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GETTING STARTED RELEASE 11

1. 31 Select Curve gt Edit Curve Group from the response viewer main menu The Edit Curve Group dialog box appears on your display as shown below W Edit Curve Group filtwall son Project fitwal son i sti itsi sSCs Data Collection Standard Group Name filtwall Y Axis Measurements g Data Type Params ay Data Format Magnitude dB Unselected Selected DB S11 46 32 33 34 Chapter 4 Tutorial A Quick Tour TIP Double clicking on the Curve Group in the Curve Group legend also opens the Edit Curve Group dialog box If this project file contained parameter combinations or optimization data the dialog box would include a section that allowed you to select parameter combinations to display Double click on DB S21 in the Unselected list to move it to the Selected list DB S21 moves to the Plotted list Click on the OK command button to apply these changes The Edit Curve group dialog box is closed and the Cartesian graph is updated to display the curve group filtwall which now contains the two curves DB S11 and DB S21 Since the axes are set to autoscale the values on the axes are automatically adjusted The graph should appear similar to that pictured below E filtwall son jea a kae Cartesian Plot 0 50 0 Left Axis filtwall Oo DB S11 2 DB S21 2 Right Axis empty ha a g n i t U d e T Ea 47 4 6 4 9 5 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 Sonnet Sot
2. Click on the OK button to close the dialog box and apply the changes The Dielectric Layers dialog box should appear similar to that shown below Dielectric Layers untitled E EI Thickness Mat Dielectric Diel Cond mils Name Loss Tan S mj 250 0 Alt 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 Edit Delete Library Parts Cancet Hep Note that the thickness of each layer must be specified If not the default value 0 0 causes em to issue an error message and stop execution 111 Getting Started 27 The setup of the box size and dielectric layers is complete The only metal type used for this circuit is lossless the default metal type available in any new project file In the next section you input the metal polygons which make up the circuit Click on the OK command button to apply the changes and close the dialog box Palette of Standard Geometries NOTE 112 29 30 31 32 The metalization in this circuit consists of a rectangular spiral and airbridge You use the Palette of Standard Geometries pre defined metalization shapes to add the rectangular spiral to your circuit Select 1 from the Level drop list on the tool bar to go to level 1 in your circuit The view in the project editor is now level 1 where you wish to place the spiral Select View gt Measuring Tool from the project editor main menu The measuring tool Readout dialog box appears on your display Y
3. The full view of your circuit should resemble the one shown below T untitled DAIR aee fam a rh Click or drag to select objects drag to move the 3 2K Size 60 0 x 10 0 mils Pointer 116 Chapter 6 Determining Cell Size Creating an Airbridge 47 Zoom in on the area of the upper left hand corner of the spiral to the left box wall untitled 4 gaa Click or drag to select objects drag to move the 3 2K Size 60 0 x 10 0 mils Pointer o 48 Click on the Add a Rectangle button in the project editor tool box 49 Drag the mouse to create a rectangle 119 mils by 10 2 mils As you move your mouse when adding the rectangle the size of the polygon is shown in the status bar Use this to get the proper size rectangle This polygon is a feedline which connects to the spiral using an airbridge 117 Getting Started 50 Move the rectangle so that the left end is on the box wall and the top lines up with start of the spiral Your circuit should look like this T untitled SEs oleaje alej eee A Tsss nn TIITII F naa Click or drag to select objects drag to move the IPR Size 60 0 10 0 mils Pointer 51 Click on the Up One Level button on the tool bar Level 0 of your circuit is displayed There is no metalization on this level yet however the outline of the metalization placed on Level 1 appears as a dashed line 118 Chapter 6 Determining Cel
4. Box Center Up Down Flip Set Pivot Her Click on the Left Right Flip button in the Flip dialog box The polygon flips about its center in left right direction Click on the Up Down Flip button in the Flip dialog box The polygon flips about is center in the up down direction Click on the Close button in the Flip dialog box The Flip dialog box disappears from your display Your circuit should now appear as shown untitled WSS ii gt N yl click or drag to select point drag to move them 1 0 Size 0 0 x 20 0 mils Reshape 75 Getting Started 37 Move the polygon by dragging it with the mouse until it is opposite the other polygon on the other side of the strip The circuit should now look like this T untitled 4 Click or drag to select point drag to move them 1 0 Size 0 0 20 0 mils Reshape Adding Metal Loss In the next section of the tutorial you will define metal loss for all the metalization in your circuit In order to model metal loss you must first define a metal type by inputting its loss parameters Once you have created the metal type it needs to be applied to the desired polygons in order for that metalization to use the correct loss This change is done here for the purpose of demonstration the polygons will be changed back to lossless metal before analyzing the circuit 76 Chapter 5 Creating a Circuit Dstub Defining a Metal Type 38 Select Circuit
5. The text entry boxes for the sweep are updated for an adaptive sweep Enter 0 2 in the Start text entry box and 2 in the Stop text entry box This defines the frequency band of the adaptive sweep as 0 2 GHz to 2 0 GHz Selecting Run Options Run options for em are available in the Analysis Setup dialog box in the project editor This example uses only the De embed option which is set by default De embedding is the process by which the port discontinuity and any reference plane lengths are removed from the analysis results Inaccurate data may result from failing to implement this option even when you are not using reference planes For a detailed discussion of de embedding refer to Chapters 7 and 8 in the Sonnet User s Guide Chapter 6 Determining Cell Size The analysis setup is now complete The dialog box should appear similar to that shown below E Analysis Setup spiral son Options Compute Current Density speed Memory Memory Save Advanced Analysis Control Adaptive sweep ABS Start GHz Cancel Help 76 Click on the OK command button to apply the changes and close the dialog box 77 Select File gt Save from the project editor main menu This saves the analysis setup as part of your project file You must perform the save before running em If the file is not saved when em is invoked a request to save the file appears before em executes Executing the Analysis
6. Metal Types from the project editor main menu The Metal Types dialog box appears on your display The only metal presently defined for this circuit is the default Lossless metal whose entry is displayed in the Metal Types dialog box as shown below W Metal Types dstub son a Metal for New SSY Lossless Cnd INF Meee Add Edit Remove Library Apply Cancel Help 39 Click on the Add button in the Metal Types dialog box The Metal Editor dialog box appears on your display Note that a default name Metall is provided for the metal type and the default parameters define a lossless metal E Metal Editor dstub son select metal from library Name Metall Pattern UW Type Normal Conductivity INF Sim Thickness 0 0 mils Current Ratio 0 0 Thickness is only used to calculate loss See Help caneri nep 77 Getting Started 78 40 41 42 Enter the name Half Oz Copper in the Name text entry box This will be the name of the metal type and will appear in any metal type menus You may enter any string of characters for the metal Name You will use the default type of Normal which is used for most circuit metal The metal loss is based on the bulk conductivity thickness of the conductor and the current ratio TIP The metal type you are defining will only be available for use in this circuit unless you add the metal type to your Global
7. Move the cursor over a discrete data point in the Smith Chart A discrete data point is indicated by the O symbol A popup appears similar to that shown below on your display with data about that point fitval De Embedded Adaptive Data 5 2625GHz S11 Mag 0 10601 Phase 45 7709 Click on the Full View button on the tool bar The full view of the Smith chart appears in the response viewer window 49 Getting Started 50 43 Click on a data point in the Smith chart The readout for that data point appears in the Status Bar at the bottom of the response viewer window ES filtwall son a cei EN ES ES et Smith Plot Impedance Selected Point Readout in Status Bar 4 97GHz 511 Mag 0 390949 Phase 61 2932 Pointer To move between points on a curve use the gt and lt keys To move between curve groups on the display use the and 4 keys Adding a Data Marker 44 There are markers available in the response view that allow you to annotate your results in order to better interpret your data or make presenting your data simpler There are six types of markers available this section teaches you to add a data marker For more information on markers please refer to online help Select Graph gt Marker gt Add gt Data Marker from the main menu of the response viewer The appearance of the cursor changes Chapter 4 Tutorial A Quick Tour 45 Click on the data point to which you wish to
8. and analysis data are stored in the project You use the same Sonnet project for all the Sonnet programs In addition to viewing your response within Sonnet you may also export data files for use in other tools The table below shows which formats are available Table 1 Optional Output Files Default File Bast Format Descriptions Extension Touchstone S2p S3p etc Touchstone response file containing S Y or Z parameter data The file may contain any number of ports Databank S2p S3p etc Databank format response file containing S Y or Z parameter data The file may contain any number of ports SCompact fl SCompact format response file Spreadsheet CSV Comma separated value data for a spreadsheet such as Excel Spectre Cadence format Spice file Pi model or Broadband model PSpice lib PSpice file Pi model or Broadband model Agilent MDF mdf Agilent s Microwave Data Interchange Format LCT Act N Coupled Line Transmission Line Spice Model 19 Getting Started The Sonnet Box The Sonnet six sided shielding box The metal walls of the box are transparent to allow you to see the interior of the circuit Metal Side Walls The Sonnet EM analysis is performed inside a six sided metal box as shown above This box contains any number of dielectric layers which are parallel to the bottom of the box Metal polygons may be placed on levels between any or all of the dielect
9. DSTUB 0000eaenaeaes D The Substrate Subsectioning and Cell Size 61 Metalization Levels and Dielectric Layers 62 Entering your Circuit oaaae es 63 Invoking the Project Editor 63 Specifying Box Settings 0000 eae 64 Setting Cell Size ee eee 65 Setting the Dielectric Layers 66 Adding Metalization 1 0 cee ee ee ee 68 Duplicating a Polygon 74 Adding Metal Loss 0 0000 eee eues 76 Defining a Metal Type 004 77 Table of Contents Applying a Metal Type 80 Adding PORES cts ches Gaal eet Ais Fe aes ede ac ew hs 82 Saving the Circuit uaaa aaa te es 83 Em The Analysis Engine 0 00 eee eee 84 A Simple Outline of the Theory 85 Subsectioning the Circuit 85 Frequency Sweep aa ee es 86 Linear Frequency Sweep 00 00 aes 86 Selecting Analysis Options 00005 87 Input the Linear Sweep sssaaa aaa 88 RUM ODUONS cee regi pea dk duke BAS 88 Executing the Analysis aaa 90 Observingthe Data ce ee 91 Invoking the Response Viewer 0 92 Editing Curve Groups 0 0 000 eee 92 Removing a Measurement from a Curve Group 94 Adding a New Curve Group 0005 95 6 DETERMINING CELL SIZE 2 00 eee eee ees 97 Calculating Cell Size for Non Integer Dimensions 98 Va lcs oe pe ce ie eae ced ee eee A ee e
10. The following discussion provides background on em and explains the theory behind the analysis engine Instructions continue at step 57 on page 87 The analysis engine em performs electromagnetic analyses for arbitrary 3 D planar geometries maintaining full accuracy at all frequencies Em is a full wave analysis engine which takes into account all possible coupling mechanisms Analyses are set up in the project editor The analysis monitor provides an interface that allows you to monitor analyses and manage batch files for running analyses Your analysis control settings are saved as part of your project file Chapter 5 Creating a Circuit Dstub A Simple Outline of the Theory Em performs an electromagnetic analysis of a microstrip stripline coplanar waveguide or any other 3 D planar circuit such as the one shown below by solving for the current distribution on the circuit metalization using the Method of Moments Metal Side Walls Zero thickness metal Dielectric Layer Em analyzes planar structures inside a shielding box Port connections are usually made at the box sidewalls Subsectioning the Circuit The analysis starts by subdividing the circuit metalization into small rectangular subsections In an actual subsectioning shown below small subsections are used only where needed Otherwise larger subsections are used since the analysis time is directly related to the number of subsectio
11. Touchstone Format S11 521 12 S22 Timing Info 7 75000000 0 333245 54 29 0 942640 145 1 0 942640 145 1 lt Pl F 7 75 Eeff 6 58003453 0 0 20 50 77679035 0 0 R 0 lt P2 F 7 75 Eeff 6 58003453 0 0 20 50 7767903 0 0 R 0 Batch List Analysis completed Tue Feb 06 15 15 54 2007 The output data from the analysis is shown in the Response Data window as pictured above You can use the scroll bars to the right and bottom of the window to see all your response data 90 Chapter 5 Creating a Circuit Dstub 64 Click on the Batch List command button in the analysis monitor window The batch list appears The batch list shows the history of your runs and allows you to set up a list of analyses to run sequentially The data displayed in the analysis monitor applies to the presently selected batch list entry 7 dstub son 10 GHz Finished on ARWEN Local File Edit wiew Run Project Help EJ gt LAAJA dstub son Freqs 17 Complete Finish Time Thu Jan 18 02 30 PM Subs 13 Memory 1 MB Status Only lt lt Analysis completed Thu Jan 18 14 30 16 2007 Project Status Finished Add Project s Response Data 4 0 to 8 0 step of 0 25 GHz Remove Project Errors arnings Timing Info Batch List For more information about batch lists see help for the analysis monitor To access the analysis monitor s help select Help gt Contents from its main menu Observing the Data For this example you shall
12. current density data is only calculated for discrete data points TIP The Memory save option not used in this example uses less memory by storing matrix elements as single precision numbers rather than double precision Its use is recommended in order to execute a simulation that otherwise might not be pos sible within the bounds of your memory limitations Click on the OK button to apply the changes and close the dialog box A Current Density Notice may appear on your display if you do not wish this warning to appear again select the Don t show me this again checkbox Click OK to close this notice Executing an Analysis Run 42 The control frequencies and run options are all specified The analysis time for the circuit will vary depending on the platform on which the analysis is performed Chapter 4 Tutorial A Quick Tour 26 Select Project Analyze from the project editor main menu to invoke em and run the analysis The analysis monitor appears on your display with the output window displaying response data The analysis time will vary depending on the platform on which you are running the software This analysis needs only four discrete frequencies to create the adaptive data and complete the analysis When the analysis is complete the message Analysis completed followed by the data and time appears in the analysis monitor as shown below da filtwall son 5 2625 GHz Finished on ARWEN Local File Edit View Rum
13. ee eee aa eerie shir i i Se en tee ie aa ia cee i 05 i ze 85 fy a LEER EREEEERE ETE E tama i ee SOS SSRN LECCE ECEE EES E Eee eee kee ly TASAA A A EEE AET aa A SOn eee Pee eee o a ee ie g a lt 2 ae oe ae a crack sss lt x AAAS eS a Fa hee Ses peak ees Seeded peak SS es ek i ite 5 S a f ie fs fae S ee z i eee f 285 ae 7 ae ae re e ce a ne es 3 RS Sa Click or drag to select objects drag to mov 6 3K Size 68 0 x 16 0 mils Pointer NOTE Diagonal fill is not available in Sonnet Lite and Sonnet LitePlus If you are using either of these suites skip to step 15 This will not affect simulation results since staircase fill is restored before running the analysis 11 Click on the polygon circled above to select it The polygon is highlighted to indicate selection 12 Select Modify Metal Properties from the project editor main menu The Metalization Properties dialog box appears on your display as shown below 13 Select Diagonal from the Fill Type drop list Diagonal fill type while more accurately modeling the input edge requires more processing time 14 Click on the OK button to apply the changes and close the dialog box The metal fill is updated As you can see the metal em analyzes is closer to your input than in the case of staircase fill But the increased accuracy comes at the price of incr
14. with the fill pattern for Half Oz Copper now appearing on all the polygons 49 In the same manner change the metal type for all the polygons back to Lossless This applies the lossless metal type once again to your whole circuit 81 Getting Started NOTE 82 Adding Ports 50 51 To complete the circuit you need to add the two ports The simplest type of port used in this example is the boxwall port A boxwall port is connected between a polygon and the box wall The polygon must be touching the box wall Click on the Add Port button in the tool box while holding down the shift key The shape of the cursor changes to indicate Add Port mode Holding down the shift key allows you stay in Add Port mode after adding the first port This allows you to add multiple ports without having to select the Add Port button each time TIP Holding down the shift key when selecting any Add command allows you to add multiple instances of that geometry element When you are done press the Escape key to return to the pointer mode Also double clicking on an icon in the tool box acts the same as pushing the shift key Click on the left edge of the circuit on the left box wall Port 1 is added to the circuit Ports are numbered automatically in the order that they are added It is possible to change port numbers and types after they have been added to the circuit For more details see Chapter 5 Ports in the Sonnet
15. 4 If you are using a hardware key attach it to your computer then install the Hardlock driver by selecting Admin gt Hardware Key Install Driver from the Sonnet task bar menu and follow the on screen instruc tions To open the Sonnet task bar select Start gt Program Files gt Sonnet gt Sonnet from the Windows start menu 5 Follow the directions in the licensing information e mail you received from Sonnet Software in response to the License Request Form 6 Select Project New Geometry from the main menu of the Sonnet task bar to launch the project editor xgeom to verify that the installation is correct If your installation is not successful please refer to the Windows Installation manual in PDF format for instructions on troubleshooting your installation For advanced feature installations and setups please find the applicable installation instructions in PDF format using the Manuals button on the Sonnet task bar after you have installed Sonnet If you are viewing the PDF of this manual click on the appropriate link below e Remote em processing e emCluster computing 13 Getting Started 14 Chapter 3 The Basics CHAPTER 3 THE BASICS This chapter is intended to provide you with basic information about the Sonnet Design suite which will allow you to quickly and accurately model your circuit while avoiding some of the common mistakes made during EM simulation The chapters which follow after contain tutorials
16. 78 Click on the Analyze button on the project editor tool bar The analysis engine em is launched and the analysis monitor appears on your display with the Response Data window shown As the analysis progresses the response data is output to the Analysis monitor and the progress bar is updated When the analysis is complete the Analysis successfully completed message appears in the analysis monitor window Viewing your Response In the next part of this tutorial you plot an equation in the response viewer and compare the data to the analysis results of the circuit analyzed at the exact dimensions 127 Getting Started 79 Select Project gt View Response gt New Graph from the analysis monitor main menu The response viewer appears on your display with the curve group spiral which includes the DB S11 measurement Note that since the analysis is an adaptive sweep symbols only appear on the discrete data points t spiral son ed Geet FE EEN ES SUN Bad es Cartesian Plot 70 50 0 a Mlo 2 Left Axis s F spiral cy 7 of DB S11 _ 4 spiral curve E ae group is listed Right Axis uy empty 1 3 in the Curve 9 Group legend D a 0 2 O 4 0 6 0 6 1 12 1 4 Sonnet Sotware Inc Frequency GHz Click mouse to readout data values Pointer You will use the equation for inductance to plot the inductance of spiral son and the inductance of the circuit which uses the exact dimensions so t
17. Cell Size Calculator function we suggest you use the wizard until you are familiar with how the calculator functions The Wizard is already selected as the default choice Cell Size Wizard Would you like to use a wizard or an interactive calculator to aid you in selecting a cell size The wizard is recommended for your first time w Wizard t Calculator Don t show me this again Cancel Help Click on the Next button to continue using the Wizard The X Direction Target Entry box appears on your display In the introduction to this tutorial the trace width and spacing were identified as the critical dimensions The critical dimensions are the same in both the x and y direction for this case It is possible to have different dimensions be critical in each direction Remember that the cell size does not have to be a square the x and y dimensions of a cell may be different Hence you enter critical dimensions in both the x and y direction when using the Cell Size Calculator Chapter 6 Determining Cell Size Enter 9 8 in the X Target text entry box and click on the Add button to the right The trace width 9 8 mils is added to the list of critical dimensions in the x direction Cell Size Wizard Please specify critical lengths and widths targets in the direction that you feel must be analyzed as closely as possible You can skip and only calculate Y Target 3 4 mils Add 4 8 Remove Enter 3 4 i
18. Max Value text entry box This allows you to set a fixed scale to avoid automatic updates of the scale during the animation Click on the OK command button to close the dialog box and apply the changes The dialog box disappears and the scale to the left of the current density viewer window is now fixed at a maximum value of 100 Select Animation Settings from the current density viewer main menu The Animation Settings dialog box appears on your display as shown below Animation Type Frequency Number of Steps Time Half Cycle jis Frame Duration 0 5 seconds Animation Memory High Memory Cancel Help Click on the Time Radio button to select Time Animation This enables the cycle type drop list and the Number of Steps text entry box Select Half Cycle from the cycle type drop list Our example uses half cycle the default in which the phase ranges from 0 to 180 For Full Cycle the phase ranges from 0 to 360 For Quarter Cycle the range is 0 to 90 Enter a value of 36 for the Number of Steps The number of steps is used to determine how many frames the animation includes There are 180 in a half cycle therefore 36 steps yield a value of 5 for the phase interval 58 59 60 Chapter 4 Tutorial A Quick Tour The lowest phase 0 corresponds to the first frame and the highest phase 175 corresponds to the last frame This phase value represents an offset from the Source
19. Move the spiral until the cursor is on the Anchor and click the left mouse button The metalization of the spiral is drawn on your circuit This places the rectangular spiral at the desired location in your circuit 4 a Ni KI NIN NIN NIN Ni N a EAA EEEE A AA ay 4 4 4 Next you need to extend the conductor to the box wall 41 If you have not already done so zoom in on the end of the conductor Your circuit should appear similar to that pictured below untitled Pointer 55x 100 0 20 0 mils Pointer 114 Chapter 6 Determining Cell Size 42 Click on the Reshape button in the project editor tool box This mode as indicated by the cursor allows you to select points on a polygon and move them 43 Drag your mouse to select the end points of the conductor The two points appear highlighted 44 Select Modify Snap To from the main menu The Snap Objects dialog box appears on your display W Snap Objects untitled snap To Cells 3 4 x 3 4 mils anap Mode x and Y C X only C Y only Snap all points individually m t Preserve shape and Spacing relative to the Box Valls reference point C Left Select Reference Point Apply Cancel Help 45 Click on the Top radio button in the Box Walls section of the dialog box This will extend the conductor to the box wall 115 Getting Started 46 Click on the OK button to close the dialog box and apply the changes
20. Project Help IRENE filtwall son Freqs 4 Discrete 321 Adaptive subs 321 Memory 3 MB Analysis completed Tue Jan O27 14 56 22 2007 View if S Parameters W Details g Response Data Magnitude Angle Touchstone Format 511 521 512 522 5 11250000 0 041648 34 551 0 828085 17 508 0 628053 17 306 le PL F 5 1125 Eetft 6 45756798 O 0259502 s0 47 27 74855 le P2 F 5 1125 Eetf 6 45756798 O 0259502 z0s 47 4774563 Eur E Frequency 5 2625 GHz Frequency completed Tue Jan O2 14 56 21 2007 De embedded S FParameters 50 0 Ohm Port Terminations Magnitude ingle Touchstone Format S11 521 512 S22 Timing Info 5 26250000 0 108010 45 77 0 710387 169 3 0 710387 169 3 le PL F 5 2625 Eett 6 45874115 0 0255463 z0 47 2556564 le F2 F 5 2625 Eett 6 45874115 0 0255463 z0 47 2556564 Batch List Analysis completed Tue Jan O2 14 56 22 2007 The Response Viewer Plotting Your Data The response viewer is used to display the results from an em analysis as either a Cartesian graph or Smith chart S Y and Z Parameters can be displayed alone or simultaneously as well as transmission line parameters You can also display multiple curves from multiple projects on a single plot or choose to open multiple plots at the same time It is also possible to display parameter sweeps and optimization results in a number of advanced ways This tutorial covers only the most basic of the response viewer s functions 43 Getting Started
21. User s Guide Chapter 5 Creating a Circuit Dstub 52 Click on the right edge of the circuit on the right box wall Port 2 is added to the circuit which should appear as shown below untitled 4 Click or drag to select point drag to move them 1 0 Size 0 0 x 20 0 mils Reshape 53 Push the ESC key This exits Add Port mode and returns the project editor to pointer mode Note that the ports are actually attached to the polygon therefore moving or copying the polygon also moves or copies the ports Saving the Circuit You have completed defining the circuit in the project editor but before you analyze the circuit using em you need to save the circuit 54 Select File gt Save from the project editor main menu The Save File dialog box appears on your display 83 Getting Started 55 If necessary browse to the directory in which you wish to save the file 56 Enter dstub son in the File Name text entry box and click on the Save command button The file is saved as a circuit geometry project with the name dstub son Notice that this name now appears in the title bar This completes the circuit editing section of this tutorial T dstub son 4 Click or drag to select point drag to move them 10x Size 0 0 x 20 0 mils Reshape Em The Analysis Engine 84 In the next section of the tutorial the circuit you entered is analyzed using the electromagnetic simulator engine em
22. and close the dialog box This completes the setup for your analysis 62 Select File Save from the project editor main menu The file must be saved before analyzing the circuit If you do not execute a save before analyzing you will be prompted to do so 89 Getting Started Executing the Analysis 63 Select Project gt Analyze to execute the analysis The analysis monitor appears on your display with the Response Data window displayed As the analysis progresses the response data is output to the window The progress bar indicates the ongoing status of the analysis When the job is complete the message Analysis successfully completed appears just below the progress bar and the progress bar is completely filled in 47 dstub son 7 75 GHz Finished on ARWEN Local File Edit view Run Project Help Eje gt 0 isle dstub son Freqs 17 Complete Finish Time Tue Feb 06 03 15 PM Subs 132 Status Only lt lt Analysis completed Tue Feb 06 15 15 54 2007 View W S Parameters WV Details jai Response Data Magnitude angle Touchstone Format 511 521 512 522 7 50000000 0 504427 34 51 0 863454 124 2 0 863454 124 2 0 50 I lt P1 F 7 5 Eeff 6 56910365 0 0 20 50 7830463 0 0 R 0 0 lt P2 F 7 5 Eeff 6 56910365 0 0 Z0 50 7830463 0 0 R 0 0 4 Errors arnings W g Frequency 7 75 GHz Frequency completed Tue Feb 06 15 15 54 2007 De embedded 5 Parameters 50 0 Ohm Port Terminations Magnitude angle
23. both data curves E dstub son ed Geet FE ESA ES SU EN Bad es Cartesian Plot 0 50 0 Left Axis dstub DB S11 DB S21 Right Axis empty Toc tae wa E ie ma 1 cn Co 60 4 45 5 5 5 6 6 5 T T5 a Sonnet Sotware Inc Frequency GHz Click mouse to readout data values Pointer Another way to add the DB S21 curve would have been to create an additional curve group That is shown below Removing a Measurement from a Curve Group 70 Click on DB S21 in the Curve Group legend to select it A box appears around the entry in the legend and the plot is highlighted 71 Right click on DB S21 and select Delete Measurement from the pop up menu which appears The curve legend and plot window are updated Your graph should now appear as it did when the response viewer was invoked 94 Chapter 5 Creating a Circuit Dstub Adding a New Curve Group 72 73 74 Select Curve Add Curve Group from the response viewer main menu The Add Curve Group dialog box appears on your display This dialog box is the same as the Edit Curve Group dialog box but here the project drop list group name and axis radio buttons are enabled MS Add Curve Group dstub son LS Project ET nn Data Collection De Embedded Group Name dstub a Y Axis Measurements Left Data Type Params C Right Data Format Magnitude dB Unselected Selected Cancel Help The default name
24. button in the tool box The appearance of the cursor changes 68 Chapter 5 Creating a Circuit Dstub 19 Move the cursor until the readout in the pointer area of the status bar reads 0 0 90 0 mils then click the mouse untitled Bolo 4 Click or drag to select objects drag to move them 1 0 0 90 0 mils Pointer 20 Move the cursor up and to the right until you go up two cell grids and towards the right edge of the box Click on a point a few cells in from the box wall A rubber band stretches from the first point you clicked to the location of the cursor When you click a second time a metal rectangle appears in your circuit as shown below We have deliberately made the polygon too short in order to demonstrate the Reshape tool It should appear similar to the picture below T untitled i 69 Getting Started Next we ll use the reshape tool to extend the polygon to the box wall 21 Click on the Reshape button in the Tool Box The appearance of the cursor changes to indicate that you are in reshape mode 22 Drag the mouse so that the two end points of the polygon are selected untitled Beco Click or drag to select point drag to move them 1 0 Size 0 0 x 20 0 mils Reshape Distance between the two selected points 70 Chapter 5 Creating a Circuit Dstub TIP When two vertices of a polygon are selected the distance between them is dis played in the status ba
25. drawing the circuit Below is a discussion of some of the factors to consider when setting up the box and cell size Specifying the parameters of the enclosing box defines the dimensions of the substrate since the substrate covers the bottom area of the box There are three interrelated box size parameters Cell Size Box Size and Number of Cells Their relationship is as follows Cell Size X Num Cells Box Size Therefore changing one parameter may automatically cause another parameter to change Any one of the parameters can be kept constant when changing sizes by clicking on the corresponding Lock checkbox The electromagnetic analysis starts by automatically subdividing your circuit into small rectangular subsections Em uses variable size subsections Small subsections are used where needed and larger subsections are used where the analysis does not need small subsections A cell is the basic building block of all subsections and each subsection is built from one or more cells Thus a subsection may be as small as one cell or may be multiple cells long or wide Thus the Dimensions of a cell determine the minimum subsection size The smaller the subsections are made the more accurate the result is and the longer it takes to get the result Therefore there is a trade off between accuracy and processing time to be considered when choosing the cell size The project editor gives you a measure of control over the
26. gt Cancel Help 106 11 Chapter 6 Determining Cell Size Click on the Next button to continue The suggested cell dimensions are displayed 3 4 mils by 3 4 mils for the cell size This would make the trace width 10 2 mils Cell Size Wizard Displayed below is the suggested cell size If you are not satisfied you may go back and change your inputs or you can refine your answer in the interactive calculator Cell Width p 3 4 Calculator Cell Width r 3 4 Number of cells X 47 Y 47 Estimate Memory Cancel Help 12 Click on Finish to complete the Wizard and enter the suggested dimensions 13 14 for the cell size The cell size dimensions now appear in the Box Settings dialog box Note that when the new cell size is entered the box size and Num Cells entries are updated The cell size calculator used the original box size of 160 mils by 160 mils to arrive at a box size of 47 cells by 47 cells To allow enough space for the spiral we shall change the box size to 125 cells by 125 cells Enter 125 in the X text entry box in the Num Cells row of the Box Settings dialog box This sets the x dimension of the box and thereby the substrate to 125 cells The box size is updated to 425 mils Enter 125 in the Y text entry box in the Num Cells row of the Box Settings dialog box This sets the Y dimension of the box and thereby the substrate to 125 cells 107 Getting Started Note that
27. or Local metal library Refer to Metal Li braries on page 58 of the Sonnet User s Guide for details on using metal librar les Enter 5 8e7 in the Conductivity text entry box This is the bulk conductivity of Copper in S M Enter 0 7 in the Thickness text entry box This will use a thickness of 0 7 mils to calculate loss Note that the metal thickness is used only in calculating loss it does not change the physical thickness of metalization in your circuit The metalization in your circuit is still modeled as zero thickness To model physically thick metal you would use the Thick Metal type The default value of zero for the current ratio does not need to be changed for this metal For most microstrip zero is usually a good value Time does not allow for an explanation of current ratio here but for a detailed explanation you may click on the Help button in the dialog box TIP Online help is available by clicking the Help button in any dialog box or by select ing Help gt Contents from the menu of any Sonnet application Clicking on the Help button in a dialog box takes you directly to a topic which describes the func tions and purpose of the controls in that dialog box Chapter 5 Creating a Circuit Dstub The dialog box should now appear similar to the illustration below E Metal Editor dstub son Name Halt Oz Copper Paten 77 ame Half Oz Copper attern FY Gy Type Normal Conductivity 5 8e7 o m Thi
28. when these values are entered the box size value is updated to correspond to the new number of cells E Box Settings untitled Sizes Top Metal Be ki Cell Size 3 4 3 4 Lock Lossless 125 125 Box Size 425 0 425 0 Lock Bottom Metal Num Cells Lock Lossless Set Box Size with Mouse Cell Size Calculator Symmetry Current Units mils Estimate Memory Cancel Help 15 Click on the OK command button in the Box Settings dialog box The dialog box disappears from your display and the substrate is updated to show the new size The substrate appears blank with no cell grid visible In fact the cell size is simply too small for the grid to show up at a magnification of 1 0 In this particular case zooming in to a magnification of approximately 6 0x makes the cell grid visible The magnification level appears in the Status Bar at the bottom of the project editor window untitled ze H ojajm sie 4 Click or drag to select point drag to move them 1 0 Size 0 0 20 0 mils Reshape Setting the Dielectric Layers Next you need to specify the dielectric layers 108 Chapter 6 Determining Cell Size 16 Select Circuit gt Dielectric Layers from the project editor main menu The Dielectric Layers dialog box which allows specification of the dielectric layers of the structure appears on your display providing you with an approximate side view of your circuit The project edi
29. x and y directions are 2 5 and 10 mils in order for all the metalization to fall on the cell grid Off grid metalization is possible however that is addressed elsewhere A cell size of 10 mils by 10 mils provides enough accuracy for this circuit while needing the least processing time These are the default values so that steps 7 and 8 may not be necessary Enter 10 in the X text entry box in the Cell Size row of the Box Settings dialog box This sets the x dimension of the cell to 10 mils 65 Getting Started 66 Enter 10 in the Y text entry box in the Cell Size row of the Box Settings dialog box This sets the y dimension of the cell to 10 mils Click on the OK command button in the Box Settings dialog box The dialog box disappears from your display and the substrate is updated to show the new size al 4 Click or drag to select objects drag to move them 1 0 120 0 60 0 mils Pointer Setting the Dielectric Layers Next you need to specify the dielectric layers 10 Select Circuit Dielectric Layers from the project editor main menu 11 The Dielectric Layers dialog box which allows specification of the dielectric layers in the box appears on your display A new geometry project always has two default layers whose material is Air The project editor level number appears on the left providing you with an approximate side view of your circuit A level is defined as the inters
30. 0 GHz to 8 0 GHz in 0 25 GHz intervals Enter 4 0 in the Start text entry box and enter 8 0 in the Stop text entry box The analysis starts at 4 0 GHz and ends at 8 0 GHz Enter 0 25 in the Step text entry box The constant intervals between analysis frequencies is 0 25 GHz Run Options 88 This analysis uses the De embed run option The De embed option is on by default De embed Option De embedding is the process by which the port discontinuity and transmission line effects are removed from the analysis results Inaccurate data may result from failing to implement this option When the De embed option is Set the circuit is automatically de embedded to the specified reference planes Chapter 5 Creating a Circuit Dstub or the box edge if no reference planes are specified in the circuit geometry For a detailed discussion of de embedding refer to Chapters 7 and 8 in the Sonnet User s Guide In our case no reference planes are specified so that the circuit is de embedded to the box walls This completes setting up the analysis run The Analysis Setup dialog box should appear similar to that shown here Analysis Setup dstub son RAEI l Compute Current Density Speed Memory Memory Save Advanced Analysis Control Linear Frequency Sweep start stop step GHz GHz GHz 4 0 3 0 0 25 Cancel Help 61 Click on the OK command button to apply the changes
31. 110 time animation 53 selecting 54 tool box 64 102 Add Polygon button 71 Add Port button 82 Add Rectangle button 68 U UNIX installation 11 V via cell size 99 loss 100 posts 99 subsectional 99 100 view 3D 28 full view 37 Index view orientation project editor 34 W Windows installation 11 Windows requirements 11 Z Zoom In button 35 zooming 35 136
32. Ea Ja This is not shown in the Dielectric Layer dialog box Below is a glossary of some commonly used terms in Sonnet which relate to the box model Dielectric Layer This refers only to dielectrics NOT metals In the example above there are four dielectric layers There is an entry for each dielectric layer in the Dielectric Layers dialog box Circuit Dielectric Layers Metal Level Metal levels are modeled as zero thickness and are attached to the dielectric layer ABOVE them In the example above there are three metal levels in addition to the box top and bottom Since no metal may be placed on the top of the box it may not be accessed by the user or viewed in the project editor The bottom of the box is referred to as the GND level and may be accessed in the project editor It is not labeled in the dielectric window The top and bottom of the box are lossless metal by default but can be changed in the Box Settings dialog 23 Getting Started NOTE 24 box Circuit gt Box Settings You can use as many different metal types as you wish on a single metal level for instance you may use a silver polygon and copper polygon on the same metal level A layer refers to a dielectric layer while level refers to the metal level which is sandwiched between the two dielectric layers So technically there is no such thing as a metal layer in Sonnet GND Level You can place polygons on the GND level but
33. GETTING STARTED RELEASE 11 Cover J ames Clerk Maxwell 1831 1879 A professor at Cambridge University England Maxwell established the interdependence of electricity and magnetism In his classic treatise of 1873 he published the first unified theory of electricity and magnetism and founded the science of electromagnetism GETTING STARTED Printed March 2007 Release 11 Sonnet Software Inc 100 Elwood Davis Road North Syracuse NY 13212 Phone 315 453 3096 Fax 315 451 1694 Technical Support support sonnetsoftware com Sales Information sales sonnetsoftware com www sonnetsoftware com Copyright 1989 1991 1993 1995 2007 Sonnet Software Inc All Rights Reserved Registration numbers TX 2 723 907 TX 2 760 739 Copyright Notice Reproduction of this document in whole or in part without the prior express written authorization of Sonnet Software Inc is prohibited Documentation and all authorized copies of documentation must remain solely in the possession of the customer at all times and must remain at the software designated site The customer shall not under any circumstances provide the documentation to any third party without prior written approval from Sonnet Software Inc This publication is subject to change at any time and without notice Any suggestions for improvements in this publication or in the software it describes are welcome Trademarks The program names xgeom emstatus emvu patvu dx
34. ING CELL SIZE The third tutorial is designed to give you a demonstration in using the Cell Size Calculator to obtain the optimal cell size for your circuit as well as using the palette of standard geometries and vias Some of the following topics are covered e The cell grid e Using the Cell Size Calculator to determine cell size e Using the Palette of Standard Geometries e Vias For this tutorial you analyze a rectangular spiral with an airbridge as shown in the figure below First the circuit is entered in the project editor then an analysis is run using em You observe your output data using the response viewer Sonnet s plotting tool A comparison is made using a circuit with exact dimensions versus a circuit with approximations that yields a significant improvement in processing time The goal of this tutorial is to teach you how to make wise choices in balancing the needed level of accuracy versus the processing time requirements and to teach you how vias are modeled 97 Getting Started TIE EEE NI A Se The circuit is a 3 turn spiral inductor whose conductor width is 9 8 mils and spacing is 3 4 mils The overall size is 150 mils by 150 mils Before you enter the circuit in the project editor you need to make some design decisions Calculating Cell Size for Non Integer Dimensions 98 In general you should follow these steps when determining your cell size e Determine critical para
35. Invoking the Response Viewer 27 Select Project gt View Response gt New Graph from the project editor main menu to invoke the response viewer The response viewer window appears on your display with a Cartesian graph of the curve group filtwall with curve DB S11 displayed The project file contains multiple curves which are displayed in user defined curve groups E filtwall son ed Geet FEN ESD ES SU EN Bal es Plot Legend Cartesian Plot Plot Window hi a g n i t U i e oe ma 30 47 48 44 5 51 52 53 54 55 Sonnet Software Inc Frequency GHz Click mouse to readout data values Pointer A data point is the measurement for a particular frequency The data for all frequencies makes up a measurement A measurement is a set of response data uniquely identified by parameter type response type port numbers and project file An example would be DB S11 in the filtwall son file DB identifies the response type as magnitude in dB S identifies the parameter type as an S Parameter 11 identifies the output port as Port 1 and the input port as Port 1 The project file from which the measurement originated is filtwall son A curve group is made up of one or more measurements Different curve groups may come from different project files yet be displayed simultaneously 44 Chapter 4 Tutorial A Quick Tour Displaying a Smith Chart 28 Change the plot to a Smith Chart by selecting Graph gt Type
36. Phase for any given port set in the Port Parameters dialog box For details on how to set the Source Phase see Parameters Ports in the current density viewer s online help To access the current density viewer s help select Help gt Contents from its main menu For this example the Source Phase for port 1 is set to the default of O Port 1 is terminated with a 50 ohm load Enter 0 1 in the Frame Duration text entry box Before playing the frequency data by displaying consecutive frames you may set the duration for each frame This is the amount of time that each frame will appear on the display The default value is 0 5 seconds For this example the frame duration is 0 1 seconds Click on the OK command button in the Settings dialog box This saves the settings and closes the Animation Settings dialog box Select Animation gt Animate View from the current density viewer main menu The current density viewer enters animation mode The first frame which displays the Magnitude of JX Y t at 5 2625 GHz and 0 degrees appears in the window and should resemble the picture below The response type and frequency are determined by the settings when animation mode was launched The present mode and frame is identified in the title bar of the window filtwall son Animating Magnitude of JXY t at 5 2625 GHz and 0 Degr L BK 411 6612 262 3163 1 0 Pointer 55 Getting Started OE gt e L
37. Pots 5 m9 7 Pe 5 ees E rind se ee A oes ne tage x ees y Fa nT ae es 9 Pe ne ae ae es See a oo eA 7 ae SP CR i gt ess ve Pat Soe a a ies ft eS lt gt oe ae ERKEKKYY eae oa Fy 3 rae ae F 33 ma F F oe a F e A i i ae i e ie PH eee SAS aed oes Sache Ea ae inane eee SP e Pes eee Fa Ea rs a Pi i B amp i s Cs ey a The metal for this polygon now has the loss associated with the default lossless metal The project editor allows you to define any number of metal types for use in your circuit For details on defining metal types see the project editor s online help You will not be analyzing with lossless metal the metal 1s switched back later in the tutorial Dielectric Layers 19 Select Circuit Dielectric Layers from the project editor main menu The Dielectric Layers dialog box which allows specification of the dielectric layers in the box appears on your display providing you with an approximate side view of your circuit The project editor level number appears on the left A level is defined as the intersection of any two dielectric layers and is where your circuit metal is placed 39 Getting Started Metal Box Ground Dielectric Layers filtwall son 24 x Thickness Mat Dielectric Diel Cond mils Name Loss Tan Sim Air 100 mils Alumina Substrate 15 mils Ca
38. Resonances For a detailed discussion on box resonances and how to detect them please see Chapter 23 Package Resonances on page 329 of the Sonnet User s Guide Dielectric Layers and Metal Levels All Sonnet geometry projects are composed of two or more dielectric layers There is no limit to the number of dielectric layers in a Sonnet geometry project but each layer must be composed of a single dielectric material Metal polygons are placed at the interface between any two dielectric layers and are usually modeled as zero thickness but can also be modeled using Sonnet s thick metal model Vias may also be used to connect metal polygons on one level to metal on another level Chapter 3 The Basics You will use the Dielectrics dialog box Circuit gt Dielectric Layers as shown below to add dielectrics to your circuit Each time a new dielectric layer is added a corresponding metal level is also added to the bottom of the new dielectric layer This example shows a 3 D drawing of a circuit with the z axis exaggerated Please note that the pictured circuit is not realistic and is used only for purposes of illustrating the box setup Thickness Mat Note that the mils Name number ofthe metal Dielectric Layer u 25 0 Air eoa ye 1 25 0 a between the Alumina dielectric layers E Dielectric L yers dielectric laye s son pf Thigkness Mat imfs Name 25 0 Alumina Metal Bottom Ground Plane
39. Tool box 4 Click or drag to select objects drag to move the 1 0 180 0 110 0 mils Pointer Specifying Box Settings Before drawing the circuit you must specify the parameters of the enclosing box which includes the dimensions of the substrate and the cell size 4 Select Circuit gt Box from the project editor main menu The Box Settings dialog box appears on your display Chapter 5 Creating a Circuit Dstub This dialog box is used to set the box size dimensions for your circuit The box size for our example is 200 mils by 330 mils E Box Settings untitled Sizes Top Metal pa ki Cell Size 1 0 0 1 0 0 Lock Lossless Box Size 330 0 200 0 Lock 33 20 Bottom Metal Num Cells Lock Lossless Set Box Size with Mouse Cell Size Calculator Symmetry Current Units i Estimate Memory Cancel Help Enter 330 in the X text entry box in the Box Size row of the Box Settings dialog box This sets the x dimension of the box and thereby the substrate to 330 mils Enter 200 in the Y text entry box in the Box Size row of the Box Settings dialog box This sets the Y dimension of the box and thereby the substrate to 200 mils Note that when these values are entered the number of cells value is updated to correspond to the new box size Setting Cell Size In observing the dimensions of the circuit shown on page 63 it can be seen that common factors of the dimensions in both the
40. a subsectional via is uniform throughout the body of the via and is Z directed Via loss is determined by the metal type used for the via Metal Level 0 GE Metalization Via Metal Level 1 Via polygons used to construct the airbridge For a detailed discussion of all the types of vias and how they are modeled please refer to Chapter 17 Vias and 3 D Structures in the Sonnet User s Guide 100 Chapter 6 Determining Cell Size Inputting the Circuit in the Project Editor In this section of the tutorial you input the circuit spiral son The complete circuit with dimensions is shown below ae The dimensions of the example file spiral son Invoking the Project Editor First open the Sonnet task bar If you do not yet know how to do this please refer to Invoking Sonnet page 30 1 Click on the Edit Project button in the Sonnet task bar hal A pop up menu appears on the task bar d Sonnet Task Bar 11 0 Project View Admin Help Bo 9 Edit New Netlist Projec browse For Project 101 Getting Started 2 Select New Geometry from the pop up menu The project editor window with an empty substrate appears on your display as shown below The view shown in the project editor is a two dimensional view from the top looking directly down on the substrate The tool box which allows easy access to commonly used functions also appears on your display un
41. a circuit 68 levels 62 Metalization Attributes dialog box 38 microstrip 20 25 32 66 110 modify attributes 36 38 flip 75 new circuit selecting 64 102 Next Frequency button 53 number of cells 61 power of two 62 number of steps 54 O output files 19 P parameters ports 55 Index scale 54 phase 53 54 Play button 56 polygon adding to a circuit 71 duplicating 74 keyboard entry 73 moving 76 selecting 74 ports adding to a circuit 82 project editor cell fill 35 exiting 57 first tutorial 32 40 invoking 63 saving a project 83 second tutorial 63 84 tool box 64 102 view orientation 34 zoom 35 projects 17 R rectangle adding to a circuit 68 requirements 11 response viewer first tutorial 43 51 second tutorial 91 96 selecting curves for display 45 third tutorial 127 132 revert to saved 40 run options 42 88 Compute Current Density 51 de embed 88 S s2p 19 save file 83 saving a project 83 scale parameters 54 server 12 license 12 Set Scale dialog box 54 settings 135 animation 54 56 shielding box 20 shortcut keys 72 shorted 32 smith chart 43 opening 45 snp 19 Sonnet invoking programs 30 suite 15 task bar 30 edit circuit 63 Sonnet project 17 source phase 55 spi_exact 131 spiral 97 98 125 Stop button 56 subsectional vias 99 subsectioning 61 85 subsections 61 63 101 substrate 61 67 T task bar 30 edit circuit 63 technical support 10 thickness layer 66
42. add a marker A label appears on your plot as shown below Double clicking on the marker allows you to control the data displayed in the marker E filtwall son HCE Smith Plot Impedance z0 50 0 D 811 ae EN m1 5 5GHz po m1 5 5GHz 7 Mag 0 949394 Phase 179 Data Marker Click mouse to readout data values Pointer Closing the Response Viewer To close the program perform the following 46 Select File gt Exit from the response viewer main menu The response viewer display is closed Current Density Viewer The current density viewer is a visualization tool used to view the results of circuits previously analyzed with em Em saves the resulting current density information in the project file ready for input to the current density viewer To produce the current density data you must select the Compute Current Density option in the Analysis Setup dialog box in the project editor This was done for you in the example file 51 Getting Started 52 Invoking the Current Density Viewer 47 Select Project gt View Current from the main menu of the project editor or the main menu of the response viewer after clicking on the curve group Filtwall in the legend The current density viewer window appears on your display with the first frequency in filtwall son displayed The color plot should appear similar to the one shown below You are viewing the magnitude of the current density with a 1 V
43. ademarks of Applied Wave Research Inc Platform is a trademark and LSF is a registered trademark of Platform Computing Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS cea eae eee te te et OD 1 WELCOME fii ce ae Sees Se Se ee ee DOC USI EVO IY cranna a heey Sa sie heck honk ent det 9 ManUalS os ave atk aio a Sas otk sh ch ee Gee oS apc ei 10 RIGIDE wes ach de d dete e G s Op ee a at a te A ek a Bae te A 10 Sonnet Technical Support 0 002 es 10 2 INSTALLATION E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E FH E FH E E E E E EE E 11 UNIX and Linux Installation oaaae aaa 11 Windows Installation n aooaa aaa aa ee es 11 ReguirementS 0 0 00 cee ee ee 11 CompatiDility s oe ter ct amp ote 20 Ae tp dir tp icv Se a Settle 12 HIGENSO SOLVER e ge a an hat ae a eae aa ee ae 12 Windows Installation Instructions 12 3 THE BASICS casana ode es a OS A ee ee LD The Sonnet Design Suite ee e aA 15 Sonnet Applications eina amp ay Moe Sa Gp ed Gk tke 17 SOMME PLOPECHS 7 awawan Bh aire ih ede Sk a eee 17 TNE Sonnet BOX a se eost dlp seme Ae Rw Wee ake ak de A 20 Coupling to the BOX ee 21 Box Resonances aaau oS Pee eke eS ed ees 22 Dielectric Layers and Metal Levels 22 VP CUE MOU Gls ccc se rarena St ah Se eth te kt ddd we So ead 26 Cell Size and Meshing 0 0 00 eee eee ee ee 26 OS sie sates acgeaee ass as eek ence ands Grom ot atone aca ae 27 SD VICW ri
44. al levels are needed to model the airbridge The via features in Sonnet are quite versatile They can be used to create the many via structures commonly found in multilayer designs In Sonnet vias can connect between any two metalization levels This allows the user to create internal level to level vias which extend between any two metalization levels in the circuit including the two outermost levels Top and Gnd or the present level and ground GND An internal level to level via is used to create the vertical portion of the airbridge in this example Sonnet s vias use a uniform distribution of current along their length and thus are not intended to be used to model resonant length vertical structures Keep the via lengths small with respect to a wavelength To create vias use the project editor to enter via polygons where desired Sonnet places subsectional vias called via posts along the entire perimeter of the via polygon This perimeter is always one cell wide Vias extend in the direction presently selected in the Tools menu The length of the via is equal to exactly the thickness of the dielectric layers which it traverses The via posts are rectangular cylinders with a horizontal cross sectional area equal to one cell If you make the cell size smaller the vias become smaller with more of them along the edge of the 99 Getting Started via polygon Of course the length of the via is unchanged Current in
45. appears Move the cursor down 20 mils and to the right 20 mils until the status bar reads 20 0 X 20 0 mils and then click Another segment is added to the polygon As before the rubber band now stretches from the last point to be added TIP If you add a point in the wrong location hitting the backspace or delete key de letes the last entered point of the polygon Chapter 5 Creating a Circuit Dstub 28 Enter 270 50 followed by Enter to enter the next point Continue adding points in this manner until the polygon is complete The table below lists all the points in the polygon Coordinate Point i o po o Note that you can complete the polygon by double clicking on point 7 or by clicking on point 8 after adding point 7 Your circuit should now appear as shown below Note that the metal polygons whose edges are touching are connected electrically T untitled 4 Click or drag to select point drag to move them 1 0 Size 0 0 20 0 mils Reshape 73 Getting Started 29 30 When a polygon is complete a fill pattern which defines the actual metalization analyzed by em appears on your display In the picture above notice the staircase approximation for the mitered bend Em does not analyze the bend as you entered it the staircase approximation is analyzed instead Enter M Control M at the keyboard to turn off the metal fill The circuit shown below appears only with the outl
46. ate that they are selected RS 46 Select Modify gt Metal Properties from the project editor main menu The Metalization Properties dialog box appears on your display You may use this dialog box to change the properties of multiple polygons If two or more of the selected polygons have different attributes the field will display Mixed to indicate different values Any changes you make in the dialog box will be applied to all selected polygons when it is closed If you do not change a Mixed field than no change is made to the polygons TIP You may also access the Metalization Properties dialog box by double clicking on any polygon or right clicking on a polygon and selecting Metal Properties from the pop up menu which appears Chapter 5 Creating a Circuit Dstub 47 Select Half Oz Copper from the Metal drop list in the Metalization Properties dialog box This applies the Half Oz Copper metal type to all the selected polygons The loss for this metalization will be calculated using the definition you entered for Half Oz Copper W Metalization Properties dstub son Metal Half Oz Copper Fill Type Staircase subsectioning Controls x Min o x Max 10000 Edge Mesh 0 On Conformal Mesh Subsectioning Controls ia TT 1 polygon selected Apply Cancel Help 48 Click on the OK button to apply the changes and close the dialog box Note that the appearance of the circuit has changed
47. ating a file to the Sonnet environment A netlist project 17 Getting Started contains a circuit defined by a netlist which consists of one or more networks with elements which can be other geometry projects connected together A geometry project and a netlist project as they appear in the project editor are shown below T rspi son 4 Pointer 1 0x 391 0 203 5 microns Pointer Geometry Project T tank_netlist son Eef Six 3 ee eE Ele PRJ 1 2 rspi son Hierarchy Sweep CAP 1 2 C 1 0 RES 12 R 5000 0 DEF2P 1 2 Net Main Network Use buttons or menus to modify netlist Metwork Met Line 23 Netlist Project The most commonly used type of project is the geometry project and a majority of the documentation concerns the input and analysis of this type of project The geometry project contains the layout and material properties of a circuit and any internal components When you analyze a geometry project em performs an electromagnetic simulation of your circuit The Netlist project contains ideal components data files and Sonnet geometry projects A network is defined which connects any combination of these items together A common use for a netlist project is to connect two or more geometry projects together The analysis engine em uses circuit theory to analyze the network 18 Chapter 3 The Basics For both types of projects the analysis controls such as analysis frequencies run options etc
48. c 99 Inputting the Circuit in the Project Editor 101 Invoking the Project Editor 101 Specifying Box SettingS 0 00 eee eee 102 Using the Cell Size Calculator 103 Setting the Dielectric Layers 108 Palette of Standard Geometries 112 Creating an Airbridge 2 000 eee 117 Adding Ports and Reference Planes 122 Em The Electromagnetic Simulator 125 Setting Up the Analysis 000000 ee 126 Selecting Run Options 00008 126 Executing the Analysis 0 0000 eae 127 Viewing your Response 0 00 eee eee 127 AddingaFiletoaGraph 4 131 UNE Nes sae hiss ae ie eevee at ens os Se ww a 133 Getting Started Chapter 1 Welcome CHAPTER 1 WELCOME Welcome to Sonnet s 3D Planar Electromagnetic software Sonnet s suites of high frequency electromagnetic EM Software are aimed at today s demanding design challenges involving predominantly planar 3D planar circuits and antennas Predominantly planar circuits include microstrip stripline coplanar waveguide PCB single and multiple layers and combinations with vias vertical metal sheets z directed strips and any number of layers of metal traces embedded in stratified dielectric material The Sonnet Suites develop precise RF models S Y Z parameters or extracted SPICE model for planar circuits and antennas The software requires a ph
49. ckness 07 mils Current Ratio 0 0 Thickness is only used to calculate loss See Help caneri nev Note the drop list for the pattern which is used to identify the metal where it is used in your circuit We are using the default If you wish to change the Fill Pattern click on the arrows to cycle through your choices 43 Click on the OK button to close the dialog box and apply the changes The Metal Types dialog box now displays two metal types in the list lossless and Half Oz Copper E Metal Types dstub son hy Lossless Cnd INF a Metal for New Polygons WHalf Oz Copper Cnd 5 8e7 T 7 CR 0 Lossless Add Edit Remove Library Apply Cancel Help 44 Click on the OK button in the Metal Types dialog box to apply the changes and close the dialog box Now that the Half Oz Copper metal type is defined for this circuit you need to apply the metal type to the desired polygons to use the loss model in your circuit 79 Getting Started 80 Any combination of these two metals lossless and Half Oz Copper may be used anywhere in your circuit You may define as many metal types as you wish Any combination of these metal types may be used on any metal level and on any type of polygon You may use multiple metal types on the same metal level Applying a Metal Type 45 Drag your mouse or press Control A to select all the polygons in the circuit All the polygons are highlighted to indic
50. conds Click on the Stop button in the Animation Controls This stops the animation although the window remains in animation mode Click on the Exit Animation button in the Animation Controls This exits the animation mode The Animation Controls disappear from the display Frequency Animation 65 For Frequency Animation each frequency will have its own frame The lowest frequency 4 7 GHz corresponds to the first animation frame and the highest frequency 5 5 GHz corresponds to the last frame Select Animation Settings from the current density viewer main menu The Animation Settings dialog box appears on your display 66 67 68 69 70 71 Chapter 4 Tutorial A Quick Tour Click on the Frequency radio button to select Frequency Animation If the radio buttons Time and Frequency in this dialog box are disabled you stopped the animation but did not exit the animation mode You must click on the Exit Animation button in the Animation controls to exit the animation mode and allow you to modify the animation settings Only the Frame Duration may be changed while running an animation Click on the OK button to close the Animation Settings dialog box and apply the changes Select Animation gt Animate View from the current density viewer main menu The current density viewer enters animation mode The first frame which displays the JX Y Magnitude response for 4 7 GHz appears in the window The response ty
51. d from the analysis results Note that the fixed length reference plane is represented by a solid black arrow on the circuit and the linked reference planes is shown by the outline of an arrow Inputting the circuit is now complete Your circuit should appear as shown below T untitled ads File Edit wiew Tools 1 Circuit Analysis Project Window Help os m el SEE ES ire 4 Click or drag to select objects drag to move them 1 0 489 6 88 4 mils Pointer 72 Select File gt Save from the project editor main menu and save the file under the name spiral son in your working directory The Save dialog box appears on your display You need to save the circuit file before analyzing with em Em The Electromagnetic Simulator In the next part of this tutorial you analyze the circuit spiral son which you input in the project editor 125 Getting Started 126 Setting Up the Analysis 73 74 75 Select Analysis gt Setup from the project editor main menu The Analysis Setup dialog box appears on your display For this circuit you will analyze using an adaptive sweep from 0 2 GHz to 2 GHz An adaptive sweep provides approximately 300 data points in the band For a detailed discussion of Adaptive Band Synthesis see Chapter 9 Adaptive Band Synthesis ABS in the Sonnet User s Guide Select Adaptive Sweep ABS from the Analysis Control drop list if it is not already selected
52. display a Cartesian graph of your response data 91 Getting Started 92 Invoking the Response Viewer Plot Legend Curve Group Legend 65 Select Project gt View Response gt New Graph from the analysis monitor main menu The response viewer window appears on your display with a Cartesian graph displaying the curve group dstub which consists of the S11 curve from the response data ES dstub son SS A a pO ech eo Cartesian Plot 0 50 0 Left Axis dstub DB S11 Right Axis empty fl a g n i t U d e ce ma 4 45 5 5 5 5 6 5 Sonnet Sotware Inc Frequency GHz Click mouse to readout data values Pointer Editing Curve Groups The project file contains multiple curves which are displayed in user defined curve groups A measurement is a set of response data uniquely identified by parameter type response type port numbers and project file An example would be DB S21 in the dstub son file DB identifies the response type as magnitude in dB S identifies the parameter type as an S Parameter 21 identifies the input port as Port 1 and the output port as Port 2 The project file from which the measurement originated is dstub son A curve group is made up of multiple measurements A data point is the measurement for a particular frequency The data for all frequencies makes up a measurement Curve groups consist of a set of measurements defined by the user The mea
53. e for the reference plane Enter 119 in the Length text entry box for the Fixed radio button and click on the Apply button The reference planes extends from the port on the left side of the box 119 mils into the circuit The left entry line now reads Fixed plane length of 119 mils Select the Top entry in the list of reference planes The Top entry line is highlighted Click on the Linked radio button This choice allows you link the reference plane to a point on a polygon If that point is moved for any reason the length of the reference plane changes accordingly Click on the Mouse button next to the linked radio button to select a point The dialog box disappears and the cursor changes to a cross Click in the circuit on the corner of the spiral as pictured below You will need to zoom in on this area of the circuit Click on this point to set the reference plane The dialog box re appears The top entry line now reads Linked distance from port 132 6 mils Chapter 6 Determining Cell Size 71 Click on the OK button to apply the reference planes and close the dialog box The reference planes extend from the box wall for the length input in the Reference Planes dialog box When analyzed by em the circuit is automatically de embedded to the reference planes when the De embed option is selected De embedding is the process by which the port discontinuity and any reference plane lengths are remove
54. e necessary information concerning the circuit you wish to analyze with the electromagnetic simulator em The example circuit filtwall son shown on page 34 is a two port microstrip filter with a 15 mil Alumina substrate and 100 mils of air above Note that the resonators run to the edge of the substrate shorting them to the box wall Circuits in Sonnet are modeled as being enclosed in a six sided metal box which is ground Any circuit metal touching the box is shorted to ground This does not apply to the two ports shown on the circuit A standard box wall port is a grounded Chapter 4 Tutorial A Quick Tour port with one terminal attached to a polygon edge coincident with a box wall and the sad enue nal attached to grou nate match ce a box wall port is pictured below Getting Started Six sided etal box ts A three dimensional view of the circuit in the six sided metal box modeled in the project ircul Short c a Ee A eae ReeR RETR CR OTTERS H H WY EREEEEEEEE TEESE SS SEE ee eee H TREE E Eee Eee ee eerie TOCA OC ECI OTIC LETICIA ELIOT OCHOA POC Ey rn fat We Cc IE g p ad iz z ana ne in Lam t I oo La R im I ca oy a ee ee me E SCC eee ee Eee ee ee a ea ee LECCE eee eee eee Ox EAA ANH E ATMA TAN EEEE o a a 8 oe eM td EA EE EEEE EEEE EEEE EEEE ee eee eee eee ee eee ee eed 1 Toggles constrained cursor movement IS T filtwall s
55. eased processing time 36 my s Chapter 4 Tutorial A Quick Tour In this case staircase fill provides the required degree of accuracy and will be used for the analysis The fill type will be changed back to staircase later in the tutorial Click on the Full View button The whole circuit appears on your display Metal Types 16 The project editor allows you to define any number of metal types to be used in your circuit Multiple metal types may be used on any given level A metal type specifies the metalization loss used by em Both the DC resistivity and the skin effect surface impedance are accurately modeled in em Metal types are defined in the Metal Types dialog box where a fill pattern is assigned as part of the definition For a detailed discussion of metal types and loss see Chapter 4 Metalization and Dielectric Layer Loss in the Sonnet User s Guide After a polygon is drawn in your circuit you can change the metal type In our example all the polygons are comprised of Copper metal An example is given below of changing the metal type of one polygon to Lossless metal Click on any resonator of the filter to select it The polygon is highlighted to indicate selection 37 Getting Started 17 Select Modify Metal Properties from the project editor main menu The Metalization Properties dialog box appears on your display as shown below W Metalization Properties filtwall son Metal Metal Drop L
56. ecified in the project editor in the Box Settings dialog box which is opened by selecting Circuit gt Box from the project editor menu The analysis solves for the current on each subsection Since multiple cells are combined together into a single subsection the number of subsections is usually considerably less than the number of cells This is important because the analysis solves an N x N matrix where N is the number of subsections A small reduction in the value of N results in a large reduction in analysis time and memory Care must be taken in selecting a cell size so that accuracy is not sacrificed If the cell size is too large then your results will not be accurate If the cell size is too small the analysis may become too costly in processing time Em automatically places small subsections in critical areas where current density is changing rapidly but allows larger subsections in less critical areas where current density is smooth or changing slowly For a more detailed discussion of cell size and subsectioning please refer to Chapter 3 Subsectioning on page 31 of the Sonnet User s Guide The following items may not look very important to you now but will be very useful further along in your use of Sonnet 27 Getting Started 28 3D View It is often helpful to view your circuit in 3D To do so select the View gt 3D View command An example of a 3D view is shown below Estimate Memory Once you are done sp
57. ecifying your circuit in the project editor you may determine if it is possible to analyze your circuit with the computer resources available to you Selecting Analysis gt Estimate Memory from the project editor s main menu opens the Estimate Memory dialog box and subsections your project A simple status popup appears to indicate that the circuit is being subsectioned When the subsectioning is complete the memory use estimate and the subsectioning information listed by level and total amounts appears in the dialog box You may also view the subsectioning used by em CHAPTER 4 Chapter 4 Tutorial A Quick Tour TUTORIAL A QUICK TOUR This tutorial provides you with an overview of the Sonnet products and how they are used together The second tutorial in Chapter 5 walks you through a simple example from entering the circuit in the graphical project editor to viewing your data in the response viewer our plotting tool The third tutorial covers design issues which need to be considered in the project editor There are tutorials on different Sonnet features in the Sonnet User s Guide as well as tutorials on the use of the translators in the Translator manual The first tutorial is designed to give you a broad overview of the Sonnet suite while demonstrating some of the basic functions of the Sonnet products The following topics are covered Invoking Sonnet programs Opening a circuit geometry project in the project editor R
58. ection of any two dielectric layers and is where your circuit metal is placed Enter a value of 100 in the Thickness text entry box in the first line of the Dielectric Layers dialog box This dielectric layer is the air above the actual microstrip The layer thickness has absolutely no impact on execution time or accuracy Remember the analysis is done inside of a six sided metal box so there is a metal top cover above the 100 mils of air Specifying a small number for this thickness moves the top cover 12 13 14 15 16 Chapter 5 Creating a Circuit Dstub closer to the circuit metalization providing stronger coupling between the top cover and the circuit metalization If you do not know the actual dimensions of the box or if you do not have a top cover a good rule of thumb for microstrip is to set the air thickness to several 3 5 substrate thicknesses The rest of the parameters are the default values for Air and do not need to be changed Click on the second entry line in the Dielectric Layers dialog box to select it then click on the Edit button The Dielectric Editor dialog box is opened You did not need the Dielectric Editor for the first layer since you only wanted to change its thickness and this can be done directly in the Dielectric Layers dialog box However to change any other parameter of the dielectric layer you must use the Dielectric Editor dialog box TIP Double clicking on an entry in the Die
59. fgeo ebridge emgraph gds emserver emclient sonntcds and sonntawr lower case bold italics Co calibrated Lite LitePlus Level2 Basic Level2 Silver and Level3 Gold are trademarks of Sonnet Software Inc Sonnet em and emCluster are registered trademarks of Sonnet Software Inc UNIX is a trademark of Unix Systems Labs Windows NT Windows2000 Windows ME Windows XP and Windows Vista are trademarks of Microsoft Inc AutoCAD and Drawing Interchange file DXF are trademarks of Auto Desk Inc SPARCsystem Open Windows SUN SUN 4 SunOS Solaris SunView and SPARCstation are trademarks of Sun Microsystems Inc HP HP UX Hewlett Packard are trademarks of Hewlett Packard Company ADS Series IV Touchstone and Libra are trademarks of Agilent Technologies Cadence and Virtuoso are trademarks of Cadence Design Systems Inc AWR and Microwave Office are registered trademarks and EM Socket is a trademark of Applied Wave Research Inc GDSII is a trademark of Calma Company Macrovision FLEXIm and FLEXnet are registered trademarks of Macrovision Corporation OSF Motif is a trademark of the Open Software Foundation IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds Redhat is a registered trademark of Red Hat Inc SuSE is a trademark of Novell Inc Adobe and Acrobat are registered trademarks of Adobe Inc AWR and Microwave Office are tr
60. g directory NOTE You must have Adobe Acrobat Reader installed on your system to access the manuals in PDF format If you do not have the program it is available for installation by selecting Admin Install Acrobat from the Sonnet Task Bar main menu To copy the Filtwall project to use in this tutorial do the following 1 Click on the Manuals button on the Sonnet Task Bar The file sonnet_online pdf is opened on your display The manuals available in PDF format are identical to the hard copy manuals which came with your installation package 31 Getting Started Click on the Application Examples button in the PDF document Click on the Complete List button A page appears with a complete list in alphabetical order of the example files Click on Filtwall in the list This will take you to the Filtwall example project in the Application Examples manual Click on the Load into Project Editor button at the top of the page The project editor is invoked on your display with the file filtwall son open This file is a read only to prevent corrupting the example files Select File Save As from the project editor main menu The Save As browse window appears Save the project in your working directory This allows you to save any changes you make to the circuit The Project Editor 32 The project editor when editing a circuit geometry project provides you with a graphical interface which allows you to specify all th
61. gs 64 103 Dielectric Layers 40 66 109 Flip 75 Metalization Attributes 38 Set Scale 54 dielectric layers 22 39 62 setting 66 108 thickness 66 110 Dielectric Layers dialog box 40 66 109 documentation 9 dstub 84 dstub geo 59 84 three dimensional view 60 duplicating 74 Edit Circuit button 63 101 em 43 accuracy 66 first tutorial 40 57 run options 42 88 second tutorial 84 91 speed 62 theory 85 third tutorial 125 127 enclosure 20 erel 110 example files dstub 84 filtwall 31 obtaining 31 spi_exact 131 Index spiral 97 98 125 excitation phase 53 54 exit file 51 exiting project editor 57 F file exit 51 revert to saved 40 save 83 file formats 19 filtwall 31 filtwall geo description 32 flip 75 Flip dialog box 75 formats 19 frame duration 57 frames 53 frequencies specifying 41 frequency animation 53 56 selecting 57 frequency control current density viewer 53 input 88 full wave analysis 84 G grid 26 61 ground 32 H Hardlock driver 13 help 10 installation Linux and UNIX 11 Windows 11 invoking project editor 63 invoking programs 29 30 UNIX 30 Windows 31 134 K keyboard entry 73 L layers 39 62 setting 66 108 levels 39 62 license server 12 linear sweep inputting 88 Linux installation 11 loading the software 13 M manuals 10 materials 22 26 memory estimate 28 meshing 26 metal 26 metal box 32 34 metal levels 22 metal types 37 metalization adding to
62. gt Smith from the response viewer main menu The plot is changed to a Smith chart of filtwall son which appears on your display Again the curve group filtwall with the DB S11 curve is displayed This curve group is the default displayed upon startup E filtwall son ed Geet FE EEN ES SU EN Bad es Smith Plot Impedance filtwall S11 Sonnet Sotware Inc Click mouse to readout data values Pointer q TP You can right click on most parts of the response viewer window to invoke pop up menus For example right clicking in the plot window and selecting Type Smith from the pop up window also displays a Smith Chart Selecting Another Curve for Display You may display multiple curves from multiple files simultaneously Curve groups contain one or more measurements To add a different measurement for display in a curve group perform the following 29 Select Graph Type Cartesian from the main menu This changes the plot back to a Cartesian graph 45 Getting Started 30 Click on the curve group filtwall in the curve group legend to select it A box appears around the curve group name to indicate its selection En filtwall son SS A Fs SOQ fea ee Cartesian Plot 70 50 0 Curve group Left Axis filtwall filtwall oO DBS o Right Axis empty Toc tft ae wa E 49 5 51 52 43 64 55 Frequency GHz Click mouse to readout data values Pointer Sonnet Sotware Inc
63. hat you can compare the results NOTE You can invoke the response viewer as soon as the analysis of one frequency is complete To input subsequent information produced by em select Graph Freshen Files from the response viewer menu GF TIP You could also use the View Response button on the analysis monitor s tool bar to invoke the response viewer 128 Chapter 6 Determining Cell Size 80 Right click in the Curve Group legend and select Add Equation Curve from the pop up menu which appears Or you may select Curve gt Add Curve Group from the main menu of the response viewer The Add Equation Curve dialog box appears on your display W Add Equation Curve Equation Inductance nH Equation Details Effective Inductance nH of a series AL network Arguments argi spiral son Y 11 Curve Label spiral Cancel Help 129 Getting Started 81 Select Inductance2 n H from the Equation drop list The equation for inductance appears in the Arguments section of the Add Equation Curve dialog box as shown below Inductance is the series inductance and does not include any capacitance to ground The definition of any given equation is displayed in the Equation Body section of this dialog box E Add Equation Curve Equation Inductance nH Equation Details series inductance in nH between any pair of ports assuming a Pl model Arguments argi spiral son Y2 Equati
64. hese analysis controls have already been input to this example file but the steps are explained in order to show how the information is entered You will be using the Adaptive Band Synthesis ABS technique to analyze the circuit ABS provides a fine resolution response for a frequency band with a small number of analysis points Em performs a full analysis at a few points and uses the resulting internal data to synthesize a fine resolution band This technique in most cases provides a considerable reduction in processing time The points at which a full analysis is performed are referred to as discrete data The remaining data in the band is referred to as adaptive data For a detailed discussion of ABS see Chapter 9 Adaptive Band Synthesis ABS in the Sonnet User s Guide 22 Select Analysis Setup from the project editor main menu The Analysis Setup dialog box appears on your display as shown below Analysis Setup filtwall_ son EA ES Compute Current Density Speed Memory Memory Save Advanced Analysis Control Analysis Adaptive sweep ABS Control drop list start stop GHz GHz 4 7 5 5 Cancel Help Setting Up Analysis Frequencies 23 Select Adaptive Sweep ABS from the Analysis Control drop list Since the default type of sweep is Adaptive you will not need to take any action for this step The adaptive sweep uses ABS to analyze the circuit This enables the Start and Stop text entry boxe
65. ht of the box is determined by the sum of the thicknesses of the dielectric layers since metal is either modeled as zero thickness or protrudes into the dielectric layer above If you wish to model microstrip circuits you will need to place a thick layer of air above your circuit i e the topmost dielectric layer should be at least three to five times the substrate thickness 25 Getting Started Circuit Metal You input your circuit by placing metal polygons on the metal levels of your geometry project You define what type of metal a given polygon is by defining metal types in your circuit Circuit gt Metal Types There is no limit as to how many different metals are used on any given level or how many metal types you may define for a project To model loss in your metal you enter the metal s loss characteristics when you define the metal type It is also possible to use a provided library of metal types or define your own metal library to use in multiple projects Cell Size and Meshing 26 The Sonnet analysis engine em calculates the response data for your circuit by dividing the metal into small subsections and analyzing the coupling between these subsections E Oo Es RAAR A A zi ian Cr ann Ean OOO ers an The picture on the left shows the circuit as viewed in the project editor On the right is shown the subsect
66. ie In the time domain the current density viewer takes a picture of your circuit at instantaneous points in time at a given frequency by changing the excitation phase of the input port s Animation allows you to see how your response changes with frequency or time providing insight into the properties of your circuit The animation menu and controls are the same whether animating as a function of frequency or time The current density viewer accomplishes this by translating the data into frames The animation menu then allows you to step one frame at a time or play the frames by displaying them consecutively How the data relates to a frame in either animation mode is discussed below Time Animation For Time Animation each frame corresponds to an input phase The type of data plotted is determined by the Parameters gt Response menu In this case the data is the JX Y Magnitude the total current density This is the default setting upon opening a current density viewer window For more details about response types see Parameters Response in the current density viewer s help To invoke help for the current density viewer select Help gt Contents from its main menu 53 Getting Started 54 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 Select Parameters Scale from the current density viewer main menu The Set Scale dialog box appears on your display Click on the User Scale checkbox and enter a value of 100 in the
67. ince the four sidewalls of the box are lossless metal any circuit metal which is close to these walls can couple to the walls just like what would happen if you fabricated and measured a real circuit with the same box If you do not want to model this coupling for example your real circuit does not have sidewalls then you must keep the circuit metal far away from the box sidewalls A good rule to use is at least three to five substrate thicknesses as shown below spiral son DER HCnREMHAIE This circuit has a substrate of 25 mils The spiral should be kept at least 75 125 mils from the box walls 4 Click or drag 1 0 125 8 85 0 mils Pointer 21 Getting Started 22 Box Resonances It is possible for the six conducting sides of the Sonnet box to create a resonant cavity just like you would see if you fabricated and measured the circuit in the same size box You can use Sonnet to predict unwanted box resonances in the package or module housing the circuit Box resonances usually appear as a spike in the S Parameter magnitude and phase data as shown below package son DB S21 20 ado 30 ao TRoce 3wHo nn 40 dB 45 50 Ole 31 71 31 72 31 73 31 74 31 75 31 76 31 77 31 78 31 79 31 8 Sonnet Software Inc Frequency GHz You can detect box resonances by observing your simulated results through runtime warning messages or by using the Box Resonance Estimator Analysis gt Estimate Box
68. ine of the polygons you have entered untitled DARK 4 Click or drag to select point drag to move them 1 0 Size 0 0 20 0 mils Reshape Enter M Control M at the keyboard to turn the metal fill back on The display is updated with the metal fill on The metalization as mentioned above represents the actual metal used in the simulation by em TIP Selecting Diagonal fill type for this polygon would have provided a much closer approximation of metalization to the entered polygon at the cost of increased pro cessing time That degree of accuracy was not required for this circuit For more details on Fill Types see Modify Metal Properties in the project editor s help To access the project editor s help select Help gt Contents from its main menu Duplicating a Polygon 31 74 You now create the other stub by duplicating the one just entered Click on the completed polygon to select it The polygon appears highlighted 32 33 34 35 36 Chapter 5 Creating a Circuit Dstub Select Edit gt Duplicate from the project editor main menu A copy of the polygon appears on your circuit Note that the duplicate polygon is highlighted indicating its selection for edit commands Select Modify Flip from the project editor main menu The Flip dialog box appears on your display Flip untitled Flip C Individual Centers f Pivot Point p Left Right Flip Meas lool Position
69. ioning used in analyzing the circuit The Sonnet subsectioning is based on the uniform cell size which is represented in the project editor by small dots The small dots are placed at the corners of a cell as shown in the illustration below One or more cells are automatically combined together to create subsections Cells may be square or rectangular any aspect ratio but must be the same over your entire circuit Note that the cell dimensions do not have to be an integer nor do they have to be equal For example you may define a cell size of 1 687 by 2 453 microns Chapter 3 The Basics Metal polygons are represented with an outline and a cell fill pattern The outline represents exactly what you entered or imported The cell fill represents the actual metalization analyzed by em Therefore the actual metalization analyzed by em may differ from that input by you as illustrated below You turn the cell fill on and off using the control M key RSS SSS SV VW LEE L LEE A OF PE PPE PPE SP N N N N A CAE A A A AE AE U E AE AE AE NS EEE MG CG GGG G Ww y vw This shows the circuit with the cell fill This shows the circuit with the cell fill on turned off The outline shows the polygon The patterned area shows the actual metal drawn by you Notice that this polygon is not that is analyzed by the analysis engine em on the grid Note that this metal is always on the grid Tips The cell size is sp
70. is cover is set high enough to prevent coupling Since our substrate thickness is 25 mils this means the top cover is 10X this distance the reason 250 mils was selected 19 Enter a value of 1 0 in the Erel text entry box This is the dielectric constant for air This value may already be present The rest of the parameters are correct for air and do not need to be edited 20 Click on the OK button to close the dialog box and add the dielectric layer The Dielectric Layers dialog box is updated to include the new entry 110 21 22 23 24 25 26 Chapter 6 Determining Cell Size Enter a value of 1 0 in the Thickness text entry box in the middle entry line of the Dielectric Layers dialog box presently labeled Unnamed This specifies a 1 mil thick layer The other parameters define air as the dielectric so there is no need to edit them To edit a layer entry double click on the entry line to open the Dielectric Editor dialog box which allows you to change the parameters Double click on the bottom entry line to open the Dielectric Editor dialog box Enter a value of 25 0 in the Thickness text entry box This specifies a 25 mil thick substrate Enter a value of 9 8 in the Erel text entry box Since the dielectric constant for alumina is 9 8 this defines a 25 mil thick alumina substrate for your circuit Enter Alumina in the name text entry box This identifies this dielectric layer as alumina
71. is not desired In addition there are other run options in the Advanced Options dialog box which are invoked by selecting the Advanced Options command button in the Analysis Setup dialog box The De embed option found in the Advanced Options dialog box is set to on by default for a new analysis This example uses the De embed option If the project editor is not still open from the previous part of the tutorial invoke the project editor and open the file dstub son Select Analysis gt Setup from the project editor main menu The Analysis Setup dialog box appears on your display The default type of analysis is the Adaptive Sweep ABS already displayed in the Analysis Control drop list The other types of analysis are Linear Frequency Sweep Frequency Sweep Combinations Parameter Sweep Optimization and External Frequency File 87 Getting Started 58 Select Linear Frequency Sweep from the Analysis Control drop list The appearance of the dialog box is updated for the linear frequency sweep to include the Start Stop and Step text entry boxes as shown below Analysis Setup dstub son EA ES Options l Compute Current Density speed Memory l Memory Save Advanced 7 Control Linear Frequency Sweep start stop step GHz GHz GHz Input the Linear Sweep 59 60 Frequency Control for this analysis is provided by direct input into text entry boxes The circuit is analyzed from 4
72. ist Fill Type Staircase subsectioning Controls x klin mo Max hoo Edge Mesh On speed Memory control is set to CoarsejEdge Meshing Subsection settings may be overridden Conformal Mesh Subsectioning Controls F E 1 polygon selected Apply Cancel Help NOTE Note that depending which Sonnet Suite you have purchased some controls may be disabled W A TIP Double clicking on a polygon port via or component in your circuit opens the ap propriate Properties dialog box 38 Chapter 4 Tutorial A Quick Tour 18 Click on the Metal drop list and select Lossless from the list Click on the OK command button to apply the change and close the dialog box The fill pattern changes for the selected polygon as shown below T filtwall son Ex MECN SCRE ory a es es a Aes tara a i na na r3 F y oe a y Gi Pe y nea raed Ped EERE Pat es Soe aa F ne ne Ba ae ke See Ba ge F oes ae SAS 5 a Pat 5 a oe fe 7 F F ee i F Gi ae oe S aa AES 5 Ph oh LUM LUM Pee eee iM cee Soh The RRA AES EE 5 ess a fas see Maa A oes ne Ba a R ies Ey 7 7 ieee Soy ESS BS ieee Sy ESS BS io go o SES io cs a to Fa re SP 7 ae ors 5 9 Pe oes ae ice 5 a Pots 5 9 7 art 5 ees D rind se ee A oes ne ta ge F R y Fa ae oes 5 9 Pe oes ae ie 5 a
73. it Bitinineton 64 56 The Animation Controls shown below also appear on your display emvu Animation Controls Sm py ee Click on the Continuous Play button in the Animation Controls This command toggles the Play commands in and out of continuous mode In continuous mode when the last frame is reached the current density viewer starts over at the first frame and continues to cycle through the frames until a stop command is received If the play direction is reverse when the first frame is reached the current density viewer starts over at the last frame and continues to display frames in reverse order until you press stop Continuous mode is indicated by a change of color of the Continuous Play mode icon Click on the Play button in the Animation Controls Selecting Play starts the animation at the present frame 5 2625 GHz and 0 degrees which corresponds to t 0 Subsequent frames are displayed consecutively in 5 intervals Each frame is displayed for 0 1 seconds the delay set earlier When the last frame is reached the display starts over with the first frame and repeats until you press the Stop button in the Animation Controls Be aware that the first time through the current density viewer is calculating the displays for each frame Subsequently the displays update at a slower rate After the initial loading cycle of all the frames is complete the display updates at the input rate of 0 1 se
74. l Size 52 Add a rectangle which extends from three cells after the end of the feed line oO to a cell before the beginning of the spiral 44 2 mils by 10 2 mils Zoom in if you need to Use the dashed lines as guides for the ends of the polygon untitled I File Edit view Tools M Ae e as Circuit Analysis Project Window Help f Toolbox fx l a 0 Wo I es i i 1 3 Pointer Click or drag to select objects drag to move them ox 159 8 275 4 mils 53 Select Tools gt Add Via gt Down One Level if it is not already selected Any vias added will extend down one level from the originating level N LA TIP You may click on the Via Down One Level button in the tool box 54 Hold down the Shift key and select Tools gt Add Via gt Draw Rectangle to add the via polygon Holding down the shift key allows you to add multiple via polygons to your circuit If the Via Direction Notice appears click on OK to close the message The Add Via Rectangle mode is indicated by a change in the appearance of the cursor 119 Getting Started 55 Click on the upper corner of the outline of the metal below and drag your mouse to the lower corner of the metal polygon then release the mouse The via polygon is drawn in your circuit and should appear similar to that shown below Note that the arrows on the via point downward to indicate the direction of the via polygon T untitled B File Edit View Too
75. lectric Layers dialog box opens the Dielec tric Editor dialog box on that entry Enter Alumina in the Mat Name text entry box The material you wish to use for this dielectric layer is Alumina Enter a value of 20 in the Thickness text entry box This specifies a 20 mil thick substrate Enter a value of 9 8 in the Erel text entry box The dielectric constant for alumina is 9 8 Click on the OK button to close the Dielectric Editor and apply the changes The Dielectric Layers dialog box is updated and should appear similar to that shown below 67 Getting Started Metal Box Ground Dielectric Layers untitled BEG Thickness Mat Dielectric Diel Cond Add mils Name Loss Tan S m Above 100 0 Ait j 0 0 Below Edit Air 100 mils Delete Level 0 Metal Library Metal Box Ground Note that the thickness of each layer must be specified If not the default value 0 0 causes em to issue an error message and stop execution The setup of the box size and dielectric layers is complete The only metal type used for this circuit is lossless the default metal type available in any new project editor file In the next section you input the metal polygons which make up the circuit 17 Click on the OK command button to apply the changes and close the dialog box Adding Metalization First you add the center rectangle of the circuit E 18 Click on the Add a Rectangle
76. lly metalization is referred to as levels and dielectric as layers Each metalization level is sandwiched between two dielectric layers It may be helpful to think of a level as being attached to the bottom of the dielectric layer above You add another metalization level by adding dielectric layers through the Dielectric layers dialog box When you are in the main window you are viewing a metalization level of your circuit Chapter 5 Creating a Circuit Dstub Entering your Circuit In this section of the tutorial you input the circuit dstub son The complete circuit with dimensions is shown below 190 mils _B gt SX _ sgq_v The dimensions of the example file dstub son Invoking the Project Editor 1 Open the Sonnet task bar If you do not yet know how to do this please refer to Invoking Sonnet page 30 2 Click on the Edit Project button in the Sonnet task bar hal A pop up menu appears on the task bar Edit New Netlist Projec Browse For Project 63 Getting Started 64 3 Select New Geometry from the pop up menu bl A project editor window with an empty substrate appears on your display as shown below The view shown in the project editor window is a two dimensional view from the top looking directly down on the substrate The tool box which allows easy access to commonly used functions also appears on your display untitled oleje amp
77. ls Modify Circuit Analysis Project Window Help Click or drag to select objects drag to move them Bx 163 2 262 2 mils Pointer 120 Chapter 6 Determining Cell Size 56 Click on the upper right hand corner of the metal polygon on this level and drag your mouse over two cells and down three Release the mouse A via polygon connecting the airbridge to the beginning of the spiral is added to your circuit as shown below Note that the first via polygon does not have metal in the middle but this one does A via polygon has metalization in a one cell thick wall around the perimeter The second via polygon is only two cells wide so that there is no space in the middle T untitled ais File Edit View Tools Hodiy Circuit Analysis Project Window Help Pointer 8 3K 183 6 231 2 mils Pointer 121 Getting Started If you go down one level the vias now appear in your circuit but with the triangles pointing up to indicate that the via originated on the level above The via on the right overlaps the metal of the spiral the overlap area does not appear in reverse video but the triangle indicates where the edge of the via polygon is 7 s io untitled L i f Click or drag to select objects drag to move them lan Te 170 0 275 4 mils Pointer 57 Press the Escape key to return to pointer mode This exits Add Via mode Adding Ports and Reference Planes 58 Go to Level 1 if you are not already there 59 Hold do
78. meters e Enter the critical parameters in the Cell Size Calculator to deter mine the optimal cell size with the minimal reduction in accuracy Before using the Cell Size Calculator to determine the cell size for your circuit you must decide which parameters are the most critical You use the most critical parameters to calculate the best cell size for your circuit in Sonnet In the case of the spiral inductor the most critical parameters are the conductor widths and spacings The overall size of the spiral 150 mils by 150 mils is not as critical For this example the conductor width is 9 8 mils and the spacing is 3 4 mils These might be the values obtained from an optimization or synthesis software In order to model these two dimensions exactly it would be necessary to choose a cell size of 0 2 This cell size would require an inordinately large number of Vias Chapter 6 Determining Cell Size subsections and hence a prohibitive amount of processing resources So you need to calculate a cell size that provides a level of accuracy within your tolerance while using less of your memory and processing time For more information about cell sizes and subsectioning please refer to Chapter 3 Subsectioning in the Sonnet User s Guide The spiral inductor uses an airbridge to connect one end of the inductor to the box wall port Vias which are a special kind of subsection which allows current to flow in the z direction between met
79. n the X Target text entry box and click on the Add button to the right The spacing 3 4 mils is added to the list of critical dimensions in the x direction This completes the list of critical dimensions in the x direction Click on the Next button to continue The Y Direction Target Entry box appears on your display This is identical to the previous entry but applies to the y direction Since the trace width and spacing are the same in both the x and y direction the same values are entered for the y direction as were entered in the x direction 105 Getting Started 9 Enter the values 9 8 and 3 4 in the same manner cited above for the x direction Cell Size Wizard Please specify critical lengths and widths targets in the Y direction that you feel must be analyzed as closely as possible You can skip Y and only calculate Add Remove lt Back Next gt Cancel Help 10 Click on the Next button to continue The Target Tolerance Entry box appears on your display You may enter the tolerance of your dimensions as a function of percentage or length units Your tolerance should be a non zero value The default tolerance is 5 which is a good value for this example You do not need to change any settings Cell Size Wizard Please specify an acceptable tolerance within which your targets must conform You may work in percentage or in length units fe Tolerance 5 0 si t mils lt Back Next
80. ncel Help Metal Box Ground Refer to page 34 for a three dimensional drawing of the dielectric layers The air layer is required to keep the metal top of the box away from the circuit metal 20 Click on the OK command button to close the Dielectric Layers dialog box 21 Select File gt Revert to Saved from the project editor main menu This returns filtwall son to the original form which you copied from the example directory This step ensures that you are analyzing the original file and that you are able to successfully launch em from the project editor Em The Electromagnetic Simulator Em performs electromagnetic analysis for arbitrary 3 D planar geometries maintaining full accuracy at all frequencies Em is a full wave analysis engine which takes into account all possible coupling mechanisms The project editor provides an interactive windows interface to em This interface consists of menus and dialog boxes which allow you to select run options set up the analysis type and input parameter values and optimization goals You may save the settings for an analysis file in a batch file using the analysis monitor In the next part of this tutorial you set up the analysis for and analyze the circuit filtwall son which you examined in the project editor If you have not already done so load filtwall son into the project editor 40 Chapter 4 Tutorial A Quick Tour Setting Up the Analysis T
81. nd drag the cursor down and to the right A rubber band surrounding the area follows the cursor When you release the mouse button the project editor zooms in on the selected area F filtwall son _ Oy x iW pang is Bat 4 Drag mouse to specify new zoom 1 0 Detta 34 0 x 30 0 mils Zoom As you can see in the enlargement on page 36 one of the metal polygons has a diagonal edge 35 Getting Started 10 Select View Cell Fill from the project editor main menu to turn on the cell fill The metal fill pattern appears in the polygons on your display Note that the outline of the actual metal has a staircase edge which approximates the diagonal edge drawn in the project editor The default setting in the project editor is staircase fill Note that em analyzes the staircase edged metal not the diagonal polygon T filtwall son E E x A C E oS ei Atte eEUCNLOLE ACNE AGH E EE ERTES Pa E RE EA See i gt lt gt lt gt ce ne 5 D 2 n y et aa e n F a oe 8 Fy eae erie amp 8 os te oe e a See ae i ne ees Se 3 oe See es Ses ae i ne wee ca ca Be i a i 565 oe He He Hes 4 oo Pe f Fie aa oo FE PP Pi gh Ph PE Ph Pgh PP Ph Pg Pha Po POP Ph Pgh PPO Pg Pig PP E N L R oa Sy oo y a e a A SoS eae PRS e Saas le a ie SONOS oo es 7 a OOS cece ese O o a amp ele ete
82. ns Triangular subsections can be used to fill in the diagonal staircase at the user s discretion These subsections are based on the cells specified in the geometry file 85 Getting Started Em effectively calculates the coupling between each possible pair of subsections in the circuit The picture on the left shows the circuit as viewed in the project editor On the right is shown the subsectioning used in analyzing the circuit Frequency Sweep There are three types of analyses that may be done in em frequency sweep parameter sweep and optimization This section of the tutorial describes how to set up a linear frequency sweep and invoke em Linear Frequency Sweep The analysis control section of the Analysis Setup dialog box in the project editor allows you to select the type of analysis and the frequencies used in analyzing your circuit 86 Chapter 5 Creating a Circuit Dstub A linear frequency sweep is used to execute an analysis using one or multiple frequencies evenly spaced in an ascending order Analysis Setup dstub son EES Options l Compute Current Density speed Memory Memory Save Advanced Analysis Control Adaptive Sweep ABS x Analysis Type start stop GHz GHz EE Cancel Help Selecting Analysis Options 57 There are two options available in the Analysis Setup dialog box which may be turned on when you wish to use the option and set to off if the option
83. o do this see Obtaining the Example Projects page 31 Save the file to your working directory Click on the Add File button on the tool bar of the Response Viewer A Browse dialog box appears on your display Use the browser to locate the spi_exact son project file which was copied in the previous step 131 Getting Started 86 Click on the OK button to add the new project file If an equation is presently displayed in your plot adding another project file will add the same equation curve for the new project The plot now displays the inductance of both projects As you can see the results achieved with the estimated circuit are very close to those of the exact circuit however the estimated circuit only took a fraction of the processing time due to a much bigger cell size Ee spiral son spi_exact son E fx EA ESE ES EVEN le Cartesian Plot Estimated Spiral vs Exact Spiral 70 50 0 o 30 Left Axis Inductance nH spiral spi_ exact Right Axis empty n d U t a n E 2 0 6 0 8 1 12 14 Frequency GHz Click mouse to readout data values Pointer 0 2 Sonnet Sotware Inc The graph title was added by right clicking in the area above the graph in the plot window then selecting Options from the pop up menu that appears The title is entered in the Graph Options dialog box opened by selecting this command This completes the third tutorial 132 Index Inde
84. of dstub_2 appears in the Group Name text entry box The response viewer uses the basename of the project file with an incremental number attached as the default for curve group names If you wish to change the curve group name edit the text in the entry box Double click on DB S21 in the Unselected list DB S21 is moved from the Unselected list to the Selected list Since a curve group defaults to the left axis with the magnitude dB of S Parameters plotted no other changes need to be made Click on the OK button to apply the changes and close the dialog box The curve group dstub_2 is added to the plot Note that the appearance is very similar to when both measurements were in the same curve group There are two major differences Different symbols are used to represent data points in this graph In the original graph since the two measurements were in the same curve 95 Getting Started group the same symbol was used to represent data points This graph is also different in that there are now two entries one for each curve group in the Curve Group legend Ei dstub son DER EAS CIS Clee Collen Cartesian Plot 0 50 0 Left Axis dstub DB S11 dstub 2 DB S21 Toc tae wa E Right Axis empty oe ma 4 45 5 5 5 5 6 5 Sonnet Sotware Inc Frequency GHz Click mouse to readout data values Pointer This completes the second tutorial 96 Chapter 6 Determining Cell Size CHAPTER 6 DETERMIN
85. ol e UNIX amp Linux Press Shift F1 then click on the desired con trol SONNET TECHNICAL SUPPORT e email support sonnetsoftware com e Voice 315 453 3096 Toll Free in US 877 776 6638 e Fax 315 451 1694 e Web site www sonnetsoftware com support 10 Chapter 2 Installation CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION UNIX and Linux Installation If you are installing the software on a UNIX or Linux system please refer to the UNIX and Linux Installation manual provided in your set of hardcopy manuals or PDF manuals in your download If you are a new Sonnet user once you have completed your installation return to the tutorials in this manual Windows Installation Requirements e OS Windows XP and Windows Vista For Windows XP Service Pack 2 is recommended for the best performance of the analysis engine e Hardware Pentium or Athlon AMD processor 128 Mbytes RAM and 125 Mbytes of disk space e To perform the installation on Windows XP or Windows Vista you must be logged in as the Administrator or as a member of the 11 Getting Started administrator group For a complete list of requirements and testing updates please see http www sonnetsoftware com requirements Compatibility This release is backward compatible with all prior releases However you may not use arelease 11 project file in an earlier release of Sonnet License Server NAZ q TP For a standard evaluation node locked license or universi
86. olt 50 ohm source and Port 2 with a 50 ohm load filtwall son JXY Magnitude at 4 7 GHz Click or drag mouse to readout data values 1 0 Pointer Red areas represent high current density and blue areas represent low current density A scale is shown on the left of the window which defines the values of each color Current Density Values 48 Click on any point on your circuit to see a current density value The current density value in amps meter at the point that you clicked is shown in the status bar at the bottom of your window along with the coordinates of the location Chapter 4 Tutorial A Quick Tour Frequency Controls ary 49 NOTE 5 2625 50 A different frame is displayed for each analysis frequency Click on the Next Frequency button on the tool bar The lowest frequency appears on your display as the default which in this case is at 4 7 GHz When you click on the Next Frequency button the display is updated with the current density at 5 1125 GHz The scale to the left of the display is also updated Click on the Frequency Drop list and select 5 2625 The drop list allows you to go directly to any of the analysis frequencies Animation The current density viewer provides two types of animation frequency and time To do an animation in the frequency domain the current density viewer takes a picture of your circuit at each frequency point and links the pictures together to form a mov
87. on ircul Substrate Lay placed on top of 15 mils the substrate The c n E r Air Layer looking directly down on the substrate This view is from the 3D viewer which is opened by editor The view shown in the project editor window is a two dimensional view from the top selecting View View 3D from the project editor main menu 34 Chapter 4 Tutorial A Quick Tour Zoom and Cell Fill The project editor has a zoom feature which allows you to take a closer look at any part of your circuit You will zoom in on a section of the filter to observe an example of staircase cell fill The cell fill represents the actual metalization analyzed by em There are various types of cell fill one of which is staircase Staircase uses a staircase of cells to approximate any angled edges of polygons Therefore the actual metallization analyzed by em may differ from that input by you Select View gt Cell Fill from the project editor main menu to turn off the cell fill This command toggles the state of cell fill Only the outline of the polygons are displayed Click on the Zoom In button on the tool bar The appearance of the cursor changes A magnifying glass with a plus sign the icon on the Zoom In button appears next to the cursor Select the section of the circuit you wish to zoom in on Move the mouse to the upper left of the junction of the feed line and the first resonator as shown below Click a
88. on Definition Curve Label spiral Cancel Help 82 Click on the OK button to close the dialog box and apply the changes You may not plot a data curve and an equation curve on the same axis of a plot therefore when you add an equation curve it is necessary to delete the existing data curve A warning message about the deletion of the data curve appears as shown below emgraph Defining an equation curve for this axis will cause the existing data curve s to be removed 130 Chapter 6 Determining Cell Size 83 Click OK to close the warning message box If you do not wish to have this warning appear click on the Don t show me this again checkbox before you click on the OK button The plot is updated with the inductance of your circuit as a function of frequency Ee spiral son eS e kaa e Cartesian Plot 70 50 0 30 Left Axis Inductance nH spiral Right Axis empty n d U t a n E 2 0 6 0 8 1 12 14 Frequency GHz Click mouse to readout data values Pointer 0 2 Sonnet Sotware Inc Adding a File to a Graph 84 For comparison add the project file for the spiral inductor analyzed at the exact dimensions The project file for the exact circuit which includes the response data has been provided Copy the example Spi_exact to your working directory You can access the example through the online manuals If you do not know how t
89. on using the Sonnet suite The Sonnet Design Suite The suite of Sonnet analysis tools is shown below Using these tools Sonnet provides an open environment to many other design and layout programs 15 Getting Started Interfaces Agilent s ADS Cadence s Virtuoso AWR s Microwave Office DXF amp GDSII Translators Ar Enay Project Editor Pre processing Analysis Engine Solving 16 Chapter 3 The Basics Sonnet Applications Sonnet s suites of high frequency electromagnetic EM Software are aimed at designs involving predominantly planar 3D planar circuits and antennas Predominantly planar circuits include e Arbitrary microstrip amp stripline circuits e Planar spiral inductors e RFIC amp MMIC circuits e Planar filter analysis e High Speed Digital Interconnects e High density interconnects e Multi layer circuits like LTCC and PCB technology e Microwave circuit discontinuities e Planar patch antennas e Circuits with vias vertical metal sheets z directed strips and any number of layers of metal traces embedded in stratified dielectric material For more information on Sonnet s applications see our website at http www sonnetsoftware com products em applications asp Sonnet Projects There are two types of projects in Sonnet the Geometry Project and the Netlist Project A geometry project contains a circuit whose properties are entered by the user or provided by transl
90. orial Enter 3 4 in the Conductor Spacing text entry box The spacing for the spiral is 3 4 mils the value obtained in the calculations at the beginning of this tutorial Enter 153 in the First Length and Second Length text entry boxes This sets the overall dimensions of the rectangular spiral to 153 by 153 the values obtained in the calculations at the beginning of this tutorial Click on the None radio button under Air Bridge This setting adds no airbridge to the rectangular spiral when adding it to your circle This setting could have been used in this case but for the purposes of the tutorial was not used in this case The dialog box should appears as shown below Rectangular Spiral Attributes Number of Air Bridge Humber of Tums 2 Turns None C Above O Below Conductor Width Conductor Spacing First Length Second Length Cancel Help Click on the OK button to add the Spiral i First Length i Second Length A black outline of the spiral with a cursor fixed at the upper left hand corner appears on your circuit display As you move the mouse the position of the cursor and spiral change accordingly 113 Getting Started q TP You may want to zoom in on the location of the spiral to make it easier to position the spiral before adding it to your circuit You may zoom in using the Space Bar middle button on your mouse or the button on the tool bar 40
91. ou will use the Readout dialog box to position the anchor where you want to place the rectangular spiral on the substrate Click on the Anchor button in the Readout dialog box The Anchor Setup dialog box appears on your display Enter 132 6 in the X text entry box and 292 4 in the Y text entry box in the Anchor Setup dialog box These values give the position of the upper left hand corner of the rectangular spiral in your circuit The upper left hand corner was selected because this is the reference point used in the standard palette spiral inductor Click on the OK button to close the dialog box The Anchor a large appears on your substrate The anchor is used to help position the spiral The precision used in placing the geometry in this example is done to ensure that the results are consistent with results displayed later in the tutorial In many cases the exact placement of the spiral would be unimportant 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Chapter 6 Determining Cell Size Select Tools Add Metalization gt Rectangular Spiral from the project editor main menu The Rectangular Spiral Attributes dialog box appears on your display Enter 3 in the Number of Turns text entry box The rectangular spiral has 3 turns Enter 10 2 in the Conductor Width text entry box The width of the conductor for the spiral is 10 2 mils the value obtained in the calculations at the beginning of this tut
92. pe and frequency are determined by the settings when animation mode was launched Since the ABS band was defined from 4 7 GHz to 5 5 GHz the first discrete frequency at which the circuit was analyzed is 4 7 GHz Remember that current density data for an ABS sweep is only calculated for discrete data points not for all the adaptive data The Animation Controls also appear on your display Note that Continuous Play mode is still on from the previous example Click on the Play button in the Animation Controls Selecting Play starts the animation at the present frame 4 7 GHz Subsequent frames consecutively by frequency are displayed each for 0 1 seconds the delay set previously When the last frame is reached the display starts over with the first frame and repeats until you press the Stop button in the Animation Controls Note that a description of each frame s contents appears in the title bar of the window Select File gt Exit from the current density viewer main menu This command exits the current density viewer Select File gt Exit from the project editor main menu This command exits the project editor program This completes the first Sonnet tutorial The next tutorial concentrates on entering a circuit in the project editor 57 Getting Started 58 Chapter 5 Creating a Circuit Dstub CHAPTER 5 CREATING A CIRCUIT DSTUB The second tutorial walks you through the process of entering a circuit in the
93. project editor analyzing the circuit using the analysis engine em and observing your analysis data in the response viewer Some of the concepts covered in this tutorial are e Setting up box settings e Determining cell sizes e Setting up dielectric layers e Adding metal rectangles to a circuit e Adding metal polygons to a circuit e Copying flipping and moving polygons in a circuit e Performing a simple analysis e Plotting response data The example for this tutorial is a circuit geometry project dstub son The circuit as it appears upon completion is shown following along with a view showing the orientation when looking at the project editor display 59 Getting Started Even if you plan on using a translator to import your circuits this tutorial provides you with the basics of the project editor environment which you need to accurately translate your circuit The circuit is placed on top of the substrate Air Layer 100 mils Six sided metal box Substrate Layer 20 mils A three dimensional view of the circuit in the six sided metal box modeled in the project editor The view shown in the project editor window is a two dimensional view from the top looking directly down on the substrate F dstub son 60 Chapter 5 Creating a Circuit Dstub The Substrate Subsectioning and Cell Size To input a circuit geometry in the project editor you must set up the box and substrate parameters as well as
94. r at the bottom of the window 23 Click on one of the selected points and drag it to the box wall The circuit should appear as pictured below You may select anywhere from one vertex to all the vertices when in reshape mode When more than one vertex is selected moving one vertex causes all other selected vertices to move and retain their relative position to the first vertex as happened in this example It is also possible to add additional vertices to a polygon by using the Add Points button in the tool box T untitled E E x nice amp GC Fig a ke 4 Click or drag to select point drag to move them 1 0 Size 0 0 20 0 mils Reshape Next yov ll add the polygons 24 Click on the Add a Polygon button in the Tool Box The appearance of the cursor changes 71 Getting Started 25 26 27 72 Type 60 90 followed by Enter on the keyboard This enters the first point on the polygon A rubber band stretches from this point to the location of the cursor untitled m A 4 Click or drag to select point drag to move them 1 0 Size 0 0 20 0 mils Reshape Type 20 lt 270 followed by Enter on the keyboard The sign indicates a relative distance from the last point The lt 270 provides the angle at which the segment should emanate Therefore a segment 20 mils in length going straight down is added to the polygon and a line connecting the two points
95. ric layers and vias may be used to connect the metal polygons on one level to another The four sidewalls of the box are lossless metal which provide several benefits for accurate and efficient high frequency EM analysis e The box walls provide a perfect ground reference for the ports Good ground reference is very important when you need S parameter data with dynamic ranges that might exceed 50 or 60 dB and Sonnet s sidewall ground references make it possible for us to provide S parameter dynamic range that routinely exceeds 100 dB e Because of the underlying EM analysis technique the box walls and the uniform grid allow us to use fast Fourier transforms FFTs to compute all circuit cross coupling FFTs are fast numerically robust and map very efficiently to computer processing e There are many circuits that are placed inside of housings and the box walls give us a natural way to consider enclosure effects on circuit behavior As an example a microstrip circuit can be modeled in Sonnet by creating two dielectric layers one which represents your substrate and one for the air above the substrate The metal polygons for the microstrip would be placed on the metal 20 Chapter 3 The Basics level between these two dielectric layers The bottom of the box is used as the ground plane for the microstrip circuit The top and bottom of the box may have any loss allowing you to model ground plane loss Coupling to the Box S
96. s 24 Enter the Start and Stop values in the appropriate text entry boxes The frequency band you wish to analyze is from 4 7 GHz to 5 5 GHz therefore enter 4 7 in the Start text entry box and 5 5 in the Stop text entry box These entries may already be present 41 Getting Started If you needed to change the frequency units you would do so using the Units dialog box accessed by selecting Circuit gt Units from the project editor main menu Analysis Run Options 25 Run options for em are available in the Analysis Setup dialog box This example uses the De embed option which is set by default and the Compute Current Density option De embedding is set in the Advanced Options dialog box which you access by clicking on the Advanced button in the Analysis Setup dialog box Since it is set by default you do not need to do this for this example De embedding is the process by which the port discontinuity is removed from the analysis results Inaccurate data may result from failing to implement this option even when you are not using reference planes For a detailed discussion of de embedding refer to Chapters 7 and 8 in the Sonnet User s Guide If this option is on de embedded response data is output to the project file The Compute Current Density run option instructs em to calculate current density information for the entire circuit which can be viewed using the Current Density Viewer Be aware that for an adaptive sweep
97. s 5 ae Oe ae aa Rl A e Bode ae a 28 Estimate MEMORY rerit aaeanoa wa i 28 4 TUTORIAL A QUICK TOUR 000 eee e ee et 29 IMVOKING SONNET a aranea 40 a ade drat ee eke eas 30 UND 26d gt Aesth Ae Wve Eh She ck A ae leo 30 WINGOW Sine aia ge hc 8d Seep hehehe E As este tet AC ACS 31 Getting Started Obtaining the Example Projects 31 TMG Project EQUEON lt i a 0h he wd ia eat SO 32 Zoom and Cell Fill 0 ee ee 35 Metal TypeS amp 44 dena ele Oe be eink Ge 2 a 37 Dielectric LayerS 1 cee ee ees 39 Em The Electromagnetic Simulator 40 Setting Up the Analysis 00000 ae 41 Setting Up Analysis Frequencies 41 Analysis Run Options oaaae 42 Executing an Analysis RUN oaaae aaa aaa 42 The Response Viewer Plotting Your Data 43 Invoking the Response Viewer 005 44 Displaying a Smith Chart saaa aaa aaa 45 Selecting Another Curve for Display 45 Data Readouts Smith Chart 49 Adding a Data Marker 0 eee ee 50 Closing the Response Viewer 0008 51 Current Density Viewer 0 0 0 ee eee eee 51 Invoking the Current Density Viewer 52 Current Density Values 000000 aes 52 Frequency Controls 0 000 ee eee ee ee 53 ANIMATION sak ea wie he at a ee oe ee eS 53 SUT IRV SAAT HON ea ti race a soaks tesa dl vor ant 53 Frequency Animation 0005 56 5 CREATING A CIRCUIT
98. se to readout data values Pointer Chapter 4 Tutorial A Quick Tour Data Readouts Smith Chart 38 40 42 The response viewer can provide a readout on any given data point on your plot in two different ways The information provided is dependent upon the type of data point selected In the next section you see how to obtain data on the Smith chart Right click in the plot window then select Type gt Smith from the pop up menu which appears on your display The plot is changed to a Smith Chart It is important to note that the curve group filtwall only contains one curve DB S11 The curve groups defined for Cartesian graphs are independent of those defined for Smith charts Zooming in on a section of the Smith chart makes it easier to distinguish individual points Click on the Zoom In button on the tool bar A change in the cursor indicates that you are in zoom in mode TIP If you have a three button mouse clicking on the center mouse button when the cursor is in the plot window will put you in zoom in mode Click and drag your mouse in the Smith chart until the rubber band surrounds the area you wish to magnify Then release the mouse button The display is updated with a magnified picture of the selected area To return to the full graph click on the Full View button on the tool bar Zooming operates in the same manner on a Cartesian graph For our example select one of the end points of the graph to enlarge
99. subsection size For a detailed discussion of subsectioning please see Chapter 3 Subsectioning in the Sonnet User s Guide Note that the dimensions of a cell do not need to be a round number For example if you want to analyze a line that is 9 5 mils wide you need not set your cell dimension to 0 5 mils You may want to set it to 4 75 mils 9 5 mils divided by 2 or 3 16667 mils 9 5 mils divided by 3 This will speed up the analysis because fewer subsections will be used Also the width of the cell does not need to be the same as the length When viewing your substrate notice that the project editor displays a grid made up of regularly spaced dots The distance between each grid point is the cell size 61 Getting Started 62 The cell size may be entered directly or you may enter the number of cells This sets the number of cells per substrate side thus implicitly specifying the cell size in relationship to the box size Note that the number of cells must be an integer number TIP When the number of cells per side is large selection of a power of two value pro vides em with a significant speed increase For example 256 cells per side is more efficient than 250 cells per side Metalization Levels and Dielectric Layers The analysis engine and the project editor can handle any number of metalization levels The default in a new project file is two dielectric layers with one metalization level in between Typica
100. surements in a curve group must all 66 67 68 Chapter 5 Creating a Circuit Dstub come from the same project file and be the same response and parameter type Different curve groups may come from different project files yet be displayed simultaneously Since this analysis only included a frequency sweep no parameter combinations are available Click on Dstub in the Curve Group Legend A box appears around Dstub in the Curve Group legend and the curve group is highlighted on the plot Select Curve gt Edit Curve Group from the response viewer main menu The Edit Curve Group dialog box appears on your display E Edit Curve Group dstub son Project dstub O Data Collection Standard Group Name dstub Y Axis Measurements g Data Type Params B Data Format Magnitude dB Unselected Selected DB S11 Cancel Help TIP You may also access this dialog box by right clicking in the Curve Group Plot and selecting Edit Curve Group from the pop up menu which appears The project and data collection drop lists are disabled since you are editing an existing curve group Double click on DB S21 to move this curve from the unselected list to the selected list This adds the DB S21 measurement to the dstub curve group 93 Getting Started 69 Click on the OK button to apply the changes and close the dialog box The dialog box disappears from your display and the plot is updated to include
101. they have no effect because this level is already completely metalized However cases do exist in which you may want to place a polygon on the GND level in order to place a via or a dielectric brick there Viewing Levels When you view your circuit in the normal 2D view in the project editor you are always on a particular level as shown by the level drop list in the Project Editor tool bar as shown below The top level is always 0 and increases as you move downward through the box You can switch levels by using Chapter 3 The Basics your arrow keys or using the level drop list By default all polygons on your present level are shown in solid and all polygons on all other levels are shown as dashed outlines T metal levels son Level 0 is displayed in the level drop list 7 in the project The dotted i editor outline indicate ue metal on the level below this one Level 0 The dotted You may also change polygon seen t the view to other above is shown ll ey metal levels by using on Level 1 which N the Up One Level and is below Level 0 Tei Down One Level LEEF EEEE A ot button on the project editor tool bar Level 1 Click or drag to select objects dre 1 0 561 0 265 2 mils Pointer As mentioned above the metal level is associated with the dielectric layer above such that when you delete a dielectric layer the metal level directly below the layer is deleted The total heig
102. titled DAR 3 es Thy Wo m 4 t Click or drag to select ob 1 0 250 0 80 0 mils Pointer Specifying Box Settings Before drawing the circuit you must specify the parameters of the enclosing box which includes the dimensions of the substrate and the cell size 102 Chapter 6 Determining Cell Size 3 Select Circuit gt Box from the project editor main menu The Box Settings dialog box appears on your display This dialog box is used to set the box size and cell size dimensions for your circuit E Box Settings untitled Dizes Top Metal Ba Y Cell Size 1 0 0 i 0 0 Lock Lossless Box Size 1 60 0 1 60 0 Lock 16 16 Bottom Metal Num Cells Lock Lossless Set Box Size with Mouse Cell Size Calculator symmetry Current Units mils Estimate Memory OK Apply Cancel Help Using the Cell Size Calculator You will enter the critical dimensions into the Cell Size Calculator to determine the optimal cell size The automatic algorithm calculates the cell size which provides the desired accuracy while using the minimum of processing resources This eliminates the need for you to do multiple analyses in order to find the optimal cell size 103 Getting Started 104 Click on the Cell Size Calculator button in the Box Settings dialog box A dialog box appears on your display asking if you wish to go straight to the calculator or use the Wizard For the first few times you use the
103. tor level numbers appear on the left A level is defined as the intersection of any two dielectric layers and is where your circuit metal is placed This circuit requires two metal levels in order to place an airbridge above the spiral Since a level is defined as the intersection of two dielectric layers the addition of a dielectric layer also adds another metal level Dielectric Layers untitled EA ES Thickness Mat Erel Dielectric Diel Cond mils Name Lass Tan Sim 109 Getting Started 17 Click on the Above button in the Dielectric Layers dialog box The Dielectric Editor dialog box appears on your display This dialog box allows you to edit the parameters of a dielectric layer in your circuit E Dielectric Editor untitled Select dielectric from library Mat Name Unnamed Thickness 0 0 Number of copies 1 Erel Dielectric Diel Cond Loss Tan 57m Mrel Mag Loss Tan 1 0 0 0 18 Enter a value of 250 in the Thickness text entry box and Air in the Mat Name text entry box This dielectric layer is the air above the actual microstrip The layer thickness has absolutely no impact on execution time Remember the analysis is done inside of a six sided metal box so there is a metal top cover above the 250 mils of air Specifying a small number for this thickness moves the top cover closer to the circuit metalization providing stronger coupling between the top cover and the circuit metallization Th
104. ty license the local ma chine is the license server For a floating license one machine in the network should be designated as the license server This machine requires a hardware key attached to it Client machines do not require a hardware key The license manager FLEX Net executes on the license server For a discussion on types of licenses please see Licenses page 9 in the Windows Installation Manual available in PDF format from the Sonnet task bar Windows Installation Instructions 1 Uninstall any previous installations of Sonnet by selecting Start gt Pro grams Sonnet gt Uninstall If this is the first time you ve installed Sonnet continue at Step 2 12 NOTE Chapter 2 Installation If you want to keep an earlier version of the software be aware that the license server for a previous release may not be run simultaneously with the license server for Version 11 nor can you run an older version using a version 11 license due to an incompatibility of license file formats The license servers must be installed on different computers or run one at a time 2 Both new and previous Sonnet User s require a new license for Release 11 52 Go to www sonnetsoftware com license and fill out the License Request Form Once you receive your license from Sonnet you will be able to enable your Sonnet Software 3 Load the software from the CD ROM on your system following the installation instructions on your screen
105. unning a simple analysis in em Plotting S parameter data in the response viewer Performing a simple animation in the current density viewer 29 Getting Started Invoking Sonnet You use the Sonnet task bar shown below to access all the modules in the Sonnet Suite Opening the Sonnet task bar for both Windows and UNIX systems is detailed below UNIX 1 Open a terminal If you do not know how to do this please see your system administrator sonnet 2 Enter sonnet at the prompt The Sonnet task bar appears on your display 30 Chapter 4 Tutorial A Quick Tour Windows 1 Select Start gt Programs Sonnet Sonnet from the Windows desktop Start menu mp Programs 4 Documents A Settings S Eind amp Help Aun lag Shut Down A ANMANN ANNAN AN EENEN ENN m Accessores wt Sonnet fa Sonnet im StartUp KE MS DOS Prompt a Windows Explorer r Tr wr Hu Project View Admin Help Edit Analyze View View View Manuals Project Project Response Current Far Field Obtaining the Example Projects Example projects are supplied with your software and are available through the PDF manuals on your computer The Application Examples manual when accessed in PDF format on your computer allows you to open the project in the Project Editor or in the case of multifile examples copy the example folder to your personal workin
106. ware Inc Frequency GHz Click mouse to readout data values Pointer Note that very few of the symbols O indicating data points appear on the curves When you are displaying adaptive data from an ABS analysis the only points highlighted with a symbol in the response viewer are those from the discrete points where a full analysis was performed Right click on the curve group name filtwall which appears in the Curve Group legend and select Properties from the pop up menu which appears on your display The Data Set Style dialog box appears on your display 47 Getting Started 48 35 Click on the Symbol radio button in the dialog box 36 37 The dialog box should appear similar to that shown below filtwall son Data Set Style o Symbol C Line Style Cancel Help Click on an arrow button next to the Symbol display until the word None appears Click on the OK command button to apply these changes and close the dialog box The symbols for the discrete data points are no longer displayed Only the line represents all the adaptive data The graph should appear similar to that pictured below E filtwall son BEANIE Cartesian Plot 70 50 0 0 Left Axis 5 7 filtwall an DB S11 DB S21 Right Axis empty Ma a g n i t U d e oe ma 35 40 47 4 6 4 9 5 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 Sonnet Sotware Inc Frequency GHz Click mou
107. wn the Shift key and click on the Add Port button in the project editor tool box Holding down the shift key allows you to add multiple ports without returning to pointer mode 60 Click on the feedline at the left box wall This adds Port 1 to the circuit 122 Chapter 6 Determining Cell Size 61 Click on the end of the conductor at the top box wall This adds Port 2 to the circuit T untitled Sel aa File Edit View Tools Hodiy Circuit Analysis Project Window Help A X ojele e e SSj a Ee Toolbox fx is Wal i Aya SIE F 62 Push the Escape key to return to pointer mode 63 Select Circuit gt Ref Planes Cal Length from the project editor main menu The Reference Planes Calibration Lengths dialog box appears on your display In the list Left Right Top and Bottom refer to the box wall on which the port is situated E Reference Planes Calibration Lengths Box Wall Status List of Reference Planes Left Box Wall Reference Plane C Linked Link Plane to Point of Polygon RA Fixed Specify Length re joo 8 mils Fixed Radio None De embed Port Discontinuity Only Button Use fixed cal length foo 8 mils Apply Cancel Help 123 Getting Started 64 65 66 67 68 124 Select the Left entry in the list of reference planes The Left entry line is highlighted Click on the Fixed radio button This enables the text entry box for the fixed value This choice uses a fixed valu
108. x 3D view 28 A accuracy 66 Add Polygon button 71 Add Port button 82 Add Rectangle button buttons Add Rectangle 68 adding ports 82 rectangle 68 air 20 25 66 110 analysis executing 42 90 specifying frequencies 41 animate view 55 57 animation 53 animate view 55 57 controls 56 Continous Play button 56 Exit Animation button 56 Play button 56 Stop button 56 exit 56 frames 53 frequency 53 56 settings 54 56 time 53 Animation Settings dialog box 54 applications 17 attributes modifying 36 38 backspace key 72 box 34 coupling 21 definition 20 size 65 wall 82 box settings specifying 64 102 Box Settings dialog box 64 103 box size 61 box wall 32 buttons 56 Add Polygon 71 Add Port 82 Continuous Play 56 Edit Circuit 101 Exit Animation 56 Full View 37 Next Frequency 53 Play 56 Zoom In 35 C Cartesian graph 43 cell 61 cell fill 35 diagonal 36 Staircase 36 cell grid 61 cell size 26 61 dimensions 61 setting 65 vias 99 Circuit Layers 39 circuit metal 26 compatibility with prior releases 12 Compute Current Density option 51 contacting Sonnet 10 Continuous Play button 56 coupling mechanisms 84 current density data 51 current density values 52 133 current density viewer animation 53 current density data 51 exiting 57 first tutorial 51 57 frequency controls 53 D data curves selecting 92 de embed run option 88 delete key 72 design suite 15 dialog boxes Animation Settings 54 Box Settin
109. ysical description of your circuit arbitrary layout and material properties for metal and dielectrics and employs a rigorous Method of Moments EM analysis based on Maxwell s equations that includes all parasitic cross coupling enclosure and package resonance effects DOCUMENTATION Sonnet provides manuals context sensitive help and an online knowledge base as detailed below Getting Started MANUALS A set of hardcopy manuals are provided with Sonnet Level2 Basic and above All Sonnet Suites including Sonnet Lite and Sonnet LitePlus come with a complete set of manuals in PDF Format PDF format manuals are accessed by clicking on the Manuals button in the Sonnet task bar The complete list of manuals is provided below Basics including Start up tutorials User s Guide Hardcopy PDF Translators Hardcopy PDF UNIX amp Linux Installa UNIX amp Linux Installation Instructions Hardcopy PDF tion Remote em Processing Installing remote em Processing PDF Only Windows Installation Windows Installation including trouble PDF Only shooting emCluster Computing Installing emCluster Computing PDF Only FLEXnet User s Manual Licensing Manager Software User s PDF Only Manual HELP May be accessed in any of the following ways e Selecting Help gt Contents from any Sonnet application e Clicking on the Help button in any dialog box e Windows Click on the button at the top of a dialog box and click on the desired contr

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