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Field Guide to Non-chemical Pest Management in

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1. CABI 2004 Crop Protection Compendium 2004 Edition CAB International Publishing Wallingford UK CABI 2000 Crop protection compendium 2nd edition CABI Publishing Wallingford UK Cremlyn R 1978 Botanical insecticides in pesticides preparation and mode of action John Wiley and Sons NY pp 39 49 Ellis B Bradley F 1996 The organic gardener s handbook of natural insect and disease control Rodale Press Emmaus Pennsylvania Gilberg L editor 1993 Garden pests and diseases Sunset books Sunset Publishing Corporation California Hasse V 1987 Cotton No 1 2 Philippine German Cotton Project Department of Agriculture Manila Philippines HDRA 2000 Diamondback moth Plutella xylostela Pest Control No TPC3 June 2000 Tropical Advisory Service Henry Doubleday Research Association UK HDRA 2000 Mexican marigold Tagetes minuta Natural Pesticides No TNP 2 June 2000 Henry Doubleday Research Association UK ICIPE 2003 Development of environmentally friendly management methods for red spider mites in smallholder tomato production systems 2000 2003 ICIPE Scientific Report CD Rom International Center for Insect Physiology and Entomology Nairobi Kenya IRRI amp Queensland University 2001 Rice IPM An interactive information and identification system for integrated pest management in rice University of Queensland and IRRI Jayashankar M Subramanian K Arumugasamy
2. 1998 Compendium of tropical fruit diseases APS Press The American Phytopathological Society Saint Paul Minnesota USA Prakash A Rao J 1997 Botanical pesticides in agriculture CRC Press USA Reissig W Heinrichs E Litsinger J Moody K Fiedler L Mew T Barrion A 1986 Illustrated guide to integrated pest management in rice in tropical Asia IRRI Los Banos Laguna Philippines Rossner J Zebitz C 1986 Effect of soil treatment with neem products on earthworms Lumbricidae A paper presented at the Proceedings of the 3rd International Neem Conference Nairobi 1986 Scholaen S 1997 Manejo integral de plagas en hortalizas GTZ Eschborn Singh R Singh S 2000 Neem for pest management How to grow and use Division of Entomology Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi India Sridhar S Arumugasamy S Saraswathy H Vijayalakshmi K 2002 Organic vegetable gardening Center for Indian Knowledge Systems Chennai Sridhar S Vijayalakshmi K 2002 Neem A user s manual CIKS Chennai Stoll G 2000 Natural protection in the tropics Margraf Verlag Weikersheim Thomas C 2002 Bug vs bug crop scouting Integrated Pest Management Program Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Harrisburg PA Thurston D 1998 Tropical plant diseases Second Edition APS Press The American Phytopathological Society St Paul Minnesota USA Tran L Hassan SA 1
3. All spiders are poisonous to insects but only a few species are poisonous to humans like the Black widow and the Brown recluse Conservation and management Mulching along some sections in dikes of rice paddies in field corners or a portion of the fields can increase the number of spiders They can hide in the layer of mulch that serves as their alternate habitat They can also prey on other small insects inside the mulch Remember that the more food the spiders can eat the faster their population build up will become Cover crops are also important to provide over wintering sites of spiders sacs A spider population depends on the availability of food the habitat and the environmental conditions Avoid use of pesticides as much as possible for broad spectrum insecticides can easily kill them 40 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Tachinid fly Aphids armyworm beetles bollworm bugs cabbage looper cotton stainer cutworm grass hoppers hornworm leafhoppers mole crickets moths sawflies scale insects stem borers stick insects Eggs are ovate shaped and white in color They are found in the skin of the host insect or in leaves near the host and are hatched when the host ingests them The larvae or maggots are worm like and lack appendages like all other fly larvae They are greenish white in color They have three larval instars a
4. Plowing under African marigold T minuta Basil leaf extract Fermented marigold extract refer to p 29 Neem powdered seed extract refer to p 17 IRN Pound gently 3 5 kg of de shelled neem seeds Add 10 liters of water Cover the mouth of the pot securely with the cloth and leave it as such for 3 days Strain to get clear extract Dilute 1 liter of this extract with 9 liters of water Add 100 ml of soap Stir well This spray material also controls most of the insects mites pests of tomato Basil leaf extract Method of preparation Grind leaves 50 g of basil leaves Soak overnight in 2 3 liters of water Strain Add 8 12 ml soap Stir well Pests controlled Caterpillars Fruit flies Red spider mites Red scales Spotted leaf beetles Fungal diseases Nematodes Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany 25 Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Diseases Alternaria leaf spot Alternaria stem canker lesion appears on stems leaves and fruit An infested stem near the soil line has dark brown to black cankers with concentric rings When the lesions enlarge they girdle the stem and eventually kill the plant Fruits that are harve sted from infested plants have brown or black necrotic sunken submerged lesions Prevention and control 1 Basil leaf extract refer to p 25 2 Onion bulb extract 3 Compost tea spray 4 Milk spray refer to p 18 Anthracnos
5. The adults feed on the leaves and stems of emerging seedlings They chew small holes or pits usually The eggs are tiny white when freshly laid and gradually become yellowish gray in color The larva is white with a brown head and three pairs of brown legs near its head The pupa is white shaped roughly like adult and pupates in the soil It is found in the soil near the base of the plant on which it has been previously feeding less than 3 mm in diameter giving the leaves a characteristic shot hole appearance The adult is small hard elongated oval shaped with enlarged black hind legs and slightly hairy wing covers It is about 2 mm in size It is bronze dark metallic bronze or black in color It has enlarged hind legs They all jump vigorously like fleas when disturbed hence the name Control measures Cultural practices Rotate tomato with wheat or sunflowers or with other observed non host crops Physical control Row covers Keep flea beetles away by putting row cover on seed boxes and or seed beds immediately after sowing White or yellow sticky traps Mulching Place 2 3 inches of cut grasses or 2 4 inches of bark mulch and wood chips or 3 4 inches of compost as your mulching materials to interfere the larvae s root feeding activities Plant extracts Neem oil extract Neem seed extract Add 30 grams of powdered kernel in 1 liter of water Let it stand for 6 hours but not more than 16 hours Ad
6. refer to p 18 as they carry the virus For seed treatments Sweetflag rhizome Method of preparation Pound or grind dried sweetflag rhizome Take 10 g sweetflag rhizome powder and add 60 ml of water Soak seeds for 30 minutes Sow treated seeds immediately Vinegar solution Mix 1 tbsp of vinegar and 4 cups of water Place the seeds on a small cotton bag Dip the bag into the vinegar and water solution Dry dipped seeds on old newspapers before sowing and make sure that seeds are completely dry before storing 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000090 32 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Natural enemies Braconids Ants aphids armyworms beetle s larvae bollworms cabbageworms caterpillars codling moths corn borers cutworms imported tent caterpillars leafhoppers leafminers maggots midges plant bugs scales tomato hornworms weevils and many more Eggs and larvae of Bracons are found inside the hosts bodies The larvae are tiny cream colored grubs that feed in or on other insects Larvae molt five times and undergo 5 instars Pupae of some species live and pupate within the host until they mature others pupate in silken cocoons on the outside of the body of the host while others spin silken cocoons away from the host Adult wasps are tiny about 2 5 mm in size slender black or brown with threadli
7. Mix 1 tbsp of baking soda and 2 1 2 tbsp of vegetable oil Add 4 liters of water Stir well Diseases controlled Powdery mildew black Spot and other fungal diseases 30 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Leaf curl virus Infected plant has stunted young leaves and shoots It grows very slowly becomes bushy and dwarfed The leaf margin rolls either inward or upward and is rather stiff with yellowish margin Its leaves are thicker than normal with leathery texture The young leaves have yellowish color cupped thick and rubbery Prevention 1 Control whiteflies as they are the carriers of the disease 2 Do not plant tomato near areas where 3 other solanaceous crops and cotton are whiteflies Powdery mildew planted and known to be infested by Compost tea spray refer to p 26 Powdery mildew is characterized by a dusty white to gray coating and talcum powder liked growth com monly infecting plant s leaves It begins as circular powdery white spots that turn yellow brown and finally black In most cases the fungal growth can be partially removed by rubbing the leaves Powdery mildew is commonly found on the upper surface of the leaf young stem bud flower and young fruit The infected leaf becomes distorted turns yellow with small patches of green and falls off prematurely Infected buds fail to open Other injur
8. SDOLb duit ethic teet feo e cin fo A feu fce Fes frs dn d e le dedu 26 A ae ce i aa cca ia ee EE 26 Bacterial leaf lit ismael iaa iodo 27 sr Tei zT Tz UB ie ono AS 27 Downy MildeW RR 28 lolo o E O Em M 28 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000090 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany 5 Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Fusarium AO 29 zz Mo To i ESSEN A cnc ccu cw ep ES 30 AAA x ccc RR 30 Leaf CUM V S 31 Tomat mosa Vir O 32 Natural A E TEE EEA E ETT 33 Braconids AEEA ere era AAEE E dod dd EE dd did EEA 33 Damsel A 34 E se 34 Ground DSSS nan ate ae AEE EE EE E R 35 OM A E ME 36 LACOWING eaaa D etd te aaa anaa b t tare t a a aa be tes s 37 I adybird Deetles fas 4 sds dec e reda A LEE EEE A Rer RETE ER ERE E EE A RE RR Rd NR RE ER TEE ES 38 RHove beetles ati 39 SDIdertesu c or dM p E P Md ao cronica necia 40 kachina il ee Epi 41 ThIGHOQKAM Ma 255 i25 thes ee eit ee ront eta eee dr In nee 42 MIDI ON dc CR 43 Alphabetical list of the mentioned control methods eere 44 Heferences orco uL cee v EL een elm eae D A d TT M id eem tae uU UELLE 45 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000090 6 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Prologue Pesticides worth more than 30 billion US
9. Tomato Production Alphabetical list of the mentioned control methods Extract spray or physical method page Aloe amp vitex extract 29 Basil leaf extract 25 Baking soda 30 Compost tea spray 26 Copper spray 29 Fermented marigold extract 29 Flour spray 21 Garlic bulb extract 29 Garlic oil extract 15 Ginger garlic amp chilli extract 16 Ginger powder extract 31 Lemongrass extract 27 Mint extract 27 Milk spray 18 Neem leaf extract 13 Neem oil extract 13 Neem powdered seed extract 17 Onion bulb extract 26 Papaya leaf extract 31 Soap spray 10 Stickyboard trap 19 Sweetflag rhizome seed treatment 32 44 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production References The information and the photos in this field guide are taken from the OISAT PAN Germany website www oisat org Barker G Editor 2002 Molluscs as crop pests CABI Publishing CAB International Wallingford UK Brooklyn Botanic Garden 2000 Natural disease control A common sense approach to plant first aid Handbook 164 Brooklyn Botanic Garden Inc 1000 Washington Avenue Brooklyn NY Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1999 Natural insect control The ecological gardener s guide to foiling pests Handbook 139 Brooklyn Botanic Garden Inc Washington Avenue Brooklyn NY Bureau of Plant Industry 1994 Trichogramma Manual for farmers training Department of Agriculture Manila Philippines
10. distance of 3 meters If use to monitor the pest place 2 3 traps in a hectare field area Buy the pheromone that attracts the pests you want to control Read the label and follow the instructions properly To make your own traps make 10 12 holes into an old plastic bottle or 3 holes on each side of a used 1 liter ice cream container to allow moths to enter Place a wire to suspend the bait Half fill the container with soapy water Hang the pheromone capsule using a string or wire Attach the trap to a stake or hang it on branch of a tree Handpicking Handpick damaged fruits and collect those that fall down Destroy the damaged fruits by cutting into small pieces or place them in sealed sacks and dry under the sun Putting them immediately in compost pit or burying them will enable the matured larvae to pupate into the soil 20 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Whiteflies Both the larvae and adults pierce and suck the sap of the leaves This causes the weakening and early wilting of the plant resulting in reduced plant growth Their feeding may also cause yellowing drying premature dropping of leaves that result in plant death Whiteflies produce honeydews that serve as the substrates for the growth of black sooty molds on leaves and fruit The mold reduces photosynthesis causing the poor plant growth of the plant They are the most important carrier
11. dollar are intentionally released into the global environment every year A high proportion of these is highly toxic and has immediate adverse effects on human health wildlife local food sources such as cattle or fish beneficial insects and biodiversity Some of them have chronic effects including cancers reproductive problems birth defects hormonal disruption and damage to the immune system Impacts come from direct exposure in use spray drift washing work clothes used while spraying home pesticide storage pesticide dumps and persistence in the environment Overall aim of the international Pesticide Action Network PAN is to eliminate the use of hazardous pesticides reduce overall use risk and dependence on pesticides and increase support for community based control over a sustainably produced food supply PAN is committed in its projects strategies and campaigns to place pesticide concerns in the broad political and economic context in ways that will advance the fight against rural poverty and enhance pro poor development and ethical trade PAN aims to help local communities use the initiatives to benefit their day to day lives PAN Germany is part of the international Pesticide Action Network It is supporting non chemical pest management on tropical crops that are commonly grown by small landholder farmers through the project Online Information Service for Non chemical Pest Management in the Tropics OISAT www oisat org OISAT
12. extract Neem powdered seed extract refer to p 17 Ginger garlic and chilli extract Method of preparation Soak 50 g of peeled garlic overnight in 10 ml mineral oil Combine garlic 25 g of green chilies and 25 g of ginger Add 50 ml of water to the mixture Grind them Add 3 liters of water Pests controlled Aphids Armyworm Cotton bollworm Caterpillars Corn earworm Fruit borers Leafminers Shoot borers Thrips Tomato fruitworm Whiteflies Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Psyllids Nymphs and adults suck plant juices causing retarded growth of the internodes upward cupping or rolling of leaves and thickening of leaves Leaf margins and other plant parts can become yellow reddish or purplish Older leaves and heavily injured plants may die Psyllid yellows and Purple top are the common symptoms as results of toxic saliva injected by the insects Tomatoes that are attacked during the vegetative stage may bear no fruits A later attack can cause the production of an abnormal number of fruits that will never attain the desired fruit sizes Eggs are very small ovate shaped and yellow to orange in color Egg is found singly on very fine stalks usually along leaf margins Eggs are not visible to naked eyes Nymphs are flattened and somewhat scale like with a fringe of short spines around the edge Newly hatched nymphs are yellowish and turn pale brown to
13. in diameter in size These are deposited in a cluster an average of 86 eggs in a nest found 2 5 4 cm deep below the soil surface The egg mass is concealed by a mixture of soil with secreted mucus followed by a quantity of excrement The eggs will hatch in about 2 xxx The hatchling is fragile and translucent It will reach maturity in about 10 months and or 2 years depending upon the environmental conditions The adult common garden snail has a large and spherical thin shell that is moderately glossy and sculptured with fine wrinkles It is yellow or horned colored with chestnut brown spiral bands adorned with yellow streaks An adult can measure up to 3 3 4 cm in diameter Snails are hermaphrodites having both the male and the female reproductive organs They have to mate to reproduce but cases of self fertilization are reported to occur Snails are nocturnal and come out to feed at night time They are very active when the soil is wet When the temperature is unfavorable they can hibernate for months in the soil and become active again when the rainy season comes Control measures Plant extracts Neem leaf extract refer to p 13 Other solutions Yeast and water solution Dissolve 1 tbsp of yeast in 100 ml of water Fill any shallow container with the solution Bury up to the rim near the plant Make some modifications to cover your trap to avoid non target pests from entering The snails drink get drunk
14. is a web based system to distribute information on non chemical pest management that is easy to read and easy to understand Information provided via www oisat org is relevant to small scale farmers who intend to produce crops using safer and more affordable non chemical pest management practices It provides varied information on how to lower the cost of production based on recommended insect mites pests disease and weeds control methods This Field Guide to Non chemical Pests Management in Tomato Production is an excerpt taken from the website www oisat org It enables to provide farmers with practical guides and alternatives to eliminate the use and their dependence on synthetic pesticides for the management of tomato pests The recommended practices are safer more affordable and easy to follow Most of the farm practices the farmers can do by themselves and the materials that are needed are found in their backyards or in their kitchens or can be purchased in the local agricultural suppliers Carina Weber Executive Director PAN Germany 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000090 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany 7 Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production How to use this field guide This field guide is designed to make the control of tomato pests as easy as possible Each pest included has a brief description of its lifecycle damage it causes and the control measures It is very importa
15. stunted growth Damaged leaves may become papery and distorted Infested terminals lose their color rolled and drop leaves prematurely The egg is very tiny and is impossible to see A single egg is 0 25 mm long and 0 1 mm wide It is white when freshly laid and turns pale yellow toward maturation The nymph is elongated elliptical slender and is pale yellow in color It is very small from 0 5 1 2 mm in size Its eyes have darker coloration and are easy to see Immature thrips do not have wings The pupa appears as an intermediate form between the nymph and the adult It has short wing Control measures Cultural practices 1 Tomato should not be planted after onions Volunteer onion plants should be removed as they attract thrips However they can be used as trap crops 2 Keep plants well watered Lack of water increases the susceptibility of plants to thrips damage Physical control Bright blue or royal blue sticky board traps Plant extracts Garlic bulb spray Finely chop 85 g of garlic Soak chopped garlic in 50 ml of mineral oil for 1 day Add 10 ml of soap to the soaked garlic Dilute with water to make a liter of spray material Stir well This spray also controls tomato fruitworm and bacterial and fungal diseases buds that are not functional At this stage they do not do any damage to the plant The adult has a slender small body yellowish to dark brown in color and is cigar shaped It is 1 2 mm lon
16. trap Half fill yellow pan or basin with soapy water Place the pan close to the plant but exposed enough so that aphids will see it Yellow sticky board traps refer to p 19 Plant extracts Ginger rhizome extract Grind 50 g of ginger and make into paste Mix with 3 liters of water Strain Add 12 ml of soap Mix well Ten 10 kg of ginger in needed for 1 ha This spray also controls plant hoppers and thrips Custard apple leaf extract Boil 500 g of leaves in 2 liters of water until the remaining liquid is about Ve liter Strain Dilute filtrate with 10 15 liters of water This spray material also controls other caterpillars Neem leaf extract refer to p 13 Neem seed extract refer to p 13 Other solutions Ammonia spray Mix 1 part ammonia with 7 parts water This spray also controls flea beetles scales thrips and whiteflies Flour spray refer to p 21 Soap spray refer to p 10 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany 11 Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Cutworm Cutworms feed on seedlings The seedlings are often cut off at ground level The larvae can be found in the soil up to a depth of about 5 cm near the plant They always curl up when disturbed Cutworms feed only at night Generally they are not found on plants or on the soil surface during the day The newly hatched larvae feed from the base towards the tip of the leaf At this stage they first feed o
17. 986 Preliminary results on the utilization of Trichogramma evanescens to control the Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis in the Philippines J Appl Ent Traunfeld J Malinoski M 2000 PM Series Tomatoes Maryland Cooperative Extension University of Maryland Home and Garden Mimeo HG56 p 9 Vijayalakshmi K Subhashini B Koul S 1999 Plants in Pest Control Garlic and onion Centre for Indian Knowledge Systems Chennai India Vijayalakshmi K Subshashini B Koul S 1998 Plants in pest control Custard apple vitex sweet flag and poison nut CIKS Chennai India Wagner Georg 2004 Vegetables pests Personal Communication Schopperplatz 14 4082 Aschach Donau 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000090 46 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany For more information on non chemical pest management see www oisat org Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany Nernstweg 32 22765 Hamburg Germany Phone 49 0 40 399 19 10 0 Email info pan germany org Internet www pan germany org www oisat org
18. Germany Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany Germany Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production This publication is prepared by PAN Germany for PAN UK Pesticide Action Network PAN Founded in 1982 the Pesticide Action Network is an international coalition of over 600 citizens groups in more than 60 countries working to oppose the misuse of pesticides and to promote sustainable agriculture and ecologically sound pest management PAN Germany was established in 1984 as part of this global network and has continually been involved in initiatives to reduce the use of hazardous pesticides and to promote sustainable pest management systems on national European and global levels Acknowledgements First we want to express our gratitude to the universities and organisations that have given the permission to use their photos for the OISAT project For more details see p 43 We also wish to thank all the individuals groups and organizations that have prepared the bases for the most control measures presented in this field guide may it have been by preserving traditional experience on field trials on field research or in the lab Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany Nernstweg 32 22765 Hamburg Germany Phone 49 0 40 399 19 10 0 Fax 49 0 40 390 75 20 Email info pan germany org Internet www pa
19. S Saraswathy H Vijayalakshmi K 2002 Soil conservation in organic farming CIKS Chennai India Malinoski M et al 2000 Spider mites Integrated Pest Management in Home Gardens University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Pest Notes Publication 7405 p 2 Mathews G Tunstall J eds 1994 nsect pests of cotton CABI International UK Martineau J 1994 MSDS for Azatin EC biological insecticide AgriDyne Technologies Inc Mochida O 1973 Two important pests Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval on various crops morphological discrimination of the adult pupal and larval stages Appl Entomol Zool pp 16 24 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000090 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany 45 Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Morton J 1987 Custard apple In Fruits of warm climates Julia F Morton Miami FL National Research Council 1992 Neem A tree for solving global problems National Academy Press Washington DC Olkowski W Daar S Olkowski H 1995 The gardener s guide to common sense pest control The Taunton Press USA Olkowski W Daar S Olkowski H 1991 Common sense pest control The Taunton Press USA Parker B Talekar N Skinner M 2000 Field guide Insect pests of selected vegetables in tropical and subtropical Asia AVRDC Publication Ploetz R et al Editors
20. and as the lesions grow they appear as brown spots with each spot surrounded by a yellow green margin A closer look at the leaf margin will show where the fungus is most active and how it spreads on the leaf tissues There is a halo ring of white spore producing structures that is found in the margin of the advancing lesion on the underside of the leaf The parts of the veins passing through these lesions turn brownish As the infection spreads more brown spots appear causing the whole plants to blacken and die The infected stem has also brown to black irregular spots that destroy the emergence of new shoots at various growing points Infested young fruit has brown bumps with lesions that are large irregular and greenish brown patches with a greasy rough appearance Infected fruits never reach maturity Severely infected tomato plant has a distinctive odor as a result of the rapid breakdown of the leaf tissues Prevention and control 1 Aloe and Vitex extract refer to p 29 2 Basil leaf extract refer to p 25 3 Baking soda 4 Compost tea spray refer to p 26 5 Fermented Marigold extract refer to p 29 Baking soda Method 1 Mix 1 tbsp of baking soda and 1 tbsp of dormant oil or vegetable oil Add 4 liters of water Stir well Add 1 2 tbsp of dish washing liquid soap Stir it again Method 2 Dissolve 1 tbsp of baking soda in 4 cups of warm water Add 1 tsp of liquid soap Stir well Method 3
21. and drown in the pan Monitor the pans and the trapped snails Change the solution when necessary especially after rain A 296 caffeine solution in water Spray directly on the trapped pests Test solution on a few plants first as it can cause yellowing to some leaves 24 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Nematodes Root knot nematodes A wide variety of agricultural crops and weeds Infected plants have swollen impaired roots Nematode s feeding stimulates the production of galls root knots Galls are found on the root system both on the primary and secondary roots Their sizes vary from 02 to 20 cm in diameter The gall is characterized by smaller swellings and more uniformly distributed infection on the lateral feeding roots Inside the gall are shiny white bodies of the female nematodes about the size of a pinhead At the root surface shiny white to yellow egg masses are found A closer look with a magnifier may show the adults but mostly they are not seen with the naked eye Severe infestation results in stunted growth yellowing of leaves wilting and poor yield because the galls disturb the roots ability to absorb water and nutrients They also serve as openings for pathogens such as fungi and bacteria which cause plant diseases Prevention and control 1 Rotate tomato with broccoli cauliflower sorghum rape and mustard seed
22. ater to drown the moths 14 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Leafhoppers Both the nymphs and the adults leafhoppers feed on the plant sap They then suck out the liquid contents leaving behind the dead and empty cells which are small white spots Heavy feeding results to hopperburn which is caused by the toxic effects of the insects saliva It also causes mosaic virus disease as the pests are carriers of the virus The eggs are laid inside the soft plant tissue on the underside of the leaves They are elongate or curve whitish to greenish and about 0 9 mm long Eggs hatch in about 10 days The nymphs look similar to the adults but are very small pale yellow green and wingless They undergo five nymphal stages Their cast skins usually remain on the lower surface of the leaf Nymphs have the ability to walk sideways forward or backward at rapid paces Adults are small elongate wedge shaped insects about 3 4 mm long They hop fast fly quickly and can run in all directions when disturbed hence the name leafhopper Many leafhoppers look alike and their colors vary from green gray tan brown banded which often lead to misidentification of the different species Control measures Physical control Row cover Use row covers to prevent the seedlings from the early attack of the pest Plant extracts Garlic oil extract Neem oil extra
23. becoming narrow at the end The pupal stage lasts for 10 12 days Adult is a small fly about 2 5 mm long It is grayish to black with yellow markings Female flies are slightly larger than males Control measures Cultural practices Conservation of the natural enemies is an important aspect of leafminer management Maintain flowering grasses around field margins to provide habitat and food for natural enemies Physical methods Kitchen funnel Inverted kitchen funnel capped with a plastic vial to monitor adults emergence from the seedbeds Plastic trays Place the trays under the plants to monitor and catch pupating larvae as they leave the plants to pupate in the soil Yellow plastic gallon containers Mount containers upside down on sticks coated with transparent automobile grease or used motor oil These should be placed in and around the field at about 10 cm above the foliage Clean and re oil when traps are covered with flies Yellow plastic drinking cups Coat cups with adhesive used motor oil and stapled on stakes above plant canopies to trap flies 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000090 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany 16 Yellow plastic trapping sheets A 2 m long x 75 cm wide yellow plastic sheet coated with motor oil both ends attached to bamboo or wooden poles and carried by 2 persons through the field to mass capture adult flies Plant extracts Ginger garlic and Chilli
24. black with lighter undersides Alternating light and dark bands run lengthwise along their bodies the heads are yellow and the legs are almost black Mature larvae vary in length about 3 5 cm They drop to the ground to burrow into the soil to pupate The larval stage lasts from 12 24 days Pupae are yellowish green and turn brown as they mature Pupation takes place under the soil Pupal period is 12 24 days enters through its bored hole at the fruit s pedicel Its feeding damage is a watery cavity that contains frass waste matters causing the fruit to decay or to ripe prematurely An adult male is yellow brown while a female is orange brown in color It has a wingspread size of about 3 8cm Each female may deposit 200 2 000 eggs in her entire lifetime Total development period from egg to adult is 34 45 days Control measures Cultural practices 1 Do not plant other solanaceous crops after harvesting tomato Never use tomato as rotation crop for corn sorghum cotton and other solanaceous crops and vice versa 2 Avoid planting tomato near corn or cotton or other solanaceous crops to prevent heavy pest infestations Plant extracts Ginger garlic and chilli extract Soak 50 g of peeled garlic overnight in 10 ml kerosene Combine garlic 25 g of green chilies and 25 g of ginger Add 50 ml of water to the mixture Grind them Add 3 liters of water Physical methods Pheromone traps Place pheromone traps at a
25. ct refer to p 13 Garlic oil extract Method of preparation Chop finely 100 g of garlic Soak the chopped garlic in mineral oil for a day Add ve liter and 10 ml of soap Dilute filtrate with 10 liters of water Constantly shake the container or stir the extract while in the process of the application to prevent oil from separating Pests controlled Leafhoppers Imported cabbage worm Squash bugs Whiteflies Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany 15 Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Leafminers The larvae make long slender winding white tunnels in leaves Severely mined leaves may turn yellow disfigured and drop Severely mined seedlings are stunted and eventual death occurs The eggs are laid under the surface of leaf epidermis are ovate creamy white in color and tiny about 0 10 0 15 mm in diameter The eggs hatch after 2 5 days The larva is legless whitish to yellow green with a darker head It has a mouth hook structure that is retractable into the body A newly hatched larva tunnels through the mid leaf tissues leaving its characteristic wavy lines that are visible on top of the leaf It undergoes 3 larval stages that last for 4 7 days When the larva is ready to pupate it cuts a hole where it stays and feeds and usually drops to the soil to pupate The pupa varies in color from yellowish brown to almost black and distinctly segmented It is oval shaped
26. d soap and stir Constantly shake the container or stir the extract while in the process of application Neem oil extract Method of preparation Add 30 ml of neem oil into 1 liter of soapy wa ter Constantly shake the container or stir the extract while in the pro cess of application to prevent oil from separa ting Pests controlled Flea beetles Gall midge Leafhoppers Neem leaf extract Method of preparation Pound gently 1 2 kg of neem leaves Place in a pot Add 2 4 liters of water Cover the mouth of the pot securely with the cloth and leave it as such for 3 days Strain to get clear extract Dilute 1 liter of neem leaf extract with 9 liters of water Add 100 ml of soap Stir well Pests controlled Aphids Colorado potato beetles Grasshoppers Grubs Japanese beetles Leafhoppers Locusts Plant hoppers Scales Snails Thrips Weevils Whiteflies Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany 13 Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Hornworm The larvae eat the leaves initially attacking the upper portion of plants and thereby consuming foliage blossoms and green fruits They usually consume the entire leaf and are capable of high levels of defoliation The highest foliage consumption occurs during the final stage because of its large size They blend in with the foliage and are not easy detected The eggs are spherical to oval in shape and measure about 1 50 m
27. e Infected ripe tomato fruit has small watersoaked sunken circular spots that may increase in size up to 1 2 cm in diameter As it ages the center of an older spot becomes blackish and emits gelatinous pink spore masses The anthracnose lesions easily attract other rotting organisms to completely rot the infected fruit Infection may also occur on unripe fruits stems leaves and roots Infected unripe fruits Prevention and control Baking soda refer to p 30 Basil leaf extract refer to p 25 Compost tea spray Onion bulb extract PONS do not show sympt oms until ripening Infected roots called black dot root rot only become evident when the fruits begin to ripen The root lesions become brown and are dotted with fruiting bodies The outer layer of the infected roots is completely rotten Compost tea spray Onion bulb Method of preparation extract Put a gallon 4 liters of well matured compost into a 5 gallon 20 liters Finely chop 50 g bulb container onion Add water until the Add to 1 liter of rain container is full water Strain Stir well Place in warm place for 3 days to ferment Strain Method of preparation Diseases controlled Alternaria Anthracnose Fusarium wilt Fungal leaf blight Diseases controlled Fungal diseases 26 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Bacterial leaf blight Infected tomat
28. e in high temperatures or during winter but under normal conditions they can live up to 6 years Their lifecycle continues because the eggs can withstand both the extreme temperatures They have thick outer shells made of calcium carbonate Control measures Cultural practices Limit the addition of organic matters into the area when the infestation is causing economic loss because organic matters are very attractive to slugs Slugs eat on organic matters found in the soil Physical control 1 Screen the seedbed or seedling plot using a fine mesh screen of about 7 5 cm high that surrounds the plot and securely fix about 2 5 cm of it into the ground 2 Trap the slugs using 30 cm x 30 cm white painted surface wooden boards Place them securely along the plant s rows At daytime slugs take shelter underneath the cooler places Be sure to check the wooden traps before sunset and collect the slugs Crush or place them in a bucket of soapy water Potato or cabbage cereal bran or chicken food can be placed under the board as an attractant 3 Over turned earthen flower pots placed under the shady part of the plant is another way of trapping them Make sure to make an opening to let them crawl un derneath and to collect them before sunset Crushing them in the pots also make the pots more attractive to other slugs Other methods Plant ash saw dusts sand or eggshells Sprinkle enough ash sand or crushed eggshells at the ba
29. ed to the leaves and stems of plants where larvae have fed and developed Adults are oval to hemispherical and strongly convex with short legs and antennae Most species are brightly colored Body length ranges from 0 8 16 mm Their colors tell other predators that they are tasteless and toxic When disturbed some of them emit a strong smelling yellow liquid as a protection against other predators Their colors vary from red orange steel blue yellow brown or yellow elytra frequently spotted or striped with black They feed on pollen nectar water and honeydew but aphids or other prey are necessary for egg production They are the best known predators of aphids and are capable of eating up to 50 60 per day and about 5000 aphids in their lifetime Conservation Lady bird beetles are found in most agricultural and garden habitats Their presence indicates that natural biological control is occurring lt is important to maintain habitats planted with several flowering crops These give the ladybird beetles varied food sources When food is not available they tend to eat each other Their beneficial predatory behavior and activities are continuous when there is no indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides 38 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Rove beetles Both adults and larvae are predators of root maggots eggs and larvae mites worms nema tod
30. egs which make them fast moving insects Most species are nocturnal and they hide during the Some Encarsia species are native to crop production environments When introduced they have the tendency to adapt to the local environ ments Weekly field monitoring or a visual inspection of plants is important to notice the presence of pests and beneficial insects in order to consider when to make pest management decisions day in soil crevices un der rocks and stones decaying logs leaf litter or composting materials When disturbed or when other vertebrates prey upon them they emit an odor or gas as a type of defense mechanism preventing them from being eaten by other predators Ground beetles live on or below the ground hence the name Development from the egg to the adult stage takes about a year although adults may live 2 to 3 years or longer Conservation 1 Practice mulching in some sections of your field to provide a habitat for the ground beetles 2 Provide permanent beds and perennial plantings to protect population 3 Plant white clover and or amaranth as ground covers Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany 35 Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Hoverfly Aphids thrips psyllids scale insects small cater pillars and larvae of Heliotes Eggs are tiny about 1mm in size ovate shaped and glistening white These are found laid singly and close to
31. er leaf surface has a speckled or mottled appearance while the underneath appears tan or yellow and has a crusty texture Infested leaves may turn yellow dry up and drop in a few weeks Mites produce large amount of webbing Heavy infestation will result in a fine cobwebby appearance on the leaves Plants die when infestation is severe The eggs are tiny spherical pale white and are laid on the undersides of leaves often under the webbings Eggs hatch in 4 or 5 days Nymph looks similar to the adult but is only the size of an egg It has only 6 legs It molts 3 times before becoming an adult The adult is also very tiny maybe yellowish greenish pinkish or reddish depending on the species It looks like a tiny moving dot It has an oval body with 8 legs and with 2 red eyespots near the head of the body The male is smaller than the female with a more pointed abdomen A female usually has a large dark blotch on each side with numerous bristles covering her legs and body Spider mite is not an insect Control measures Cultural practices 1 Provide plants with adequate water Water stressed plants are prone to damage by mites 2 Avoid the use of broad spectrum insecticide for this may cause a mites outbreak This practice kills the natural enemies of mites and stimulates mites reproduction Physical control 1 Hosing with a strong jet of water knocks off mites and destroys their webs Be sure to include the und
32. erial wilt 2 Wash or expose farm tools to heat before using in another field since the bacteria can be transmitted through them 3 Mint extract Mint extract Lemongrass extract Method of preparation Method of preparation i Grind 250 g of mint Soak 50 g of ground leaves lemongrass in 2 liters of water for a few hours Strain Diseases controlled Late blight Bacterial diseases Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany Make into a paste Add 2 liters of water Stir well and ready for use or strain it to have a clear extract Diseases controlled Bacterial leaf spots and other bacterial diseases 27 Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Downy mildew Downy mildew infection begins as angular yellow spots on the upper leaf surface Then they become brilliant yellow Eventually the internal parts of these spots become brown with yellow margins The underside of this infected leaf has fine grayish fungal growth Infected young shoots fruits and seeds have white coating of fungal spores Prevention and control 1 Aloe and vitex extract refer to p 29 2 Basil leaf extract refer to p 25 3 Copper spray refer to p 29 Early blight Early blight produces a wide range of symptoms at all growth stages of both potato and tomato which include damping off collar rot stem cankers leaf blight and fruit tuber rot Seedlings grown from infested seeds may damp off
33. erneath of the leaves 2 Apply water to pathways and other dusty areas at regular intervals Plant extracts Coriander seed extract Pound or crush 200 grams of coriander seeds Boil in 1 liter of water for 10 minutes Cool and strain Dilute extract with 2 liters of water This extract also prevents fungal diseases Other solutions Horticultural oil Spray 2 solution against mites To make a 2 solution pour 1 3 cup oil into a 1 gallon container and then fill with water to make a 1 gallon solution For a 3 solution start with Y cup of oil Apply successive sprays at least 6 weeks apart You can apply 196 oil solution by mixing 2 5 tbsp of oil in 1 gallon of water Horticultural oil is concentrated and must be mixed with water Other method Milk spray Basil leaf extract Method of preparation refer to p 25 Mix Ye liter of milk to 4 5 Milk spray liters of water Milk and water ratio is 1 part milk to 9 parts water Spray at weekly interval as a preventive control measure Pests controlled Spider mites Mildews Mosaic virus Leaf blights Fungal diseases 18 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Thrips Thrips have rasping sucking mouthparts and feed by rasping the surface of the rapidly growing tissues of the leaves and sucking up the released plant fluid Thrips cause tiny scars on leaves and fruit called stippling which can cause
34. es and other small insects Adults tend to be cannibalistic eating their own eggs and attacking other adults when food supply is low Eggs are tiny about 0 5 mm long and 0 4 mm wide pear shaped pale green in color and are covered with a gelatin like material These are laid by female adults in the soil among the roots of the root maggot infested plants The eggs hatch 5 10 days later The first instar larvae are pale brown about 1 5 mm long slender segmented and tapered toward the anterior They have large heads The parasitic second and third instar larvae are white have rudimentary legs and are found within the host puparium Before pupating a larva will actively search for a host pupa of maggot in the surrounding soil It will pupate in the pupa of the maggot by entering into its cocoon and feeding its contents and then pupate itself inside for about 3 4 weeks before emerging as an adult It is possible that two or more larvae enter into one maggot pupa but only one will survive and mature Adult rove beetles are brown reddish brown or black or have gray markings on the wings and abdomen with slender elongate bodies Their wing covers are shorter than the abdomen where most part of the abdomen is exposed Both adults and larvae have well developed jaws cross in front of the head They live mostly in decaying organic matter but are also found in moist agricultural soils or in habitats where large numbers of fly la
35. g with a well pronounced 5 8 segmented antennae It can exist in two forms winged or wingless The winged form has two pairs of elongated narrow wings which are fringed with long hairs Female thrips can reproduce both sexually and asexually Sticky board trap To use place 1 4 sticky cards per 300 sq m field area Replace traps at least once a week To make your own sticky trap spread petroleum jelly or used motor oil on painted plywood of desired color 6 cm x 15 cm in size or up Place traps near the plants but faraway enough to prevent the leaves from sticking to the board Traps when hung should be positioned 61 cm zone above the plants Pests monitored controlled Blue sticky cards Thrips White sticky cards Flea beetles tarnished plant bugs Yellow sticky cards Aphids cabbage root maggots carrot rust flies cabbage white butterflies gnats whiteflies Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany 19 Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Tomato fruitworm The larval feeding damage during the vegetative growth is usually on the tips of the leaves in the developing bud The leaves become distorted However it prefers to feed on the green fruit It The eggs are pinhead size and yellow green in color These are found singly laid near the midrib usually underneath the leaf Hatching occurs within about 2 5 days The larvae vary in color from bright green pink brown to
36. green as they mature They undergo four nymphal stages and are usually found on lower leaves and on lower leaf surfaces Adults are striped with alternating dark and light bands Their common name Jumping plant lice is derived from their ability to jump backwards when disturbed A mature female can lay over 500 eggs Their lifecycle is 15 30 days Control measures Cultural practices Select tomato varieties that have extra hairy leaves for they are less attractive to psyllids Physical methods Yellow sticky board traps refer to p 19 Plant extracts Neem oil extract Add 15 ml of neem oil into 1 liter of soapy water Constantly shake the container or stir the extract while in the process of application to prevent oil from separating Neem powdered seed extract Method of preparation Add 50 grams of powdered kernel in 1 liter of water Let it stand for 6 hours but not more than 16 hours Add soap and stir Constantly shake the container or stir the extract while on the process of application Pests controlled Aphids American bollworms Cotton leaf rollers Diamondback moths Grasshoppers Leafhoppers Leafminers Red locusts Mexican bean beetles Whiteflies Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany 17 Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Spider mites Generally mites feed on the undersides of leaves They use their sucking mouthparts to remove plant saps The upp
37. ies include stunting and distortion of leaves buds growing tips and fruits Infected seedlings will eventually die side of the leaf It also infects the underneath Prevention and control Papaya leaf extract Baking soda refer to p 30 7 Basil leaf extract refer to p 25 Compost tea spray refer to p 26 Copper Spray Bordeau Mix refer to p 29 Ginger powder extract Milk spray refer to p 18 Ginger powder extract DN 20 Nor Method of preparation Add 20 g of ginger powder to 1 liter of water Mix thoroughly Diseases controlled Powdery mildew Root rot Fungal leaf blight Papaya leaf extract Method of preparation Soak 50 g of finely shredded leaves in 1 liter of water Let it stand for 1 night Squeeze the extract and strain add 2 3 liters and 10 ml soap as adhesive Diseases controlled Leafy caterpillars Coffee rust Leaf rust Mosaic virus Powdery mildew Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany 31 Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Tomato mosaic virus The common symptom of an infected plant is blister like appearance Other symptoms include alternating spots of yellowish and light or dark green curling and yellowing of the leaves stunted growth mottle leaves The mottled areas often appear and malformed fruits thicker and somewhat elevated giving the leaves a Prevention 1 Control aphids and other sucking insects 2 Milk spray
38. ke waists Female wasps lay eggs into the eggs of hosts pests but prefer caterpillars bodies In cases where aphids are the host pests aphids are not killed instantly Aphids continue to feed on plants tissues until the Braconid larvae inside their bodies completely consume them The fully grown Braconid larvae cement the dead aphids to the leaf surface making aphids shells black and mummified About a week later the adult Bracon wasps cut round holes in the mummies and emerge The empty mummies remain on the leaf The presence of mummies in a colony of aphids is a sign that Bracons are present Conservation Adult Bracons feed on nectar honeydew or pollen before laying eggs Dill parsley yarrow zinnia clover alfalfa parsley cosmos sunflower and marigold are flowering crops that attract the native braconid populations and provide good habitats for them Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany 33 Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Damsel bugs Aphids armyworms asparagus beetle Colorado potato beetle eggs and nymphs corn earworm corn borer imported cabbageworm leafhoppers mites moth eggs sawfly larvae and tarnished plant bug nymphs Although they can survive for about two weeks without food they will eat each other if no other prey is available Eggs are deposited in soft plant tissues where they are so difficult to find Nymphs rese
39. l Pest Management in Tomato Production Insects Mites Ants Ants take the sown seeds back to their colony feed on germinating seeds and on young seedlings They tend insect pests like aphids scales whiteflies mealybugs and other honeydew producing insects These actions result in missing hills thus loss of plant stand uneven growth distribution in the field and an increased incidence of diseases caused by the abovementioned insects Eggs are delicate soft white and are laid in clusters of 75 125 eggs The larva is grub liked legless very soft and whitish in color It inflicts no damage as it depends on the worker ant older sibling for care and food The pupa is whitish and develops inside the ant s nest It has visible legs and in some cases wings The pupal stage is the transitional stage between the larva and the adult which emerges during the final molt An adult ant varies in color from blackish to reddish brown depending on its species It has robust mandibles with strong teeth that could inflict painful bites It has elbowed antennae a thin waist and if it is winged the hind wings are smaller than the front wings and have few veins Ants are also beneficial insects because they prey on termites eggs pupa and caterpillars of other insect pests Nevertheless ants should not be introduced into vegetable gardens for insect pest control Control measures Cultural practices Increase the seedi
40. m in diameter The color varies from light green to white Eggs are deposited both on the lower and the upper surfaces of foliage The larva is cylindrical and bears five pairs of prolegs in addition to the three pairs of thoracic legs It has a thick pointed structure or horn located dorsally on the terminal abdominal segment The horn is dark green with black sides It has a V series of white striping along the sides of its body The pupa is large and elongate oval but pointed at the posterior end It measures 45 60 mm in length The pupa bears a pronounced maxillary loop a structure in the upper jaw which encases the mouthparts Adults are large moths with stout narrow wings A moth has a wingspan of about 1 cm The forewings are much longer than the hind wings which are dull grayish or brown in color The sides of the abdomen are usually marked five spots The hind wings bear alternating light and dark bands Adults are known as sphinx and hummingbird moths Control measures Cultural practices Plant dill as trap crop and basil and marigold as repellents Physical methods 1 Handpick the larvae and feed them to chicken or kill them by drowning in soapy water They are easy to pick due to their large size but you must be very observant because they easily blend with the color of the plant s leaves 2 Use light traps kerosene lamps or petromax to attract adults Place the kerosene lamps near the shallow discs of w
41. make adjustments that are adaptable to your local farm conditions before going into large scale application And best of all always keep farm records to have a list of successes and failures in each time you grow a crop 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000090 8 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production General recommendations Throughout this field guide you will find suggestions for lessening the pests population before they have control over your tomato field To make a plan for you to grow a healthy crop the following tips are the steps you ought to take Learn to identify the pests and other causal agents and the natural enemies Select the proper tomato variety that is well adapted to your local conditions 3 Always select good and diseased free seeds and transplant only pest free seedlings If possible treat seeds to kill seed borne pathogens and insect pests Have a healthy soil and always keep in mind that over fertilizing isn t necessarily better Practice crop rotation by planting on the next cropping season crops of different family group If possible practice intercropping to improve the field s diversity and to encourage natural enemies Follow the recommended planting distances and practice staking Prepare the soil thoroughly by appropriate tillage Always practice proper field sanitation by removing and pruning infested plant parts kee
42. mble adults and develop through 5 nymphal stages in about 50 days Adults are tiny about 2 4 mm long with slender bodies and are yellowish or gray or reddish brown in color They have piercing sucking mouthparts a 4 segmented beak elongated heads and 4 long segmented antennae They are fast runners with long slender back legs and enlarged forelegs for grasping prey They are commonly found in most agricultural crops especially legumes throughout the year Adults begin laying eggs soon after emergence Conservation They prefer to live in soybeans grassy fields and alfalfa You can collect damsel bugs in alfalfa fields and release them around your garden Encarsia Various whitefly species Eggs are found inside the body of the host larva The larvae develop within the whitefly larvae passing through four larval stages The host pupa turns black when Encarsia pupates inside the whitefly Adult wasps emerge from the parasitized pupae by chewing a hole in the top of the scale Adults are very tiny wasps about 1 mm in size These parasitic wasps can look actively and effectively for whiteflies They can cover distances of 10 30 m looking for hosts Adult females attack young whitefly larvae by stinging and laying eggs inside them An adult female wasp can lay 60 100 eggs The life cycle is completed within 2 4 weeks depending on the climatic conditions Adults can live for 30 days but are active for about 10 days Adult wasp
43. n germany org www oisat org Prepared by Dr Jewel Bissdorf Editor Carina Weber Layout Reginald Bruhn Hamburg August 2005 Apart from the photos permission is granted to reproduce any and all portions of this publication provided the publisher title and editor are acknowledged Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Index PROVO GUC abonos tct 7 How to use this field guide eeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeee eene nennen ana n nnne nnne nan nn sss a nnne 8 GerneralirecommeridatiOriS 5 2 04005 07 c cia ea quien cda SE 020 sn canes XH Coe gee unn n ea goed Usu a ERN IUe CERE Id Nune Rina 9 InSects MIT6S aora 10 A n M 10 Pelr e 11 on K WcEMIC llcL a e 12 Flea beetles cor oett etm EL E cti placita cai 13 HON WOT serika paaa H 14 IES ATMOPPE MS me e E EE 15 A OLD LN 16 mc M 17 Spider POI T RETE EE 18 TOMOS EE 19 RES EVI E MH 20 licec 21 AVIS WU OMI secs ca odrocto rosso to ooo o 22 IIS EX DESIEI CHER 23 IGS create te cache ERR PENIS UE PECES 23 Common garden malestares 24 Nematodes E nnana 25 Root knot nematodes A naransan aenea naaa aana aa AAAA EENAA A AEA a TOA aAa VEEE E Aaa TNE 25 DISCASCS a CE MM MDEUM 26 Altermariadeat
44. n the epidermis and may discolor the entire leaf surface Young caterpillars eat the soft leaves of the plant The full grown caterpillars are capable of eating the entire plant The eggs are tiny pearl white round and have a ridged surface The newly hatched larvae are greenish and about 1 mm long The full grown larva has a cylindrical body brown or brownish black with a tinge of orange The thoracic segments have one to two dark spots near the base of the legs The abdominal segments generally have two light brownish lateral lines on each side one above and one below the spiracles Above the top lines are broken lines composed of velvet semi crescent patches that vary in color among cutworms The pupa is black or brown in color and measures about 22 5 mm long and 9 2 mm wide The adult has dark brown forewings with distinctive black spots and white and yellow wavy stripes The hind wings are whitish with grayish margins The total developmental period from egg to adult is about 35 40 days Control measures Cultural practices Interplant tomato with onion garlic peppermint coriander or garlic every 10 20 rows to repel cutworms and attract natural enemies Sunflowers and cosmos can also be planted as a trap crop in or around fields Physical control Protective collars Protective collars made of plastic or paper cups plastic drink bottles with ripped out bottom sturdy cardboard and milk cartons Place
45. nd then leave the hosts to pupate in the soil Before pupation some mature maggots produce hard cocoons The larval stage takes about 4 days to 2 weeks depending on the climatic conditions The newly hatched larvae enter into its host and feed on the content before pupating into the soil Some tachinid species are hosts specific for example for a certain species it is parasitic only on leaf rolling caterpillars or only on sugarcane stem borer Pupae are oblong yellowish and turn dark reddish as they mature Adults measure between 3 and 10 mm and have very stout bristles at the tips of their abdomens They look very similar to the common housefly but are larger with stocky and soft bodies They vary in appearance from gray black to brightly colored or sometimes looking like bees Adult Tachinid flies have only 1 pair of wings They feed on honeydews and flower pollen Different species have varied modified sucking type mouthparts the cutting sponging the piercing sucking and lapping sponging Adult flies are found in almost all crop habitats either resting on foliage or feeding on nectars and pollen Additionally for females they search for hosts to lay their eggs The female adult lays her eggs near or into the larvae or on another insect She can lay as many as 1000 2000 eggs in her lifetime Adults can live from 3 days to 2 months depending on the species Conservation Providing sources of food like dills parsley clo
46. ng interval is 4 5 days This spray also controls aphids armyworm termites and white grubs Neem oil extract Add 15 ml of neem oil into 1 liter of soapy water Constantly shake the container or stir the extract while in the process of application to prevent oil from separating Flour spray Other methods Ammonia spray refer to p 11 Flour spray Soap spray refer to p 10 Method of preparation Add 2 4 tbsp of wheat or potato or any baking flour into 4 cups of warm water Add 1 tsp of soap as sticker Stir the filtrate prior to application Pests controlled Aphids Spider mites Thrips Whiteflies Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany 21 Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Wireworm Wireworms destroy the germinating seeds and tiny seedlings by cutting off underground roots resulting in missing stands They attack the stems of newly set plant by boring into the stems near the soil surface Some plants may wilt and die within a few days or may have stunted growth Often the wireworm is found near the damaged or missing seed or plant Wireworms are the larvae of different species of Click beetles Larvae are slender and hard and feel somewhat like wires Their bodies are segmented and shiny and are usually cylindrical but flat on the lower sides There are three pairs of legs close together near the head and no prolegs Some of the most common species are white yello
47. ng seedling rate This practice turns out cheaper than with the use of insecticide Control mealybug aphid whitefly and other insects that excrete honeydew The ants are likely to be found in plants infested by these insects because they protect them for their food Other solutions Ant oil spray Mix 2 tbsp dish washing soap 2 tsp vegetable oil 2 tosp salt and few drops of vinegar into 4 liters of water Soap spray Soap spray Method of preparation Mix 2 tbsp of liquid soap to a gallon of water Stir well Another method is to mix 1 tbsp of dish washing detergent with 1 cup of cooking oil to make a stock solution For a gallon of spray add 5 8 tbsp of stock solution to a gallon of water Pests controlled Ants Leafhoppers Mealybugs Psyllids Scales Spider mites Thrips Whiteflies and Plant diseases 10 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Aphids Both the nymphs and the adults pierce the plant tissues to feed on plant sap The infected leaves become severely distorted when the saliva of aphids are injected into them Heavily infested ones will turn yellow and eventually wilt because of excessive sap removal The aphids feeding on the plant causes crinkling and cupping of leaves defoliation and stunted growth Aphids produce large amounts of a sugary liquid waste called honeydew A fungus called sooty mold g
48. nt to know how the insect mite pest develops because the adult does not always cause the damage and sometimes it is not even found where the damage occurred Also as not to confuse you with the beneficial ones a separate description of the natural enemies and their conservation and management are discussed at the last part Included in the control measures are cultural practices physical control plant extracts other homemade solutions and other practical methods For example you notice that the tomato leaves are having white spots when you re out in the field What would you do First have a closer and careful examination of your plant If you find the pest and can t identify it turn the following pages and look at the illustration of an insect and or the damage or symptom in each pest entry Once you have identified the pest look into the corresponding control measures on how to lessen its population density You have various options like cultural practices e g removal of weeds physical control e g handpicking plant extract e g neem spray other homemade solution e g soap spray other method use of baits However with every effort made to provide you with complete information on the natural pest control on tomato the recommendations may vary from every location It is highly recommended that you have to try the various control practices in small scale especially for the plant extracts and other homemade solutions in order to
49. o leaf has dark watersoaked circular spots which are about 3 mm in sizes but may become larger when the temperature is right The spots become angular and turn brown black Eventually the centre of the spots may dry and leaf may drop prematurely Infected young fruit has small black spots As the bacteria further develop the spots turn brown slightly sunken scabby and sometimes surrounded by rings Severe infestation gives the plant the appearance of blight Prevention 1 Compost tea spray refer to p 26 2 Copper spray refer to p 29 3 Garlic bulb extract refer to p 29 Bacterial wilt 4 Lemongrass extract 5 Mint extract refer to p 27 The initial symptom is a wilting of the terminal leaves which after 2 3 days becomes permanent when the whole plant wilts due to the active development of the disease Then the whole plants wilt and die suddenly In the case of a slow development of the disease the plant stunts and produces large numbers of adventitious roots on the stem Bacterial wilt diagnosis in the field can be done easily Cut a piece of the stem 2 3 cm long from the base Suspend the cut stem in clear water in a glass container Hold the stem with an improvised tong to maintain it in a vertical position Within a few minutes the smoke like milky threads are dis charged from the cut stem Prevention 1 Rotate tomato with rice corn beans cabbage and sugarcane that are found to be resistant to bact
50. pider mites and caterpillars of most pest moths If given the chance they can also prey on adult pests Adults are green to yellowish green with four delicate transparent wings that have many veins and cross veins Adults are about 18 mm long with long hair like antennae and red gold eyes Each adult female may deposit more than 100 eggs Many species of adult lacewings do not prey on pests They feed on nectar pollen and honeydew An adult will live for about four to six weeks depending on the climatic conditions Conservation Flowering plants such as dill cosmos sunflower carrots and dandelions are good source of pollen and nectar for adults Provide source of water during dry season Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany 37 Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Ladybird beetles Aphids mealybugs scale insects spider mites whiteflies Eggs are yellow to orange in color football shaped and are laid in circular clusters of 10 50 eggs on the underside of leaves or near the aphid colony Newly hatched larvae are gray or black and less than 4 mm long They emerge as dark alligator like flightless creatures with orange spots Adult larvae can be gray black or blue with bright yellow or orange markings on the body The larvae are elongate and slightly oblong in shape They undergo four instars before pupating The pupae are usually brightly patterned and can be found attach
51. ping the area free of weeds and other plant residues and cleaning regularly all farm tools and implements 10 Monitor your plants regularly 11 When in doubt always ask for assistance from your local agriculturists When controlling pests using the plant extracts and other homemade solutions the following are the standard procedures for their preparation and application 7 8 Select plants plant parts that are pests free When storing the plants plant parts for future usage make sure that they are properly dried and are stored in an airy container never use plastic container away from direct sunlight and moisture Make sure that they are free from molds before using them Use utensils for the extract preparation that are not used for your food preparation and for drinking and cooking water containers Clean properly all the utensils every time after using them Do not have a direct contact with the crude extract while in the process of the preparation and during the application Make sure that you place the plant extract out of reach of children and house pets while leaving it overnight Always test the plant extract formulation on a few infested plants first before going into large scale spraying Wear protective clothing while applying the extract Wash your hands after handling the plant extract 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000090 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany 9 Field Guide to Non chemica
52. r and the protection provided by refuges such as hedgerows cover crops and weedy borders Avoid indiscriminate use of hazardous pesticides to ensure their presence in agricultural fields 42 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Photo credits 01 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 26 28 30 31 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Tomato plant PixelQuelle de Ants Takumasa Kondo Aphids University of Florida http mrec ifas ufl edu lso Aphids htm Cutworm Clemson University http entweb clemson edu cuentres eiis factshot pages Cutworm htm Flea beetles Texas A amp M University Hornworm Texas A amp M University http vegipm tamu edu chewing4 tomatohornworm html Leafhopper Photo courtesy of Ric Bessin University of Kentucky Leafminers Koppert Biological Systems http Awww koppertonline com showitem asp vis home amp item pest amp id 29 Psyllids OMAF http Awww gov on ca OMAFRA english crops facts potato_psyllid htm Spider mite Texas A amp M University http insects tamu edu fieldguide cimg371 html Thrips Canola Council of Canada http www canada council org slides pests insects html t Tomato fruitworm Courtesy of INRA http www inra fr Internet Produits HY PPZ IMAGES 7031871 jpg Whiteflies Photo courtesy of Clemsom University Department of Entomology Wireworm Texas A amp M Universit
53. rot and yarrow to grow between crop plants Hoverflies larvae are most noticeable in the latter half of the growing season when aphids are established 36 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Lacewing Aphids leafminer mealybugs thrips whitefly armyworms bollworms cabbage worm codling moths corn borer cutworm DBM fruitworm leafhopper nymphs and eggs potato beetle scale Eggs are found on slender stalks or on the underside of leaves Each egg is attached to the top of a hair like filament Eggs are pale green in color Larvae are known as aphid lions Newly hatched they are grayish brown in color Upon emerging larvae immediately look for food They grow to about 1 cm in length They attack their prey by taking them with their large sucking jaws and injecting paralyzing poison and then sucking out the body fluids of the pest A larva can eat 200 or more pests or pest eggs a week An older larva can consume 30 50 aphids per day It can consume more than 400 aphids during its development The larvae resemble alligators with pincers like jaw However they become cannibalistic if no other prey is available They feed for 3 to 4 weeks and molt three times before pupation They cover their bodies with prey debris Pupae are cocoons with silken threads These are found in cracks and crevices The pupal stage lasts for approximately 5 days insects s
54. rows on honeydew deposits that accumulate on leaves and branches turning leaves and branches black The appearance of a sooty mold on plants is an indication of an aphid infestation The eggs are very tiny shiny black and are found in the crevices of bud stems and barks of the plant The nymphs look like the young adults mature within 7 10 days and are then ready to reproduce The adults are small 3 4 mm long soft bodied insects with two projections on the rear end and two long antennae Their body color varies from yellow green brown to purple Females can give birth to live nymphs as well as can lay eggs However the primary means of reproduction for most aphid species is asexual with eggs hatching inside their bodies and then giving birth to living young Winged adults black in color are produced only when it is necessary for the colony to migrate or there is either overcrowding in colonies or unfavorable climatic conditions Control measures Cultural practices 1 Control and kill ants Cultivate and flood the field This will destroy ant colonies and expose eggs and larvae to predators and sunlight Ants use the aphids to gain access to nutrients from the plants 2 Avoid using heavy doses of highly soluble nitrogen fertilizers Aphids love tender juicy leaves Instead apply fertilizer into 3 phases during seedling vegetative and reproductive stages of plant growth Physical control Yellow basin
55. rvae live When disturbed they run very fast with their abdomen lifted upward like that of scorpions Adults are good fliers as well Conservation Provide ground covers or mulches within and around fields for rove beetles love to stay in moist decaying organic matter provide hiding sites and alternative habitats and plant flowering borders hedges and other perennial habitats as a source of food and shelter and provide protection by not spraying broad spectrum pesticides Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany 39 Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Spider Moths and caterpillars Some spiders eggs are laid in a cluster in silken sacs while some species lay their egg masses covered with silks within folded leaves Some of these sacs are attached to the mother spiders or mothers stay nearby to guard their egg sacs Eggs usually hatch into spiderlings within three weeks The spiderlings may remain attached to the mother for several days on some species but for some species they are left on their own Spiders are not insects They have 8 legs while insects have 6 They do not have wings whereas insects do They have two body sections a united head and thorax and abdomen while insects have three head thorax and abdomen A female can produce 200 400 eggs but only 60 80 Spiderlings can hatch from these Females can survive 2 3 months In some species females die after laying eggs
56. s feed on honeydew and the body fluids of whitefly larvae They also feed directly on the scales However honeydew restricts their move ments so that it is difficult for them to have a wider feeding coverage With the exception of the adult all stages of Encarsia occur inside the whitefly host 34 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Conservation Conserving natural enemies is probably the most important practice farmers could do Practicing multiple cropping including flowering crops provides pollen honeydew and nectar for adult wasps The practice can increase the diversity of habitats that provide shelter and other food sources to the natural enemies Ground beetle Slugs snails cutworms cabbage root maggots grubs and insect pupae and small caterpillars Eggs are normally laid singly in the soil Larva is elongated and tapered toward the end worm like in appearance and have a large head directed forward Pupa is brownish black small and found in the soil Adult ground beetles or Carabids are about 2 6cm long dark shiny brown to metallic black blue green purple or multi colored They vary in shapes from elongated to heavy bodied tapered head end with threadlike antennae and have a ringed wing cover Their heads are usually smaller than their thorax Both adults and larvae have strong pincher like mandibles They have prominent long l
57. s of plant viruses that cause diseases of fiber crops vegetables fruit trees and ornamentals The eggs are tiny oval shaped about 0 25 mm in diameter and stand vertically on the leaf surface Newly laid eggs are white then turn brownish They are deposited on the underside of leaves sometimes in a circle or oval shaped patterns The larvae are transparent ovate and about 0 3 0 7 mm in size and they move around on the plants looking for a feeding site upon hatching The pupae are dirty white and surrounded by wax and honeydews During this stage the red eyes of the emerging adults are visible The adults are about 1mm long with two pairs of white wings and light yellow bodies Their bodies are covered with waxy powdery materials They are found feeding on top of the plants A female can produce as many as 200 eggs in her lifetime and mating is not necessary It takes about 40 days to develop from egg to adult Control measures Cultural practices 1 Do not plant tomato near crops that have whitefly infestation This would lead to early infestation of your crop and could ruin the whole field crop 2 Plant Nicotania as a trap crop Whiteflies are attracted to Nicotiana a flowering tobacco plant variety Plant extracts Madre de cacao amp neem extract Shred 1 kg of Madre de cacao leaves and 1 kg of neem leaves Soak leaves in 5 liters of water for 3 days Strain Add water to make up 20 liters of filtrate Sprayi
58. se of the plants The slugs are sensitive to harsh objects which prevent them from crawling into the plants Remember to keep these substances dry to be effective But make sure that your control method is not a waste of time because slugs are problematic only when the soil is moist Grapefruit and melon peel baits After eating grapefruit and or melon invert the peel as food and as a cool shelter for the pests Be sure to collect peels and kill the trapped pests Bottle traps Cut the bottle at its shoulder just before it starts to taper toward the neck Stick the piece you have just cut off into the bottle neck first Tape the two pieces together with electrical tape Fill the trap half full with a yeast water solution bury it sideways in your garden so that the entrance is level with the ground When the trap is full open the top and empty its contents into the garbage or compost Make sure that the slugs and snails are killed before disposing of them The abovementioned control methods are also recommended for the control of snails Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany 23 Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Common garden snail Snails feed on seedlings soft plant parts ripe ning fruit that are close to the soil and organic matter Their feeding damage is irregular large holes on leaves but they can consume the young seedlings completely The eggs are white and spherical about 3 mm
59. soon after emergence because large lesions develop at the ground line on stems of transplants or seedlings Collar rot occurs when the young stem becomes girdled with dark lesions at the soil level The infected leaf has circular lesions of about 1 2 cm 1 2 inch in diameter Dark concentric circles circles with a common center are found within these lesions Infection usually begins on the lower older leaves and progresses up the plant Infected leaves eventually wilt die and fall off Early blight lesions show a generally dry bulls eye angular pattern that do not usually spread very far and rarely affect petiole tissue as the progress of the fungus is stopped by the veins of the leaf An infected stem has small dark slightly sunken areas that enlarge to form circular or elongated 4 Compost tea spray refer to p 26 5 Garlic bulb extract refer to p 29 6 Milk spray refer to p 18 spots with lighter colored centers Concentric markings similar to those on leaves often develop on stem lesions Infestation during the flowering stage of tomato causes the blossoms to drop The fruit stems are spotted with lesions that lead to loss of the young fruits An infested tomato fruit has dark leathery sunken spots usually at the point of the stem attachment These spots may enlarge to involve the entire upper portion of the fruit often showing concentric markings like those on leaves Affected areas may be covered with
60. suitable Trichogramma strains to the host pests environmental conditions and untimely release of parasitoids It is best to release of parasitoids at the beginning of a pest infestation when moths are first seen in the field followed by regular releases until a natural breeding population of Trichogramma is established An example of this approach is the corn borer control The first release should be during the first appearance of moths and corn borers eggs in the cornfields Weekly releases thereafter are to ensure the Trichogramma population build up and parasitism occurrence The build up of the parasitoids depends on the presence of the pest or alternative hosts and food for adults It is important to regulary monitor pest population egg parasitism parasitized eggs are black in color and the larval infestation Trichogramma are released as pupae in parasitized host eggs The pupae can be pasted on cards or put in various containers To be successful in the field food host eggs and shelter must be available Modify cropping practices by practicing crop rotation and by planting cultivars which are favorable to Trichogramma population build up such as wild carrots dill golden rod leguminous plants and flowering vegetables Adults feed only on nectar pollen and honeydew Many of these species are found naturally occurring in agricultural and garden habitats Many adult parasitoids and predators benefit from sources of necta
61. the collar around the young plant and push into the soil to prevent the cutworm from attacking the stem Sticky substances Molasses saw dusts or crushed eggshells placed around the base of each plant as traps When cutworm emerges to feed it will come in contact with the trap get stuck harden and die Plant extracts Finger euphorbia plant extract Cut a branch and collect the oozing sap Add 1 liter of water to every 10 drops of the sap Another method is to cut a mature branch and pound it finely to make it into a paste Add this to 10 liters of water Leave it for sometime then strain Basil plant extract Pound or grind of 50 g of basil leaves Soak it overnight in 2 3 liters of water Add 8 12 ml of soap Stir well Other method Bacillus thuringiensis BT bran bait Moisten bran with a diluted solution of BT Sprinkle the moist bran on the planting plots surfaces 2 weeks before planting Buy BT at your local agricultural suppliers 12 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Flea beetles Flea beetles feed on seedlings They usually feed on the undersides of leaves leaving numerous small round or irregularly shaped holes although not generally all the way through the leaf Because the beetle is small and active it usually does not feed much in one spot The larvae are root feeders They trim the root hairs and make circular pits in taproots
62. the developing aphid colony in the leaves shoots or stems of the plants They hatch within 2 3 days The larvae known as Syrphids are legless slug like maggots about 1 13mm in length depending on their larval stages They usually have a mottled gray beige or light green color They lift their pointed heads to look for preys Once preys are located their mouthparts suck out the contents of the preys Larvae are frequently found feeding on aphids in the sheltered and curled portion of leaves They blend well with their habitat and therefore they must be looked for closely to locate them Pupae are teardrops shaped and are found in the Soil surface or in the plant s foliage Adult hoverflies are true flies with only two wings instead of four which most insects have Adults are large and beautiful insects about 13 mm long They have a dark head a dark thorax and a banded yellow and black abdomen They closely resemble bees or wasps rather than flies Their habit of hovering like humming birds gave them the names hoverflies or flower flies They feed on pollen nectar and honeydew They are good pollinators Conservation Hoverflies are attracted to all flowering plants but even more so to small flowered herbs like wild mustard coriander dill lupines sunflower and fennel It is advisable to have multiple crops as adults basically feed on pollen and nectar and it is advisable to allow flowering weeds such as wild car
63. the soil for 2 3 days Wireworm will feed on the baits Dispose the baits and the wireworm properly Plant extract Red cedar leaf extract for seed treatment Pound 1 kg of red cedar leaves Soak the pounded leaves in equal amount of water overnight Strain to get a clear filtrate Treated seeds should be sown immediately 22 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Slugs and snails Slugs Slugs feed on the seedlings soft plant parts and the ripening fruits near the soil Their feeding y damage on the leaves is irregular large holes but they can consume the young seedlings completely The eggs are about 4 mm in diameter colorless gelatinous and watery and are laid in cluster of 10 50 eggs beneath the soil surface They hatch after 10 days but it can be up to 100 days in cooler temperatures The hatchlings are very small transparent and resemble the adult counterparts They mature in less than a year The mature slug does not have a hard protective spiral shell but has a little hard shell enclosed in its mantle A slug protects its entire body with a sticky slime Its size ranges from 1 2 25 cm and its appearance and habit vary depending on the species Its color also varies from ash gray light brown yellowish gray brownish orange to black Some species have the same color in their entire bodies but others have streaks Slugs di
64. ts Rice blast Coffee berry disease Garlic bulb spray Method of preparation Grind 2 garlic bulbs Add to 4 cups of water and stir in few drops of soap Dilute 1 part of this filtrate with 9 parts of water Diseases controlled Black spots Blights Fruit rots Mildews Aloe and vitex extract Method of preparation Soak 5 kg of vitex leaves in sufficient amount of water and then bring to boil for 30 minutes Strain Add 2 liters of aloe vera juice Stir in 50 ml of soap Add 50 liters of water Pests controlled Bacterial and fungal diseases Armyworm Hairy leaf caterpillar Rice leaf roller Rice stem borer Semi looper Copper spray Bordeaux mix Method of preparation Mix 3 tbsp of copper sulphate 10 tbsp of hydrated lime and 1 gallon of water 4 liters of water in a plastic bucket Stir using wooden stick Pests controlled Flea beetles Anthracnose Bacterial blight Bacterial wilt Black spot Downy mildew Late blight Powdery mildew Rust and many other disease causing pathogens Cautions Use only plastic containers Shake or stir to prevent extract from clogging Spray only on dry and sunny day preferably early morning 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000090 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany 29 Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Late blight Newly infected leaves have dark green watersoaked small lesions spots
65. velvety black masses of spores Fruits can also be infected during the green or ripe stage through growth cracks and other wounds Infected fruits often drop before reaching maturity Prevention and control 1 Basil leaf extract refer to p 25 2 Compost tea spray refer to p 26 3 Fermented marigold extract refer to p 29 28 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Fusarium wilt Infestation often occurs on mature plants after flowering and at the beginning of fruit set The initial symptom is the yellowing on the lower leaves and a slight wilting on the infected shoots Yellowing begins to appear on one side of a leaf and then all leaflets become yellow on the other half of the leaf As the disease progresses one side of the plant wilts This process spreads to the other side as the infection worsens An infected plant often dies before maturing Prevention There is no known effective method to control Fusarium wilt The following are the preventive measures to cushion the impact of the disease Basil leaf extract refer to p 25 Compost tea spray refer to p 26 Onion bulb extract refer to p 26 Fermented marigold extract Method of preparation Fill in container with Ye 34 of flowering plants Leave to stand for 5 10 days Stir occasionally Strain Dilute filtrate with water ata ratio of 1 2 Diseases controlled Tomato bligh
66. ver and other herbs are the most efficient ways to conserve Trachinid flies in the agricultural ecosystems Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany 41 Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production Trichogramma Trichogramma species parasitize eggs of over 200 species of moth and caterpillars Among these are the rice and corn stem borer cabbageworm tomato hornworm Heliotis and Helicoverpa species codling moth cutworm armyworm webworm cabbage looper fruit worms and sugarcane borer Trichogramma adults are extremely small The female adult lays her eggs on other moths eggs First she examines the eggs by antennal drum ming then drills into the eggs with her ovipositor and lays one or more eggs inside the moth s eggs She usually stays on or near the host eggs until all or most of them are parasitized When the parasitized moth s eggs turn black the larvae parasites develop within the host eggs The larva eats the contents of the moth s eggs Adults emerge about 5 10 days later depending on the temperature Adults can live up to 14 days after emergence Female adults can lay up to 300 eggs Conservation and management Trichogramma species differ in their searching behavior host preferences response to environmental conditions and suitability in biological control uses The timing of Trichogramma releases in the field is important Non parasitism could be due to the use of less
67. wish brown to reddish brown although other species may vary in color Control measures Cultural practices 3 Where damage has been severe in the previous cropping seasons avoid planting or fallow the area Click beetles the adult wireworms return to the same fields to lay eggs 4 f field is irrigated flood it for at least a month during sunny weather to eliminate wireworms 5 Grow Flax Linum species as a cover crop to kill wireworms It is also good for controlling root knot nematodes White mustard and Buckwheat plants are also found to reduce the wireworm population Physical control Corn wheat seed mixture bait Soak mixture in water for 24 hours to facilitate germination Place 1 2 cup of a 1 1 corn wheat seed mixture in a hole that is 12 cm wide and 30 cm deep Cover with soil Cover the topsoil with plastic to warm the surface and to speed up germination Cover the edges with soil to prevent wind from blowing away the plastic Remove the plastic the Soil cover and the bait Destroy larvae trapped in the baits This method is also used to monitor white grub population Potato carrot bait Cut potatoes or carrots into chunks Remove the potato eyes to prevent from further growing Make the pieces big enough and put in sticks Bury staked potatoes carrots at a depth of 3 6 cm in the ground The stick serves as the handle to easily pull the baits out Bury randomly in the field Leave baits in
68. y Slug Photo courtesy of Florida University Common garden snail Photo courtesy of Florida University Alternaria leaf spot Texas A amp M University http aggie horticulture tamu edu tomatoproblemsolver ripefruit 8a html Anthracnose Janna Beckerman Early blight University of Minnesota http www extension umn edu projects yardandgarden ygbriefs p256earlyblight pot tom html Late blight Beth Jarvis University of Minnesota Leaf curl virus DEFRA http www defra gov uk planth pestnote yellow htm Braconid IRRI amp Queensland University IRRI Los Banos Philippines Damsel bug University of Georgia http www cpes peachnet edu lewis 1nabid jpg Ground beetle IRRI amp Queensland University IRRI Los Banos Philippines Hoverfly Canola Council of Canada http www canola council org slides pests insects insects html Lacewing Photo courtesy of Clemsom University Department of Entomology Ladybird beetles Kok L Kok V http www ento vt edu kok Biological_Control Main_body htm Rove beetles Jim Kalisch 8 Barry Pawson Spider IRRI amp Queensland University IRRI Los Banos Philippines Tachinid fly IRRI 8 Queensland University IRRI Los Banos Philippines Trichogramma Cornell University http www nysaes cornell edu ent biocontrol parasitoids trichogramma_ostriniae html 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000090 Pesticide Action Network PAN Germany 43 Field Guide to Non chemical Pest Management in

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