Lithium Ion Batteries - Panasonic Automotive & Industrial Systems
Contents
1. fire or into direct sunlight When the battery becomes hot the built in safety equipment is activated preventing the battery from charging further and heating the battery can destroy the safety equipment and can cause additional heating breaking or ignition of the battery Z WARNING 2 Do not continue charging the battery if it does not recharge within the specified charging time Doing so may cause the battery to become hot explode or ignite While Charging A CAUTION 3 The temperature range over which the battery can be charged is 0 C to 45 C Charging the battery at temperatures outside of this range may cause the battery to become hot or to break Charging the battery outside of this temperature range may also harm the performance of the battery or reduce the battery s life expectancy When Discharging the Battery A DANGER Do not discharge the battery using any device except for the specified device When the battery is used in devices aside from the specified device it may damage the performance of the battery or reduce its life expectancy and if the device causes an abnormal current to flow it may cause the battery to become hot explode or ignite and cause serious injury A CAUTION The temperature range over which the battery can be discharged is 10 C to 60 C Use of the battery outside of this temperature range may damage the performance of the battery or may reduce its life expectancy To in2. reaction they are actually considered a chemical product As such battery performance will deteriorate over time even if stored for a long period of time without being used In addition if the various usage conditions such as charge discharge ambient temperature etc are not maintained within the specified ranges the life expectancy of the battery may be shortened or the device in which the battery is used may be damaged by electrolyte leakage If the batteries cannot maintain a charge for long periods of time even when they are charged correctly this may indicate it is time to change the battery 2 When exporting the batteries they are likely to undergo the judgment on classification of strategic products according to the Export Trade Control Ordinance Please contact Panasonic 7 Please Note The performance and life expectancy of batteries depends heavily on how the batteries are used In order to insure safety be sure to consult with Panasonic in advance regarding battery charging and discharging specifications and equipment structures when designing equipment that includes these batteries Panasonic assumes no liability for problems that occur when the Notes and Precautions for use listed above are not followed Lithium lon Batteries 23 June 2007 Panasonic Safety Precautions 1 When Using the Battery A DANGER 1 Misusing the battery may cause the battery to get hot explode or ignite and cause serious injury Be
3. series 2 Charge Current We recommend the following current NNP series Cylindrical type 0 3 It Prismatic type 0 7 It PSS and Cobalt acid series Cylindrical type 0 7 It Prismatic type 1 0 It or 0 7 It for certain models When the voltage per cell is 2 9V or less charge using a charge current of 0 1It or less contact Panasonic for information regarding pulse charging 3 Charge Temperature The batteries should be charged at temperatures between 0 C and 45 C 4 Reverse polarity Charging Verify the polarity of the batteries before charging to insure that they are never charged with the polarity reversed 2 Discharging the Batteries 1 Discharge Current The current should be maintained at 1 0 It or less contact Panasonic if you plan to discharge the batteries with a current in excess of 1 0 It 2 Discharge Temperature The batteries should be discharged at a temperature between 10 C and 60 C contact Panasonic if you plan to discharge the batteries at temperatures less than 10 C 3 Discharge Termination Voltage NNP series 2 5V per cel PSS and Cobalt acid series 3 0V per cel Avoid discharging at voltages less than these Overdischarge can damage the performance of the battery Equip the unit with a mechanism to prevent overdischarge especially in situations where the user may forget to turn the equipment off Lithium lon Batteries 22 June 2007 Panasonic 3 Equipment Design 1 Installing Battery Pa
4. structures and they turn off the charge or discharge depending on the output of the controller IC 3 The Temperature Fuse Reference Materials If the control switches experience abnormal heating this fuse cuts off the current non restoring 2 The Thermistors The thermistors are included in order to accurately measure the battery temperature within the lithium ion battery packs The battery or charger measures the resistance value of the thermistor between the T terminal and the negative terminal and during the charging process controls the charge current along with controlling until the charge is terminated Battery Pack Safety Circuits Controller IC Control SW Control SW e The battery pack must be equipped with a noise filter at the voltage detectors in the block diagram above to insure that outside noise does not cause the battery to malfunction Please check against the final product e Please include a total charge timer and a charge completion timer on the charging circuit in order to provide redundant safety control Lithium lon Batteries 30 June 2007 Panasonic How to Charge the Batteries We recommend the following charging process to insure the optimal performance of the lithium ion battery e Applicable Battery Packs The discussion below assumes that the battery packs are equipped with internal safety circuits to prevent overcharging and overdischarging and assumes that the battery is a single cell batter
5. sure to follow the safety rules listed below Do not place the battery in fire or heat the battery Do not install the battery backwards so that the polarity is reversed Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery to each other with any metal object such as wire Do not carry or store the batteries together with necklaces hairpins or other metal objects Do not penetrate the battery with nails strike the battery with a hammer step on the battery or otherwise subject it to strong impacts or shocks Do not solder directly onto the battery Do not expose the battery to water or salt water or allow the battery to get wet 2 Do not disassemble or modify the battery The battery contains safety and protection devices which if damaged may cause the battery to generate heat explode or ignite 3 Do not place the battery on or near fires stoves or other high temperature locations Do not place the battery in direct sunshine or use or store the battery inside cars in hot weather Doing so may cause the battery to generate heat explode or ignite Using the battery in this manner may also result in a loss of performance and a shortened life expectancy 4 Do not insert the battery into equipment designed to be hermetically sealed In some cases hydrogen or oxygen may be discharged from the cell which may result in rupture fire or explosion A WARNING 1 Immediately discontinue use of the battery if whil
6. Panasonic LITHIUM ION HANDBOOK APPLICATIONS Power tool Garden tool Emergency lighting UPS system Portable POS terminal GPS device Shaver E bike Pedelec etc Panasonic BATTERIES Q Quality is our Business NOTICE TO READERS It is the responsibility of each user to ensure that each battery application system is adequately designed safe and compatible with all conditions encountered during use and in conformance with existing standards and requirements Any circuits contained herein are illustrative only and each user must ensure that each circuit is safe and otherwise completely appropriate for the desired application This literature contains information concerning cells and batteries manufactured by Matsushita Battery Industrial Co Ltd This information is generally descriptive only and is not intended to make or imply any representation guarantee or warranty with respect to any cells and batteries Cell and battery designs are subject to modification without notice All descriptions and warranties are solely as contained in formal offers to sell or quotations made by Matsushita Battery Industrial Co Ltd Panasonic Sales Companies and Panasonic Agencies Lithium Ion Batteries Notes and Precautions eee eee ec eee eee teeters 29 Safety Precautions lt s tetetete rerre rreren 24 OTE oasis E ee E TE ee 6 el ee eee er ere ee ere eres tee 28 Overcharge Overdischarge Overcurrent Sa
7. age guard in the power supply so that there will be no excessive voltage applied to the battery even if there is a problem with the power supply e The discussion above assumes a single cell battery If two or more cells will be used or if there are other situations please consult with Panasonic Lithium lon Batteries 31 June 2007 Panasonic Lithium lon Battery Pack Charge Flowchart example Reference example of charging a single cell lithium ion battery pack OCV Battery pack load open voltage START ia p Charge total timer count Low temperature threshold setting value Battery pack insertion check Battery temperature High temperature threshold setting value Constant voltage s the battery pack inserted YES i Charge current A i Electrical current set value i Electrical current set value Charge complete timer count Recharge timer count Total timer end decision Battery temperature check Return Is voltage check 1 no load higher than the charge completion voltage 4 1 V or 4 2 V Voltage check 2 no load 0 1 It os teharge e CV mode post transition charge current check tmin lt tbat lt tmax NO Wait Overdischarge check OCV voltage gt 3V Return Enter into CV ichg lt iset1 Charge complete Re charge timer count Ts timer count T2 Charge complete timer Re charge timer end decision end decision a Return Charge s
8. cks in the Equipment To avoid damage to the battery pack make sure that the battery pack is positioned away from heat sources in the equipment or in the battery charger 2 Mechanisms to Prevent Dropping Be sure to use a battery pack lock mechanism to prevent the battery pack from being ejected when the equipment is dropped or receives a sudden impact 3 Preventing Short Circuits and Reversed Connections Use a terminal structure that makes it unlikely that the terminals will be shorted by metallic necklaces clips hairpins etc Structure the battery and the terminals to the battery in such a way that the battery pack cannot be put in backwards when installed in the charger or the equipment 4 Inclusion in Other Equipment If the battery is built into other equipment use caution to strictly avoid designing airtight battery compart ments 5 Terminal Materials in the External Equipment Use materials that are highly resistant to corrosion such as nickel or nickel coated copper If contact resistance is an issue we recommend that you use contact plating such as gold plating on the terminals 4 Storing the Batteries The batteries should be stored at room temperature charged to about 30 to 50 of capacity We recommend that batteries be charged about once per year to prevent overdischarge 5 Use of the Batteries See the section on Safety Precautions 6 Other 1 The Chemical Reaction Because batteries utilize a chemical
9. der set temperature discharge current and cut off voltage conditions Measured in Ampere hours Ah or mAh Battery Life Characteristics shown according to the time needed for each charge discharge cycle Characteristics when cycling charge discharge under set conditions Also refered to as cycle characteristics Capacity A battery s electric potential Usually means capacity in ampere hours indicated by Ah or mAh Capacity Recovery Ratio of the maximum capacity obtained from a cell under set conditions that has been Ratio stored for a fixed period of time and charged a fixed number of times over average capacity assumed value of 100 Capacity Retention Ratio of cell capacity measured under set conditions after storage for a fixed period of Ratio time over average capacity assumed value of 100 Charge Capacity Amount of energy used in charging a battery For constant current charging it is the product of current and chage time Measured units called Ampere hours Ah Cut off voltage Voltage which expresses the limit to end discharge Electrolyte Leakage When electrolyte fluid from inside the battery leaks to the battery s outer surface Energy Density The amount of energy which can be obtained from a single cell by weight or by volume Measured in units of Wh kg or Wh 1I Represents Current and is defined as follows It A Rated Capacity Ah 1 h Large Current Discharge with a relatively high current compared to the bat
10. e allowing the production of stable power throughout the discharge period of the battery The data in this document are for descriptive purposes only and are not intended to make or imply any guarantee or warranty Lithium lon Batteries De j oO Mass Energy Density Wh kg Features 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 Volumetric Energy Density Wh I Ni MH Ni Cd Q Ni MH Ni Cd Ni MH Ni Cd Q 1 2V 1 2V 1 2V 28 Con G 3 6V SSE ESL 250 cycles 1 Charge Constant voltage 4 1 V witha i Discharge 0 2 It at 20 C maximum of 0 7 It current for two hours at 20 C Discharge 0 2 It completed after two hours at 20 C Hold Time h Discharge 0 2 It Panasonic s Specialty Panasonic s Fai as N Discharge Capacity mAh June 2007 Panasonic Overcharge Overdischarge Overcurrent Safety Circuits e The Functions of the Safety Circuits typical functions The voltages listed below are typical values and are not guaranteed The charge voltage varies according to model number 1 The Overcharge Safety Function The charge stops when the voltage per cell rises above 4 30 0 05 V The charge restarts when the voltage per cell falls below 4 10 0 05 V 2 The Overdischarge Safety Function The discharge stops when the voltage per cell falls below 2 3 0 1 V The discharge restarts when the voltage per cell rises above 3 0 0 1 V Contact Panas
11. e using charging or storing the battery the battery emits an unusual smell feels hot changes color changes shape or appears abnormal in any other way Contact your sales location or Panasonic if any of these problems are observed 2 Do not place the batteries in microwave ovens high pressure containers or on induction cookware 3 In the event that the battery leaks and the fluid gets into one s eye do not rub the eye Rinse well with water and immediately seek medical care If left untreated the battery fluid could cause damage to the eye A CAUTION 1 If the device is to be used by small children the caregiver should explain the contents of the user s manual to the children The caregiver should provide adequate supervision to insure that the device is being used as explained in the user s manual 2 When the battery is worn out insulate the terminals with adhesive tape or similar materials before disposal Lithium lon Batteries 24 June 2007 Panasonic A DANGER Be sure to follow the rules listed below while charging the battery Failure to do so may cause the battery to become hot explode or ignite and cause serious injury When charging the battery either use a specified battery charger or otherwise insure that the battery charging conditions specified by Panasonic are met Do not attach the batteries to a power supply plug or directly to a car s cigarette lighter Do not place the batteries in or near
12. egative Electrode C xLi xe Charge Battery as a Whole LiCoO2 C lt _ _ _ Lit x CoO2 CLix Discharge The principle behind the chemical reaction in the lithium ion battery is one where the lithium in the positive electrode lithium cobalt oxide material is ionized during charge and moves from layer to layer in the negative electrode During discharge the ions move to the positive electrode and return to the original compound Schematic Diagram of the Chemical Reaction of the Lithium lon Battery Positive Electrode Negative Electrode Discharge LiCoO2 Specialty Carbon Lithium lon Batteries 27 June 2007 Panasonic e High Energy Density Because the lithium ion batteries are high voltage light weight batteries they boast a higher energy density than nickel metal hydride Ni MH batteries or nickel cadmium Ni Cd batteries e High Voltage Lithium ion batteries produce 3 6 volts approximately three times the voltage of Ni MH batteries or Ni Cd batteries This will make it possible to make smaller lighter equipment e No Memory Effect Lithium ion batteries have none of the memory effects seen in Ni Cd batteries memory effect refers to the phenomenon where the apparent discharge capacity of a battery is reduced when it is repetitively discharged incompletely and then recharged e Flat Discharge Voltage The use of the specialty carbon creates an extremely flat discharge voltage profil
13. fety Circuits 29 How to Charge the Batteries cerere errereen 31 Specification Summary Table es eee 33 Transportation 23 aoe eo 34 Recycle erik she spre teehee ete ee ea pee ears 34 Battery Pack Specification Checklist 35 Charger Specification Checklist 36 Glossary of Terminology rererere retre 37 Please see latest information at our web site http industrial panasonic com jp X The contents of this handbook are subject to change without notice due to improvements Panasonic Notes and Precautions e Safety Precautions for the Lithium lon Batteries use and Designing Equipment In general lithium ion batteries are used in battery packs that contain both lithium ion batteries and battery safety circuits Both items are sealed in a container made of a material such as resin so that the battery pack cannot be easily disassembled 1 Charging the Batteries The constant voltage constant current method is used to charge lithium ion batteries See Figure below Schematic diagram of the charging process assuming a single cell Constant voltage constant current Tr J 4 PT ows O wa baa l alee e w t Cylindrical type PSS and Cobalt Acid series Oo o ST T N S S O T T ewe O S S O S E gt Duration Current It A rated capacity Ah 1 h 1 Charge Voltage The maximum voltage is 4 2 V x the number of cells connected in
14. ive electrode activated by special carbon and PE EA Lower Gasket i 7 nti explosive valve i separator are put together in a whirl pattern and stored in the sone B a nternal terminal case It also incorporates a variety of safety protection systems such as a gas discharge valve which helps prevent the battery Insulation frame body from exploding by releasing internal gas pressure if it exceeds Separators the design limit Positive electrode PNegative electrode E Safety Our lithium ion batteries have acquired UL1642 Contact us for further details Positive terminal Exhaust gas hole P Anti explosive valve Applications Cx Positive terminal lead KA Separators Cellular phone Note PC etc Insulation plate Negative electrode DVC DSC DVD Portable LCD TV etc A Case Portable CD player MD player Semiconductor driven audio etc ica ae Insulation plate Lithium lon Batteries 26 June 2007 Panasonic e Battery Reaction The lithium ion battery makes use of lithium cobalt oxide which has superior cycling properties at high volt ages as the positive electrode and a highly crystallized specialty carbon as the negative electrode It uses an organic solvent optimized for the specialty carbon as the electrolytic fluid The chemical reactions for charge and discharge are as shown below Charge Positive Electrode LiCoO2 _Lit x CoO2 xLi xe Discharge Charge CLix Discharge N
15. nt Humidity Special Conditions for Use Applicable Specifications 5 6 7 Applicable Recipient 8 Application 2 Basic Specifications 1 Battery Pack Compatibility 2 Charging Method 3 Charge Current 4 Charge Time 5 Charger Model 6 Display LED 7 Power Supply Voltage 8 Drop strength 9 Dimensions 10 Weight 11 Label Lithium lon Batteries Month Year Number of units Total volume units Domestic 2 Overseas Name of country per month Standard where standard is 0 C to 45 C Custom C to C Standard where standard is 45 to 85 non condensing Custom to Electrical Appliance and Material Safety Law 2 UL 3 Other Customer 2 Panasonic 3 Other Portable telephone 2 AV equipment 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 No 2 Yes 1 Automotive 2 Outdoors 3 Other Personal computer 4 Other Please see P 33 34 Px__ 8 1 Fast 2 Standard 3 Other A Consult Panasonic regarding charging conditions hours 1 Pocket type 2 1 Unit 3 2 Units 4 Other No of Units ____V ___Hz Range of Fluctuation V to V Hz to Hz cm width x length x height mm or less g or less 1 Not required 2 Required Details of label 36 June 2007 Panasonic Glossary of Terminology Term meaning Average Capacity The amount of energy which can be obtained from a cell un
16. onic for infomation regarding NNP series 3 The Overcurrent Safety Function The discharge is stopped when the output terminals are shorted The discharge restarts when the short is removed e Reference Example of the Safety Circuits for PSS and Cobalt Acid Series Battery Pack Unusable Region Batteries Region Used by the Set Discharge Overdischarge Region Unusable Region e The safety circuits in the diagram above are for overcharging overdischarging and overcurrent for a single cell battery pack Please consult Panasonic when two or more cells are connected or when actually using this or other circuits Lithium lon Batteries 29 June 2007 Panasonic e Battery Pack Block Diagram Reference Example The diagram below shows a diagram of a lithium ion battery pack The battery pack includes the batteries the safety circuits and thermistors 1 The Safety Circuits 1 The Controller IC The controller IC measures the voltage for each cell or for each parallel battery block and shuts off a control switch to either prevent overcharging if the voltage exceeds the specified voltage range or to prevent overdischarging if the voltage falls below the specified voltage range Moreover the voltage of the control switch is measured on both ends and in order to prevent overcurrent control switches are shut off if the voltage exceeds specifications 2 The Control Switches The control switches usually comprise FET
17. sure the safe use of this battery contact Panasonic when designing a device that uses this battery Lithium lon Batteries 25 June 2007 Panasonic Overview A Lithium ion battery must include a safety unit SU Also for safety reasons cells are not sold individually Dedicated to support various types of mobile equipment with its high energy density Lithium lon Batteries E Overview The battery is a rechargeable battery best suited to mobile devices that require small size light weight and high performance Its characteristics of high energy and high voltage 3 6V powerfully fulfill these three key requirements Its standard battery pack coupled with a charger facilitates simple equipment design E Characteristics 1 Less self discharge approx 1 10 compared with a Ni MH or Ni Cd batteries as well as no memory effect 2 A newly developed NNP series is achieving both high capacity amp safety by the use of new positive electrode amp high reliable technology by the present charging system 4 2V NNP Nickel oxide based New Platform 3 The PSS series adopts nickel and the manganese in new positive elecrode The safety of a battery to heat improved further PSS Panasonic Solid Solution E Structure A lithium ion rechargeable battery consists of a spiral structure Structure of Lithium lon Batteries prismatic with 4 layers A positive electrode activated by cobalt acid Terminal UpperGasket lithium a negat
18. tery capacity Also refered Discharge to as high rate discharge Nominal Voltage Voltage shown on the battery label Overcharge Continued charging after the cell has reached a fully charged state Overcharging a battery can adversery affect its safety and electrical characteristics Overdischarge Continued discharge after cell voltage falls below the determined cut off voltage Self discharge When battery capacity declines without current flowing to an outside circuit Unused Battery An unused battery is defined as one produced less than 1 month ago and has undergone less than 5 charge discharge cycles Lithium lon Batteries 37 June 2007
19. top current check Lithium lon Batteries 39 June 2007 Panasonic Battery Pack Specification Checklist Battery Pack Specification Checklist Fill in the blanks below to determine specifications when making inquiries or when ordering batteries 1 1 i oO Battery Pack General Schedule Number of units Delivery Destination Operating Temperature Ambient Humidity Special Conditions for Use Applicable Specifications Applicable Recipient Application FG Fuel Gauge 1 Completion of design evaluation Month ___ Year 2 Completion of mass production evaluation Month 3 Start of delivery Month __ s Year_ k packs per month Total volume ____ Domestic 2 Overseas Name of country Standard where the standard is 0 C to 45 C Custom C to C Standard where standard is 45 to 85 non condensing Custom to No 2 Yes 1 Automotive 2 Outdoors 3 Other Year k packs Electrical Appliance and Material Safety Law 2 UL 3 Other Customer 2 Panasonic 3 Other Portable telephone 2 AV equipment Personal computer 4 Other Required 2 Not required if required fill in item 3 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 Battery Pack Basic Specifications Battery Pack Configuration Battery Pack Materials Battery amp Structure Used Rated Capacity Charging Method Charge C
20. urrent Charge Time Discharge Ending Voltage Thermistor Drop Strength Flame Retardants Requirements Dimensions nese Label Terminal Configuration Fuel Gauge Specifications Range of load currents Load current waveform Accuracy Display method Mode change Communications data Charge function Lithium lon Batteries 1 Hard case 2 Soft pack 3 Other Specify Please see P 33 34 Px__ S mAh 1 Fast 2 Standard 3 Other A hours V 1 Standard Present Absent Standard 10 KQ 25 C 2 Other 1 Present cm 2 Absent 1 Present 2 Absent width x g or less 1 Not required 2 Required Details of label specified elsewhere length x height mm or less mAto_ 1 Wave height 3 Stop period mSec 1 10 2 5 3 Other 1 LED 2 Communications 3 LED and communications communications method 1 1 5 1 mA mA 2 Conductive period mSec Not required 2 Required Modes suspend etc 1 Remainder 2 Voltage 3 Current 4 Temperature ID code 6 Other Not required 2 Required 35 June 2007 Panasonic Charger Specification Checklist Charger Specification Checklist Fill in the blanks below to determine specifications when making inquiries or when ordering 1 General 1 Start of Delivery 2 Delivery Destination 3 Operating Temperature 4 Ambie
21. y e Charging Method The lithium ion battery can be charged by the constant voltage constant current charging method found in the Notes and Precautions at the beginning of this document See page 22 Notes and Precautions e Functions and Performance Required in the Charger Recommendations 1 Charge Voltage The voltage between the charging terminals should be no more than 4 20 V Set this at 4 20 V max after taking into account fluctuations in power supply voltages temperature deviations etc 2 Charge Current Please refer to the following change current standards by series NNP series Cylindrical type 0 3 It Prismatic type 0 7 It PSS and Cobalt acid series Cylindrical type 0 7 It Prismatic type 1 0 It or 0 7 It for certain models 3 Ambient Temperature of the Battery Pack During Charge 0 C to 45 C Consult Panasonic if the battery pack is to be used outside of this temperature range 4 Low Voltage Battery Pack Charge When the voltage per cell is 2 9 V or less charge using a charge current of 0 1 It or less 5 Termination of Charging The system will determine that the battery is full by detecting the charge current Stop charging once the current has reached 0 1 It to 0 07 It Note that there will be some degree of variation for each individual battery 6 Charge Timer A total charge timer and a charge completion timer should be included 7 Countermeasures for Battery Problems Select an overvolt
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