Fire Ecology Manuscript Format Guidelines and Submission
Contents
1. iii iv Use Systeme Internationale d Unites SI units and symbols Place a space between numbers and units or symbols e g 10 m 80 C 80 Do not use hyphens between numbers and units unless you are using a number unit phrase to modify a noun e g correct usage 12 mm mesh 3 yr study 12 mm in diam and 2 mm wide Use English units or rarely another type of scientific unit in parentheses following a converted metric unit only in cases that may misrepresent 1 the statistical precision of the original measurement or 2 the correct interpretation of the results However these non SI units are permitted e Area hectare ha in lieu of 10 m Temperature Celsius C in lieu of Kelvin K Time minute min hour h day d month mo year yr etc in lieu of seconds s Volume liter L in lieu of dm The geographic coordinate system of choice is latitude and longitude degrees minutes and seconds the latter if appropri ate 39 45 9 N 89 28 16 W 5 Citing Literature in Text a Published Documents 1 ii iii iv vi In most cases reference citations parenthetically at the end of a sentence e g Fire intensity was highest in the driest years Finney 1992 Cite published literature by author and year e g Jones 1980 Jones and White 1981 Use et al for publications with more than two authors e g Jones et al 1982 Do not separat2. d Present citations within the Literature Cited section in alphabetic order and then chronologic order 7 Figure Captions and Tables a Ona new page following the Literature Cited compile figure captions not figures and tables b See details for figure captions table titles and table format in Tables and Figures below lll STYLE AND USAGE A General Comments Manuscripts with publishable data may be rejected because of poor writing style e g long and complex sentences superfluous words unnecessary information and poor organization Most editors are patient with this problem and are willing to offer helpful suggestions However reviewers may be less tolerant of poor writing which may result in negative reviews Many problems can be corrected by having the manuscript critically reviewed by colleagues before submission for publication Use a direct and concise writing style and minimize repetition among different sections of your manuscript Avoid using one sentence paragraphs Many common problems may be avoided by use of a carefully prepared outline to guide manuscript writing B Elements of Style and Usage 1 Punctuation a Commas i Use a comma after the next to last item in a series of more than two items e g red black and blue ii Use a comma after e g and i e Fire Ecology Guidelines Spring 2015 b Quotation Marks ls ii iii Write clearly enough so that you do not need to put quotation ma
3. Software Package Theses or Dissertations Web Citation Professional Site Web Citation Government Publication VI APPENDIX REQUIRED ABBREVIATIONS FOR TABLES FIGURES AND PARENTHETIC EXPRESSIONS 24 Fire Ecology Guidelines 1 Spring 2015 Fire EcoLocv GUIDELINES Manuscripts must adhere to Fire Ecology guidelines before they will be approved and sent out for review l SUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS A General Format Guidelines Article files must be in three parts and submitted in the following order 1 Cover letter 2 Text arranged as follows a Title page b Manuscript c Literature cited d Figure captions not figures e Tables 3 Figures submitted in individual files B General Guidelines 1 Submit all text files as Microsoft Word documents 2 Double space between all lines of text including title authors addresses text long quotations within text literature citations table footnotes table titles table bodies and figure titles 3 Number each line of the manuscript text continuously i e do not restart num bering on each page 4 Usetwo regular letter spaces between sentences and within literature cited entries 1 e between the punctuation of one sentence and the capital letter of the next 5 Use 0 635 cm 0 25 in paragraph indentation and use Microsoft Word s paragraph indent function to set indents do not use tabs to indent paragraphs 6 Do not break hyphenate words on the
4. or are not widely distribut ed cite them in the text only This includes reports that are not published or widely distributed manuscripts that have not yet been accepted for publication and personal communications and observations Avoid overusing unpublished information These citations are not as credible as published literature and will make your text cumbersome Cite unpublished references in the text as follows e Personal communications J D Power National Park Service Susanville California USA personal commu nication e Unpublished report J Brown California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection Sacramento California USA unpublished report e Unpublished data including manuscripts in review R Rankin Forest Service Colorado Springs Colora do USA unpublished data Amanuscript accepted for publication is cited as a published manuscript in the text using the anticipated publication year Spell out all place names Always include the affiliation in the first citation even if citing unpublished data or personal observation of one of the authors but do not repeat the affiliation in subsequent references e g J G Jones personal communication Fire Ecology Guidelines 14 Spring 2015 c Equipment and Statistical Software i For field equipment note the manufacturer name and location parenthetically the first time you mention the equipment in the text e g Interface Missoula Mo
5. right margin 7 Justify the left margin do not justify the right margin 8 Use Times New Roman 12 point font throughout the manuscript including title and headings 9 Italicize scientific names Latin words including et al and mathematical symbols that should appear italicized in print 10 Capitalize all parts of a fire s name e g Howling Fire Fountain Fire San Diego Fire 11 In the body ofthe text do not italicize underline or bold type for emphasis 12 Maintain margins of 2 54 cm 1 in on all sides of the page Do not leave more than 2 54 cm 1 in of space at the bottom of a page except to prevent a widow heading 13 Use first person and active voice throughout the manuscript to avoid superflu ous or unclear wording For example instead of writing false absences were estimated write we estimated false absences Fire Ecology Guidelines 2 Spring 2015 Il ARTICLE FORMAT AND CRITERIA A Headings Formats Four types of headings keep the article organized running header and first second and third level headings 1 Running Header a Beginning on the second page of the manuscript use the Header function to place author name s e g Smith Smith and Jones Smith et al in the upper left corner of all pages following the title page b Follow the authors by a colon and the title of the article normally shortened The entire header should run no longer than 45 characters c Place page numbers i
6. 16 l G neral RUES aca ooo toe eae ah ede ahs ae Rae Rae ae Soe eR ase 16 CE 2 2256 ects peed eaae e he eee eee E EE eee 17 3 LING DRAWINGS a ox aie 39e Shed OR ux du ESEREeERERREES 17 4 gue CADUONS seus ax b Eidode R4 ERRESXuAST ENSE Rxda RE 18 V LITERATURE CITED FORMATS Lus 18 A General Rules sored uae os onde TEL ewen rd Ae ORB OEUR H4 OE 9 eo 18 B Examples of Specific Formats 19 ie BOOKS ote wees ac dod Ree od QR See a e dca deed dodi dorsa 19 Book More Than One Edition Book More Than One Publisher Book More Than One Volume Book Editor as Author Book Reprint Book Chapter 2 JOMAS ou a dete sua dta Odd roS iuto CS RU E ER d qnd pd shields 20 Journals General Format Journals in Press Year and Volume Known Journals in Press Year and Volume Unknown Multiple Citations of the Same Author s 3 PIOGESOInOS zar daa m REI Seer IE eq Retro Pa eee 21 Proceedings Complete Volume Proceedings Individual Article Proceedings Part of a Numbered Series Proceedings Complete Volume not part of a numbered series Proceedings Individual Article not part of a numbered series 4 REDOFIS 3 5 a Seb tact dedo veRd d PARKES pot DR Qo Dur meee de dole 21 Report Not Part of a Numbered Series Report Part of a Numbered Series Report Agency as Author ES aes foe k ot aoe ee hoe Gk oe SS bs ee Le 22 Court Cases Foreign Language Publication Newspaper Newsletter and Magazine Articles
7. Fire EcoLocv GUIDELINES Adapted from Chamberlain M J and Johnson C 2007 Journal of Wildlife Management guidelines The Wildlife Society Washington D C USA Edited by Jan W van Wagtendonk Association for Fire Ecology Revised Spring 2015 by James K Agee Editor Laurie L Burk Technical Editor Fire Ecology Guidelines Spring 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS l SUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS A General Format Guidelines 0 000002 ee eee B General Guidelines 20 000 eee Il ARTICLE FORMAT AND CRITERIA A Headings Formats 0 000 cee ee 1 Running Header eene eus uie dcos Roo onc 2 First level Heading ueeeeeeeeeseeessseeee 3 second level Heading 4222 m ye 4 Third level Heading uus usce exe EROS SOEUR ERE B Tithe Page Format 2s ossis ph RE RR RE EE 1G Aem ERES Lee SU PTT 2 Authors and Affiliations x2 u da ao cheese Ride CR et ea i e 3 Corresponding Author soa diae art er ose e OPER I ep d o coPPEREPE TIPP 5 ico rm 6 o NEP Siasa ia aa a iania a Tren C Major Sections of the Manuscript MTOdUCHOT sos ke eaga a ARE Stes a a aia Oe ES gg 6 nk ne kbd ode bee a T aua Wee a a ia at e ae RESUS seriau ea ie beh ahi bok A AK GR Gk ek DISCUSSION tact a pur acad Icd ted nicer whee eee eRe ewe Kae Acknowledgements s aua ds na teed Iac Rr ER ER RR REEL Literatu
8. aphics are not an option graphs and maps must have the same pixel widths as photographs at least 1000 pixels for sin gle column figures at least 2000 pixels for double column figures and should be submitted as one of the following formats in order of preference i png Portable Network Graphics ii tif Tagged Image File Format iii bmp Windows Bitmap d The JPEG jpg format is not acceptable for line drawings 4 Figure Captions a Figures are not footnoted b Captions may be several sentences and include brief suggestions for interpreting the figure content c Like table titles figure captions should allow the figure to be self ex planatory describing the variables displayed and where and when data were collected d Do not include statistical results in the caption V LITERATURE CITED FORMATS A General Rules 1 Spell out all words i e do not use abbreviations with the following three exceptions a US e g US Fish and Wildlife Service b USA c USDA US Department of Agriculture 2 Alphabetize by authors surname s regardless of the number of multiple authors for the same publication Spell out all author last names instead of using dashes 4 Use title case letters for all names in Literature Cited and place a comma between all names even if there are only two e g Schmidt B R and J Pellet 5 Use two initials where appropriate with no spaces between initials 6 Only re
9. ave or have easily confused common names Do not use numbers in the title 2 Authors and Affiliations a b d Left justify authors names If there are multiple authors and more than one affiliation use super script numerals after each author s name to link authors to their affilia tions After all of the authors have been listed list each author s affiliation in sentence case beginning with the appropriate superscript number The affiliation is usually where the author was employed during the study In each address use state names postal codes and the country abbre viate USA but spell out all others Include a street address and write out words like Street Avenue and Boulevard but abbreviate directions e g N and NW For multiple authors with the same address use the same superscript 3 Corresponding Author After the affiliations list the corresponding author s telephone number using the internationally standardized format of country code area code plus number e g 1 555 555 5555 for USA numbers and an e mail address d Ifthere are multiple authors indicate the corresponding author in the author list with a superscript asterisk immediately after the superscript number and not separated by a comma Begin the corresponding author s information with a superscript asterisk 4 Abstract Begin with the word ABSTRACT left justified in bold font The abstract text begins on the next
10. e the author and date by a comma but use a comma to separate a series of citations Use chronological order for citations in a series e g Jones 1980 Hanson 1986 If citations in a series have more than one reference for the same author s in the same year designate the years alphabeti cally in italics and separate citations with semicolons e g Jones 1980a b Hanson 1981 White 1985 1986 Fire Ecology Guidelines Spring 2015 vil viii Xi 13 For citations in a series with the same year use alphabetical order within chronological order e g Brown 1991 Monda 1991 Rotella 1991 Allen 1995 Do not give more than five citations in the text to reference a specific issue or scientific finding For a quotation or paraphrase cite author year colon page number s e g We used Neyman allocation to minimize variance Krebs 1989 216 Use the same style for a book or other lengthy publication unless the reference is to the entire publication e g Odum 1971 223 Cite documents that are cataloged in major libraries including theses and dissertations as published literature This includes symposia proceedings and United States Government reports that have been widely distributed However cite such refer ences as unpublished if they are not easily available Cite all other documents as unpublished data in the text only b Unpublished Sources 1 ill If references are not easily available
11. eld Keep column and row heading words out of the data field Type main headings flush left and indent their subheadings Fire Ecology Guidelines Spring 2015 d e 16 Only capitalize the first word and proper nouns e g No of times detected in Nevada Do not use bold font 4 Table Data Field a Do not use dashes often misused to mean no information or zeros unless the item was measured Correctly report the precision of the measurements 0 0 0 0 00 Respect digit significance in all numbers particularly percentages Where the number of significant digits varies among data in a column show each datum at its precision level 1 e do not exaggerate preci sion For P values only use three digits past the decimal and do not list P 0 000 the correct form is P lt 0 001 Do not use naked decimal points in the data field e g use 0 057 instead of 057 Use the 1 4 em space to separate numerical values with more than four digits to the left or right of the decimal marker Four digits may be separated for uniformity in a table 5 Table Footnotes a b For footnote superscripts use asterisks for probability levels and lowercase Roman not italic letters for other footnotes Place letters alphabetically in the following sequence in the title then left to right and then down Make certain that each footnote character in the title and table matches an explanation in a footnote below the tab
12. elow 4 Numbers a General Rules i Use digits for numbers greater than ten unless the number is the first word of a sentence or is used as a pronoun e g at least one escaped in which case the number is spelled out ii Use the NIST Guide for the use of the International System of Units SI for all rules related to metric measurements lt http physics nist gov Pubs SP811 contents html gt iii Indicate units after each item e g elevations ranged from 3000 m to 5000 m iv Use symbols or abbreviations e g and kg for measurement units that follow a number unless the number is indefinite thousands of hectares is a 0 zero or 1 one standing alone or is the first word in a sentence In such cases spell out the number and unit name or recast the sentence Fire Ecology Guidelines Spring 2015 vl ee vil viii Xi 10 Avoid using introductory phrases such as A total of Spell out ordinal numbers e g first second in text and Literature Cited but use digits for cases such as 3 fold and 2 way Convert fractions 4 etc to decimals except where they misrepresent precision Do not use commas to separate digits into groups of three Separate the digits of numerical values having more than four digits on either side of the decimal marker into groups of three using the thin fixed space 1 4 em space counting from both the left and right of the decimal marker Exce
13. er words not covered above but useful for indexing 6 Citation a After the keywords the word Citation left justified in italics is followed by a colon and a regular space b See Literature Cited for article citation format c Example citation for Fire Ecology Citation Morgan P and Z Holden 2008 Fire regimes of southwestern forests Fire Ecology 3 2 43 62 C Major Sections of the Manuscript Most Fire Ecology manuscripts have six major sections Introduction Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgements and Literature Cited It is not permissible to combine Results and Discussion 1 Introduction a The introduction starts below the publication name in the Citation on the Title Page and contains a concise synthesis of literature specific to the manuscript s main topic b In the latter part of this section state the objectives of the study and the hypotheses tested 2 Methods a Methods should be brief and include study area dates sampling schemes duration research or experimental design and data analyses Fire Ecology Guidelines Spring 2015 b d e Write the Methods in the active voice i e write We recorded age size and species and We analyzed data using logistic regression rather than Age size and species were recorded or Logistic regres sion was used see Style and Usage section below Use past tense for study area descriptions e g average annual preci
14. f Biology Editors CBE 1999 CBE home page lt http www council scienceeditors org gt Accessed 7 October 1999 g Web Citation Government Site National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA 2005 National Weather Service internet services team Monthly pre cipitation for Reno Nevada lt http www wrh noaa gov rev hydrology monthly precip php Accessed 23 August 2005 Fire Ecology Guidelines Spring 2015 REQUIRED ABBREVIATIONS FOR TABLES FIGURES Term Amount Approximately Chi square Coefficient Confidence interval Confidence limits Correlation simple Determination multiple Determination simple Degrees of freedom Diameter Diameter breast height Directions Equation s Expected F ratio Gravity Height Hotelling s T2 Hour s Less than Limit Logarithm base e Logarithm base 10 Maximum Minimum APPENDIX AND PARENTHETIC EXPRESSIONS Abbreviate the following terms in parentheses tables and figures but do not abbreviate these terms in regular text Do not define terms listed in this table however all additional abbreviations must be defined the first time they appear in the text All metric units must be expressed using the symbols specified in Thompson A and B N Taylor 2008 Guide for the use of the international system of units National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811 lt http physics nist gov Pubs SP811 contents html gt Abbreviation or sy
15. here they are essential to the meaning Each figure must be submitted as a separate file Files generated in or extracted from Microsoft PowerPoint presenta tions are not acceptable 2 Photographs a Photographs must have sharp focus in the most important parts of the image have high tonal contrast and have a reference scale if size is important Sets of 2 to 4 related pictures can be handled as one figure if they are mounted together and submitted as one image Single column photographs must be at least 1000 pixels across dou ble column photographs must be at least 2000 pixels across The preferred file formats for photographs are in order of preference i jpg Joint Photographic Experts Group e JPEG files should be stored at a high quality with a low compression setting e If text or lines have been added to a photograph the JPEG format is no longer acceptable ii png Portable Network Graphics iii tif Tagged Image File Format iv bmp Windows Bitmap v pdf Portable Document Format 3 Line Drawings a b We recommend professionally prepared line drawings If possible send graphs and maps as vector graphics files these can be scaled freely without loss of quality Acceptable vector formats are in order of preference i xls Excel Workbook ii eps Encapsulated PostScript iii a1 Adobe Illustrator iv pdf Portable Document Format Fire Ecology Guidelines 18 Spring 2015 c Ifvector gr
16. ic name Use the PLANTS database http plants usda gov as the default authority for plant names for US submissions For other regions cite the relevant authority upon first mention of a common or Latin name and place the authority in the literature cited Do not capitalize common names of species except words that are proper names e g Jeffrey pine Douglas fir Place scientific names following common names in parentheses and italic font with the first letter of the genus name capitalized and the species name in lower case letters Cite the nomenclature author after the first mention of a scien tific name whether fauna flora or bacteria Abbreviate genus names with the first letter when they are repeated within a few paragraphs provided the meaning is clear and cannot be confused with another genus mentioned in the manuscript with the same first letter e g we studied lodgepole pine Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon and whitebark pine P albicaulis Engelm Do not use subspecies names unless essential Use sp singular not italicized or spp plural to indicate that the identity of species within a genus was unknown e g the field was bordered by willow Salix sp L and we trapped several species of mice Peromyscus spp Gloger Omit scientific names of domesticated animals or cultivated plants unless a plant is endemic or widely escaped from culti vation or is a variety that is not described adequa
17. it in one column width construct it for page width printing not wider than 165 mm 6 5 in Avoid vertical lines in tables 2 Table Titles a Table titles may vary but we recommend this sequence i Name of the characteristic that was measured e g mass age density ii Measurement unit or units in parentheses e g cm No ha or iii Name of organism or other entity measured e g of pondero sa pine iv Location s and date s Each part of the sequence can include more than one item e g Diameter and moisture content and total weight kg m of white oak woody fuels in Ohio and Michigan USA in 1975 Do not include statistics or statements of results e g P values Avoid beginning the title with superfluous words e g The Summa ry of and Comparisons between and words that can be presented parenthetically as symbols or abbreviations e g 96 Symbols such as n and in the title seldom need repetition in table headings Do not use abbreviations in table titles except within parentheses However use standard abbreviations and symbols Appendix in the table body and in footnotes 3 Table Column and Row Headings a Label columns to avoid unnecessary print in the data field For exam ple instead of x SE label x and SE separately so that need not be printed Similarly label sample size columns n instead of using numbers in parentheses in the data fi
18. le Left justifying the first line including the superscript and use a 0 635 cm 0 25 in hanging indent for run on lines Use footnotes to reduce cluttering the title and table with details Note The most common errors in tables are single spacing incomplete titles naked decimal points and ambiguous or unnecessary characters in the data field C Figures Photographs and Line Drawings Figures comprise two types photographs and line drawings graphs maps etc 1 General Rules a b If at all possible submit single column width figures These will be 79 mm 3 125 inches wide in print Figures that are too complex or detailed to fit in a single column may be submitted as double column width figures These will be 165 mm 6 5 inches in print Ensure that any text in the figure is clearly readable when the figure is printed at its target size See recent issues of the journal for examples Fire Ecology Guidelines Spring 2015 e 17 All text and lines added to figures must be digital and smooth edged 1 e anti aliased Hand drawn additions are not acceptable nor are those with pixelated edges such as those created in Microsoft Paint Identify arbitrary symbols by legend within the figure Only capitalize the first word and proper nouns on axis labels and keys Lettering within figures follows the same guidelines as manuscript text However we are requiring Arial font for figures Use italic letters only w
19. line and is a single paragraph not exceeding 1 line per page of text 3 of length of text including Literature Cited The abstract includes a Problem studied or hypothesis tested Identify the problem or hypothe sis and explain why it is important Indicate new data concepts or interpretations directly or indirectly related to fire ecology Fire Ecology Guidelines 4 Spring 2015 b Pertinent methods State methods used to achieve the results summa rized in the Results keep the methods brief unless a new greatly improved method is reported Results Emphasize the most important results positive or negative d Utility of results Explain how when where and by whom data or interpretations can be applied to fire management or contribute to knowledge of fire science o 5 Keywords a Keywords follow the abstract The phrase Keywords left justified typed in italic font is followed by a colon a regular letter space and no more than 10 key words in alphabetical order ending with a period b Include some words from the title and others that identify i Common and scientific names of principal organisms in the manuscript ii The geographic area usually the country and state province or equivalent or region if its name is well known iii Phenomena and entities studied e g fire effects fire regimes fire adaptations etc iv Methods only if the manuscript describes a new or improved method v Oth
20. logical thresholds and the status of fire sensitive vegetation in western Arnhem Land northern Australia implications for management Inter national Journal of Wildland Fire 18 127 146 Note Place a space between the colon and the page numbers Korb J E J White and M Japhet 2008 Wildland fire an op portunistic event for reintroducing a native salmonid Fire Ecology 4 2 3 14 Note Issue numbers are included only if the pages of each issue are numbered separately b Journal in Press Year and Volume Known Donato D C J L Campbell J B Fontaine and B E Law 2009 Quantifying char in postfire woody detritus inventories Fire Ecology 5 in press Note Do not include articles that have not yet been accepted Those should be cited in the text as unpublished data c Journal in Press Year and Volume Unknown Power J D In press Chaparral fires in Pinnacles National Park California USA International Journal of Wildland Fire d Multiple Citations of the Same Author s Agee J K 1993 Fire ecology of the Pacific northwest Island Press Washington D C USA Agee J K 1994 Fire in our future International Journal of Eco forestry 10 184 193 Agee J K R H Wakimoto and H H Biswell 1978 Fire and fuel dynamics of Sierra Nevada conifers Forest Ecology and Management 1 255 265 Agee J K R H Wakimoto E F Darley and H H Biswell 1973 Eucalyptus fuel dynamics in the Berkeley Oakland Hills Cali f
21. mbol amt approx x coeff ClLa lt x lt a CL x a r R r df diam dbh N S E W NE NW etc eq s E F 8 ht T h lim In or loge log10 max min Term Minute Month Month names Greater than Multiple Number of items Observed Percent Population size Probability Sample size Sample mean of x Second Spearman rank correlation Standard deviation s Standard error s Student s t Temperature Variation Versus Volume liquid book Weight Wilcoxon test Year s Z statistic 24 Abbreviation or symbol min mo Jan Feb etc temp CV vs vol Vol wt T yr Z
22. n the upper right corner 2 First level Heading a Upper case lettering bold type left justified b Text follows indented 0 635 cm 0 25 in on the succeeding line c Forexample METHODS Text begins here d Under a first level heading use only third level headings if the subsec tions are short no more than two paragraphs e Use first level headings for appendix titles 3 Second level Heading a Italic font left justified title case b Text follows indented 0 635 cm 0 25 in on the succeeding line c Forexample Study Area Text begins here 4 Third level Heading a Indented as for a paragraph italicized sentence case and followed by a period Text follows two regular letter spaces after the period on the same line c Forexample Fire regime characteristics Begin paragraph text here d Avoid repeating exact wording of the heading in the text following second and third level headings Fire Ecology Guidelines Spring 2015 A Title Page Format The title page contains the following information title authors and their affiliations corresponding author contact numbers abstract keywords and citation 1 Title a b eo Left justified bold sentence case The title identifies manuscript content and may not include abbrevia tions or acronyms Titles should not exceed ten words except to avoid awkward construction Do not use scientific names in the title except for organisms that do not h
23. nding in ly is not hyphenated e g a carefully preserved specimen d Fences i Fences must appear in pairs ii Use in ordinary sentences iii Use Q in mathematical sentences iv Use only in special cases such as chemical names v Brackets are used to enclose something not in the original work being quoted e g insertion into a quotation or a translated title e Slashes 1 Do not use a slash to indicate and or or or to express a range Use the negative exponent ha to indicate divided by or 11 29 per Fire Ecology Guidelines Spring 2015 2 Names a Product Names 1 ii iii Use trademarks i e at the first mention of a product name where appropriate and not thereafter 1f introduced in the abstract re establish the information in the text Provide manufacturer information manufacturer city and state or country of manufacture immediately following the first use of a product name Do not include manufacturer information or location for GIS and GPS b Common and Scientific Names 1 ii iii iv vi jaks vi viii ix Xi The first time a species is mentioned use the common name followed by the scientific name Use the common name there after If the scientific name is established in the abstract re establish it in the text If the common name is used in the title do not follow it with the scientif
24. nnecessari ly long manuscripts be concise and relate your findings directly to your overall project goal objectives and hypotheses as appropriate Reasonable speculation and new hypotheses to be tested may be included in the Discussion Do not repeat results in this section and comment on only the most important results If appropriate include a paragraph on management implications in the Discussion Use this paragraph to explain issues important to manage ment and conservation that are derived directly from or addressed in your results Address specific management opportunities or problems in this section Do not make recommendations that are beyond the scope of your study Fire Ecology Guidelines 6 Spring 2015 5 Acknowledgements a The Acknowledgements note preferred spelling section appears immediately before Literature Cited b This section should be brief and include initials rather than first names of individuals cited c Acknowledgements should be straightforward without ornate and qualifying adjectives or personal remarks 6 Literature Cited a Refer to detailed instructions on how to format specific citations in section V Literature Cited Formats b Maintain double spacing and use 0 635 cm 0 25 in hanging indents rather than blank lines to differentiate between citations c Spell out all author last names in title case lettering instead of using dashes in cases of multiple citations of the same author s
25. ntana USA ii Do not include manufacturer information or location for GIS and GPS iii For statistical software only include the software in Literature Cited if you are referencing the software manual Otherwise simply include manufacturer information manufacturer city and state or country of manufacture immediately following the first use of the statistical product name Include website access information in citations if the program is only available online IV TABLES AND FIGURES A General Rules 1 Submit only essential tables and figures 2 Do not submit tables if the information overlaps with information presented in the text can be easily printed in the text with less journal space or presents the same data in another table and a figure 3 Number tables and figures independently Do not combine multiple tables or figures on one page 4 In the text limit reference of tabular data to highlights of the most important information 5 Reference tables and figures parenthetically Table 1 Figure 3 and avoid statements such as The results are shown in Tables 1 4 6 Tables and figures should be able to stand alone i e be self explanatory and avoid reference to the text 7 Define relevant abbreviations and acronyms in each table and figure except items that appear in the Appendix 8 Table and figure titles must include the subject of the data studied and when and where region or state and country the da
26. ornia Agriculture 27 9 13 15 Fire Ecology Guidelines 21 Spring 2015 3 Proceedings a Proceedings Complete Volume Sugihara N G M Morales and T Morales editors 2002 Pro ceedings of the symposium fire in California ecosystems inte grating ecology prevention and management Association for Fire Ecology Miscellaneous Publication 1 b Proceedings Individual Article Lansing C 2002 Fire effects monitoring results from Yosemite National Park s white fir mixed conifer forest fuel load and tree density change Pages 364 371 in N G Sugihara M Mo rales and T Morales editors Proceedings of the symposium fire in California ecosystems integrating ecology prevention and management Association for Fire Ecology Miscellaneous Publication 1 c Proceedings Part of a Numbered Series Stephens S L D A Gordon and R E Martin 1994 Combusti bility of selected domestic vegetation subjected to desiccation Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteo rology 12 565 571 Stephenson N L D J Parsons and T W Swetnam 1991 Re storing natural fire to the sequoia mixed conifer forest should intense fire play a role Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 17 321 337 d Proceedings Complete Volume not part of a numbered series Mutch R E technical coordinator 1985 Prescribed fire by ae rial ignition proceedings of a workshop Intermountain Fire Council 30 October 1 N
27. ovember 1984 Missoula Montana USA Note Include dates and location with these citations e Proceedings Individual Article not part of a numbered series Rothermel R C 1985 Fire behavior considerations of aerial ig nition Pages 143 158 in R E Mutch technical coordinator Prescribed fire by aerial ignition proceedings of a workshop Intermountain Fire Council 30 October 1 November 1984 Missoula Montana USA Note Include dates and location with these citations 4 Reports a Report Not part of a Numbered Series Lull H W 1968 A forest atlas of the northeast USDA Forest Service Northeast Forest and Experiment Station Upper Dar by Pennsylvania USA Fire Ecology Guidelines 22 Spring 2015 b Report Part of a Numbered Series Lutes D C R E Keane J F Caratti C H Key N C Benson S Sutherland and L J Gangi 2006 FIREMON fire effects monitoring and inventory system USDA Forest Service Gen eral Technical Report RMRS GTR 164CD Rocky Mountain Research Station Fort Collins Colorado USA c Report Agency as Author Centers for Water and Wildland Resources 1996 Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project final report to Congress Volume II assess ments and scientific basis for management options University of California Davis Wildland Resources Center Report No 37 5 Other a Court Cases Cite complete title and year of case in text only b Foreign Language Publications Angulo E 2003 Factores q
28. pitation was 46 cm fuels were primarily grass Exceptions include geological formations that have been present for centuries e g mountains Cite previously published methods without explanation Identify new or modified methods and explain them in detail 3 Results a b e Present Results in a clear simple concise and organized fashion Avoid overlapping text with information in tables and figures do not explain analyses that should have been described in the Methods section Always try to describe the magnitude of the biological effect in addi tion to the results of statistical analyses That is terms such as fewer or smaller tell us little and stating that something was statistically different P 0 01 without giving the actual difference conveys little meaning to the reader For example stating that A was 25 larger than B P 0 001 conveys more information than simply stating that A was significantly larger than B Present Results in past tense e g wood mass loss occurred during burning Reserve comments on interpretation of results for the Discussion 4 Discussion a b The Discussion provides an opportunity for interpreting data and making literature comparisons Begin the Discussion by synthesizing your results with regard to your objectives and then relate your work to other literature and research Systematic discussion of every aspect of research leads to u
29. pt for pages in books clock time or year dates Do not insert a comma or hyphen between consecutive sepa rate numbers in a phrase 28 3 m plots Do not use naked decimals 1 e use 0 05 not 05 When identifying items by number use lowercase for names e g plot 1 site 5 day 3 b Time Dates and Locations i ii iii iv Use the 24 hour system 0001 hours through 2400 hours midnight Date sequence is day month year without punctuation e g 4 March 2000 Do not use an apostrophe for plural dates e g 1970s Spell out months except in parentheses citations symposium dates table bodies and figures in which three letter abbrevia tions are used with no period e g 31 Mar 1947 Locations should be identified by latitude and longitude in degrees minutes and seconds e g 39 45 9 N 89 28 16 W c Mathematics and Statistics i ii iii iv Use italic font for Roman letters used as symbols for quantities e g n x F t Z P and X Appendix Do not underline or italicize numbers Greek letters e g chi square x names of trigonometric and transcendental functions or certain statistical terms e g In E exp max min lim SD SE CV and df Report degrees of freedom used in a statistical test as subscripts to the relevant test statistic Insert symbols from your word processing program s symbol directory as opposed to creating the symbol
30. re Cited 2 ua Ici er ACRI ERE ed PLES ae CR Figure Captions and Tables 2 262202442240eees dee Rr IIl STYLE AND USAGE csusssssos I n n Re RR Rm kms A General Comments 00 0c eee eee eee ee B Elements of Style and Usage 000200005 UM eU D 264 Fo cbcdukieindak ed tae aah ed carn een ee cas A O OT DII Commas Quotation Marks Hyphenation Fences Slashes CAELI 2 425305 0055 cae e eae oe ee een ewe SO ee Product Names Common and Scientific Names Abbreviations and Acronyms 3 Enumerating Series of Items 0002 eee 2 NUES 63 02 cud ico cage IEEE de REOR Hh EUR REO RES ERS General Rules Time and Dates Mathematics and Statistics Equations Measurement Units 5 Citing Literature in Text usos ck 3px eGgee3h8ee0845 Published Documents Unpublished Sources Equipment and Statistical Software Fire Ecology Guidelines Spring 2015 IV TABLES AND FIGURES 2 00 14 A General Rules 0 00 eee 14 B Tabl s ease ARR RC Re bee ow Soe wee EUA ea new eS 14 1 General RUISS cis da 3e Ga Sais Coa edd daw ca weed aes 14 2 Table WES 2 os oa eee ok he gid Mae kee a tesls SS eR ees 15 3 Table Column and Row Headings 2 25 55 15 4 Table Data Field uud d dog codon nee oS ode dod act an ae Bae 16 o Table POOINCIES 224 candy a E39 X393 eee ae Pe Se ee 0E et ve 16 C Figures Photographs and Line Drawings
31. rks around words or phrases unless they are direct quota tions Closing quotation marks are always placed after punctuation Use quotation marks to imply a special meaning sparingly Avoid using words in ways other than their standard meanings c Hyphenation 1 ill Do not hyphenate prefixes suffixes or combining forms unless necessary to avoid confusion Aphrase containing a participle or an adjective is hyphenated as a compound word when it precedes the word modified and it is written without a hyphen when it follows the word modi fied e g a small fire study and a study of small fires are both correct but have a different meaning than a small fire study post fire recovery and seeding post fire are correct usages However excessive use of compound modifiers before nouns makes for difficult reading and tends to obscure the subject Avoid ambiguous use of nouns as modifiers e g wolf researchers woman hunters Use prepositions to avoid using nouns as adverbs e g nesting by birds not bird nesting hunting with dogs not dog hunting and to avoid noun strings exceeding three words e g GPS locations of fires in fall not fall fire GPS locations A modifier containing a number and a spelled out name of a unit is usually hyphenated e g a 6 year old stand No hyphen is used between a numerical value and a unit symbol e g a 6 yr study iv A two word modifier containing an adverb e
32. rsity of California Press Berke ley USA Note If the state or province appears in the publisher or agency name it need not be repeated after the city b Book More Than One Edition Pyne S J P L Andrews and R D Laven 1996 Introduction to wildland fire Second edition Wiley Hoboken New Jersey USA c Book More Than One Publisher Sowls L K 1955 Prairie ducks a study of their behavior ecol ogy and management Stackpole Harrisburg Pennsylvania USA and Wildlife Management Institute Washington D C USA d Book More Than One Volume Abrams L 1923 An illustrated flora of the Pacific states Vol ume 1 Stanford University Press California USA e Book Editor as Author Chuvieco E editor 2003 Wildland fire danger estimation and mapping World Scientific London United Kingdom Fire Ecology Guidelines 20 Spring 2015 f Book Reprint Leopold A 1933 Game management 1946 reprint Charles Scribner s Sons New York New York USA g Book Chapter Fites Kaufman J 2006 Fire and plant interactions Pages 94 117 in N G Sugihara J W van Wagtendonk K E Shaffer J Fites Kaufman and A E Thode editors Fire in California s ecosystems University of California Press Berkeley Califor nia USA Note Do not put in in italics and do not reverse the first au thor 8 initials for the book 2 Journals a Journal General Format Edwards A C and J Russell Smith 2009 Eco
33. ta were collected 9 Do not include statistics e g P values or other statements of results in the titles 10 In rare cases titles or footnotes of tables and figures may be cross referenced to avoid repeating long footnotes or the same data however this violates the self explanatory rule and should be avoided 11 Include tables at the end of the text following the Literature Cited 12 Combine figure captions on a separate page and include them with the manu script text following the tables 13 Submit each figure separately from your text file using acceptable formats defined in section IV C B Tables 1 General Rules a Tables should be formatted using Microsoft Word Fire Ecology Guidelines Spring 2015 e 15 Do not prepare tables for small data sets those containing many blank spaces zeros repetitions of the same number or those with few or no significant data Put such data or a summary of them in the text Capitalize only the first letter for a column heading Column headings are required for each column Do not submit tables with unlabeled columns Use alphabetical superscripts except for footnotes specifying probabil ity levels Double space throughout including title and footnotes For data that must be shown in a table items that provide the most important comparisons usually read vertically not horizontally Construct tables for column width 79 mm 3 125 in printing If the table will not f
34. tely by its common name Fire Ecology Guidelines Spring 2015 xii Community types may be defined as a combination of a domi nant overstory species and a dominant understory species using either common or Latin names Ponderosa pine Idaho fescue or Pinus ponderosa Festuca idahoensis It is permissa ble to capitalize the first letter of the common name if being used as a community type name c Abbreviations and Acronyms i The following abbreviations may be used in the text without definition metric units DNA US USA and certain measure ment units see Appendix ii Define all other abbreviations or acronyms the first time you use them in the abstract and text e g Geographic Information System GIS Global Positioning System GPS Akaike s Information Criterion AIC iii Re establish acronyms in the text that were first established in the abstract iv Do not start sentences with acronyms v Do not use an apostrophe with plural acronyms e g ANOVAs 3 Enumerating Series of Items a Acolon must precede a series of numbered items unless the list is preceded by a verb or preposition b For presentation of a simple series place numbers followed by a closing parenthesis only and separate phrases with commas or semi colons c When enumerating lengthy or complexly punctuated series place the numbers at the left margin with periods but no parentheses and indent run on lines see Measurement Units section b
35. tical software packages page 22 5 d d Equations i ii iii iv Use the Microsoft Equation Editor 3 0 for all equations Break long equations for column width printing 3 125 inches 67 mm if they appear in the main body of the manuscript Simple mathematical expressions such as symbols with simple subscripts or superscripts and Greek letters can be typed as text using the symbol directory However care must be taken to be sure that the font and font size are the same wherever the symbol is used For example the Greek letter phi can be represented by both and which leads to confusion when both appear in the manuscript but are to imply the same sym bol Mathematical symbols for estimators are typically given hats carets e g fi and require the use of the software as does proper construction of the symbol for an estimated mean x Submit the following complex equations as display equations in equation boxes Fire Ecology Guidelines Spring 2015 12 e Characters that have hats tildes or other expressions that would not translate well into straight text e Sums products and similar statements Brackets around matrices and complex expressions e Statistical terms that are not to be italics e g In E exp max min lim SD SE CV and df can appear in equation boxes as text without italics by changing the style to text while editing the equation box e Measurement Units i Hi
36. ue afectan a la distribuci n y abun dancia del conejo en Andaluc a Dissertation Complutense University Madrid Spain In Spanish c Newspaper Newsletter and Magazines Articles Associated Press 1997 Feathers could fly over dove hunting Columbus Dispatch 28 December 1997 section E 15 Eisler P and J T Buckley 1996 Voters to get a shot at hunting laws USA Today 25 April 1996 section A 4 Hogan M 1997 Political season as important as hunting season Safari Times 9 8 18 Jones D M 1997 Protecting animals at the ballot box Main stream Animal Protection Institute Spring 24 27 Jones Jolma D 1993 The fight to reform trapping in Arizona The Animals Agenda March April 20 2 d Software Package SAS Institute 2001 Version 8 02 user manual SAS Institute Cary North Carolina USA Note For statistical software only include the software in Litera ture Cited section not in text if you are referencing the software manual Fire Ecology Guidelines 23 Spring 2015 e Theses or Dissertations Huntzinger Pamela M 2000 Effects of fire management on but terfly fauna of the forested western United States Thesis Uni versity of California Davis USA van Wilgen B W 1984 The derivariation of fire hazard indices and burning prescriptions from climatic and ecological features of the fynbos biome Dissertation University of Cape Town South Africa f Web Citation Professional Site Council o
37. verse the name order of the first author e g Thogmartin W E J R Sauer and M G Knutson Do not reverse the name order for the first name of the editor compiler etc within a citation 7 Use two spaces between all entries 8 For serial publications show the issue number only if the pages of each issue are numbered separately 9 As in the text spell out ordinal numbers e g Third edition 10 Do not include words such as Inc or Company Ww Fire Ecology Guidelines 19 Spring 2015 11 Use the word Thesis to denote Master of Science M S or Master of Arts M A and use the word Dissertation for Doctor of Philosophy Ph D 12 Do not write the total page number of books at the end of the citation 13 For foreign language publications note the language of publication at the end of the citation in brackets e g In Spanish 14 To document a file available for viewing and downloading via the World Wide Web provide the following information author s or organization s name if known date of publication or last revision title of document title of com plete work if relevant URL and date of access B Examples of Specific Formats 1 Books a Book General Format Carle D 2002 Burning questions Praeger Westport Connecti cut USA Note Do not write the total page number of books at the end of citations Biswell H H 1989 Prescribed burning in California wildlands vegetation management Unive
38. with keyboard functions e g chi square should appear as y found in the symbol directory as opposed to X created with keyboard functions Fire Ecology Guidelines Spring 2015 vl vil viii Xi Xii xiii xlv ll Use the minus sign from the symbols menu to indicate minus and negative values instead of using the keyboard hyphen Use times X from the symbol directory to indicate multiplica tion or dimensions instead of using an asterisk or a lower case x Insert a space on both sides of symbols used as conjunctions e g P gt 0 05 but close the space when symbols are used as adjectives e g gt 20 observations Where possible report exact probabilities P 0 057 not P gt 0 05 A subscript precedes a superscript X unless the subscript includes more than three characters Avoid redundant use of the word significantly e g the means differed P 0 016 Report results of statistical tests or central tendency as in the following examples t 2 47 P 0 013 FE 473349 P7 0 01 o 22 1 P 0 029 or x 7 8 SE 5 21 n 46 Note that the appropriate degrees of freedom are subscripted with the test statistic Present P values less than 0 001 as P lt 0 001 Type the names of statistical programs or analytical methods that are not acronyms in capital letters e g PROC LIF EREG POPGEN Program MARK See instructions on how to cite statis
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