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User`s manual FLIR ix series

1. Figure 20 6 Planckian curves plotted on semi log scales from 100 K to 1000 K The dotted line represents the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien s displacement law 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm um 2 Wavelength um 20 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law By integrating Planck s formula from A 0 to A we obtain the total radiant emittance Wy of a blackbody W h oT Watt m This is the Stefan Boltzmann formula after Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature Graphically W represents the area below the Planck curve for a particular temperature It can be shown that the radiant emittance in the interval A 0 to Amax is only 25 of the total which represents about the amount of the sun s radiation which lies inside the visible light spectrum Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 73 20 Theory of thermography 10399303 a1 Figure 20 7 Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 Using the Stefan Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx 2 m we obtain 1 kW This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for the compensating absorption of radiation from surrounding surfaces
2. Area max Area min Push the left selection button Select The highest or lowest temperature within the area will now be indicated by a continuously moving cursor The temperature will also be displayed in the top left corner of the screen Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 27 11 Using the camera 11 10 Marking all areas above or below a set temperature level General You can mark all areas above or below a set temperature level Procedure Follow this procedure Push the left selection button Menu Use the navigation pad to select Measurement Push the left selection button Select Use the navigation pad to select one of the following Detect above a Detect below Push the left selection button Select To change the temperature level above or below which you want to mark the areas use the navigation pad 28 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 11 Using the camera 11 11 Changing the color palette General You can change the color palette that the camera uses to display different tempera tures A different palette can make it easier to analyze an image Procedure Follow this procedure to change the color palette Push the left selection button Menu Use the navigation pad to go to Color palette Push the left selection button Select This will display the
3. coiere oneri err ener eren rte entend 71 20 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law irte nene etet te he tees ayers 73 20 3 4 Non blackbody emitters sssssssssssseeeene enne 74 20 4 Infrared semi transparent materials sse 76 21 The measurement formula iiep ineine paie apaiia araea ia Eiaa aaiae 78 22 Emissivity tables 22 1 References 22 2 Important note about the emissivity tables ssssssseeene n 84 22 3 7Tabl68 en a ai A Na 85 viii Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 1 Warnings amp Cautions WARNING Applies only to Class A digital devices This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual may cause interference to radio communications It has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A computing device pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference when operated in a commercial environment Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause interference in which case the user at his own expense will be required to take whatever measures may be required to correct the interference Applies only to Class B digital devices This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant to Part 15 of
4. 21 The measurement formula 10400703 a2 1 0 C 32 F 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F WP PEE Figure 21 4 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions LW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radiation Fixed parameters T 0 88 Tye 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 83 22 Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems 22 1 References Mika l A Bramson Infrared Radiation A Handbook for Applications Plenum press N Y William L Wolfe George J Zissis The Infrared Handbook Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C Madding R P Thermographic Instruments and systems Madison Wisconsin Univer sity of Wisconsin Extension Department of Engineering and Applied Science William L Wolfe Handbook of Military Infrared Technology Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C Jones Smith Probert External thermography of buildings Proc of the Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers vol 110 Industrial and Civil Applications of Infrared Technology June 1977 London Paljak Pettersson Thermography of Buildings Swedish Building Research Institut
5. 2 days ITC EXP 2019 ITC Short course building thermography inclusive 10 pers 2 days Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 7 Parts lists ITC EXP 2044 ITC Short course electrical thermography attendance 1 pers 2 days ITC EXP 2049 ITC Short course electrical thermography inclusive 10 pers 2 days ITC EXP 2061 ITC Short course HVAC and plumbing attendance 1 pers 2 days ITC EXP 2069 ITC Short course HVAC and plumbing group up to 10 pers 2 days ITC EXP 3001 ITC Training 3 days attendance 1 pers ITC EXP 3009 ITC Training 3 days group up to 10 pers ITC PRA 201 1 ITC Practical Course Solar panel inspection attendance 1 pers 2 days ITC PRA 2019 ITC Practical Course Solar panel inspection group up to 10 pers 2 days ITC SOW 0001 ITC Software course attendance 1 pers per day ITC SOW 0009 ITC Software course group up to 10 pers per day T126024 Pouch T197410 Battery T197619 Hard transport case for ix T197717 FLIR Reporter 8 5 SP3 Professional T197717L10 FLIR Reporter 8 5 SP3 Professional 10 user licenses T197717L5 FLIR Reporter 8 5 SP3 Professional 5 user licenses T197778 FLIR BuildIR 2 1 T197778L10 FLIR BuildIR 2 1 10 user licenses T197778L5 FLIR BuildIR 2 1 5 user licenses T199806 One year extended warranty for ix series T199833 General Maintenance ix series T910711 Power supply charger with EU UK US and AU plugs T910737 Memory card
6. Power supply charger with EU UK US and Australian plugs Printed Getting Started Guide Printed Important Information Guide Service amp training brochure USB cable User documentation CD ROM miniSD card with SD card adapter Contact your local sales office if any item is damaged or missing You can find the addresses and telephone numbers of local sales offices on the back cover of this manual FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models parts or accessories and other items or to change specifications at any time without prior notice 7 2 List of accessories 1910423 USB cable Std A lt gt Mini B ITC CER 5101 ITC Level 1 Thermography Course attendance 1 pers ITC CER 5105 ITC Level 1 Thermography Course additional student to on site class 1 pers ITC CER 5109 ITC Level 1 Thermography Course group of 10 pers ITC EXP 1001 ITC Training 1 day attendance 1 pers ITC EXP 1009 ITC Training 1 day group up to 10 pers ITC EXP 1011 ITC Short course Introduction to thermography attendance 1 pers 1 day ITC EXP 1019 ITC Short course Introduction to thermography inclusive 10 pers 1 day ITC EXP 1021 ITC In house training additional attendance 1 pers per day ITC EXP 1029 ITC In house training group up to 10 pers per day ITC EXP 2001 ITC Training 2 days attendance 1 pers ITC EXP 2009 ITC Training 2 days group up to 10 pers ITC EXP 2011 ITC Short course building thermography attendance 1 pers
7. together with a worldwide network of agents and distributors support our international customer base FLIR Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry We an ticipate market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones The company has set milestones in product design and development such as the introduction of the first battery operated portable camera for industrial inspec tions and the first uncooled infrared camera to mention just two innovations 10722703 a2 Figure 16 2 LEFT Thermovision amp Model 661 from 1969 The camera weighed approximately 25 kg 55 Ib the oscilloscope 20 kg 44 Ib and the tripod 15 kg 33 Ib The operator also needed a 220 VAC generator set and a 10 L 2 6 US gallon jar with liquid nitrogen To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment 6 kg 13 Ib can be seen RIGHT FLIR i7 from 2009 Weight 0 34 kg 0 75 Ib including the battery FLIR Systems manufactures all vital mechanical and electronic components of the camera systems itself From detector design and manufacturing to lenses and system electronics to final testing and calibration all production steps are carried out and supervised by our own engineers The in depth expertise of these infrared specialists ensures the accuracy and reliability of all vital components that are assembled into your infrared camera 16 1 More than just an infrared camera At FLIR Sy
8. 28 11 10 Marking all areas above or below a set temperature level ny 29 11 11 Changing the color palette 11 12 Changing the settings 90 11 13 Changing the image rode eniin rerit iens 31 11 14 Setting the surface properties sssssssesseeeneeee nennen tetnntnt tn tn tnt a tents tna tn thats 32 11 15 Changing the ermissivity iere nre eere ni eie nis 33 11 16 Changing the reflected apparent temperature sss 34 11 17 Resetting the camera sse 11 18 Finding the serial number of the camera Cleaning the camera iare er REG ede t it e M espe etel 37 12 4 Camera housing cables and other items sssssseneneeeeeenenn 37 12 2 Infrared lens sse 38 12 3 Infrared detector 99 Technical data P 13 1 Additional data DIMENSIONS arr ear aa reaa ges asia Rae ee 14 4 Camera front Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 vii 142 Camera side seta iii t eee a dH E EH Re deeds 45 15 Application examples inei pere ciet epi ces eri eigene d 46 15 1 Moisture amp water damage sss tete tetnntn tete atria tnit tt ata tna tn tata 46 15 2 Faulty Contact SOCKeL oerte eie pec ia a re muere ades cite dece e eod 47 15 3 Oxidized SOCKCt
9. EN November 4 2011 61 18 Thermographic measurement techniques 5 Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down 10727003 a2 Figure 18 4 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil 2 Step 2 Determining the emissivity Select a place to put the sample Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous procedure Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature Heating must be reasonably even Focus and auto adjust the camera and freeze the image Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast Set emissivity to that of the tape usually 0 97 Measure the temperature of the tape using one of the following measurement functions Isotherm helps you to determine both the temperature and how evenly you have heated the sample Spot simpler Box Avg good for surfaces with varying emissivity Write down the temperature Move your measurement function to the sample surface Change the emissivity setting until you read the same temperature as your previous measure ment Note Write down the emissivity 62 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 18 Thermographic measurement techniques Avoid forced convection Look for a thermally stable surrounding th
10. Use the navigation pad to select Advanced Push the left selection button Select This will display the Advanced sub menu Use the navigation pad to do either of the following Seta value for emissivity Select a material in the list of materials Push the left selection button Select to confirm the choice and leave the menu To read more about emissivity see section 18 Thermographic measurement tech niques on page 59 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 33 11 Using the camera 11 16 Changing the reflected apparent temperature General This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected by the object If the emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected temperature it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature correctly Procedure Follow this procedure to set the reflected apparent temperature Push the left selection button Menu Use the navigation pad to go to Measure Push the left selection button Select This will display the Measure sub menu Use the navigation pad to select Advanced Push the left selection button Select This will display the Advanced sub menu Use the navigation pad to set the reflected apparent temperature Push the left selection button Select to confirm the choice and leave the menu SEE ALSO To read more abou
11. 2 tee eterne treten hind esac renin Dri a veda ne M ya 48 15 4 Insulation deficiencies we 49 oC IM etic cai RNA cheats ates aaa ahaa N eta do EA A AAS 50 16 About FEIR Systems neon RARI een E 51 16 1 More than just an infrared camera 16 2 Sharing our knowledge 16 3 Supporting our customers 16 4 A few images from our facilities 53 17 Glossary scene nme edd eii db ne Hd ARP EE EE nd EE E LH A HS 55 18 Thermographic measurement techniques ssssssssse een 59 18 1 Introduction 59 18 2 Emissivity 59 18 2 1 Finding the emissivity of a sample sse 60 18 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature 60 18 2 1 2 Step 2 Determining the emissivity 00 0 eens 62 18 3 Reflected apparent temperature 0 cee eee ene ceee seer eeneseetaeeesncenenenetagaes 63 18 4 Distance anniina iada 63 18 5 Relative humidity 68 18 6 lt Other parameters ruriri re no pei i ee dnte de ved n rA Wen Re p a Y nk Dee da 63 19 History of infrared technology sssssssssseenn e eene nnns 64 20 Theory of thermography sssssssseeeeeeenenneenn nnne ennemi nnn nnne 68 20 1 IritfOdUCtlOni occae retentis nte eee eee nie ret e etn ege 68 20 2 The electromagnetic spectrum 68 20 3 Blackbody radiation 69 20 3 1 Plancks law 70 20 3 2 Wiens displacement QW
12. BY LAW MS SHALL HAVE NO LIABILITY FOR ANY INDIRECT SPECIAL CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES ARISING FROM OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFOR MANCE OF THE SOFTWARE THIS LIMITATION SHALL APPLY EVEN IF ANY REMEDY FAILS OF ITS ESSENTIAL PURPOSE IN NO EVENT SHALL MS BE LIABLE FOR ANY AMOUNT IN EXCESS OF U S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY DOLLARS U S 250 00 m Limitations on Reverse Engineering Decompilation and Disassembly You may not reverse engineer decompile or disassemble the SOFTWARE except and only to the extent that such activity is expressly permitted by applicable law notwithstanding this limitation m SOFTWARE TRANSFER ALLOWED BUT WITH RESTRICTIONS You may permanently transfer rights under this EULA only as part of a permanent sale or transfer of the Device and only if the recipient agrees to this EULA If the SOFTWARE is an upgrade any transfer must also include all prior versions of the SOFTWARE EXPORT RESTRICTIONS You acknowledge that SOFTWARE is subject to U S export jurisdiction You agree to comply with all applicable international and national laws that apply to the SOFTWARE including the U S Export Administration Regulations as well as end user end use and destination restrictions issued by U S and other governments For additional information see http www microsoft com exporting Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 vi Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN
13. November 4 2011 Table of contents 10 11 12 13 14 Warnings amp Cautlons oreet teur deter peace vea E Rea ela va a RR SER ead 1 INQUIGE t ill D 4 Customer help oet e Et Ee en P t ced etse E sees 5 Documentation updates ssssssssssssseeeeeeeeeeeeneneenennennennen rennen nnne nnns 6 Important note about this manual sssssssn nennen 7 Quick Start Gulde 0 de eH eve e dn obedece eet 8 Parts lists 10 7 1 Scope of delivery 10 7 2 LIST Of JACCOSSOMES P HY 10 Camera parts togu dence eo dinem e me eee E eerie ET 12 Screen elements o ee EE LOEO DEED TREE ARTE d ATTE LA DTE e HO inda 16 Connectors and storage media sss trennen 18 Using the camera iiiter tete iti te ti teret iiir di Fere d etae 19 11 1 Installing the battery sssssssseeennennnnennnnnn nennen nnne nnne nnn 19 TT1 2 Charging the battery 6 innen einen ite tete 20 11 3 Saving an image we 21 11 4 Recalling an image 22 11 5 Opening the image archive 28 11 6 Deleting an image 5 5 nter terii niet rtl ieri torret debet o is 24 11 7 Deleting all images niente nnne inerte ettet intentis 25 11 8 Measuring a temperature using a spotmeter ssssssssseee eene 26 11 9 Measuring a temperature using an area ssssssenee enne 27
14. Select This will display the Measure sub menu On the Measure menu use the navigation pad to select a surface property Push the left selection button Select to confirm the choice and leave the menu For more precise measurements see the following sections Section 11 15 Changing the emissivity on page 33 Section 11 16 Changing the reflected apparent temperature on page 34 32 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 11 Using the camera 11 15 General Procedure SEE ALSO Changing the emissivity For very precise measurements you may need to set the emissivity instead of se lecting a surface property You also need to understand how emissivity and reflectiv ity affect measurements rather than just simply selecting a surface property Emissivity is a property that indicates how much radiation originates from an object as opposed to being reflected by it A lower value indicates that a larger proportion is being reflected while a high value indicates that a lower proportion is being reflect ed Polished stainless steel for example has an emissivity of 0 14 while a structured PVC floor typically has an emissivity of 0 93 Follow this procedure to set the emissivity Push the left selection button Menu Use the navigation pad to go to Measure Push the left selection button Select This will display the Measure sub menu
15. T630175 a1 L 2 1 Battery charging indicator 2 Power supply cable Connect the power supply mains electricity plug to a mains socket Make sure that you use the correct AC plug Disconnect the power supply cable plug when the battery charging indicator displays a green light 20 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 11 Using the camera 11 3 General Image capacity Formatting memory cards Naming convention Procedure Saving an image You can save multiple images to the miniSD memory card We recommend that you do not save more than 5 000 images on the miniSD memory card Although a memory card may have a higher capacity than 5 000 images saving more than that number of images severely slows down file management on the memory card Note There is no upper limit to the memory size of the miniSD memory card For best performance memory cards should be formatted to the FAT FAT16 file system Using FAT32 formatted memory cards may result in inferior performance To format a memory card to FAT FAT16 follow this procedure Insert the memory card into a card reader that is connected to your com puter In Windows Explorer select My Computer and right click the memory card Select Format Under File system select FAT Click Start The naming convention for images is IR xxxx jpg
16. boundary lies at the limit of visual perception in the deep red At the long wave length end it merges with the microwave radio wavelengths in the millimeter range The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands the boundaries of which are also arbitrarily chosen They include the near infrared 0 75 3 um the middle infrared 3 6 um the far infrared 6 15 um and the extreme infrared 15 100 68 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 20 Theory of thermography um Although the wavelengths are given in um micrometers other units are often still used to measure wavelength in this spectral region e g nanometer nm and ngstr m A The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is 10 000 1 000 nm 1 u 1 pm 20 3 Blackbody radiation A blackbody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it at any wavelength The apparent misnomer black relating to an object emitting radia tion is explained by Kirchhoff s Law after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 which states that a body capable of absorbing all radiation at any wavelength is equally capable in the emission of radiation 10398803 a1 Figure 20 2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 The construction of a blackbody source is in principle very simple The radiation characteristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material r
17. calibrate IR cameras A transmission value computed from the temperature the relative humidity of air and the distance to the object A bottle shaped radiator with an absorbing inside viewed through the bottleneck The temperature for which the color of a blackbody matches a specific color conduction continuous adjust The process that makes heat diffuse into a material A function that adjusts the image The function works all the time continuously adjusting brightness and contrast according to the image content convection dual isotherm emissivity emissivity factor emittance environment Convection is a heat transfer mode where a fluid is brought into motion either by gravity or another force thereby transferring heat from one place to another An isotherm with two color bands instead of one The amount of radiation coming from an object compared to that of a blackbody A number between 0 and 1 Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time and area W m Objects and gases that emit radiation towards the object being measured estimated atmospheric transmission A transmission value supplied by a user replacing a calculated one Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 55 17 Glossary Term or expression Explanation external optics Extra lenses filters heat shields etc that can be put between the camera and the obj
18. coT Watt m This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of from the graybody Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 75 20 Theory of thermography 10401203 a2 Figure 20 8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators 1 Spectral radiant emittance 2 Wavelength 3 Blackbody 4 Selective radiator 5 Graybody 10327303 a4 Figure 20 9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators 1 Spectral emissivity 2 Wavelength 3 Blackbody 4 Graybody 5 Selective radiator 20 4 Infrared semi transparent materials Consider now a non metallic semi transparent body let us say in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material When the plate is heated radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially absorbed Moreover when it arrives at the surface some of it is reflected back into the interior The back reflected radiation is again partially absorbed but 76 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 20 Theory of thermography some of it arrives at the other surface through which most of it escapes part of it is reflected back again Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the
19. electri lt 80 LW Ca 0 96 13 33 cal tape Aluminum anodized black 70 LW 0 95 9 dull Aluminum anodized black 70 SW 0 67 9 dull Aluminum anodized light 70 LW 0 97 9 gray dull Aluminum anodized light 70 SW 0 61 9 gray dull Aluminum anodized sheet 100 T 0 55 2 Aluminum as received plate 100 T 0 09 4 Aluminum as received sheet 100 T 0 09 2 Aluminum cast blast cleaned 70 LW 0 46 9 Aluminum cast blast cleaned 70 SW 0 47 9 Aluminum dipped in HNO3 100 ib 0 05 4 plate Aluminum foil 27 3 um 0 09 3 Aluminum foil 27 10 um 0 04 3 Aluminum oxidized strongly 50 500 T 0 2 0 3 1 Aluminum polished 50 100 T 0 04 0 06 1 Aluminum polished sheet 100 T 0 05 2 Aluminum polished plate 100 T 0 05 4 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 85 22 Emissivity tables Aluminum roughened 27 3 um 0 28 Aluminum roughened 27 10 um 0 18 Aluminum rough surface 20 50 T 0 06 0 07 Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 LW 0 03 0 06 differently scratched Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 SW 0 05 0 08 differently scratched Aluminum vacuum deposited 20 T 0 04 Aluminum weathered heavily 17 SW 0 83 0 94 Aluminum bronze 20 T 0 60 Aluminum hydrox powder T 0 28 ide Aluminum oxide activated powder T 0 46 Aluminum oxide pure powder alu T 0 16 mina Asbestos board 20 T 0 96 Asbestos fabric T 0 78 Asbestos floor tile 35 SW 0 94 Asbestos paper 40 400
20. in large enough natural crystals to be made into lenses and prisms is remarkably transparent to the infrared The result was that rock salt became the principal infrared optical material and remained so for the next hundred years until the art of synthetic crystal growing was mastered in the 1930 s Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 65 19 History of infrared technology 10399103 a1 Figure 19 3 Macedonio Melloni 1798 1854 Thermometers as radiation detectors remained unchallenged until 1829 the year Nobili invented the thermocouple Herschel s own thermometer could be read to 0 2 C 0 036 F and later models were able to be read to 0 05 C 0 09 F Then a breakthrough occurred Melloni connected a number of thermocouples in series to form the first thermopile The new device was at least 40 times as sensitive as the best thermometer of the day for detecting heat radiation capable of detecting the heat from a person standing three meters away The first so called heat picture became possible in 1840 the result of work by Sir John Herschel son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous astronomer in his own right Based upon the differential evaporation of a thin film of oil when exposed to a heat pattern focused upon it the thermal image could be seen by reflected light where the interference effects of the oil film made the image visible to the eye Sir John also ma
21. measurement formula 1 1 e amp l r U s m D a U n 2 Uus ET ET This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment The voltages of the formula are Figure 21 2 Voltages Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tj i e a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested object temperature Measured camera output voltage for the actual case Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tes according to the calibration Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tatm according to the calibration The operator has to supply a number of parameter values for the calculation the object emittance the relative humidity Tatm object distance Dopj the effective temperature of the object surroundings or the reflected ambient temperature Tef and the temperature of the atmosphere Tatm This task could sometimes be a heavy burden for the operator since there are normally no easy ways to find accurate values of emittance and atmospheric transmittance for the actual case The two temperatures are normally less of a problem provided the surroundings do not contain large and intense radiation sources A natural question in this connection is How important is it to know the right values of these parameters It could though be of interest to get a feeling for this problem already here by looki
22. 0 SW 0 90 6 Water distilled 20 T 0 96 2 Water frost crystals 10 T 0 98 2 Water ice covered with 0 T 0 98 1 heavy frost Water ice smooth 10 T 0 96 2 Water ice smooth 0 T 0 97 1 Water layer 20 1 mm 0 100 T 0 95 0 98 1 thick Water snow WT 0 8 1 Water snow 10 T 0 85 2 Wood 17 Sw 0 98 5 Wood 19 LLW 0 962 8 Wood ground T 0 5 0 7 1 98 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 22 Emissivity tables pine 4 different 0 81 0 89 samples pine 4 different 70 0 67 0 75 samples planed 20 0 8 0 9 planed oak 20 0 90 planed oak 70 0 88 planed oak 70 plywood smooth 36 0 82 dry plywood untreat 20 0 83 ed white damp 20 0 7 0 8 oxidized at 400 C 400 0 11 oxidized surface 1000 1200 0 50 0 60 polished 200 300 0 04 0 05 sheet 50 0 20 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 99 A note on the technical production of this publication This publication was produced using XML the eXtensible Markup Language For more information about XML please visit http www w3 org XML A note on the typeface used in this publication This publication was typeset using Swiss 721 which is Bitstream s pan European version of the Helvetica typeface Helvetica was designed by Max Miedinger 1910 1980 List of effective files 20235103 xml a24 20235203 xml a21 20235303 xml a18 20236703 xml
23. 20 T 0 07 2 Magnesium pow T 0 86 1 der Molybdenum 600 1000 T 0 08 0 13 1 Molybdenum 1500 2200 T 0 19 0 26 1 Molybdenum filament 700 2500 T 0 1 0 3 1 Mortar 17 SW 0 87 5 Mortar dry 36 SW 0 94 7 Nextel Velvet 811 Flat black 60 150 LW gt 0 97 10 and 21 Black 11 Nichrome rolled 700 T 0 25 1 Nichrome sandblasted 700 T 0 70 1 Nichrome wire clean 50 T 0 65 1 Nichrome wire clean 500 1000 T 0 71 0 79 1 Nichrome wire oxidized 50 500 T 0 95 0 98 1 Nickel bright matte 122 T 0 041 4 Nickel commercially 100 T 0 045 1 pure polished Nickel commercially 200 400 T 0 07 0 09 1 pure polished Nickel electrolytic 22 T 0 04 4 Nickel electrolytic 38 T 0 06 4 Nickel electrolytic 260 T 0 07 4 Nickel electrolytic 538 T 0 10 4 Nickel electroplated pol 20 T 0 05 2 ished Nickel electroplated on 22 iE 0 045 4 iron polished Nickel electroplated on 20 T 0 11 0 40 1 iron unpolished Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 93 22 Emissivity tables Nickel electroplated on 22 T 0 11 4 iron unpolished Nickel oxidized 200 T 0 37 2 Nickel oxidized 227 T 0 37 4 Nickel oxidized 1227 T 0 85 4 Nickel oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 37 0 48 1 Nickel polished 122 T 0 045 4 Nickel wire 200 1000 T 0 1 0 2 1 Nickel oxide 500 650 T 0 52 0 59 1 Nickel oxide 1000 1250 T 0 75 0 86 1 Oil lubricating 0 025 mm film 20 T 0 27 2 Oil lubricating 0 050 mm film 20 T 0 46 2 Oil l
24. 7 1 74 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 20 Theory of thermography For opaque materials T 0 and the relation simplifies to a py 1 Another factor called the emissivity is required to describe the fraction e of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature Thus we have the definition The spectral emissivity the ratio of the spectral radiant power from an object to that from a blackbody at the same temperature and wavelength Expressed mathematically this can be written as the ratio of the spectral emittance of the object to that of a blackbody as follows Was Ey Wy Generally speaking there are three types of radiation source distinguished by the ways in which the spectral emittance of each varies with wavelength A blackbody for which 1 A graybody for which constant less than 1 A selective radiator for which varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff s law for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral ab sorptance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength That is Ey Ay From this we obtain for an opaque material since a p 1 p 1 For highly polished materials approaches zero so that for a perfectly reflecting material i e a perfect mirror we have p l For a graybody radiator the Stefan Boltzmann formula becomes W
25. 958 the Swedish AGEMA Infrared Systems formerly AGA Infrared Systems the three United States companies Indigo Systems FSI and Inframetrics and the French company Cedip In November 2007 Extech Instruments was acquired by FLIR Systems T638608 a1 PATENT SPECIFIC 1 VELIE ee United States Patent Office 53 253 498 Patented May 31 1966 PER JOHAN LINDBERG and HANS GUNNER MALMBERG 5 1 1057 624 33834 Date of application and fling Complete Specification Nov 15 1963 SCANNING MECHANISM ron ELECTRO MAGNETIC RADIAT Rer bep Zinder Socholn aU a Published Feb 1 1967 Crown Copyright 1967 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Scanning Mechanism enska on the ax atn tinal mds slo substanti tilting the Figure 16 1 Patent documents from the early 1960s The company has sold more than 140 000 infrared cameras worldwide for applications such as predictive maintenance R amp D non destructive testing process control and automation and machine vision among many others FLIR Systems has three manufacturing plants in the United States Portland OR Boston MA Santa Barbara CA and one in Sweden Stockholm Since 2007 there is also a manufacturing plant in Tallinn Estonia Direct sales offices in Belgium Brazil Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 51 16 About FLIR Systems China France Germany Great Britain Hong Kong Italy Japan Korea Sweden and the USA
26. Color palette submenu Use the navigation pad to select the new color palette Push the left selection button Select to confirm the choice and leave the submenu Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 29 11 Using the camera 11 12 Changing the settings General You can change a variety of settings for the camera These include the following Auto shutdown Display intensity Language Unit Time format Set time Time stamp Firmware to download program updates for your camera See http flir cus thelp com for more information Restore Procedure Follow this procedure to change a setting Push the left selection button Menu Use the navigation pad to go to Settings Push the left selection button Select This will display the Settings sub menu Use the navigation pad to select the setting you want to change Push the left selection button Select then use the navigation pad to select a new setting Push the left selection button Select to confirm the choice and leave the submenu or push the right selection button Close to leave the menu 30 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 11 Using the camera 11 13 General When to use Locked mode Procedure Changing the image mode The camera can operate in two different image modes Image mode Explanation In Auto mo
27. LW 0 85 9 Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 SW 0 64 9 Iron galvanized sheet 92 T 0 07 4 Iron galvanized sheet burnished 30 T 0 23 1 Iron galvanized sheet oxidized 20 T 0 28 1 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 91 22 Emissivity tables Iron tinned sheet 24 T 0 064 4 Krylon Ultra flat Flat black Roomtemperature LW Ca 0 96 12 black 1602 up to 175 Krylon Ultra flat Flat black Roomtemperature MW Ca 0 97 12 black 1602 up to 175 Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 on Aluminum Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 SW 0 50 0 53 9 on Aluminum Lacquer Aluminum on 20 T 0 4 1 rough surface Lacquer bakelite 80 T 0 83 1 Lacquer black dull 40 100 T 0 96 0 98 1 Lacquer black matte 100 T 0 97 2 Lacquer black shiny 20 T 0 87 1 sprayed on iron Lacquer heat resistant 100 T 0 92 1 Lacquer white 40 100 T 0 8 0 95 1 Lacquer white 100 T 0 92 2 Lead oxidized gray 20 T 0 28 1 Lead oxidized gray 22 T 0 28 4 Lead oxidized at 200 C 200 T 0 63 1 Lead shiny 250 T 0 08 1 Lead unoxidized pol 100 T 0 05 4 ished Lead red 100 T 0 93 4 Lead red powder 100 T 0 93 1 Leather tanned T 0 75 0 80 1 Lime T 0 3 0 4 1 Magnesium 22 T 0 07 4 Magnesium 260 T 0 13 4 92 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 22 Emissivity tables Magnesium 538 T 0 18 4 Magnesium polished
28. R Systems but included in systems delivered by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser carry the warranty if any of the particular supplier only FLIR Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not transferable It is not applicable to any product which has been subjected to misuse neglect accident or abnormal conditions of operation Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be further used in order to prevent additional damage The purchaser shall promptly report any defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply FLIR Systems will at its option repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if upon inspection it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one year period FLIR Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above No other warranty is expressed or implied FLIR Systems specifically disclaims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose FLIR Systems shall not be liable for any direct indirect special incidental or consequential loss or damage whether based on contract tort or any other legal theory This warranty shall be governed by Swedish law Any dispute controversy or claim arising out of
29. US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 43 14 Dimensions 14 1 Camera front Figure 10780603 a2 78 8 mm 3 10 EN N E E N N N 44 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 14 Dimensions 14 2 Camera side Figure 10780703 a2 85 1 mm 3 35 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 45 15 15 1 General NOTE Figure Application examples Moisture amp water damage It is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an in frared camera This is partly because the damaged area has a different heat conduc tion property and partly because it has a different thermal capacity to store heat than the surrounding material Many factors can come into play as to how moisture or water damage will appear in an infrared image For example heating and cooling of these parts takes place at different rates depend ing on the material and the time of day For this reason it is important that other methods are used as well to check for moisture or water damage The image below shows extensive water damage on an external wall where the water has penetrated the outer facing because of an incorrectly installed window ledge 10739503 a1 46 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 15 Application examples 15 2 Faulty contact in soc
30. User s manual FLIR ix series Publ No T559733_en US Revision 8571 Language English EN Issue date November 4 2011 User s manual FLIR TERTE e Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 Legal disclaimer All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one 1 year from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such products have been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction Uncooled handheld infrared cameras manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of two 2 years from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such products have been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction and provided that the camera has been registered within 60 days of original purchase Detectors for uncooled handheld infrared cameras manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of ten 10 years from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such products have been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction and provided that the camera has been registered within 60 days of original purchase Products which are not manufactured by FLI
31. a57 20237103 xml a10 20238503 xml a9 20238703 xml b8 20250403 xml a21 20254903 xml a74 20257003 xml a40 20257103 xml a17 20257303 xml a33 20279803 xml a8 20281003 xml a1 20287303 xml a9 20287703 xml a5 20287803 xml a8 20287903 xml a1 20288003 xml a4 20288103 xml a3 20288203 xml a4 20288303 xml a2 20288403 xml a7 20288503 xml a5 20292403 xml a5 R136 rcp a2 config xml a5 100 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011
32. ad research programs devoted to the military exploitation of the infrared These programs included experimental systems for enemy intrusion detection remote temperature sensing secure commu nications and flying torpedo guidance An infrared search system tested during this period was able to detect an approaching airplane at a distance of 1 5 km 0 94 miles or a person more than 300 meters 984 ft away The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolometer idea but the period between the two wars saw the development of two revolutionary new infrared detectors the image converter and the photon detector At first the image converter received the greatest attention by the military because it enabled an observer for the first time in history to literally see in the dark However the sensitivity of the image converter was limited to the near infrared wavelengths and the most interesting military targets i e enemy soldiers had to be illuminated by infrared search beams Since this involved the risk of giving away the observer s position to a similarly equipped enemy observer it is understandable that military interest in the image converter eventually faded The tactical military disadvantages of so called active i e search beam equipped thermal imaging systems provided impetus following the 1939 45 war for extensive secret military infrared research programs into the possibilities
33. anual without prior notice Patents One or several of the following patents or design patents apply to the products and or features described in this manual 0002258 2 000279476 0001 000439161 000499579 0001 000653423 000726344 000859020 000889290 001 106306 0001 001707738 001707746 001707787 001776519 0101577 5 0102150 0 0200629 4 0300911 5 0302837 0 1144833 1182246 1182620 1188086 1285345 1287138 1299699 1325808 1336775 1365299 1402918 1404291 1678485 1732314 200530018812 0 200830143636 7 2106017 235308 3006596 3006597 466540 483782 484155 518836 60004227 8 60122153 2 602004011681 5 08 6707044 68657 7034300 7110035 7154093 7157705 7237946 7312822 7332716 7336823 7544944 75530 7667198 7809258 7826736 D540838 D549758 D579475 D584755 D599 392 DI6702302 9 DI6703574 4 DI6803572 1 DI6803853 4 DI6903617 9 DM 057692 DM 061609 Registration Number ZL00809178 1 ZLO1823221 3 ZL01823226 4 ZL02331553 9 ZL02331554 7 ZL200480034894 0 ZL200530120994 2 ZL2006301301 14 4 ZL200730151141 4 ZL200730339504 7 ZL200830128581 2 ZL200930190061 9 EULA Terms m You have acquired a device INFRARED CAMERA that includes software licensed by FLIR Systems AB from Microsoft Licensing GP or its affiliates MS Those installed software products of MS origin as well as associated media printed materials and online or electronic documentation SOFTWARE are protected by internationa
34. at room temperatures which do not vary too drastically from the temperature of the body or of course the addition of clothing 20 3 4 Non blackbody emitters So far only blackbody radiators and blackbody radiation have been discussed However real objects almost never comply with these laws over an extended wave length region although they may approach the blackbody behavior in certain spectral intervals For example a certain type of white paint may appear perfectly white in the visible light spectrum but becomes distinctly gray at about 2 um and beyond 3 um it is almost b ack There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like a blackbody a fraction of the incident radiation a may be absorbed a fraction p may be reflected and a fraction T may be transmitted Since all of these factors are more or less wavelength dependent the subscript A is used to imply the spectral depen dence of their definitions Thus The spectral absorptance a the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by an object to that incident upon it The spectral reflectance p the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by an object to that incident upon it The spectral transmittance T the ratio of the spectral radiant power transmitted through an object to that incident upon it The sum of these three factors must always add up to the whole at any wavelength so we have the relation Oy py
35. at will not generate spot reflections Use high quality tape that you know is not transparent and has a high emissivity you are certain of This method assumes that the temperature of your tape and the sample surface are the same If they are not your emissivity measurement will be wrong 18 3 Reflected apparent temperature This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object If the emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature cor rectly 18 4 Distance The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera This parameter is used to compensate for the following two facts That radiation from the target is absorbed by the athmosphere between the object and the camera That radiation from the atmosphere itself is detected by the camera 18 5 Relative humidity The camera can also compensate for the fact that the transmittance is also dependent on the relative humidity of the atmosphere To do this set the relative humidity to the correct value For short distances and normal humidity the relative humidity can nor mally be left at a default value of 5096 18 6 Other parameters In addition some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to compensate for the following parameters Atmospheric temperature i e the temperature of the atmosp
36. bre lami 70 LW 0 91 nate printed circ board Plastic glass fibre lami 70 SW 0 94 nate printed circ board Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 95 22 Emissivity tables Plastic polyurethane isola 70 LW 0 55 9 tion board Plastic polyurethane isola 70 SW 0 29 9 tion board Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 LW 0 93 9 dull structured Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 SW 0 94 9 dull structured Platinum 17 T 0 016 4 Platinum 22 T 0 03 4 Platinum 100 T 0 05 4 Platinum 260 T 0 06 4 Platinum 538 T 0 10 4 Platinum 1000 1500 T 0 14 0 18 1 Platinum 1094 T 0 18 4 Platinum pure polished 200 600 T 0 05 0 10 1 Platinum ribbon 900 1100 T 0 12 0 17 1 Platinum wire 50 200 T 0 06 0 07 1 Platinum wire 500 1000 T 0 10 0 16 1 Platinum wire 1400 i 0 18 1 Porcelain glazed 20 T 0 92 1 Porcelain white shiny T 0 70 0 75 1 Rubber hard 20 T 0 95 1 Rubber soft gray rough 20 Y 0 95 1 Sand T 0 60 1 Sand 20 T 0 90 2 Sandstone polished 19 LLW 0 909 8 Sandstone rough 19 LLW 0 935 8 Silver polished 100 T 0 03 2 Silver pure polished 200 600 T 0 02 0 03 1 96 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 22 Emissivity tables Skin human 32 T 0 98 Slag boiler 0 100 T 0 97 0 93 Slag boiler 200 500 T 0 89 0 78 Slag boiler 600 1200 T 0 76 0 70 Slag boi
37. c waste Please contact your FLIR Systems representative for more details Training To read about infrared training visit http www infraredtraining com http www rtraining com http www irtraining eu 4 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 3 General Submitting a question Downloads Customer help For customer help visit http support flir com To submit a question to the customer help team you must be a registered user It only takes a few minutes to register online If you only want to search the knowledge base for existing questions and answers you do not need to be a registered user When you want to submit a question make sure that you have the following informa tion to hand The camera model The camera serial number The communication protocol or method between the camera and your PC for example HDMI Ethernet USB or FireWire Operating system on your PC Microsoft Office version Full name publication number and revision number of the manual On the customer help site you can also download the following Firmware updates for your infrared camera Program updates for your PC software User documentation Application stories Technical publications Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 Cc 4 Documentation updates General Our manuals are updated several times per
38. d of the spectrum Herschel confirmed that the heating continued to increase The maximum point when he found it lay well beyond the red end in what is known today as the infrared wavelengths When Herschel revealed his discovery he referred to this new portion of the electro magnetic spectrum as the thermometrical spectrum The radiation itself he sometimes referred to as dark heat or simply the invisible rays lronically and contrary to popular opinion it wasn t Herschel who originated the term infrared The word only began to appear in print around 75 years later and it is still unclear who should receive credit as the originator Herschel s use of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early controversies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths Different investigators in attempting to confirm his work used various types of glass indiscriminately having different transparencies in the infrared Through his later experiments Herschel was aware of the limited transparency of glass to the newly discovered thermal radiation and he was forced to conclude that optics for the infrared would probably be doomed to the use of reflective elements exclusively i e plane and curved mirrors Fortunately this proved to be true only until 1830 when the Italian investigator Melloni made his great discovery that naturally occurring rock salt NaCl which was available
39. de the cam era is continuously auto adjusted for best image brightness and contrast Locked In Locked mode the camera locks the temper ature span and the tem perature level A typical situation when you would want to use Locked mode is when looking for temperature anomalies in two items of similar design or construction For example if you are looking at two cables where you suspect one is overheated working in Locked mode will clearly show that one is overheated The higher temper ature in that cable would create a lighter color for the higher temperature If you use Auto mode instead the color for the two items will appear the same To switch between Auto mode and Locked mode push the right selection button Auto Locked A padlock icon amp indicates the Locked mode Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 31 11 Using the camera 11 14 General Procedure SEE ALSO Setting the surface properties To measure temperatures accurately the camera must know what kind of surface you are measuring The easiest way to do this is to set the surface property on the Measure menu You can choose between the following surface properties Matt Semi matt Semi glossy Glossy Follow this procedure to set the surface property Push the left selection button Menu Use the navigation pad to go to Measure Push the left selection button
40. e Stockholm 1972 Vicek J Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities at A 5 um Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing Kern Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather satellites Defence Documentation Center AD 617 417 hman Claes Emittansm tningar med AGEMA E Box Teknisk rapport AGEMA 1999 Emittance measurements using AGEMA E Box Technical report AGEMA 1999 Mattei S Tang Kwor E Emissivity measurements for Nextel Velvet coating 811 21 between 36 C AND 82 C Lohrengel amp Todtenhaupt 1996 ITC Technical publication 32 ITC Technical publication 29 22 2 Important note about the emissivity tables The emissivity values in the table below are recorded using a shortwave SW camera The values should be regarded as recommendations only and used with caution 84 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 22 Emissivity tables 22 3 Tables Figure 22 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference 3M type 35 Vinyl electrical 80 LW Ca 0 96 13 tape several col ors 3M type 88 Black vinyl electri lt 105 LW Ca 0 96 13 cal tape 3M type 88 Black vinyl electri lt 105 MW lt 0 96 13 cal tape 3M type Super Black vinyl
41. e battery Procedure Follow this procedure to install the battery Remove the battery compartment cover T630174 a2 Connect the cable that is attached to the battery to the connector inside the battery compartment Note Do not use conductive tools when doing this T630173 a2 Push the battery into place Replace the cover to close the battery compartment Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 19 11 Using the camera 11 2 NOTE About the battery charging indicator Procedure Charging the battery a You must charge the battery inside the camera for four full hours or until the battery indicator displays a green light before you use the camera for the first time The first time you charge a factory new battery you must turn on and then turn off the camera after you have connected the power supply to the power connector on the camera This is needed in order to initiate the battery measuring Do not replace the battery on a frequent basis Only replace the battery when it is worn out The battery charging indicator is an LED beside the power connector It displays the following signals a No light The power supply is not connected Orange light The battery is being charged a Green light The charging of the battery is completed Follow this procedure to charge the battery Connect the power supply to the power connector on the camera
42. e the correct AC plug Note The first time you charge a factory new battery you must turn on and then turn off the camera after you have connected the power supply to the power connector on the camera This is needed in order to initiate the battery measuring T630175 a1 1 Battery charging indicator 2 Power supply cable 3 Insert a miniSD memory card into the card slot T630176 a1 4 Push the On Off button to turn on the camera 5 Openthe lens cap by pushing the lens cap lever T630177 a2 8 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 6 Quick Start Guide 6 Aim the camera toward your target of interest 7 Pull the Save trigger to save the image 8 To move the image to a computer do one of the following T630178 a2 Li 2 Item 1 above Remove the miniSD memory card and insert it into a card reader connected to a computer A miniSD card adapter is includ ed with your camera Item 2 above Connect a computer to the camera using a USB Mini B cable 9 In Windows Explorer move the image from the card or camera using a drag and drop operation Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 9 7 Parts lists 7 1 Scope of delivery Battery inside camera Calibration certificate Downloads brochure FLIR Tools CD ROM Hand strap Hard transport case including padlock Infrared camera
43. e the performance or the life cycle of the battery If you do not use the correct equipment an incorrect flow of current to the battery can occur This can cause the battery to become hot or cause an explosion and injury to persons Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets and warning labels on containers before you use a liquid the liquids can be dangerous Do not point the infrared camera with or without the lens cover at intensive energy Sources for example devices that emit laser radiation or the sun This can have an unwanted effect on the accuracy of the camera It can also cause damage to the detector in the camera Do not use the camera in a temperature higher than 50 C 122 F unless specified otherwise in the user documentation High temperatures can cause damage to the camera Applies only to cameras with laser pointer Protect the laser pointer with the protective cap when you do not operate the laser pointer Applies only to cameras with battery Do not attach the batteries directly to a car s cigarette lighter socket unless a specific adapter for connecting the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket is provided by FLIR Systems a Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery to each other with a metal object such as wire Do not get water or salt water on the battery or permit the battery to get wet Do not make holes in the battery
44. ease can also result from improper contact between a wire and socket or from difference in load The image below shows a series of fuses where one fuse has a raised temperature on the contact surfaces against the fuse holder Because of the fuse holder s blank metal the temperature increase is not visible there while it is visible on the fuse s ceramic material 10739703 a1 48 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 15 Application examples 15 4 Insulation deficiencies General Insulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of time and thereby not entirely filling the cavity in a frame wall An infrared camera allows you to see these insulation deficiencies because they either have a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insu lation and or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building NOTE When you are inspecting a building the temperature difference between the inside and outside should be at least 10 C 18 F Studs water pipes concrete columns and similar components may resemble an insulation deficiency in an infrared image Minor differences may also occur naturally Figure In the image below insulation in the roof framing is lacking Due to the absence of insulation air has forced its way into the roof structure which thus takes on a different characteristic appearance in the
45. ect being measured filter A material transparent only to some of the infrared wavelengths FOV Field of view The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR lens FPA Focal plane array A type of IR detector graybody An object that emits a fixed fraction of the amount of energy of a blackbody for each wavelength IFOV Instantaneous field of view A measure of the geometrical reso image correction internal or external infrared IR isotherm isothermal cavity Laser LocatlR lution of an IR camera Away of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of live images and also of stabilizing the camera Non visible radiation having a wavelength from about 2 13 um infrared A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above below or between one or more temperature intervals A bottle shaped radiator with a uniform temperature viewed through the bottleneck An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera laser pointer level An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera The center value of the temperature scale usually expressed as a signal value manual adjust Away to adjust the image by manually changing certain param
46. epresents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for an aperture in one of the sides Any radiation which then enters the hole is scattered and absorbed by repeated reflections so only an infinites imal fraction can possibly escape The blackness which is obtained at the aperture is nearly equal to a blackbody and almost perfect for all wavelengths By providing such an isothermal cavity with a suitable heater it becomes what is termed a cavity radiator An isothermal cavity heated to a uniform temperature gener ates blackbody radiation the characteristics of which are determined solely by the temperature of the cavity Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperature reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermo graphic instruments such as a FLIR Systems camera for example Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 69 20 Theory of thermography If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525 C 977 F the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black This is the incipient red heat temperature of the radiator which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further In fact the definition of the so called color temperature of an object is the temperatu
47. es 12 6 D gt 0 50 1 00 HFOV 0 11 0 22 VFOV 0 11 0 22 IFOV 1 85 3 70 D 1 64 3 28 HFOV 0 36 0 73 VFOV 0 36 0 73 IFOV 0 07 0 15 Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 41 13 Technical data Field of view amp 10780503 a2 distance FLIR i5 Figure 13 2 Relationship between the field of view and distance 1 Distance to target 2 VFOV vertical field of view 3 HFOV horizontal field of view 4 IFOV instan taneous field of view size of one detector element This table gives examples of the field of view for different target distances Note The table does not take into account the minimum focus distance 10781103 a3 Focal length 6 76 mm Resolution 100 x 100 pixels Field of view in degrees 20 9 D gt 0 50 1 00 HFOV 0 18 0 37 VFOV 0 18 0 37 IFOV 1 85 3 70 D gt 1 64 3 28 HFOV 0 61 1 21 VFOV 0 61 1 21 IFOV 0 07 0 15 Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in mete
48. eters NETD Noise equivalent temperature difference A measure of the image noise level of an IR camera noise Undesired small disturbance in the infrared image object parameters object signal A set of values describing the circumstances under which the measurement of an object was made and the object itself such as emissivity reflected apparent temperature distance etc A non calibrated value related to the amount of radiation re ceived by the camera from the object 56 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 17 Glossary Term or expression Explanation palette The set of colors used to display an IR image pixel Stands for picture element One single spot in an image radiance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and angle W m sr radiant power Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time W radiation The process by which electromagnetic energy is emitted by an object or a gas radiator A piece of IR radiating equipment range The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration reference temperature reflection relative humidity A temperature which the ordinary measured values can be compared with The amount of radiation reflected by an object relative to t
49. f where 1 is the re flectance of the object The ambient sources have the temperature T er It has here been assumed that the temperature Tam is the same for all emitting surfaces within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface This is of course sometimes a simplification of the true situation It is however a necessary simplification in order to derive a workable formula and T can at least theoretically be given a value that represents an efficient temperature of a complex surrounding Note also that we have assumed that the emittance for the surroundings 1 This is correct in accordance with Kirchhoff s law All radiation impinging on the surrounding surfaces will eventually be absorbed by the same surfaces Thus the emittance 1 Note though that the latest discussion requires the complete sphere around the object to be considered 3 Emission from the atmosphere 1 T TWa tm where 1 T is the emittance of the atmosphere The temperature of the atmosphere is T atm The total received radiation power can now be written Equation 2 Wo ETW E TW on 1 7 W atm We multiply each term by the constant C of Equation 1 and replace the CW products by the corresponding U according to the same equation and get Equation 3 Up ETU e TU a r U atm Solve Equation 3 for Uopj Equation 4 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 79 21 The
50. gth um 20 3 2 Wien s displacement law By differentiating Planck s formula with respect to A and finding the maximum we have dones 2898 um This is Wien s formula after Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 which expresses mathemati cally the common observation that colors vary from red to orange or yellow as the temperature of a thermal radiator increases The wavelength of the color is the same as the wavelength calculated for Ajax A good approximation of the value of An for a given blackbody temperature is obtained by applying the rule of thumb 3 000 T Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 71 20 Theory of thermography um Thus a very hot star such as Sirius 11 000 K emitting bluish white light radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum at wavelength 0 27 um 10399403 a1 Figure 20 5 Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 The sun approx 6 000 K emits yellow light peaking at about 0 5 um in the middle of the visible light spectrum At room temperature 300 K the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9 7 um in the far infrared while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen 77 K the maximum of the almost insignificant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 um in the extreme infrared wavelengths 72 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 20 Theory of thermography 10327203 a4 10
51. h Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera the cables or other items This can cause damage Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 37 12 Cleaning the camera 12 2 Liquids Equipment Procedure WARNING CAUTION Infrared lens Use one of these liquids 96 isopropyl alcohol a A commercial lens cleaning liquid with more than 30 isopropyl alcohol Cotton wool Follow this procedure Soak the cotton wool in the liquid Twist the cotton wool to remove excess liquid Clean the lens one time only and discard the cotton wool Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets and warning labels on containers before you use a liquid the liquids can be dangerous Becareful when you clean the infrared lens The lens has a delicate anti reflective coating Donotclean the infrared lens too vigorously This can damage the anti reflective coating 38 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 12 Cleaning the camera 12 3 General NOTE CAUTION Procedure Infrared detector Even small amounts of dust on the infrared detector can result in major blemishes in the image To remove any dust from the detector follow the procedure below This section only applies to cameras where removing the lens exposes the infrared detector In some cases the dust cannot be re
52. he received radiation A number between 0 and 1 Relative humidity represents the ratio between the current water vapour mass in the air and the maximum it may contain in satu ration conditions saturation color span spectral radiant emittance temperature difference or difference of temperature The areas that contain temperatures outside the present lev el span settings are colored with the saturation colors The sat uration colors contain an overflow color and an underflow color There is also a third red saturation color that marks every thing saturated by the detector indicating that the range should probably be changed The interval of the temperature scale usually expressed as a signal value Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and wavelength W m um A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temper ature values temperature range The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration temperature scale thermogram The way in which an IR image currently is displayed Expressed as two temperature values limiting the colors infrared image Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 57 17 Glossary Term or expression Explanation transmission or transmittance factor Ga
53. here between the camera and the target External optics temperature i e the temperature of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera External optics transmittance i e the transmission of any external lenses or win dows used in front of the camera Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 63 19 History of infrared technology Before the year 1800 the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn t even suspected The original significance of the infrared spectrum or simply the infrared as it is often called as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800 10398703 a1 Figure 19 1 Sir William Herschel 1738 1822 The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material Sir William Herschel Royal Astronomer to King George III of England and already famous for his discovery of the planet Uranus was searching for an optical filter material to reduce the brightness of the sun s image in telescopes during solar obser vations While testing different samples of colored glass which gave similar reductions in brightness he was intrigued to find that some of the samples passed very little of the sun s heat while others passed so much heat that he risked eye damage after only a few seconds observation Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of se
54. i 0 93 0 95 Asbestos powder T 0 40 0 60 Asbestos slate 20 T 0 96 Asphalt paving 4 LLW 0 967 Brass dull tarnished 20 350 T 0 22 Brass oxidized 70 SW 0 04 0 09 Brass oxidized 70 LW 0 03 0 07 Brass oxidized 100 T 0 61 Brass oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 59 0 61 Brass polished 200 T 0 03 Brass polished highly 100 T 0 03 86 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 22 Emissivity tables Brass rubbed with 80 20 T 0 20 grit emery Brass sheet rolled 20 T 0 06 Brass sheet worked with 20 T 0 2 emery Brick alumina 17 SW 0 68 Brick common 17 SW 0 86 0 81 Brick Dinas silica 1100 T 0 85 glazed rough Brick Dinas silica refrac 1000 T 0 66 tory Brick Dinas silica 1000 T 0 80 unglazed rough Brick firebrick 17 SW 0 68 Brick fireclay 20 T 0 85 Brick fireclay 1000 T 0 75 Brick fireclay 1200 T 0 59 Brick masonry 35 SW 0 94 Brick masonry plas 20 T 0 94 tered Brick red common 20 T 0 93 Brick red rough 20 T 0 88 0 93 Brick refractory corun 1000 T 0 46 dum Brick refractory magne 1000 1300 T 0 38 site Brick refractory strongly 500 1000 T 0 8 0 9 radiating Brick refractory weakly 500 1000 T 0 65 0 75 radiating Brick silica 95 SiO 1230 T 0 66 Brick sillimanite 33 1500 T 0 29 SiO 64 Al2O3 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 87 22 Emissivity table
55. infrared image 10739803 a1 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 49 15 Application examples 15 5 General NOTE Figure Draft Draft can be found under baseboards around door and window casings and above ceiling trim This type of draft is often possible to see with an infrared camera as a cooler airstream cools down the surrounding surface When you are investigating draft in a house there should be sub atmospheric pressure in the house Close all doors windows and ventilation ducts and allow the kitchen fan to run for a while before you take the infrared images An infrared image of draft often shows a typical stream pattern You can see this stream pattern clearly in the picture below Also keep in mind that drafts can be concealed by heat from floor heating circuits The image below shows a ceiling hatch where faulty installation has resulted in a strong draft 10739903 a1 50 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 16 About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high performance infrared imaging systems and is the world leader in the design manufacture and marketing of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial industrial and government applications Today FLIR Systems embraces five major companies with outstanding achievements in infrared technology since 1
56. k it has an emittance of 0 75 and the transmittance is 0 92 We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0 5 volts together Computation of Uopj by means of Equation 4 then results in Uopj 4 5 0 75 0 92 0 5 6 0 This is a rather extreme extrapolation particularly when considering that the video amplifier might limit the output to 5 volts Note though that the application of the calibration curve is a theoretical procedure where no elec tronic or other limitations exist We trust that if there had been no signal limitations in the camera and if it had been calibrated far beyond 5 volts the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4 1 volts pro vided the calibration algorithm is based on radiation physics like the FLIR Systems algorithm Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 81 21 The measurement formula 10400603 a2 1 0 C 32 F 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F 0 6 Ds Atm x A Figure 21 3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions SW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radiation Fixed parameters T 0 88 Tye 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F 82 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011
57. ket General Depending on the type of connection a socket has an improperly connected wire can result in local temperature increase This temperature increase is caused by the reduced contact area between the connection point of the incoming wire and the socket and can result in an electrical fire NOTE A socket s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another For this reason different faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an infrared image Local temperature increase can also result from improper contact between wire and socket or from difference in load Figure The image below shows a connection of a cable to a socket where improper contact in the connection has resulted in local temperature increase 10739603 a1 N Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 4 15 Application examples 15 3 General NOTE Figure Oxidized socket Depending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed oxides may occur on the socket s contact surfaces These oxides can lead to locally increased resistance when the socket is loaded which can be seen in an infrared image as local temperature increase A socket s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another For this reason different faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an infrared image Local temperature incr
58. l intellectual property laws and treaties The SOFTWARE is licensed not sold All rights reserved iv Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 m IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THIS END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT EULA DO NOT USE THE DEVICE OR COPY THE SOFTWARE INSTEAD PROMPTLY CONTACT FLIR Systems AB FOR INSTRUCTIONS ON RETURN OF THE UNUSED DEVICE S FOR A REFUND ANY USE OF THE SOFTWARE INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO USE ON THE DEVICE WILL CONSTITUTE YOUR AGREEMENT TO THIS EULA OR RATIFICATION OF ANY PREVIOUS CONSENT GRANT OF SOFTWARE LICENSE This EULA grants you the following license m You may use the SOFTWARE only on the DEVICE NOT FAULT TOLERANT THE SOFTWARE IS NOT FAULT TOLERANT FLIR Systems AB HAS INDEPENDENTLY DETERMINED HOW TO USE THE SOFTWARE IN THE DEVICE AND MS HAS RELIED UPON FLIR Systems AB TO CONDUCT SUFFICIENT TESTING TO DETERMINE THAT THE SOFTWARE IS SUITABLE FOR SUCH USE m NO WARRANTIES FOR THE SOFTWARE THE SOFTWARE is provided AS IS and with all faults THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO SAT ISFACTORY QUALITY PERFORMANCE ACCURACY AND EFFORT INCLUDING LACK OF NEGLIGENCE IS WITH YOU ALSO THERE IS NO WARRANTY AGAINST INTERFERENCE WITH YOUR ENJOYMENT OF THE SOFTWARE OR AGAINST INFRINGEMENT IF YOU HAVE RECEIVED ANY WARRANTIES REGARDING THE DEVICE OR THE SOFTWARE THOSE WARRANTIES DO NOT ORIGINATE FROM AND ARE NOT BINDING ON MS No Liability for Certain Damages EXCEPT AS PROHIBITED
59. lected image push the right selection button Open Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 23 11 Using the camera 11 6 Deleting an image General You can delete one or more images from the miniSD memory card Alternative 1 Follow this procedure to delete an image Push the Archive button Push the top arrow button This will display the image archive Select the image you want to delete by using the navigation pad Push the left selection button Options Use the navigation pad to select Delete image Push the left selection button Select Push the right selection button to confirm Delete To return to live mode do one of the following a Push the Archive button Push the right selection button Close Alternative 2 Follow this procedure to delete an image Push the Archive button Select the image you want to delete by using the navigation pad Push the left selection button Delete Push the right selection button to confirm Delete To return to live mode do one of the following a Push the Archive button Push the right selection button Close 24 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 11 Using the camera 11 7 Deleting all images General You can delete all images from the miniSD memory card Procedure Follow this procedure to delete all images Push the Archive butto
60. ler 1400 1800 T 0 69 0 67 Snow See Water Soil dry 20 T 0 92 Soil saturated with wa 20 T 0 95 ter Stainless steel alloy 8 Ni 18 500 JT 0 35 Cr Stainless stee rolled 700 T 0 45 Stainless stee sandblasted 700 T 0 70 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 LW 0 14 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 SW 0 18 Stainless stee sheet untreated 70 LW 0 28 somewhat scratched Stainless stee sheet untreated 70 SW 0 30 somewhat scratched Stainless steel type 18 8 buffed 20 T 0 16 Stainless steel type 18 8 oxi 60 T 0 85 dized at 800 C Stucco rough lime 10 90 T 0 91 Styrofoam insulation 37 SW 0 60 Tar T 0 79 0 84 Tar paper 20 T 0 91 0 93 Tile glazed 17 SW 0 94 Tin burnished 20 50 T 0 04 0 06 Tin tin plated sheet 100 T 0 07 iron Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 97 22 Emissivity tables Titanium oxidized at 540 C 200 T 0 40 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 500 T 0 50 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 1000 T 0 60 1 Titanium polished 200 T 0 15 1 Titanium polished 500 T 0 20 1 Titanium polished 1000 T 0 36 1 Tungsten 200 T 0 05 1 Tungsten 600 1000 T 0 1 0 16 1 Tungsten 1500 2200 lh 0 24 0 31 1 Tungsten filament 3300 T 0 39 1 Varnish flat 20 SW 0 93 6 Varnish on oak parquet 70 LW 0 90 0 93 9 floor Varnish on oak parquet 70 SW 0 90 9 floor Wallpaper slight pattern light 20 SW 0 85 6 gray Wallpaper slight pattern red 2
61. lied for the camera The emissivity of the object The reflected apparent temperature The distance between the object and the camera The relative humidity Temperature of the atmosphere 18 2 Emissivity The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which in short is a measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object compared to that from a perfect blackbody of the same temperature Normally object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approximately 0 1 to 0 95 A highly polished mirror surface falls below 0 1 while an oxidized or painted surface has a higher emissivity Oil based paint regardless of color in the visible spectrum has an emissivity over 0 9 in the infrared Human skin exhibits an emissivity 0 97 to 0 98 Non oxidized metals represent an extreme case of perfect opacity and high reflexivity which does not vary greatly with wavelength Consequently the emissivity of metals is low only increasing with temperature For non metals emissivity tends to be high and decreases with temperature Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 59 18 Thermographic measurement techniques 18 2 1 Finding the emissivity of a sample 18 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature 18 2 1 1 1 Method 1 Direct method 1 Look for possible
62. micro SD with adapters Contact your local sales office if any item is damaged or missing You can find the addresses and telephone numbers of local sales offices on the back cover of this manual FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models parts or accessories and other items or to change specifications at any time without prior notice Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 11 8 Camera parts Figure 10780903 a2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Explanation This table explains the figure above 1 Infrared lens 12 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 8 Camera parts 2 Lever to open and close the lens cap 3 Trigger to save images 4 Cover to connectors and the miniSD memory card slot 5 Cover to the battery compartment 6 Attachment point for the hand strap Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 13 8 Camera parts Figure 10781003 a2 5 6 7 8 Explanation This table explains the figure above 1 Archive button Function Push to open the image archive 2 Left arrow button on the navigation pad Function Pushto go left in menus submenus and dialog boxes a Push to navigate in the image archive 3 Left selectio
63. moved by following this procedure the infrared detector must be cleaned mechanically This mechanical cleaning must be carried out by an authorized service partner In Step 2 below do not use pressurized air from pneumatic air circuits in a workshop etc as this air usually contains oil mist to lubricate pneumatic tools Follow this procedure Remove the lens from the camera Use pressurized air from a compressed air canister to blow off the dust Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 39 13 Technical data For technical data refer to the datasheets on the user documentation CD ROM that comes with the camera Technical data can also be found at http support flircom 40 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 13 Technical data 13 1 Aaditional data Field of view amp 10780503 a2 distance FLIR i3 Figure 13 1 Relationship between the field of view and distance 1 Distance to target 2 VFOV vertical field of view 3 HFOV horizontal field of view 4 IFOV instan taneous field of view size of one detector element This table gives examples of the field of view for different target distances Note The table does not take into account the minimum focus distance T639295 a2 Focal length 6 76 mm Resolution 60 x 60 pixels Field of view in degre
64. n Push the top arrow button This will display the image archive Push the left selection button Options Use the navigation pad to select Delete all images Push the left selection button Select Push the right selection button to confirm Delete Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 25 11 Using the camera 11 8 General Procedure Measuring a temperature using a spotmeter You can measure a temperature using a spotmeter This will display the temperature at the position of the spotmeter on the screen Follow this procedure Push the left selection button Menu Use the navigation pad to select Measurement Push the left selection button Select Use the navigation pad to select Spot Push the left selection button Select The temperature at the position of the spotmeter will now displayed in the top left corner of the screen 26 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 11 Using the camera 11 9 Measuring a temperature using an area General You can continuously indicate the highest or lowest temperature within an area using a continuously moving cursor Procedure Follow this procedure Push the left selection button Menu Use the navigation pad to select Measurement Push the left selection button Select Use the navigation pad to select one of the following
65. n button This button is context sensitive and the current function is displayed above the button on the screen 4 Toparrow button on the navigation pad Function a Push to go up in menus submenus and dialog boxes a Push to display the image archive after having pushed the Archive button Push to increase change the value 14 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 8 Camera parts 5 Right arrow button on the navigation pad Function Pushto go right in menus submenus and dialog boxes Pushto navigate in the image archive 6 Right selection button This button is context sensitive and the current function is displayed above the button on the screen 7 On Off button Function a Push to turn on the camera Push and hold down for more than one second to turn off the camera 8 Bottom arrow button on navigation pad Function Push to go down in menus submenus and dialog boxes Push to decrease change the value Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 15 9 Figure Explanation Screen elements 10781203 a4 Area max Area min Detect above Detect below This table explains the figure above 1 Menu system 2 Measurement result 3 Power indicator One of the following The camera is powered using the battery The battery is being charged indicated by a refilling battery a
66. naged to obtain a primitive record of the thermal image on paper which he called a thermograph 10399003 a2 Figure 19 4 Samuel P Langley 1834 1906 66 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 19 History of infrared technology The improvement of infrared detector sensitivity progressed slowly Another major breakthrough made by Langley in 1880 was the invention of the bolometer This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded This instrument is said to have been able to detect the heat from a cow at a distance of 400 meters An English scientist Sir James Dewar first introduced the use of liquefied gases as cooling agents such as liquid nitrogen with a temperature of 196 C 320 8 F in low temperature research In 1892 he invented a unique vacuum insulating container in which it is possible to store liquefied gases for entire days The common thermos bottle used for storing hot and cold drinks is based upon his invention Between the years 1900 and 1920 the inventors of the world discovered the infrared Many patents were issued for devices to detect personnel artillery aircraft ships and even icebergs The first operating systems in the modern sense began to be developed during the 1914 18 war when both sides h
67. ng into some different measurement cases and compare the relative magnitudes of the three radiation terms This will give indications about when it is important to use correct values of which parameters The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions for three different object temperatures two emittances and two spectral ranges SW and LW Remaining parameters have the following fixed values T 0 88 Tre 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F 80 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 21 The measurement formula It is obvious that measurement of low object temperatures are more critical than measuring high temperatures since the disturbing radiation sources are relatively much stronger in the first case Should also the object emittance be low the situation would be still more difficult We have finally to answer a question about the importance of being allowed to use the calibration curve above the highest calibration point what we call extrapolation Imagine that we in a certain case measure U 4 5 volts The highest calibration point for the camera was in the order of 4 1 volts a value unknown to the operator Thus even if the object happened to be a blackbody i e Uspj Utot we are actually performing extrapolation of the calibration curve when converting 4 5 volts into tem perature Let us now assume that the object is not blac
68. nimation The battery is fully charged and the camera is powered using the power supply 4 Date and time 5 Limit value for the temperature scale 16 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 9 Screen elements 6 Temperature scale 7 Currently set emissivity value or material properties 8 Current function for the right selection button 9 Current function for the left selection button Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 17 10 Connectors and storage media Figure 10780803 a1 Explanation This table explains the figure above miniSD memory card We recommend that you do not save more than 5 000 images on the min iSD memory card Although a memory card may have a higher capacity than 5 000 images saving more than that number of images severely slows down file manage ment on the miniSD memory card Note There is no upper limit to the memory size of the miniSD memory card Battery charging indicator a No light The power supply is not connected Orange light The battery is being charged a Green light The charging of the battery is completed Power supply cable USB cable with USB Mini B connector 18 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 11 Using the camera 11 1 Installing th
69. of developing passive no search beam systems around the extremely sensitive photon detector During this period military secrecy regulations completely prevented disclosure of the status of infrared imaging technology This secrecy only began to be lifted in the middle of the 1950 s and from that time adequate thermal imaging devices finally began to be available to civilian science and industry Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 67 20 Theory of thermography 20 1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera In this section the theory behind ther mography will be given 20 2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength re gions called bands distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation There is no fundamental difference between radiation in the different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum They are all governed by the same laws and the only differences are those due to differences in wavelength 10067803 a1 4 100m 1km 10nm Wem dm Uum Toon mm 10mm 100mm 1m 10m 2um 13 um Figure 20 1 The electromagnetic spectrum 1 X ray 2 UV 3 Visible 4 IR 5 Microwaves 6 Radiowaves Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band At the short wavelength end the
70. olytic 100 T 0 05 4 Iron and steel electrolytic 260 T 0 07 4 Iron and steel electrolytic careful 175 225 T 0 05 0 06 1 ly polished Iron and steel freshly worked 20 T 0 24 1 with emery Iron and steel ground sheet 950 1100 T 0 55 0 61 1 Iron and steel heavily rusted 20 T 0 69 2 sheet 90 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 22 Emissivity tables Iron and steel hot rolled 20 T 0 77 1 Iron and steel hot rolled 130 T 0 60 1 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 1 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 4 Iron and steel oxidized 125 525 T 0 78 0 82 1 Iron and steel oxidized 200 T 0 79 2 Iron and steel oxidized 1227 T 0 89 4 Iron and steel oxidized 200 600 T 0 80 1 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 50 T 0 88 1 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 500 T 0 98 1 Iron and steel polished 100 T 0 07 2 Iron and steel polished 400 1000 T 0 14 0 38 1 Iron and steel polished sheet 750 1050 T 0 52 0 56 1 Iron and steel rolled freshly 20 T 0 24 1 Iron and steel rolled sheet 50 T 0 56 1 Iron and steel rough plane sur 50 T 0 95 0 98 1 face Iron and steel rusted heavily 17 SW 0 96 5 Iron and steel rusted red sheet 22 T 0 69 4 Iron and steel rusty red 20 T 0 69 1 Iron and steel shiny etched 150 T 0 16 1 Iron and steel shiny oxide layer 20 T 0 82 1 sheet Iron and steel wrought carefully 40 250 T 0 28 1 polished Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70
71. or in connection with this warranty shall be finally settled by arbitration in accordance with the Rules of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce The place of arbitration shall be Stockholm The language to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be English Copyright 2011 FLIR Systems All rights reserved worldwide No parts of the software including source code may be reproduced transmitted transcribed or translated into any language or computer language in any form or by any means electronic magnetic optical manual or otherwise without the prior written permission of FLIR Systems This documentation must not in whole or part be copied photocopied reproduced translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or machine readable form without prior consent in writing from FLIR Systems Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks or trademarks of FLIR Systems and or its subsidiaries All other trademarks trade names or company names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the property of their respective owners Quality assurance The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manufactured has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development therefore we reserve the right to make changes and improvements on any of the products described in this m
72. ossible time Therefore there is no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who does not speak your language 16 4 A few images from our facilities 10401303 a1 Figure 16 3 LEFT Development of system electronics RIGHT Testing of an FPA detector Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 53 16 About FLIR Systems 10401403 a1 Figure 16 4 LEFT Diamond turning machine RIGHT Lens polishing 10401503 a1 Figure 16 5 LEFT Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic chamber RIGHT Robot used for camera testing and calibration 54 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 17 Term or expression Glossary Explanation absorption absorption factor The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the received radiation A number between 0 and 1 atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera normally air autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correc tion autopalette The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors display ing cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time blackbody Totally non reflective object All its radiation is due to its own temperature blackbody radiator calculated atmospheric transmission cavity radiator color temperature An IR radiating equipment with blackbody properties used to
73. re to which a blackbody would have to be heated to have the same appearance Now consider three expressions that describe the radiation emitted from a blackbody 20 3 1 Planck s law 10399203 a1 Figure 20 3 Max Planck 1858 1947 Max Planck 1858 1947 was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiation from a blackbody by means of the following formula rhe x10 Watt m um Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength A Velocity of light 3 x 108 m s Planck s constant 6 6 x 1034 Joule sec Boltzmann s constant 1 4 x 10 23 Joule K Absolute temperature K of a blackbody Wavelength um 70 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 20 Theory of thermography The factor 10 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt m um Planck s formula when plotted graphically for various temperatures produces a family of curves Following any particular Planck curve the spectral emittance is zero at A 0 then increases rapidly to a maximum at a wavelength max and after passing it approaches zero again at very long wavelengths The higher the temperature the shorter the wavelength at which maximum occurs 10327103 a4 Figure 20 4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck s law plotted for various absolute temperatures 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm x 103 um 2 Wavelen
74. red powder T 0 70 Ebonite T 0 89 Emery coarse 80 T 0 85 Enamel 20 T 0 9 Enamel lacquer 20 T 0 85 0 95 Fiber board hard untreated 20 SW 0 85 Fiber board masonite 70 LW 0 88 Fiber board masonite 70 SW 0 75 Fiber board particle board 70 LW 0 89 Fiber board particle board 70 SW 0 77 Fiber board porous untreated 20 SW 0 85 Gold polished 130 T 0 018 Gold polished carefully 200 600 T 0 02 0 03 Gold polished highly 100 T 0 02 Granite polished 20 LLW 0 849 Granite rough 21 LLW 0 879 Granite rough 4 different 70 LW 0 77 0 87 samples Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 89 22 Emissivity tables Granite rough 4 different 70 SW 0 95 0 97 9 samples Gypsum 20 T 0 8 0 9 1 Ice See Water Iron cast casting 50 T 0 81 1 Iron cast ingots 1000 T 0 95 1 Iron cast liquid 1300 T 0 28 1 Iron cast machined 800 1000 T 0 60 0 70 1 Iron cast oxidized 38 T 0 63 4 Iron cast oxidized 100 T 0 64 2 Iron cast oxidized 260 T 0 66 4 Iron cast oxidized 538 1 0 76 4 Iron cast oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 64 0 78 1 Iron cast polished 38 T 0 21 4 Iron cast polished 40 LB 0 21 2 Iron cast polished 200 T 0 21 1 Iron cast unworked 900 1100 T 0 87 0 95 1 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 LW 0 09 9 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 SW 0 20 9 Iron and steel covered with red 20 T 0 61 0 85 1 rust Iron and steel electrolytic 22 T 0 05 4 Iron and steel electr
75. reflection sources considering that the incident angle reflection angle a b 10588903 a1 Figure 18 1 1 Reflection source 2 If the reflection source is a spot source modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard 10589103 a2 Figure 18 2 1 Reflection source 60 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 18 Thermographic measurement techniques 3 Measure the radiation intensity apparent temperature from the reflecting source using the following settings Emissivity 1 0 LI Donj O You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods 10589003 a2 Figure 18 3 1 Reflection source Note Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recom mended for two important reasons A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface usually by gluing and covering the sensor by a thermal isolator 18 2 1 1 2 Method 2 Reflector method 1 Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil 2 Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size 3 Put the piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to measure Make sure that the side with aluminum foil points to the camera 4 Set the emissivity to 1 0 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH
76. rs amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches 42 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 13 Technical data Field of view amp 10780503 a2 distance FLIR i7 Figure 13 3 Relationship between the field of view and distance 1 Distance to target 2 VFOV vertical field of view 3 HFOV horizontal field of view 4 IFOV instan taneous field of view size of one detector element This table gives examples of the field of view for different target distances Note The table does not take into account the minimum focus distance T638201 a3 Focal length 6 76 mm Resolution 140 x 140 pixels Field of view in degrees 29 0 D gt 0 50 1 00 HFOV 0 26 0 52 VFOV 0 26 0 52 IFOV 1 85 3 70 D gt 1 64 3 28 HFOV 0 85 1 70 VFOV 0 85 1 70 IFOV 0 07 0 15 Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Publ No T559733 en
77. s Brick waterproof 17 SW 0 87 5 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 LW 0 06 9 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 SW 0 08 9 Bronze polished 50 T 0 1 1 Bronze porous rough 50 150 T 0 55 1 Bronze powder T 0 76 0 80 1 Carbon candle soot 20 T 0 95 2 Carbon charcoal powder 1 0 96 1 Carbon graphite filed sur 20 m 0 98 2 face Carbon graphite powder T 0 97 1 Carbon lampblack 20 400 T 0 95 0 97 1 Chipboard untreated 20 SW 0 90 6 Chromium polished 50 T 0 10 1 Chromium polished 500 1000 iT 0 28 0 38 1 Clay fired 70 F 0 91 1 Cloth black 20 if 0 98 1 Concrete 20 T 0 92 2 Concrete dry 36 SW 0 95 T Concrete rough 17 SW 0 97 5 Concrete walkway 5 LLW 0 974 8 Copper commercial bur 20 T 0 07 1 nished Copper electrolytic careful 80 T 0 018 1 ly polished Copper electrolytic pol 34 T 0 006 4 ished Copper molten 1100 1300 T 0 13 0 15 1 Copper oxidized 50 T 0 6 0 7 1 Copper oxidized black 27 T 0 78 4 88 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 22 Emissivity tables Copper oxidized heavily 20 T 0 78 Copper oxidized to black T 0 88 ness Copper polished 50 100 T 0 02 Copper polished 100 T 0 03 Copper polished commer 27 T 0 03 cial Copper polished mechan 22 T 0 015 ical Copper pure carefully 22 T 0 008 prepared surface Copper scraped 27 T 0 07 Copper dioxide powder T 0 84 Copper oxide
78. s and connectors Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 3 2 Typographical conventions User to user forums Calibration Accuracy Disposal of electronic waste Notice to user This manual uses the following typographical conventions Semibold is used for menu names menu commands and labels and buttons in dialog boxes Italic is used for important information Monospace is used for code samples UPPER CASE is used for names on keys and buttons Exchange ideas problems and infrared solutions with fellow thermographers around the world in our user to user forums To go to the forums visit http www infraredtraining com community boards This notice only applies to cameras with measurement capabilities We recommend that you send in the camera for calibration once a year Contact your local sales office for instructions on where to send the camera This notice only applies to cameras with measurement capabilities For very accurate results we recommend that you wait 5 minutes after you have started the camera before measuring a temperature For cameras where the detector is cooled by a mechanical cooler this time period excludes the time it takes to cool down the detector 10742803 a1 As with most electronic products this equipment must be disposed of in an environ mentally friendly way and in accordance with existing regulations for electroni
79. s at least to a trained operator It is then his responsibil ity to modify the measurement situation to avoid the disturbance e g by changing the viewing direction shielding off intense radiation sources etc Accepting the description above we can use the figure below to derive a formula for the calculation of the object temperature from the calibrated camera output 10400503 a1 1 T Wien 1 7 Watm 1 Tam Tren fre 1 o Figure 21 1 A schematic representation of the general thermographic measurement situation 1 Surround ings 2 Object 3 Atmosphere 4 Camera Assume that the received radiation power W from a blackbody source of temperature Tsource ON short distance generates a camera output signal Uso c that is proportional to the power input power linear camera We can then write Equation 1 78 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 21 The measurement formula Dem CW T oic or with simplified notation ans za CW oiri where C is a constant Should the source be a graybody with emittance the received radiation would consequently be W ource We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms 1 Emission from the object TWop where is the emittance of the object and T is the transmittance of the atmosphere The object temperature is Toyj 2 Reflected emission from ambient sources 1 TW e
80. ses and materials can be more or less transparent Transmis sion is the amount of IR radiation passing through them A number between 0 and 1 transparent isotherm An isotherm showing a linear spread of colors instead of cover ing the highlighted parts of the image visual Refers to the video mode of a IR camera as opposed to the normal thermographic mode When a camera is in video mode it captures ordinary video images while thermographic images are captured when the camera is in IR mode 58 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 18 Thermographic measurement techniques 18 1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature However the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tem perature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity Radiation also originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object The radiation from the object and the reflected radiation will also be influenced by the absorption of the atmosphere To measure temperature accurately it is therefore necessary to compensate for the effects of a number of different radiation sources This is done on line automatically by the camera The following object parameters must however be supp
81. stems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infrared camera systems We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera systems to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful 52 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 16 About FLIR Systems camera software combination Especially tailored software for predictive maintenance R amp D and process monitoring is developed in house Most software is available in a wide variety of languages We support all our infrared cameras with a wide variety of accessories to adapt your equipment to the most demanding infrared applications 16 2 Sharing our knowledge Although our cameras are designed to be very user friendly there is a lot more to thermography than just knowing how to handle a camera Therefore FLIR Systems has founded the Infrared Training Center ITC a separate business unit that provides certified training courses Attending one of the ITC courses will give you a truly hands on learning experience The staff of the ITC are also there to provide you with any application support you may need in putting infrared theory into practice 16 3 Supporting our customers FLIR Systems operates a worldwide service network to keep your camera running at all times If you discover a problem with your camera local service centers have all the equipment and expertise to solve it within the shortest p
82. t the reflected apparent temperature see section 18 Thermo graphic measurement techniques on page 59 34 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 11 Using the camera 11 17 Resetting the camera General If you need to reset the camera there is a reset button inside the battery compartment NOTE Do not use a metal or other conductive tool to reset the camera Procedure Follow this procedure to reset the camera Open the battery compartment cover To locate the reset button see the figure below T630179 a2 Use a non conductive tool to push reset button The camera will now be reset Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 35 11 Using the camera 11 18 Finding the serial number of the camera General When you communicate with our service departments you may need to state the serial number of the camera The serial number is printed on a label inside the battery compartment behind the battery 36 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 12 12 1 Liquids Equipment Procedure CAUTION Cleaning the camera Camera housing cables and other items Use one of these liquids a Warm water a A weak detergent solution A soft cloth Follow this procedure Soak the cloth in the liquid Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid Clean the part with the clot
83. the FCC Rules These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions may cause harmful interference to radio communications However there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular in stallation If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna a Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver a Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected Consult the dealer or an experienced radio TV technician for help Applies only to digital devices subject to 15 19 RSS 210 NOTICE This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules and with RSS 210 of Industry Canada Operation is subject to the following two conditions 1 this device may not cause harmful interference and 2 this device must accept any interference received including interference that may cause undesired operation Applies only to digital devices subject to 15 21 NOTICE Changes or modifica tions made to this equipment not expressly approved b
84. total emittance of the plate is sought When the resulting geometrical series is summed the effective emissivity of a semi transparent plate is obtained as 1 amp 1 7 l pr A Cy When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula amp 1 p This last relation is a particularly convenient one because it is often easier to measure reflectance than to measure emissivity directly Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 77 21 The measurement formula As already mentioned when viewing an object the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the object surface Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path To this comes a third radiation contribution from the atmosphere itself This description of the measurement situation as illustrated in the figure below is so far a fairly true description of the real conditions What has been neglected could for instance be sun light scattering in the atmosphere or stray radiation from intense ra diation sources outside the field of view Such disturbances are difficult to quantify however in most cases they are fortunately small enough to be neglected In case they are not negligible the measurement configuration is likely to be such that the risk for disturbance is obviou
85. tting up a systematic experiment with the objective of finding a single material that would give the desired reduction in brightness as well as the maximum reduction in heat He began the experiment by actually repeating Newton s prism experiment but looking for the heating effect rather than the visual distribution of intensity in the spectrum He first blackened the bulb of a sensitive mercury in glass thermometer with ink and with this as his radiation de tector he proceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors of the spectrum formed on the top of a table by passing sunlight through a glass prism Other ther mometers placed outside the sun s rays served as controls As the blackened thermometer was moved slowly along the colors of the spectrum the temperature readings showed a steady increase from the violet end to the red end This was not entirely unexpected since the Italian researcher Landriani in a similar experiment in 1777 had observed much the same effect It was Herschel 64 Publ No T559733_en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 19 History of infrared technology however who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point 10398903 a1 Figure 19 2 Marsilio Landriani 1746 1815 Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red en
86. ubricating 0 125 mm film 20 T 0 72 2 Oil lubricating film on Ni base Ni 20 T 0 05 2 base only Oil lubricating thick coating 20 T 0 82 2 Paint 8 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 and qualities Paint 8 different colors 70 SW 0 88 0 96 9 and qualities Paint Aluminum various 50 100 iT 0 27 0 67 1 ages Paint cadmium yellow T 0 28 0 33 1 Paint chrome green T 0 65 0 70 1 Paint cobalt blue i 0 7 0 8 1 Paint oi 17 SW 0 87 5 Paint oil black flat 20 SW 0 94 6 Paint oil black gloss 20 SW 0 92 6 Paint oil gray flat 20 SW 0 97 6 Paint oil gray gloss 20 SW 0 96 6 Paint oil various colors 100 T 0 92 0 96 1 94 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 22 Emissivity tables Paint oil based average 100 T 0 94 of 16 colors Paint plastic black 20 SW 0 95 Paint plastic white 20 SW 0 84 Paper 4 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 Paper 4 different colors 70 SW 0 68 0 74 Paper black T 0 90 Paper black dull T 0 94 Paper black dull 70 LW 0 89 Paper black dull 70 SW 0 86 Paper blue dark T 0 84 Paper coated with black T 0 93 lacquer Paper green T 0 85 Paper red T 0 76 Paper white 20 T 0 7 0 9 Paper white 3 different 70 LW 0 88 0 90 glosses Paper white 3 different 70 SW 0 76 0 78 glosses Paper white bond 20 T 0 93 Paper yellow T 0 72 Plaster 17 SW 0 86 Plaster plasterboard un 20 SW 0 90 treated Plaster rough coat 20 m 0 91 Plastic glass fi
87. ure range through which you can discharge the battery is 15 C to 50 C 5 F to 122 F unless specified otherwise in the user documen tation Use of the battery out of this temperature range can decrease the per formance or the life cycle of the battery When the battery is worn apply insulation to the terminals with adhesive tape or similar materials before you discard it Remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it a Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera the cables or other items This can cause damage Becareful when you clean the infrared lens The lens has a delicate anti reflective coating Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously This can damage the anti reflective coating In furnace and other high temperature applications you must mount a heatshield on the camera Using the camera in furnace and other high temperature applica tions without a heatshield can cause damage to the camera Applies only to cameras with an automatic shutter that can be disabled Do not disable the automatic shutter in the camera for a prolonged time period typically max 30 minutes Disabling the shutter for a longer time period may harm or ir reparably damage the detector The encapsulation rating is valid only when all openings on the camera are sealed with their designated covers hatches or caps This includes but is not limited to compartments for data storage batterie
88. where xxxx is a unique counter When you select Restore the camera resets the counter and assigns the next highest free file name for the new file To save an image pull the Save trigger Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 21 11 Using the camera 11 4 General Procedure Recalling an image When you save an image it is stored on the removable miniSD memory card To display the image again you can recall it from the minisD memory card Follow this procedure to recall an image Push the Archive button Do one of the following Pushthe navigation pad left right to select the image you want to view Pushthe top arrow button use the navigation pad to select the image you want to see then push the right selection button Open To return to live mode do one of the following a Push the Archive button Push the right selection button Close 22 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 11 Using the camera 11 5 Opening the image archive General The image archive is a thumbnail gallery of all the images on the miniSD memory card Procedure Follow this procedure to open the image archive Push the Archive button Push the top arrow button on the navigation pad This will display the image archive You can now use the navigation pad to navigate in the archive To open a se
89. with objects Do not hit the battery with a hammer Do not step on the battery or apply strong impacts or shocks to it Donotputthe batteries in or near a fire or into direct sunlight When the battery becomes hot the built in safety equipment becomes energized and can stop the battery charging process If the battery becomes hot damage can occur to the safety equipment and this can cause more heat damage or ignition of the battery Do not put the battery on a fire or increase the temperature of the battery with heat Do not put the battery on or near fires stoves or other high temperature loca tions a Do not solder directly onto the battery Do not use the battery if when you use charge or store the battery there is an unusual smell from the battery the battery feels hot changes color changes shape or is in an unusual condition Contact your sales office if one or more of these problems occurs Only use a specified battery charger when you charge the battery Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 1 Warnings amp Cautions The temperature range through which you can charge the battery is 0 C to 45 C 32 F to 113 F unless specified otherwise in the user documenta tion If you charge the battery at temperatures out of this range it can cause the battery to become hot or to break It can also decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery The temperat
90. y manufacturer name may void the FCC authorization to operate this equipment Applies only to digital devices subject to 2 1091 2 1093 OET Bulletin 65 Radiofre quency radiation exposure Information The radiated output power of the device is far below the FCC radio frequency exposure limits Nevertheless the device shall be used in such a manner that the potential for human contact during normal operation is minimized Applies only to cameras with laser pointer Do not look directly into the laser beam The laser beam can cause eye irritation Applies only to cameras with battery Do not disassemble or do a modification to the battery The battery contains safety and protection devices which if they become damaged can cause the battery to become hot or cause an explosion or an ignition Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 1 1 Warnings amp Cautions CAUTION a If there is a leak from the battery and the fluid gets into your eyes do not rub your eyes Flush well with water and immediately get medical care The battery fluid can cause injury to your eyes if you do not do this a Do not continue to charge the battery if it does not become charged in the specified charging time If you continue to charge the battery it can become hot and cause an explosion or ignition Only use the correct equipment to discharge the battery If you do not use the correct equipment you can decreas
91. year and we also issue product critical notifications of changes on a regular basis To access the latest manuals and notifications go to the Download tab at http support flir com It only takes a few minutes to register online In the download area you will also find the latest releases of manuals for our other products as well as manuals for our historical and obsolete products 6 Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 5 Important note about this manual General FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model NOTE FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models software parts or accessories and other items or to change specifications and or functionality at any time without prior notice N Publ No T559733 en US Rev a571 ENGLISH EN November 4 2011 6 Quick Start Guide Procedure Follow this procedure to get started right away 1 Remove the protective film from the LCD 2 You must charge the battery inside the camera for four full hours or until the battery charging indicator displays a green light before you use the camera for the first time Charge the battery by connecting the power supply to the power connector on the camera Make sure that you us

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