Manual - Centaur Systems
Contents
1. A 4 97 another you might choose only verb A but work on present future aorist and imperfect active middle and passive indicative ud xin Van RACE BAUER ok AN EAE ARA AAA m subjunctive and optative From the earlier drill session to the later the TaN eS ORME TA DERCUNPY VET ENON OE SATIS context has changed dramatically Verb Drill Information and Statistics sssssseeeeee 38 i m Sess bs Dural Ares Varb EE ER caducum cere eden d DRE RE 39 In the first session you might have easily identified the present active indicative 3rd person singular of verb A when there were several Verb Drill Conjugate a Verb aoe possible verbs but only a few possible forms of each one But success Verb Drill Ending the Drill Session 43 in that context does not necessarily mean that you would be able to Setting Up the Noun Pronoun and Adjective Drill 45 identify that form from among several hundred forms when they are all Selecting NOUNS to Drill cccccccsesssssssscssessessescaseesessesesscesesseseaseasesceseanensees 45 forms of the same verb Selecting Special Forms sssssssseeeeeeeeeeeen ee 46 Noun Pronoun and Adjective Drill eene 47 Vocabulary Drill Noun Pronoun and Adjective Drill Parsing vs Declining ae In vocabulary drill Gramma tries hard to focus in on words that seem to Noun Pro2. From there you can quit Gramma or initiate another drill session 20 Gramma Software for Learning Greek The Drill Settings Inside the frame labeled Drill are two settings How Many and Accents Important Drill If you imagine that a Gramma drill is like a How Many E stack of flash cards How Many dictates how M Accents Important many flash cards you will be shown in one drill session If How Many is set at its default setting of 100 and you choose to drill vocabulary Gramma will show you 100 words before ending the drill and giving you your score Accents Important tells Gramma whether you want it to take into account the accents on Greek words If this box is checked the default setting Gramma will consider an answer incorrect if you misplace the accent on a Greek word We the authors of Gramma do not recommend turning Accents Important off Accents and breathings are an integral part of Greek and ignorance of them will harm your ability to read Greek accurately quickly and with understanding This feature has been requested a number of times however and we aim to please Use it at your own risk If this box is not checked Gramma will still show accents when it displays Greek words but will disregard any accents you type or fail to type The Fonts Setting The next setting tells Gramma which fonts you want to use Fonts On the Macintosh by def
3. If you type the first few letters of the following form Gramma will fill in the rest for you You do not need to type a sign although you can So if you type acc in the field Gramma will replace your typing with Acc Entering Your Answers After you have typed your answer in the Your Answer field and have selected or typed any supplementary grammatical information Acc Par etc hit the Return key on the keyboard to enter your answer Instead of hitting Return you could also click the Okay button Setting Up the Verb Drill You begin a Verb drill from the Welcome window the first window you see after you start Gramma and log in with your user name Vocabulary Verbs Nouns amp c Y In the Welcome window click on the Verbs tab to bring it to the front Selecting Verbs to Drill On the left side of the tab panel you will see a scrolling list of Verbs Double Click to Choose If these verbs do not appear in Greek characters the Athenian font is not installed correctly on your computer see the chapter on installing Gramma above page 11 In this picture one verb is selected from the list This is marked by the gt character to the left of the verb You can select another verb by double clicking on it You can de select a verb that is already selected by double clicking on it Uncheck All Verbs To de select al
4. amp Publisher The author and publisher welcome any suggestions as to how Gramma might be improved Suggestions inquiries and bug reports may be sent to Centaur Systems 407 N Brearly St Madison WI 53703 1603 USA phone 608 255 6979 fax 608 255 6949 Latousek Q centaursystems com http www centaursystems com Appendix Typing Greek using Beta Code 55 Letter Chart Organized by Greek Letters Beta Code Greek Beta Code Greek A alpha N nu B beta C xi G gamma O omicron D delta P pi E epsilon R rho Z zeta S sigma H eta T tau Q theta U upsilon iota F phi K kappa X chi L lambda Y psi M mu W omega Upper and Lower Case Greek Letters In Beta Code it does not matter whether you type letters in upper or lower case They will all transliterate into lower case Greek letters To make a letter upper case precede it with an asterisk So anqrwpos av pwrtoc ANQRWPOS av pwroc but anqrwpos Av pwroc ANQRWPOS Aveponoq Medial and Terminal Sigmas Beta Code does not normally distinguish between medial and terminal sigmas Whenever you need a sigma simply type s 8 Gramma Software for Learning Greek of the modern Macintosh operating system is faster than its predecessor by at least an order of magnitude and includes many new features For the first time Gramma is also available for 32 bit versions Windows operating system Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows NT and Windows 20
5. F N button Click on one of the buttons in the box labeled Case to identify the word s case Unless you asked Gramma to drill you on vocative forms the Vocative button will be disabled Click on one of the buttons in the box labeled Number to identify the word s number If you did not ask to be drilled on dual forms Dual will not be available as an option When you have made all of your selections click Enter or hit the Return key tnter If you have parsed the form incorrectly Gramma will try to give you a hint for example Select another Case and try again You will then be able to correct your parsing Noun Pronoun and Adjective Drill 51 Type your answer in this box You must type in Beta code which will be transliterated into real Greek characters Type Your Answer Here in the field below a groi A short introduction to typing in Beta C code is given in the section Typing Your Answer in Greek above page 28 A full explanation of Beta code is given in the Appendix Typing Greek Using Beta Code Show Beta code Template You can click on this button to see Beta code template as you work J Ignore Accents Ignore Breathings Too To speed up your drill you can have Gramma disregard accents and breathings If you check Ignore Accents Gramma will consider an answer correct even if it lacks accent marks or they are misplaced If you check Ignore Breathing
6. Passive Knowledge preference in the Welcome window Below that field where Gramma displays the word in question is a field labeled Your Answer You will type your answer in this field Your answer L Typing Answers in English If Gramma displays a Greek word at the top of the page type your answer in English 27 36 Gramma Software for Learning Greek The moods are the first column of check boxes infinitive and participle forms are included among the moods The tenses are next in two columns The voices are in the fourth column There are two other settings representing less common forms Duals and 3rd Person Imperatives J Duals O 3rd Pers Imperatives Check the Duals button if you want to drill the Dual forms of verbs in addition to the singular and plural forms If you have checked Imperative as one of the moods you want to drill you have the option to check 3rd Person Imperatives to drill those forms as well Once you have set the preferences to your liking click on Begin Drill to start It is possible to select a combination of verbs moods tenses and voices that does not result in any forms For example if you choose eiut in the list of verbs and asked to be drilled on indicative pluperfect active forms Gramma would find no appropriate forms in its database since ewi does not have a pluperfect If this happens Gramma will ask you to select different settin
7. Then replace the new empty Users folder with your old one You can also reset all users preferences and histories by dragging the contents of the Users folder to the trash To delete individual users open the Users folder and drag individual folders to the trash 50 Gramma Software for Learning Greek Click Enter after you have corrected your parsing to enter your new answer You can always see the correct answer by clicking Give Up If you do Gramma will display the correct answer Click Again to move on to the next form If you parsed the form correctly Gramma will tell you so and will move on If the form in question has more than one possible identification Gramma will re display it and ask you to parse it again You must parse it differently this time If you give the same identification a second time Gramma will consider that incorrect Noun Pronoun and Adjective Drill Decline a Form A Parse a For Decline a For l Y M To drill your active knowledge of noun pronoun and adjective forms Gramma will bring the Decline a Form tab to the front exposing a set of controls that will let you type a specific form of a noun pronoun or adjective Give the Masculine ofthe word ypog Nominative Plural On right side of this box Gramma gives the lexicon form of a word On the left side Gramma specifies which form you are to produce Installin
8. at least one noun pronoun or adjective 45 Noun Pronoun and Adjective Drill Noun Pronoun and Adjective Drill Parsing vs Declining When you drill forms of nouns pronouns and adjectives you will work in the Noun Drill Window The appearance of this window will change during the course of a noun drill session depending on whether Gramma is testing your active knowledge or your passive knowledge You can determine whether Gramma drills you on active knowledge or passive knowledge or both by changing a setting in the Welcome window see The Welcome Window Universal Settings above page 19 At the top of the Noun Drill window you will see two tabs Parse a Form and Conjugate a Form Gramma will switch between these two to drill passive knowledge or active knowledge respectively Parse a Forn j When you are drilling passive knowledge the Parse a Form tab will be foremost Gramma will present you with a specific form of a word and display a set of buttons that you will use to identify the word s type gender case and number This process of identification is called parsing When you are drilling active knowledge the Decline a Form tab will be foremost Gramma will present you with word in its lexicon form usually the nominative singular and ask you to decline that word into a specified gender case and number Because these processes are different t
9. by Christopher Blackwell and Peter Burian inspired by the program Greek Practice a package of software for Macintosh Computers developed by Dale R Bowne for teaching Koin Greek The original Gramma owed much to Professor Bowne and to Mr Paul Baerman of Duke University Press formerly the publishers of Bowne s software for their cooperation and encouragement Dr Jerry Campbell Vice Provost for Computing at Duke University provided a grant for equipment and money that made the original Gramma possible This major revision of Gramma was written by Christopher Blackwell with material support from Dr A V Huff Vice President and Dean of Academic Affairs at Furman University Warranty amp Replacements The publisher warrants the program and the disk on which it is distributed to the licensee for a period of one year A description of any program defects should be sent along with a defective distribution disk to the publisher for repair or replacement Since the disk is not copy protected refunds cannot be offered unless the program is never able to be installed or used due to hardware conflicts Be sure to check that apparent defects are not a result of imperfect installation Replacement master disks are available to licensees at a nominal cost 54 Gramma Software for Learning Greek you get up to speed quickly since you can see immediately whether your typing is having the desired result Your answer r al qumas r
10. several verbs they would all appear in this list and you would have to select the appropriate one Select a verb by clicking on it in the list Click on one of the buttons in the box labeled Voice to identify the verb s voice Click on one of the buttons in the box labeled Mood to identify the verb s mood For the purposes of drilling verb forms Participle and Infinitive are included among the moods Click on one of the buttons in the box labeled Tense to identify the verb s tense Click on one of the buttons in the box labeled Person to identify the person of the verb Note that participles do not have person They do however have gender because they are the adjectival forms of verbs Gramma includes the masculine feminine and neuter forms of participles in its database of verbs but only the nominative singular forms So if you identified the verb form as a participle use the Person buttons to specify whether it is masculine feminine or neuter Infinitives do not have person so if you identified the verb form as an infinitive click on N A Not Applicable If you did not ask to be drilled on infinitive forms N A will not be available as an option Setting Up the Vocabulary Drill You begin a Vocabulary drill from the Welcome window the first window you see after you start Gramma and log in with your user name In the Welcome window click on the Vocabulary tab to br
11. 00 All vocabulary and morphological data are stored in external files which allows easy updating to correct errors add data and add new vocabulary files as they become available Each user s preferences are stored in external files which allows one copy of Gramma to be used by several users and allows users to move more easily from one computer to another In the old version of Gramma each user had to keep a copy of each vocabulary file In this version users data is separate from vocabulary data Users can type Greek in Gramma using beta code which is the closest thing to a universal standard for electronic entry of Greek The beta code is transliterated in real time into normal Greek and displayed using the Athenian font included The old version of Gramma kept track of which vocabulary words a user got right and which she got wrong this enabled the program to drill a user on certain words more frequently The new version goes much further noticing when users confuse the meanings of two Greek words and confuse Greek words that sound alike The new version looks better Shortly after Apple releases MacOS X Gramma will be updated to be fully Carbon Compliant allowing it to take full advantage of OS X s modern features protected memory preemptive multitasking and the Aqua appearance How does Gramma work Gramma works like a very sophisticated and flexible electronic version of a set
12. 32 Gramma Software for Learning Greek If you would like to go back and change an answer click on the Answer Box Gramma will allow you to edit that answer in the Your Answer field When you re done type Return to re enter the answer When all the Answer Boxes have an answer or a in them hit Return again Gramma will evaluate your answers The boxes containing correct answers will turn green The boxes containing incorrect answers will turn red and display the correct answer and any special supplementary grammar or none if there is none Study your answers make note of any incorrect ones and hit Return again or click Okay to go to the next item in the drill Information and Statistics At the bottom of the Vocabulary Drill window are several fields that give you information and feedback as you practice your vocabulary The word you are currently being drilled on came from chapter 5 of the textbook Note some textbooks introduce words several times in subsequent chapters Gramma always makes sure that it is using the most advanced version of the word s definition So if meta is introduced in chapter 2 as meaning after acc but appears again in chapter 5 meaning after Chapter 4 acc with gen then Gramma will use the information from chapter 5 If you are working only with chapters 1 3 however Gramma will use the information from chapter 2 only Gramma ke
13. A ouct Type your answer in this box You must type in Beta code which will be transliterated into real Greek characters in the field below A short introduction to typing in Beta code is given in the section Typing Your Answer in Greek above page 28 A full explanation of Beta code is given in the Appendix Typing Greek Using Beta Code Show Beta code Template You can click on this button to see Beta code template as you work Ignor J Ignore Accents athings T To speed up your drill you can have Gramma disregard accents and breathings If you check Ignore Accents Gramma will consider an answer correct even if it lacks accent marks or they are misplaced If you check Ignore Breathings Too Gramma will consider an answer correct even if you omit or mistype breathing marks Unless you check Ignore Accents you cannot check Ignore Breathings Too We the authors of Gramma do not recommend this Accents and breathings are an integral part of Greek and ignorance of them will harm your ability to read Greek accurately quickly and with understanding This feature has been requested a number of times however and we aim to please Use it at your own risk The Welcome Window Specific Settings The bottom of the Welcome window is taken up by a tab panel This looks like a stack of three file folders with labels reading Vocabulary Verbs and Nouns amp c This tab panel l
14. O Box 6996 Alpharetta GA 30239 6996 USA 1 800 437 6692 To type Greek in Gramma then you must type in Beta Code This is not difficult Beta Code is fairly intuitive and allows any moderately skilled typist to touch type Greek with a great deal of accuracy Whenever Gramma asks you to type in Greek it will transliterate the Beta Code that you type into the Athenian font on the fly This will help 58 10 Gramma Software for Learning Greek License Types A school site license provides that an unlimited number of installations may be made for use at the school for which the license was purchased Permission is also granted for use of the program on a network when the program has a network version This allows for the program to be made concurrently available to an entire class when facilities allow A student license is designed for students in a class who desire to use the program at home Use is limited to one person Licenses must be purchased in groups of 10 or more unless the purchaser already owns a school site license An individual home license provides for making copies for additional computers owned or used regularly by members of the same household including those in an office at work Use of the program is restricted to household members or those attending a home school while in that household It should be removed from any computers not owned by the household after they are done using it How to Reach the Author
15. Passive Knowledge Setting sess 21 The Welcome Window Specific Settings eese 23 Setting Up the Vocabulary Drill ceeeeeeeeeneneneneen 25 Selecting Files and Chapters for Vocabulary Drill sss 25 The How Much Reinforcement Setting sse 26 The How Much Review Setting Starting the Drill Session sssssseeeen Contents Diacritical Marks breathings accents iota subscripts 57 Appendix Some Technical Notes eese 61 Verb and Noun Drill 2 2 26552 Gr ni creep E eei HER S 61 Vocabulary Dri 61 63 Conclusion 58 Gramma Software for Learning Greek Here is a chart showing some Beta Code combinations and how they will be represented in the Athenian font Some Common Combinations Type To Get Type To Get a a A a a a A a a a A a a w Q a 2w Q wl Y r w l a r P w SN H w ai Ai h zl ai AC Welcome to Gramma What is Gramma Gramma is a software application intended to help students of ancient Greek Classical or Koin drill themselves on vocabulary the forms of verbs and the forms of nouns pronouns and adjectives Gramma allows users to practice active knowledge the ability to translate from English into Greek and passi
16. Vocabulary Drill 31 What you typed will be entered into one of the gray Answer Boxes below Gramma Vocabulary Drill narjp marp c Your answer Follos Your answer is entered into this box Click to edit answer father Very often a single Greek word will have more than one possible English meaning For example Baivw can mean I step I walk or l go If Gramma expects more than one answer more than one gray Answer Box will appear in the window Your answer followed a Two answers are expected C Click te edit answer After you type your first answer hit the Return key to enter that answer in the first Answer Box The Your Answer field will then be blank ready for you to type another answer Keep typing answers and hitting Return until there is an answer in each of the Answer Boxes You can leave an Answer Box blank by hitting Return without typing anything This will enter a in the Answer Box
17. a user name Type your name in the box and click Okay In the folder containing the Gramma application there is a folder called Greate a Newser Users Gramma will create a new VEU vena teen folder there with your user name c This folder will contain files that keep ume track of your preferences and your performance as you practice Greek Next time you start Gramma you can simply double click on your name in the list of users After you click Okay Gramma will show you the Welcome window 17 46 Gramma Software for Learning Greek Selecting Special Forms By default Gramma will drill you on the nominative genitive dative and accusative singular and plural of each of the nouns pronouns or adjectives that you have selected There are two other settings representing less common forms Duals and the Vocative Case Drill Dual Forms Check the Duals button if you want to LJ Drill Yocative Forms drill the Dual forms of nouns pronouns and adjectives in addition to the singular and plural forms Check the Vocatives button if you want to drill vocative forms in addition to nominatives genitives datives and accusatives Begin Drill Once you have set the preferences to your liking click on Begin Dr start The Welcome Window Universal Settings This window is the main control panel and launching pad for Gramma Here you can set your preferences define precisely ho
18. al qurnor b Bunos b uuov Whenever you are working in Gramma you can see an on screen keyboard template for Beta Code by clicking this button Show Beta code Template Typing Greek Letters in Beta Code Here are is a chart showing how letters on your keyboard correspond to Greek letters This first chart is organized by Roman that is English letters Letter Chart Organized by Roman Keys Beta Code Greek Beta Code Greek A alpha N nu B beta O omicron C xi P pi D delta Q theta E epsilon R rho F phi S sigma G gamma T tau H eta U upsilon iota W omega K kappa X chi L lambda Y psi M mu Z zeta This chart is organized alphabetically by Greek letters Installing Gramma Macintosh Using the Installer Insert the Gramma CD and double click on the Gramma Installer icon This should automatically install the Gramma application with all of its support files and the files necessary for Gramma s online help The only thing left for you to do is install the Athenian font see below If your Macintosh is running any version of the Mac operating system earlier than version 8 6 the installer will alert you to that fact and refuse to run See below for instructions in this case Installing the Athenian Font Gramma uses the Athenian font to display Greek To install it drag the suitcase file Athenian fonts from the Gramma CD to the Fonts folder inside your System Folder Or you ca
19. all Gramma by running the Installer or by dragging the Gramma 4 0 folder from the Appendix Typing Greek using Beta Code Introduction Beta Code is a way to represent diatonic Greek that is Greek with accents breathings and iota subscripts using only characters available in the Roman fonts that are standard on any computer Beta Code is currently the closest thing there is to a universal standard for computerized Greek The electronic Greek texts of the Perseus Project www perseus tufts edu an the Stoa Consortium www stoa org for example are all stored in Beta Code The databases of vocabulary verbs nouns pronouns and adjectives in Gramma are all encoded in Beta Code Before displaying that Greek however Gramma transliterates the Beta Code into another encoding that allows the Greek to display properly in the Athenian font In the next few years we expect other better standards to emerge specifically polytonic Greek fonts conforming to Unicode standards When that happens Gramma will updated to take advantage of them Beta Code and Gramma The Athenian font that comes with Gramma allows Greek to be displayed nicely but you cannot type Greek in the Athenian font easily If you would like to use Athenian to type Greek in word processing documents you can purchase the commercial GreekKeys package which includes special keyboard files Greek Keys 7 0 may be purchased from Scholars Press Customer Services P
20. ault Gramma uses the Geneva font for English Geneva l displaying English words and Greek Athenian Athenian for displaying Greek am _ words On Windows by default Gramma uses the MS Sans font for displaying English words and Athenian for displaying Greek words Setting Up the Noun Pronoun and Adjective Drill You begin a Noun drill from the Welcome window the first window you see after you start Gramma and log in with your user name Vocabulary verbs Nouns amp c In the Welcome window click on the Nouns amp c tab to bring it to the front Selecting Nouns to Drill On the left side of the tab panel you will see a scrolling list of nouns pronouns and adjectives If these words do not appear in Greek characters the Athenian font is not installed correctly on your computer see the section on Double Click to Choose e Pa installing Gramma for more UAR information for Macintosh users amp vrjp page 11 for Windows users page tory 15 autos agh EUS In this picture one word is selected ra from the list This is marked by the ERE gt character to the left of the word inurog You can select another word by Uncheck All double clicking on it You can de select a word that is already selected by double clicking on it To de select all words and start over click the Uncheck All button below the list of verbs You must select
21. ch the educational value of reading long passages of Greek thus seeing Greek vocabulary verbs nouns pronouns and adjectives in context But we hope that these features will make Gramma a valuable and responsive tool for students of Greek and perhaps help overcome some of the necessary tedium of memorization and drill Gramma Software for Learning Greek Macintosh amp Windows v 4 0 User Manual Gramma 2000 Christopher W Blackwell All Rights Reserved Distributed by Centaur Systems 407 N Brearly St Madison WI 53703 1603 USA phone 608 255 6979 fax 608 255 6949 toll free US 888 CENTAUR 236 8287 http www centaursystems com In arrangement with Cambridge University Press Harvard University Press Oxford University Press 62 Gramma Software for Learning Greek In your User folder Gramma saves a file that corresponds to each vocabulary file So if you have ever drilled yourself using the vocabulary file for the Athenaze textbook Athenaze grv there will be a file called Athenaze gsc in your user folder In that file Gramma records a Score for each word in the vocabulary file These scores start at 0 and go up or down depending on how you do when drilling vocabulary Getting a word right makes the score go up getting it wrong makes it go down It is more complicated than that since Gramma tries to catch certain types of mistakes and focus your drill as closely as possible to your needs Th
22. e program does this by making larger or smaller changes to a words score thus allowing both short term and longer term cumulative changes in how it emphasizes various words For example if Gramma asks you to identify dyw which means I lead and you type I announce it will remember that you need more help with dyw But it will also note that I announce is a translation of ayy AAw So Gramma will remember that you might be confusing dyw with vy AAc and will emphasize both of those words in the future If Gramma asks you for the meaning of aip w I choose and you miss it Gramma will take note of the fact that atp o sounds very much like dipw The program will immediately begin emphasizing aip w the word you missed It will not start emphasizing a po immediately but if you keep missing words that sound like dipw Gramma will start to emphasize that word as well Likewise Gramma will notice and respond if you seem to be confusing ny ouat Gyouat and nyeu v Some textbooks introduce the same Greek word early with a few meaning and then re introduce it later with more So peta might appear in chapter 3 meaning after acc It might reappear in chapter 10 meaning after acc and with gen Gramma will always drill you on the most up to date version of a given word So if you were to drill only chapters 1 3 Gramma would drill you on pet meaning after acc But if you were drilling chap
23. eps track of a score for each word in each vocabulary file These scores are saved for each user This allows Gramma to emphasize the words that you do not know as well Item s Score 0 This field tells you the current word s score For an explanation of how these word scores work see the discussion in the Appendix Some Technical Notes This is your current score for this drill Drill Score 0 session It represents the ratio of correct answers to total answers This is for your information only these scores are not saved from one drill to the next Vocabulary Drill 33 This tells you how many more items remain in the current Drill Session The first number is the number remaining the second number is the total number of items you requested You can always end a drill early by clicking the End Drill button 100 items remaining out of 100 The first number is the number of words appearing in the chapters you selected for this drill The second number is the total number of words in the vocabulary file you selected 177 1195 words in drill Ending the Drill Session When you have gone through the requested number of items in the Drill Session or you click End Drill Gramma will ask you if you want to save your scores for that session If you click Okay Gramma will remember which words you got right and which ones you got wrong The next time you use Gramma to drill vocabulary it will emphasize words that ga
24. eta Code into the Athenian font it will represent the sigmas properly So qalassas kalas aAaooac kaAaq Punctuation Beta Code punctuation is straightforward Here s the chart Beta Code Punctuation Type To Get Type To Get period hyphen comma bes dash h question mark left parenthesis colon right parenthesis You must use square brackets for parentheses because and are used to represent rough and smooth breathings see below Welcome to Gramma 9 expects you to type its translation in Greek If it displays a word in Greek it expects you to type its meaning in English You can choose which words to drill based on the chapters of your textbook You can drill only words in chapter 7 of Athenaze for example or all words in chapters 1 through 31 of Reading Greek You can specify how often you want to drill your active knowledge from never to all the time and how often you want the program to reinforce a word before deciding that you know it When you use Gramma to practice forms the program will either display a particular form and ask you to identify it by clicking buttons or will describe a form and ask you to type it in Greek Gramma will not teach you to read Greek But it can help your reading by honing your ability to recognize quickly and accurately the meanings and forms of Greek words Acknowledgements The original version of Gramma was written
25. ets you set preferences and adjust settings for the three different kinds of drills that Gramma offers By default the Vocabulary tab is foremost when you start up In the rectangular field below it you see only settings related to drilling vocabulary At the bottom there is a button Begin Drill that will begin a vocabulary drill session If you click on the Verbs tab you will see only settings related to drilling verbs The Begin Drill button will begin a drill session on verb forms Begin Drill If you click on the Nouns amp c tab you will see only settings related to drilling nouns pronouns and adjectives The Begin Drill button will begin a drill session on the forms of nouns pronouns and adjectives We will describe the various settings as we describe each of the types of drill 23 40 Gramma Software for Learning Greek You will use the controls in the lower part of the tab panel to parse this verb form that is to identify what verb it is from its mood tense voice person and number If there is more than one possible answer you will identify them one after another At the left of the tab panel appears a list of verbs If you selected only one verb to drill it is selected by default Verb ZI E If you set Gramma to drill you on the forms of only one verb only one word will appear in this list It will be selected by default If you had set Gramma to drill you on the forms of
26. g Gramma Windows Using the Installer Insert the Gramma CD and double click on the Setup icon This should automatically install the Gramma application with all of its support files the files necessary for Gramma s online help and the Athenian font What is Installed The Gramma application will be installed in C Application Files Gramma A shortcut to Gramma will be placed in the Applications sub menu of the Start menu The Athenian font will be installed in Control Panels Fonts Two shared library files will be installed or updated if necessary MSCOMCTL OCX and VB6STKIT DLL You can uninstall Gramma and its supporting files by selecting Uninstall from the Windows Start menu 15 48 Gramma Software for Learning Greek Noun Pronoun and Adjective Drill Moving Through a Drill Regardless of whether you happen to be parsing a form or declining a verb the process of moving through a noun drill remains the same Moreover the process of moving through a noun drill is identical to that for moving through a verb drill For a description of moving through a verb drill see above page 38 Noun Pronoun and Adjective Drill Information and Statistics Information and statistics given during a noun drill are identical to those for a verb drill which is described on page 38 above Noun Pronoun and Adjective Drill Parse a Form Decline a Fo T To drill your passive knowledge of noun pron
27. ge drill you on not yet learned words three out of four times but one out of four words will be ones that the program things you know Starting the Drill Session Once you have set the preferences to your liking click on Begin Drill to start Begin Drill Verb Drill 39 Y The number of times you entered an answer including repeated attempts Z The number of times you clicked Give Up Again this score is merely for your information It is not saved and does not influence the course of the drill The number labeled Correct is the number of forms you answered correctly including ones that took more than one attempt The number labeled Give Ups is the number of forms for which you clicked Give Up The number labeled To Go is the number of forms remaining in this drill session The number labeled Possible Forms is the total number of possible forms based on the verbs moods tenses and cases you selected in the Welcome window Depending on your settings this number will range from 6 to several thousand Verb Drill Parse a Verb Form To drill your passive knowledge of verb forms Gramma will bring the Parse a Form tab to the front exposing a set of controls that will let you identify a given verb form f Parse a Verb Forn r At the top of the window Gramma will display a verb form for you to parse Parse the following Yerb Form coba Based on t
28. gs Vocabulary Drill 29 You can also get on screen help by clicking the Show Beta Code Template button Show Beta code Template Beta code works like this Each Greek letter is matched with a Roman i e English letter on your keyboard Most are obvious alpha a beta b and so on um Others are more or less obvious eta h omega w chi x xi C psi y theta q Sigma is always s regardless of whether it is it the middle of a word or at the end To get breathings use the parentheses characters smooth breathing rough breathing Type these after the letter they should appear over alpha smooth breathing a alpha rough breathing a The acute accent is represented by the grave by V key and the circumflex by lota subscripts are indicated by I So Omega smooth breathing w Omega smooth breathing circumflex w Omega sm breathing circumflex iota subs w l To indicate a capital letter precede the letter with an asterisk So Capital alpha a If a capital letter has a breathing put the breathing before the letter So Capital alpha smooth breathing a Capital alpha smooth breathing acute accent a The Followed By Field Next to the field labeled Your Answer is a smaller field and a pop up menu The smaller field is labeled Followed by case mood etc
29. he forms you have chosen there are 2 remaining answers Many verb forms have more than one possible identification and it is important for you to recognize these Here the form in question can be correctly identified in 2 different ways it is both the present middle infinitive and the present passive infinitive Verb Drill 41 Click on one of the buttons in the box labeled Number to identify the verb s number If you did not ask to be drilled on dual forms by checking that box in the Welcome window the Dual button will not be available Infinitives do not have number so if you have identified the verb form as an infinitive click on N A Not Applicable If you did not ask to be drilled on infinitive forms N A will not be available as an option If you identified the verb form as a participle click on Singular since only nominative singular participle forms are included in Gramma s database of verb forms When you have made all of your selections click Enter or hit the Return key enter If you have parsed the form incorrectly Gramma will try to give you a hint for example Select another Mood and try again You will then be able to correct your parsing Click Enter after you have corrected your parsing to enter your new answer You can always see the correct answer by clicking Give Up If you do Gramma will display the correct answer Click Again to move o
30. his manual will describe them in Separate sections see below 47 Noun Pronoun and Adjective Drill 49 At the left of the tab panel appears a list of words If you set Gramma to drill you on the forms of only one noun pronoun or adjective only one word would appear in this list It would be selected by default In this example the user is drilling the forms of three words She has selected the third one in the list Word or amp yp r o2 amp An Bis Select a word by clicking on it in the list Click on one of the buttons in the box labeled Type to identify the word s type Note that adjectives and participles make up one category In some cases where a word can be either an adjective or a pronoun Gramma considers it an adjective only for the sake of convenience c autos Click on one of the buttons in the box labeled Gender to identify the word s gender Nouns are either masculine feminine or neuter Some adjectives have one set of forms for both masculine and feminine and another for neuter These are the so called adjectives of two terminations So you can practice identifying these precisely Gramma includes a Masc Fem button Click this if the form in question could be masculine or feminine Some adjectives have one set of forms for masculine feminine and neuter These are the so called adjectives of one termination So you can practice identifying these precisely Gramma includes a M
31. htm with any web browser You can drag the file grammain htm to the icon for Internet Explorer Netscape Navigator or Netscape Communicator and the application will and display the table of contents for the online Help What is installed The Gramma Installer installs two things 1 The Gramma 4 0 folder which can go anywhere on your hard disk This folder contains the Gramma application a folder Data containing Gramma s databases of forms and vocabulary and a folder Users which will store preferences and histories for each user who works with this installation of Gramma This folder also contains a file called Gramma Guide which is necessary for the online help You should keep all of these items inside the Gramma 4 0 folder although you can freely move or rename the Gramma 4 0 folder 2 The Gramma Help folder which is in the Help files folder on the Gramma CD This is installed in the Help folder inside the System Folder of your hard disk In addition you need to have the Athenian font installed in the Fonts folder of your System Folder see instructions above Re installing Gramma If you decide to re install Gramma you will want to preserve any existing preferences and histories stored in the Users folder in the Gramma 4 0 folder Simply made a copy of the Users folder put that copy somewhere on your hard disk outside of the Gramma folder reinst
32. ing it to the front Selecting Files and Chapters for Vocabulary Drill Gramma comes with vocabulary files keyed to specific Greek textbooks This allows you to focus your practice Which Chapters from Which Files Vocabulary Files Athenaze grv Chase amp Philips grv ReadingGreek grv The controls inside the frame entitled Which chapters from Which Files allow you to select a vocabulary file and specify which chapters you would like to practice You can set a starting and ending chapter by typing in the fields or by clicking the arrows to the right of each field To drill all words in chapters 1 2 and three set Starting Chapter to 1 and Ending Chapter to 3 Click on a vocabulary file in the list Athenaze grv is selected by default 25 38 Gramma Software for Learning Greek Verb Drill Moving Through a Drill Regardless of whether you happen to be parsing a verb or conjugating a verb the process of moving through a verb drill remains the same On the right side of the Verb Drill window are four buttons After you have given your answer by typing a form or by parsing one you Click Enter or hit the Return key on the keyboard Enter A T ewe Gramma will evaluate whether your answer is right or Again wrong If your answer is correct Gramma will inform you of that Give up fact and display another verb End Drill If your answer is incorrect Gramma wi
33. l verbs and start over click the Uncheck All Verbs button below the list of verbs You must select at least one verb Selecting Moods Tenses Voices and Special Forms The right side of the tab panel is devoted to a number of check boxes Use these to choose which forms of your selected verbs you would like to drill You must choose at least one mood one tense and one voice 35 28 Gramma Software for Learning Greek Your answer If the Greek word is a verb the English answer will be in the form I run eat etc You do not however need to type the I although you can Gramma generally disregards punctuation in English answers so on the one hand on the other and on the one hand on the other are equally correct answers as far as Gramma is concerned Typing Answers in Greek If Gramma displays an English word at the top of the Vocabulary window type your answer in Greek In order for Gramma to drill your active knowledge of Greek you have to be able to type Greek words complete with breathings and accents There is currently no universally accepted way to type diatonic Greek i e Greek with accents and breathings into a computer For this version of Gramma we have chosen the closest thing to a universal standard Beta Code Beta Code is a way of representing diatonic Greek using the regular characters available on your keyboard As you type Gramma will automatically transla
34. lay a set of buttons that you will use to identify the verb s mood tense voice person and number This process of identification is called parsing When you are drilling active knowledge the Conjugate a Verb tab will be foremost Gramma will present you with verb in its lexicon form usually the indicative present active first person singular and ask you to conjugate that verb into a specified mood tense voice person and number Because these processes are different this manual will describe them in separate sections see following sections 37 26 Gramma Software for Learning Greek The How Much Reinforcement Setting Gramma will drill you more frequently on words that you do not know The How Much Reinforcement tells Gramma when to consider a word to be known At its default setting of 5 once you m How Much Reinforcement have correctly identified a word 5 times j without mis identifying it Gramma will consider it to have been learned and atore anera will drill you on it much less frequently It is actually a little more complicated than that for details see the Appendix on Some Technical Notes The How Much Review Setting This setting tells Gramma how often to drill you on words that you already know as defined by the How How Much Review Much Reinforcement setting At its default setting of 25 Gramma 25 Review will on the avera
35. ll inform you of that fact perhaps giving a hint and invite you to try again Correct your answer and click Enter again If you do not know the answer you can click on the Give Up button to see the correct answer Gramma will display the correct answer and wait while you study it When you have taken note of the correct answer click on Again to move on to another verb form At any time you can click End Drill to end the current drill session and return to the Welcome window Verb Drill Information and Statistics At the lower right of the Verb Drill window Gramma displays some information and statistics as your drill session progresses Score These are for your information only They are not saved 100 from one session to the next This field shows you your current score for this drill session It is calculated as follows Score x y z x 100 Where x The number of forms shown including repeats of the same form Vocabulary Drill The Vocabulary Window This is the window in which you will drill vocabulary Gramma Vocabulary Drill fj p vn ns Your answer Followed by csse mood elc 7 Click te edit answer Chapter 4 Quit Score 02 112 1195 vords ir drill Men s Score 0 10 items remairing out of 10 Show Deta code Tem pl ste Gramma will display a word in the field at the top of the window The word might be in English or in Greek depending on how you set your Active vs
36. m English into Greek Passive knowledge refers to i your ability to translate from Greek 25 Active Knowledge Drill into English Gramma can help you practice both your active knowledge and your passive knowledge You can choose to practice only English to Greek Passive only Greek to English Active or a mixture of both By default Gramma will test your Active knowledge 25 of the time So if you choose 100 in the How Many field and proceeded to drill your vocabulary Gramma would show you 100 vocabulary items and ask you to translate them Of those 100 25 would be English and you would be asked to give the Greek The remaining 75 would be Greek and you would be asked to supply the English You can change this percentage by moving the slider left and right Click on the slider and drag If you move the slider all the way to the left the label below will read O Active Knowledge Drill Gramma will never give you English and ask for Greek If you move the slider all the way to the right the label below will read 100 Active Knowledge Drill Gramma will always show you English and ask for Greek 42 Gramma Software for Learning Greek Give the Present of the verb AUco Active Indicative 3rd Person Plural On right side of this box Gramma gives the lexicon form of a verb On the left side Gramma specifies which form you are to produce Type Your Answer Here lu ousi
37. n simply drag the file Athenian Fonts to the closed System Folder Any applications that are running when you install Athenian will have to be quit and restarted to take advantage of the newly installed font Installing Gramma on pre MacOS 8 6 Computers The Gramma Installer will not run on a Macintosh running any version of the Macintosh operating system MacOS earlier than 8 6 but you can still use Gramma on any version of the MacOS starting with MacOS 8 0 Gramma has not been tested on Macs running any version of System 7 It may run or it may not If your computer has version 8 5 of the Macintosh operating system MacOS installed you should download the free upgrade to MacOS 8 6 from Apple www apple com If your computer has version 8 0 or 8 1 of the MacOS you can install Gramma by dragging the folder Gramma 4 0 to your hard disk Then install the Athenian font following the instructions above 11 52 Gramma Software for Learning Greek Noun Pronoun and Adjective Drill Ending the Drill Session After you have been drilled on the requested number of forms the noun drill session will end You can also end it at any time by clicking the End Drill button Gramma will display some statistics about your drill for your information and will return you to the Welcome window From there you can quit Gramma or initiate another drill session Installing Gramma Macintosh 13 CD to your hard disk
38. n to the next form If you parsed the form correctly Gramma will tell you so and will move on If the verb form in question has more than one possible identification Gramma will re display it and ask you to parse it again You must parse it differently this time If you give the same identification a second time Gramma will consider that incorrect Verb Drill Conjugate 4 Verb j Parse a Verb Form onjugate a Ver j A E To drill your active knowledge of verb forms Gramma will bring the Conjugate a Form tab to the front exposing a set of controls that will let you type a specific form of a verb Verb Drill 43 When you have typed your answer click Enter or hit the Return key If you have typed the form incorrectly Gramma will let tnter you know and give you the opportunity to try again Click Enter after you have corrected your answer You can always see the correct answer by clicking Give Up If you do Gramma will display the correct answer Click Again to move on to the next form If you typed the form correctly Gramma will tell you so and will move on Verb Drill Ending the Drill Session After you have been drilled on the requested number of forms the Verb drill session will end You can also end it at any time by clicking the End Drill button Gramma will display some statistics about your drill for your information and will return you to the Welcome window
39. noun and Adjective Drill Moving Through a Drill 48 give you problems based on your performance during vocabulary drill Noun Pronoun and Adjective Drill Information and Statistics 48 sessions Noun Pronoun and Adjective Drill Parse a Form sss 48 Gramma does this by means of a fairly complex system of scoring and Noun Pronoun and Adjective Drill Decline a Form sessssse 50 cross referencing Noun Pronoun and Adjective Drill Ending the Drill Session 52 Each vocabulary file the files ending with grv in the Data folder Appendix Typing Greek using Beta Code 53 consists of a series of records Each record contains one vocabulary Introduction x eoe inb e cibi eem tt icum cobs ombre entes 53 word as it appears in a certain chapter in the textbook Each record Beta Code and Gramma ec t 53 contains information about the Greek word how that word sounds what Typing Greek Letters in Beta Code 54 are its possible English translation what chapter it appears in and which other words in the list have the same English meanings Upper and Lower Case Greek Letters ssssseeeee 55 Medial and Terminal Sigmas sse 55 Punctuation 56 61 Appendix Some Technical Notes 63 Conclusion Gramma is really little more than a set of electronic flashcards and no computer program can mat
40. of flash cards When you use Gramma to drill vocabulary the program displays a word and asks you to type its meaning If it displays a word in English it Appendix Typing Greek using Beta Code 57 Diacritical Marks breathings accents iota subscripts Breathings accents and iota subscript are represented with characters typed after the letter over which they are to appear Here is the chart Diacritical Marks Type To Get Type To Get smooth breathing acute accent rough breathing grave accent iota subscript B circumflex dieresis If the diacritical marks are to appear over or under a lower case letter type them after the letter If they are to appear over an upper case letter type them between the which makes the letter upper case and the letter Appendix Typing Greek using Beta Code Finally here are some lines of Greek showing the Beta Code and the transliteration Homer Iliad 1 1 7 mhznin a eide qea phlhita dew axilh os ufivw erde Bed MnAriadew Axos ou lome nhn h muri axaioi s a lge e qhke OUAOLEVNY fj nupt Axat ic GAys 6nke polla s d i fqi mous yuxa s ai di proi ayen TIOAAGG 5 up amp poug wux Aidt Tpdtawev h rw wn au tou s de e Iw ria teu xe ku nessin Newwv aUtoUc d Aopia Te0xe KUVECOLV oi wnoi si te pa si dio s d e telei eto boulh Olwvotot Te n o AL G 5 amp reAe ero BOUAN e c ou dh ta prw ta diasth thn e
41. oun and adjective forms Gramma will bring the Parse a Form tab to the front exposing a set of controls that will let you identify a given form Parse the following form Based on the forms you have chosen there are 2 remaining answers At the top of the window Gramma will display a form for you to parse Many words particularly adjectives have more than one possible identification and it is important for you to recognize these Here the form in question can be correctly identified in 2 different ways it can be neuter nominative plural or neuter accusative plural You will use the controls in the lower part of the tab panel to parse this form that is to identify what word it is from its type gender case and number If there is more than one possible answer you will identify them one after another Getting Started if Double click on the Gramma application to begin The first thing you will see is a window labeled Choose User Gramma keeps track of each user s preferences and other data in separate files This allows the program to help you focus your practice of words and forms The first time you run Gramma you may see only New User in the box Or if someone else has been using this copy of Gramma you may see their user name Click on New User to select it then click the Start button or you can simply double click on New User You will be asked to enter
42. ri sante amp oU Sr t nota o aoT tnv Epioavte atrei dhs te a nac a ndrwzn kai di os axilleu s Atpgt ng Te va v p v Kal dlos AXLAAEUC 4 Gramma Software for Learning Greek Vocabulary Drill siiccssivescctnvecrensesenseasencernsntxsscecesseneessrnetsecnevsoncesntnsncetennetsoners 27 The Vocabulary Window sssesee eme 27 oe Typing Answers in English cccccccecsccsssscscsecsesesecsesececsesececsesececsesacsesees 27 Appendix Some Technical Notes Typing Answers in Greek 28 Verb and Noun Drill The Followed By Field 29 During verb drill sessions and noun drill sessions Gramma keeps track Entering Your Answers PAPE AA E E R cogivecbevkcnsigaiiusiseasns 30 of which verbs you identified correctly and which ones you did not It Information and Statistics ssssessesstisrtsrtsrriessesseestststtr stenene esaeet etats 32 uses this information to decide which verbs to drill you on during that Ending the Drill Session sssssssn nene 33 session Gramma does not however save that information from one Setting Up the Verb Drill eese ntn nnn 35 drill session to the next Selecting Verbs to Drill nenne 35 There is a reason for this In one drill session you might choose to Selecting Moods Tenses Voices and Special Forms 35 practice the present active indicative forms of verbs A B and C In Verb Dril
43. s Too Gramma will consider an answer correct even if you omit or mistype breathing marks Unless you check Ignore Accents you cannot check Ignore Breathings Too We the authors of Gramma do not recommend this Accents and breathings are an integral part of Greek and ignorance of them will harm your ability to read Greek accurately quickly and with understanding This feature has been requested a number of times however and we aim to please Use it at your own risk When you have typed your answer click Enter or hit the Return key If you have typed the form incorrectly Gramma will let you know and give you the opportunity to try again Click Enter after you have corrected your answer You can always see the correct answer by clicking Give Up If you do Gramma will display the correct answer Click Again to move on to the next form If you typed the form correctly Gramma will tell you so and will move on 12 Gramma Software for Learning Greek If your computer has version 8 0 of the MacOS you should download the free upgrade to 8 1 from Apple www apple com On pre 8 6 versions of MacOS Gramma s online help will not be accessible through the Help menu You can however still access the online help files On the Gramma CD open the Help Files folder and drag the Gramma Help folder to your hard disk Access the help files by opening the file grammain
44. te your beta code into real Greek using the Athenian font This will help you get used to working with Beta code very quickly In the screen shot below Gramma displayed lazy at the top of the Vocabulary window The user typed her answer in beta code and Gramma displayed the transliterated Greek in the field below Your answer r al qumos r al qumor p Bupos Pg Bupov For a complete discussion of Beta code see the Appendix Typing Greek using Beta Code What follows is a short introduction to get you started Verb Drill Verb Drill Parsing vs Conjugating When you drill verb forms you will work in the Verb Drill Window The appearance of this window will change during the course of a verb drill session depending on whether Gramma is testing your active knowledge or your passive knowledge You can determine whether Gramma drills you on active knowledge or passive knowledge or both by changing a setting in the Welcome window see the chapter The Welcome Window Universal Settings above At the top of the Verb Drill window you will see two tabs Parse a Verb and Conjugate a Verb Gramma will switch between these two to drill passive knowledge or active knowledge respectively f Parse a Yerb Fo s ugate a Yerb When you are drilling passive knowledge the Parse a Verb Form tab will be foremost Gramma will present you with a specific form of a verb and disp
45. ters 1 through 15 Gramma would expect you to know both meanings of peta Contents Contents iius nip iani E Dose T age DEI Pa RUE RE DPA Ran PUER Sa fora RB ch 3 Welcome to Gramma eese eene tnn nnne nnne nennen P What is Gramma sssssssssssseeee ttrt rert EEEE Enr enne enne nennen 7 What is new with this version of Gramma ssssseee 7 How does Gramma work Acknowledgements treten pr ere Rer EERE A Aaaa 9 Warranty amp Replacements sssssssseeseeeenenenneeenenenenennn enne 9 license Types arrra aa a E rd ERE OTI Ier Eee 10 How to Reach the Author amp Publisher sssee 10 Installing Gramma Macintosh eres 11 Using the Installer Installing the Athenian Font sss eene 11 Installing Gramma on pre MacOS 8 6 Computers sse 11 What is installed 5 otc rete ier ee ER PPS RE RU 12 Re installing Gramma sssssessseeeeeeeeeneeen nennen enne nennen 12 Installing Gramma Windows eese TD Using the Installer What is Installed z aiir inia e ianea rere enii ciias 15 Getting Started sese 17 The Welcome Window Universal Settings eee 19 Log On as Different User rr tae e e tete at eae bat aide six 19 The Drill S ttings prr ne BR PERIERE The Fonts Setting The Active vs
46. ve knowledge the ability to translate from Greek into English Gramma includes databases of Greek vocabulary verb forms and adjective forms The vocabulary databases are keyed to specific textbooks Currently the following textbooks are supported Alston Hurd Chase and Henry Phillips A New Introduction to Greek 3rd Edition Revised and Enlarged Harvard University Press 1961 Maurice Balme and Gilbert Lawall Athenaze An introduction to Ancient Greek vol 1 and 2 Oxford University Press 1990 The Joint Association of Classical Teachers Heading Greek Cambridge University Press 1978 Gramma includes a database of 6552 Verb forms and a database of 1480 Noun pronoun and adjective forms Multiple users can share the same copy of Gramma The program will keep track of each user s performance and will tailor drills to focus on each user s needs What is new with this version of Gramma The original Gramma was written using HyperCard with some external routines written in other programming languages Pascal and C HyperCard was and is a useful tool but imposes certain limitations on programs notably speed HyperCard is also no longer actively supported by its maker Apple Computer This version of Gramma was written from scratch It is a modern fully compiled stand alone application It takes advantage of all the features 7 56 Gramma Software for Learning Greek When Gramma transliterates your B
47. ve you problems You will then be taken back to the Welcome Window from which you can start another drill or quit Gramma 30 Gramma Software for Learning Greek Some Greek words change their Followed Dy Cease WRIT PO meaning depending on the grammatical eae Noe 1 form of the word following them So meta means with when followed by a noun in the genitive but it means after when followed by a noun in the accusative Other Greek words are followed by specific grammatical forms that you should know So meketi meaning no longer is regularly followed by an infinitive The popup menu on the right allows you to specify these forms You can use that menu to specify in Plural Accusative Genitive Dative Indicative Subjunctive Optative Infinitive or Participle You can also choose None meaning that the word is not dependent on any special following form this is the default Followed by case mood etc When you choose something from the popup menu the appropriate racc e abbreviation will appear in the field to the left of the menu Acc Part etc When you are working with Gramma you will find that it is quicker to use the keyboard to make these selections If you type your answer in the Your Answer field then hit the Tab key the cursor will move to the field to the left of the popup menu
48. w you want to drill yourself and begin to drill vocabulary or forms Log ee qs deret wer k 2 Pusrret Feld Wer 1S S cin im 39 Grom Sienan 1 18 dcthen Fn ind Brill Vr M aw bc row Fach Re verom 9 tow Mach Review TSR tere e The window is organized from the top down At the very top there is text welcoming you to Gramma using your User Name Next to that is a button that will let you log in as a different user or create a new user file Log On as Different User If you click the button labeled Log on as Different User you will be returned to the Choose User window that you saw when you first started Gramma Log on as different user Next moving down are three settings that are relevant whether you are going to drill vocabulary verb forms or noun pronoun and adjective forms From left to right these are Drill Fonts and Active vs Passive Knowledge 19 The Welcome Window Universal Settings 21 You can change the English font to whatever font you like Many fonts however will not be easy to read on the screen With this version of Gramma you cannot change the Greek font The Active vs Passive Knowledge Setting The next setting moving to the right is Active vs Passive Knowledge Active Knowledge refers to your Active vs Passive Knowledge ability to translate fro
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