage to the range that we need There are two resistors as indicated in the diagram below that put the voltage at the value that we need for the battery charger to function circled in Red Diagram from LM5116 spec sheet layout for 5 volt output operation With values of Rfb1 being 1 21k ohms and Rfb2 being 3 74k ohms 07 TP3 igr 20 VIN SW 00 pF Al UV
3. The change from a Buck Boost regulator to just a Buck regulator stems from the fact that the Buck Boost combination lends itself to more complexity and even more limit to the type of regulator used The overall prototype construction lent to the selection of a different chip then originally intended The original chip the Im5116 was intended for this use but was too difficult to implement as it was a surface mount part The figure bellow shows our attempt at mounting the chip to prototype via a breadboard Page 84 A A AS Figure 61 Breakout Board for IC This attempt ultimately failed due to the small nature of the chip with 20 pins After some research we decided to move to a Buck regulator This research led us to the LM 2575 HV adjustable Buck switching regulator This device had a lesser range than the originally specified 100 V but is expectable due to the fact that this device will need a voltage divider regardless of the operational range of the Buck This part is also a TO 220 package type with a 5 pin as in the figure below The through hole design allows us to very easily prototype and construct a final board 5 NOFF 4 FeedBack C 3 Ground 2 Output 1 Input Ground Figure 62 Pin Out for LM2575 The design of the rest of the circuit is an adaptation from the LM 2575 HV datasheet The adjustable component is controlled by the resistor network with the 50K potentiometer that feeds into the reference feed
4. so when the prototyping begins and a question comes up the group will know who to turn to for the answer Ben s primary responsibility for the definition section of the paper is the specs and requirements This is an extremely important part of the paper as it drives much of the research What Ben basically did was taking the needs from Quick Beam energies and converts them to the numbers and requirements that the device would have to be for both the base station and the solar device Ben was also responsible for finding a solution to the power problem inherent to solar device he was also responsible for figuring out the interface between the solar device and the String Ben is responsible for the designing of the solar device and its interface with the string He is also charged with finding the appropriate sensors to monitor the strings power output Robbie s primary responsibility for the definition section of the paper was the motivation Page 7 goals and objectives These sections define in more detail what the project 1s supposed to do what was the reason the project was conceived in the first place and how the group is going to get to its objectives The objectives portion is nearly as important as the specs because it shows the group members the guidelines to follow in their research and what exactly the sponsors need from the device Robbie was responsible for the over coercion of the architecture the construction and research of
5. 2 0 Support Enable Disable USB Printer Support Enable Disable c C c c i USE Storage Support Enable Disable B 279 ext ext3 File System Support Enable Disable 2 FAT File System Support Enable Disable 7 3 Automatic Drive Mount Enable Disable Apply Settings Cancel Changes AutoRefresh is On internet y 00 Figure 46 Expanding Storage Capacity via USB Flash Drive Reprinting Permission Requested Data Output The router will be responsible for outputting the data received from the string device to the web server The router will need a shell script that will interpret and manipulate the data received over telnet and output it to a HTML page for viewing The shell script will be written in the Bourne Ash shell scripting language It will indefinitely loop locating files in the designated storage folder anticipated to be mnt usb data and then analyzing these files The files will contain a timestamp of the transmission along with the current reading of the solar panel string Therefore the file contents will look like the following interpretation Z OLO 03 20 AIALA gt This represents the time of March 20 2010 at 45 seconds past 11 22PM The next number 3 represents the amperage reading of the solar string panel This number will then be used to calculate the voltage of the solar panel string Since the resistance of the buck boost converter is known the voltage can be calculated u
6. 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 WattHours Litre Figure 9 Power of Batteries Reprinting Permission Requested Nickel Cadmium Battery Nickel Cadmium batteries or NiCd use a nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium as its electrodes This gives it several advantages in regards to the solar device and its requirements First it is very difficult to damage when compared to other batteries This fact alone makes 1t a likely candidate since there are so few batteries than can handle the extreme stresses that the solar device will have to handle Another advantage is that NiCd batteries typically have larger number of charge discharge cycles than other rechargeable batteries However this advantage is crippled by the fact that NiCd batteries don t last very long before needing a recharge NiCd batteries also have toxic metals inside of them so while they are more versatile as a whole if they DO in fact break then it could damage the solar panels themselves These toxins also mean that they Page 22 are not safe to throw away This could have implications to our sponsors if they have to manage a large quantity of the devices in the field It is also somewhat counterproductive in their field since solar energy is in essence trying to save the environment to use devices that essentially harm it You also cannot over charge NiCd batteries while we can certainly design a battery charger circuit to stop charging when the battery is at a reaso
7. MM C Wicrochip Solutions Microchip Vincliide TCP StackWHTTP 2 h Sit defined STACK USE HTTPZ_ SERVER rre SONY the port number to have the a server Isten on the requested part Server Configuration Settings _ number E gt dd de e dd e e ed ee a 5 ee e Listening pore for HTTP server define H ac feat ji Listening port for HITS serve Pdefina HTTP_MAx DATA LEB LOD Bet bytsr Eo seore get and codi dofino HTTP_ MIN CALLBACK FRE Lu Pi Han bytes froe in TX FIFO before Bde fine HTTP_CACHE LEN ggg ff Max Li tetine ec of sratic rer Edofino HTTP TIMEOUT dh Eto ri Fax time sac to avait mora do Figure 54 Wireless Module HTTP Server Reprinting Permission Obtained Page 76 Section 4 Prototype Vendors The vendors used in this project have a special bearing to our sponsors Since they are a part of a green industry they have a mandate to use companies and products only from companies that also have similar dispositions towards having a greener environment While most companies do indeed have some sort of green mission it was requested by our sponsors to mention which venders we use a brief disposition of that vender s disposition Asus ASUS or ASUSTek Computer Incorporated is a Taiwan based multinational cooperation which produces motherboards graphics cards sound cards optical disc drivers PDSs computer monitors laptops servers networking products mobile phones computer cases computer compon
8. Phone vr Business fax Your Job Title Street Address 4000 Central Florida Blvd City k Orlando State or Province for North American destinations only Florida l w Postal ZIP Code 32816 Country dk United States Your Email Address yk devin mclean knights ucf edu wwwd national com newfeedback Op 1 2 12 11 2009 Feedback About Cookies National is ISO TS16949 Certified Privacy Security Statement Contact Us Feedback Site Terms amp Conditions of Use Copyright 20090 National Semiconductor Corporation wwwd national com newfeedback Op 2 2 12 7 2009 Gmail RE Contact Inquiry from www a y E ma i Devin McLean lt airlinedev gmail com gt RE Contact Inquiry from www wi fi org 1 message Trisha Campbell lt tcampbell wi fi org gt Mon Dec 7 2009 at 12 14 PM To devin mclean knights ucf edu lt devin mclean knights ucf edu gt info lt info wi fi org gt Hi Devin Thank you for contacting us You are welcome to use the term Wi Fi within your design documentation We ask that you give the following attribution The term Wi Fi is a registered trademark of the Wi Fi Alliance Trisha Campbell Marketing Project Manager Wi Fi Alliance From devin mclean knights ucf edu mailto devin mclean knights ucf edu Sent Sunday December 06 2009 12 55 PM To info Subject Contact Inquiry from www wi fi org a 7 Fi Wi Fi CERTIFIED makes it Wi Fi jane
9. R6 together to form a low voltage comparator in conjunction with R1 and R4 to set the range of the charging voltage Here s how the loop functions Assume for starters that the battery under charge or BUC is discharged and drawing enough current to set the Battery Charge Controller in charge mode After the current drawn by the battery drops below a certain point the need for high voltage charging has ended LM334 monitors the voltage drop across R6 to determine when to switch LM317 s output at switch from 14 4V Charge mode to 13 4V Float mode As the battery comes to a full charge the charging current it draws drops below about 150mA The voltage across R6 0 47 ohms will then fall below 0 07V thanks to Ohm s Law V IxR This trigger point causes the V pin LM334 1 to toggle from its Charging mode high value of about 12 8V to a charged Float mode low value of about 0 7V When V LM334 1 toggles low R4 1s switched into the reference feedback circuit of LM317 causing its output voltage drop back to 13 4V The Charged LED D15 1s turned on when the Base Emitter junction of 221334 Transistor is thus forward biased indicating that the battery is charged and is being topped oft by the Float mode operation Now that the battery 1s charged the ambient temperature compensation circuit comes into play The effects of this circuit formed by R2 R3 and diodes DS to D14 are used only du
10. STARGET 2 gt dev null awk packets received print 4 gt if SRET ne SNUMP J then echo SSRC causes WOL at date gt gt Slogfile CWO SL 192 068 1 6255 pra MAC SS Slogiite sleep 5 EL OLD SNEW Li done HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language most commonly known as HTML 1s the dominant markup language for web pages It creates structured documents uinterpreted by web browsers by denoting structural semantics for headings and paragraphs It was initially Page 42 developed by Berners Lee in 1991 Since its release there has been seven major releases and updates to the HTML markup language There are many scripting languages that people program in where the end result is a web page displayed via a web server These scripts when executed generate the necessary HTML code to display the web page properly Components Wireless The primary motivating factor behind QuickBeam Energy s proposal for this project 1s its wireless capability In the past sensor networks were built using wires which quickly became more of a hassle than relief Some solar arrays may have sensors on each solar panel to track whether or not it is online Each sensor would be attached to a power source and a base station for reading its online signal via wires The massive amount of wires contributes to greater complexity when maintaining and installing solar panels The goal is to relieve this cumbersome
11. WoC Rego Gbin Ia hiraillacla Channels pa NIGREJDORA In eh ki lands Charmals L 10 e pie EEA ivailebla Channel E Be Pea one E Lik lab Chabr Ls La i ho GP agt oasi agra Kiraidabia Chanel etica MY DEFOLT TOMATE RiChe gl aaeitnFrce i Tees Beets te fined fhe igali FAO Ek ably Chas padio charra f Will be 1245544 LLANA i G mi bE bra the Chre LINA TAE pin i fadie thannale pora ly died in the FCE teqilataery dohain Tf yeu adj for mubtract radio channele be mira to alro update the Pi DEFAGLT CHANNEL LIET SITE wetting Fdafine BY DEFADLT_ CHAHWEL SCAN LIST i fdetine END_OF_EY DEFAULT CHANNEL SCAT List j Count si element in eha Mi DEFAULT CHANNEL ICAN LIST muera fdafirna PY DEFAULT CHANNEL LIZT_SIZE 3 Figure 53 Defining the Channel List Reprinting Permission Obtained Page 75 One method talked about for transmitting data to and from the string device to and from the base station 1s by having a web server on both the string device and base station That way the base station or the string device can store data and transmit it by the means of a web server The development kit comes with code to host a web server The server is configured through the HTTP2 h header file The port of the web server is defined in this file This is a port that we will consider changing due to security concerns outlined in the research section The port is stored in the variable HTTP PORT A screen shot below shows where to make these changes to the port
12. a telnet connection It will transmit the current sensor s data and other calculations every 15 seconds An example telnet command echo 11 321 lt br gt gt gt c txt The echo command copies the text within the double quotations to the screen and the gt gt command takes the copied text from the screen and appends it to the filename that follows Below is a picture of the Solar Panel Device s Explorer 16 Board with attached ZG2100 module and current sensor PIC24 MCU ADC Inputs 2205061808 ZG2100M il A UTS TTT 3 Die 3 ERA z DP Pe n me gt 3 LS E i a TE 4 r gt a A an Bae i ely Eo eer E z any d 3 E ina sy 4 x os 3 EE C A ES PO i l gt we i a a a a z i HAP h 2 S e g 3 4 ls a ae 30 Y un ip mag i Sa d a 1 TEn a ela E y wf dde gt aa gt i Tae ee Ee e 3 v ss xy le RAAR gt 4 a f A J AY i 4 Ca gt a eee E MA gt a b ex ee o eb ie Se IX i gt s za 5 ms gt a 4 a E ez g lt m Z 5 d forc gt NA add y SocCccCCcCOoc A e i S Ao d 3 r a af at he ye ocg gt Y an y L 5 al f 7 j a Figure 60 Solar Panel Device Buck Switching Regulator The over end selection for the buck convertor was limited due to constraints need for the design as well as the process of implementing the design
13. all Research Permissions updates to appendicies KEY Section 3 Management Figure 2 Code and Management Divisions Project Block Diagram Figure 3 is a high level representation of our entire project it is on a component level and shows the two major portions of our project the Base Station and the Solar Cell Device These two items make up the entire Solar Panel Monitoring Station Page 10 Solar Panel Flow Chart September 25 Solar Panel Monitoring Station Base Station E Solar Cell Device j Figure 3 Project Block Diagram Page 11 Responsibility Key Page 1 Time Lines The Group has agreed to meet each week after class on Monday to discuss any findings as well as to meet with our sponsors on any milestone decisions All dates of import will be shown on this Figure 4 This is one of the primary tools used to access the timely completion of our goals and objectives The group decided in the first kick off meeting to establish certain milestones for our group These milestones would help us in several ways Firstly 1t would give us some concrete dates to have our work finished by Thanks to Dr Richie s advice about not writing your paper all in the last weekend we thought that also having a relative page count would help us progress at a reasonable rate so we do not suffer a schedule cr
14. an analog device directly 1t might be necessary because dirty DC power could affect the results These devices can also be only found for low voltage applications which rule them out completely because we need to regulate a relatively high DC voltage This leaves only one more DC to DC converter Switching regulators work similar to how a linear regulator functions For one exception the principle of how they function is in its Page 54 name it uses a transistor to switch on and off a series element This stabilizes the voltage by charging an inductor or capacitor bank switches the input off discharges the inductors or capacitors and the cycle starts over again This creates less power loss than the first two applications because they are not always putting elements in series as they are switching on and off The most important part as to why this is a good choice for our devices 1s that is extensible for voltage ranges closer to what is required Like linear regulators the operational device of switching regulators 1s contained in an integrated circuit But they have external elements that are required that can be quite large as large value inductors and capacitors are needed to charged by the input Also they have one other advantage to linear regulators they are capable of raising a lower input voltage to a higher regulated voltage which for our application is useful because we only have a limited time to charge our battery due to the nature o
15. and we deemed it appropriate to mention Page 56 RFID Inventory Project This project control system was the main point of interest for our group they had a keep track of the several data types and they method of transferring data back and forth was of particular interest during our research The follow is a selected excerpt from their executive summary The RFID Inventory Project is a real time inventory control system for industrial and construction equipment dealerships to keep track of extra attachment parts and equipment that are easily lost or stolen It keeps a reliable count of each part on the dealership lot and then sends the changes or delta to the business system interface There are two ways to keep track of units on a lot and to display the units on a universally accessible website First put a gate in place where units are read in and out Second no gates are used and units are monitored in a section of the lot The second method is preferred but a gate style RFID system may be added to monitoring the lot to enhance security Any combination of solutions is feasible A web interface gives dealership owners one place to go to in order to see where their equipment is at any given time from anywhere in the world The interface contains data from not only those units on the lot but data from other areas as well For example the sponsor has a relationship with QUALCOMM a GPS tracker for rental equipment It would be valuable in
16. antenna is used the enclosure for the sensor and base station should not be metallic or metalized plastic Such enclosures will impede the antenna s ability Below is a picture showing the stay away areas of the chips Page 50 8 64 mm 25 mm 6 6mm 19 05 mm Preferred keep out for antenna RF dispersion Keep out area for onboardPCB antenna All layers on the PCB must be clear i e No GND Power trace plane traces Area l No traces beneath Area 2 No other planes beneath Area 3 Pins 16 17 and 18 escape surface traces only Area 4 if guidelines are not followed ZG2100M range with onboard PCB antenna will be compromised Figure 28 ZG2100 ZG2101M Keep Away Areas Reprinting Permission Obtained 11 12 2009 Below is a schematic of the chip and the electrical connections for each pin GND GND VOD_1 8 HOST SDI JTAG_TDO 4 HOST SCK JTAG_TCK I HOST INTR_NX JTAG_TMS HOST SDO JTAG_TDI RST_N 1 0uF UNC 62100 Y JTAG_RST_N GND GND YDD_1 8 STAG RST L G DAC DNC k e NC DNC FOSTCSN ND DAC NC RES id TAG_EN VDD 3 3 GND 4 7K AW 4 7K JTAGTCO JTAG TCK JTAG TNS 4 7K JTAG TDI RST N D1 I JO fun E fu IN N C No Connect ii One pullup required for entire net 100uF Pin 29 should be driven by the host at all times and net have a resistor in order to minimize off state power consumption Note TuF cap rot required if signal is criven by host Figure 29 ZG210
17. appnotes cfm appnote_number 939 gt MXM DC DC Converter Tutorial App Note 2031 MAXIM Integrated Products Dallas Semiconductors lt http www maximic com appnotes cfm appnote_number 203 1 gt MXM DS2740 High Precision Coulomb Counter MAXIM Integrated Products Dallas Semiconductors lt http www maxim ic com quick view2 cfm qv_pk 3801 gt MXM SV powered multi channel RS 232 drivers receivers MAXIM Integrated Products Rev 15 Dallas Semiconductors MXM MAXIM603 MAX604 Product Description MAXIM Integrated Products Dallas Semiconductors lt http www maxim ic com quick view2 cfm qv_pk 1131 gt MXM Microprocessor Supervisors Offer Big Insurance in Small Packages App Note 720 MAXIM Integrated Products Dallas Semiconductors lt http www maxim ic com appnotes cfm appnote_number 720 gt MXM Microprocessor voltage monitor with dual over undervoltage detection MAXIM Integrated Products Dallas Semiconductors MXO Specifications for LCD Module MOP GL240128D Matriz Orbital lt http www matrixorbital ca manuals mop graphic MOP GL240128D pdf gt MXO Toshiba CMOS Digital Integrated Circuit Silicon Monolithic T6963C Matriz Orbital lt http www matrixorbital ca manuals mop graphic T6963CDS pdf gt MXO Matriz Orbital lt http www matrixorbital com product_info php pName mope 1240128dbefw S cName lcd mop graphic leds gt MXO Matriz Orbital lt http www matrix
18. base station The base station s range will be boosted via a 9dB external antenna This antenna is not stock with the router Group member Benjamin Brindle has both the router and the external 9dB antenna which makes the cost of the base station and router virtually free Custom Firmware The custom firmware that will be used for the base station in this project is DD WRT We will install the firmware via the Asus Recovery Utility which is provided on Asus s Page 65 website at the following URL http dlsvr03 asus com pub ASUS wireless WL 500g 03 Eng 1380 zip The correct version of DD WRT must be installed The correct version of DD WRT will be obtained at the DD WRT website The version that will be installed at the writing of this paper is version v24 sp2 The following is a list of steps that must be followed in order to install the new custom firmware is taken from the DD WRT website 1 Remove the power connector of the WL series router 2 While holding the reset button plug the power connector back in WL500gP button labeled restore 3 When the power LED flashes release the reset button The router is now in recovery mode 4 You need to manually set the address of your Pc Network LAN card to 192 168 1 10 and subnet mask 255 255 255 0 5 Use the Asus recovery utility to upload the DD WRT min1 asus trx file 6 After the upgrade the Utility will ask for a router reboot Give 1t about a minute to be on the safe side
19. before removing the power Once plugged back in you should be able to access the web interface 7 DO NOT use Firefox for upgrading builds Use Internet Explorer 8 Type 192 168 1 1 into your browser and set your username as root and pick a password 9 Navigate to Admuinistration gt Firmware Upgrade and upload either the recommended build provided on the main page of the site or another of your choice Now that the custom firmware 1s installed onto the router 1t must be configured to properly work to the base station s specifications The specifications and requirements of the project call for the base station to be able to display the data over the internet via a web page Also the router must be able to receive the solar panel device s information via an easy means In the following sections these topics will be discussed Web Server As described in the Section 2 the base station accompanied by the DD WRT firmware has the ability to act as a web server to the LAN and or outside world We will be configuring the DD WRT firmware to allow outside connections that is outside of the local area network This section will describe how the DD WRT firmware is configured to permit such a web server to run properly First we will move the firmware s web admin pages to port 81 Then we will start a new web server at port 80 for the outside world The initial pages for the base station s display will need to be uploaded to the rou
20. dual 32 bit digital timers as well as the very high processing rate 40 Million Instructions per Second shown in Figure 18 Condensed specification for the PIC33 microprocessor from Microchip The importance of the 32 bit timers 1s that the timers can be used by the device as well as well as by the transmission sources as a clock to count absolute time It 1s possible using different mathematical methods for position finding based on known distances or time of arrival calculations to utilize absolute time to simplify the computation The lack of a dedicated floating point unit for this chip implies that the design team would need to implement in software either a reproduction of a functional floating point system most likely based on the current IEEE standard or relegate the computation to use fixed point numbers which could place a relative maximum on the values used in our computations The limitation to either improvised floating point or fixed point notation weighed heavily against this unit in the decision making process because the numerical methods that would be implemented in the system software rely on a highly accurate underlying number system Page 28 in order to properly converge to the correct solution Also by virtue of the hardware not including a floating point unit it is unlikely that the hardware would have built in support for basic mathematical functions like the square root transcendental and trigonometric functions in the stan
21. involved so did the list of questions we sought to answer Books Websites amp Relevant Works The primary research tool was the internet which we complemented with several of our text books and relevant works form the library One good thing the initial process of Googling was provide a few actually good resources They were few and far between but there were some Among the truly useful resources was http www solarhome org This website served as the very basis for getting a clear understanding of how solar systems work Utilizing this resource helped the team immensely in answering some of the core question posed during the brain storm session about solar energy and how the systems were organized The website essentially served to give us a very high level overview of what solar energy was and how it was managed in practical applications Another resource that was stumbled upon during the course of surfing the web USB The Basics of 802 11 Wireless LANs a book by Frank M Groom This resource as the name suggests completely detailed all the intricacies that go into the design and build of a wireless device The very volume of this book 170 plus pages required that the team divide up the responsibility of understanding the material Upon examining the text it was decided that the key concept that we needed to understand for this project were the following Wireless Fundamentals Wireless Transfers Wireless Protocols We then chose am
22. much further There prices start at 51 dollars and they have Design software for use with their ordering system with should aid us in making a PCB that is ready for production with little or no problems Base Station The base station is the device that receives data from the solar panel sensor and outputs it to a webpage The base station is composed of an Asus WL 520GU router It is connected to a D Link ANT24 0700 2 4GHz 7 dBi Omni directional antenna for additional range The antenna boosts the base station s transmitting power to approximately 25 5 dB The router is operated by DD WRT which is a highly customizable Linux based open source firmware The next figure illustrates the base station connected to its antenna Page 80 Figure 57 Base Station Since the base station is a router the solar panel device connects to the base station s Wireless Local Area Network WLAN While connected to the WLAN the solar panel device establishes a telnet connection to the DD WRT s telnet server Throughout the entire time that the solar panel device is powered on the base station receives new data every 15 seconds through the telnet connection The figure below illustrates the telnet console for the DD WRT firmware En Telnet 192 168 1 1 DD WRT v 4 sp4 A A A AM IE Release E revision 13864 DD WRT login root Password DD WRI v24 sp2 http wuw dd wrt com Bus yBox v1 13 4 2689 16 16 64 36 28 CEST buil
23. o Unique ID number Base Station Requirements Base station located within transmit distance of solar device Website that updates when data becomes available Maintains data logs stores and analyzes trends offsite User interface for remote control of power station Uses email or text message alerts for emergencies 1 e Panel failure Power management to allow for 24 7 data collection If need for large arrays multiple base stations mesh networked o Data base would automatically remove redundant ID o Only one database needed e Weather proof enclosure for microprocessor and electrical storage Roles 8 Responsibilities Division of Labor Like any successful group whether it is business engineering or a senior design project the proper division of labor is paramount and organizational skills must be well understood and documented Our group composition consists of three members two electrical engineers and one computer engineer with this in mind Figure 1 was created to show how the project was going to be divided Each member was responsible for his individual tasks as well as to let the group know any important details that could affect other group member s tasks Ultimately it is a project of collaboration we are all working together to the same goal and we all share details of our individual tasks with one another on a weekly basis This chart is merely the specialties each member is expected to achieve at the end of the 1 semester
24. of 4 5 inches square Figure 65 Buck Circuit Finalized Battery Charge Controller The Battery Charge Controller has been designed as a dependable workhorse to charge and hold our 12 Volt lead acid batteries at its peak level insuring a long life and maximum performance The charging procedure used when working with a flooded wet cell battery or one of the newer VRLA Valve Regulated Lead Acid Gel or AGM batteries is the same The battery being charged will automatically set the Battery Charge Controller in one of two charging modes upon hookup The circuit design takes into account the battery s current SOC State Of Charge and adjusts the terminal voltage at switch accordingly The main charging circuit is very simple because as we discussed Page 87 before the concept of lead acid batteries has been around for centuries The real secret to correctly charging a lead acid battery system is to use a temperature compensated voltage source that automatically varies its output in accordance with the batteries SOC Frying our battery occurs when the charging unit fails to sense that the electro chemical rejuvenation or charging process has slowed to the point that the higher voltage charging mode should end Continual high voltage charging will decrease the overall life of the battery We designed the following Battery Charge Controller as against the spec provided to us by Quick Beam Energies the schematic is sh
25. other stationary object that will serve as our base station box The same spreadsheet as used in Figure 58 will be used to monitor the progress of the panels periodic monitoring of the device online will also be tested at 10 min intervals preferably the same intervals as the solar panels being checked This will allow us to see if the sensors are noticing a full range of power thought out the day These procedures are likely to change as the device matures in design and changes are made thought out the second semester of senior design but for a preliminary idea these are the procedures we plan on using to test monitor and collect data for the solar device and base station Some testing material that we need to review is how to check the microcontroller and its flags if the microcontroller is not tested properly then the entire device will not work properly Reference the Microcontroller User manuals is a great and the base station connectivity need to be checked The oscilloscope user manuals are also a necessary thing as the UCF labs have notoriety for having some older equipment This Page 97 equipment could be as much a liability as a source to rely on The first set will be comprised of using just a regular power supply to test the ranges of the device this will check the device at key voltages below Test Areas that still need to be considered by which the design of the project has not progress to involve the following 2 ee a E Log
26. power consumption of this microcontroller is very minimal for the feature it provides Some of the key power saving feature are e Two ultra low power stop modes running with a voltage supply of 1 8 to 3 6 volts e Ultra low power wait mode this will allow the running of our applications in a reduced power state which would extend our battery life This would be particularly useful during the night time hours e The chip also allows us to take full advantage of its programming with up to 128 KB of On Chip Memory e For 1 chip the price is 4 21 dollars at Digi Key Corporation The MC9SOQE also would meet the temperature requirements handling temperature ranges of 40 degrees Celsius to 85 degrees Celsius Page 34 Since our project requires us to store and transmit data the peripherals inside the MC9SOQE could greatly simplify our design With Analog Digital Converters and Serial Communication Interfaces the transfer of data to and from the base station could be achieved with multiple solutions The basic premise of researching the microcontroller is that we do not want to be bottlenecked in our design from the constraints of this part Microcontrollers a fairly cheap and run on very little power getting a slightly more power microcontroller than necessary for prototyping may be in the best interest of the group The follow is the Block Diagram for the SO8QE128 from Energy Efficient Solutions Figure 16 below shows all of the neces
27. progress as well as any concerns that our sponsors having regarding the project These meetings often give us great insight into the requirements they have for our project and help us evolve our design to better meet the needs that our sponsors have Figure 5 shows the dates of these two entry types GroupMeeting Timeline 9 28 2009 10 28 2009 11 28 2009 Met with Sponsors Met with Sponsors Met with Sponsors 10 1 2009 11 1 2009 12 1 2009 9 18 2009 12 14 2009 11 26 2009 10 7 2009 10 25 2009 Grol Meeting cod Group Meeting roup Meeting 11 14 2009 Kick Off Meeting 10 19 2009 roup Meeting 1216 2009 Group Meeting Group Meeting 11 8 2009 12 5 2009 Group Meeting raud hecna O 11 1 2009 12 4 2009 Group Meeting Group Meeting Figure 5 Group Meetings Timeline Page 14 Project Budgeting and Financing Goals The solicitor of this project and therefore the persons liable for project expenses 1s QuickBeam Energy Below is table 2 that outlines the potential devices and their estimated costs This is for a potential installation estimated to be a useable size For our prototype we will likely only have one solar panel to test our concept QuickBeam Energy will be supplying our group a budget of 500 Nearly half of the components initially planned for our prototype are already in possession For example group member Benjamin Brindle owns the base station device Also a college colleague will be providing us with the Explorer 16 development
28. requirement of wires and install more simple sensors via wireless technology This section will describe what research went into the various different types of wireless technologies when designing this project There are several wireless communication technologies that meet the requirements of our project radio frequency Wi Fi Bluetooth and Zigbee Each of these types of communication channels have been researched thoroughly in order to determine the one that would fit our specifications the best Before a decision can be met several aspects of each technology must be analyzed 1 What is the optimal range of the wireless technology What kind of interference is the wireless technology prone to 3 What is the cost of implementing the technology a How much does each chip cost b Do we need a transceiver or just a transmitter c How much does it cost for a device that the wireless technology will interface to 4 How much power input does the wireless technology require 5 Will the wireless technology be able to perform thoroughly through times where no solar power is provided 6 Does the wireless technology require an antenna a Ifso where will the antenna be placed mounted b How much would an external antenna cost c What range benefits do each antenna provide 7 What is the bandwidth of the wireless technology 8 How will the information be transmitted a Does it need to obtain an IP address Page 43 1 Ifso will 1t n
29. rosebopla com Prod Pgs Techinical Data Prod 18 T echnical Data Aluminum Specifications htm gt RPC NEMA Ratings Rugged PC Review lt http www ruggedpereview com 3 definitions nema html gt RYS High Power Infrared Leds Reynolds Electronics lt http www rentron com remote_control IRLED htm gt SAC What Are IP Ratings Southern Avionics Company lt http www southernavionics com IP66 htm gt SDK Scan Disk Multimedia card and Reduced Size Multimedia Card Product Manual Version 1 3 ScanDisk Corporation April 2005 lt http www sandisk com Assets File OEM Manuals ProdManRS MMCv1 3 pdf gt SDK Scan Disk Secure Digital Card Version 1 9 ScanDisk Corporation Dec 2003 lt http www cs ucr edu amitra sdcard ProdManualSDCardv1 9 pdf gt SELF Solar Technology Solar Electric Light Fund lt http www self org shs_tech asp gt SHO Solar Home Organization lt http www solarhome org gt Simpson Chester Linear and Switching Voltage Regulator Fundamentals Nacional Semiconductor lt http www national com appinfo power files f4 pdf gt SKI Liquid crystal Display Graphic Modules App Notes Seiko Instruments lt http graphic Ilcd lcds shopeio com inventory pdt G324EX5R1A0 pdf gt SLA Sealed Lead Acid Battery Size Chart Power Stream Technology lt http www powerstream com Size_SLA htm gt SLC Product Catalog MEC Product Selection Guide Sorenson Li
30. same With this schematic this demonstrates that a voltage regulator and comparator can be used to charge a battery and maintain the battery without running into overcharging or other harmful conditions The next part of the analog part of the sensor which is the center part of this project it is Page 63 the part that senses the current going on the DC lines from the solar string Without knowing how this product interfaces it would be useless to us The part that necessary is the pins that are need to go from this device to the A to D convertor on the Explorer 16 development board The pins indicated are circled in Red isolation barrier lp Primary conductor STANDBY ov l IE l Vs ANCLAS Y Figure 41 Connection Schematic for LEM FHS 40 P SP600 with C1 C3 47 nF C2 4 7nF Reprinting Permission Requested Base Station The base station is the device that will be receiving all of the transmitted data from the solar panel string device It will be responsible for analyzing the data and outputting it in an easily readable and sensible fashion The analyzed data will be able to be viewed through the base station s web server The base station will be connected to the internet via an Ethernet cable Therefore the solar panel string can be monitored from miles away from an office The device that will be used as a base station is the ASUS WL 520gU router This router is capable of supporting customized firmware With cus
31. similar projects and how to come up with test procedures to find and test the readiness of the devices Devin was in charge of the Project Budgeting and Financing Goals for both devices He maintains a spreadsheet that covers our expenses and projected expenses that will be provided for the document Devin is also responsible for the research of the base stations components including router and all devices included inside the base station He is also responsible for designing the base station and its wireless component for both the base station and the solar device Roles and Responsibilities for Senior Design Paper Specifications Application of Solar Panel Device Components Base Station Device Wireless Requirements Schematics Motivation Goals Objectives Application of Components Wireless Schematics Project Budgeting and Financing Goals Solar Panel Device Base Station Device Application of Components Wireless Schematics KEY Section 3 Design Figure 1 Roles and Responsibilities Code and Lead Design Breakdown Figure 2 is a continuation of the roles and responsibilities Figure 1 It also goes into more depth of how the paper will be managed and the breakdown of who will be responsible for coding The group agreed upon agreed on these division
32. solar device We can test the logic by simple changing the logic inside the code and seeing if 1t affects the data and double checking our logic to make sure that the data is being correctly received from the transmitter end 2 The base station does not receive any data from the solar device a The transmitter is broken b The transmitter is out of range of the Base Station c Base Station router is not receiving data d The solar device and the base station are receiving and transmitting but the data is not getting carried over from the solar device e Coding is not correct and it appears that no data is being received 1 Base station code 11 Solar device code 111 Web page code The group has identified this as our second biggest risk for the prototype The first test to troubleshooting this portion is to check the solar device and make sure that the data is being recorded If the problem The testing will need to confirm that the wireless device and base station are community cited properly With Excel Spreadsheet feature this will all be uploaded to the webpage which should be monitor able from any internet device with a flash plug in he first set will be comprised of using just a regular power supply to test the ranges of the device this will check the device at key voltages below in the table The second set of testing will be connecting the device up to the sample solar panels The device should be securely mounted onto a pole or
33. the assumption by QuickBeam Energy is that there will be a 120 VAC outlet located by the also assumed internet connection To allow for use even when there is an outage we will make use of a consumer UPS which will supply all the power needed for at least 24 hour if not more for data collection and continuing connection to all of the string devices Page 55 Similar Projects This section shows the projects that are similar to ours As engineers we are told to learn from others to find the right and easy solution and to not re invent the wheel A lot of these doctrines that the engineering program has instilled in us are displayed by using the similar projects from other senior design groups Not only have they embarked on the same task as having to write a paper to the same level of professionalism desired by us but they have already done the research we ourselves are conducting These projects are often an incredible wealth of information from deciding on what sections we should write about to looking at other group s research on microcontrollers Below are some of the more key note projects that our group looked and decided to show in our similar projects portion of the document The Wee Wireless USB This group which during the fall 2007 semester completed their senior design I paper it was a three person group and helped us with our formatting as well as with several of our research topics The following is a paraphrasing
34. the response back from the business system to include this extra data The website shows what is currently in the yard and in addition can display other unit data from another source Power Monitoring System Our project deals with the monitoring and recording of data over a solar panel this project had a similar idea with their power monitoring system They utilized the data collected to provide the power consumption with graphs and helped integrate the findings this has helped our web design brain storm and will perhaps lead him to new ideas on how to change the website to be more user friendly The following is a selected excerpt from their executive summary With the world changing at a very fast pace the way of living 1s changing at that same pace With the emergence of new developed countries the birth of technology in several third world countries energy has become more and more indispensable to a larger part of the world Hence we have witnessed lately the sudden increase in the price of oil due to more significant demands in the world In this same state mind we have seen a movement lately in research trying to find alternative measure to create energy Also due to the fact of global warming we feel that as humans we need to reduce significantly our energy consummation This 1s therefore the reason why we building the power monitor system Page 57 Our goal is to design and construct an inexpensive Power Monitor system that
35. the web server on the base station is to introduce a complex password This keeps the web server in the open so that anyone can view the solar panel information if they have the correct access and therefore the permission of the owner The DD WRT firmware by default has an administration section on its web server to configure the features of the router and firmware The base station portion of the project can be hosted within this section to ensure that a password must be entered each time a new visitor arrives to the web server The password must be complex however to mitigate brute force attacks If an attacker were to get access to the router configuration the base station could be rendered useless and data from the solar panels Page 40 would be lost until the issue is corrected In addition to the security risks involved in running a web server on the public internet domain having SSH or Telnet enabled on the router presents a whole series of problems as well Similar to web server sniffers there are programs out there that try to scan servers on the internet that run SSH When a server is found they will try to brute force the password until they obtain access The most common way they determine whether or not a server has SSH running on it is by scanning the default SSH port 22 Therefore a random non standard port should be used 1 e 4678 This is most important since most our router will be exposed to the outside world Data Han
36. to be as follows as these requirements are necessary for effectively testing our device e Location outside o Must be in an unobstructed sun light area o No possible interference from trees or other overhanging materials o Must have a safe location to be undercover in inclimate weather o Must have a mounting location for solar panels e Possible testing at an operational solar generation station Final Specifications and Requirements Solar Panel Device The following specifications are the final list of all things accomplished by our prototype device solar string device This is an adaptation of the original list of specifications given to us in the first semester This list has been done for a variety of reasons including but not limited to Change in requirements by sponsor limit in technology economical part acquisition and final implementation Antenna ability to transmit minimum of 1 10 of a mile Low cost components less than 150 for prototyping Must be able to tolerate all environment conditions 10C to 70C Must be able to adaptable for using power from Solar String DC volts from 180 480V e Store enough power for more than 24 hours Page 99 Last as long as the life of the solar panel approximately 20 30 years Sense current ranging from 1 70 Amps The following requirements are the final list that have come from the requirements given to us at the beginning of senior design These requirements have only changed with the spec
37. used within our project is Putty Putty is a free SSH client created by Simon Tatham and distributed under the MIT license Web Server One of the great features of the DD WRT firmware is that its web server can be customized The firmware runs a small web server that is used by an admin to configure the router for use It can be customized to serve pages to the outside world This 1s needed in order to display and serve the solar panel string s information The firmware must be configured to allow such a web server to run and thus would be best before being deployed out into the field There are several tools that are needed in order to log into the router and configure its web server First of all telnet or Secure Shell SSH must be enabled on the DD WRT run router This can be done via the web interface of DD WRT Then a telnet or SSH client must be used to gain access to the router to manipulate its configuration to allow the web server to be accessed from outside the LAN Then the files that want to be hosted on the web server must be sent over the SSH connection After this is done the SSH or telnet connection the router can be closed The web server must then be stopped and restarted via the web configuration module of DD WRT Under the Administration and then Diagnostics page press Run Enter the following lines into the command box killall httpd cd www httpd p 81 h www cam TEES ALEDO gt EEES usr sbin apr
38. website on the front page The criteria that were input for the selection of this chip model was a limit on the number of physical pins were limited to a quantity between 6 and 40 This decision was made to increase the likelihood of finding a microcontroller with a package type suitable to both surface mounting as well as use in a breadboard for prototyping purposes The PIC that was selected for further consideration came in a 28 pin DIP package as well as QFN and SOIC packages The variety of packages available means that during both the prototype and actual construction phases of the project the design team would have flexibility in both circuit design and board layout PIC33 Condensed specifications 28 Pin SDIP SOIC MCLR 8 Avon ANOMREFHCN2RAOD 2 a7 AV5ss AN TVREF ICNSRA1 _ 3 26 7 ANQIRP 15 cNa1 PMCS URB15 PGDIVEMUDVAN2IC2IN RPOW CN4IR BO 4 25 ANIQ RTCC RP14U CN 12 PMWRIRB 14 PGC VEMUCT AN3 C2IN RPI cNSRE1 5 AN TVRP 130 Cai PMADIRB13 ANSICUINIRPZ OC NeRB2 T AN1VRP120 CN 14 PMDO RB12 OSIRIS ARIRAS 9 OSCO CLKO CN29 PMADIRA3 __ y soscivRP l cn 1 PMBERBS 41 S6S6 TICK CNG PM ATR A4 vool 18 INTORPT yoN23 PMD5 RB7 PGDOVEMUDIASDATRPS cnN27 PMD7 RBS 4 15 PGCJEMUCZ ASCLI RPS ic N24 PMD RBG 0 d08 lLlabeoldsP c0 dDPordce did SP c0EdDcerscedidsP Figure 12 Pin layout for 28 pin SOIC package PIC33 Reprinting Permission Requested The most important aspect of the PIC33 is the
39. with use the problems have become apparent One of the major problems is knowing when a singular solar cell or photovoltaic cell has stopped functioning which sometimes greatly affects the output of the array Monitoring each string of cells would be a great way to solve this problem Page 107 Bibliography e AIM Radio Frequency Identification RFID A Basic Primer Version 1 11 Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility Sep 9 1999 lt http www aimglobal org technologies rfid resources papers rfid_basics prim er asp gt e Aldous Scott How Solar Cells Work How Stuff Works It s Good to Know lt http science howstuffworks com solar cell htm gt e ATL ATmegal65P Atmel Corporation 2009 lt http www atmel com dyn products product_card asp part_1d 3889 gt e ATP Any Time Products lt http www anytimeproducts com meg maildeliverycart htm gt e AVX Multimedia Card Connector AVX Corporation lt http www avxcorp com prodinfo_productdetail asp I 896 amp ParentID 92 gt e BAM Light Travel Dynamo Dymotec Fitting and Operating Instructions Busch and Muller KG lt http www bumm de docu download 106e pdf gt e BLS Dynamo Power Lights Bicycle Lighting Systems lt http nordicgroup us s78 dynamo html Facts_about_ Dynamo Systems gt e BLT Learn Bluetooth SIG Inc 2009 lt http www bluetooth com Bluetooth Learn gt e BMA Battery Types British B
40. 0M ZG2101M Module Use Schematic Reprinting Permission Obtained 11 12 2009 Page 51 Interfacing The ZG2100 ZG2101 chips can be interfaced to almost any 8 16 and 32 bit microcontroller unit While researching for this project a good microcontroller must be selected for use with the wireless component Robbie did the microcontroller research and it can be found in the previous section However this section will describe a little further about how to interact with the ZG2100 module chips regardless of the host microcontroller Power String Device The key to the research for this device has been surrounded by the fact that we have a large DC voltage coming in from the solar panel string The voltage range from 6 600 volts is a very large voltage to deal with The first part is to find a way to detect that voltage and current to accurately transmit this data after all that 1s the whole intent of this project The second part will be to turn that voltage range into a constant voltage for the purpose of storing that voltage in a battery The voltage and current sensing can be done in a few ways In the power industry they use devices that step down the voltage to measurable ranges They use transformers to step down voltages to detect them in ranges that are safer and more manageable to measure Our nation s power grid is AC power because of this the transformers cannot be used for our application So in order to detect the voltages we ne
41. 101M Crvstal Amplifier O i RST 2 4 GHz PCB Radio antenna J ROM ZG2100M E Slave SPI Interface AES TRIP Eneryption Host SPI RF Filters Accelerator Interface Interrupt C hip Serial Trace Enable Interface UART Figure 20 ZG2100M ZG2101M Functional Block Diagram Reprinting Permission Obtained 11 12 2009 ZeroG Wireless marketing angle is low design effort low power consumption low system requirements and low system cost Some key features of the ZG2100M and ZG2101M will be outlined here The chips come with an on chip serialized MAC address This is a benefit because it reduces processing power on addressing each transmission The modules come with a suite of API calls which makes programming interfacing and performing complex tasks much easier The chips are both capable of running at very low power levels Normal operation requires 2 7V to 3 6V and each chip can go into sleep or hibernation mode requiring 250uA and 0 1uA respectively Sleep and hibernation may be required in order to save battery life in between communication streams when solar power is not provided The power sequence for these three power stats on sleep and hibernate is below Page 46 OFF OV OV OV Power disconnected to 462100 HIBERNATE 3 3V 33V All internal circuitries are OFF SLEEP 33V OV Reference clock and internal bias circuitry are ON RA ON 3 3V OV Receive circuits are ON TX ON 3 3V OV Transmit circu
42. 1112377972033730441437 gt FSL SO8QG Microcontroller Family Freescale Semiconductor Inc lt http www freescale com webapp sps site prod_summary sp code SO8QG webpageld 1112377972033730441437 gt FSL ZigBee Standards Overview Freescale Semiconductor Inc lt http www freescale com webapp sps site overview sp nodeld 01J4Fs25657 725 gt Hart Jeffrey Lenway Stefanie Murtha Thomas A History of Electroluminescent Display University of Minnesota Sep 1999 lt http www indiana edu hightech fpd papers ELDs html gt HCR Shimano Hub Generators and Lights Harris Cyclery lt http sheldonbrown com harris lighting shimano html gt IKN Power and Charge Batteries IKON Global Ltd lt http www ikonglobal com gt IRD IrDA Specifications and Technical Notes Infrared Data Association lt http irda org displaycommon cfm an 1 amp subarticlenbr 7 gt IRT AVR414 RC5 IR remote control transmitter App Note Atmel Corporation Rev 2534A May 2005 ITT Push Button Switches ITT Corporation 2007 lt http www ittcannon com products products asp pid 1020 gt KGM MMC Card Specifications Version 1 3 Kingmax Digital Inc July 07 2004 lt http www kingmaxdigi com product MMC pdf gt KGT Flash Memory Guide Kingston Technology Company Inc 2006 lt http www kingston com products pdf_files FlashMemGuide pdf gt KGT MultiMedia Card mobile Kingst
43. 2 amp ik 1 1 12 11 2009 Gmail Request to Use Information j ma i Devin McLean lt airlinedev gmail com gt Request to Use Information 1 message Devin McLean lt airlinedev gmail com gt Fri Dec 11 2009 at 3 48 PM To Help Buy microchip com To Whom It May Concern My name is Devin McLean and am part of an Electrical and Computer Engineering Senior Design group at the University of Central Florida in Orlando Florida As an ABET accredited university we are required to design a project that encapsulates our entire undergraduate education We are designing a project to monitor solar panel arrays via wireless communication While researching we have come across products that your company has to offer which we may purchase for our prototype such as the ZeroG 802 11 Development Kit for Explorer 16 AC164136 We would like to request your permission to reuse information Such as images and text from your website in our initial design documentation Thank you very much in advance Sincerely Devin McLean https mail google com mail ui 2 amp ik 1 1 12 11 2009 Feedback N National Semiconductor PRODUCTS DESIGN ORDER COMPANY COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS Please tell us how we can serve you better National s support staff and managers read and value your comments so please do tell us what we can answer or do for you World Wide Customer Support Center Phone Numbers COMMENTS or QUESTIONS Please type your comm
44. 24 NliCrocontTO NETS uerai N EO EE EET 26 Possible Wireless Solution with a Microcontroller ooooccnnnnnnnnnnnononccnnnnnnnnnnnnos 21 NMi roc hip PICs edad dos 2J Microchip PIC32 Series MIcroprocessor csscccccccecccesesseeeeccceeeeaaeeeeeeecceeeeeaas 30 ME9ISODE Microcontroller isons a E A 34 MSPASOM IC Oconto GR ienie A A A 35 Bise SO enrera a a a A 37 A A 37 Modo a D e E A T A AAE AA E A E E A S EA 39 A E E O 40 DE Hand HNE sa es a E E aR gteascaht ieee cae ea tate tne 41 A NN 41 LC 4 o AAA o us teuteetead nan eccmcesets 41 Hy per lext Markup Lang Ud e id indias 42 SIND ONG A E ahd ronan A eaemameate ae 43 A ee seons ata Sauer 43 S02 ATE WIRE Tifosi alas saacelss a a nina oumebenets ina telnet ieh 44 MANCHU AC 111 A o O 52 POC E EE E E E O EA E E E gies E E A E onan 52 Sino DEN a ET 52 BI eoe E OT 55 Similar PLO CCS epn a ao 56 Tie Wee Wireless USD nna na A Gaaesag aig tena niosseees 56 A a aaa aa aa 56 RETD Inventory Pr EC EA 57 Power Monitora SM a E E A 37 Radar Intemace Desig Project ox seven wmnaneraontones 58 i aves Siecle A ee Retest aa een Lee em eee rere eae Nene etree mene cern taney eee eno 58 A PES ERA re Pe ee ee eS es 59 ECHO DO td 61 DESTA AC e dd 61 A ciate ate cee ea tetas cad aetna er ees Case ate eich eet atte ated dCs tinat lt 62 Bastida 64 Ringe BOOSHNE a 65 CISCO ta PIWA eneren aii 65 WV CB EIV eaan a o O 66 Data andine nai sad 67 Vin MMT AA io 68 Waal SON AS COP asec UU
45. 6 TPO 2 L__ 55 05 TPO3 L__ Yd 54 04 TPO5 53 03 CIN L__ s2 02 Figure 17 MSP430 Pin Layout Reprinting Permission Requested A list of some of the applicable features the MSP430 could bring to our project e Low Supply voltage Range 2 5v 5 5v This is ideal for us because the solar panel device is pulling power from the panels the power the voltage the better Ultra Low Power Consumption Five Power saving Modes Standby Modes great for operation during night hours Quick Wakeup time 6microseconds A D Converter EPROM versions of MSP430 chips for the use in prototyping this could be very good since none of us have much experience in programming microcontrollers e Can be battery operated Time Tested and a market standard for excellence which will resonate with our sponsors e Fulfills all temperature requirements e Through Documentation 31 page data sheet e Example Schematics e Active Forum community if we have any questions Microcontrollers Indeed there are several dozen microcontroller architectures and vendors Wikipedia e 68HCll e 8051 e ARM Page 36 STMicroelectronics STM8S Atmel AVR Freescale ColdFire Hitachi H8 MIPS PIC MSP430 The world of microcontrollers have a diverse market and trying to find the right microcontroller could be as easy as saying we want what works or as time consuming as we what the best bit The overall architecture of the project i
46. AY i e mM WAN IP 71 171 30 39 Setup Wireless Services Security Access Restrictions NAT Qos Administration Status Basic Settings Radius Wireless Security MAC Filter Advanced Settings WDS Physical Interface wll SSID DD Wrt Rocks HWAddr 00 1D 7E 3F 0C 40 Security Mode You may choose from Disable WEP WPA Personal WPA Enterprise or l IREEN F RADIUS All devices on your network WPA Algorithms TRIP must use the same security mode Security Mode WPAZ Personal amp WPA Shared Key CO w Unmask Key Renewal Interval in seconds 3600 Default 3600 Range 1 99999 Figure 18 DD WRT Web Interface Reprinting Permission Requested The second most popular way to make changes to the router 1s by logging into it through a command line This can be done either by Telnet or SSH The username to obtain access to the firmware s command line is root and the password is the password that is set within the web interface described in the preceding paragraph Telnet is enabled by default and SSH must be enabled via the web interface Telnet and SSH are very similar to each other Telnet was developed in 1969 and is a network protocol that provides bidirectional interactive communications between a client and server The client in this case would be us configuring the DD WRT firmware the server will be the router that has the DD WRT firmware installed The telnet protocol is a very old and unsecure protocol to use Although t
47. C Do Not Connect 9 JTAG RSTN Constant drive ae pira En das 10 GND Ground 11 YDD18 See below 1 DNG Do Not Connect 13 DNG Do Not Connect 14 DNG Do Not Connect 15 DNE Do Not Connect 16 RES Pull down FLASH Write Protect See below 17 VDD33 3 4V Power 18 GND Ground 19 GND Ground 20 CE_N Chip enable in JTAG Enable in this pin needs to be high 21 JTAG_EN L for Boundary Scan sk i 27 DNC Do Not Connect 23 SCS_N Constant drive Serial chip select from host input 24 YDD18 See below 25 GND Ground 26 UART_RX H Debug Serial in 27 UART_TX Debug Serial out 28 GND Ground 29 VDD33 3 34 Power 30 GND Ground 31 VDD18 See below ce SDO Serial data out to host cx INT_NX Pull up Interrupt to host output 3d SCK Constant drive Serial clock in from host 35 SDI Constant drive Serial data in from host 36 GND Ground Figure 25 ZG2100M ZG2101M Pin Out and Function Reprinting Permission Obtained 11 12 2009 The dimensions of the two chips are illustrated below in the two figures The first figure shows the dimensions and layout of the ZG2100M chip while the second figure illustrates the dimensions of the ZG2101M chip with external antenna support Page 49 Pin 18 Pim 1036 UE ae fi Figure 27 ZG2101M Module Drawing Reprinting Permission Obtained 11 12 2009 The chips have several constraints when being interfaced There are four keep away areas of the chip to maintain optimal performance Also if the ZG2100M chip with the onboard PCB
48. Er ny iaeteseaaen sad win iaeaenaunenieeeeaens 69 O 70 PENI NS PEC A sit setts eta aes ais cas a sa E E A EE traces a eee oes a eee 71 Wireless COMPONEN iia 71 Explorer 16 BOM a 12 SoftWare Isa olaa litis 73 SECOM Proton ais gi B10 610 hc eR o E CEH A net et Iq AS eS rcs saree N E E E E E E EEN R T EO 71 Mirocha a ee ee aa ane es 71 ZT NITE IES tc 78 National SEMA ela aio 78 Sc cuaaed ale had ae A T sd laks at 78 Eagle PCC A o O 78 PE DDES Siir a lp i 78 Base nlai eeraa ad 80 Solar Panel IDE VICO id tii A 83 Explorer 16 Development BOM 83 Buck SMitehina Regulation i 84 Battery Charros Control dde io 87 A A ON 92 Wireless Conme a MOM r Ged weecercssinsaeesseedeTe seas 92 Battery barge onto id 92 Test POCO US iii 93 EQUIP con 98 Environment ein aa 99 Final Specifications and Requirements ccssssssccccssscsssseesscccessecensssessssccesseeesssees 99 Solar pancita es 99 Based lodo a 100 Secuon o User Maital non E T a ET 101 ECHO 7 Administrativo Content 103 A A 103 Work Distrib OM dt ida 103 BUO berere E E aaie sac So asset leaatace eae tae aia ania 104 Section 8 Conclusion and SUMAR 106 o EAO EA INOA OER 108 Appendix A Reprinting Pernmissi NS di 114 Page 111 Section 1 Definition Executive Summary Solar Arrays a heated topic in the energy industry have many applications as the price per watt has come to a more reasonable level Power companies and residential homes have become increasingly more
49. LO HO o ee ee eee E a ii ira EN VCCX F e E E ycc H gt is ae SS PGND E a CSG COMP a CS bi VOUT 4 DEMB N Afl LM5116 C4 C3 TN rad 270pF 0 01 uF SA AGND Xip IND Figure 38 Diagram from the LM5116 spec sheet Reprinted with permission pending National Semiconductor Page 62 The following equation is needed to change the values of these resistors to have a different output voltage over what is given in the spec sheet Rep2 _ Vout Ree 1 215V Figure 39 Equation from the LM5116 spec sheet Reprinted with permission pending National Semiconductor So picking a output voltage of 12 volts would change the values needed for Rfbl and Rfb2 such that it gives us the voltage required This will allow us to pick any battery charging system and only need to change a few resistor values depending on what voltage is needed The battery charging system will be constructed of a comparator that will check the voltage of the battery to make sure the battery has the correct voltage and does not have any over voltage conditions as well This will be done with a LM350 voltage regulator and an LM471 comparator for testing purposes only ua LM 350 Vin vreg IN OU D1 schotkey Batt attery gt 251kohm 5 LMI 741 Figure 40 Multisim Drawing of Battery Maintainer Depending on the efficiency and losses due to the second regulator we may not use the LM350 but the proof of concept is the
50. MHz Crystal Oscillator vi Internal 8 MHz and 32 kHz Oscillators vil Separate PLLs for CPU and USB Clocks vili Two I2C Modules ix Two UART Modules with a RS 232 RS 485 and LIN 1 2 support b IrDA with On Chip Hardware Encoder and Decoder x Parallel Master and Slave Port PMP PSP with 8 bit and 16 bit Data and Up to 16 Address Lines xi Hardware Real Time Clock Calendar RTCC xu Five 16 bit Timers Counters two 16 bit pairs combine to create two 32 bit timers xili Five Capture Inputs xiv Five Compare PWM Outputs xv Five External Interrupt Pins xvi High Speed I O Pins Capable of Toggling at Up to 80 MHz xvii High Current Sink Source 18 mA 18 mA on All I O Pins xvi Configurable Open Drain Output on Digital I O Pins 4 Debug Features 1 Two Programming and Debugging Interfaces 1i 2 Wire Interface with Unintrusive Access and 11 Real time Data Exchange with Application 4 wire MIPS Standard Enhanced JTAG interface iv Unintrusive Hardware Based Instruction Trace v IEEE Std 1149 2 Compatible JTAG Boundary Scan 5 Analog Features 1 Upto 16 Channel 10 bit Analog to Digital Converter 11 500 ksps Conversion Rate 11 Conversion Available During Sleep Idle iv Two Analog Comparators v 5 5V Tolerant Input Pins digital pins only The PIC32 offers a multistage pipelined 32 bit processor which is a massive improvement over the unpipelined architecture of the PIC33 One of the most important features of the PIC32 is the
51. Millions of Instructions per Second A brief summary of the functionality of the PIC32 follows in a table The data was taken from the PIC32 datasheet provided by the Microchip Corporation 1 High Performance 32 bit RISC CPU 1 MIPS32 M4K 32 bit Core with 5 Stage Pipeline 11 80 MHz Maximum Frequency i 1 56 DMIPS MHz Dhrystone 2 1 Performance at 0 Wait State Flash Access iv Single Cycle Multiply and High Performance v _ Divide Unit vi MIPS16e Mode for Up to 40 Smaller Code Size vil User and Kernel Modes to Enable Robust vill Embedded System ix Two Sets of 32 Core Register Files 32 bit to Reduce Interrupt Latency x Prefetch Cache Module to Speed Execution from Flash 2 Microcontroller Features 1 Operating Voltage Range of 2 3V to 3 6V 1i 32K to 512K Flash Memory plus an additional 12KB of Boot Flash iw 8K to 32K SRAM Memory iv Pin Compatible with Most PIC24 dsPIC Devices v Multiple Power Management Modes vi Multiple Interrupt Vectors with Individually vil Programmable Priority vill Fail Safe Clock Monitor Mode ix Configurable Watchdog Timer with On Chip Page 30 x Low Power RC Oscillator for Reliable Operation 3 Peripheral Features 1 Atomic SET CLEAR and INVERT Operation on Select Peripheral Registers 11 Up to 4 Channel Hardware DMA Controller with Automatic Data Size Detection 11 USB 2 0 Compliant Full Speed Device and On The Go OTG Controller iv USB has a Dedicated DMA Channel v 10 MHz to 40
52. SOLAR PANEL MONITOR SYSTEM Table of Contents o A o AAA e e EE E O ter ere reat eer eer Stan E rere etree l PX CCULIVS SUMINA aaar ted l MOTO oa 2 Solar Generation vs Central Generation oooonnccnnnnnncnnnonncccnnnnnnnnnonanononnnnnnnnonanonccnnnnnns 3 nl a A arecaain ieee eb aceaauiyeeiaedn ee saeeeeaeeuns 4 ODIECUVES tencistciitetstecassars Wai O O O E ON 5 Base SUA O N E T E EA 5 SODOV IOO eea E NE E alot tae ewt ele 5 SPEC CANONS iena E A TTE 6 Solar SUNOS PECTIC AS 6 Base StallOl SPeCiICAONS eaa tae eames 6 FRE IA ao UN AR A o o O E A AEA E AA 6 SUMMA Met eater E oat at ada eed atts 6 Base Station Requirements ida 7 Roles amp Respond A Ad q Diviston OL EDEN T Code and Lead Design Breakdown cccccccccccccccceeeeeeceaeesseesessseeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeaaaaas 9 Project Block DIAM totes Guest atid oneness ee 10 MS MA rd add 12 Project Budgeting and Financing Goals cocccccccncnnnnnncononnonnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnanoos 15 a daunmusrseuee gar easuee sa asteaneeacuusdsaueen ar ieaun ss aatease enced 16 Research MS del tush e 16 Books Websites amp Relevant Works cooocconcccnoccnnoconoconnccnnocnnncconoconccnnrcnnoconoccnnos 16 Expert Faculty and Colleagues ResQUICES cccccccccconoooooooonooocccccnncnononnnnnnnnnnononnnananos 17 Solar Bandit 18 a A A E 20 Rechargeable ys Akane Batteries o e 21 Nickel aii Bat iy a ddr 22 Dit hai lon Bata 23 B E E A LEA aan ae LE Ri A A T E e A T
53. T TT 6 internet Fa 100 4 Figure 43 DD WRT Command Shell Reprinting Permission Requested killall httpd cd www httpd p 81 h www ca Jffs httpd h 3 fs usr sbin iptables I INPUT 1 p tcp dport 80 logaccept Now that the web server is open the method that the base station receives the data from the string device and how it is processed to be viewed from the outside world will be discussed below Data Handling The main purpose of the base station is to receive the data transmitted wirelessly from the string device and then format it in such a way that it is presented to a remote user via a web server This section will describe how the data is collected manipulated and displayed upon the web server Scripts will have to be run on the router Therefore Page 67 different scripting languages supported by the router will be looked at Also the different formats of displaying web pages will be analyzed as well Incoming Data The DD WRT firmware supports the telnet protocol This protocol is very easy to emulate and implement Therefore this will be the method used to transmit data from the string device to the base station Telnet is simply a pure text client server connection on port 23 This is the medium that the solar panel device will transmit the data Files will be created on the router over telnet via the command cat This command will append contents to a file or create a new file with new
54. ables I INPUT T p cp dpott 20 F logacecept If the web server ever needs to be shut down the following command can be used kill Cat imp var runyhttpa pLa With the opening of the router to the outside world via a web server comes potential security risks Security risks involved in doing this must be researched analyzed and mitigated in order to ensure that the integrity of the system is not compromised Uptime and stability is one thing that the solar panel monitoring device as a whole must incorporate the solar panels themselves have a 20 50 year warranty for example The potential security risks involved in implementing a web server to the outside world is outlined in the section below Page 39 Security Risks Opening a web server to the outside world opens the base station to potential security hazards The base station must be able to withstand these security hazards in order to preserve the integrity of the system the system must not falter under such conditions introduced by the vulnerabilities of a web server In this section the potential security risk of having an open web server to the public world will be researched analyzed and attempted to be mitigated for future implementation First of all web servers are one of the number one launch platforms for new malware and spam attacks on the internet today They are being scanned for by malicious programs and people in order to exploit to launch attacks The scannin
55. ach solar panel string and a base station to receive communications from the small devices The requirements for the small device would be to only use small amount of power from a singular string of solar panels store enough power to power the device for a limited time if one of the panels fail transmit some sort of signal wirelessly to the base station and be inexpensive and mass producible These small devices would be placed on every solar panel string so that large array setups are inexpensive and mass producible The base station would ideally be placed with the power management system for the array The requirements for it would be store enough energy to be monitor 24 hours a day even when it is dark have some kind of connection to a network private network or the Internet serve data in a form that can be viewed via any device with a web browser receive data from the small devices and interpret it to meaningful data It would need a more powerful wireless system as the small devices will not be able to transmit large distances Page 1 Motivation Our Senior Design group consists of three students Robbie Parrish EE Benjamin Brindle EE and Devin McLean CpE The group formed on the first day of class and made the commitment to try and find a sponsor to pick up the financial burden associated with Senior Design It was then that QuickBeam Energy made their power point presentation and we decided to pursue their offer Ben ha
56. an company based from Dallas Texas TI is the no 4 manufacture of semiconductors worldwide and is the No 2 supplier of ship for cellular handset and No 1 producer of digital signals processors They had a registered net income of 1 92 billion dollars and have over 25 000 employees Texas Instrument has had large contributions to having a Lead Free manufacture in all of 1ts devices They also take great care in the electronic disposal of their manufacturing sites making them one of the largest and greenest manufacturers Eagle Electronics Inc Eagle Electronics Inc is a PCB manufacture with up to 12 layer boards They are privately owned and are based out of Schamburg Illinois They are going to be our PCB fabricator for Senior Design II They follow all quality control systems dictated by the state and are ISO certified since 1996 PCB Design This project is going to require that we design and make or order a custom PCB layout This will require some research on what PCBs are made of and what the average cost of an ordered PCB will be First printed circuit boards are needed to put a more permanent solution rather than using a protoboard everything 1s soldered onto the board to be in a low profile manner making 1t able to be enclosed in a case and protect 1t from the elements Because boards can be complicated they are often printed in a form that will Page 78 allow small traces to be made out of small amounts of conductive materials PCB a
57. attery Manufacturers Association lt http www bbma co uk batterytypes htm gt e CEC Stored Energy and Batteries California Energy Commission lt http www energyquest ca gov story chapter05 html gt e DES A beginner s guide to switching Regulators Dimension Engineering lt http www dimensionengineering com switchingregulators htm gt e ECS HC 49US Quartz Crystal spec sheet ECS Inc International 2005 e EERE Photovoltaic Technologies Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy U S Department of Energy Dec 29 2006 lt http www l eere energy gov solar photovoltaics html gt e EGL EAGLE 4 1 Schematic Layout Autorouter Brochure CadSoft Computer Inc e EGM Optrex F 51167NCU FW AA Color LCD Display The Electronic Goldmine lt http www goldmine elec products com prodinfo asp number G16239 gt e ELT Choosing A Rechargeable Battery Electus Distribution lt http www electusdistribution com au images uploaded recharge pdt gt e EXP PCB Layout Software Express PCB lt http www expresspcb com ExpressPCBHtm Free pcb layout software htm gt e FSL RSOSKA Family Freescale Semiconductor lt http www freescale com webapp sps site taxonomy jsp nodeld 0162468449 94879931 gt Page 108 FSL SO8QE Flexis 8 bit HCSO8 Microcontrollers Freescale Semiconductor lt http www freescale com webapp sps site prod_summary jsp code SO8QE amp webpageld
58. back pin The original design only required one LC component off of the output to level and de ripple the output of the chip We felt that that output was too unstable 1 e it had too much fluctuation in the output Since we needed a stable voltage for the battery charger we decided to add another filter component to the design adding another inductor and capacitor This got us to the required stable voltage The figure below is the simulation of the end resulting design Page 85 m A a a E o L urF I Figure 63 Simulation of Buck Circuit The prototype needed to be on a board that was more than a bread board To complete this task we had a few options available to us regardless of the method chosen we need to design a PCB layout board This was accomplished by using PCB artist the software needed to be used 1f we were going to send out to 4PCB for manufacture This was an advantage because 1f we had chosen to send this design out but because of the simplicity of this layout we decided to etch the board ourselves The figure below shows the PCB layout as used without Ground plane for visibility Figure 64 PCB Design for Buck Circuit Page 86 The resulting board was then tined by soldering the entire surface of the copper this prevents the copper from corroding This also gives a better platform to solder onto when adding the parts The resulting board is depicted in the board below showing a final dimension
59. beam jpg gt lt body gt lt html gt Page 82 The webpage can be accessed by going to the base station s IP address The output of the webpage looks like the figure below or Solar Panel Monitor Syste C A 7 htp 192 168 1 1 Solar Panel Monitor System The solar panel monitor system measures the current and voltage of the solar panel to accurately keep track of the solar panel s power output Below is the solar panel monitoring data Time Current A Voltage VW Power W 14 03 24 1 200 9 00 10 800 UCF Queue Figure 59 Base Station s Output Solar Panel Device Explorer 16 Development Board The solar panel device microcontroller is responsible for reading data from the current sensor transmitting the data to the base station wirelessly The Explorer 16 Development Board which comes with the PIC24FJ128GA010 microcontroller from Microchip is used to perform these tasks This setup was chosen for the following features External 5V ground supply for current sensor Easy to interface with microcontroller s pins SPI interfacing for wireless module C compiler Analog to Digital Converter 16 MIPS Page 83 The solar panel device reads the current sensor s measurement as an analog signal The PIC24 uses its third analog to digital conversion channel to convert the analog signal to a digital and numerical value Once connected to the base station s WLAN the solar panel device will establish
60. board for interfacing the wireless module Below is a table with components that we will need and not need with their advertised prices If an item is marked as costing 0 it means that it is provided in kit or is provided by a group member After analysis of the budget items that we need for our project we will be well below the supplied 500 from our sponsor ZeroG 802 11 Development Kit for AC164136 189 99 Explorer 16 ZeroG PlCtail Plus Daughter Board AC164136 2 0 00 ZeroG Wireless Module with PCB Antenna ZG2100MC 0 00 ZeroG Wireless Module external antenna ZG2101MC 0 00 Antenna Kit for ZG2101M module N A 0 00 Asus WL 520GU Wireless Router N82E16833320023 0 00 9dB Antenna N A 0 00 LM5116 synchronous buck controller LM5116 10 00 Explorer 16 PIC Board N A 0 00 Explorer 16 Power Supply N A 0 00 Current Transducer FHS 40 P SP600 FHS 40 P 1 39 Table2 Budget Page 15 Section 2 Research Research Methods The initial kick off meeting was a brain storming session on how we would try and meet our sponsor s requirements The team brainstormed numerous ideas for how to tackle the project A strategy was concluded and it involved posing cogent and relevant questions that we felt at the time needed to be answered for the group to have a good understanding Solar Panels Wireless devices and possible power solutions to the large voltages the device would have to monitor Of course as the research process got more
61. contents This will be received from the string device between every minute and 15 minutes The base station will have to continually loop looking for new files or new contents to output to the web server The command issued to the router from the string device will be cat gt gt filename After issuing that command over telnet the string device will then begin to transmit the file s contents When it is done filling the file with the data 1t will end the command by issuing the command Ctrl D over telnet Below is a screen shot of what a terminal to the DD WRT firmware looks like oe Telnet 192 168 1 1 ee _____ ee DD WRT v24d sp2 mini tc 2669 NewMedia NET GmbH Release 7 21 09 SUN revision 12533 DD WRT login root Password DD WRT v24 sp2 http www dd wet com Bus yBox v1 13 4 2809 07 21 64 13 58 CEST built in shell tash Enter help for a list of built in commands root DD WRI m Figure 44 DD WRT Root Shell Command Prompt No Permission Required The string device will have to issue the change directory cd command several times to get to the mounted file system that is described below The anticipated directory will files will be stored is mnt usb data Page 68 Data Storage The Asus WL 520GU router supports USB flash drives Therefore flash drives can be mounted as a file system on the router to expand its storage capacity This will be used to store the data receive
62. cuit to go into its float mode We redesigned the PCB layout of the circuit to compensate for this issue and the LEDs began to work as intended We used a volt meter to test across the LM317 and acorss the potentiometer we needed a 13 7 volts across the battery to charge it When the battery reached approximatly 13 5 volts the charge contorller would then go into a float mode that would charge the battery at a slower rate to make sure overchage did not occur The potentiometer aloud the circuit to go from approximatly 20 volts to 5 volts this aloud us to pick froma wide range of batteries We had to be especially careful with 1t came to the temperature as the current died off at 150 degrees C We tested the circuit at room temperature and never had the oppourtunity to test this extreme value but we are confident that the chip will withstand the temperatures Page 92 Load Regulation Current Limit OUTPUT CURRENT A HEER HTA k OT 1 0 75 50 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE C INPUT OUTPUT DIFFERENTIAL V OUTPUT VOLTAGE DEVIATION a gt Figure 67 Load Regulation and Current Limit of the LM317 Test Procedures The test procedures are basically broken into five parts The first is the collection of data points from our sample solar panels Figure 59 shows the block diagram for the solar panels that will be tested A standard amp meter and volt meter will be used to measure the two values then reco
63. d at This section describes the research conducted to find the most appropriate microcontroller given the set of requirements NOTE this section is not yet completed and permission for each of the diagrams needs to be given The following is some of the questions that need to be answered e What brand of Microcontroller does the group feel comfortable programming in e What are the available interrupts e What size and footprints are available o Is it surface mounted through hole o What are the dimensions constrain height e What type if any of Analog to digital converters or digital to analog converters will be needed e Will the microcontroller be able to perform thoroughly through times where no solar power 1s provided e What kind of memory is required preferred o ROM o EPROM o EEPROM o Flash Memory e What peripherals come with the microcontroller o Timers o Watchdog o Converters e Does any development tool exist for the Microcontroller o What is the group preference Page 26 o What language does the group prefer Does the architecture of the microcontroller fit into the overall architecture What is the optimum cost for the microcontroller What are the required Voltage and Current requirements What frequency 1s needed for the microprocessor What additional features are offered within the microprocessor family Possible Wireless Solution with a Microcontroller The BS1 IC or BASIC Stamp I could be a good possib
64. d experience with solar panels as a hobbyist and we felt we were well suited to tackle their project The primary motivating factor for the project came directly from the QuickBeam Energy Their business model is focused around the deployment and maintenance of customized solar panels at multiple locations around Florida The dynamic nature of solar panels often requires specific solutions per customer in order to achieve the best possible through put of solar energy These specific solutions cause a rather large portion of QuickBeam Energy s capital to be invested into the design and outfitting of solar arrays One of the ideas they had for reducing cost and increasing productivity was to create a monitoring system that could be easily installed along with the solar panels that could remotely monitor the entire array This would effectively reduce their need to regularly check on the output of their panels This frees up employees to do other jobs and helps QuickBeam management deploy their employee s more effectively This would provide QuickBeam Energy with several benefits e A marketable way to monitor their solar arrays from any location e Gives their customers the satisfaction of seeing the power they are saving from their home computer e Gives them the ability to troubleshoot their solar panels more specifically the ability to narrow down the location of the panels that are not performing correctly e Allows QuickBeam to do their
65. d from the string device This is a necessity because the router comes standard with only 16Mb of RAM Below is a picture showing where the USB flash drive will be installed onto the base station Figure 45 Asus WL 520GU USB Installation No Permission Required Once the USB flash drive 1s installed onto the physical router the DD WRT firmware must be configured to recognize it as a file system This will be done via the web portal configuration Under the Services tab navigate to the USB sub tab There enable the radio box labeled USB Storage Support New options will appear where the FAT File System Support will be checked Below is a screen shot depicting these aforementioned Instructions Page 69 10 x a e If http 192 168 1 1 U5B asp ba 148110 E Bing Pie WRT F DD WRT build 12533 USB Windows Internet Explorer File Edit View Favorites Tools Help A a yy Favorites s DD WRT build 12533 USB fy B gm Page Safety Tools Y EETEHI Firmware DD WRT v24 sp2 07 21 09 mini usb i l Time 20 52 16 up 1 09 loa 0 02 VAY i WAN IP 192 168 111 104 up Setup Wireless Services Security Access Restrictions NAT QoS Administration Status Services VPN USB Hotspot EoIP Tunnel My Ad Network USB Support USB Support Core USB Support Enable Disable 2 9 USB 1 1 Support LIHCI Enable Disable USB 1 1 Support OHCI Enable Disable USB
66. dard library or ideally with hardware acceleration In Figure 28 Pin layout for 28 pin SOIC package PIC33 Permission Pending some very important aspects of the PIC33 are exposed in the 28 pin SOIC package will be subsequently explained The PIC33 offers a parallel data bus that is exposed through pins labeled with labels beginning with PM This is a multiplexed parallel data bus that allows several input devices to write into the memory of the chip Critical to the design phase are the JTAG IEEE 1149 1 interface header pins that are exposed and labeled with labels that begin with T JTAG is a standard microcontroller programming interface that allows interoperability between various host programming systems and the microcontroller The actual update of the chip EEPROM would be done either through the JTAG interface or a more specialized EEPROM programmer tool In the case of this device the design team would construct a JTAG cable and interface it to a PC running a version of Microsoft Windows that is compatible with the programming tools provided by Microchip There are also several commercial vendors that provide JTAG programming hardware that supports a wide variety of JTAG interface types PIC33 Permission Pending provides sufficient memory for the purposes of the design team as the principle space requirement will be the application code itself which should not exceed these parameters The onboard storage of 43k words of data
67. ddle card edge socket There are two main files that contain most of the compile time options for the wireless module TCPIPConfig h and HTTP2 h The TCPIPConfig h file contains the variables to make the wireless module establish a wireless connection with an access point and the Page 73 HTTP2 h file contains configuration variables to host a HTTP server Both of these files can be viewed from within MPLAB IDE by using the file navigator Note that HTTP2 h is located under Header Files TCPIP Stack The SSID of the router that the string device will be connecting to is declared under the variable MY DEFAULT SSID NAME in TCPIPConfig h In order to have the string device obtain a static IP address from the router a couple of tasks must be done First we will need to comment out some lines in TCPIPConfig h that tells the wireless module to use DHCP This involves commenting on the definition define STACK USE DHCP CLIENT which is shown below EE CO Wicrochip Solutions T CPP WiFi Demo Appi ICPIPConfig h pplication beval odale Eoleccion Utbommint of comment the Folisgwing Lines to enables l disabled the following high level application modules S define STACK USE VART Application demi Ode iina STACK _USt UARTITCe_BAIbGs UART to TEP Dridy fftdefine STACK USE I GLEANING Sdefine STACK_USE_ TCHR SERVER if Ping Guat and Es ide fine STACK USE ICH Clibn i Pang traia der ide fine STACK USE HTT cEpver pi Old HTTP serves Bd
68. dling The main purpose of the base station is to receive the data transmitted wirelessly from the string device and then format in such a way that it is presented to a remote user via a web server This section will describe how the data is collected manipulated and displayed upon the web server Scripts will have to be run on the router Therefore different scripting languages supported by the router will be looked at Also the different formats of displaying web pages will be analyzed as well Scripting The ASUS WL 520gU router runs on a simplified version of Linux Therefore it supports several scripting languages including two shell scripting languages ash and bash The Linux also supports a slim down version of CGI The scripting languages will aid in the automation required in analyzing the data received from the string device Also the scripts will be responsible for formatting the received data and creating a presentable web page to broadcast to the world over the router s web server Shell Scripts This section will briefly describe the two shell scripting languages supported by the router s Linux operating system Bourne Shell The Bourne shell scripting language is the primary shell language of the router The Almquist shell is a clone of the Bourne shell According to Wikipedia the Bourne shell or sh was the default Unix shell of Unix Version 7 and replaced the Thompson shell Page 41 whose executable file had
69. e fine STACK_USE HT TPE _SE BE Hew HET pacr Aide tsa STACH USI SSL SERVE S2L ary r Leche FIEL eLo sore Dm e Hogt Comfia Ton ae i Single hose DECI do fie STACK 052 Ft SERVE me if File Transtar Fre Pe cn a de Pe re Ba a Figure 50 Disabling DHCP on Wireless Module Reprinting Permission Obtained Then the IP address that the wireless module will try to register must be defined along with the subnet mask The subnet mask must meet the router s subnet mask as well In the screen shot below the wireless module will try to obtain an IP address of 192 168 1 77 with a subnet mask of 255 255 255 0 MC Wicrochip Soluthons ICPP WiFi Demo Appl IcriPconfig hi sarta AT DEFAULT BAL BYTES UZU fF ang wi Sdefine NY DEFAULT MAC BYTES Ono0 facts Pdefine WY DEFAULT MAC DVTE Dm Ob i add ddetine If DEFAULT TP ADDR BYTEL 152ul difine HY_DEFAULT_IP ADDE BYTEZ i66ul define MY_DEFAULT_IP_ADDR_BYTES Lut Sdefine M _DEFAULT_IP_ADDE BYTES Truli ae tara IY_DEFAULT_BASK_BYTE2 E Sdefine MT DEFAULT MASK BYTEZ 551 define HY DEFAULT NASK BYTES 2551 adefine Mv DEFAULT MASK EYTE4 Cial Sdefine MY_DEFAULT GATE ETTEL 16514 sdetino MY DEFAULT_GATE_BYTE2 Badu Pht LARS M7 PRPAULE LAJA Bi aha Figure 51 Assigning Static IP Reprinting Permission Obtained Page 74 In addition the MAC address must be defined in the same header file This is defined in 6 different variables each containing the hex digi
70. e should be the largest page count to date approximate page count 45 pages Which are 15 pages from each group member on their various topics While this is perhaps a hopeful thinking objective to meet since it 1s half way through the semester having half the paper done seems appropriate e Review Preliminary Design Work We have begun design on all of the various parts of the project and need to convene with each member and work on interoperability among devices and to simple get a pulse for the group and make sure the integrity of the project is on target Creep age should be looked at in the Page 12 paper and each member self evaluates his progress This is a wakeup call one month to go before due date Milestone C Design Completed Paper Rough Draft Completed Design is decided on and the writing should be completed for all parts of the project The page count should be near the 90 mark review of material checking of grammar and proof reading will be taking during the next two weeks to ensure a solid paper is turned in Page count approximately 90 pages Paper printed and Bound The group decides who will be responsible for the printing and binding of the project We will all go to turn in the paper just to be safe but one member is responsible for organizing this effort The decision on what kind of bindings and all last minute changes are finished The group will split the funds necessary to print and bind Milestone Ti
71. ed above 1 e difficult to install dangerous environment for construction large areas to cover with wires These reasons created a need for the project we are pursuing and have lead to some very interesting research and unique engineering solutions Battery Charger The battery charger is a part of the solar device and its main function will be to power the solar device during hours of limited or no solar activity The charger has given the group an interesting and challenging design problem Foremost among them How do you pull energy from a load that can reach levels of 600 volts into a small rechargeable battery without destroying it as well as destroying the battery charger circuit This problem will be more thoroughly discussed in the design and prototype sections I mention it only because it has driven the research of the battery and battery charger circuit a great deal Other considerations do exist however The battery charger must take into account its need to be rechargeable The device is going to be located in some very hard to reach locations and therefore having to change the battery out every other week or even every other month would not meet the design specifications of our sponsors That design spec is that the charger unit should be as low maintenance as possible and have as long as a life span as feasible given the limited amount of time to do trade studies and our limited expertise in the area Several rechargeable battery t
72. ed to construct a voltage dividing circuit for an integrated device to detect the range necessary for this application In conjunction with a shunt resistor a device that can measure voltage across that resistor will tell us all we need to know about the power profile of the solar string 24 mm Figure 30 Shunt Resistor Dimensions There is another device that is used for higher current detection Hall Effect sensors use the surrounding magnetic field associated with flowing current to send the correct data The device that we have selected for use is the LEM FHS 40 P SP600 This device detects from 0 to 100 Amps It will require a placement on the Bus bar of the string Page 52 junction box as indicated in the figure bellow It will also have the option depending on the layout of the junction box to be mounted near a wire and be able to detect the current as well as depicted in the Figure 32 and Figure 33 bellow depending on how the sensor is mounted Figure 31 LEM FHS 40 P SP600 Reprinting Permission Requested SEB ES EEE Ee e Mo E A AOS Figure 32 Placement of the LEM FHS 40 P SP600 Reprinting Permission Requested Figure 33 Placement of the LEM FHS 40 P SP600 on Bus bar of solar string Reprinting Permission Requested Page 53 The only down side to using a device such as the LEM FHS 40 P SP600 is the variability of the sensitivity depending on the distance from the conductor carrying the cu
73. eed to be preconfigured 11 Ifso will it obtain one automatically via a DHCP server b Will the data be encrypted 9 Will the sensor need confirmation that data was received 10 If so what is the best way to acknowledge reception 11 How often will the data be transmitted to the base station 12 Will each sensor have a unique identifier a If so how will the particular wireless technology handle a unique identifier 1 8 MAC address 1 Ifno MAC address will it be hard coded 13 If there needs to be predefined information for each sensor how will it be stored 14 How do we receive the information from the voltage and current sensors and transmit the data to the base station 802 11 Wi Fi The IEEE 802 11 Wireless Local Area Network protocol is the most widely used computer related wireless communication technique The term Wi Fi is a registered trademark of the Wi Fi Alliance The protocol has been in constant development and streamlining since its release in 1999 Because of this wide range of use the availability of buying such Wi Fi microchips for embedded devices is very high and feasible Before we can determine if Wi Fi is the way to go we must first analyze the capabilities of Wi Fi and see if it will meet the requirements of our project The range of typical Wi Fi configurations meets our requirement The first IEEE 802 1la was released with an optimal range of 50 feet However this range can be amply boosted with
74. eep like so many other project do After looking at other group members projects and seeing the general layout of their papers and the percentages each section takes up in each paper the following guidelines were set e Document Summery 10 3 2009 This is essentially our executive summery and contains all of the components that the executive summery is supposed to have While revision of this document is necessary before turning it in it was written with the intent to be incorporated directly into the senior design paper Approximate page count 5 pages e Preliminary Research 10 19 2009 A little over two weeks later the group has done some basic research and has been able to narrow down the topics that paper will be covering no writing is actually done but brainstorming looking at different solutions to the problem and general research Approximate page count 15 pages The reason it is so small is because a lot of this research is essentially useless and does not affect our final project but was looked at and disregarded for a specific reason This section will be added to in milestone B e Milestone B Research Completed This is a big milestone for the group On average most senior design projects have about 70 of their paper done in the research portion I think this is largely due to the need to find and disseminate the knowledge and it is also the easiest thing to write about since the prototype has not been built yet This mileston
75. eless com gt Thu Nov 12 2009 at 11 49 AM To devin mclean knights ucf edu Cc Lien Nguyen lt LNguyen zerogwireless com gt Hello Devin Images can be used for non commercial use Logos are not allowed Let me know if you have any further questions or request Best regards Marcello Hernandez ZeroG Wireless Inc Tel 408 738 7551 Fax 408 738 7601 www zerogwireless com zero CONNECTING THE INTERNET OF THINGS r Save Paper Think Before You Print From Marcello Hernandez Sent Wednesday November 11 2009 9 04 PM To Tim Colleran Subject Fwd Request for Permission to Use Product Details think falls into the marketing team Marcello https mail google com mail ui 2 amp ik 1 2 12 6 2009 Gmail Request for Permission to Use P Begin forwarded message From Devin McLean lt devin mclean knights ucf edu gt Date November 11 2009 8 38 52 PM PST To ZGSales zerogwireless com Subject Request for Permission to Use Product Details To Whom It May Concern My name is Devin McLean and I am part of an Electrical and Computer Engineering Senior Design group at the University of Central Florida in Orlando Florida As an ABET accredited university we are required to design a project that encapsulates our entire undergraduate education We are designing a project to monitor solar panel arrays via wireless communication While researching we have come across products that your company has
76. ents and computer cooling systems It considered one of the top 10 global brands by info Tech magazine It has a Net income of 21 billion dollars and has approximately 100 000 employees In 2007 ASUS did some restructuring and split into three distinct operational units ASUS Pegatron and Unihan the other two brands focusing on the Asian markets In 2000 Asus officially launched Green ASUS a companywide sustainable computing initiate to overseen by an aspiring comminute that is trying to make ASUS more environmentally friendly Green Asus restricts 37 hazardous substances and is a leader in the PC recycling industry from its launch of its PC recycling for a Brighter Future program In 2006 ASUS obtained IECQ IEC Quality Assessment System for Electronic Components HSPM Hazardous Substance Process Management certification for its headquarters and for all of its manufacturing sites Without a doubt ASUS is a green company and strives to make its electronics in the most environmental safe possible way This is in line with our sponsor s mission statement and is considered a good vender to use Microchip Microchip Technology is an American manufacture based out of Arizona It is a manufacturer of microcontrollers memory and analog semiconductors Microchip has approximately 5000 employees and products include Serial EEPROM devices Serial SRAM devices Pic32 Pic 24 and dsPic microchips Their Pic devices are ideal for any battery
77. ents in English Please write your question or comment in the box below Please be specific and include page urls or part numbers where possible This information will be helpful in answering your question To Whom It May Concern My name is Devin McLean and I am part of an Electrical and Computer Engineering Senior Design group at the University of Central Florida in Orlando Florida As an ABET accredited university we are required to design a project that encapsulates our entire undergraduate education We are designing a project to monitor solar panel arrays via wireless communication While researching we have come across products that your company has to offer which we may purchase for our prototype such as the LM5116 synchronous buck controller We would like to request your permission to reuse information such as images and text from your website in our initial design documentation Thank you very much in advance Sincerely Devin McLean Feedback Category Sales Contacts 7 Level of Urgency Not Urgent O Urgent Product Folder Part Number Buck Synchronous Switching Contre Revision Software only want a response A indicates required information so that we can reply to you Anonymous If you prefer to remain anonymous just send us your comments and submit the form CONTACT INFORMATION First Name vr Devin Last Name McLean Your Company Name x University of Central Florida Business
78. erated amount of each of the labeled gases This is from a variety of generating sources primarily used in the United States C in CO2 from non generating Energy SOx NOx C in CO2 portion of fuel Source gSOx kWh gNOx kWh gC kWh cycle gC kWh Coal 3 400 1 8 322 8 50 0 Oil 1 700 0 88 258 5 50 0 Natural Gas 0 001 0 9 178 0 30 0 Nuclear 0 030 0 003 7 8 7 8 Photovoltaics 0 020 0 007 5 3 5 3 Tablel Gases from different Power Sources The average home will require a 2 5 KW system to satisfy most needs of its power needs And a 2 5 kW system will also take about 400 square feet which some of the requirements for size are also dependant on the size of the size of best panel for price and efficiency With interests in cost savings control and access and environmental aspects there has recently been a lot of interest in legislation to help the industry along After many of the rolling black outs in the late 90s the western United States has had a great push for helping the industry take off As we meet tonight many citizens are struggling with the high cost of energy We have a serious energy problem that demands a national energy policy The western United States 1s confronting a major energy shortage that has resulted in high prices and uncertainty I have asked federal agencies to work with California officials to help speed construction of new energy sources And I have directed the Vice President Commerce Secretary Energ
79. ese values Solar String Specifications The solar device specifications were driven by the need to make the device portable easy to install but the primary motivation for the solar device was to make the device self sufficient These portable and be able to survive the following specifications Antenna ability to transmit 500 feet Low cost components less than 50 for prototyping Must be able to tolerate all environment conditions 10C to 70C Must be able to use power from Solar String DC volts from 6 600V Store enough power for more than 24 hours Last as long as the life of the solar panel approximately 20 30 years Sense voltages from 6 600 volts Dc The string device will update no frequently than every minute and no longer than 15 minutes Base Station Specifications The Base Station specifications were created to allow flexibility in the design and are meant to be fairly vague The BaseStation is not meant to fulfill the entire specific Battery system with 12 volt out put RS232 or USB data output of at least 1GB Local Storage For at least 24 hours Networkable o RJ45 o 802 11 Requirements Solar String Requirements Low power microprocessor with wireless capabilities Power system to charge a storage device battery Sense the power output of the String Located within transmit distance of base station Weatherproof containment be able to fit inside a preexisting junction box Page 6 e One device per panel
80. essor and electrical storage Page 100 Section 6 User Manual To use the Solar Panel Monitoring system on need to situated in an appropriate location The location must be equipped with an enclosure that will contain the microprocessor and the power electronics and battery The power electronics must be connected in parallel to the solar string To energize the battery charger circuit the switch on the enclosure must be turned on A red LED will light up indicating power The second LED will only light when the Battery has been fully charged or in float mode LED 1 2 Switch Figure 71 Buck Converter and Battery Charger Once battery is connected to the charger the microcontroller will automatically boot The boot process includes activating the wireless module and acquiring an IP address This concludes the User required action for the Solar Device The User will then only need to go to the Basestation s IP address This will show them the website that shows a list of the current and past data To be updated a refresh is needed The figure below depicts an example of this website This website can be easily linked to a company website without difficulty The Basestation is also capable of being attached to a VPN allowing for encrypted viewing of this data Page 101 Figure 72 Solar Panel Device Explorer 16 Board To activate the base station the user is only required to connect the power and Ethernet connectivity a
81. ew cents but few ena ai Mr ul eek en coated per page of paper manual touchup of a l description I have yet to find paper plus etchant traces sometimes paper that works Figure 55 From Solarbotics net About PCB lithography techniques This very nicely lays out the differences between the lithography techniques and will greatly help us chose what technique to do There is software that is free on the internet that helps you design a PCB Eagle PCB design by Cadsoft Computer is a free tool for use in designing PCBs which is available to run on a multitude of operating system platforms including Windows XP and Vista as Page 79 well as Linux distros such as Ubuntu as well as Mac OS X ur Ote Ww mw SEGSF i MPRNUAAQGABRHs CH PB lt TTE rl E PRNAAARAQARS wre tw gt Gee ow Mato ON rt Proporta Ad BOA amp 0 JBHOoN RBH XA S 1 2 TEA gt os a 1 E f ITE gt f a A i H ta Lee ta sl eS eE ba L VIALE 1d ret 2 Dy Linker Mashka Getter Genet Figure 56 From manual for Eagle PCB design tool We will also explore the option of purchasing a professionally made PCB as it will be a quick and easy solution and look extremely professional I will focus one of many vendors of PCBs I will take a look at ExpressPCB at their website expresspcb com Their home page basically explains all that is needed to know about them without looking too
82. ey are summarized as follows The FPGA offers an order of magnitude more active RAM and extremely easily upgrades when it comes to permanent storage as compared to the addition of one or more chips to an already crowded board for the PIC33 The PIC33 offered a choice between an Page 29 assembly language interface and a c language interface for applications programming while the FPGA offered both of the previous options as well as an optional VHDL Verilog interface along with extensive software code examples and documentation to go along with it Most members of the design team have experience writing Verilog code for nontrivial processing tasks Microchip PIC32 Series Microprocessor We also evaluated the Microchip PIC32MX3 series of 32 bit microprocessors for fulfilling the processing unit requirement from the product specifications This chip was selected due to the upwards compatibility between it and the dsPIC33 16 bit processor The tool chain that is provided by Microchip for software and hardware development on the dsPIC33 series of DSU has as a feature a capability to generate code that is compatible with the PIC32 series of 32 bit Microcontrollers The PIC32 offers a significant increase in functionality over the dsPIC33 and the other offerings from Microchip This chip was evaluated following the evaluation of the PIC33 microcontroller to overcome its perceived shortcomings in the areas of Direct Memory Access Interrupt Handling and
83. f solar power In review we have chosen to use a switching regulator to convert of Solar String power into a regulated power source for our device But unfortunately we have a small problem with the Switching regulator The largest voltage range we could find was the LM5116 which has an operational input voltage range from 4 5 volts to 100 volts which is only 1 6th the voltage we might expect to have So another solution must be added to get the needed range There are many ways to control how much voltage gets to the regulator We have found that a network of MOSFET devices controlled by a digital device can control how much voltage gets to our regulator In order to do this we need MOSFET devices that can handle 100 volt switching and put them in series up to our expected maximum of 600 volts These devices need to be controlled by a device that knows what the input voltage is This we are already doing as stated in the beginning of this subsection so we will adapt a digital controller to activate opto couplers to turn on the MOSFETs The main reason opto couplers should be used is if on MOSFET 1s 1f one fails 1t will isolate 1t from the rest of the devices 1f not input voltage and current could get into our digital system which doesn t need to be stated would be bad as it will possibly destroy all of the MOSFETs that otherwise would still be functioning Base Station As the base station will be located inside the utility housing we are given
84. fast response times of the IO pins The IO pin requirement is Page 31 directly proportional to how fast the device will eventually be able to update A number of interrupts will need to be triggered for each measurement from each transmission source Obviously the latch time for the IO pins will occupy a considerable portion of the time spent queuing input from the receiver array The PIC32 also contains a four port DMA bus that can allow each receiver unit to write its output directly into the memory of the microprocessor without the use of programmed IO An additional feature that will be useful is the presence of 5 16 bit timers Two of these timers can be used together to form a 32 bit real time counter As one of our design iterations calls for broadcasting Time of Arrival signal information as part of the transmission pattern it would be very useful for the processor to be able to accurately measure and count time The PIC32 also has 512kB of NAND flash memory and 32kB of internal random access memory Additional features from the summarized feature list that are important to the success of our design include the double set of 32 32 bit registers that are designed to reduce the latency of interrupts by providing a separate subset of registers with which to process interrupt service routines A low latency pre emptable software solution will be required for the needed processing to be done in a timely fashion To this end the following block dia
85. ficiency of about 85 they last for up to a year and a half and have a cycle durability of up to 1200 cycles The voltage on these batteries is also slightly higher than the NiMH batters rated at 3 6 volts Page 23 Figure 10 Lithtum Battery Size Comparison Reprinting Permission Requested Disadvantages Lithium ion batteries can be formed into a wide variety of shapes and sizes so as to efficiently fill available space in the devices they power Lithium ion batteries are lighter than other energy equivalent secondary batteries often much lighter A key advantage of using lithium ion chemistry is the high open circuit voltage that can be obtained in comparison to aqueous batteries such as lead acid nickel metal hydride and nickel cadmium Lithium ion batteries do not suffer from the memory effect They also have a self discharge rate of approximately 5 10 per month compared with over 30 per month in common nickel metal hydride batteries approx 1 25 per month for Low Self Discharge NiMH batteries and 10 per month in nickel cadmium batteries According to one manufacturer Li ion cells and accordingly dumb Li ion batteries do not have any self discharge in the usual meaning of this word What looks like a self discharge in these batteries is a permanent loss of capacity see below On the other hand smart Li ion batteries do self discharge mainly due to the small constant drain of the built in voltage monitoring c
86. g of web servers is nearly automated by programs scanning the entire global Internet Protocol IP address map Therefore the likelihood of our base station s web server being found is highly likely The type of web server at first is unknown but the base station must be able to withstand the initial scan and intrusion attempt One way of mitigating such an attack is to block all traffic to the base station except those IP addresses approved The ASUS WL 520gU router supports because it runs on Linux kernel and supports iptables which is seen when setting up the web server on the DD WRT custom firmware Iptables can be used to restrict the incoming traffic to the port used for the web server However this also introduces some flaws in the project s design The solar panel string will not be able to be monitored from anywhere in the world Instead it will only be able to be monitored from an already known IP address In addition IP addresses are usually not static and therefore change every so often This will eventually lead to no one being able to access the web server to view the solar panel information Therefore the iptables method of restricting traffic to the web server is invalid If one did persist on having the iptables method of restricting connecting parties the following command can be issued within the command line iptables E INPUT p tcp s remote location rp dport 30 ACCEPT A secondary method of protecting
87. ge of 500 1300 mAh This capacity difference may be a large factor after during the prototype stage to see if we need a battery that requires more charge capacity A battery with 1300 mAh that can be recharged on a daily basis should by our estimates be enough to maintain the solar device during the hours of little or no solar activity The size difference between the rechargeable and alkaline batteries is negligible as the capacity goes up so does its size Both batteries seem to come in the size that our project requires Overall the rechargeable seems to be the better choice simply because it will allow us to meet more requirements than alkaline batteries will The follow is a the breakdown of the research done on the various rechargeable batteries and there pros and cons as they pertain to the solar device The three most common types of rechargeable batteries are Nickel Cadmium Battery Nickel Metal Hydride Battery Lithium Ion Battery Lead Acid Battery Page 21 Also some notable battery types that are not as common e Litium Sulfur Battery e LiPO4 Battery e Rechargeable Alkaline batteries The figure 9 below shows the watt hours We basically want the highest rated Watt hour battery 250 Lithium Polymer Prismatic 200 c Lithium Phosphate EJ a Lithium lon y Cylindrical y Nickel C admium Aluminum Cans 100 Prismatic O Cylindrical e E Prismatic F g 507 Lead Aad Nickel Metal Hydride Cylindrical
88. ghted Controls Inc 2004 lt http www solico com prodmecpush shtml gt refer on text Page 111 SRT Strit Technologies lt http www sirit com index php option com_content amp task view amp 1id 103 amp Ite mid 112 gt SSD Union Tribute Publishing http www signonsandiego com uniontrib 20060131 news_1b31food html THG Tree Hugger lt http www treehugger com files 2005 03 pedal_power php gt TXI 220nA Supervisor with 10ms 200ms Selectable Delay Time Texas Instruments Inc lt http focus ti com docs prod folders print tps3836e18 html gt TXI Low Cost Baterry Coulomb Counter for Embedded Portable Applications Texas Instruments Inc lt http focus ti com lit ds symlink bq2623 1 pdf gt TXI TI RFid and Contactless Commerce Texas Instruments Inc lt http www ti com rfid shtml rfid shtml DCMP TIHomeTracking amp HOS Oth er OT home p tirfid gt TXI TLC555 Low Power Timer Texas Instruments Inc lt http focus t1 com docs prod folders print tlc555 html gt TXI SN74LVC4245A octal bus transceiver and 3 3v to 5v shifter with 3 stage outputs Texas Instruments Inc March 2009 Tyson Jeff How ROM Works How Stuff Works It s Good to Know lt http computer howstuffworks com rom htm gt VanInwegen Myra lt http www myra simon com bike tips html gt VSC IR Receiver Modules for Remote Control System Rev 1 1 Vishay Semiconductors Jan 22 2007 lt http www vis
89. gram concerns the DMA input systems for the PIC32 and the discussion that follows will explain the importance of the design of this input system to the project FIGURE 10 1 DMA CONTROLLER BLOCK DIAGRAM INT Controller System IRG F A 47 Der a 4 eripheral Bus Address Decoder vice Bus Bus Arbitration Global Contru DMACON Channel Priority Arbitration Figure 13 DMA Controller Block Diagram The DMA controller described in Figure 12 DMA controller block diagram permission pending provides a simple way for the receiver devices to interact with the processor in a controlled manner without requiring the use of Programmed IO or Interrupt Driven IO Removing the constraint on the processing unit of stopping and waiting or preempting the current running operations to handle the constant stream of input from the receivers will Page 32 serve to greatly improve both the cache coherency and pipeline efficiency for the PIC32 Obviously the implementation of a DMA bus will add complexity to the system but a properly designed DMA bus will provide immense benefits to the overall system performance characteristics Instead of the entire fetch execution cycle being brought to a halt every time a piece of data is received and processed by the receivers the receivers can instead lock the DMA bus and proceed to transfer the required information directly into the memory of the PIC32 for later processing without disruption DMA has obvio
90. hay com docs 84720 tsop382 pdt gt VSC Vishay Products Vishay Semiconductors lt http www vishay com search query TSAL amp type gt Wilson Andrew Reconn s World lt http www reconnsworld com ir_ultrasonic_555timer40khzir html gt WJC WJM1000 Low Power UHF RFID OEM Reader Module WJ Communications Inc lt http www w com products WJM1000 aspx gt WJC WJM3000 RFID Reader Module Based on Gen 2 Reader Chipset WJ Communications Inc lt http www w com products rid WJM3000 aspx gt WKP Battery Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia lt http en wikipedia org wiki Electrical_generator gt WKP Die Casting Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia lt http en wikipedia org wiki Die_cast gt WKP Electrical Generator Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia lt http en wikipedia org wiki Electrical_generator gt WKP Printed Circuit Board Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia lt http en wikipedia org wiki Printed_circuit_board gt WKP Radio Frequency Identification Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia lt http en wikipedia org wiki RFID gt Page 112 WKP Silver oxide Battery Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia lt http en wikipedia org wiki Silver oxide_battery gt WKP Solar Cell Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia lt http en wikipedia org wiki Solar_cell Silicon gt Page 113 Appendix A Reprinting Permissions Page 114 12 6 2009 Gmail Request to Use I
91. he dimensions of the enclosure box the material used for the enclosure box and to really put into our minds eye what these solar panel arrays look like What we saw was impressive But it also raised a very valid point made by our sponsors that one of the main benefits to a wireless monitoring system is its ease of install and eliminates the need to run wires all over the solar array Considering the Solar Array at UCF is about 5 stores off the ground mounted about 4 feet from the edge of the roof the group was thoroughly convinced of our sponsors rational As you can see in Figure 7 1t would be both time consuming and presumably dangerous to run a wired monitoring system across a solar array Also by comparison the Solar Array at UCF is nearly a 10 of the size of some of the panels fielded by QuickBeam Energies N li tai f Figure 7 Solar Panel Outside UCF Engineering Building Page 18 One of the major design considerations for the Base Station was the size and layout of the Enclosure case used to house the power inverters and other electronics for the solar array One of our main concerns was whether or not a metal enclosure case was going to be used because it would require us to boost our wireless signal Also if the enclosure case was too small It would limit the size of the router we would be able to use While we did not get a chance to open the enclosure case for the UCF solar array for obvious reasons it did lay to res
92. he nature of our project is not sensitive or proprietary the medium of communication is not that crucial SSH is the predecessor of telnet It was designed to replace telnet and provide a more secure medium to transmit the data between the client and server via encryption SSH must be enabled through the firmware s web interface There are two ways to configure how a user logs into the router via SSH username password or clients whose public keys are manually entered into the web interface The public key method would provide additional security because only the client and server would have the public keys however it s more a hassle Therefore the likely way that we will do it is via username and password In order to enable SSH via the web interface we must navigate to the Administration tab Under the Services sub tab there 1s a checkbox labeled Enable SSHd within the Secure Shell section In order to use the username password scheme the checkbox labeled Password Login must be enabled If the public key method is used the public key must be copied and pasted into the Authorized Key box within the same section Telnet is a standard program that comes with Linux and Windows and therefore a Page 38 download will not be needed in order to access the router A program that can connect to a server with SSH on the other hand will need to be downloaded There are several programs that can handle this The one likely to be
93. he preloaded templates combined create the following HTML lt DOCTYPE html PUBLIC P PNSC D ED XHTML tU Transitional EN http www w3 org TR xhtm11 DTD xhtmll transitional dtd gt lt html xmlns http www w3 org 1999 xhtml gt lt head gt lt meta http equiv Content Type content text html charset utf 8 gt lt title gt Solar Panel Monitor System lt title gt lt style type text css gt body font family Georgia color black div font family Courier New Courier monospace div wrapper width 800px margin 0 auto box Tloat L erc display inline width l44ox margin 0 20px 0 0 boxEnd float left display inline width 144px margin 0 lt style gt lt head gt lt body gt lt h1 gt 8S olar Panel Monitor System lt hl1 gt lt br gt The solar panel monitor system measures the current and voltage of the solar panel to accurately keep track of the solar panel s power output lt br gt lt br gt Below is the solar panel monitoring data lt br gt lt br gt lt div id wrapper gt lt div class box gt Time lt br gt lt div gt lt div class box gt Current A lt br gt lt div gt lt div class box gt Voltage V lt br gt lt div gt lt div class boxEnd gt Power W lt br gt lt div gt lt div style clear both gt lt div gt lt div gt lt br gt lt br gt lt hr gt lt img src logo_UCF gif gt amp nbsp amp nbsp amp nbsp amp nbsp lt img src logo_quick
94. he string junction box to a base station located at the utility house The premise of this design is for a few very important reasons First a solar cell by nature is a very sensitive piece of electronics made from fragile silicon or similar elements and for all intensive purposes is a diode that when biased correctly and put in sunlight generates a DC voltage Just as with normal electronics the volatile nature of these fragile electronics can also be its downfall When these devices fail there 1s no physical means of knowing when or where it has failed In many installations a broken or damaged cell may be very difficult to find Most of these configurations put solar panels in series to get the highest voltage usable by an inverter which convert it to AC Higher voltage is necessary to keep the losses across the wires coming from the panels to the inverter very low In order to achieve higher voltages panels must be put in series As with any electronic element in series when one element goes out the entire string is no longer effective but with no indication of which device failed This effect is similar to the problem that plagues owners of Christmas lights Knowing exactly when the string fails 1s crucial to keep a stable power generation and revenue from lost from lost generation time to a minimum Second putting devices on each string would require even more wires and possibly complicate a field installation Not to mention what would be wor
95. ic testing of the PCB board A longevity test for the battery Testing the Charge Controller Testing the Code for the Microcontroller in Base Station and Solar Device Testing the Strings on the solar panel Testing router a Range of wireless signal Equipment In order to test our devices we will need some test and construction equipment Some of the device will be available to use in the senior design lab Oscilloscope This will allow us to see a wave form of how analog devices are acting in relation to their source This will be useful when constructing the regulators because we will need to determine if the current and voltage stored in the capacitor and inductor elements is up to the voltage and current that we require DC power supplies Until we have worked out and perfected the voltage regulators we will still need to test and construct anything relating to the digital side of the device Also these will be useful in test other parts of the analog system including but not limited to the charging system for the battery and any other regulators that may be need for the rest of the power system Protoboards These will be useful for doing a preliminary layout and proof of concept design of our electronics High Current Ammeter This will allow us to safely measure high currents without causing damage to our device or the meter itself Most meters are limited to a certain current by a fuse so 1t may be necessary to have a high current detect
96. iciency of 30 Costs as Low as 2 00 per Watt o Thin Film Cheaper than other types Lower efficiency 10 Cost are on average lower than Mono or Multi Costs as Low as 1 70 Average cost nationwide is 4 31 per Watt Generates during peak usage times Lowers the projected peak of Utility power generation capability Solar industry is projecting to be cost effective the price for the entire system needs to be below 1 50 or 2 00 per Watt of generation power e Increased interest and increased competition has lowered average cost 50 in the last 3 years Centralized grid or Utility power e Decreased cost o About 10 20 per KWH depending on your utility and taxes needed o Zero control over what power is generated and how it is distributed e No Large start up cost e Utility companies must build infrastructure and generation for peak capacity e Leads to wasted money on about the capacity needed which is only used for about 40 of the day year Page 3 Environmental Factors Not only are there cost and control benefits for a solar installation but there are environmental factors that can be considered compared to conventional power generation As well as the offset compared to the environmental factors of a Car o Generated offsets per K Watt generated o Upto 16kg NOX Nitros oxide o Upto9kg SOC Sulfurous oxide o 600 2300kg CO2 carbon dioxide o Above is about as much as an average car The table 1 below depicts the gen
97. id battery Varying our power supplies current capacity will allow us to charge any type of lead acid battery without a problem Most of the standard cells require a charging current of 650mA or greater For these systems a 14 VAC 2 Amps or so transformer will work very well In our application is to charge very small capacity batteries with a maximum charge current of only a few hundred milliamps using a 14 VAC 500mA wall wart supply or a current limited bench top power supply set for 20 VDC will avoid excessive current draw that could damage a heavily discharged battery Internal heating from excessive charge current will also degrade our overall battery life The LM317 is a voltage regulator that provides the precision terminal voltage we need to charge the lead acid cells Unlike a standard voltage regulator that is designed for a fixed level output LM317 lends itself well as a variable voltage source With a maximum current source capability of about 1 3 amps LM317 gives the user the flexibility to charge even very large capacity batteries The other support components on the board help LM317 to know when to adjust its output voltage up or down to ensure the proper charging rate of the battery These other components are grouped into two major sections the SOC feedback loop and the ambient temperature compensation used during the Float mode after the battery has been fully charged The SOC feedback loop consists mainly of LM334 and
98. ifications Low power microprocessor with wireless capabilities Power system to charge a storage device battery Sense the power output of the String Located within transmit distance of base station Weatherproof containment be able to fit inside a preexisting junction box One device for maximum of 6 solar strings Base Station The following specifications are the final list of all things accomplished by our prototype device basestation device This is an adaptation of the original list of specifications given to us in the first semester This list has been done for a variety of reasons including but not limited to Change in requirements by sponsor limit in technology economical part acquisition and final implementation Battery system with 12 volt out put USB data storage Local Storage For at least 1 month Networkable o RJ45 o 802 11 The following requirements are the final list that have come from the requirements given to us at the beginning of senior design These requirements have only changed with the specifications Base station located within transmit distance of solar device Website that updates when data becomes available Maintains data logs stores and connects to offsite User interface for remote monitoring of power station Power management to allow for 24 7 data collection If needed for large arrays multiple base stations mesh networked to provide further wireless coverage Weather proof enclosure for microproc
99. interested in installing photovoltaic arrays as a way to become more carbon neutral or Green Though they have their advantages they also have some short falls As the technology is now becoming more affordable the use of these has become more widespread and with use the problems have become apparent One of the major problems is knowing when a singular solar cell or photovoltaic cell has stopped functioning which sometimes greatly affects the output of the array Monitoring each string of cells would be a great way to solve this problem We propose building a portable wireless solar power monitoring system with remote capabilities The main objective is to produce a solar power station that collects and stores energy for its own use and powers any microcontroller needed for monitoring while still producing energy for other uses It needs to run autonomously but still have the infrastructure to be monitored and controlled remotely in real time when necessary A prototype of this nature would consist of one solar array and a least one microcontroller Ideally we would employ a wireless protocol to monitor control remotely any and all aspects of the devices As large arrays have hundreds of panels a wired solution would be messy and time consuming The uses for this device could be adapted for large and or small arrays Applications for data retrieval will also be necessary This requires a two part solution a small device to be attached to e
100. ion pending for hooking up a temperature corrected crystal oscillator to the PIC32 in order to assure that its internal clock circuits run in an accurate fashion Proper construction of the oscillator circuit 1s an absolutely pivotal part of the device design The PIC32 was originally considered as a drop in replacement for the dsPIC33 in case a pipeline processor with a larger word size was determined to be required by the software design The design team discounted the use of the PIC32 microprocessor in favor of a more polished FPGA solution from another manufacturer As was highlighted in Figure 21 Crystal oscillator schematic permission pending the design team was concerned with the requirement to drive the PIC32 internal clock circuitry with an accurate input signal This need for accuracy in the internal clock signal arises from the possibility of Page 33 doing time of arrival calculations and the need for both transmitter and device clocks to be synchronized MC9SOQE Microcontroller The MC9SOQE microcontroller is very robust microcontroller its target applications include Measurement equipment Gas Water and heater meters Security Cameras Digital Cameras Below is the 64 pin layout of the MC9S08 configuration DATO MH sy Figure 15 Chip Reprinting Permission Requested The device is perhaps more powerful than necessary to complete the basic tasks required for our device Yet the
101. ion between the solar panel device and base station was tested by observation A telnet session could be made to the base station to observe the solar panel device sending data to the log files Also a serial cable could be connected to the Explorer 16 Development Board to catch real time information that was programmed into the device for debugging purposes Changes to the code were made when problems were encountered Battery Charge Controller When we designed the battery charge controller we placed two LED lights into the circuit These were to add an aesthetic look to the circuit as well as to provide testing feedback These LEDS were one of the primary tests we used to see if the battery charger was working The first LED was a power led and was placed in on the main output line If there was power feeding into the LM317 then the power led would be on The second LED was on the ouput line If the battery was fully charged then the circuit would change to a float setting which would then turn this LED on Our initial build of the circuit had a problem with the ground plan that was giving us some major difficulties Only the power LED would turn on and we had to troulbeshoot the battery charge contorller circuit We knew from scematic capture tools what the voltages should be across certain components and tested those componets until it was discurved that we hada potential difference among some of our group plains that was not allowing the cir
102. ion box while this is not a major limiting factor it should be easily mountable inside the junction box The base station shall operate at all times day night and can pull from an outside power source The base station is NOT responsible for providing internet connection but must have the proper protocols to connect to the internet Solar Device The solar devices general high level requirements are the following The Solar Device will have to be self sufficient in terms of its power it should be able to pull from the solar array This is a considerable problem considering the high voltage the device will be under The size of the Solar Device should be as small as possible and be mountable to the underside of the solar array The device will have to have fully functional wireless capabilities and able to connect to the base station The Solar Device will have the ability to track the voltage and current being outputted by the solar array and transmit the data wirelessly The Solar Device must have a long life span because it will not easy to replace or maintain Page 5 Specifications These specifications were derived from several meetings with our primary sponsor QuickBeam energies While these are estimated values some careful thought was made to select these values The sponsors more or less had very few specific requirements so these are primarily self imposed and are due to change as complications arise but we are shooting for th
103. ircuit Disadvantages of Traditional Li ion Technology Shelf life A disadvantage of lithtum ion cells lies in their relatively poor cycle life upon every re charge deposits form inside the electrolyte that inhibits lithium ion transport resulting in the capacity of the cell to diminish The increase in internal resistance affects Page 24 the cell s ability to deliver current thus the problem is more pronounced in high current than low current applications The increasing capacity hit means that a full charge in an older battery will not last as long as one in a new battery although the charging time required decreases proportionally as well Also high charge levels and elevated temperatures whether resulting from charging or being ambient hasten permanent capacity loss for lithium ion batteries The heat generated during a charge cycle is caused by the traditional carbon anode which has been replaced with good results by lithitum titanate Lithium titanate has been experimentally shown to drastically reduce the degenerative effects associated with charging including expansion and other factors See Improvements of lithium ion technology below At a 100 charge level a typical Li ion laptop battery that is full most of the time at 25 C or 77 F will irreversibly lose approximately 20 capacity per year However a battery in a poorly ventilated laptop may be subject to a prolonged exposure to much higher temperatures which wi
104. its are ON STANDBY Transition State Only Figure 21 ZG2100M ZG2101M Input Power Chart Reprinting Permission Obtained 11 12 2009 Off VDD 3 3 0 VDD 1 8 0 O mA 50 ms 0 2 ms 0 01 ms 50 ms tll Figure 22 ZG2100M ZG2101M Power Sequence Diagram Reprinting Permission Obtained 11 12 2009 The normal operating conditions is 25 C with 3 3V supplied to the VD33 pin The maximum storing temperature is 125 C and the minimum 40 C The maximum voltage to the VDD33 is 4 2V The table below shows the power consumption under the normal operating conditions Page 47 Hibernate CE N 3 3v Sleep Standby transitional power state 65 Figure 23 ZG2100M ZG2101M Power Consumption Reprinting Permission Obtained 11 12 2009 Rx On Receive Irx 83dBm Tx On Transmit Itx 0dBm Tx On Transmit Itx 10dBm The ability to use an external antenna makes this set of chips very appealing The distance between a solar panel s junction box and the base station for the solar panel can vary depending on the location However the prototype will require a range of 50 feet and therefore an external antenna will be needed The interfacing board must supply a crystal for the reference clock The modules both support 1 Mbps amp 2 Mbps of data streaming with the 802 11b protocol They also have hardware support for AES TKIP and RC4 encryption WEP WPA and WPA2 The RF component of the chips comes with all required par
105. lar challenge because there must be low heat dissipation from the board Low heat parts and proper package will have to be considered Electromagnetic interference EMI must be kept to a minimum to insure optimal performance of missile guidance and tracking systems The power supply needs to be clean contiguous and responsive The Green Box Another green project this time dealing with a home power box This project implemented in how to store the energy was unique and lead the group to new design considerations The following is an excerpt from there executive summery The Green Box was a system intended to make green energy more practical for use in the average home Consumers were then able to create an entire alternative energy system with The Green Box even with minimal knowledge of electrical engineering The project strived to allow for the easy connection of up to 3 types of energy producing devices that included wind solar human or any other type of green power in any configuration The system also stored any energy generated and provided familiar interfaces to the consumer that allowed for easy and practical use of the power Page 58 Solar Array Data This section is to be filled with data from an actual solar array system that is functional the problem with most installations that they don t have any data collection or it is not available to the public So there has been an effort made to find projects that ha
106. later Microchip MPLAB C compiler Microchip in circuit debugger ICD 2 or ICD 3 driver and the Microchip TCP IP stack installer which contains the ZeroG Wi Fi driver The software listed 1s provided free by Microchip and 1s distributed on ZeroG s website and Microchip s website The last part of the software the TCP IP stack installer is the last stage before interfacing with the functionality of the Wi Fi module is achieved The installer by default will install the stack code driver documentation and demo project files in the directory C Mirochip Solutions Depending on the development board used the HardwareProfile h file must be changed to match the configuration of which slot the PICtail is plugged into Figure 43 shows the location of the changes needed MS fC Whe ree hip sehr LP Wi Demo App ea tenor rote ti TEMA OF EIZL_ TRESHBLE a TAISI CATE Rat amp LATE THIGFeice TRIS THESFeLt a TREN THIELE TRL So TIP TRL O CAFES LATFO nt Ha dde Ed i i aly par Z a z 2L TO ne La Figure 49 HardwareProfile h SPI Options Reprinting Permission Obtained For the Explorer 16 board if you are using the PIC24FJ128GA010 we will use either ZG2100 IN SPI or ZG2100 IN SPI2 so long as it matches the location that the PICtail is plugged into the card edge connector If you are using the dsPIC33FJ256GP710 currently this PIM will only work when ZG2100 IN SPI2 is defined and the PICtail is plugged into the mi
107. le solution for a microcontroller This would be an inexpensive solution to the Solar Panel Device the version shown below is a transmitter with the BS1 IC Pin Diagram A basic layout would require the use of a data pin pin 7 as well as a small antenna this would allow us to get up to 400 feet of transmitted data Four hundred feet is well beyond what we are project to prototype towards so the BS1 IC could potentially be a cheap and cost effective way to create the Solar Array Device a A Figure 11 Pin Layout of BSI IC Reprinting Permission Requested The major short coming of this device is its lack of available options It s somewhat outdated device and has a very short life span it would not meet the rugged environmental testing the solar panel device is going to have to go through Microchip PIC During the hardware research phase of this project the design team was confronted with the need to determine the nature of the processing unit to be used in the device One of the devices that the design team considered was the PIC family of general purpose high performance 16 bit DSP specific PIC microcontrollers from Microchip A member of the design group had some limited experience with Microchip 8 bit offerings so extensive Page 27 research was made into the capabilities of both the PIC24F and the PIC microcontroller families The design group also consulted the Microchip Advanced Part Selector available from the Microchip
108. ll significantly shorten its life Different storage temperatures produce different loss results 6 loss at 0 C 32 F 20 at 25 C 77 F and 35 at 40 C 104 F When stored at 40 60 charge level the capacity loss is reduced to 2 4 15 at 0 25 and 40 degrees Celsius respectively Internal resistance The internal resistance of lithium ion batteries is high compared to other rechargeable chemistries such as nickel metal hydride and nickel cadmium It increases with both cycling and chronological age Rising internal resistance causes the voltage at the terminals to drop under load reducing the maximum current that can be drawn from them Eventually they reach a point at which the battery can no longer operate the equipment it is installed in for an adequate period High drain applications such as power tools may require the battery to be able to supply a current that would drain the battery in 1 15 hour if sustained e g 22 5 A for a battery with a capacity of 1 5 A h Lower power devices such as MP3 players on the other hand may draw low enough current to run for 10 hours on a charge e g 150 mA for a battery with a capacity of 1500 mA h With similar battery technology the MP3 player s battery will effectively last much longer since it can tolerate a much higher internal resistance To power larger devices such as electric cars it is much more efficient to connect many smaller batteries in a parallel circuit rather
109. meline 12 1 2009 Milestone C Design Completed Paper Rough Draft Completed 9 26 2009 Milestone A Project Decided Upon 10 19 2009 12 13 2009 Preliminary Research Completed et Paper Printed and Bound 10 1 2009 11 1 2009 12 1 2009 9 18 2009 12 14 2009 11 14 2009 10 3 2009 review Preliminary Design Work Document Summery Complete 12 14 2009 Paper Due 11 1 2009 Milestone B Research Completed Figure 4 Milestone Timeline The next chart has two entry types The first and most numerous is a group meeting which consists of all three members of the group meeting either after class or on a conference call typically Skype These meetings form the backbone of how our group connects with one another 1t 1s both a social event progress report of the efforts going on Page 13 at the time and a forum in which to discuss concerns or problems members encounter during their research The meetings range from an hour to an all day event while they illustrate the major meetings our group has they by no means reflect the numerous e mails phone calls and conversations held outside of the group meetings We are a true group in the since that we work as a team on every level of the project The other entry type is a meeting with our sponsors which we plan to conduct before each milestone These meetings are the formal discuses between our group and our sponsors at Quick Beam energy During the course of the meeting we discuses our
110. n We are designing a project to monitor solar panel arrays via wireless communication While researching we have come across products that your company has to offer which we may purchase for our prototype such as the Current Transducer FHS 40 P SP600 We would like to request your permission to reuse information such as images and text from your website in our initial design documentation Thank you very much in advance Sincerely Devin McLean Y our contact information Title Last name First name Company Department lem com hq en Itemid 124 Mr O Ms McLean Devin University of Central Florida 1 2 12 13 2009 Address Zip code City Town State Country E Mail Telephone Fax lem com hq en Itemid 124 LEM Website 4000 Central Florida Blvd USA v a Submit Cancel 2 2 1 31 2010 Gmail Fw Permission to reuse informa Come Devin McLean lt airlinedev gmail com gt Fw Permission to reuse information 1 message Suzanne Hochheimer lt SuH lem com gt Wed Jan 6 2010 at 5 35 AM To devin mclean knights ucf edu Cc Greg Parker lt GAP lem com gt Dear Mr McLean Thank you very much for your email and request to use some LEM information in your design documentation Please feel free to use any LEM information you need we would just need you to name LEM as the source of this information Do not hesitate to contact me if you need anythi
111. nability sure that it is not a problem Page 94 Solar Panel Device Electric Charge Current Controller Enclosure Case BaseStation Device Inverter AC Power Figure 69 Solar Device Test Block Diagram The second set of testing will be connecting the device up to the sample solar panels The device should be securely mounted onto a pole or other stationary object that will serve as our base station box The same spreadsheet as used in Figure 57 will be used to monitor the progress of the panels periodic monitoring of the device online will also be tested at 10 min intervals preferably the same intervals as the solar panels being checked This will allow us to see if the sensors are noticing a full range of power thought out the day The following is the risk assessment that the group has discussed at several of the meetings as well as some of the mitigating measure we are implying reduce the risk of them occurring 1 Data recorded by the solar device does not match the data from the dry run of the solar panels and the amp volt meter a Sensors are broken Page 95 The logic inside the base station is not reading the data correctly The A D converter is not properly working The device is burned out from a overload Solar panels are not producing the same amount of amps volts that they did in the dry run 1 Weather ii Panels Broken iii Human Error in recording iv Location of solar device is changed f Wireles
112. nable level if we do happen to miss judge the threshold or if we overcharge the battery by too much it could destroy the battery entirely This would be catastrophic for our sponsors Overall NiCd batteries are more than probably not a good choice for our solar device Nickel Metal Hydride Battery NiMH s have much higher capacity than NiCd s NiMH I s have replaced NiCads as the rechargeable battery of choice because they have a higher capacity than NiCads and don t have the special disposal requirements that NiCads do Unlike NiCads NIMH s contain no toxic metals and have no special disposal requirements so when they won t hold a charge any more you can throw them away Unlike alkaline s which lose their voltage steadily NiMH batteries maintain most of their voltage over the whole charge and then suddenly plummet as shown in the graphs below For this reason many electronic devices that tell you how much battery life is left have a hard time reporting an accurate level for NiMH s The voltage is very similar for both a fully charged battery and a nearly spent battery Some devices like my GPS wristwatch let you specify in the setup menu whether you re using NiMH or alkaline so they can try to be more accurate with the battery remaining indicator Lithium lon Battery Lithium Ion batteries also referred to as Li ion batteries are another type of rechargeable battery we considered for the solar device They have a change discharge ef
113. nance e Be able to keep the device active during hours of no solar activity and during hours of limited or partial solar activity e The battery needs to robust enough to survive extreme weather conditions e The battery needs to have a long life span having the largest amount of recharge cycles possible Rechargeable vs Alkaline Batteries One of the communalities between the rechargeable batteries is their reduced voltage rating when compared to similar sized alkaline metal batteries Rechargeable batteries have a voltage rating of approximately 1 2 volts and the alkaline metal batteries have a voltage rating at approximately 1 5 volts This is not really a disadvantage for our solar device since all of the parts we will be using in the solar device will have very low draws and should not require even 1 2 Volts to function properly Rechargeable batteries also have a problem with self discharging meaning that they lose their charge much quicker if they are not being used or charged They lose on average 10 25 of their charge over a month if they are not used While this does not affect our use of the device in terms of storage or buying in bulk it should be a consideration for our sponsors with the plan on deploying the solar device with this type of battery Another common disadvantage to rechargeable batteries 1s their capacity The capacity of Alkaline batteries are roughly 2400 mAh where as the average rechargeable is in the ran
114. nd place the antenna in a location that will maximize its range and sensitivity Ethernet WAN port Antenna Power Figure 73 Base Station Page 102 Section 7 Administrative Content Timeline Below is the timeline of our senior design project It illustrates the progress that we made throughout the two semesters that senior design spans The most notable progressions are the design and construction of the project illustrated at the borders between the two semesters Figure 74 Project Timeline Work Distribution Below is the work distribution of our senior design project The project was evenly divided and completed allotting 33 33 of the project to each group member Ben s primary responsibility was the power regulation from the solar panels Robbie s primary responsibility was the power regulation from Ben s part to the solar panel device Finally Devin s primary responsibility was programming the microcontroller and base station to work properly with every part Page 103 Work Distribution E Robbie A Devin A Ben Figure 75 Project Work Distribution Budget The budget of the project was funded by two companies QuickBeam Energy and Progress Energy Progress Energy provided a reimbursement maximum of 1 500 and QuickBeam Energy provided a grant of 500 The total costs of all parts for the project was approximately 1 051 and is illustrated in the table below Part Name Company Amoun
115. nd we will average the data to get our baseline results One of the members of the group will be monitoring the panels real time and recording the data points in a excel spreadsheet The time intervals will be initially be very short intervals about 1 data point per minute but as the solar panel becomes steadily active the voltage current should steady out Some of the things to be incorporated with each data point is the time of day the overcast or solar panel coverage cloudy no overcast etc This data will be used to determine the maximum and minimum values that the device needs to operate on as well as to have valid first hand data points of some solar panels This data will also be compared with to the solar panels with the device and without the device The excel spreadsheet 1s shown in figure 58 As any good engineer knows troubleshooting can be one of the most difficult and time consuming portions of any project The necessity to have a clear concise and very through test procedure can mitigate some of the risk of building the prototype AT the very least it will help narrow down the problems to certain regions of the device One of the design considerations when we did the design was separating the analog devices from the digital devices This will be a great help to us when we begin to troubleshoot later in the second semester The two devices will be tested individually So when one of the devices 1s checked out we can be reaso
116. nformation j me i Devin McLean lt airlinedev gmail com gt Request to Use Information 1 message Devin McLean lt airlinedev gmail com gt Sat Dec 5 2009 at 8 46 PM To brainslayer braincontrol org Hello My name is Devin McLean and I am part of an Senior Design group at the University of Central Florida in Orlando Florida We are designing a project to monitor solar panel arrays via wireless communication While researching we have come across the DD WRT firmware which we would like to use on a router as one of our communication devices We would like to request your permission to reuse information such as figures and text from your website in our initial design documentation Thank you very much in advance Sincerely Devin McLean https mail google com mail ui 2 amp ik 1 1 12 13 2009 LEM Website General Contact This form is for general inquiries only For information about a specific product service please contact your regional sales representatives For technical questions please contact our support center Required fields Inquiry Details Subject Details General Contact To Whom It May Concern My name is Devin McLean and I am part of an Electrical and Computer Engineering Senior Design group at the University of Central Florida in Orlando Florida As an ABET accredited university we are required to design a project that encapsulates our entire undergraduate educatio
117. ng else Thanks and good luck for your project Kind regards Suzanne Hochheimer Corporate Communications Manager LEM International chemin des Aulx 8 CH 1228 Plan les Ouates Geneve Tel 41 22 706 1257 GSM 41 79 432 0949 From LEM Website lt system_web lem com gt To Suzanne Hochheimer LSA LEM Stephanie Ferrolliet LSA LEM Date 14 12 2009 02 02 Subject LEM Website General Contact A visitor sent us an email from the website Hereafter you can find the details of his her inquiry CONTACT INFORMATION Title Mr Last name McLean First name Devin Company University of Central Florida Department Address 4000 Central Florida Blvd Zip code 32816 City Town State Orlando Florida Country USA E Mail devin mclean knights ucf edu Telephone Fax https mail google com mail ui 2 amp ik 1 2 1 31 2010 Gmail Fw Permission to reuse informa INQUIRY DETAILS Subject General Contact Details To Whom It May Concern My name is Devin McLean and I am part of an Electrical and Computer Engineering Senior Design group at the University of Central Florida in Orlando Florida As an ABET accredited university we are required to design a project that encapsulates our entire undergraduate education We are deSigning a project to monitor solar panel arrays via wireless communication While researching we have come across products that your company has to offer which we may purchase for our prot
118. of labor on the date for the Senior Design I The coding will primary takes part during the second semester and will be discussing in more detail in each research section However since there are especially three sections to the project The Website Base Station Solar Array Device 1t was deemed appropriate that we divvy up the coding for each device This decision was mainly done because there may be different languages used for each device All of the group members also showed a desire to become more proficient in coding by the end of the senior design class Ben was responsible for the coding of the microcontroller which will be for the solar device The specifics on this will be discussed in more detail in the research portion of the document Ben was the lead designer of the solar device and responsible for all interoperability issues This basically represents the need to have someone take charge of making the devices communicate with each other Designing each device independently of each other has the inherent danger of the devices not being able to easily communicate with each other By signaling that each member is responsible for this from the beginning we reduce this risk by designing with communication at the forefront of our minds Page 9 Code and Management Divisions Main POC for Sponsors Main POC for all Venders and SW Distributers Management and Oversees
119. of their executive summary The Wee USB Wireless is a reliable inexpensive handy wireless USB device with a seamless interface that can be used to wirelessly transmit data with minimum errors between a computer and a USB peripheral This is accomplished by two modules of our design which will wirelessly transmit data The wireless transceiver will convert data coming from the microcontroller into a signal to be sent between the modules The microcontroller will also be programmed to coordinate data in both directions from the pe and to the pc Much of the research done in this paper that pertained to the wireless functionality of the USB was helpful in the design of our project Also the PC peripheral device they use is not that different from the base station that we will be using for our solar device AIMS This project was an Automatic Irrigation Management System or AIMS It had a controller that managed a lawns sprinkler system and monitored the moisture rain and temperature and fluid levels with sensors The project helped us decide on some of the sensors types that existed and provided valuable feedback in how to write the paper the paper was well organized and had some sections that we had not thought to include in our paper It also had an interface with a touch screen LCD screen that could be a possible addition to our current project for the solar device The project also shares the same ideals of the green movement
120. on Technology Company Inc lt http www kingston com flash mmc_mobile asp 1d 2 gt Lempert Phil We check out latest supermarket smart cart Food amp Wine MSNBC July 20 2004 lt http www msnbc msn com d 5462556 gt LMX Infrared Emitters Lumex Inc lt http www lumex com product aspx 1d 743 gt LTC LT3028 Dual Low Dropout Regulator with Independent Inputs Linear Technology Corporation lt http www linear com pc productDetail sp navId H0 C1 C1003 C1040 C105 5 P7890FsimulateSection gt LTC LTC Microprocessor Supervisory Circuit Linear Technology Corporation lt http www linear com pc productDetail sp navId H0 C3 P1331 gt MCP Product Comparison Utility 8bit microcontroller Microchip lt http www microchip com ParamChartSearch chart aspx branchID 10338m1 d 10 amp lang en amp pageld 74 gt Page 109 Mitchell Bradley Wireless Networking Infrared About Inc The New York Times Company lt http compnetworking about com od homenetworking g bldef_infrared htm gt MOS Price Catalog lt http www modernoutpost com gt MSE F 51373GNC FW AH Product Detail Mouser Electronics Inc lt http www mouser com search ProductDetail aspx R F 5 1373GNC FW AHvirtualkey5 1610000virtualkey805 F5 1373GNCEFWAH gt MXM Choosing Supervisor Outputs App Note 939 MAXIM Integrated Products Dallas Semiconductors lt http www maxim ic com
121. on this 16bit processor implies that there are 86kB of storage available in the EEPROM The onboard storage can be extended via a variety of interfaces with several available NAND based Flash chips from Microchip sized up to a megabit This extensibility more than assures that the eventual software package should be capable of being fit into the confines of this chip A more critical component of the system 1s the 16K ram capability Depending on the size of the application buffer sizes may have to be reduced in order to perform the required memory mapped IO configurations to interface to the signal capture and analysis hardware It should also be noted that a critical factor in the eventual selection of the FPGA board was the inability of this chip to perform rapid shifts of binary strings in excess of 128 bits The specialized DSP module is capable of extended bit shift operations at a very high rate of speed but the design group determined that a 32bit processor or at the very least a more optimized parallel pipeline would be needed to sufficiently process the incoming data from the sensor array for the device to be accurate to specification The final decision on the dsPIC33FJ128GP802 came down to its competitiveness in signal processing against a proper FPGA board that was also geared towards digital signal processing the design team favored the FPGA board over the PIC33 for a number of reasons that may not be clearly discerned from the above so th
122. ong ourselves to specialize in our individual unique areas of interest More interested in the Power Electronics side of the project Ben volunteered focusing on the power aspect of the project and in addition to the previous chapters also read up on Managing Power Testing and Debugging and the Electrical Interface Being a computer engineer Devin focused on the microcontroller and the programming aspects required of it As such he also read Matching a Driver to a Device Detecting Devices Human Interface Devices Using Control and Interrupt Transfers Human Interface Devices Reports Human Interface Devices Host Application and Signals and Encoding Page 16 Expert Faculty and Colleagues Resources Once again another excellent resource stumbled on the internet was the availability of several wireless forums online These forums provide a watering hole for wireless enthusiast and beginners alike to gather round and exchange ideas about the fascinating world of wireless technology Our project team precociously registered on the online forum for and asked questions about our project Not surprising we received good feedback from the forum and insight into issues we had not originally thought about After getting past the initial concern expressed by the said employer on the challenge the project posed for us he gave the team some good advice as to what areas to look at and focus on for the project Also he provided the team with other usef
123. or without being limited by a resistor High DC voltage meter This will be useful in measuring the voltage not only from our power supplies but the outputs of sensors and leads for troubleshooting Alligator clamps and wires These will be need for prototyping before we have a PCB and soldered together components ESD cable Many of the components that we have including both analog and digital are often times extremely sensitive to electro static discharge so we will need to take measures Safety equipment As we will likely be dealing with high voltages and high Page 98 currents we will need protective clothing and tools so we may test our device without and harm to ourselves or anyone else in the lab e Various R C and L values components are added as need so we will need a variety of these to be able to accomadate any change in our design e Digital logic testers This will be used to determine logic levels on any of our digital devices will be need to trouble shoot problems we may have with these components e Computer simulation This will be used as a preliminary tool before we start physically building anything This will make us be able to know how a circuit should behave before we build it Environment The environment for the majority of this project will be inside the Senior Design lab Be due to the nature of this project we will need to see other locations for test of our final prototype The nature of the location will have
124. orbital com product_info php pName 1k24012825wb amp cN ame Icd graphic lcds gt Neamen Donald A Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design 3 ed McGraw Hill 2006 NEMA National Electrical Manufactures Association lt http www nema org gt OTX LCD Module Technical Specification Optrex Corporation lt http www optrex com SiteImages PartList SPEC 5 1373ahe PDF gt Page 110 OTX LCD Module Technical Specifications for Trial Optrex Corporation lt http www optrex com Sitelmages PartList SPEC 11 19 04 20Spec 200f 20F 5 1 9OONFU FW AC 20 2 pdf gt PES Power Film Instruction OEM Menu Power Film Inc 2009 lt http www powerfilmsolar com products oem_components instructions htm gt PMC Popular Mechanics http www popularmechanics com technology industry 1716862 html page 5 PSI Planar System Inc lt http www planarembedded com products el el displays gt PTC KEU 5LP Plastic Enclosure Product Description PacTec Division of LaFrance Corp lt http www pactecenclosures com Plastic Enclosures KEU SLP html gt PWC Peter White Cycles lt http www peterwhitecycles com dymotec asp gt PWC Peter White Cycles lt http www peterwhitecycles com schmidt asp gt PYC AG 54 Plastic Enclosures Polycase Your Perfect Fit lt http www polycase com item ag 54 html features gt RPB Technical Information Aluminum Specifications Rose Bopla Encluosures lt http www
125. otype such as the Current Transducer FHS 40 P SP600 We would like to request your permission to reuse information such as images and text from your website in our initial design documentation Thank you very much in advance Sincerely Devin McLean This message is automatically generated by the system Please do not reply to this system email address https mail google com mail ui 2 amp ik 2 2 12 12 2009 Gmail Request to Use Information j me i Devin McLean lt airlinedev gmail com gt Request to Use Information 1 message Devin McLean lt airlinedev gmail com gt Sat Dec 12 2009 at 11 26 AM To publicrelations linksys com To Whom It May Concern My name is Devin McLean and am part of an Electrical and Computer Engineering Senior Design group at the University of Central Florida in Orlando Florida As an ABET accredited university we are required to design a project that encapsulates our entire undergraduate education We are designing a project to monitor solar panel arrays via wireless communication While researching we have come across products that your company has to offer which we may purchase for our prototype such as the Linksys WRT54GL wireless router We would like to request your permission to reuse information Such as images and text from your website in our initial design documentation Thank you very much in advance Sincerely Devin McLean https mail google com mail ui
126. own in figure 1 Figure 1 Battery Charge Controller Schematic Capture Our group used PCBArtist a free piece of software available online and used to manufacture PCBs The schematic shown in above was done in PCB artiest The layout and routes can be seen below in figure 2 Page 88 Figure 2 Battery Charge Controller PCB Layout To save money on design as well as to ease troubleshooting we decided to etch our own boards using a homemade acid from pool cleaner and hydrogen peroxide This decision was made upon realizing that our initial board layouts may not be very effective and turnaround from 4pcb while fast 1s somewhat expensive after the initial purchases Luckily we had a very good system to acid etch these boards a process that we refined over the course of the semester Below in figure 3 is our finished acid etched battery charge controller aA ee A A q j T 2 e A 6 w 8 PPE AM Lidl Figure 3 Completed Battery Charge Controller Let s take a closer look at the Battery Charge Controller schematic and see what s Page 89 happening The power supply inlet for the Battery Charge Controller 1s the switch The input voltage is immediately presented to a filtering capacitor Cl to reduce the voltage ripple Using a bridge configuration on the voltage input allows the user more options to power their Battery charge controller The use of a 20 VDC positive tip power supply will do nicely with any 12 Volt lead ac
127. own market research to see which panels are performing better e Allows QuickBeam the data to assess the life cycle of their solar panels and make future decision of the purchase of panels e Free up regular maintenance personnel to do other jobs e Allows QuickBeam to quickly assess the personnel and equipment needed to commit to fix a solar array e By using UCF QuickBeam effectively eliminates any cost of labor in the creation of this device e QuickBeam is given the opportunity to look at possible job applicants based on the success of the project and the quality of work done Page 2 Solar Generation vs Central Generation Why would the choice of solar over a form of centralized generation coal or nuclear There are a multitude of reasons that would be beneficial over paying a utility company for power With residential home installations of solar power generation becoming more and more popular knowing the pros and cons of having a solar installation over having using power from the utility company Local PV or distributed generation e Increased cost over utility power o About 40 60 per KWH o Increased control over your power generation and consumption e Size is all dependant on cost of solar cells o Price of the panels are about 50 60 of the cost of an entire Solar power generation system e Types of Cells o Multi crystalline Maximum efficiency of 30 Costs as low as 2 00 per Watt o Mono crystalline Maximum eff
128. powered or power constrained applications which is why the vender appealed to our project Microchip also has several Environment Health and Safety Certifications and is a partner in the Sony Green Partner and Samsung Electronics Eco Partner You can see their certificates and safety polices at http www microchip com stellent Page 77 Z G Wireless ZG Wireless is a nonprofit enthusiastic movement being driven by a computer of people who are interested in new technology We were considering this vender based on their free software solution to a wireless system Since they are essentially a free enterprise they National Semiconductor National Semiconductor is a California based manufacture of power management circuits display drivers audio and operation amplifiers and communication interface products and data conversion solutions They also deal with wireless handsets and a variety of broad electronics markets Last year the company did 332 million in net income National Semiconductors also has a national Solar Magic Technology program that is aimed at maximizing solar panels efficiently Their panels can recoup up to 71 percent of the power lost dramatically improving the economics in shaded and other real world conditions Between this and their safety and environmental section on their website this vender is very good selection for our sponsors to use within our solar device Texas instrument Texas Instruments or TI is an Americ
129. rded in a excel table shown in Figure 58 The solar panel connectors have a power collector which will be the source we monitor for our dry test run The dry test run is to get a baseline for the solar panels that our sponsors are given to us and to check to make sure they work Solar Data Spreadsheet Entry Current Voltage Energy Solar Time Number Stored Activity Interval 40 watt Sunny 80 watts Sunny 120 watts Partly Cloudy 150 watts Partly Cloudy 170 watts Partly Cloudy 190 watts Partly Cloudy 200 watts Partly Cloudy 200 watts Raining 200 watts Raining Figure 68 Sample Data Sheet for testing just the Solar Panels Page 93 One of the major problems our project has had to deal with is the need to adjust our device to handle the 600 volt spikes that solar devices have at the beginning of solar activity during the day This very sharp spike during the first hour when solar activity will be measured several times during the second semester when we acquire the solar panels At the end of this testing we will be able to confirm that any future problems with readings are not a product of the solar panels but rather our device It will also give us a baseline in which to check to see how much power our solar device is taking from the total output of the panel The group has voted begin this testing early in the morning since it will take up a good portion of the day to complete Each member will do the test once a
130. re made from an insulator and a conductive material In hobby type environment PCBs are made from copper clad fiberglass boards that a printed trace layout is pressed onto the copper surface Then etched off by some type of strong acid this process can be harmful and may etch more or less copper than you want There are many types of techniques for lithography of PCBs which is nicely detailed in this table from Solarbotics net author Eric Seale July 29 2003 Resist Mask Creation Method Price Process Complexity Results Functional if not in general particularly aesthetic Difficult pont Simple but time to get accurate hole alignment transfer Very low l eil consuming for ICs sometimes difficult to get traces that reliably survive etching Good but you must be obsessive about cleaning your Medium complexity mon Medium recurring but few eu e board and keeping your PNP Peel cost 1 50 US per manual touchup of film clean and vigilant about sheets sheet of PNP film resist areas often i 2 checking touching up traces required before etching the board Medium recurring cost 3 00 US per pa sheet of paper in Medium complexity I have yet to test this method Transfer Paper bulk cost can be as but few manual steps yet low as 2 00 per sheet Medium complexity a bir less detailed than Press Clay Low a f
131. ring the Float mode operation to adjust the terminal voltage in accordance with the ambient temperature If the temperature is not factored in we would run the risk of over charging the battery when it s hot or under charging the battery when it s cold Taking advantage of the thermal characteristics of a PN diode A2 2mV C the diode matrix D5 to D14 raises or lowers the reference terminal of LM317 by 22mV 10 x Page 90 2 2mV C for every 1 C change This is just the right negative temperature compensation we needed to properly charge our lead acid batteries At the start of the charge cycle we ll notice that the heat sink used with LM317 can get very warm if we are charging a large capacity battery The fact that the temperature sensor matrix is on the same circuit board and in the same case will not negatively affect the compensation network because there will be very little dissipated heat by the board components once the unit switches into Float mode The drop in charge current drawn by the battery is so low by the time Float mode is entered the air cavity around the temperature sensor diodes will re acclimate to the surrounding ambient temperature Figure 4 shows the layout for the LT1510 which was one of the other battery charge controller types that we tried before going with our own design Figure 66 LT1510 PCB layout Page 91 Section 5 Testing Wireless Communication The wireless communicat
132. rrent we want to measure as depicted in the graph below We have determined that the distances and level of sensitivity at those distances will be expectable for this application Sensitivity function of distance thin and long conductor all gd O 100 Sensitivity mV A Qn O Conductor to sensor distance mm Figure 34 Graph depicting the Sensitivity to Distance of the LEM FHS 40 P SP600 Reprinting Permission Requested There are a few applications that are used to convert DC to different DC voltages Shunt Regulators are constructed from a type of diode and series resistors This type of devices has several drawbacks They provide no constant voltage output as they act as a voltage divider using ohms law to lower the voltage This means that the input voltage proportional to the output voltage It also requires that we know the exact resistance of the load which we do not know The main problem is efficiency as resistors dissipate most of that power as heat The next option for DC to DC conversion is linear regulators These devices are centered around the use of transistors to create a clean stable power output They can be found as integrated circuits which is helpful to this application As before with the shunt regulator this device is also using resistance in series with the load which can decrease efficiency Also the ability of these devices to have clean power is not necessary to charge a battery If we were powering
133. s is transmitting incorrect data g Spreadsheet in Excel is not working properly h The code is not managing the data correctly oao g There is no easy way to trouble shoot this problem it has so many different angles and is considered by the group to be the biggest risk to the project If we cannot accurately record the data then our project is pretty much useless Each of these problems can be addressed however and by understanding the depth and different possibilities of the errors involved it will be easier to test First and foremost we need checking to see if the data matches would be the first test to see if this is even an issue Table 60 below shows the format in which we will be recording the data with some sample figures to lock in the format that the group will be using to record Solar Data Spreadsheet w Device Entry Time Solar Device Solar Device Solar Device Number Time Interval Current Voltage Green Red Figure 70 Solar Data Spreadsheet If the tables do not match up then we can more than likely rule out the panels themselves since we tested them earlier thought if all other routes have been checked then double checking the panels may be necessary Check to see 1f the sensors are functioning by putting the device directly to an oscilloscope and see if it is acquiring any readings This would be the best way to test the sensors This will also be the way we test the sensors Page 96 before we solder them onto the
134. s to be cost efficient and to be building the solar device with the intention of going into low rate production With this architecture in mind more specific solution may be required for the final design Needless to say a great deal more research is necessary to come to any meaningful conclusions The basic qualities we are looking for in a microcontroller are the following Perform within a wide spectrum of temperatures and humidity s Be low maintenance and have a long off the shelf life span Have embedded wireless functionality Have low power consumptions Have a strong community to pull from in the form of example code and tutorials Base Station Firmware The DD WRT firmware offers several ways to obtain access to its configurations to make changes The primary way is by logging into the router via its web interface typically by pointing the router to the default gateway IP address 192 168 1 1 Here the default password can be changed This is a mandatory step since in the future the router will be configured to allow remote connections from outside the LAN and intruders may stumble across the router and make malicious changes An image of the web interface is shown below It shows the many different configuration tabs for the DDR WRT firmware compared to the standard firmware provided by the factory Page 37 MENE TTT Tee Firmware DD WRT v24sp2 11 25 08 std Time 12 53 10 up 16 min load average 0 34 0 13 0 09 V
135. sary outputs as required by this project including things like an onboard voltage regulator so we will not need to give it a specific voltage but a range as will as 2 SPI ports allowing us to interface more than one device at a time S08QE128 Block Diagram ICE BDM 16 KBI pins 2 x SPI 24 ch 12 bit 6 ch 16 bit DC Timer 2 x 3 ch 16 bit Timers Comparator S08 CPU 25 MHz Bus Speed Integration Figure 16 SO8QE128 Block Diagram Reprinting Permission Requested MSP430 Microcontroller The single greatest thing with choosing to use the MSP430 would be the support and wealth of information to help us programming and come up with a design Texas instruments has spent a great deal of money to support this family of microcontrollers and our project could do well by choosing to use that information to guide us in our programming This is also a very affordable solution only 8 75 per chip at Digi Key Cooperation Below is a 48 pin diagram or a standard MSP430 Page 35 DL PACKAGE 48 PIN TOP VIEW TDI VVPP LL 110 TDO TDI TS L__ 2 COM3 TCK L__ 3 Td COM2 RST NMI L__ 4 S COM1 XBUF L__ 5 COMO Vss L___ 6 S27 027 CMPI vcc 17 ME R23L__J8 __ Vss rR13L 19 NC Xin Ll S16 016 Xout TCLK L__ 15 015 PO 1 RXD L__ 14 014 PO 2 TXD L__ 513 013 P0 3 L T 12 012 P0 4 C 811 011 PO 5 L__ 510 010 Pos LC 59 09 NCL 58 08 TPO 0 L I 57 07 TPO 1 L 56 0
136. se than having a monitoring system fail causing lose of time determining where the problem is To get around this we will use Wi Fi to wirelessly send the data from one device to another This would also make it so a system would be extensible meaning if more panels are added more monitoring device that transmit wirelessly would not contribute to anymore complexity of the system So with these two basic issues we construct our devices A string device will monitor the voltage and current this device will only be powered by the solar panels that it is monitoring So this means it will require a battery charger and a battery that will need to be able to last at least 24 hours to be able to transmit even when not being powered or at night Page 106 A base station is needed to save the data that is transmitted by the string device and be able to relay that information onto the internet This device will also need to be remotely connected so that data can be collected without being on site Solar Arrays a heated topic in the energy industry have many applications as the price per watt has come to a more reasonable level Power companies and residential homes have become increasingly more interested in installing photovoltaic arrays as a way to become more carbon neutral or Green Though they have their advantages they also have some short falls As the technology is now becoming more affordable the use of these has become more widespread and
137. sing Ohm s Law V I R This information will then be stored onto an HTML page The HTML directory that the Page 70 web server is fed from will be jffs It is planned to be able to display in a spreadsheet fashion with the readings and times lined up The implementation of graphs 1s proposed but the limits of the router base station could hinder these plans String Device The design of the string device will be one of the most challenging parts of this project It will be the section of the project that requires the most design and research because it encapsulates most of the components The components included in the string device include the wireless communication module including its microcontroller the voltage and current measurement devices an analog to digital converter for each voltage and current reader a charge controller a battery and a buck boost DC DC converter The design of each of these components can be found in their respective subsections of Section 3 but this subsection will detail how the components will be put together to complete the solar panel string device Wireless Component The wireless component for the string device is the ZeroG Wireless ZG2100M module It is described above in the research section The module will be controlled and interfaced with a PIC microcontroller based development kit from Microchip Direct The part number is AC164136 ZeroG 802 11 Development Kit for Explorer 16 The descrip
138. t OptiMOS 2 Pwr Tranc Mouser Electronics 4 45 Parts 5V reg 16pin Radio Shack 19 84 oldering Gun Radio Shack 95 83 Skycraft Parts amp Capacitors Surplus 6 82 Figure 76 Project Budget Table I Page 104 Part Name Ring 16 14 and 1 16 Tin Bit 9V DC IA Power Supply 9V DC 500mA Power Supply Pickit 2 ICD Interface Pickit 2 Explorer 16 Development Board Battery Charger Parts Flux misc comp PIC24 Prototyping Board Pictures from presentation board Parts for battery charger Parts for buck Progress Energy Symposium board materials Enclosure Cases High Wattage Resistors More breadboards Company Amount The Home Depot 4 22 ebay 5 53 ebay 10 70 microchip direct 19 72 microchip direct 34 59 Newark 143 82 Digi Key Skycraft Parts amp Surplus 32 70 microchip direct 27 68 Kinkos 16 00 Digi Key 63 78 Digi kKey 58 35 Staples Radio Shack 21 44 Skycraft 6 00 Radio Shack 9 67 Figure 77 Project Budget Table II Page 105 Section 8 Conclusion and Summary The general process of selecting components for this project has been tedious and intensive Overall we have succeeded in making a successful understanding of what is needed for the construction of this project during Senior Design II Our sponsor QuickBeam Energy has detailed our project to be the following The design for this set of devices is designed to relay information about a string of solar panels between a device at t
139. t The MAC address for the wireless module is predefined by the factory and is provided by ZeroG Below is a screen shot of configuring the TCPIPConfig h header to reflect the predefined MAC address E CoMicrochip Solutions TCPIP WiFi Demo App TCPIPConfig h eE fdefine MY DEFAULT HOST Name HCAPEBOLED fidefine MY DEFAULT MAC BYTE1 0x00 sg Use the def fdefine MY DEFAULT MAC BYTE Dell DO 04 43 00 fdefine MY DEFAULT MAC BYTES Oxer an ENCH e476 fdefine MY DEFAULT MAC EYIE4 LOXFF and visk ta fdefine MY DEFAULT Mar BYTES OxDD fa ctory pro fdefine MY DEFAULT MAC EYITEES LOxXEE address inst fdefine MY DEFAULT IF ADDR BYTEL 192u1 fidefine MY DEFAULT IP ADDR BYTEZ 16s5ul fdefine MY DEFAULT IP ADDR BYTES liad Figure 52 Defining the MAC Address Reprinting Permission Obtained Since the wireless access points are broadcasted over a certain Wi Fi channel the wireless module s TCPIPConfig file must reflect the appropriate possible channel list This is mainly to ensure that data is transmitted consistently without interference The possible channel list 1s stored in the variable MY DEFAULT CHANNEL SCAN LIST Below is a screen shot showing where this is stored in the file In the screen shot the channel 1 6 and 11 are in the list MN C WWicrochip Solutens T OPP WiFi Demo App1TCFIPCo dh h a wo CA i F Sane Hithaspabaink tc iret biirla Charla ng be Da E i E ivalldlibla Charmels J Li 7
140. t in shell tash Enter help for a list of built in commands root DD WRT m Figure 58 Base Station s Telnet Server Page 81 The base station has the capability to store up to 2GB worth of solar panel device data Each data insertion consists of four separate entries of 13 bytes of time current voltage and power Each data insertion consists of four separate entries of 13 bytes of time current voltage and power Each data set is sent to the base station every 15 seconds Below are calculations made to determine that the base station can hold 119 days worth of data 13 bytes n 4 entries 4 lnsertlons A 3600 minutes entry Insertion minute OO 13 bytes 4entrles 4 insertions A EEE AZ 206 bytes every minute The data received by the base station is handled by both parties First the solar panel device inserts the time current voltage and power data into log files via telnet commands Second the base station uses a shell script to convert the data into a webpage This shell script is executed every 15 seconds via a telnet command from the solar panel device Below is the shell script file root DD WRT bin sh solar sh Shell script execution rm index htm more VE XT gt gt andex htm more h gt gt index htm more p gt gt index htm more t txt gt gt index htm more p txt gt gt index htm more c gt gt index htm more f gt gt index htm more c txt gt gt index htm T
141. t some of those concerns Figure 8 shows the two enclosure cases on the UCF solar array They are both hardened plastic and are approximately 3 1 4 feet by 2 Ya feet by Y a foot They are both under a protective overhang which should help with some of the severe weather and also shades them for most of the day Since our electronics need to have a very high temperature range this was a good sign Our sponsors confirmed that 1t is common practice is to shade the enclosure boxes as much as possible this is partly to due to debris protection from hurricanes and severe storms and partly to keep the electronics away from those extreme temperatures Our Sponsors confirmed that most enclosure boxes use a hardened plastic or ballistic nylon casing but that some older models could use Metal enclosures For the design of the prototype a plastic enclosure case will be considered and we are assumed to have plenty of room for any router and electronics inside the enclosure box Figure 8 Junction and Inverter Boxes of Solar Panels on Engineering Building A key note should be made While our project is called Solar Panel Monitor System and Page 19 we have a Solar Device component we ourselves are not doing anything with the solar energy The only time we even touch the power network 1s to read the voltage current on the line and to charge our battery Our project goals exist however due to some of the very important limiting factors mention
142. t voltages the end user will need to set the jumper JP3 on the ZeroG PICtail correctly for the setup that is being used Below is also a bulleted list of procedures to follow when installing the PICtail to the development board 1 Connect the RJ11 cable grey phone cable to the RJ11 port on the development board to the ICD 2 Connect the serial cable to the serial port UART port of the development board and to the serial port COM port on the PC Typically the default port on the PC is COM 1 but this default number may differ from PC to PC This is only required if you want to monitor the debug messages coming from the PICtail Please see Serial Monitor Setup for more information on setting up the serial connection correctly 3 Connect the USB cable from the ICD to the PC 4 Power on the router and connect the PC to the router with an Ethernet cable If a wireless laptop or PC is being used then associate the computer with the correct SSID of the wireless access point Jumper pins 2 and 3 for use on PICDEM net 2 board Jumper pins 1 and 2 for use on Explorer 16 board Page 72 Figure 48 ZeroG PICtail Installation into Explorer 16 Reprinting Permission Obtained Software Installation After the Explorer 16 board is installed software must be installed in order to configure the microchip and wireless module The software required to install includes the Microchip MPLAB integrated development environment v8 40 or
143. ter via SSH to the jffs folder Then we will navigate to the Administration tab and Commands sub tab Here we can enter shell commands that will be issued on the router s Linux command prompt The command that we will enter into this command field will stop the current web portal and restart it Page 66 on port 81 Then it will start another web server running from the jffs folder Finally it will open up port 80 to the outside world so that this web server can be accessed from outside of the local area network Below is the command that must be entered to do the above stated Also below is a screen shot of the command field box seen from the web administrator portal DD WRT build 12533 Diagnostics Windows Internet Explorer iol xi ba Al IS Bing Di eI ode http 192 168 L 1 Diagnostics asp File Edit View Favorites Tools Help gt qi Favorites DD WRT build 12533 Diagnostics yr El El mm Page Safety Tools 3 WRT CIAO Firmware DD WRT v2 c c C Time 20 40 21 up 57 min lo aa Setup Wireless Services Security NAT QoS Administration Status Management Keep Alive Commands WOL Factory Defaults Firmware Upgrade Backup Diagnostics Command Shell Commands l You can run command lines via the web Commands interface Fill the text area with your command and dick Aun Commands to submit Run Commands Save Startup Save Shutdown Save Firewall Save Custom Script Done P
144. than using a single large battery Safety requirements Li ion batteries are not as durable asnickel metal hydride or nickel cadmium designs and can be extremely dangerous if mistreated They may explode if overheated or if charged to an excessively high voltage Furthermore they may be irreversibly damaged if discharged below a certain voltage To reduce these risks lithium ion batteries generally contain a small circuit that shuts down the battery when it is discharged below about 3 V or charged above about 4 2 V In normal use the battery is Page 25 therefore prevented from being deeply discharged When stored for long periods however the small current drawn by the protection circuitry may drain the battery below the protection circuit s lower limit in which case normal chargers are unable to recharge the battery More sophisticated battery analyzers can recharge deeply discharged cells by slow charging them Other safety features are also required for commercial lithium ion batteries shut down separator for over temperature tear away tab for internal pressure vent pressure relief and Thermal interrupt over current overcharging Microcontrollers The primary integrating component for both the solar device and the base station will be a microcontroller The wireless solution required by QuickBeam Energy is a consideration the microcontroller Before a microcontroller can be chosen all options must be looke
145. the same name sh It was developed by Stephen Bourne of AT amp T Bell Laboratories and was released in 1977 in the Version 7 Unix release distributed to colleges and universities It remains a popular default shell for Unix accounts The binary program of the Bourne shell or a compatible program is located at bin sh on most UNIX systems and is still the default shell for the root superuser on many current UNIX implementations A benefit to using the DD WRT firmware with the ASUS WL 520gU router is that DD WRT can interpret shell scripts as CGI scripts and display the content to a web page The shell scripts can also be used to automate the web server The below snippet is from a shell script that will enable the web server when it is requested from the internet The author of the script has been e mailed seeking permissions for reprinting bin sh INTERVAL 5 NUMP 3 OLD WOL usr sbin wol TARGET 192 168 1 100 MAC 00 00 00 00 00 00 logfile tmp www wol log while sleep SINTERVAL do NEW cat var log messages grep ACCEPT grep DST STARGET grep DPT 380 I taal i awk fprinke S3j SRC cat var log messages grep ACCEPT grep DST TARGEI grep DPT 80 tail 1 awk print 10 sed e s SRC g LINE cat var log messages grep ACCEPT grep DST TARGET grep DPI 80 ark if E SNEW I a SNEW SOLD J then echo SSRC SLINE gt gt Elogk1Le RET ping c NUMP
146. the use of an external antenna ZeroG Wireless http www zerogwireless com has a product that meets the requirements of our project They have a subset of chips called the ZG2100 class which 1s avallable in two forms One chip the ZG2100M contains an on board PCB antenna The second chip the ZG2101M 1s used with an external antenna for extended range Depending on the base station s wireless range an external antenna may or may not be needed Below are brief specifications for the two chips as advertised by ZeroG Wireless Wireless Standard IEEE 802 11b Data Rate 1 amp 2 Mbps Wireless Security WEP WPA Personal WPA2 Personal Host Interface SPI Supply Voltage 2 7V 3 6V Operating Temperature 0 70 Degrees Celsius Module Dimensions 21mm x 31 mm x 3 7 mm Page 44 e Certifications and Compliance FCC IC ETSI Japan Wi Fi CE RoHS Below are two block diagrams of the ZeroG wireless modules The first block diagram is a bubble block diagram listing the different modules per chip and the second block diagram 1s a functional block diagram 2G2100M ZG2101M Block Diagram PCB antenna Y 1 8V f ZG2100M only Regulator IEEE 802 11 LCC AES TKIP 802 11 MAC Hardware 802 11B Accelerator Protoco Power Management Figure 19 ZeroG Wireless Diagram Reprinting Permission Obtained 11 12 2009 Page 45 262100 Internal TA A 1 8V Regulator FLAG RF Port E Power 7G2
147. tion of the development kit is described by the manufacture as The ZeroG 802 11 Development Kit for Explorer 16 demonstrates 802 11 connectivity via the ZeroG ZG2100M PICtail board for the PIC microcontroller based Explorer 16 Development Board This kit includes a wireless router a ZeroG PICtail Board and a pre programmed PIM with Microchips free TCP IP stack and radio driver The development kit provides everything the user needs to begin development of an 802 11 network Explorer 16 development board and power supply not included www zerogwireless com Also note that the router is only for 110V operation Below is a picture of what is included in the development kit Figure 47 Microchip Direct Development Kit Reprinting Permission Requested Page 71 Explorer 16 Board The ZeroG wireless module is connected to the microcontroller via a PICtail Plus Daughter Board Its purpose is to make the interfacing to the microcontroller printed circuit board easier Also included in the development kit is prewritten code to drive the wireless TCP IP functionality Something that is not included in this development kit is a PIC Explorer 16 board This will be provided by a fellow colleague Figure 3 shows the ZeroG PICtail that will plug into either the PICtail Plus Explorer 16 using the card edge connector or the PICtail slot PICDEM net 2 using the pin header on the development board Because the two development boards operate at differen
148. to offer which we may purchase for our prototype such as the ZG2100 Wi Fi Module We would like to request your permission to reuse information Such as images from your website in our initial design documentation Thank you very much in advance Sincerely Devin McLean https mail google com mail ui 2 amp ik 2 2
149. tom firmware one can control the way the router behaves and also take advantage of the features of the router that are usually unused For example with custom firmware one can use the router to host a web server to the outside world versus just the Local Area Network LAN This is the plan with the WL 520gU We need to utilize it as a web server to host the information received from the string device The router s dimensions are small and therefore will be more than an acceptable base station In addition to its size the router comes standard with two external antennas This will make up for the lack of range within the string device The Asus router comes with a Wide Area Network WAN port on the back of it This will be used to connect to Page 64 the outside world via an Ethernet cable With outside connectivity one can monitor the solar panel string from a remote location This is one of the primary goals of this project remote monitoring The router of choice is depicted below in the figure Its dimensions are listed The unit weights 0 82 lbs ie 6 5 Figure 42 ASUS WL 520gU Router Dimensions Reprinting Permission Requested Range Boosting The range of the base station will be improved via an external antenna This will make up for the lack of reception accompanied by the string device The string device will have a printed circuit board antenna therefore its range will be significantly shorter than that of the
150. ts crystal oscillator bypass and bias passives and an antenna only ZG2100M The chips are controllable via an 8 or 16 bit processor They are interfaced with Serial Peripheral Interface SPI with an interrupt for operation The chips support RS232 for debugging The chip is manufactured on a Flame Retardant 4 FR4 Printed Circuit Board PCB with components only on the top side The chip is connected to a PCB as a surface mount component with flat pack connections on both sides 36 total Below is a diagram showing where to place the antenna in the ZG2101M chip GND VDD_1 8 N C G2100 SCS N HOST CSN DNC N C JTAG_EN CE N tenna Connector Figure 24 ZG2101M Antenna Placement Reprinting Permission Obtained 11 12 2009 Below is a figure showing the different PIN functions of the ZeroG wireless module The wireless module will most likely be interfaced to a PICtail daughter board and then connected to an Explorer 16 board Therefore the function of each pin is a good thing to know considering the pins will be plugged into a development kit ZeroG provides code that will use some of these pin s for its demonstrations The development kit s demonstrations are forecasted to be tested in order to become familiar with the board Page 48 GND Ground 2 YDD18 See below 3 JTAG_TDO H JTAG data out A JTAG_TCK Constant drive JTAG Glock in 5 JTAG_TMS H JTAG Mode in 5 JTAG_TDI H JTAG data in T RST_N Constant drive Chip reset in 8 DN
151. ul resources including other experts in the field to get the team adequately situated Finally the guidance of the project advisor Dr Samuel Richie was instrumental in helping us directly understand what sort of challenges we were facing with the implementation of the project Dr Richie also provided a rigorous timing scheme which undoubtedly helped keep the team on track in implementing this design Figure 6 shows the divisions of research done This is obviously estimation but 1s very close to where the research came from As it can be seen in the graph the vast majority of our research was done online and very little was done with text or from professional help I think if we looked at the average engineer that their methods of research would not be to dissimilar from this figure E Text Books E Professional Expertise mw Internet Research Figure 6 Research Method Distribution Page 17 Solar Panels The design of our project is largely limited by and driven by the current solar power standards that exist in today s market Often solar energy panels are placed in very inaccessible locations so they can achieve the largest amount of efficiency this can be easily illustrated by simply looking outside at the Engineering Building 1 Solar Array on the North side facing Harris Engineering Center We had the opportunity as a group to see these solar panels first hand The main objectives of the trip was to get a feel for t
152. us advantages over both Programmed IO and Interrupt Driven IO especially on a pipelined processor such as the PIC32 Despite the extremely fast clock speed a critical issue in both the hardware selection process and later on during the software design process will be to avoid data and branch hazards in our code while also attempting to keep the pipeline from stalling Unlike a more sophisticated 32 bit processor offering from Intel or AMD our processor will not be clocked at several billion cycles per second every cycle of the PIC32 must be made to count towards our design goals It will be the full time job of one or more of our design team members to keep the pipeline from stalling and to maintain as much as possible the cache coherency of our eventual software package __ To Internal Logic O Pd a a gt A ES Api A Enable 1l PICS2MASARARK Note 1 A series resistor Rs may be required for AT strip cut crystals 2 The internal feedback resistor Rr is typically in the range of 2 to 10 Ma Refer to the PIC32MX Family Reference Manual 0561132 for help determining the best oscillator components Figure 14 Crystal Oscillator Schematic Reprinting Permission Requested A critical portion of any design including the PIC32 must be the crystal oscillator that will be used to drive 1t The manufacturer provided reference manual contains an electrical schematic shown in Figure 14 Crystal oscillator schematic permiss
153. ve data that is accessible to use for use in our research The best place that we have found to find data about live solar installations 1s from municipal power companies or co op utility company These types of companies for the most part have an agenda that includes making sure that the citizens they serve have access to the information of what is being contributed Below is the home page for a co op installation in the Florida Keys called the Florida Keys Electric Cooperative Association They allow for their data to be put onto an interface on the internet Administration Home Contact Ts amp Cs Logout Language Homepage K A C 0 y Blue Planet Web new energy 12 13 2009 Environmental Savings System Information Total power Saved Es 97 kWp 152 Tons CO gt A Returns of your PV system in the period from 12 16 2008 and 12 13 2009 amounts to 18 645 89 Module sres Equivslent 5 716 m 528 Trees Planted 4 Date of installation 12 16 2008 December 13 2009 KHI 364 8 kWh December 2009 CkHh I 4 554 4 KWh Current meter reading 155 383 4 kWh Last entry of meter reading 12 13 2009 3 35 00 pm Figure 35 Homepage for Cooperative Program s Power Data Permission Not Required This shows the current data for the month of December which can go into more detail This data will be very useful for determining what we should expect from our prototype aspect as it should correlate e
154. would provide the functionality of screening the power consumed by 120 Volt 60 Hz household loads It will also provide additional information including RMS values of current and voltage and the active power consumed by the appliances Applications for this device can be easily extended to household and commercial use The device will employ Current and Voltage transformers to obtain RMS current and voltage values The data obtained from these sensors will be processed to find the required parameters Radar Interface Design Project The Radar interface design project gave the group a great deal of insight into the construction and uses of how to build a circuit board from scratch The space constraints seen in their project are not dissimilar from ours we will be looking at this groups work for a great deal of our PCB design and prototyping The project is for the Joint Air to Ground Missile JAGM program JAGM needs a next generation power supply for the transceiver of this missile The circuit board must convert the power source voltage and convert it to multiple voltages for the transceiver The circuit board must also have a timing control unit that will do power up sequence and power down sequence as well as monitoring the temperature Timing signals are expected to be highly accurate and reliable One of the main challenges of this particular project is the limited circuit board space and limited airflow in the system This is a particu
155. xtremely well to what 1s available to us on this site The data that we are most interested in is the daily generation in Watts as this will be similar to what we will need to display for monitoring purposes The graph below indicates that the power generation peaks at certain parts of the day as well as showing Page 59 variations in the output over the day as relating to cloud cover and other variables that will cause variances in the power output of the solar array as well red line shows KW Ek Cum g7 100g of ele fo gag PO EL J04 A a eno 100 ooh 9 00h 13 00h 17 00h E A y Figure 36 Kilowatt vs Hours and Irradiance vs Hours Permission Not Required This graph also indicates another piece of data that might be useful for determining how much power can be expected from solar arrays in different geographical locations So knowing the Irradiance would be a useful thing to compare against the over power output Page 60 Section 3 Design Design Architecture Figure 37 below shows the high level design architecture It shows the basic components that the group will be designing and interfacing and how it all comes together as a product The arrows show dependencies and the general flow of data in the project Design Architecture C Web Service Internet gt sor Diagram Key Router Microcontroller AD Converter Sensors gea
156. y Secretary and other senior members of my administration to develop a national energy policy Our energy demand outstrips our supply We can produce more energy at home while protecting our environment and we must We can produce more electricity to meet demand and we must We can promote alternative energy sources and Page 4 conservation and we must America must become more energy independent and we will President George W Bush February 27 2001 Objectives There are two key elements to the project the solar device and the base station Within these two elements there are several objectives that both must meet in order to satisfy our sponsors 1 The device must be mass producible with primarily Commercial off the Shelf COTS 2 The device must be easily installable requiring only minimal understanding of its workings to properly use and maintain 3 The devices must be able to work under outdoor conditions this can include high or low temperatures and varying degrees of humidity 4 The two devices must communicate to each other via wireless connection that can operate at distances of up to but not limited 500 feet Several Objectives exist for each individual device as well Base Station The base station general high level requirements are the following The base station shall output the data of the solar panels in a meaningful and easy to understand way The base station is constrained the size of the junct
157. ypes were researched and will be discussed with further detail below Another consideration for research of the battery charger is its size and its volatility in extreme conditions The solar device is going to need to be a small device that can attach to the strings that run off of solar panels this limits the use of several larger battery types that could have possible handled the 600 volt load but is a very important requirement It also means that using battery cells in a package would not be feasible since most come in relatively large packaging Ultimately the size should be something akin to a highlighter or pen in length and no thicker than inch to an inch in diameter Many batteries can decompose over extended periods of time destroying the circuits and eventually our solar device project In general it is advisable if a battery is not exposed to 110 degrees Fahrenheit conditions or 100 humidity or freezing temperatures The solar device does not have this luxury and so its battery does not have this luxury No battery exists that will be able to fulfill all of these requirements perfectly but the best possible choice will be found with the research A review of the requirements driving the battery and battery charger circuit are e Remain small in size to fulfill the sponsor requirement for portability Page 20 e Be rechargeable to fulfill the sponsor s requirements for longevity of the device and to ensure low mainte

Final Paper - Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer

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