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1. CA083 Op AMD coves sees eee 2N305I aa oy apes aae whee 2N6852 1 a Ke VET 1 00 Voltage peculiar LM323K 5V 3A 4 50 LM78H12 12V 5A 9 00 6116 2Kx8 Static Ram 1 50 VIDEO CONTROLLER SOLAR CELLS 242 x 5 16 5V 5A oe ek MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 8280 Clairemont Mesa Blvd Suite 117 _ San Diego California 92111 619 969 1864 cai for our Test Equipment Mailer LOW PROFILE IC SOCKETS 8 Pin 50perTube 82 50 gt 14 Pin 25perTube 1 50 16 Pin 25 per Tube n o 0 212550 18 Pin 25 per Tube 3 5 31 250 20 Pin 20perTube 2 000 24 Pin 20 perTube 2 50 28 Pin 10 per Tube u s niu nes 00 40 Pin 10 perTube A 60 16 Pin Component Carrier Gold Jo 22D PRINTERS i Centronics 703 Centronics 588 Asis NEC2000 w Single Sheet Feed 1200 00 S100 CCS 2200 12 slot MF CCS 2810A CPU Solas ETET 2065 64K RAM OEE OS 2718 1 0 2 Ser POWER SUPPLIES WALL PLUG IN TYPE ANACI ISA areais a LINEAR Condor Model CP731 DC Power Supply 14V 4A 5V 7A 15V 5A 16 00 Power Supply with Nicad Pack 12V 5AH 6 50 14KV DC DC TV Power Supply 4 50 5V 1A 5V 2A 12V 1A 12V 2A 24V 05A CAN OIA aa Sabi Saswarg 8 00 SWITCHERS 5V 9 5A 12V 3 8A 12V 8A 39 00 5V 3A 12V 2A 12V 4A
2. the qualifiers would be disabled since the object now is to obtain a timing diagram which requires accurate time sampling and measurement Since the asynchronous clock can be simply generated by using the syn chronous clock input and a periodic pulse generator such as an LM555 we ll reserve this feature as an option Being able to delay after trigger a set number of clock cycles helps speed up the sampling process because the trig ger word can be set to a standard value and only the clock delay changed If you can store 256 samples starting from a given trigger word you can start with a clock delay of 0 for the first block a delay of 256 for the second block 512 for the third and so on Of course you could change the trigger word for each block but it s often difficult to pick a unique trigger for every point A clock delay feature allows the choice of a single unique trigger word with blocks offset from that unique point This feature is much like the delayed sweep on a scope Since this of Under Development SPECIALS while stock lasts 5mb External 465 TM602 or equiv less P S enclosure 395 40mb External 495 CM5616 or equiv less P S enclosure 425 45mb External 535 CM5619 or equiv less P S enclosure 465 call for current specials feature is another nice to have we ll enter it as a desirable option Storage For Glitches Next you ll need some type of stor age
3. HARDWARE LIQUIDATION Shugart 410 51 4 SS DD 2 drives in case With Xerox 820 connector Tec 51 4 SS DD for many different computers Diablo 630 ECS Diablo 630 API Diablo 630 PPI Diablo 1640 50 495 595 Xerox 820 1 Single Board Computer complete tested and guaranteed Enclosure for above or other SBC Motorola Monitor Power Supply connectors etc Either Tec or Shugart drives above SBC amp Enclosure will make a full system but you need a Keyboard sold only with system Keytronics full keyboard Complete System 820 1 with 2 disk drives and keytronics Power Supplies 200 watts CPM with Xerox 820 Bios and full Manual 399 95 Shipping and Handling charged on all orders 21 3 379 1 342 Nights and Sundays a few timing tricks needed to shoe horn the 68K into the S 100 bus too Peak s design lets the 68K reside in a system with another host processor that it uses for I O which makes installation painless Next Time The next mini review will cover the popular Earth Computers Z80 slave processor board If you would like to see a mini review of a certain S 100 product please let me know and I ll be happy to give it the once over Of course future columns will also include more letters from readers S 100 tips and hints As always I encourage reader feedback and wel come questions suggestions com ments and ideas for future S 100 Bus columns Zan MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June Ju
4. write Is current state of economy write booming y or n nl read y asserta economy Country booming economy Country Condition ae asserta economy Country shaky fail l Figure 5 Rule For Using Expert System economy Country Condition write Is current state of economy write booming y or n nl read y asserta economy Country booming 14 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 When a goal fails the system revers es its tracks and tries to find an alternative solution for the next goal on the left This very important aspect of PROLOG is called BACKTRACK ING In our example PROLOG will go down the knowledge base trying the second rule with the same head elec tions Country Eventually it will print the message challenger mon dale is likely to win Learning We can jazz up the above program to make it a more helpful learning program Note the cut operator is rough ly speaking a way of telling PROLOG not to look for alternative solutions Suppose we don t want to specify who the challenger is who the incum bent is and what the state of the economy of the usa is as we did earlier Instead we want the program to get this information by prompting the user We can arrange this new structure by deleting the facts about challenger incumbent and condition of the econ omy currently in the knowledge b
5. 3995 Microcomputer CY hy Ge Consultants 27 Forest Avenue Port Jefferson Station New York 11776 1820 516 928 7493 38 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 GRAF 3 0 Produces bar pie line scatter and high low plots on Epson IBM C ltoh or NEC compatible dot matrix graphics printers Supports 14 fill in patt erns 8 point plotting symbols automatic scaling labeling and legend creation MS DOS 2 or 3 192k 4 6995 CP M 80 Requires 64k 54k TPA 49 9801 PCs The 9801 is NOT a compati ble it is so much better than the IBM that the blue suits should hang their heads in shame The most notable feature is the system s graphics resolution of something like 900 x 700 in color mode Something very obvious in Japan was that most companies are not so uptight about being IBM compatible for domestic units as manufacturers in other countries One person told me We would rather have higher resolution graphics and faster process ing I m glad SOMEBODY doesn t feel the need to follow along with the crowd MPZ 2060 One of the Japanese companies we d hoped to see at Comdex was Micro Research MR s main product current ly is a multiuser supermicro called the MPZ 2060 It uses an 80286 processor running at 8 or 10MHz coupled with several 80186 co processors handling the I O It comes standard with 3 Meg of RAM a 140 Meg 8 winchester and Xenix
6. AH 07 Scrolls the active page down AH 08 Reads the attribute char acter at the current cursor position My BIOS returns AX 0 character and attribute and BH 0 active page AH 09 Writes the character at tribute at the current cursor position My BIOS treats this as normal charac ter output The main difference is that the PC BIOS does not advance the cursor position for this function or for function 10 and my BIOS does The character to be output is in the AL register AH 10 Writes the character at the current cursor position without advancing the cursor My BIOS also treats this as normal character output The character to be output is in the AL register AH 11 Sets the color palette AH 12 Write graphics dot AH 13 Read graphics dot My BIOS always returns AL 0 AH 14 Teletype TTY output This is the normal output mode for all of my BIOS output functions This function is used by the DOS character output function calls The character to be output is contained in the AL register AH 15 Return the current video state My BIOS returns AL 2 80 by 25 black and white AH 80 number of columns on the screen and BH 0 current active page number This function becomes a simple char acter output routine to send data to the terminal The terminal is interfaced via a serial port and operates in a polled I O mode If the interface isn t ready when this routine is
7. EAX EBX ECX EDX ESI EDI EBP and ESP In the 80386 assembly language a WORD is still 16 bits and a DWORD is 32 bits making the transition from 8086 assembly language almost pain less In protected mode the 80386 can calculate the effective address either from 16 bit components or from 32 bit components The default again is sup plied by the D bit An example of effective address cal culation would be an instruction which calculates the offset of an array ele ment using a CPU register as a point er The default effective address size can be overridden either way by the Effective Address Size Prefix to an instruction This system of having default oper and and EA sizes is very flexible and allows each CPU task to default to the appropriate condition The availability of an easy override further enhances the system Virtual Mode 86 _ The major obstacle to the acceptance of the 80286 protected mode has been that once protected mode is entered the usage of the segment registers changes sufficiently that the CPU can no longer run most programs written to run in Real mode Thus the IBM PC AT isn t allowed to operate at peak efficiency for multi tasking The 80386 s Virtual Mode 86 VM86 ad dresses this problem In VM86 the processor behaves just as in Real Address mode except that the Memory Management Unit man ages program addresses The program still sees
8. Extra Teac floppy Battery clock serial and game ports 69 189 109 50 Add on 149 1200 baud modem 179 Hayes compatible internal with software Color graphics card with amber composite monitor 0 _ XT Compatible Floppy System Special 8790 0 l Same as aboye but with two Teac floppies and no hard disk CARDS amp COMPONENTS 129 250 95 XT type motherboard 2 layers 8mh Turbo board 4 layers Multi I D card floppy controller battery clock serial parallel game ports Monographics card Hercules compatible includes printer port Color graphics card Case flip top Power Supply 135W 20 Meg Hard Disk XT 20 Meg Hard Disk AT Amber TTL Monitor hi res monochrome White TTL Monitor hi res monochrome Amber Monitor pes composite with tilt and swivel TVM Color monitor RGB 395 95 69 49 89 489 650 110 130 95 AT BASIC 6 8 MHz Motherboard 512K RAM e 1 2 Floppy Drive e Western Digital H F Controller e AT Keyboard e 200W Power Supply 1 8890 _ WHY 4 LAYERS 2 layer boards have traces on the top and bottom of the circuit board 4 layer boards have two extra layers of traces sandwiched be tween the top and bottom of the board When comparing a 2 layer board against a 4 layer board of the same size the 2 layer board will have longer trace runs which increases the resistance to the signals traveling thr
9. MAIL ORDERS TO KAMASOFT 2525 SW 224th Ave l PO Box 5549 Aloha OR 97007 CALL IN YOUR ORDER 503 649 3765 Tm ne en 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 E 0 2 ee ee A E Wordstar is a registered trademark of MicroPro Inc Z80 is a registered trademark of Zilog Inc CP M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Inc KAMAS KAMASOFT and OUT THINK are trademarks of KAMASOFT Inc 1985 KAMASOFT Inc MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 35 KAO WENS Importing Systems From Taiwan Part II If you enjoyed the article on doing your own importing in Issue 29 then you must read about Laine s travels through eastern Asia searching for new bargains and legitimate suppliers This is the journey we d all like to make o you want some justification for the World in 86 World huh As I m writing this sentence our flight is just leveling off after takeoff from Hong Kong International Airport I m writing with my brand new toy a Toshiba 1100 portable We arrived in Hong Kong yesterday afternoon after spending a week in Tokyo attending Comdex Japan and two weeks in Taip ei talking to scores of computer sup pliers and manufacturers and others who professed to be one or the other or both but were neither But first some background Why East Asia The company I m working for has its main office in Ankara and approxi mately 30 field offices scattered all across Turkey One of my jobs is to set up microcomput
10. i generate integerlist integerlist clauses reverse L reverse XI Z integer reverse Y1 append Y1 EX 2 append X X append XIY Z XIwW append Y Z W generate 0 generate N N Y M is N 1 test write X reverse X Y write Y generate M Y generate 50 X Figure 1b micro PROLOG Program for SAKENS A List we Tail recursion Ser D reverse _X _X _xf_y D reverse Y _y D reverse _Y xi _X reverse _Y if ee if 7 SeN h _X D reverse t Y 6 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 also available on Micro C MS Disk 19 to the very expensive FROLOG 2 compiler from Expert Systems In this review I ll quickly outline the features of each of the PROLOG tools I tested and indicate which ones will I believe serve the beginner and the applications programmer In general PROLOG tools have im proved significantly during the past year and all those tested have merit The principal differences in the imple mentations are in syntax features speed documentation and ease of use As usual you get what you pay for but higher price doesn t neces sarily mean better product Read on Ada PROLOG Ada comes in several flavors from a beginner s public domain version _ mentioned earlier through an educa tional and virtual memory version to a full featured professional implementa
11. 12 5 MHz 16 7 MHz OSCILLATORS 74FQ4 F p s n a gt 2 SERIAL veces PORTS So eee J asaase lt 2 soon J 0 DB9 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 71 Split Personalities The V Series 20 70 amp The 80386 NEC has shown that it can take the latest features of the 80186 add 8088 8086 pin compatibility an 8080 in struction set some new instructions and put it all together in a low power CMOS package Super However what about NEC s new V40 V50 V60 and V70 What are they Are they winners or is NEC having trouble making product deci sions when it s leading instead of following chizocentralprocessingunitis What is it It s the latest a family of processors with split personalities i e dual instruction sets NEC s family name begins with V the V20 and V30 were the first members Two are just out the V40 and V50 with integrated peripherals much like Intel s 80188 and 80186 and two more are announced the 32 bit V60 and V70 Intel s latest baby is also 32 bit the 80386 and it too falls in with this split personality group designed for compatibility with previous Intel chips V20 V30 V40 amp V50 The V20 and V30 are pin compatible with the Intel 8088 and 8086 And the V20 and V30 can in most cases replace their counterparts The V40 and V50 cannot Although they have integrated peripherals like the 80188 and 80186 they ARE NOT
12. Advanced Concepts Engineering Ampro Computers Andratech Austin Codeworks BD Software Biegun amp Assoc Bakkers Andy Borland International tInside Front Cover Carolina Engineering Labs Cascade Electronics C Contest C C Software Computer Helper Industries Computer Journal Computer Surplus Store Computing Technology CompuView Craig s Computers Data Desk Definicon Digital Dynamics Digital Research Echelon INC cee ee ccc eee 46 58 Emerald Microware Epic Sales Fletcher Don Halted Specialities Hawthorne Technology High Tech Holliston Computer integrand Kamasoft Kenmore Computer Technologies KYSO Technology Laboratory Microsystems Logitech Inc Inside Back Cover Manx Software cesscceeveves 39 Microcomputer Systems Consultants 38 Micro Cornucopia 93 100 102 Micro Methods Micromint Micro Motion Microprocessors Unlimited MicroSphere Micro Supply Miken Optical Co ceee8 76 59 Periphco Poor Person Software Qua Tech Second City Software Servo Computers Sky High Co Soft Advances Source Information Stelcor INC seorecri nenoro oie acetates 89 Tomorrow s Computing Unified Software United Products Western Wares MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 103 THE LAST PAGE Recursion Recursion In Turbo Pascal And PROLOG When a function or procedure in vokes itself we call the process
13. It s 800 plus pages of structure and strangeness from Basic Books 24 95 in H C Pascal Runoff Take 3 Of course you re not going to be lieve it but we omitted another Pascal Runoff entrant Frank Jones was indeed a bonafide participator and his program NFI LELST was considered and judged along with the 126 other entries It s just that well we have serious trouble keeping up with slips of paper especially ones with names on them around here Obviously no one sub mitted a Pascal Runoff Contestant Name Preservation and Organization Program Sorry Frank The Visible Computer 8088 This is it the best 8088 assembly language tutorial we ve encountered almost too good to be true The Visible Computer 8088 is a program and a book The program TVC a sophisticated debugger simu lates the PC s processor taking you inside the 8088 as it executes pro grams An attractive display of a half dozen windows allows you to monitor CPU registers memory flag status and instruction execution simulta neously A variable step rate function lets you determine the rate of execution so you don t have to miss an iota of micro code And a command line allows you to interrupt and direct simulation with a keystroke The book is an excellent 350 page introductory assumes nothing text written with wit and style it even makes segment addressing sound easy And once you ve gotten th
14. The Lost Dutchman s Gold Mine is a subscription database system specializing in public domain software for CP M 80 amp MS PC DOS Whether your interests are Turbo Pascal dBASE assemblers utilities communica ti ns or business applications the Gold Mirie offers the most current selection in the western U S Regular Subscriptions are 25 per year Contact The Lost Dutch mati s Gold Mine P O Box 23937 Phoenix AZ 85063 or call 602 247 2880 to download an application Money Back Guarantee 3i Flight Plan Progiam with NAV AID database covering entire U S Install for your airplane s performance CP M or IBM Supports user entered custom waypoints Completely menu driven Thoroughly documented 29 95 For program description send SASE to NAVI GATE 3051 Shirley Dr Newbury Park CA 91320 32 Keyboards Full ASCII Upper and Lower case all control characters TTY lock TTL level parallel interface 5 volt reset page key and break key brought out to separate TTL outputs Direct connect to Xerox 820 II and Big Board computers schematic included cables available Brand new high quality units 14 94 pliis 3 shipping Th se won t last long at this price Send Cashiers Check or Money Order to Keyboards Unlimited P O Box 921 Hillsboro OR 97123 30 5 7 n AEE 100 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 T SHIRTS ORDER YOUR MICRO C T SHIRT
15. disks a task leading to tears and or strong drink My Zenith may the Lord be praised just leaves the higher memory alone unless the RAM disk is allowed to re form itself and eat up C BUNDLE 99 VIEW CRT Based Disk Diagnostic EZZAP ROM Burning Utility includes schematic C PACK Utilities in C C Games User Modifiable Maze Game All are written in C include Source Code and available separately ICX TOOLKIT ICX ISIS to CP M or MS DOS exchanger for MDS and iPDS each 89 ISE ISIS Emulator for CP M 89 CP M TM Digital Research MSDOS TM Micrasolt _ASIS TM Intel Corp gt den War es 303 327 4898 Box C Norwood CO 81423 the RAM disk file allocation table information Well I still don t have the full equivalent of the panic button on the back of my Kaypro but things have gotten better since I started loading a little i e 128 byte resident program uncrash com offered in a recent issue of PC Magazine This little gem _uses the clock interrupt to snatch control away from the lock up testing for a control Break not a C and popping you back to the operating system if one is detected Unless the program itself captures the printer interrupt in weird ways as do some forms of BASIC you get a chance to bail out 18 times a second Many gt hours and not a few boxes of Kleenex saved If the entire keyboard interrupt code has been zapped of course no bang i
16. sector and end of file boundaries making it easier to reconstruct files So I put it to work and 25 minutes later yes it does take time to recover from forgetfulness I had a text file 227K long ready for editing Relieved You bet I was For more information contact _ Peter Norton 2210 Wilshire Blvd Santa Monica CA 90403 213 349 3948 50 whole set R CP M 80 CP M 86 AND MS DOS SYSTEMS ELECTRONIC SWITCHING OF BPROM TYPES ALL SUPPLIBS TIMING ON BOARD PROGRAM EP Ma FROM RAM COMPARS EPROM WITH RAM OPY EPROM ANDRATECH P O BOX 222 513 752 7218 Metamagical Themas If you haven t read a Douglas Hof stadter book or article you re missing out His Pulitzer Prize winning Godel Escher Bach turned heads back in 79 with a blend of philosophy wit and humor encompassing a range of subjects from the structure of DNA self reproductive art incompleteness theorems the Turing machine and artificial intelligence to fugues coun terpoint and poetry ending limer icks His most recent book Metamagical Themas is equally intriguing de _spite an almost presumptuous subtitle Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern Three chapters in particular should appeal to the would be or already groomed computer guru LISP At oms and Lists LISP Lists and Recur sion and LISP Recursion and Gener ality Together they compose a tidy an
17. 6 A list of all of the cards held in each suit 7 Information about the total points in the hand 8 The point count and card count of each suit 9 The bid See Figure 1 Facts In The Know ledge Base The facts major minor and touching are static and can be con sidered definitions All of the other facts are updatable by information in put by the user The Knowledge Base aise contains the basic rules on which the system operates Figure 2 1 List processing rules 2 A rule to determine if a given hand has even distribution 3 Rules for finding the longest and next longest suits 4 Rules for evaluating the hand gt 5 A rule for constructing a list of cards held in the individual suits Also included is a more complex rule for deciding the PRENG bid Figure 3 A Knowledge Base can be extensive since it needs to hold all of the system s working knowledge The Knowledge Base includes basic facts plus the rules which specify how those facts and how user pur will be manipulated Inference Engine This part of the system uses the Knowledge Base to draw inferences or conclusions based on a set of rules In BRIDGE the inference engine is sim ply the PROLOG interpreter PROLOG decides the bid by satisfy ing goals in the decide_bid rule Fig ure 3 Decide_bid gets information By Margaret M Sklar Mgmt Mktg amp C I S Dept Northern Michigan Universi
18. B180 1 B180 computer board w 256K bytes RAM and ROM monitor ea oiai a a iT 369 00 B180 1 20 FEATURING same as above w ZCPR3 ZRDOS a and BIOS source 499 00 Quantity discounts available e 8 MHZ 68000 CPU a e 2 Mega Bytes RAM NEW e Memory Mapping Manager COMM 180 M S HD 64180 Co Processor oona peripheral board adds bps modem and SCSI 8 Ser ial Ports hard disk interface Floppy Controller SCSI SASI Interface TO ORDER Parallel Printer Port CALL TOLL FREE TELEX 1 800 635 3355 643331 Price 1500 00 For technical assistance or to request a data sheet call 1 203 871 6170 HAWTHORNE TECHNOLOGY 8836 S E Stark Portland Oregon 97216 es Micromint inc 25 Terrace Drive 503 254 2005 Vernon CT 06066 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 85 5 100 BUS ICM s 5 100 Boards Dave reviews ICM s single board Z80 processors and slaves It s ob vious that in the S 100 world the 280 is still alive and processing is column is the second in a series of mini reviews of Turbo Dos capable S 100 hardware Along with the usual S 100 tips cir cuits and reader feedback future col umns will include a brief look at the offerings of each manufacturer of S 100 based Turkona products Intercontinental Micro Systems Intercontinental Micro Systems product list is like a supermarket for S 100 shoppers Besides offering their own S 100 product line they also
19. FLOPPY DISK DRIVES 3 HEIGHT Okidata DSDD auaa l Supplied w sub panel to make 2 ht Ye HEIGHT Mitsubishi M4851 DSDD 40 Tr 139 00 Mitsubishi M4853 DSDD 80 Tr 139 00 Qume Trak 1425 DSDD Tandon TM 848 1 8 SSDD Shugart 475 DS Quad STANDARD HEIGHT Shugart SA460 DS Quad As is 36 00 Shugart SA850 8 DSDD Remex RFD4000 Persci 210 288 nas ca naaa TERMINALS InterTube Smart B amp W 195 00 InteColor 3602 Smart Color 329 00 MISCELLANEOUS Headset Boom Microphone Lead Acid D Cell 2V 2 5A 1 50 Nicad Pack 12V 5AH 6 50 5 Blade Muffin Fans aaa t 50 Joystick 4 Switches 1 Knob 5 50 Elgar 400W Unint Power Sup 375 00 10 Ft Line Cord ss eae co a ets 1 65 _ VEDIT Plus Text Editor eee ws Ce O O es e ee o ee ene engineers the future with gt a o mae A E i NA y ai Every day VEDIT PLUS helps thousands of programmers writers and engineers get down to business So why do people who could have ANY text editor prefer ours For a lot of reasons including e CAPACITY With VEDIT PLUS file size is never a problem And virtual disk buffering simplifies editing of even the largest files FLEXIBILITY VEDIT PLUS lets you edit up to 37 files simultaneously So you can cut and paste Edit programs Edit text Even perform numerous search replace
20. UNIFIED SOFTWARE SYSTEMS P O Box 21294 Columbus OH 43221 0294 614 459 7735 62 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 TOTALCONTROL with LMI FORTH For Programming Professionals an expanding family of compatible high performance Forth 83 Standard compilers for microcomputers For Development Interactive Forth 83 Interpreter Compilers e 16 bit and 32 bit implementations Full screen editor and assembler Uses standard operating system files 400 page manual written in plain English Options include software floating point arithmetic coprocessor support symbolic debugger native code compilers and graphics support For Applications Forth 83 Metacompiler e Unique table driven multi pass Forth compiler e Compiles compact ROMable or disk based applications e Excellent error handling e Produces headerless code compiles from intermediate states and performs conditional compilation e Cross compiles to 8080 Z 80 8086 68000 6502 8051 8096 1802 and 6303 e No license fee or royalty for compiled applications For Speed CForth Application Compiler e Translates high level Forth into in line optimized machine code e Can generate ROMable code Support Services for registered users e Technical Assistance Hotline e Periodic newsletters and low cost updates e Bulletin Board System Call or write for detailed product information and prices Consulting and Educational Services avail
21. 4 Canoga Park CA 91303 Reader Comments As I filled out the Micro C renewal questionnaire it was difficult to assign ratings to many of the things listed Even though I gave for instance a zero to BBI I still read most of the articles about the BBI because I often find something of interest in each article I really read your publication from cover to cover I m mainly inter ested in my Z80 machine and now the 68000 machine There is already much out there on Unix so I don t think Micro C should get into that yet Unix isn t so prevalent in the hobby do it yourself world yet It s big and gute complex I d like to see things on 68000 D I Y machines especially 100 because that s what I have I would really like to see some articles on CDOS I m sure there are people out there with more knowledge than I have about how to get in and do the things that one can do with CP M such as hard disks without going to Cromemco Speaking of Cromemco it really frosts me that they don t support CDOS and yet won t release the source code They ve forgotten those of us who bought their machines when they were working out of a garage iri San Jose We had confidence in them and helped make them a reasonably large company our depart ment at USC bought four machines and now they turn their backs on us unless we fork over more big bucks They completely ignore the hobbyists that they themselves were a part
22. 55 disks 65 IBM BE SIG 1 454 PC DOS 475 PC Blue 1 175 MS DOS 185 directory disks 5 PP Also available on 209 5 25 formats Rental is for 7 days after receipt with 3 more days grace for return Credit cards accepted preferred Downloading disk format con versions Call User Group Software Automatic Update Service 7 50 per 2 volume set PP 619 727 1015 info 24 hrs 619 941 0925 9 5 National Public Domain Software Center 1533 Avohill Vista CA 92083 TF TBKUG DataCOM Super Systems tm proudly an nounces the arrival of the new SUPER System The remote multi user database for the novice the semi pro or seasoned hacker Let your modem be your guide to the most current public domain for CP M 80 MS PC DOS TurboDOS Turbo Pascal Big Board MEX ZCPR3 CP M 86 BASIC Assembler Kaypro WordPro and many other special interests We are open 24 hours a day and accept 300 1200 and 2400 baudrates This is a multi user TurboDOS based S 100 system featuring state of the art equipment and dedicated to serving all your telecommuni cations needs Membership fees are 35 per year for standard access or 125 per year gets you a VIP member ship that includes UNLIMITED system usage and a monthly update disk of CP M software in Kaypro format Join over 700 other users who have made the right choice Fees are refundable if you re not satisfied within the first 30 days Contact Steve Sanders at TBKUG DataCOM 2643 C
23. A Prime Example Tom Wilheit from Crofton MD was among those who submitted the right answer Here s how he does it First he defines the problem find four integers whose sum is 711 and whose product is 711x1046 Then he factors the product and finds that it may be expressed as 79x 246 x 342 x 5 6 The problem be comes arranging these 15 prime factors into four terms which add up to 711 If the value of any term is N then the sum of the remaining terms must be equal to or greater than 3x 711x 1046 N 1 3 Using this some simple computations will show that all the terms must be in the range 75 319 One of these terms must con tain the largest prime 79 In order that the term remain in the permitted range it can be multiplied by 1 2 3 or 4 At least one of these remaining three terms must have at least two factors of 5 i e 25 The resulting 25 can be multiplied by any integer from 3 to 12 and stay in the permitted range Tom eliminates 7 and 11 be cause they are not in the list of available prime factors Thus he is able to specify four possibilities for the first two terms If two terms are specified then he knows the sum and product of the last two terms and they can be solved for directly Thus by direct calculation he can test these 32 possibilities Tom s simple but elegant program in MBASIC runs in about three seconds and shows the correct solution of 3 16 1 50 1 25 1 20 One G
24. CPM 80 just because you up grade to a IBM PC Apply the 99 solution and keep it working No retraining or conversion blues CP Mulator includes the NEC uPD70108 processor which in creases the speed of your IBM PC by at least 10 100 compatible with existing IBM PC software and 8087 compatible PURCHASE THE SOFTWARE ALONE FOR ONLY 69 Source Information P O Box 2974 Warminster PA 18974 Phone 215 628 4719 steps required for finding a solution There are slight differences in the various implementations of PROLOG my examples have been run success fully with EDPROLOG from Ada and PROLOG V from Solution Systems References 1 WINSTON P H and PRENDER GAST K A editors The AI Busi ness The Commercial Uses of Artifi cial Intelligence MIT Press Cambridge MA 1984 2 HAYES J E and MICHE D editors Intelligent Systems John Wiley Halsted Press New York NY 1983 See especially the article Knowledge Engineering The Ap plied Side by E A Feigenbaum 3 CLARK K L and MCCABE F G PROLOG A Language for Imple menting Expert Systems in MA CHINE INTELLIGENCE 10 edited by Hayes J E Michie D and Pao Y H Halsted Press New York NY 1982 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 15 KAYPRO EQUIPMENT _ 9 Amber CRT 0 E 9 Green Monitor Aes 12 Green Monitor WEA AET Keyboard Kaypro ee Ke
25. Holliston s will be an add on board PC T ch s 8087 will mount directly on their latest version of the proces sor board Floating Point Speed It was The Culture Corner problem in Issue 29 that graphically pointed out the value of hardware floating point The problem was to find four numbers whose sum and product is 7 11 I could have substituted integers for floats in this problem but that kind of substitution wouldn t have worked i in most other floating point situations I used a brute force method to search for the answer which means that my program does lots of floating point op ene Let s see to test every possible number between o and 7 to see if its sum and product were equal it would take 711 X 711 X 711 X 711 passes The program would do addition and multiplication of four floating point numbers in addition to numerous floating increments much better than sinking increments _ and floating comparisons I whittled the number of passes down significantly to about 355 x 355 X 355 which made the times at least l workable Peter Casey the C instructor who suggested the problem tried running his brute force version on the college s PDP 11 After an overnight grind and no solution he gave up they charge his account for each minute of CPU time I told him that I d fire up a clone and s e what I could come up with Check out The Culture Corner for the solution
26. LN1 LN9 LN 8 PC LOGIC ANALYZER BY DON FLETCHER 9861 mf un og VIAODNNYOD ONDIN lt _ crz g2bo gt I B M B u S I N e 4 2 LS 4 3 5 6 LS 4 LS 4 28 TDi gt 16 taga 5 74LS3 LS 4 6 it 12 BASE 329H DONE CLOCK NOTE ALLICs BYPASSED BY 0 01 uF CAPACITOR 5V BASE 32 H PPN YT AN 1 3 A LS 8 2 So eee lt lt O N o Q wwe ee eee MAT3 Q lt PAN YET DN gt gee ene ane D a lt D o o Q N o 4 H 7 WINDOW ADDR_INC EDGE eE EESE as 5 gt gt on Se E o ax o aANGYE fOAN WT aN o N g lt See Reyer a 7 N gt lt 3 3 gt Q RESET 325 XT COMPATIBLE HARD DISK SYSTEM SPECIAL 11590 XT type motherboard 4 77 mh with 256K ram expandable to 640K on board 10MB hard disk with controller single Teac floppy with controller high resolution amber monitor with Hercules compatible monographics card 720 x 348 and parallel printer port AT style keyboard large return shift ctrl and tab keys lighted caps lock and num lock indicators flip top case and 135 watt power supply Aw what the heck we ll also throw i ina parale printer cable assembly and burn in Upgrades 4 layer 8mh Turbo fast reliable 640K memory 20 MB hard disk
27. PROGRAMMER 4 TAARE T cay ree s te A LOW COST ALTERNATIVE TO EPROM PROGRAMMING Reads and programs 2716 2732 2764 and 27128 EPROMS Reads 2 16K ROMS Direct connect to any RS232C terminal or computer Plug selectable as either a data set or data terminal All voltages made on board no power supplies needed User supplies power Xformer 25 2 to 30 VAC C T 1 Amp Power electronically switched can t damage EPROMS Zero insertion force socket for EPROM Programs verifies and dumps in both ASCII and hex Edit buffer like DDT Saves hex and or image files to and from disk Saves or loads all or partial buffer Completely menu driven for ease of operation Commands of Test Read Display Save Load Program and more Check sum calculation All software on disk including well commented source code Detailed owners manual including schematic All chips socketed Not a kit Completely built and tested 48 hour dynamic burn in and test before shipment 90 day limited warranty gn parts and workmanship 24 hour return policy on repairs Delivery from stock PROGRAMMER 4 WITH OWNERS MANUAL AND DISK 199 95 MS DOS DISK ONLY 15 00 E l Order a geet ipho q gt 1659 Scoit Bivd Suite t Hy Santa Clara CA 95050 408 354 5084 on VISA and MASTERCARD telephone oraers WeIEDDE Please specify Disk format CP M 8 IBM format KAYPRO ll XEROX 820 OSBORNE others Please specify
28. SOFTWARB AVAILA STAND ALONS BOA VERIFY BPRO DISPLAY M 74706 262 98 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 CP M MS DOS EPROM PROGRAMMING SYSTEM USES 24 VOLT XFMR FOR POWER NO PERSONALITY MODULES TO BUY LARGE COMPREHENSIVE MANUAL PARALLEL PRINTER INTERFACE CONNECTS TO ANY PARALLEL PRINTER INTERFACE USES 8 OUTPUT DATA BITS AND ONS INPUT DATA BIT BUSY LING BUSY LINB IS A HIGH SPEED SERIAL INPUT FULL BPROM READING AND PROGRAMMING UNIT MAY ALSO BB CONNECTED TO ONS 8 BIT INPUT OUTPUT PORT CONTROL PROGRAM COMMANDS PROGRAM BPROM S FROM DISK SAVE PROMO TO DISK READ DISK FILE INTO RAM PR RBAD PEM AEE S SED ODIFY RAM MONITOR MODB WITH 11 SUB COMMANDS FILL DUMP XFER BXAMINB MODIF Y BIAS PROGRAM VERIFY BTC ASSEMBLED amp TESTED UNIT WITH COMPLETE DOCUMENTATION AND SOFTWARE ON DISKETTE PARTS KIT WITH SOFTWARE AND DOC gt 179 PCB SOFTWARE amp DOC gt 69 SOFTWARE ON 8 amp 5 1 4 DISK FOR KAYPRO OSBORNE IBM amp OTHER FMTS an i a a ee re ee ee me TO ORDER SEND CHECK MONEY ORDER WRITE OR CALL MILFORD OHIO 45150 CALL OR WRITS FOR MORB INFORMATION ADD 400 FOR SHIPPING OHIO RBS ADD 55 TAX VISA MC ACCEPTED 300 FOR COD By Gary Entsminger limited it only recovers text it solved my problem When it finds text SSAR transfers it to a special file on a disk in drive b The transferred data is marked with
29. boot routine to load DOS is entered via a software interrupt Interrupt Descriptions Data is passed to the software inter rupt handlers via the CPU registers and returned from the handlers both in the registers and in the processor flags The following descriptions define the functions performed by each software interrupt the data passed to it and the data returned from the routine Interrupt 10 Video Output This is one of the most complex interrupt handlers in the PC BIOS ROM It provides support for both simple character output and black white and color graphics Since I have an ASCII terminal I wrote my BIOS to support only simple character output The function to be performed is passed to the interrupt handler in the AH register A total of 15 functions are supported by the PC ROM BIOS These functions along with the action taken by my generic BIOS follow My BIOS ignores 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 11 and 12 AH 00 Sets black and white or color output as well as character or graphics mode AH 01 Sets the cursor type used by the PC AH 02 Sets cursor position AH 03 Reads the cursor posi tion This function is ignored by my BIOS and always returns a value of zero AH 04 Reads the light pen posi tion This function is ignored by my BIOS It returns zero to indicate no light pen AH 05 Selects the active display page AH 06 Scrolls the active page up
30. but in this application more is not necessary If you need higher resolu tion a machine language routine would be best Note Listing 1 on pages 50 through 53 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 49 LISTING 1 SKETCH PROGRAM FOR SCREEN DOODLING program sketch i here sub Include support for Hercules style graphics label 0 const maxx 719 pixels across in range of 0 719 maxy 330 vertical range 0 347 leave room for prompt line at bottom var centerx centery integer center position joystick values allow offsets from center X X1 y1 xi yi colr integer current pos target pos position increment and color black or white ch char for keyboard input switch boolean fire button s on joystick procedure cursor x y integer This procedure draws or erases a triangular drawing cursor at the current drawing position A tcolor gt 127 will XOR with the background This means that the cursor can be drawn on top of existing pixels without losing the information to restore them when the cursor is later moved begin draw x y x 5 y 10 128 x amp y are the top point of the Eeranere draw x 5 y 10 x 5 y 10 128 draw x 5 y4 10 x y 128 end l procedure savescreen K E O l Save a drawing to a file Just reads the screen memory 32K and writes it to a file for later restore var l picture file untyped file screen array 0
31. problems lack of a compiler to create stand alone programs and the oddball syntax are the main ones Its documentation is excellent and its speed in the benchmarks was more than adequate It s 395 and for the money you get an excellent implementation worthy of beginner or professional PROLOG 1 And 2 Expert Systems offers two choices of interpreter PROLOG1 and a compiler interpreter combination PROLOG2 The compi ler increases operating speed signifi cantly about 5 times but does not compile to standalone programs At 1895 the compiler is out of reach for all but the professional developer PROLOGI Expert s interpreter is a good implementation of the Edinburgh syntax including numerous built in predicates for screen and window han dling and manipulating the database via hash tables At 395 it s competi tive with other PROLOGs although 8 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 Table 2 Features of PROLOG Implementations PROLOG ADA WMA 1 ARITY 795i turbo PRO cel PROLOG2 395i 395i 21 4953 1895ic NOTES ED FLT floating point a accesses your editor i interpreter c compiler interpreter ic interpreter I line editor amp compiler lacking the excellent windowed user friendly environment complete with online help that comes with PROLOG2 Like micro PROLOG PROLOG2 cre ates a work space conducive to learn ing PR
32. programming for only 99 95 You get a complete Turbo Prolog development system including a The lightning fast Turbo Prolog incremental compiler and the interactive Turbo Prolog editor The 200 page reference manual which includes the step by step Turbo Prolog tutorial The free GeoBase natural query language database including commented source code on disk ready to compile GeoBase is a complete database designed and developed around US geography It includes cittes mountains rivers and highways and comes complete with natural query language Use GeoBase immediately as is or modify it to fit your own interests _ So don t delay don t waste a second get Turbo Prolog now 99 95 is an amazingly small price to pay to become an immediate authority an instan expert on artificial intelligence The lst century is only one phone call away YES Amount enclosed Payment Telephone Turbo Prolog 1 0 Technical Specifications Programming System Features F Compiler Incremental compiler gen erating native in line code and linkable object modules The linking format is compatible with the PC DOS linker Large memory model support Compiles over 2500 lines per minute on a standard IBM PC ET Interactive Editor The gystem includes a powerful interactive full screen text editor If the compiler detects an error the editor automatically positions the
33. scope view a signal vs time The scope displays an analog signal any level allowed continuously i in time _ The logic analyzer is a digital TTL o or CMOS level device which samples and stores the logic state of an input at specific time intervals usually deter mined by a system clock along with several clock qualifiers for later dis play and use Therefore a scope is like your eyes viewing surroundings all the time while the logic analyzer is more akin to a camera preserving arid displaying an instant in time While the scope is normally trig gered on a certain slope and level of an incoming signal the logic analyzer compares the logic state present on its incoming channels with a set of trigger states set up by the operator When the two match the analyzer starts or stops acquiring data Other bells and whistles can b a added to enhance the basic system a capabilities as described below By Don Fletcher Miva of Missouri at Columbia Rt 7 Box 120 Columbia MO 65202 314 443 7294 In summary the scope is an analog periodic waveform display in strument while the logic analyzer is a clocked digital aperiodic sampler Block Diagram Description The first requirement of a logic ana lyzer is input lines lots of input lines For example if you re working on a Z80 system such as the Big Board family you ll need inputs
34. sients and the like Many of the single board S 100 com puters require extremely clean input power and after bypassing the regu lators will run reliably only with addi tional filter capacitors installed on the board itself In addition if forced air cooling was required before the regula tors were removed it will probably still be required afterward Also if you decide to remove the on board regulators be careful to do it in a way that prevents the board from being inadvertently connected to an unregulated S 100 supply or else the board will change from a blast furnace to a pile of carbonized shredded wheat Second Letter Letter number two is from Jeff J Henkels via GEMail Jeff is designing a 68000 based CPU card to replace the Z80 card he s currently using in his S 100 system and would like additional information on how to control the interface between the 16 bit 68000 and the 8 bit memory disc controller and I O cards To date Jeff writes I have not seen this material covered in detail in any of the S 100 IEEE 696 literature I am sure that there are many S 100 BEST DEAL EVER ON 45 CPS DAISY WHEEL Qume Sprint 3 with Serial Interface with Logic Seeking Bi directional Proportional Printing at 300 or 1200 Baud DTR or Xon Xoff Has full keyboard so can Double as typewriter Guaranteed 90 days Working but not thoroughly tested Spare parts available SOFTWARE LIQUIDATION Accountin
35. town from Borland In any event if you don t check into this fascinating newfangled language you re missing out Cheers For more info Arity PROLOG Arity Corp 336 Baker Ave Concord MA 07142 617 371 1243 Ada PROLOG Automata Design Assoc 1570 Arran Way Dresher PA 19025 215 646 4894 Turbo PROLOG Borland International 4585 Scotts Valley Dr Scotts Valley CA 95066 408 438 8400 PROLOG amp 2 Expert Systems International 1150 First Ave King of Prussia PA 19406 215 337 2300 micro PROLOG Programming Logic Systems 31 Crescent Dr Milford CT 06460 203 877 7988 MPROLOG Logicware 5000 Birch St W Tower St Newport Beach CA 92660 714 476 3634 10 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 EPIC SALES INC FIXED DISK DRIVE SYSTEMS 10 MEG 20 MEG 30 MEG TI PC Zobex 699 749 899 TIPC Western Auto 999 1049 1199 TI PC SASI 599 649 799 TI Bus Pro 749 799 949 IBM PC and Compatible 549 599 749 Sanyo 550 555 N A 799 949 Zenith Z 100 N A 899 N A For External Units Add 200 Above include drive controller cables one year warranty and 30 day return privilege Call for pricing on larger size drives Compatibles AT amp T Compaq Tandy Columbia Corona Zenith Others TAPE BACKUP SYSTEMS irwiw Internal 10 Megi naera ana e e E E E EE a a a awe eS 595 Irwin Internal 20 Meg for AT icin 5 6a dat Ss ee vein de das a ne Fades wae ee eo Rew ae 695 Wangtek
36. yi yi centery xi xi centerx if abs xi gt 1 or tasty gt 1 then E x1 o y y1 x1 x xi yi y yi if x1 gt maxx then x1 i maxx if yl gt maxy then y1 maxy if x1 lt 0 then x1 0 if yi lt 0 then y1 i 0 cursor x y 2 if if not switch then draw x x1 1 001F j cursor x1 y1 end l delay 50 aA if keypressed then ee begin read kbd ch case ch of q Qt 3 goto 03 i Tet Ets colr 0 td D colr 13 s S savescreen l L loadscreen p P s printscreen ae Tot tCrs d begin hires cursor x1 y1 end case C end case ch of end if keypressed then end _ while true dos se F 0 y i textmode end fhe oon eam te aon eam pam pon pom any colort 1 127 is visible get center values for stick graphics mode start cursor in center of screen show the cursor loop forever new stick position convert to offset stick tchatters a bit so ignore changes lt 1 new current position old dest calculate new destination don t let us go off screen kill old cursor if not pen up draw line between current and dest cursor at new position it s a bit fast without this check for keyboard command get command char Quit Erase mode draws in background color Draw mode Save screen to file Load screen from file Prin
37. 13702 USA SPAIN XENIOS INFORMATICA 593 0822 CONTACT AMPRO COMPUTERS INC TLX 50364 AUSTRALIA ASP TEL 415 962 0230 TELEX 4940302 Borland intl Inc Microsoft C GW Basic IBMS IBM Corp 801862 Intel Corp TurboDOS Software 2000 Inc Doase I8 tN Muttiplan Microsoft Inc Lattice C COMPUTERS INCORPORATED Lattice inc Ashtor Tate Wordstar Micropro Incy Supercaic 28 Sorcim inc Turbo Pascal 67 East Evelyn Ave e Mountain View CA94041 e 415 962 0230 TELEX 4940309 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 91 92 EX P A N D YOUR Productivity dy cP 820 New The NEC V 20 improved 8088 Microprocessor 8mhz 10 45 increase in speed just plug it in MS DOS only Increase Memory 1 Kaypro 16 256K 512K Memory Expansion 2 Kaypro PC 256K 640K Memory Expansion Both are simple plug in installations includes public domain RAM Disk software and other utility programs Increase Visibility 1 Composite Video Generator adds standard composite monitor to a Kaypro ll or TV ici cine ccaccivsvecctaneeseees 4993 44 95 2 Composite Video Generator adds an unmodified composite monitor for Kaypro 1 2 84 2X 4 84 10 8995 84 95 3 External Monitor Adapter adds a TTL monitor to a Kaypro 1 2 84 2X 4 84 MO ci pcsae ls 16 3 Sey csenln aed ok 4995 44 95 Increase Programming Tools 1 Color Graphics Board gives 16 colors 32 sprites w bit mapped graphi
38. 36 pages ISSUE 12 6 83 256K For BBI Bringing UP BBII dBase H Look At WordStar Double Sided Drives For BBI Packet Radio 5 MHz For Kaypro 40 pages ISSUE 13 8 83 CP M Disk Directory More 256K FOR BBI Mini Front Panel ISSUE 14 10 83 BBII Installation The Perfect Terminal Interface To Electronic Typewriter BBI Video Size Video Jitter Fix Slicer Column Begins Kaypro Color Graphics Review 48 pages ISSUE 15 12 83 Screen Dump Listing Fixing Serial Ports Playing Adventrue SBASIC Column Begins Upgrading Kaypro II to 4 Upgrading Kaypro 4to8 48 pages ISSUE 16 12 84 Xerox 820 Column Restarts BBI Double Density BBII 5 8 Interface Fix Kaypro ZCPR Patch Adding Joystick To Color Graphics Recovering Text From Memory 52 pages ISSUE 17 4 84 Voice Synthesizer 820 RAM Disk Kaypro Morse Code Interface 68000 Based System Review Inside CP M 86 56 pages ISSUE 18 6 84 Kaypro EPROM Programmer I O Byte A Primer l Kaypro Joystick Serial To Parallel Interface Business COBOL _ 60 pages ISSUE 19 8 84 Adding Winchester To BBII 6 MHz On The BBI Bulletin Boards Track Buffering On Slicer 4 MHz For The 820 1 64 pages Complete Your Education If you re not working with a full set fill out your collection of Micro C today BACK ISSUES OF MICRO C only 1 50 each when you order 6 or more All orega 2 00 each for 6 or more ISSUE 20 10 8
39. 503 382 5060 9 5 M F MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 101 ISSUE 1 8 81 Power Supply RAM Protection Video Wiggle 1 2 PFM PRN 16 pages ISSUE 2 10 81 Parallel Print Driver Drive Motor Control Shugart Jumpers Program Storage Above PFM 1 2 PFM PRN 16 pages ISSUE 3 12 81 4 MHz Mods Configuring Modem 7 Safer Formatter Reverse Video Cursor FORTHwords Begins 16 pages ISSUE 4 2 82 Keyboard Translation More 4 MHz Mods Modems Lync and SIOs Undoing CP M ERASE Keyboard Encoder 20 pages ISSUE 5 4 82 Word Processing Two Great Spells Two Text Editors Double Density Review Scribble A Formatter 20 pages ISSUE 6 6 82 BBI EPROM Programmer Customize Your Chars Double Density Update Self Loading ROM Terminal In FORTH 24 pages ISSUE 7 8 82 ISSUE 8 10 82 Drive Maintenance Interfacing Drives Installing A New BIOS Flippy Floppies C ing Clearly Begins Xerox 820 Begins 28 pages ISSUE 9 12 82 BBII EPROM Program Relocating Your CP M Serial Print Driver Big Board I Fixes Bringing Up WordStar Cheap RAM Disk 32 pages ISSUE 10 2 83 Saving A Flake Disk Hooking Wir sBIl The Disk J Ovctor JRT Fix Q Serial SY board Interface Pan amp rocedures Begins 36 pages ISSUE 11 4 83 BBI ana R BBII Details re Dyna RAM sk Review Easier R4 se Video Cursor Plann O ac Review Ks Kaypi Column Begins
40. 577 7680 for COD orders or more information Sess ons with most popular dot matrix and letter quality printers including those from Epson Star Okidata C Itoh Panasonic IBM HP Diablo and Kaypro E PASCAL PROCEDURES Doodling On A Hercules Board Turbo Pascal makes the movement between CP M and MS DOS systems almost trivial The almost part is what John talks about this time Following that is the code to support doodling on a Hercules display with a joy stick Some fun along with the work machine read IBM compatible for several reasons The most important of these is that until recent ly the price performance ratio has not compared well with Z80 based de signs Also because of my personal bias against Big Blue I ve ignored many of the good points of the ma chine and software designs It is still true that many application programs will run more efficiently on a 4MHz Z80 than on a stock PC mainly because of the Z80 s 64K mem ory limit Programs for the smaller address space have to be written to be compact and efficient otherwise they would not even be possible much less useful Many application programs for the PC are core hogs badly in need of streamlining Why then am I writing this column on a PC clone First with the 8MHz clock option and an NEC V20 proces sor the machine is not nearly as stodgy as the stock machine Next I got
41. 7fff of byte absolute b000 0000 note seg amp ofs picname string 30 allow for path name for file begin gotoxy 1 43 to bottom text line write Name of picture file prompt for file cursor x1 y1 erase drawing cursor don t want it in the picture read pionane get filename if pos t picname 0 then picname picname topic default file l type l assign picture picname rewrite picture En gotoxy 1 43 erase prompt don t want it in pietura either clreol blockwrite picture screen 256 use high speed file write 256 128 en 2 bytes close picture now we re done eursor x1 yi restore cursor ona procedure loadscreen Performs the reverse operation to SAVESCREEN above with one exception for some reason a BLOCKREAD from a file directly to screen memory doesn t work A read into a temporary variable followed by a write to the screen does the trick Any suggestions as to why the direct file to screen doesn t work var ea picture file screen arrayl0 7fff of byte absolute b000 2008 temp arrayl0 7fff of byte ee picname string 30 l listing continued on page 52 SEE E 50 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 HANNVMAN TURN YOUR KAYPRO ON TO HANDYMAN AUTO DIALER e Use your modem to make phone calls automatically without exiting the program you are already working onl NOTEPAD e Write a note
42. 9 minimal re compilation and relinking Even figures out dependencies for you Library Sources Source code for our major library 09 modules is now available for customiza tion or exemplification ROM Package If you need to produce rommable code call our 800 number for further information on this package ZZXX ZEZZEEKESESEZEEEEKZEFEEEEEKIZEIEZIEZEKEZEE To place an order call our special toll free number 800 231 7717 800 552 8885 Special offer until 8 1 86 s includes sae Free 49 95 value Turbo Pascal translator Now you can take your library with you Y Id like to take the next Cs logical step in programming Please send my copy of Logitech Modula 2 86 to the following address OVISA DO MasterCard O Check Enclosed Card Number Expiration Date Signature Name Address City State Here s the configuration I d like O Logitech Modula 2 86 89 O Logitech Modula 2 86 129 O Run Time Debugger 69 with 8087 support source level O Logitech Modula 2 86 Plus 189 O Utilities Package 49 Please add 6 50 for shipping O Make Utility 29 and handling O Library Sources 99 Total enclosed California residents please add applicable sales tax LOGITECH LOGITECH Inc 805 Veterans Boulevard Redwood City California 94063 Telephone 415 365 9852 For European pricing please contact LOGITECH SA Box 32 CH 1143 Apples Switzerland Telephone 41 21 774545 Zip Phone And include the i
43. Amiga Benchmarks You asked for benchmarks on the Amiga in Issue 29 here are mine _ Benches 1 2 3 Amiga w Int 237 9 124 1 225 1 Amiga w Short Int 32 5 21 0 225 0 All times are in seconds and include floppy disk access time I used Lattice C The first times were done with the program as you listed it The second times were generated with short 16 bit integers Now I need some info from you how do you protect your system in the event of a power supply failure I just had a supply go out that cost me a motherboard and winchester not to mention the supply Fortunately the case and fan were just fine Bob Gobeille 805 Laporte Ave Fort Collins CO 80521 Editor s note Lance Rutallie also submitted bench marks almost identical to yours he also used Lattice C V3 02 It s interesting to see the benchmark comparisons between the Amiga and the Atari ST A hunkering of knowledgeable guestima tors came up with a set of expected times for the Amiga that showed beyond a doubt that knowledgeable guestimators don t know what they re guestimating They expected the Amiga to blow away anything less than an 8MHz 80286 especially for screen I O which is measured in bench 3 See Issue 29 for benchmark details Times are in seconds All used 16 bit integers short ints for Amiga No speed optimization was used like register vars when compiling Benches 1 2 3 Amiga w Int 237 9 124 1 225 Amiga w Short Int 32 5 21 0 2
44. BODY of the rule and tries to satisfy the goals one by one _ The first goal is economy usa Con dition and it can be matched with the fact economy usa booming The vari able Condition is matched with booming The next goal is Condition boom ing and it s now true _ Next the system tries the goal in cumbent Person usa and identifies the variable Person with reagan Then it goes on to examine the other goals The goals with write are self explanatory and nl stands for print a new line To conclude this very condensed review of PROLOG let s suppose that instead of economy usa booming we had eeann raea Sha in our knowledge base The system would be unable to satisfy the goal economy usa booming Figure 3 Excerpt From Figure 2 elections Country economy Country Condition Condition booming incumbent Person Country write 0 6 chance of win for nl write Person nl l Figure 4 Addition To Figure 2 after deleting incumbent reagan usa challenger mondale usa and economy usa booming Ja challenger Name Country write Who is the challenger nl read Name asserta challenger Name Country incumbent Name Country write Who is the incumbent nl read Name asserta incumbent Name Country economy Country Condition
45. BUTTON BUSINESS TELEPHONES ALLTHE STANDARD FEATURES INCLUDING BUZZERS AND RINGERS LOOKS THE SAME AS ABOVE PICTURE COLOR CHOC BROWN on SHOPS LIMITED QUANTITY GO ON LINE WITH UNITED PRODUCTS Take advantage of the many items that space does not allow us to advertise Use your computer to down load our weekly specials and hard to find items On line 24 hours a day 7 days a week 300 or 1200 baud even parity 8 bits with one stop bit The phone number is 206 682 5593 New items are added weekly Don t miss out call each week PLUG INTO SAVINGS FOR YOUR I B M DataMac Dual Async Card card only comes with one active port you add the second 8250 and connector with documentation 9995 CONTROLLER CARDS D T C 1403 D shown with optional software and adaptor control two 8 851 DSDD and two 8 1000 type 2 4995 D T C 520 1 control four 5 25 DSDD and two ST 506 type hard disks Closeout SYJ 6995 Only 10 left HOST ADAPTER FOR ABOVE CONTROLLERS for most popular Z 80 computers The Winif Adapter and software 5995 BUILDING A ROBOT WE CAN HELP I2 VDC STEPPER MOTORS STANDARD 6 LEAD 4 PHASE STEP ANGLE 7 5 RESISTANCE PER PHASE 36 OHM SHAFT 4 x 4 O D 1 x 24 3 FLANGE REG PRICE 32 00 995 EA 695 UNIVERSAL STEPPER MOTOR DRIVER KITS TESAL EA WITH PURCHASE OF ANY STEPPER DRIVER KIT PERFECT FOR ROBOTICS AND MANY OTHER APPLICATIONS FOR DIREC
46. Gentlemen l m ready to step up to EXPRESS please send the following _______ copies of EXPRESS 2 0 for CP M 80 at 29 95 5 00 shipping and handling Le Sees copies of EXPRESS 2 0 for CP M 86 at 34 95 5 00 shipping and handling copies of EXPRESS 2 0 for MS PCDOS at 34 95 5 00 shipping and handling t copies of EXPRESS 1 0 for CP M 80 CP M 86 MSDOS PCDOS at 10 00 2 00 shipping and handling COD add 3 50 Wash Residents add 7 8 state sales tax _ Mak check or money order Shipping information payable to Name TCI 17733 205th Ave NE Aures a Woodinville Washington 98072 City State we Phone Day ____ Night Disk format desired SIN Kaypro 2 SSDD Morrow MD2 SSDD 5 Xerox SSSD Kaypro 2X IV 10DSDD Morrow MD3 DSDD 5 Xerox SSDD Osborne 1 SSDD 5 MS PCDOSSTD SSDD 5 Xerox DSDD gt Osborne 1 SSSD 5 MS PCDOS STD DSDD Zenith Z90 SSDD Epson QX 10 DSDD 5 IBM CPM 86 STD SSDD 8 SSSD Other Tomorrow s ComruTING NNoOVvATIONS MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 7 Table 1 Benchmarks PROLOG Limit microPRO PROLOG2 Factorial Recursion Limit 50 members Reverse List Reverse Tail Search 300 members 1000 members NOTES All benchmarks use recursion The recursion limit was determin
47. Header 14 40 Pin 40 Pin Header 2 25 9 Hard Disk 20 Pin Header 2 00 14 Dual Inline 16 Pin Male 2 2 00 Pioneer LD700 Laser Video Disk Player Wireless Remote Control 55 00 ERAC CO 8280 CLAIREMONT MESA BLVD SUITE 117 SAN DIEGO CA 92111 HOURS Mon Fri 9 6 Sat 10 4 MINIMUM ORDER 15 00 TERMS VISA MasterCard Certified Checks Money Order NO COD Visa and MasterCard add 3 Personal checks must clear BEFORE we ship Include shipping charges California residents add 6 Sales Tax For more info please call DON T WRITE We don t have time to answer your letters ERAC CO 619 569 1864 SPECIALS x ok kkk kk tok kkk Bahco Wire Cutter Swedish 6 95 FOI IO IO IO III IK CPU SUPPORT MC68000 8 CPU MEOUTBOFS as ea paren were eae 80186 6 oss ev ews ee eet oss 9 00 FOO CPU crne Gece apes ook 1 00 Z80A CPU ceca serine eealy eds 2 50 Z80A IO ios cue y aes eee 2 50 Z80A SIO rarena nnega 5 00 Z80A DMA gists oh etna te woes O24 Nwexe oreo vet ears 3 00 D8288 one te 9 00 AGF vee ee he es Peken 1 50 gt 41256 15 a way a Oth aan 3 00 41250 12 oier ena ia aea Snes 3 25 MODEM TMS 99532 Modem TMS 99531 Dialer 8 00 FLOPPY CONTROLLER BAUD abate so MISCELLANEOUS UC3524 Sw Reg s in 85 MM58167A Clock Chip aaan 5 50 CA301 Op Amp
48. Kick off Cookout e 2 1 2 hour includes transportation from the college 1 1 2 hours on the river and the cook out Raft trip prices will be in the SOG registration packet DORM The one dorin has 50 rooms which hold 2 people each A room for Wednesday night through Sunday noon is only 80 that s 40 person If you have your heart set ona dorm room the center for late night discussions call and tell us right away L l FR AN x A M 4 q ayer thi ft i MN D See yourself in Bend this summer for three days of technical forums among the pines and junipers on the campus of Central Oregon Community College bP f h ry AA f Uy AN aN Yi Uy Friday Sunday July 25th 27th FREE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE You ll meet the people who are writing the compilers C Modula Pascal and the interpreters PROLOG who are designing the boards 32032 68020 and who are writing the articles George Morrow Morrow Computers will be talking about computer directions Trevor Marshall Definicon Systems will be talking in depth about the 68020 Michael Frieling AI researcher will discuss designing expert systems tools Allyn Franklin Drive Masters will run a workshop on drive aligning And much more The schedule expands daily TO REGISTER Call or write for the SOG registration packet MICRO CORNUCOPIA P O Box 223 Bend Oregon 97709
49. Load the 32 bits of data through the 4 input ports _ 6 Toggle ADDR INC then load the next 32 bits of data 7 Repeat 7 until all data is trans ferred RAM holds 1024 long words 32 bits each 8 Massage and diesige the sa ea data to your liking 9 Go back to 1 or exit the system rm 4 as td Lied ae z BOARDS ON YOUR PC OR a XT o MULTIPLE LAYERS E MATRIX PRINTER 3 o USER DEFINED PADS AND PLOT MACROS o ONLY D 95 PEB EDIT 4 o CREATE PRINTED CIRCUIT o PLOTS ARTHORK ON DOT o CPM 80 DUE JULY 1 86 Bells And Whistles Extras not used in this logic analyzer along with possible ways to include them are 1 Clock delay could be added by including a counter in the clock chan nel and the necessary output lines to program the count delay 2 Qualifier don t cares add 4 Nand gates and 4 output lines 3 Stop on trigger word include extra logic between the trigger word output and the DONE output 4 Asynchronous clock add the counters clock output divide control lines and the logic to switch between the synchronous and asynchronous clocks 5 Glitch detection add another logic analyzer You ll need separate RAM ports to handle it and the necessary pulse stretching for each input I didn t add these options because the parts and cost count were high enough If you need them use the base circuit and add to it Culmination Since my wife insisted on my doing
50. M Radio Shack and IBM machines Can also program EPROMS SASE for more info 314 243 7160 Computer Doctor Rt 2 Box 190 Jackson MO 63755 30KR CP M 68K Macro Assembler Native Assembler for CP M 68K About 3 times faster than DRI s Full Macro facilities and produces executable files directly or files that work with linker Will also assemble files produced by CP M 68K C compiler Disk formats CP M 8 MS DOS many 5 Price 129 ppd Texas residents add 5 125 tax Manual 12 ppd VISA MC accepted Computers Plus ICC Software 314 Barnett Dr Weatherford TX 76086 Phone 10 6 CST 817 599 0832 30 For Sale Cromemco TUART 100 PMMI 103 modem works to 600 baud 125 Integrand X 5 125 ADC super slave 6MHz 128K 425 ICD XL dual slaves 8MHz Z80 256K user OR 6MHz HD64180 512K user with drivers 725 All working All Marshall 219 665 9945 30 For Sale Superbly crafted BBI system 5MHz complete w cabinet keyboard monitor parallel and serial drivers as well as EPROM burner w software Will give purchaser CP M and MP M RMAC Pascal and BASIC assembler _ all original diskettes with manual Also a collection of 19 Micro C user disks All this for only 600 US or best offer C Phaneuf 972 Guillaume Boisset Cap Rouge P Q Canada G1Y 1Y9 Eves 418 658 1086 30 Big Board I Hard Disk Do It Yourself Manual Why pay big bucks Includes schematics for SCSI disk controller adaptor Z80 source code
51. Multiplan Wordstar Supercalc 2 Turbo Pascal Fortran 77 Microsoft C Lattice C IBM Macro Assembler intel compilers amp tools GW Basic etc Works with any RS232C ASCII terminal not included Compact 7 3 x 6 5 x 10 5 inches 12 5 pounds all metal construction Based on Little Board 186 512K RAMNo wait states Two RS232 serial ports One Centronics printer port One or two 360 Kb floppy drives 10MB internal hard disk drive option Three times the COMPUTING POWER ot a PC Priced from 1295 00 10MB System Only 1945 00 Software Included PC DOS Compatible ROM BIOS boots DOS 2x and 3 x Hard Disk Support T Maker Ili Word processing spreadsheet relational database spelling checker and data encrypt decrypt Expandable Floppy expansion to four drives Hard disk and tape expansion SCSI PLUS multi master I O expansion bus DISTRIBUTORS ARGENTINA FACTORIAL S A 1 41 0018 MICROCOMPUTERS 613 500 0628 TLX 22408 BELGIUM CENTRE BRAZIL CNC DATA LEADER LTDA ELECTRONIQUE LEMPEREUR 041 23 4541 41 262 2262 TLX 041 6364 DENMARK TLX 42621 CANADA DYNACOMP DANBIT 03 66 20 20 TLX 43558 COMPUTER SYSTEMS LID 604 872 7737 FINLAND SYMMETRIC OY 0 585 329 ENGLAND QUANT SYSTEMS TLX 121394 ISRAEL ALPHA TERMINALS 01 253 8423 TLX 946240 REF 19003131 LID 3 49 16 95 TLX 341667 SWEDEN FRANCE EGAL 1 502 1800 TLX 620893 AB AKTA 08 54 20 20 TLX
52. SUPPLY FOR TWO DRIVES SWITCHING WILL POWER DRIVES AND SBC 6 X 8 X 2 1 2 5VDC 8 AMPS 12VDC 12VDC 5VDC 5 AMPS EA AND 24VDC 2 AMPS CABINET AND POWER SUPPLY TOGETHER 100 00 HARD DRIVE 20 MBG RODIME HARD DRIVE 8 HEADS 320 CYLINDERS 6 MONTH GUARANTEE 310 00 CONTROLLER FOR RODIME WITH CABLES 125 00 XT CLONE PARTS ONE YEAR GUARANTEE MOTHERBOARD TURBO 6 67 AND 4 77 MHz 145 00 MOTHERBOARD UP TO 640 K ON BOARD 125 00 COLOR GRAPHICS CARD 75 00 FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER UP TO 4 DRIVES 40 00 HARD DISK CONTROLLER 125 00 DISK I O CARD FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER RS 232 CLOCK PARALLEL GAME ADAPTER 110 00 0 45 00 POWER SUPPLY 150 WATT 75 00 KEYBOARD AT STYLE 59 00 QUME 142 HALF HEIGHT FLOPPY DRIVE IBM COMPATIBLE LIMITED SUPPLY 89 00 CASCADE ELECTRONICS ROUTE 1 BOX 8 FREE SHIPPING RANDOLPH MN 55065 ON PREPAID ORDERS 507 645 7997 CREDIT CARD ADD 5 EVENING CALL OK MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 MN ADD 6 SS iS ps SS XT CLONE COMPLETE SYSTEMS 75 CACHE22 CP M 2 2 CP M Max CACHE22 is a front end system pro gram that buries all of CP M 2 2 in banked memory It helps 8080 Z80 computers to survive by providing up to 63 25K of TPA plus the ability to speed disk operations eliminate system tracks and run Sidekick style software without loss of transient program space Complete source and installation manual 50 00 CP M is a trademark of Digit
53. Set for out of paper Bit 6 Set for acknowledge returned from the printer Bit 7 Set for not busy condition sia asin arlverealatein a eis 50 100 _ Disk downloading service 10 00 first disk 5 00 thereafter No label disk sales 69 with PD order Rentals are for 7 days For all functions the printer number not the port number is contained in the DX register on entry to the inter rupt handler Interrupt 18 BASIC This interrupt provides access to the BASIC ROM in the IBM PC and is not used by my BIOS Interrupt 19 Bootstrap This interrupt reads the boot sector track 0 sector 1 from the disk in the first floppy disk drive The data is placed at address 0000 7C00 seg ment offset and if a successful read occurs the bootstrap program is then executed from that address If an error occurs the program con tinues looping forever until a suc cessful read is accomplished The disk I O interrupt interrupt 13 hex is used to access the disk I O routines so there are no hardware dependent par ameters in the boot routine You may want to implement an error message after several retries to provide some indication that the sys tem isn t completely hung up The normal cause for this error would be an unformatted disk since the boot routine does not check the data which it loads from the boot sector Interrupt 1A Time Of Day This interrupt either reads the tim
54. TODAY These user friendly cream colored shirts are formatted in mahogany border with black enhanced mode design The fully integrated sys tem is compatible to size S M L and XL for only 6 95 ppd 8 50 all foreign Inside CP M f By David Cortesi i 27 95 US Can Mex iN 37 95 Other Foreign i This is one of the best mi a books on CP M for every MN one users and program mers It s our reference here at Micro C Wp Your Fortune in the Micro Computer Business By Victor Wild 26 45 US Can Mex Voiiel 36 45 Other Foreign This is the best most complete collection of working for yourself in formation that we ve found 2 volumes Cetting Started by Puree wae The Small C Handbook By James Hendrix 17 95 US Can Mex 22 95 Other Foreign If you really want to solve the mysteries of the Small C compiler or compilers in general you ll want this book MICRO CORNUCOPIA P O Box 223 Bend Oregon 97709 YY x X 4 WG INN n Y y oe Ns a NN E j tid Thursday July 24th SOG KICK OFF Once again we re kicking off the SOG with white water rafting followed by the kick off cookout If you re interested in safe thrills then sign up for one of these professionally guided trips o All day includes transportation from the col lege box lunch 4 1 2 hours on the lower Des chutes River and the
55. VISA MC Shipping amp handling charges will be added to each order For our catalog with complete details and prices send 2 00 to 4909 Stockdale Hwy 180 wie Bakersfield CA 93309 meses Micro Supply Organization Inc 15 restocking on returned orders alternative Get more for your money SANYO MBC 1160 Including this FREE software e Wordstar Spellstar e Mailmerge Calcstar e Infostar e BASIC 8 Bit Infegrated Computer with 640KB Formatted Mini Floppy Disk Capacity e Z 80A CPU with no wait mode and large 64KB RAM 4KB ROM memory capacity for fast execution e CP M operating system with editor assembler and all standard utilities e No glare amber monitor display screen for easy viewing e 80 character x 25 line display 256 characters in 8 x 12 dot matrix cells e Two internal double sided double density double track 54 slim type mini floppy disk drives with 640KB formatted capacity e Interfaces for one Centronics printer and one RS 232C port e Optional interface for hard disk drive and for external 8 floppy disk drive LEGEND 880 or SANYO PR 5000 Dot Matrix Printer Letter quality Daisy Wheel Printer e 80 char line or dot image graphics e Letter quality printer with 96 character e Centronics parallel interface daisy wheel printing element e Tractors or Friction feed e Accepts paper up to 13 inches in width e Pica elite condensed or proportional e 14 cps bidirectional pr
56. a logical ad dress space of 1M The actual physical address isn t important The operating system can have several VM86 tasks in memory simultaneously and switch between them and 32 bit applications at will Several types of instructions are trapped when executing in VM86 mode All input and output instruc tions and any instructions which at tempt to affect the interrupt mask flag can be trapped Software interrupts and instructions relating to protected mode operation too can be trapped Trapped instructions are summarized below soptionally strapped if J TOPL lt 3 INS IN OUTS OUT sTI CLI PUSHF POPF pees INT n IOPL is the task s IO Privilege Level and is set by the operating system when the VM86 task is entered 80386 Memory Paging Demand paged virtual memory is implemented in the 80386 CPU as an optional extension of the 80286 memo ry management scheme The page size is fixed at 4K bytes Paging is designed to be managed by the operating system Each page has several flags associated with it that tell the operating system whether it is a candidate for swapping out or rewrite A page has an Accessed flag that tells the processor the page has been read or written By periodically reset ting this bit the OS can determine whether or not the page has been used recently If not the page is a good candidate for freeing since pages that haven t been used recently are less l
57. and source uses BB II sockets for programming Utility Disk 1 PEG Universal Object File Translator Formats supported 8 16 bit Intel and Motorola hex BHLF COM BPNF ASCII Merge and split of 16 bit data also supported HEXED A full screen hex file editor simultaneous editing of both hex and ascii Full source and documentation on disk 256k bytes of RAM with DMA capability 4 fully buffered 8 bit parallel ports configurable EPROM socket 2716 thru 27256 4 fully buffered 8 bit parallel ports 2 configurable RS232C serial ports Complete documentation 1 Bareboard 39 00 2 Printer buffer EPROM i 10 00 3 Printer buffer source Specify 8 SSSD or 5 25 Kaypro diskettes U S FUNDS include 3 00 for S H Biegun and Associates P O Box 4071 Stn B Winnipeg Manitoba CANADA R2W 5K8 MODULAR DISTRIBUTED DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM AD1208 CN100 MP8000 DATA ACQUISITION SUBSYSTEM RS232 MULTIPLEXER CONTROLLER RS232 MULTIPLEXER Ne ceed Connects to host via standard RS232 cable 8channel RS232 multiplexer expansion board 12 bits plus sign resolution 300 to 19200 baud operation E LED numerical display for selected channel Input range 4 096V standard 4096V E Controls up to 16 MP8000 multiplexer boards Easy connection to CN100 via 20 wire ribbon cable optional E Simple two character command from any language expansidh bus User installable input attenuator option for each BASIC PASCAL ASSEM
58. and the next problem chuckle chuckle And though my method was not elegant I was not properly primed for this one I did get the answer and a kind of perverse pleasure watching the systems struggle aoe All except the DSI system The C source was the same The 8088 code was generated by Aztec C I used the 8087 library toget the 8087 times The DSI version was compiled under EEN Hills C The times are shown in Figure 1 The V20 system we used is a speeded up Sky High clone in which we installed a V20 and switchable 22MHz and 14 31818MHz master crystals I know I didn t tell you that you could use a 22MHz crystal You can if you re lucky We haven t however gotten any clones to go 8MHz 24MHz crystal At least not yet Puzzles Speaking of puzzles we re getting a delightful number of really interesting responses to the puzzle in The Culture Corner in Issue 29 Again see The Culture Corner for the solution to our insolvable product One intrepid soul found the solution in under 27 min 12 sec using only paper and pencil Definitely not artificial intelligence I m looking for more such problems that we can solve We received one for this issue but we definitely want more more more Look in my spare time I m either solving puzzles or making the editorial longer It s your choice l D The Real Winner Meanwhile my brute force solution pointed out the value of a good floating point co processor N
59. baud amp 75 38 400 baud 1 Centronics Printer Port Power Requirement 5VDC at 75A 12VDC at 05A On board 12V converter Only 5 75 x 7 75 inches mounts directly to a 5 1 4 disk drive Comprehensive Software Included Enhanced CP M 2 2 operating system with ZCPR3 Read write format dozens of floppy formats IBM PC DOS KAYPRO OSBORNE MORROW Menu based system customization e Operator friendly MENU shell OPTIONS Source Code TurboDOS ZRDOS Hard disk expansion to 60 megabytes SCSI PLUS multi master O expansion bus Local Area Network STD Bus Adapter BOOKSHELF lt 10 Fast Compact High Quality Easy to use CP M System Ready to use professional CP M computer system Works with any RS232C ASCH terminal not included Network available Compact 7 3 x 6 5 x 10 5 inches 12 5 pounds all metal construction Powerful and Versatile Based on Little Board single board computer One or two 400 or 800 KB floppy drives 10 MB internal hard disk drive option 895 00 10MB System Only 1645 00 Comprehensive Software Included Enhanced CP M operating system with ZCPR3 Word processing spreadsheet relational database spelling checker and data encrypt decrypt T MAKER III Operator friendly shells Menu Friendiy Read write and format dozens of floppy formats IBM PC DOS KAYPRO OSBO
60. data between the controller and memory This isn t a requirement and a programmed I O controller could just as easily be used Only the read write code in the interrupt han dler would have to be changed Interrupts The interrupt handler checks each request and returns a bad command error code if the requested function isn t available This check must be made since a hard disk controller for instance uses additional functions which are also passed in the AH register The BIOS interrupt vector for the floppy disk I O function is modified by the ROM contained on the hard disk controller card DOS determines the presence of a hard disk by requesting one of these higher numbered func tions If the BIOS returns a bad com mand error it assumes that no hard disk is present in the system and only accesses the floppy disk drives 56 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 SERVO INDUSTRIAL PROCESS CONTROL BOARD 14 Bit Lab Accuracy Industrial Durability The Features of 5 Boards in one RP M2 creates CP M 2 2 compatible IBM PC 1 Remove the 8088 2 Install the NEC PD70108 V20 3 Boot PC RP M2 The 2PD70108 chip is a fast 8088 that also executes 8080 machine code PC RP M2 is an operating system Either standalone or with MSDOS present PC RP M2 provides the solid base of a genuine operating system reliably distinct from the facade created by an MSDOS interface All 2 2 features are supported with 56
61. fact is learned so alternatively a list of hands and bids could be remembered The learned facts would be searched before the decide_bid op tions were checked I ve ignored this alternative in BRIDGE Figures 2 through 5 contain the information gathering rules Since these rules also update the Knowledge Base they serve the Knowledge Acquisition function as well as their primary function Figures 2 through 5 on pages 20 through 23 Figure 1 Facts In The Knowledge Base which suits are major and minor major spades major hearts minor diamonds minor clubs which suits are touching touching spades hearts touching hearts diamonds touching diamonds clubs touching clubs spades is the hand evenly distributed even_distr no Indicate the longest suit s longest spades 5 longest hearts 5 Give more detailed information on the hand one fact for each possible honor ace king queen jack and one fact for the number of small cards in a suit values clubs small 0 values clubs y 1 values clubs n 2 values clubs n 3 values clubs n 4 values diamonds small is Contains the list of cards in the specified suit hand clubs jack hand diamonds queen x hand hearts ace jack x x x hand spades ace king X x x Tell the of points and cards ina suit points clubs 1 1
62. following short routines may help get you started The sky s the limit and there s always the on off switch to return your system to sanity the last column I discussed some Direct Character Input If all you want to use in your programs is buffered input from the keyboard you know no entry of characters until the carriage return is whacked standard getchar will serve your needs whatever the oper ating system But if you re anything like me writing neat utilities is an addiction and for that beautiful little utility you dream of showing off to your friends flashing a response at the touch of a key is an aesthetic fix For unbuffered input in CP M you need to put a simple bdos 1 0 call function into your working library grabchar return bdos 1 0 If you want to avoid echoing on the screen and if your implementation provides a BIOS function a bios 2 0 call will serve nicely instead Just don t expect AC and S to operate in their normal ways since you ll be avoiding the CP M interrupt handlers entirely In MS DOS things get a bit more complicated in part because that oper ating system offers many more ropes on which to hang yourself When MS DOS was first designed a good deal of care was taken to give its lowest numbered BDOS calls the same opera tions as the comparable functions in CP M Thus the listing for grabchar will transfer as is though the generic function call
63. for 16 ad dress lines and 8 data lines for a total of 24 input channels If you re using 16 bit microproces sors you ll need up to 24 address lines and 16 data lines for a total of 40 input channels Some type of buffering will be re quired to isolate and reduce loading of the system under test To reduce the logic board density and the system under test bus loading we ll put the input signal isolation buffers in mie probe It s beiaalhy a paca ideaa to stick to powers of two for anything that must gt be filtered through TTL logic So we ll choose 32 input lines a workable compromise between maximum num ber of signal lines that are a power of two A number of the input signal lines should be available for comparison with a trigger word to start or fop the sampling process If for example you kaow the sys tem is running correctly until address 00F0H that would be the initial trigger word set for the address line inputs After viewing the block of data ac quired starting at this address a high er address can be specified to obtain l the next block of data High tow Don t Care Three states are required for signal comparison high low and don t care input can be either high or low When sopra a new prototype continued o on Page 28 26 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 Async Clock Clock Qual amp S Clock ee Edge Contro
64. for monifor ROM and CBIOS modifications plain English detailed descriptions of all software and hardware construction photos arid where to buy controllers and disks cheap I did it you can too This is no kludge scab on but a built in CP M transpar ent subsystem Manual 25 Two chip ROM set also available 25 Phil Mattison 1701 E Todd Tempe AZ 85283 602 897 0293 30 For 12 postpaid I will send you the neatest gadget you can have for your small screen Kaypro MAGGIE is a flat pasir lens that slips into place in front of your screen without tools and gives you the effect of a 12 inch screen Virtually no distortion and no more glare from ambient Itght than your regular screen Money back guarantee of satisfaction Kay Pal 107 Hudson Dr Hen dersonville NC 28739 Allow three weeks for delivery 30 Kaypro Motherboard Kaypro 4 83 motherboard with Pro 8 ROM Tested and operational 89 95 Call Joel Burke 803 427 2831 30 Affordable Engineering Software for CP M 80 PC DOS MS DOS and TRS DOS Free 52 page catalog Low cost pen plotter driver transfer function analysis scientific calculator communications design spreadsheet graph printing circuit analysis signal processing mathematics root locus active filter design thermal analysis and report proofreader programs BV Engineering 2200 Busi ness Way Suite 207 Riverside CA 92501 714 781 0252 VISA and MasterCard accepted 35
65. form differs slightly from the PC Blue form in that we ask you to state that the program does not contain a request for money PC Blue allows shareware SIG M disks also usually contain source code Not so with PC Blue although as mentioned before Joan Riff s Z80 emulator not only contains source code but it also is a true public domain program There are many oth er such contributions in the PC Blue library and yours truly would person ally prefer to see less shareware and more true contributions there If you make a donation to SIG M and we publish it we give you your choice of two free library disks You may want to check this out with your Interactive and Batch Processing accountant but if you developed soft ware for commercial purposes and have a cost basis on it you might be able to get a tax deduction out of the contribution I would suspect how ever that if your commercial sales have reached the point where you are giving it away you are in a loss position So why not share that software with the rest of us and support public domain software with a contribution 5 Disk Formats On SIG M While SIG M has traditionally dis tributed programs only on 8 SSSD disks we have for some time recog nized the need for 5 distribution Thanks to a Maynard disk controller and Uniform on a PC we are experi menting with distributing 5 disks We still prefer that you get your volumes locally or
66. in the PC which could cause conflicts with your hardware The one listed above port 20H is the only one I ve found which is addressed directly from PC DOS 60 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 Table 1 1BM PC Port Addresses Port Address Function 00 0D 8237 DMA controller chip 20 21 8259 interrupt controller chip 40 43 8253 timer chip 60 63 8255 parallel interface chip Used for keyboard sense switches and cassette tape interface 81 82 DMA page register 201 Game card 210 216 Expansion box interface 278 Printer card 3 base address 2F8 Serial card 2 base address 320 Hard disk base address 378 Printer card 2 base address 3B4 3BA 6845 video controller chip BW 3BC Printer card 1 base address 3D4 3DA 6845 video controller chip color 3F2 3F5 Floppy disk controller l 3F8 Serial card 1 base address rather than via a BIOS interrupt rou tine Table 1 lists the ports I ve found on the PC If you have ports with these same physical addresses and are ex periencing problems you may want to check for any input or output instruc tions to these ports This isn t easy without some form of debugging tool If you can get PC DOS to run at all you might be able to use the debug program which is part of it If you re running CP M 86 and have a way to move files from the PC DOS disk to one of your CP M disks you could use DDT 86 for this purpose Many of the port addresse
67. inp 1 zany shr i shift in next bit end l end i i l for j 0 to 7 do i output 8 to printer write 1st shrCoutl 5 T o end 4 writeln 1st z ready for next row end OR cursor x1 y1 oupecr back for Astin mode end ree on get procedure readstick var x y integer var switch boolean Read joystick position A write to the joystick port triggers the one shots connected to the variable resistance of the joystick pots The outputs of the one shots will remain high for a time proportional to the pot resistance The X one shot comes in on bit 0 and the Y on bit 1 while the fire buttons are on bits 4 amp 5 Inputs from the fire buttons will be low when pressed CO d i 52 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 gt wos i yi Red Wy SETO E T A P loop length determined by trial amp error divide by 2 to does NOT distinguish the switches either returns true var i integer pots byte begin x t 0 initialize values y 0 port 513 0 trigger one shots for i 0 to 40 do begin pots port 513 get current value x i x pots and 1 sum in x one shot y y pots and 2 and the y end l y y shr 1 y comes in on bit 1 get same range switch pots and 30 xor 30 lt gt 0 end begin colr 1 AEE E E E S E T hires x1 359 yl 173 cursor x1 y1 while true do begin readstick yi xi switch
68. language it is also thinks the problem through amp complete development environ and comes up with all the ment Just like Turbo Pascal reasonable answers almost Turbo Prolog radically alters instantly and dramatically improves the If you think that this is brave new world of artificial amazing you just need to intelligence and invites you into remember that Turbo Prolog is a that fascinating universe fora Sth generation language and humanly intelligent 99 95 the kind of language that 21st century computers will use routinely In fact you can compare Turbo Prolog to 4585 SCOTTS VALLEY DRIVE SCOTTS VALLEY CA 95066 408 438 8400 TELEX 172373 INTERNATIONAL oo opr Other Borland Products include Turbo Pascal Turbo Tutor Turbo Lightning Turbo Database Turbo Toolbox Graphix Toolbox qurbo GasceWeeen SuperKep eich Settee The Manah Ofke Manager Rotor The Anaijae and registered trademarks or trademarks of Borland International Inc or Borland Analytica Inc Turbo Prolog and GeoBase are trademarks and Turbo Pascal is a registered trademark of Borland International Inc IBM and AT Borland International BI 1045D MC Turbo Edttor Toolbox Traveling SideKick all of which are registered are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corp Copyright 1986 Turbo Pascal the way you could compare Turbo Pascal to machine language You get the complete 5 Turbo Prolog
69. method of shipment UPS or Postal Service California residents add 6 Sales Tax Dealer Inquiries invited MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 97 But It s On That Disk I Know It File Recovery In MS DOS Every now and then no matter how conscientious I think I ve been I for get to back up a working disk Most recently my forgetfulness began to haunt me just after I d accumulated a dozen articles for this issue of Micro C Naturally I didn t know I d been forgetful negligent is too strong a word until my disk failed to respond to a prompt Disk error reading drive B DOS reported Abort Retry Ignore I tried all three with equal success Then I tried several utilities DE BUG EASY ZAP CHKDSK and equalled my previous success con cluding that I had a problem DEVELOPMENT BUILDING BLOCKS REPERTOIRE from PMI High performance tools Screen display system Multi window editor Full source so your programs can follow when you change machines Screen System REPERTOIRE won t bloat your programs because it doesn t generate code Create screens exactly as they will look then compress them into one dense rapid access file REPERTOIRE lets your program display a screen instantly in any window with a single function call Screens check user input scroll within windows give context sensitive help and conditionally branch to other screens using natural language analysis func
70. min no 4 77 MHz 8088 41 hrs 18 mint no The 8088 s time was calculated from its perform ance relative to V20 in a similar but much shorter program There s a limit to the amount of perverse pleasure I can stand l Little Board 186 9495 High Performance Low Cost PC DOS Engine Boots IBM PC DOS not included Three times the COMPUTING POWER of SCSI PLUS multi master I O aPC Data and File Compatible with IBM PC runs MS DOS generic programs 8 MHz 80186 CPU DMA Counter Timers 128 512K RAM zero wait states 16 128K EPROM Mini Micro Floppy Controller 1 4 Drives Single Double Density 1 2 sided 40 80 track 2 RS232C Serial Ports 50 38 400 baud 1 Centronics Printer Port Only 5 75 x 7 75 inches mounts directly to a 5 1 4 disk drive Power Requirement 5VDC at 1 25A 12VDC at 05A On board 12V converter expansion bus Software Included PC DOS compatible ROM BIOS boots DOS 2x and 3x Hard Disk support OPTIONS Expansion board with 128 or 512K additional RAM 2 Sync Asyne RS232 422 serial ports Battery backed Real Time Clock e 8087 Math Co Processor Buffered I O Bus STD Bus Adapter Utilities source code TurboDOS Networking BOOKSH ELF Series 200 Fast compact high quality versatile PC DOS system Data and File compatible with IBM PC DOS 2 x and 3 x Runs MS DOS generic programs Dbase Il
71. now 135 Hercules equiv floppy controller for 1 4 48tpi or 96tpi drives w cable save 25 Model FDC 2 now only 74 color adapter wilight pen port RGB and composite outputs reg 140 Model CC 1 now just 116 better than the Super 7 floppy disk controller clk calendar serial parallel amp game ports spooler amp RAMDISK s w Sale 145 ideal mate for 640K mother boards clock calendar card reg 58 CL 1 149 OMTI hard disk controller card this card is super fast reg 220 Model HOC 1 now 175 w cables high quality IBM PC look alike w side switch flip top or slide chassis any combo disk drive brackets heavy steel 8 cutout style Model CA 8 reg 95 now 69 SBC PLEDGE x service after sale technical support low prices x one year warranty MOTHERBOARDS full IBM PC XT compatibility 81 0 slots runs IBM s PC DOS 3 1 t BASIC inter preter available great foundation for business or personal system 1 year warranty Model MB 1 256K motherboard with OK regularly 295 now 199 Model MB 3 640K motherboard with OK regularly 399 now 250 Model MB 2 640K motherboard 4 77 and 7 MHz clock w 256K Reg 399 now 297 this is a fast board ABOUT OUR MOTHERBOARDS the most IBM PC compatible mother boards available each runs all commercially available software each works with all available add on cards These FOUNDATION motherboards are the most compat
72. of Nuf said Robert L Am n Chesapeake Bay Institute 4800 Atwell Rd Shady Side MD 20764 88 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 Digital dynamics NEW SEETIME has alarms You can set up to 4 alarms each containing date time amp message e NEW Screen saver feature turns off the screen after a set time with no keyboard activity e NE Configuration program to set SEETIME parameters time date location on screen military or civilian display format cursor blinking or steady screen saver timeout e SEETIME can input the time or date into any program print the screen and display alarms e SEETIME is part of TIMEPRO APPT personal schedule manager TD file time date stamping amp backup LOG computer usage logging TIMEPRO runs on 84 amp later Kaypros with Kaypro Kenmore or Advent clocks 49 95 SEETIME upgrade for TIMEPRO owners 14 95 Shipping and Handling 2 50 206 772 0291 Visa MasterCharge 12448 83rd Ave S Seattle WA 98178 INVENTORY CLEARANCE EPROM PROGRAMMER interfaces to the BBI XEROX 820 parallel port Requires 5y 3A 25v 1A interface cable Program Verify Load and Erase check 2716 2816A 2516 2732 A 2532 2764 2564 27128 1 Software and schematic 15 00 2 Bareboard and schematic 15 00 3 Software and bareboard 25 00 4 Software and kit less ZIFs 60 00 5 Software and full kit 6 Programmer A T SOLD OUT Sold Out Big Board II software
73. of an expert system is that the knowledge base can be modified and the inference engine an interpret er can apply information from the knowledge base to the current situa tion The separation of knowledge base and inference mechanism could be achieved in a conventional language but it s far easier to implement in languages like LISP and PROLOG The key feature of these two lan guages is the lack of a clear distinction 12 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 Figure 1 Block Diagram For Expert System Figure 2 Knowledge Base elections Country KNOWLEDGE INFERENCE economy Country Condition BASE ENGINE Condition booming incumbent Person Country write 0 6 chance of win for nl write Person Knowledge Acquisition Consultation And Explanation elections Country challenger Person Country Refinement write challenger write Person nl write tlikely to win NATURAL nl LANGUAGE l INTERFACE economy usa booming incumbent reagan usa challenger mondale usa between data and program The economy is booming predict a win for PROLOG will match the variable knowledge base is both program and the incumbent with a probability of Who to the constant reagan and data so the user can modify not only 0 6 If the economy isn t booming output data but the program itself at runtime predict a win for the challenger In other words programs
74. older mod els with the non graphic screen News From PC Blue New and worth mentioning hom PC Blue is DISKIT a disk repair utility on Volume 176 On 178 we have the PC MAGAZINE benchmark test series Volume 181 has PC Kat a diskette cataloguer On 182 we have Cut Paste and Notepad memory resident utili ties like Sidekick A new version of PROLOG is on PC Blue 183 There certainly is no shortage of word processing programs in the PC Blue library Working our way back wards through the catalog on 185 is NYWord On 182 we have Freeword A scientific notation word processor ChiWriter is on 173 PC Write ver sion 2 55 a much acclaimed word processor is on 167 version 2 4 is on 130 Volume 95 contains a word processing program for children The MS DOS version of ROFF is on 86 There are a few more but I think the message is clear If you need a word processor for your PC you certainly should be able to find it in the library Games Got a note the other day from someone complaining that we rarely mention games The PC Blue library does have games However I have to ask when is a game not a game but rather an insult Take for example Naval War Simulator on PC Blue 178 I know Hank Kee is one of those people you can find on the job at almost any hour day or night On this one I think he may have been sound asleep when he let it by I won t give a nickel to ask for money software unless
75. pin compatible All of the NEC V series processors have been built using the CMOS process to consume less power and to operate cooler One undesirable effect of this is a slightly diminished bus drive capability which can cause prob lems in some PC clone boards Improved Microcode Most CPUs use microcode a low level translator to implement machine code instructions The execution unit obtains an in struction and decodes it to determine the appropriate set of microcodes to use Think of this decoding as a breaking down of instructions into classes of instructions The microcode then further differen tiates the instructions by looking at the various fields within the instructions which specify the instruction operands e g memory location or register type Microcode then controls the transfer and path of operands from source to destination For example ADD AX BX moves the contents of register AX and BX to the ALU where they re added The results are put returned in the AX register Intel and NEC saw the faults of the 8088 86 microcode and improved the microcoding in their later chips The V series and the 80186 188 286 have simi lar speedier microcode Effective Address Calc As I mentioned in an earlier Micro C Issue 27 the effective address calcu lation has been sped up by dedicated hardware adders This lets address calculation proceed while an instruc tion is executed saving several clo
76. recur sion A simple and fundamental ap plication is a function for calculating the factorial of a number A factorial is the product of a aie ber times itself minus 1 times itself minus 1 times itself minus 1 etc down to 1 For example 6 factorial is g 5 453 2 1 or 720 It adds up quickly If we look closer we see that 6 is also equal to 6 5 And 5 is equal 5 4 etc Or N N N 1 In other words to solve N we call the factorial function substituting N 1 for N until we reach the limiting condition N 1 1 In Pascal Let s look at the recursive function in Turbo sik A eusae Begin If N gt 1 then PN Factorial N E else Factorial 1 End System Perspective From the computer S perspective when a procedure or function calls another procedure its formal parame ters and local variables are pushed onto the stack along with the return address of the calling procedure The system needs to know where to return control after it s finished handling the procedure Then control is passed to the called procedure When the procedure has finished executing it retrieves the return ad dress from the stack and then pops the variables and formal parameters By Gary Entsminger Control is then returned to the calling procedure If a procedure calls itself recursion the same pushing and popping occurs Each time the procedure calls
77. side Please refer to ADAPTORS WITH COPY RIGHT INFRINGEMENT for pricing Some of the items available for 10 pc without manual are CCP M 3 1 3 2 4 1 MS DOS 2 0 2 11 3 0 3 1 Sidekick Turbo Pascal 1 0 2 0 3 0 Lotus 1 2 3 Auto CAD 2 17B Microsoft COBOL Microsoft FORTRAN Microsoft C etc So they have a few things to learn about copyright laws We can still surely find SOMEONE to supply us reliably legally and promptly Can t we Meanwhile The Hardware Shows Up We finally got the machines and started playing They definitely had problems We could tell even from our small sampling that quality control differed greatly from one company to the next We could also tell that some compa nies were much more experienced in dealing with foreigners and in dealing with computers One company couldn t even figure out how to ship By Laine Stump Development Foundation of Turkey Tunali Hilmi Cad 22 Ankara Turkey air freight from Taipei to Ankara we had to send them a telex with instruc tions From this experience we knew that the only way to find a good supplier quality reliability and legality was to go there ourselves and see the compa nies in person The First Leg When Ergun coworker and I ar rived in Islammabad from Ankara we discovered the flight to Peking wasn t until the next morning So we got to spend the night sitting around a table in the restaurant at the airport ta
78. stants in lower case and variables with i course the more complex the field an upper case letter as the first letter incumbent Who usa and chal the more difficult the task PROLOG works by matching the lenger mondale Where Let s consider a simple PROLOG questions entered by the user to facts program or knowledge base which in the database So if a user enters and PROLOG met them makes predictions about election re sults using a simple rule if the incumbent Who usa continued next page MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 13 EXPERT SYSTEMS AND LOGIC PROGRAMMING continued from page 13 PROLOG Power PROLOG gets its power from rules _ For example in one of the RULES in Figure 2 we have the segment shown in Figure 3 If we enter the goal elections usa the system will match elections _with the left of the sign and then continue to match each of the goals on _ the right of the sign in turn Think of the as signifying if so in general a rule states that the goal on the left of the HEAD OF THE RULE can be satisfied IF the goals on the right of the the BODY OF THE RULE can be satisfied So to satisfy _ elections usa the system first matches our question with the HEAD elections Country and identifies the variable Country as usa Next it proceeds to the
79. suggestions that sounded good but didn t work I got my Issue 26 of _ Micro C It contained a Technical Tip about an aluminum heatsink devel _ oped by an English doctor Installation complete power on ev erything looked good until an hour had passed Then my system was off to la la land again I called Micro C for the third time and that time I got to talk to Mr Thompson During our 10 or 15 minutes on the phone we cov ered a wide range of possibilities But when I hung up I had a clear idea of what I needed to do _ First I checked the power sibel No problem steady 5 045 volts Next I hooked up a scope to pin 6 on the CPU to see what the new 5MHz signal looked like The wave form was quite ragged on the uphill side In addition the amplitude was extremely low just over 2 volts Just for comparison I checked the now unused 2 5MHz pin and was amazed at the difference The wave had an amplitude of well over 5 volts and was clean and smooth in appearance Since I didn t have a replacement for the 74LS293 U86 on the Micro C schemat ic which provides both the 2 5MHz and the 5MHz signal I couldn t see if it was a bad chip Instead I picked a 4MHz signal from pin 6 on U87 and fed it to the CPU Eureka After installing a switch to allow transfer from 2 5 to 4MHz I left the computer on for about 10 hours No failure and no recurrence Thanks Martin Leichtung HRC 4260 Kachemak Dr Homer AK 99603
80. systems Thus there is a high degree of compati bility with the extensive library of software designed for the IBM PC Utilizing the latest in micropro cessor technology the Turbo PC XT can deliver stronger perfor mance at higher speed without sacrificing software compatibility The Turbo PC XT is the ideal computer for OEM s VAR s and end users who demand personal computer performance together with PC reliability at an economical price 2158 UNIVERSITY AVE BERKELEY CA 94704 415 549 3472 DEALERS 3 Identify yourself as a dealer and we ll send you dealer information We re reliable eficient and price competitive Idea Processing Pure and Simple Announcing the all NEW OUTTHINK outline processor See your ideas like you ve never seen them before Capture your fleeting ideas And keep em organized with OUT THINK the incredible new outline processor from KAMASOFT OUT THINK unleashes the power in your workhorse CP M computer and turns it into an Idea Processor Get extraordinary ease of use Most functions are less than 3 keystrokes away ease of learning Completely interactive no programming performance Write more and faster than you ever dreamed possible idea leverage OUT THINK your competition OUT THINK supports your thinking process and keeps youin touch with your ideas That s because OUT THINK works the way your mind works naturally Begin b
81. t included you can access your favorite from within PROLOG The transfer is clean and quick Arity s professional versions include numerous built in predicates for han dling strings and files accessing ports and manipulating the database No fewer than 10 predicates allow you to access the database via indices hash tables and b trees significantly reduc ing search times Arity PROLOG is definitely a profes sional implementation limited primari ly by a lack of screen handling predi cates and a windowed programming environment It s fast reliable and the combination of interpreter and compi ler allows the programmer to build standalone applications without the additional expense of licensing fees Turbo PROLOG Borland s approach is a dramatic departure from traditional thinking They ve chosen a compiled rather than an interpretive implementation allow ing the development of standalone programs and they re using strict type checking Strictly speaking type checking seems to oppose the freeform spirit of PROLOG in which data and rules are often entwined in a knowledge base jungle But type checking as any once bitten C programmer knows has its merits despite the objections of PROL OG purists I leave the philosophical discussion as an exercise to you know who In particular in PROLOG it adds speed to program execution A decrease in the bookkeeping which is requir
82. the front was a letter which began Attention David J Thompson Editor Taking that to mean me I read further Abstracts are mailed quarter ly for an annual subscription of 195 One of the sheets was askew a sloppy foreign agent perhaps I looked it over carefully before sliding it back into place Obviously this was no cheap publi cation despite appearances so I had to check it out It was covered with numbers plain unadorned dry lifeless numbers And worse yet the numbers were projections pirated from such radical hacker rags as Computer Systems News Datamation Info world Fortune Magazine and Business Week Projections Let me give you some numbers as reported by CIA The sales projections shown in Fig ure 1 were reportedly made by Com puter Merchandising and Computer World during Oct 1985 I don t know if any of these num bers can be real but they can t all be So if projections differ that wildly when the year s almost over I and vice versa wouldn t put much credence in their stabs at 1986 However numbers do tell you what the writer guesses will happen When the numbers go up the writer is saying he s excited about that area See Figure 2 Flies In The Projections Before you start spending the mil lions you re going to make selling Ada programs to the Defense Dept let me point out something The computer industry was trucking along on these kinds of p
83. the machine at an extremely good price i e Itraded some of my time for it Most important however is future software Although there will continue to be software developed for CP M 80 machines new titles are dwindling and will eventually fade into oblivion Conversely new software for the PC will be showing up for years after Big Blue has abandoned the product line I still have my Big Board I and continue to use it for several tasks It would be prohibitively expensive to buy all the equivalent software for the clone so the transition will be quite have resisted getting an MS DOS gradual With a communications and terminal emulation program I can use the PC as a terminal for the CP M 80 machine so I need only one CRT and keyboard I must admit there are some things about MS DOS that make working in the PC environment very convenient even fun As I type this every once in a while the machine quietly beeps to let me know it thinks I ve misspelled something The gem that makes this possible is Borland s Turbo Lightning a product I can highly recommend Once loaded it can continually check your input for spelling errors and when found two or three keystrokes are all that are needed for correction The Pascal Transition I have a substantial library of Pascal code developed in the CP M 80 envi ronment Since I have a winchester on the clone most of it will eventually be transferred W
84. the program is something I find of such value that I would go out and buy it as a commer Ever Wondered What Makes CP M Tick Source Code Generators can by C C Software give you the answer The darndest thing I ever did see we if you re at all interested in what s going on in your system it s worth it l Jerry Pournelle BYTE Sept 83 areas source code for system To modify the system to just edit and assemble with ASM The S C G programs produce fully commented and labeled your CP M CCP and BDOS your liking CP M 2 2 45 the _CP M 75 1 50 postage in Calif add RRIA C C Software Walnut Creek 1907 Alvarado Ave CA 94596 415 939 8153 CP M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Inc cial product for example Tommy Ret tig s GENERATE Naval War Simu lator is a sample game hence a simulated game that has the audaci ty to ask for a 5 donation if you like the sample Then it pitches you to buy the enhanced version This kind of garbage belongs in a waste basket not in a library or on a bulletin board As a saving grace Henry also in cluded on 178 CaveQuest a dungeons and dragons game CaveQuest is well worth getting What I suggest you do is get volume 178 and send a nasty note to Shadow Mountain Software after you erase NWS Other games in the PC Blue library include Twenty miscellaneous games on 153 and thirty
85. through hex 3F for its use Interrupts hex 08 through hex OF are reserved for the various hardware components con tained in the PC Interrupts hex 00 through 07 and interrupts hex 40 and 41 are also reserved If you re using a system with hardware interrupts they should not use any of these values If your hardware uses a non pro grammable approach to hardware in terrupts and a conflict exists you need to provide some means of distinguish ing between a DOS generated soft ware interrupt and a hardware inter rupt This greatly complicates the problem BIOS Initialization The first function I implemented in the BIOS was initialization of the interrupt vectors Even if you re not using hardware interrupts the inter rupt vectors must be initialized since all the BIOS functions are accessed through software interrupts After the interrupt vectors have been set I initialize the few memory varia 54 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 bles required by the BIOS These variables are defined in the detailed descriptions of the BIOS interrupts and in the BIOS listing The BIOS uses a low address memory segment for data storage I don t recommend changing the data segment location since that s where PC DOS expects it Next initialize the system hardware This includes setting the serial device baud rates data bits parity etc and initialization and start up of the clock Interrupts are then enabled and the
86. tion The main differences between them are price and features For 8 you get an Edinburgh core PROLOG without floating point a debugging or tracing facility random access to files access to DOS com mands virtual memory etc But if you re just wanting a very inexpensive taste of PROLOG this might be the place to start Unfortunately the lack of so many crucial features particular ly the debugger will probably give you a distorted view of PROLOG If I wanted to spend as little as possible to discover what PROLOG is about I d spend a little more and get the FS version At 49 95 FS PROLOG includes all the features I mentioned in the last paragraph except for virtual memory The syntax is the Edinburgh standard so a combination of FS and a copy of Clocksin and Mellish will be sufficient to get you started toward sophisticated PROLOG programming continued next page A TG AO IE Te TE I TEE TE NOW AVAILABLE for MS DOS PC DOS CPM 86 CCPM 86 CPM 80 SPEED POWER VERSATILITY EXPRESS 2 0 FULL SCREEN EDITOR HIGH PERFORMANCE AT A FAIR PRICE ONLY AS ce 8 Bit Versions 34 95 16 Bit Versions DOES YOUR TEXT EDITOR REMIND YOU OF A 1949 PACKARD Stop abusing yourself It s time to retire that doggy old clunker YOU DESERVE EXPRESS 2 0 the 280 Z of the editor world EXPRESS 2 0 FEATURES FULL ACCESS TO CP M USERS AREAS up to 32 with any editor command NAMED DIRECTO
87. wasn t very successful By Ramachandran Bharath Mgmt Mktg amp C I S Dept Northern Michigan University Marquette MI 49855 Eventually there was a shift to an approach best summarized by Dr Fei genbaum the designer of the DEN DRAL expert system for spectrograph ic analysis of chemical structure generally regarded as the first expert system In the knowledge is the power he said Or in other words the effec tiveness of an expert depends not only on his native intelligence but also on the vast stores of knowledge he ac quires in a specific field No all pur pose technique will work in all fields This approach led to some useful expert systems DENDRAL meta DENDRAL MYCIN a program for diagnosis of bacterial infections PROSPECTOR a program for geologi cal forecasting and so on For more details on these programs see refer ences 1 and 2 If Then Marvin Minsky of MIT a pioneer and leader in Artificial Intelligence has written In a sense today s ex pert systems demonstrate a marvelous fact we did not know 25 years ago if you write down if then rules for a lot of situations and put them together well the resulting system can solve problems that people think are hard In that sense a conventional pro gram makes use of knowledge too for any if then statement in any lan guage is the application of knowledge to draw a conclusion But the distinc tive feature
88. words in Taiwan you don t have to find sources all you have to do is walk off the plane put looking for computers on your im migration form and make sure you get a motel reservation from the count er at the airport They ll find you Of course you may not find the best company that way We felt that our approach was best we arrived in Taipei with lots of names prices and information That way if somebody was feeding us ung we would know Our best source of company names was Asian Sources Magazine Figure 1 gives a list of the few best we found the worst aren t even worth the cost of the paper to print a list _ By the way after the third day the plethora of calls at all hours of the day and night forced us to move to a we began getting phone different hotel leaving no forwarding address We Make SPECIAL Deal For You Every company seemed to think that it had some unique selling point They all claimed that they had designed their own hardware written their own software and had their own factory just outside of town But after a couple of days I began noticing that all the monochrome cards had the same layout the same manual printed at the same shop and were packaged in the same box The Structure In reality almost all of the circuit boards coming from Taiwan are manu factured at one of five or six PC board factories and distributed to sweat shops for hand insert
89. 0 Includes 512K Power Supply ay Enclosure Keyboard Monitor Two Drives and Printer Port P O Box 128 1 Serial Port Real Time Clock ee an weve i e Quantity Discounts Upon Request 61 2 345 4555 e Call For Info on Add Ons Hard Disks Ete COD VISA MASTER CARD GERTIFIED FUNDS 2 MICRO CARO opia The Micro Technical Journal Editor amp Publisher David J Thompson Operations amp Advertising David Pogue Associate Editors Rebecca Ozrelic Gary Entsminger Accounting Sandra Thompson Office Manager Tracey Anthony Technical Department Larry Fogg Staff Assistants Laura Logan Cary Gatton Renee Katter MICRO CORNUCOPIA ISSN 0747 587X is published bi monthly for 16 per year by Micro Cornucopia Inc 155 NW Hawthorne Bend OR 97701 Second class postage paid at Bend OR and additional mailing offices POSTMASTER Send address changes to MICRO CORNUCOPIA PO Box 223 Bend OR 97709 SUBSCRIPTION RATES 1 yr 6 issues 2 yr 12 issues 3 yr 18 issues 1 yr Canada amp Mexico 1 yr Other foreign Make all orders payable in U S funds on a U S bank please CHANGE OF ADDRESS Please send your old label and new address MICRO CORNUCOPIA P O Box 223 Bend Oregon 97709 CUSTOMER SERVICE For orders amp sub scription problems call 503 382 5060 9 am to 5 pm Pacific time M F For technical help call 503 382 8048 9 am to noon Pacific tim
90. 0 42 00 42 00 33 00 17 00 55 00 Editor s note I have a Cheer and it s just fine 40 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 If you hunt you can find better prices for instance 51 for 12 inch monitors from Lucky Gold Star in Korea but it s nice to have to worry about only one LC Letter of Credit and one shipment Definitely shop around Price service and ability to communicate are what counts design quality won t change at all and work manship will change little from com pany to company Disk Drives Disk drives are quite expensive in Taiwan especially winchesters Pur chase these from Japan the U S and Singapore Floppies are another m t ter A 75 Japanese 5 DD drive cost 50 or 60 when manufactured in Taiwan The best price we found for 3 5 1 Meg drives was 85 from Toshiba in Hong Kong where I bought my T1100 But Ho Shin of Taiwan is planning to start production of their own 3 5 1 Meggers for about 60 each Is There A REAL Legal BIOS Now for the software You ve proba bly heard lots of rumors about soft ware piracy in Asia Well I have to tell you that none of it is exaggerated even a little bit We must have seen at least 20 retail shops selling everything from AutoCAD to Xenix for 5 per disk That didn t really bother me though after I thought about it A few guys selling a few copies of CCP M to poor Taiwanese students who wouldn t have bought if
91. 0 add ons such as Microshell and ZCPR then you know it s possible to add new features to CP M Now you can have much more without all the trade offs when you use ConIX the latest and greatest upgrade for CP M ConIX goes a great deal farther in flexibility than any other CP M shells this system has all of its competitors beat Computer Language 6 85 ConiX Operating System List 9905 sped A complete upgrade for 48K CP M 2 2 3 0 and lt equivalent systems Provides professional capabilities with blinding speed as often found on more expensive _ MS DOS and UNIX machines Installs easily in 1 lt minute to add over 100 new commands and features Eliminates all points of user frustration with CP M Uses only 1 2K TPA 0 27K disk minimum Con IX Programming System List 9905 g ALE A full programming language for ConlX extends CP M SUBMIT capability Features conditionals loops subroutines labels nesting interrupt processing error traps and debugging facilities Design intricate menu systems Includes a special compiler that provides string and numeric variables an integer math package a relocatable assembly code generator and much more l _ ConIX is the greatest most powerful 8 bit upgrade A must for CP M power users and developers with speed and capabilities that are so incredible it s ea bringing users back to CP M ConIX Library XCC Utilities List 49
92. 05 g ALE Over 25 utilities written in the ConIX shell language including hierarchical directories with overlay adds pathname capability to existing software interactive debugger move copy link multiple files print files with pagination review disk files for deletion unerase disk with stats full screen TYPE and more Source code included Does not require Programming System 2 Con X Pull Down Menu List 3405 gpecial A user friendly interface to ConIX that is fully menu driven with helpful prompts and easily understood explanations of all menu functions Loads with a single keystroke at the prompt level Source code included NEW YEAR SPECIALS SAVE 30 TO 100 OFF ConiX O S or Programming System 49 95 each e ConIX Menu System FREE with ConlX e ConIX O S and Programming System 79 95 for both e ConIX Library l 34 95 with any ConlX product e SUPER SAVINGS WHEN YOU BUY EM ALL ConlIX O S Programming System Menu System Library Only 99 951 Now that we ve knocked the bottom out of our prices you should have no reason to suffer along with plain old CP M or incompatible half baked add ons any more Get started with ConIX for 49 95 or steal us blind and get everything for only 99 95 Either way you get the Menu System absolutely FREE Get on the bandwagon with a company that s committed to you with the ongoing development of products for CP M and ConlX Prices include manual 8 d
93. 1 factorial 1 or if x gt 1 1 LESS x subtract 1 from x to get x1 SUM x1 1 x and find y1 such that x1 factorial y1 and multiply x by y1 to get y Or in other words call the factorial function recursively until x 1 In the Edinburgh syntax factorial 1 1 factorial X Y X gt 1 ZisX 1 factorial Z A Y is A gives the same result More Recursion Although recursion has been around as an idea for centuries an obsolete definition in the O E D defines it as a backward movement the increas ing popularity of PROLOG and de scriptive programming in general will no doubt lead to more and more discussions about it which will no doubt lead to more and more discus sions about it Recursion is a powerful isehniaue for describing structures and programs succinctly now affordable on micro computers thanks to the larger memo ries currently available on PCs For more information about recur sion and PROLOG in general see Programming in PROLOG by Clocksin and Mellish and micro PROLOG Programming in Logic by Clark and McCabe 104 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 ewer This is the Modula2 compiler everybody s been waiting for iene is Modula 2 at its absolute best It s a fully integrated development ent that takes into account what you need as a programmer Without leaving the Editor you can call the compiler linker and utilities bri
94. 149 Shipping and handling drives motherboards cases power supplies 4 50 ea cards 2 ea software 2 50 ea keyboards modems 4 ea speedup kis 2 ea memory 1 set COMPUTERFACTS 3 first set then 1 set CA residents add 6 sales tax The SBC MART P O Box 1296 Ridgecrest CA 93555 The SBC Mart is part of Computing Technology 821 B Commercial Street Ridgecrest CA 93555 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 81 IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN PC Games amp A Z80 Emulator Steve receives a commercial copy protected word processor and guess what The same program is available in the public domain But the big news this time is the Z80 emulator that runs on the 8088 You can run Z80 Turbo on a PC slowly but surely computer magazine arrived at A house recently with a rela tively new innovation in software distribution a program disk sealed in light cardboard bound into the magazine The gimmick was that the copy protection scheme allowed you to run the program a limited number of times For something like 70 they would give you the unlocking key It was a word processor but having just updated to NewWord3 a phe nomenal improvement over both WordStar and the old NewWord and being inherently cheap I was more interested in the free floppy than the program However we ran it just to see what it was like and it seemed to have a familiar face It appears that this same word processi
95. 25 Atari ST 28 0 18 0 35 6 MHz AT clone 11 2 7 4 34 4 77 MHz 8088 54 7 28 7 13 4 MHz 280 478 2 244 6 39 oOannuo As for power supplies boy you ve got me I ve seen some of the cheapest switch ing power supplies from Taiwan put up with all kinds of electrical violence without complaint and without damaging the sys tem The old liter supplies 10 20lb 60Hz tranformers and house warming linear reg ulators I have on my Big Boards weren t cheap aren t small and definitely aren t efficient but after almost 6 years they haven t eaten any processors One Out Of Two Ain t So Good My first order to DAK was satisfac tory although it took four weeks for delivery instead of Mr Bollinger s four days My second order however was a nightmare The printer I received was a defective used one that had already been sent back by a dissatis fied customer in Florida I found his address label as well as a used candy wrapper in the factory packing Parts of the case were missing and the machine never would initialize Two calls to customer service went unanswered When I finally got through their reply was You may send the merchandise back for a re fund sans shipping fees both ways A certified letter to the president of the company produced no better re sults I believe companies which make mistakes should be willing to correct them at their cost instead of making the customer pay
96. 4 HSC 68000 C0 Processor DynaDisk For The BBII Serial Printer On BBI Sans SIO Cheap amp Dirty Talker For Kaypro Extended 8 Single Density 72 pages ISSUE 21 12 84 Analog To Digital Interface Installing Turbo Pascal Low Intensity BBI Video Turbo Pascal The Early Days 80 pages ISSUE 22 2 85 Xerox 820 II To A Kaypro 8 Sound Generator For The STD Bus Reviews Of 256K RAM Expansion In The Public Domain Begins 88 pages ISSUE 23 4 85 Automatic Disk Relogging Interrupt Driven Serial Printer Low Cost EPROM Eraser Smart Video Controller Review MicroSphere RAM Disk Future Tense Begins 86 pages ISSUE 24 6 85 C ing Into Turbo Pascal 8 Drives On The Kaypro 48 Lines On a BBI 68000 Versus 80X86 Soldering The First Steps 88 pages ISSUE 25 8 85 Why I Wrote A Debugger The 32 Bit Super Chips Programming The 32032 Modula II RS 232C The Interface 104 pages ISSUE 26 10 85 Inside ZCPR3 Two Megabytes On DSI 32 SOG IV The Future Of Computing MS DOS In The Public Domain Graphics In Turbo Pascal 104 pages BACK ISSUES U S Regular Price eccaseceeceeceeeeeeeeees 3 00 each 6 or more 1 2 price eeeeeeeee eee 1 50 each includes surface postage ISSUE 27 12 85 Build An 800 Clone Fixing Your Own System NEC V20 Processor Selling Your Own Software Inside Small C Compiler 104 pages ISSUE 28 2 86 Pascal Runoff Winners Rescuing Lost Text From Mem
97. 410 1610 1 emulates DTC 510 1610 4 SCSI version Using standard host adapters they work with Apple Il H IE MAC see Sept Dr Dobbs TRS 80 model ill IV 1815160 amp ACS 1000 PC clones or host adapters 1 for 99 ea 2 for 90 ea 100 for 75 ea Manual and schematic available Computer Surplus Store 408 280 1746 e Other controllers also available for 5 8 and 14 drives including Shugart SA1000 4000 SERIES and Quantum 2000 SERIES DTC 510B 1404 1404D 1403 1403D 14081 1420 1 OMTI 20C 20L Wavemate Bullet All AMPRO boards little board etc And other systems with SASI Ports 82 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 documentation designed to whet the appetite of the user into additional implementations for other languages and systems Our friend from Mexico Professor Harold McIntosh has come up with an update to his multi column printing disk SIG M Volume 254 lets you print up to four columns and four files on one or two sides of a page As is usual with the good professor code is pro vided in both CP M 80 and 86 We haven t seen a great rush to CP M 68K SIG M Volume 256 contains two utilities file compare and query erase but we re always looking for more On the same disk is a program to transfer files between MS DOS and CP M in Turbo Pascal A program of interest to Kaypro owners is a dynam ic trace disassembler on Volume 252 However it works only on
98. 5k TPA plus file date and time stamping fast virtual disk iobyte redirection terminal The Servo Process Control Board is a general purpose multi channel analog and digital input output controller which can communicate with and control most medium scale industrial processes Designed to work with the Servo Industria Microcomputer or other computers which support the SASI interface it offers great accuracy at prices starting as low as 495 E American made E MILSPEC components Maximum configuration includes W 192 analog inputs outputs E 128 digital inputs E 512 digital outputs E Based on the INTERSIL 14 Bit A to D converter BCommunicates with any micro or mainframe computer W Easily programmed in high level languages Turbo Pascal Microsoft Basic Forth E PID FFT Thermo couple linearization and taboratory DAS software supplied W Custom software and hardware engineering assistance available 360 B N Ellensburg St AA o Gold Beach OR 97444 SERVO COMPUTER CORPORATION 503 247 2021 1 year warranty B 64 analog cursor positioning color console display DOSDISK acces ses MSDOS drives MODEMPC transfers files via serial port SETDISK redefines a drive to any of over 80 formats allow ing PC RP M2 to directly process existing CP M files in their native form Two system disks plus 105 page user and techni cal manual 129 Shipping 5 10 nonUS EEE A 118 SW First St Box G NSE Warrenton OR 97146 etho
99. 7 Disksides waak Capitol PC 35 Disksides PC Gold 102 Disksides C 64 28 Disksides Amiga 25 Disksides APPLE Also CP M Format Available Best of DOS 120 Disksides Macintosh 74 Disksides Call 619 727 1015 for 3 minute info recording Call 619 941 0925 for technical info Cal 1 800 621 5040 wait for tone then dial PUBLIC for orders only Send large 39 stamped envelope for free catalog NATIONAL PUBLIC DOMAIN SOFTWARE LIBRARY 1533 A AVOHILL VISTA CA 92084 PUBLIC DOMAIN SOFTWARE FOR ALL COMPUTERS FROM THE LARGEST LIBRARY IN THE WORLD Rent or buy complete user group libraries Or select individual disk ONLY 4 00 each Since it s not copyrighted PD software may be freely distributed Get accounting dbase Games Word Processors Educational Communications Utilities Spread Sheets and hundreds more User Group libraries are expanding every month as new software is contributed get the latest info a directory disk and catalog only 5 00 postpaid Specify computer Browse through a rental library copying out programs of interest to build your very own special interest library CP M COMPUTERS 300 Formats Available Rent Buy eater AE 175 600 E EE E cea 45 249 AEE raa i AE 25 100 aaaea STE wes 70 230 siaie aivsie Sarscdalerearclesoe s 70 220 Rent Buy ETRS EN 460 845 SIG M UG 260 Disksides Sioieteig
100. 74470 19388 3 0 wi A W m a iji pienti RULES a A J fiii inj ani TE aly m I a June July 1986 ose 5 SRM RRED BL Ey A N i Beene Special AI Issue PROLOG On The PC cit cetactveoesaebiechuntenodeen ds 6 A thorough comparison of PROLOGS available on the PC Expert Systems and Logic Programming ETE 12 Expert systems designers are handing out numbers to prospective customers Opening Bids In Bridge 2 000 AEE 18 A great example of how AI works Grab your PROLOG and start coding And More Building Your Own Logic Analyzer ccccecceccccceeees 26 Can t afford a commercial 32 channel logic analyzer You can afford this one BG Wond sou Taaa Oa a ENTA AE EET E 36 Our man in Turkey trots all over Asia looking for the complete supplier of drives systems boards 256K RAM For Your 83 Kaypro sssssssecsesescscosscsseceee 44 Finally a do it yourself RAM upgrade for this venerable Z80 machine PC DOS For Non Clones 8 sci6 6s 9 55 66 sieun Stes cei wew eseis oeeneenenes 54 Write a PC BIOS for your 8086 8088 system Step by step tutorial demo programs with source code included Borland introduces Turbo Prolog the natural language of Artificial Intelligence Proog is probably the most powerful computer programming language ever conceived which is why we ve made it our second language and turbocharg
101. 94 Keelung Rd Sec 1 Taipei TAIWAN R 0O C Trading company but good Manager speaks GOOD English 500 series uses Multitech mboard and includes licensed MSDOS and P O Box 48 29 BIOS Multitech insists tel 02 706 9140 t1x 13138 AQUSYS KEKRERKKKKAKKLLAKTAKKLAKKKKLAKCTKLEKRERHKERAKKEAETHKERKAKAAAKHARRAKKRKEL Not best prices but a nice guy Trading company Prestico Associated Corp OF 41 2 Shin Yi Rd Sec 3 Taipei TAIWAN R 0 C P 0 Box 7 559 tel 02 709 4541 tlx 23561 PRESCIAR AEAEE GE HH HE HH AE AE AE E AE IE AE IE E GE E IE GE AE JE AE JE JE AE E AE E A IE AE AE AA DE AE AE ERE RE REE EER EERE EERE Ho Shin Subsystem Co Ltd 3 5 Lane 145 Hsin Sheng S Rd Sec 1 Taipei 10626 TAIWAN Floppy drive manufacturer 5 AT amp 3 5 soon 65 70 per piece in 200s tel 02 701 3583 tlx 25525 JOEYPENG FEGE A HEGE AEGEA E AE AE DEGE JE AE GE AE AE AE AE AE AE KALLA AE AE IE AE AE AEAEE dE AE AE EIA AE AE DE IE AE dG AE dE AE dR IEE MEAE MEAG AE ENEN E NE FROM IN JAPAN Section AT BIOS AT hardware design EGA compatible graphics board 80386 designs Interesting new company AMI Access Methods Incorporated 590 Valley Road Upper Montclair New Jersey 07043 tel 201 744 9126 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 41 ED ASM 86 The first truly integrated Editor Linker is now available from Oliver The Editor supports block move block copy Assembler Computing Compa
102. BLY etc Expandable up to 128 serial channels with one channel E Redquifes at least one MP8000 multiplexer board CN100 controller 15 samples sec sampling rate i for complete RS232 multiplexer Interfaces to any host via RS232 port 300 to 19200 baud Assembled and tested Assembled and tested Stand alone requires RS232 to modular jack adap ter or multisystem connects to MP8000 multi NOTE CN100 and MP8000 are designed for family of STELCOR Data Acquisition and Control subsystems but plexer operation may be used as a general purpose RS232 multiplexer for applications not requiring an active handshake signals 8 single ended channels Programming examples included Modular interface cable included STELCOR 25 pin RS232 to modular jack adapter kit maa male 415 968 0558 add 6 2 sales tax Add 5 for shipment outside USA Simple one or two character commands from any P O Box 51362 or female Allow 2 weeks for delivery language BASIC PASCAL ASSEMBLY etc Assembled and tested PALO ALTO CA 94303 TERMS Check or Money Order California residents 4 channel analog output plus 16 digital 1 O subsystem coming soon MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 89 Little Board 249 The World s Least Expensive CP M Engine r CP M 2 2 INCLUDED 4 MHZ Z80A CPU 64K RAM Z80A CTC 4 32K EPROM Mini Micro Floppy Controller 1 4 Drives Single Double Density 1 2 sided 40 80 track f 2 RS232C Serial Ports 75 9600
103. Board II Reset Circuit ADDED CIRCUITRY Figure 2 Status Line Maintenance Program program to load the value will do the trick For those of you with Pro 8s on your system the cursor change is easy Type Esc C followed by the character you want for the cursor Richard wrote back to us a short time later to say that he d found the storage location at FE9Ih this is true only for a standard Kaypro II BIOS Poking 1Fh restored the block He also mentioned that much of the new pub lic domain software seems to alter his cursor Micro C Staff ORIGINAL BB II CIRCUITRY 3This program will clear the 25th status line on sthe Kaypro and restore the date time display Call it on exit from Various programs Version 1 0 12 Sep 85 s EQU 1BH EQU 5 3 ORG 100H MVI C 9 LXI D SAVEC CALL BDOS MVI C 9 LXI D CMSG CALL BDOS MVI C LXI D RESTC CALL BDOS JMP o Written by E J Pierce save cursor position ist console out gsthe clear routine gdo it srestore cursor greturn 3 i DR ESC C7 ESC B7 ESC BS DB ESC BS DB ESC C6 350 be it 96 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 CP M Turbo Pascal V3 00A Patch Tired of saying YES or NO to Turbo s Include error messages Y N If you are then use this patch to have Turbo always or never load the TURBO MSG file Use DDT to load a copy of your comp
104. D ELSE MOVE ACTUAL BYTE COUNT GET OUTPUT HANDLE DO A WRITE MERRR MERRI we we we we ve _ MERRO NOW GO GET MORE GET OUTPUT FILE HANDLE CLOSE IT MOVE W MOVEQ 6 D0 TRAP 14 CLR W DO RTS 3 OTHDL D1 COPY1 DC W DC W DC W OD0A lt COPYING 0 TO0 0 gt COPY2 i INHDL OTHDL NOW BACK TO OPERATING SYSTEM DC W 0 DCW 0 INPUT FILE HANDLE OUTPUT FILE HANDLE MOVE L BRA B MERRA AO ERROR BUFFER DC B 0 START OF BUFFER END Ki 70 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 tions have been expanded and im proved building on our DSI 32 exper ience Sigi Kluger has provided a number of new operating system hooks to ease assembly language pro gramming Using The 68020 Figure 2 shows a simple program to copy an MS DOS file to another using the 68020 ihe et When the program execution begins the kernel has sized the memory allocated a stack at the top of it placed ARGC and a pointer to ARGV on it and set up a system return address for use at program completion An RTS viz RET instruction will return to the operating system MS DOS with the value in DO returned as a program return parameter This parameter may be conditionally tested in an MS DOS batch stream The operating system is accessed via the TRAP 14 instruction The file system uses the MS DOS XENIX like disk I O functions to ease the interface to high level languages When yo
105. Data Stamping e ProKey Compatibility Data Encryption Corporate and Institutional Purchase Agreements Available dataciesk INTERNATIONAL 7650 Haskell Avenue Suite A Van Nuys CA 91406 PC Jr AT amp T and Corona computers require adaptors available at a nominal fee Call for pricing SuperKey and SIDEKICK are registered trademarks of Borland International Inc IBM PC XT and AT are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corp FAR Chuck Humble aS C Both Hardware amp Software omputer Editor INCLUDES BORLAND S SUPERKEY AWARDED BEST OF 1985 BY PC MAGAZINE i RETAILS ALONE FOR 69 95 CRITICS CHOICE The keyboard s construction is solid also quick and responsive to the touch It is ideal for anyone who wants to or bas to replace their PC keyboard At 129 95 DataDesk s keyboard is a bargain The PC 8700 keyboard with SuperKey Jor that price is a steal Computer Shop Talk 3 3 86 DataDesk International bas designed a sturdy and handsome keyboard that bas a tactile response and bundled with SuperKey is the PC hardware bargain of the year Charles Humble Computer Editor The Oregonian ORDER NOW CALL TOLL FREE 800 826 5398 IN CA 800 592 9602 or fill out coupon and include check or credit card number and mail to DataDesk International 7650 Haskell Ave Suite A Van Nuys CA 91406 SuperMacra Keys PLEASE RUSH ME______KEYBOARD SUPERKEY BU
106. Dump to your printer or to a disk file CALCULATOR e Punch up a four function calculator anytime whenever your computer is on Works in decimal binary hex Works from within a spread sheet or any other program Disk Full message With HANDYMAN you can check the disk directory and erase superfluous files from within any program Turn your Kaypro on HANDYMAN is there HANDYMAN Includes software in ROM and its own working RAM HANDYMAN You never have to load it HANDYMAN Single stroke commands HANDYMAN is compatible with all CP M application programs HANDYMAN Uses no main memory Includes 20 Megabyte Seagate 65 millisecond hard disk drive double sided double density disks too Standard Kaypro software package WordStar etc for prices on 30 40 50 amp 100 Megabyte computers 90 day warranty NEW HIGH TECH K 20 COMPUTER INTRODUCTORY PRICE 1 595 00 All brand new components mounted in a Kaypro 10 case 800 Kybte quad density Panasonic floppy disk drive Reads single and 84 series Kaypro main board with modem and real time clock Advent Turbo ROM or MICROCode Kplus Rom And of course HANDYMAN These are complete computers not upgrades Price and availability subject to change Allow 3 weeks for delivery Add 3 for credit card purchases computers only and 20 00 shipping and handling Call NEW HANDYMAN Version 1 3 Now complete with
107. ES l x Uses the new SMC 9028 Video Controller Chip coupled with a 6502A CPU x RS 232 at 16 Baud Rates from 50 to 19 200 x On board printer port 24 X 80 format 50 60 Hz MICRO SIZE For 15 750 Hz Horiz monitors 3 Terminal Modes H 19 ADM3A and ANSI X 3 64 1979 Wide and thin line graphics White characters on black back ground or reversed x Character Attributes De Inten Inverse or Underline Low Power 5VDC 7A 12VDC 20MA x Mini size 6 5 X 5 inches Composite or split video x 5X 8 Dot Matrix characters U L case Answer back capability Battery backed up status memory For ASCII parallel keyboard Digital Research Computers OF TEXAS P O BOX 381450 e DUNCANVILLE TX 75138 214 225 2309 Call or write for a free catalog on Z 80 or 6809 Single Board Computers SS 50 Boards and other S 100 products TERMS Add 3 00 postage We pay balance Orders under 15 add 75 handling No C O D We accept Visa and MasterCard Texas Res add 5 1 8 Tax Foreign orders except Canada add 20 P amp H Orders over 50 add 85 for insurance SOURCE DISKETTE PC XT FORMAT 5 IN 15 ADD 40 FOR A amp T MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 79 1 0 pedirectio TM e Keys Function aog 42 gt argo i Virtual Disk rlay Se TM ching Memory Files eh Sy Perfected Us Can er Are as olf you ve tried some of the earlier CP M 8
108. File Manager Copy files from any drive user to any other d u without leaving your original application file Now enter Appointments with a single keystroke Now available with Advent Turbo ROM or MICROCode KPLUS ROM Call And much more HANDYMAN Still uses No Main Memory Still only 124 95 YES Send me My Kaypro signs on boots as CP M 2 2 Required for 84 series Kaypros only Yes Send me California residents add 6 sales tax Shipping and handling 5 00 HANDYMAN 20 K 20 HIGH TECH RESEARCH 1135 PINE STREET 107 REDDING CALIFORNIA 96001 CALL 1 800 446 3220 IN CALIFORNIA CALL 1 800 446 3223 HANDYMAN s at 124 95 Fu TE My Kayproisa model model year letter use Wordstar or Perfect Writer HIGH TECH K 20 s at 1 595 00 0 l eS Add 3 for credit card purchases K 20s only i TE Charge my Oi i o s o Ss Card 4a E ae E eee C O D and checks drawn on US banks also accepted TOTAL 422 Sf Phone Eve Signature Trademarks Kaypro Kaypro Corporation MicroPro International Corporation Perfect Writer Perfect Software Inc PASCAL SKETCH PROGRAM continued from page 50 begin gotoxy 1 43 write Name of picture file t cursor x1 y1 3 read picname if pos picname 0 then picname picname pic EEE ei tee oi E E reset picture gotoxy 1 43 3 gt clreol blockread picture temp 256 move temp screen STELL 5 close pic
109. H 1 Sends the character in the AL register returning the line status in the AH register AH 2 Receives the next character in the AL register waiting until a character is available and returns the line status in AH AH 3 Returns the full port status in the AX register Most of these commands are straightforward and should present no problems In my system the initial ize command is ignored and merely returns the system status All port initialization is done in the BIOS ini tialization prior to booting the system The system status consists of data ready bits in the AL register and the modem status line conditions in the AH register The data status bits are _bit zero set for data ready to receive test with 01h and bit 5 for ready to transmit test with 20h My BIOS uses bit 5 of the line status register to test DTR and will not transfer data unless this line is low This is reversed from some systems so if your system hangs when you try to do serial output reverse or eliminate this test I use the serial ports in my system for the printer and a modem The serial ports are not required for opera tion of DOS If you do not have any serial interfaces in your system this code can be replaced by the dummy return point in the BIOS If your terminal is interfaced by a serial port it should not use this interrupt han 58 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 IBM PC COMPUTER
110. I O functions for my hard ware In it I tried to adequately sup port normal PC DOS function calls and to return harmless values for those functions which return informa tion unique to the PC s hardware This new BIOS is loaded into RAM from CP M 86 in my system but it could be placed in ROM so that it s always available The BIOS includes the boot routine to load PC DOS from disk and to begin its operation The normal location for the BIOS code is at the top of available memory This leaves the largest possible block of contiguous memory for PC DOS It By Fred Greeb LogiCom Inc P O Box 27465 Lakewood CO 80227 isn t necessary for the BIOS code to be in a contiguous portion of main mem ory On the IBM PC it s located in the top 8K of the 1 megabyte address space of the 8088 microprocessor DOS can use a maximum of 640K of memory so there s a large gap be tween DOS and the BIOS If you want to put the BIOS code in ROM this is a good approach to use Interrupts You can implement PC DOS either with interrupt driven I O or with polled I O I set up hardware inter rupts for the keyboard and a clock only The interrupt driven keyboard provides a type ahead capability but isn t necessary for operation of DOS The clock maintains the time and date The IBM PC uses software interrupts hex 10 through hex 1F to access the BIOS ROM functions PC DOS re serves software interrupts hex 20
111. IOS initiali zation code If you get to this point but there is no disk activity the problem is probably in your disk read logic If you get past this point but there s nothing on the screen the problem may be in the video output routine It s possible the initialization of the serial and parallel ports can be causing the problem but this can be eliminat ed by using a simple return from interrupt instruction for these two in terrupt handlers If you get a sign on message but there s no response to the keyboard check your keyboard read routine Port Contention Another potential problem area in some systems is the initialization code contained in the file IBMBIO COM which is the first file loaded by the boot routine One of the first things this code does is output a value of 20 hex to port _ number 20 hex This clears any pend ing interrupt requests If this port number conflicts with any ports on your system and causes undesirable effects it ll be necessary to patch it out using whatever tools you have available The four bytes of code which send this output are BO 20 E6 20 hex Change these bytes to NOP instruc tions 90 hex to disable the output The four bytes are located 1975 bytes decimal from the beginning of the start of the file In terms of absolute track and sector number they begin at byte number 439 of track 1 sector 4 on a single sided PC DOS 2 1 floppy disk There may be other ports
112. Internal 60 Meg is v 10 bw ates we ae eee a ve netaNs ta uee este ies 1049 For External Units Add 100 AT amp T PERSONAL COMPUTER OLIVETTI PERSONAL COMPUTER 6300 Mono 640K 2 Floppy DOS Basic 1995 Same as AT amp T 6300 6300 Mono 640K 1 Floppy 20 Meg DOS Basic 2395 Mono 640K 2 Floppy DOS Basic 1895 6300 Plus Mono 640K 2 Floppy DOS Basic 4295 Mono 640K 1 Floppy 20 Meg DOS Basic 2295 For High Resolution Color Add 459 For High Resolution Color Add 459 Mono 256K 2 Floppy P Port DOS 1195 Mono 640K 2 Floppy 20 Meg P Por DOS 1795 FIXED DISK DRIVES FOR IBM AT AND MODEMS ere t TI BUSINESS PRO n roo Pop Com Ertemel Mo 20 Meg Seagate ST 4026 40 ms PC REPLACEMENT POWER SUPPLY 30 Meg Seagate ST 238 65 ms 589 150 Watt Side Switch 30 Meg Seagate ST 4038 40 ms 959 33 Meg Rodime RO 203E 55 ms poai AINET MAT COPROCESSOR IG 51 Meg Seagate ST 4051 40 ms Bus Pro only 1149 8087 2 8 MZ 72 Meg CDC Wren 35 ms 119 Meg Maxtor 1140 30 ms RAM ues 41256 150 OKIDATA PRINTERS CAM Mode 182 IBM 120 CPS 9 in Carriage NE Model 192 IBM 160 CPS 9 in Carriage 439 NE C REEN ET P PROCESSOR Model 193 IBM 160 CPS 15 in Carriage V 30 8 MZ 8086 REPLACEMENT FLOPPY DISK DRIVES TAXAN COLOR MONITORS Epson SD 521 DSDD 5 25 in Flo Drive Taxan Mode 630 High Resolution Monitor a Na Mare eS E E N 539 SUBAN SA 465 DSQD 5 25 in Fl
113. M O to ompany P O Box 90140 Indianapolis IN 46290 an existing hen you mputing s own use and has it but we will have to send it air mail separate from the rest of the system They don t check there So legal actually means 44 not IBM And copyrighted means somebody copyrighted it So be ware when you are told our BIOS is copyrighted It still could be stolen BIOS Source By the way Gary mentioned ERSO in issue 29 The story he gives isn t exactly the whole story ERSO Elec tronic Research and Something Organ ization was actually put together some time ago to help all electronics oriented companies Currently their work involves mostly computer com panies and they design disk drives and other things On the outside ERSO looks like a public service organization but they ve gone commercial Many Tai wanese companies are not purchasing the ERSO BIOS because they say it s too expensive Instead they re getting a license from someone else or just copying it aoe There are at least eight different BlOSes floating around in Taiwan IBS UITRA Super Computer Mega XT ERSO ARC Phoenix and of course IBM Many of these are just copies of one another but they re changed enough to be legal Speaking of changing to be legal rogram typing A cycle with ED ASM 86 consists of M to assemble into memory o back to the edi
114. M com patible almost as fast as on their native system Use UniDOS in conjunction with UniForm and you don t even need to copy your files just run them as the are right on your Kaypro diskette 8080 code programs run using the NEC V20 chip which replaces your 8088 Z80 programs may be run in emulation mode The V20 chip speeds up many standard DOS operations as well as maintaining 100 compatibility with your existing DOS programs l UniDOS emulates eleven computers or terminals including the Kaypro Osborne Northstar Advantage and Apple Softcard CP M UniDOS is available for IBM and 100 compatibles UniDOS UniDOS and UniForm with V20 chip 0000 es 139 95 aes See our full page ad for our other products Add 4 00 for shipping and handling 7 00 for COD Bankcards welcome EMERALD MICROWARE ALOHA OR 97007 503 642 1860 Software Your Kaypro will behave no differ ently until you install software which uses the extra memory I chose to modify my BIOS to pro vide a 160K RAM disk 26 5K printer buffer and 5 5K CCP and BDOS buff er This works well for me but you may wish to be more ambitious and rewrite the BIOS to provide track buffering which while a better way to use RAM requires a lot of assembly language programming If you do it then I d really appreciate a copy Note that plenty of multiplexer is left over on IC2 for modification to u
115. Margaret Sklar lets her code do the talking More Features 26 Building Your Own Logic aii Analyzer Build your own logic analyzer for of a two part series peanuts Part one PC DOS For Non Clones Want to write a custom PC BIOS for your 8088 system Want to know what s happening inside your clone BIOS Split Personalities The V Series The V20 amp V30 have been hot replacements for the 8088 86 What can the rest of the series do 68 94 82 CONTENTS The Racer s Edge The 68020 is out Trevor Marshall and Co tell us how it matches up against the 32032 Fast Step Rate For PC Disk Drives Larry Fogg changes his clone s step rate in fers An easy quiet mod Columns 36 86 World Direct Importing Laine picks up the baton and runs all over Asia with it Fascinating adventure 44 Kaypro Folks have been requesting this mod for four years hn easy 256K RAM upgrade for the 83 Kaypro II and 4 48 Pascal Procedures John Jones tries writing a simple draw program ve the PC and enjoys it 64 C ing Clearly Porting Code 77 Culture Corner An answer for 7 11 78 On Your Own AI recommendations In the Public Domain Another CP M emulator but this one thinks it s a 280 How about that 86 S 100 Bus Hardware supporting Turbodos 96 Technical Tips Future Tense 98 104 _ By Gary Entsminger Tidbits File recovery under MS DOS and _ the visible computer The L
116. Most order shipped Ist class within 5 i working a KNOCK YOUR SOCKS OFF RYS8O TECHNOLOGY e P O Box 5246 Bend Oregon 97708 503 389 3452 66 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 MICRO CORNUCOPIA S C CONTEST aN en If you ve been going so hard you just D an can t C straight then drop everything W dig out the old compiler brush off the cobwebs and C what you can C Any kind of C From Small C to large a ae from a hundred lines up this is your chance to C cure fame and glory plus valuable prizes PROGRAMMING CONTEST SCORING The programs will be judged by the Micro C staff on the following 0 15 for ALGORITHM 0 25 for CODE ORGANIZATION amp READABILITY GRAND PRIZE 0 40 for PROGRAM FUNCTION _ DSI 32 1 meg 10 Mhz 32032 computer board with 0 20 for USER DOCUMENTATION assembler linker from Definicon Systems 21042 Vintage St Chatsworth CA 91311 Ist amp ond Place Optimizing C Compiler large model K Optimizing C Compiler large model i from Manx Software Box 55 Shrewsbury NJ 07701 Ea S x Si aware T Ta graphics I O everything i _ year subscription to Micro e Essential Software s tibay 3rd 5th Place graphics I O everything from Essential Software Inc Aztez C Prime Package Box 1003 Maplewood NJ 07040 interpreter amp compiler l from Manx Software e 3 year subscription to Micro C year subscription to Mic
117. NDLES AT 99 95 EACH PLUS 10 SHIPPING AND HANDLING IN THE U S A O ENCLOSED IS MY CHECK FOR 109 99 FOR EACH BUNDLE 116 45 FOR CA RES SALES TAX INCL OOVISA CMC NUMBER EXP DATE SIGNATURE NAME ADDRESS CITY COMPUTER TYPE amp MODEL STATE ZIP
118. OLOG but unfortunately the documentation while technically com plete running to about 500 pages wouldn t give the beginner much com fort if he could afford it confirming my impression that PROLOG is not intended for the first time PROLOG programmer However PROLOG1 the interpreter does come with a tutorial Both systems are powerful perform ing very well on the speed bench marks although the arithmetic is limit ed MPROLOG MPROLOG is a mainframe PROL OG translated to the PC reasonably fast although like PROLOG2 limited for arithmetic Oddly it lacks floating point and includes a line instead of full screen editor a weak combina tion The editor is easy to use once you get the hang of it but a lot of keystrokes are necessary in order to modify a clause in a module from the PROLOG y full screen editor DOS access to DOS from within the interpreter or compiler CUR predicates for cursor control FILE random access to files For example given this module MODULE Test All global body test write X In order to change write X to write Y you would have to focus the module and rule by entering f M test then list the rule test list test to determine the line number And then enter the editor with edit Then make the change like so 10 write Y end and return to command mode It s not a difficult proces
119. RDER INFO Call 305 482 7302 Terms UPS cash COD check or M O Please allow 4 weeks for delivery Fla add 5 tax Shipping extra Please specify desired floppy format Drives 20mb 3 5 495 10mb 3 5 439 20mb 5 25 HH 439 10mb 5 25 HH 279 Advanced Concepts Engineering amp Consulting 8926 S W 17 St Boca Raton FL 33433 continued next page MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 29 BUILD YOUR OWN LOGIC ANALYZER continued from page 29 Glitches are caused by noise spikes in digital circuits power supply noise asynchronous counters phase of the moon circuit bypassing operator atti tude and bosses temper tantrums A nice memory option is to provide storage and pulse stretchers to capture the not so rare beasts Unfortunately glitch detection requires virtual dupli cation of most of the logic analyzer so as nice as this option is we won t include it PC Interface All that s left in the specification of our system is the host computer the PC XT interface Here we ll need some input ports to get the data from logic analyzer storage to PC storage some output ports for everything we re controlling and decoding to turn it all on and off at the proper time Also we ll need a software driver to take the raw acquired data and put it in readable form HEX display timing diagram disassembled code etc and a way to transfer control information between the XT an
120. RIES supported on MSDOS VERSION MEMORY MAPPED VIDEO AVAILABLE FOR IBM PC and PC clones BUILT IN CP M LIKE COMMANDS RENAME COPY ERASE TYPE DIR LOG POWERFUL KEYBOARD MACRO S as many as you want FULLY RECONFIGURABLE COMMAND KEYS emulate any other editor if you like FAST FAST FAST SEARCH TERMINAL DATA BASE INSTANTLY configure for over 50 predefined terminals FILES LARGER THAN MEMORY handled with ease CONTROL and HIGH BIT CHARACTERS maybe entered and edited DYNAMIC WORD WRAP UNWRAP e FULL CURSOR CONTROL and then some EASY ot SET TAB STOPS e GLOBAL SELECTIVE LITERAL IGNORE CASE REPLACE FULL BLOCK INSTRUCTIONS including PRINT SAVE INCLUDE MOVE COPY DELETE VARIABLE SPEED FAST BI DIRECTIONAL AUTO SCROLL e GOTO PAGEN LINEN COMPACT on disk and in RAM even the 16 bit versions are only 25k Pre NOT COPY PROTECTED AFFORDABLE High performance at a fair price is our motto EXPRESS 1 0 SAMPLER available FREE on your Local Bulletin Board or for only 10 00 tion us EXPRESS 1 0 is not just a demo It is a real working editor with gn of the EXPRESS 2 0 features to demonstrate the POWER of EXPRESS Notes i CP M 80 version requires a Z 80 CPU running CP M 2 2 or greater MSDOS version requires MSDOS PCDOS 2 0 or higher We can support too many 5 inch disk formats to list them all If you can t use one of the listed formats please try to give us several options Please allow 4 6 weeks for delivery
121. RNE MORROW Menu based system customization DISTRIBUTORS ARGENTINA FACTORIAL S A 1 41 0018 TLX 22408 BELGIUM CENTRE ELECTRONIQUE LEMPEREUR 041 23 4541 TLX 42621 CANADA DYNACOMP COMPUTER SYSTEMS LTD 604 879 7737 ENGLAND QUANT SYSTEMS 01 253 8493 TLX 946240 REF 19003131 FRANCE EGAL 1 509 1800 TLX 620893 SPAIN XENIOS INFORMATICA 593 0829 TLX 50364 AUSTRALIA ASP ANIA COMPUTERS INCORPORATED MICROCOMPUTERS 613 500 0628 BRAZIL CNC DATA LEADER LTDA 41 262 2262 TLX 041 6364 DENMARK DANBIT 03 66 20 20 TLX 43558 FINLAND SYMMETRIC OY 0 585 322 TLX 121394 ISRAEL ALPHA TERMINALS LTD 3 49 16 95 TLX 341667 SWEDEN AB AKTA 08 54 20 20 TLX 13702 USA CONTACT AMPRO COMPUTERS INC TEL 415 962 0230 TELEX 4940302 IBM IBM Corp Z80A Zilog Inc CP M Digital Research ZCPR3 amp ZRDOS Echelon Inc Turbo DOS Software 2000 Inc T MAKER III T Maker Co gt 67 East Evelyn Ave e Mountain View CA94041 e 415 962 0230 TELEX 4940302 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 Priced from EDITORIAL continued from page 2 arena Our 3 000 Kaypro 286i isn t perceptibly faster and its AT style Sn controller has been a ain oa coe only thing I miss on the Holliston board and on Gary s X 16 board is the math co processor However both Holliston and PC Tech are supposed to be finishing 8087 upgrades as I write this
122. RO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 Puzzles Part II Two boys were having their pur chases totalled at a cash register when the first boy noticed that the checker was hitting the times button rather than the plus When he com mented to the second boy his friend told him not to worry the total would come out the same either way They purchased four items They paid 7 11 What was the price of each item Is there only one solution We were inundated with answers Despite readers pleas that we accept a less than precise total after all there s sales tax and such they mum bled and the fact cash registers don t E Issue 29 we posed the problem deal very well with numbers more than two places to the right of the decimal point there was only one correct answer In this solution both the sum and the product of the four numbers totalled exactly 7 11 Solutions came in a variety of lan guages Assembler SBASIC and MBASIC Turbo Pascal and C but the method was the same in all primes Editor s note Hey hold on a blinkin minute I didn t use primes I used brute force floating points and co processors thrashing about in gigantic loops and I got the right answer too Of course mine wasn t as fast in C on the 32032 as the following 16 line BASIC program was on a Z80 But then I learned some pretty interesting stuff about floating point pro cessors See the editorial
123. S Author s Showcase 25 Disksides COMMODORE 64 dler The communications I O inter rupt should be reserved for use only by additional serial ports in the sys tem Interrupt 15 Cassette I O This interrupt is used to interface a cassette tape recorder to the IBM PC and is not used in my BIOS Interrupt 16 Console Input This handles all requests for key board data from the system There are three available functions contained in the AH register on entry to this rou tine AH 0 Reads the next key wait ing until one is available AH 1 Returns the data available status in the Z zero flag If the Z flag is set it means that no data is avail able If the Z flag is clear data is available and the character is re turned The character read is not de stroyed but will be available for the next read function request This is often referred to as a non destructive read operation AH 2 Returns the shift status The IBM keyboard is unencoded and merely puts out a scan code The ROM BIOS returns the ASCII transla tion in the AL register and the raw scan code in the AH register My terminal outputs ASCII data and the scan code is always returned as zero If you want to include the extra code to return the scan codes it could be done via a look up table The scan codes for the keys on the IBM PC are listed in the IBM hardware technical IBM PC SIG 454 Disksides PC Blue 18
124. T CONTROL FROM YOUR COMPUTER Control almost any stepper motor forward REVERSE and step sequence For stepper motors rated 1 7 VDC 12 0 VDC Uses a power supply with an output of between 3 0 VDC and 12 0 VDC Modifications included for motors rated above 12 0 VDC Inputs outputs are on a standard 22 pin edge card connector 156 spacing 4 A x 6 4 card G 10 epox TECHNA KIT cat U S M D C 2993 TECHNA KIT cat U S M D SIQIS SAME SPECS AS U S M D C except a stand alone driver On board clock user optional No edge connector DataMac Dual Async card with 256K no memory requires 8250 plus your cable for second port 3995 5 ont 312 FLOPPY DRIVES SHUGART SA300 9995 BRAND NEW 500K 80 TRACK 135 TPL THESE DRIVES GIVE YOU THE SUPER RELIABILITY OF A HARD DISK THEY ARE COMPATIBLE WITH ANY COMPUTER WHICH USES A 1770 1771 1791 OR 1793 CONTROLLER CHIP THEY WILL FORMAT SINGLE DOUBLE OR QUAD DENSITY DEPENDING ON YOUR SOFTWARE XEROX 820 LITTLE AND BIG BOARD KAPRO AMPRO AND LOOK ALIKES AND H P SINGLE SIDED ARE JUST A FEW OF THE COMPUTERS THIS DRIVE CAN BE COMPATIBLE WITH SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY Real Power From a Famous Manufacturer delivers 10 amps at 5V 8 3 at 12V 5 only 8 5 by 4 5 and is only 2 25 thick with pinouts 3995 limited supply on hand Ball Brothers TV 120 shown above l6mhz Xerox 820 compatible P 4 phos
125. Taiwan The prob lem is that software and hardware designs are intangibles Most Tai wanese companies we talked to could not quite grasp the idea that intangi bles had value the price of a piece of software should be the price of the media disk or ROM chip plus the cost of the labor required to duplicate it Right Who s Who At Comdex One thing that both Ergun aaa I noticed throughout the entire exhibi tion was that everybody who was selling peripherals or software used either IBM original equipment or NEC starting at 4995 2000 0 0005 _ 1800 0 0006 Bois So 3 1600 0 0007 3 po 7 oa S 5 14004 fe pee epee e peeke pA e ees 0 0008 y So E E 1200 sa ENRE PETE TE RERA mt ah UE MRED 8 RS Be Ay pc P ETELA TETEE EEEE ESEESE he S E 0 0003 1000 i i 0 0010 0 0 25 5 0 75 0 0 time p5 _ SCI GRAF Produces line scatter and high low plots on Epson or IBM com gt patible dot matrix graphics printers Supports images up to 1680x1712 dots over 3 million pixels log amp linear scales graphs in 7 colors fon a JX 80 batch processing Requires MS DOS 2 or 3 256k Qs FONTEDIT Easy to use full screen font editor allows you to create and modify fonts for our SCI GRAF program Create Greek math and custom symbols in 3 sizes Supports SCI GRAF s propor tional spacing Requires IBM compati ble 320x200 pixel on screen graphics amp IBM compatible keyboard
126. UFFER MOVE W INHDL D1 GET INPUT FILE HANDLE MOVEQ 8 D0 READ REQUEST MOVE L 80000 D2 READ UP TO 512K TRAP 14 TST L DO BEQ W DONE MOVE L DO D2 MOVE W OTHDL D1 MOVEQ 9 D0 TRAP 14 BRA B LOOP MERRI AO ERROR ERRORO MOVE L ERROR MOVEQ MOVEQ 9 D1 TRAP 14 CLR W DO RTS MERRO AO 1 D0 USE BDOS CALL FOR ERROR MESSAGES SAVE ARGV SAY COPYING GET FILENAME PTR INTO AO PRINT SOURCE FILENAME OPEN REQUEST READ MODE THIS ROUTINE COPIES THE NULL TERMINATED STRING AT A0 TO STDOUT DISPLAYS IT ON THE SCREEN MOVE L A0 A7 TST B A0 BEQ B _X MOVEQ 1 D1 MOVEQ 1 D2 MOVEQ 9 D0 TRAP 14 ADDQ L 1 A0 BRA B PSL SAVE STRING POINTER SEE IF AT END DONE IF END OF STRING STDOUT HANDLE 1 ONE BYTE ONLY WRITE REQUEST IF FILE NOT FOUND THEN ABORT WITH ERROR STORE INPUT HANDLE SAY TO we we we we we we we we we we GET DESTINATION FILENAME DISPLAY IT POINT TO NEXT BYTE CREATE OUTFILE AND LOOP POP STRING POINTER RETURN TO CALLER MOVE L RTS A7 A0 DC W DC W DC W DC W DC W DC W DC W DC W DC W DC W DC W 0D0A i USAGE LOAD COPYF INFILE OUTFILE FULL PATH 0K 0D04 0D0A ERROR DELETING FILE 0D0A ODOA ERROR RENAMING FILE OD0A ODOA l ERROR OPENING INPUT FILE 0D0A 0D0A ERROR CREATING OUTPUT FILE ODOA MERA MERRD IF WE READ ZERO BYTES THEN WE MUST BE FINISHE
127. UG assumes hex values and will be offended by your attempts to be explicit Once the program has been saved it can be added to your AUTOEXEC BAT file for execution on cold boot Listing 1 Assembler Routine B gt DEBUG A 27722230100 222230102 222220104 222230107 2722230108 27222 010C NFASTSTEP COM RCX CX 0000 C W Writing 000C bytes Q XOR AX AX MOV DS AX MOV BX 522 MOV BYTE PTR BX EF INT 20 Table 1 Disk Parameter Table Byte Action high ordersstep rate high order head load time data length DO ON AU LW DY _ gt mb we we We We WE We We We We We We ve delay for turning motor off sector size in bytes 02128 last sector number on a track at 08 gap length between sectors gap length for use in format 50 fill byte written to disk during format l F6 delay for head settling in milliseconds i 25 delay for motor start up in 1 8 seconds 04 By Larry Fogg Micro C Staff More Experiments I ve read that altering the head set tling time can improve disk perform ance but I saw no change at all using a range of values from 0 to 40 Try experimenting with head settling and other parameters in the DPT as well With a little creativity you can get yourself into all sorts of trouble What fun would it be otherwise So there you have it quick quiet drives without the need to molest your hard ware invoke DEBUG s assembler set AX regi
128. V series processors can execute two complete instruction sets its own and the 8080 s Emulation mode is initiated by set ting the mode flag in the program status word also known as the flag register or PSW The special instruc tion BRKEM sets the flag In 8080 emulation mode the proces sor registers are used differently 8080 register Vx0 register SSSSsssreseeeesenssesseressse SP BP IPpe Stack pointer Instruction pointer The use of BP as a stack pointer allows the 8080 program to keep a 72 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 separate stack other CPU registers are inaccessible to the program When interrupts occur the processor saves the machine state on the main stack and executes the interrupt han dler in native 8086 mode The 8080 code can also call native mode interrupt handlers by using a special instruction CALLN 8080 mode can be abandoned with the RETEM instruction Integrated Peripherals The NEC designers built a winning peripheral set into the V40 and V50 similar to the Intel 80188 and 80186 but superior for most applications These peripherals include an 8253 4 compatible timer counter an 8259A compatible interrupt controller a serial port similar to the 8251 and a good DMA controller RAM refresh is also built into the V40 and V50 The serial port is limited in some applications because it lacks the syn chronous modes of the 8251 Another more serious l
129. V version 3 2 Expansion cards are connected via a multibus In most cases I would just laugh at someone who claimed that their 286 system could handle 16 users I was skeptical this time too until I found out about the I O co processors I m still doubtful about connecting 16 users but I think the MPZ 2060 would do just great for about six or eight heavy hackers and even more if some of the terminals spend most of their time twiddling their diodes waiting for the lackey at the desk to type some thing General Impression Of Japan Overall I must say that the Japanese companies we dealt with were very formal full of rules no nonsense If we must then let s do business and get it over with Most everyone wanted a complete history of our company along with our current eco nomic status and our projected sales for the next five years before they LEAP INTO A NEW DIMENSION o WITH AZTEC CII N Full implementation of point library assembler code AND EXECUTION AZTEC CII FOR CP M Special price for Micro C subscribers 149 MANX software systems Box 55 Shrewsbury N J 97701 7 201 780 4004 Also available for Apple DOS HDOS CP M 86 PC DOS l C with standard floating and I O subroutines UNIX VER 7 compatible Produces relocatable 8080 optional 0Z80 Relocating assembler and supplied with package or use Microsoft M80 and L80 SID ZSID debugger interfa
130. able by special arrangement a y Laboratory Microsystems Incorporated Post Office Box 10430 Marina del Rey CA 90295 Phone credit card orders to 213 306 7412 Overseas Distributors Germany Forth Systeme Angelika Flesch Titisee Neustadt 7651 1665 UK System Science Ltd London 01 248 0962 France Micro Sigma S A R L Paris 1 42 65 95 16 Japan Southern Pacific Ltd Yokohama 045 314 9514 Australia Wave onic Associates Wilson W A 09 451 2946 DataMac 5 25 hard disk controller card 5 7995 opt RODIME 20 MEG 5 25 HARD DISK These drives are brand new in factory cartons full size with documentation 399995 similar to photo THE SENSIBLE 514 DISK DRIVE CABINET KIT FUSED POWER SUPPLY 5A amp 5V 48AG 12V E M I FILTER 6 AMP SURGE PROTECTION POWER SWITCH POWER SUPPLY SHIELD Z CONNECTOR AND FAN CUTOUTS CONSTRUCTED OF HEAVY GAUGE ALUMINUM THIS UTILITY DISK DRIVE CASE WILL ACCOMMODATE 5 4 HARD DISKS FLOPPY DRIVES HALF HEIGHTS FULL HEIGHTS 2 3 HEIGHTS CONTROLLER CARD AND SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER OVERALL DIMENSIONS 10 4 x 10 x7 ony J 995 COLORIS TAN 7995 LESS POWER SUPPLY STOP PAYING MONTHLY PHONE CHARGES These phones are not a cheap import These are the same reliable I T T phones that have served us both for many years Standard 10 button business telephones serviced by Bay Telephone Co ONLY 7995 limited to color selection on han BRAND NEW 6
131. acsiers 190 375 CP M UG 92 Disksides EREA 40 105 CP M 86 25 Disksides EER 50 100 Kaypro UG 60 Disksides Epson UG 58 Disksides E 100 200 ATARI ST kveiaweed 25 65 STD PD 25 Disksides ksltabaneeee 50 100 eE 120 200 3 more days grace for return We use UPS seal ee areas 80 225 reference manual and are simply the numerical codes assigned to each key I use an interrupt driven keyboard but you don t have to If you use a polled keyboard make sure you im plement the status routine properly so it returns the status without destroy ing the character so a subsequent read can retrieve it This means that the status routine must buffer one charac ter Interrupt 17 Printer Output This interrupt is for printer output via a Centronics interface This is the default printer mode for PC DOS I did not use this interrupt but if you need it the following functions are available AH 0 Prints the character in the AL register Returns the status in AH Sets AH to indicate a time out error if the character could not be printed Sets any other status bits as appropri ate AH 1 Initializes the printer port and returns the status in AH AH 2 Returns the printer status in the AH register The status bits are defined as follows Bit 0 Set for a time out error Bit 1 Not used Bit 2 Not used Bit 3 Set for I O error Bit 4 Set for printer selected Bit 5
132. al Research Inc Sidekick is a trademark of Borland International Enclosure amp power supplies for FLOPPY WINCHESTER TAPE DRIVES SINGLE BOARD COMPUTERS amp S 400 SYSTEMS 8 inch 5 inch 3 inch EN OPTICAL COMPANY 53 Abbett Avenue Morristown NJ 07960 201 267 1210 SAME DAY SHIPPING USUALLY QUANTITY ONE PRICES SHOWN ICs PROMPT DELIVERY CUSTOMIZING AVAILABLE OUTSIDE OKLAHOMA NO SALES TAX DYNAMIC RAM 256K 64Kx4 150ns 4 85 256K 256Kx1 100 ns 5 95 256K 256Kx1 120 ns 3 90 256K 256Kx1 150ns 3 47 128K 128Kx1 150 ns 4 92 64K 64Kx1 150 ns 1 60 EPROM 27512 64kx8 250ns 29 00 27C256 32kx8 250 ns 8 15 27256 32Kx8 250 ns 5 45 27128 16Kx8 250 ns 3 90 27C64 8Kx8 200 ns 2764 8Kx8 250 ie 2732 4Kx8 450 n STATIC RAM 6264LP 15 8kx8 150 ns 6116LP 3 2Kx8 150 ns Call or write for free catalogs amp application assistance V20 V30 8Mhz 17 50 80287 8 8Mhz 375 00 IBM PC XT Compaq Portable amp Plus hp Vectra 8087 2 185 00 640 Kbyte MOTHERBOARD KITS Zenith 150 87 46 8087 3 135 00 IN ECRANDD RESEARCH CORPORATION MasterCard VISA or UPS CASH COD Factory New Prime Parts uPoo MICROPROCESSOR UNLIMITED INC 6 4 Ibs BEaGs OK ee Sii 918 267 4961 Fr Pene 513 2 Its Prices shown above are for Apr 28 1986 8620 Roosevelt Ave Visalia CA 93291 209 651 1203 TELEX 5106012830 INTEGRAND UD EZLINK 62926572 We accept BankAmericard Visa and MasterCharge 76 MIC
133. alue retract longest Suitname Suitcount asserta longest Suit Count Looks for a second or third suit having the longest count as determined above find_next_long_suit longest Suitname Suitcount points Suit _ Count not Suit Suitname Count Suitcount asserta longest Suit Count valuating the Hand Initializes all point and count values to 0 for the individual suits val_hand retractall points Suit Points asserta points spades 0 0 asserta points hearts 0 0 asserta points diamonds 0 0 asserta points clubs 0 0 Count Calls on the get count rule to evaluate each suit and finally on the count_hand rule to evaluate the entire hand val_hand get_count spades val_hand get_count hearts val_hand get_count diamonds val_hand get_count clubs val_hand count_hand hand Counting the Points and the Cards in the Hand This rule will be called on when evaluating the hand It is called on once for each First it accumulates into the card count for the individual suit the number of small cards held in that suit get_count Suit values Suit Honor Honor small points Suit P Count suit Newcount is Count Points retract points Suit P Count asserta points Suit P Newcount Points Next it gets the point count for each honor and increments the suit count eachtime an hono
134. am chips 225 00 NEC V30 processor 8mhz 8086 8087 math coprocessor HALTED SPECIALTIES co INC 827 E EVELYN AVE SUNNYVALE CA 94086 408 732 1573 stortious WE SHIP C O D In Sacramento Call 916 338 2545 Saturday 9 00 5 00 TERMS Minimum order 10 00 California residents add 6 1 2 sales tax Prepaid orders sent freight C O D or call for charges shipping will be added to credit card and C O D orders Prepaid orders over 100 00 use money order or certified check Please do not send cash Some items limited to stock on hand Prices subject to change Big Board II Tips I ve made a couple of changes to my BBII that other readers might find interesting The first problem I had was with the power on reset Half the time on pow er up or if there was a glitch in the power line the processor wouldn t reset properly To make things worse the reset button didn t work either due to the lack of an M1 cycle So I decided to fix it once and for all The circuit diagram shown below was built in the bread board area of the BBII The main feature is that the TI7705A senses the 5V line and doesn t start its delay until the 5V line is gt 4 75V Also if it drops below 4 75V the chip will start a reset cycle Since I installed this circuit I have not had a single problem While I was at it I also modified the clock circuit a bit I changed U19 a 74LS04 to a 74HC04 Th
135. ance of your Kaypro computer is its monitor rom With KayPLUS you get all of the advantages ofa idl 10 even on your Kaypro 2 e Install up to four floppies and two hard drives e Boots from floppy or hard disk e 32 character keyboard buffer e Automatic screen blanking e 12 disk formats built in e Full automatic disk relogging e Internal real time clock and ram card support e Can use 96 TPI and 3 12 disk drives e Includes manual format configuration diagnostics sysgen and hard disk utilities e No software assembly required e Available for 83 and 84 series Kaypros KayPLUS ROM Set KayPLUS ROM Set with QP M Need to keep better track of your files Date stamp them with QP M QP M by MICROCode Consulting Full CP M 2 2 compatability with many more features You ve seen the replacements that eat up memory and need auxillary programs to run Not QP M Fifteen internal commands automatic disk relogging no more control C user area selection from colon 31 user areas drive search path archive bit maintenance and transparent time date stamping all in the same space as CP M 2 2 Installs from a convenient customization menu without any software to assemble QP M Operating System complete bootable copy QP M without BIOS Still running single density on your 820 1 PLUS2 ROM by MICROCode Consulting X120 DOUBLE DENSITY BOARD by Emerald Microware Clearly the most versatile double density package for the X
136. ance with our claims please call our customer service department and we will gladly arrange a refund Minimum system requirements IBM PC XT AT PCjr and true compatibles 384K RAM SU8 the gt Ch 6B gives you Out of This World Performance othe ar APG ati Fs Features ee NEw LOWER e 8 MHz 80186 microprocessor with true Kits All Wave Soldered PRICES 16 bit data bus e True PC compatability with our own custom ROM BIOS and PC cardslots for the video e Full Kit WIO SCSI serial ports clock _ 550 00 e Assembled and Tested ban 599 00 P h W O SCSI serial ports clock 1 4 of your choice 5 9 525 00 e Standard 512K zero wait DRAM or SCSI Port ae ii add 20 00 1M options Serial Ports each add 12 50 8087 numeric coprocessor support on board Real Time Clock and ro add 12 50 a e On board floppy disk controller for up to Ye MEG Add On 0 sess 105 00 four 514 drives e XT Style Enclosure 75 00 e On board SCSI hard disk controller port e 150 Watt Power Supply Tested 105 00 _ Supports WD1002 SHD WD1003 ACS e 8087 2 Coprocessor m Call OMTI 5100 5300 ADAPTEC ACB 4000 Roe e 2 On Board Serial Ports K Battery Back Up Real Time Clock Total Solutions _ Assembled and Tested Systems Designed Manufactured and Serviced by e Mono Chrome System ii 1 499 0
137. and secondarily allows calls to its machine specific extension the BIOS CP M 86 and MS DOS use stan dard software interrupts for these services If the equivalent service is available conversion of the software is a fairly simple change to the corre sponding procedure or function for the other operating system 1 BDOS and BDOSHL are replaced by MS DOS BDOS for CP M 86 Set up for the call is quite different and will have to be changed 2 BIOS and BIOSHL are replaced by INTR which generates a software in terrupt for the selected function Since MS DOS versions 2 and above have a tree structured directory the OVRDRIVE procedure has been changed to OVRPATH So far I haven t had too many problems in the conversion Most diffi culties have been with fancy and non standard software The Fun Part I ve been spending a bit of time exploring the capabilities of the new system Since I spend most of my time on the machine in text mode I decid ed on a monochrome display adapter combination because of the higher quality text On the other hand the computer is in part a toy so the monochrome graphics capabilities of the Hercules style video card was my final choice I ve ordered the Turbo Grafix Tool box which supports the Hercules but it hasn t arrived yet In the interim a set of graphics routines for the Her cules can be downloaded from the Borland SIG on Compuserve The files to download a
138. ase and adding the new information in the listing shown in Figure 4 Suppose we again ask elections usa After the same train of analysis we see that the system will try to satisfy the goal economy usa Condition first but finding no fact to match will use the rule shown in Figure 5 The goal read y is satisfied if the user types y to confirm the econo my is booming and the system pro ceeds further Now the goal asserta tells the system to add the fact econo my usa booming to the knowledge base as a newly learned bit of know ledge and the next time we ask a question about elections usa the system won t ask for information but will match the goal econo my usa Condition with the new added fact Similarly by analyzing the elections rule we can see that the first time we ask the question the system will ask for the name of the incumbent and add this to the database Having satisfied all the goals it will print the message 0 6 chance of win for reagan as before But now if we ask elections usa it will proceed directly to the message having learned the condition of the economy and the name of the incum bent And just as we can assert to add information to the database we can retract to remove it Suppose we enter retract economy usa booming and then ask elect
139. ased them as volumes 257 to 260 There are too to host adapter By Stephen M Leon 200 Winston Drive Cliffside Park NJ 07010 many useful modules on these disks to go into detail Suffice it to say for anyone doing assembly language pro gramming in CP M 86 or Concurrent you must get these disks For CP M 80 assembly language pro grammers Rich Conn has done it again We now have grandson of SYSLIB The updated SYSLIB 3 6 Library of Routines is available on SIG M volumes 261 to 264 Take this as a hint that an update to ZCPR is due out shortly Another recent addition to the SIG M library is an implementation of the IEEE 855 MOSI interface by Professor James D Mooney of the Department of Statistics amp Computer Science at West Virginia University MOSI stands for Microprocessor Operating System Interface and is independent of the programming language The programs on SIG M Volume 253 contain an interface for CP M 2 2 and for Pascal MT together with comprehensive Shugart 1610 controller to drive SASI to 5T506 412 54 HARD DISK CONTROLLERS These new factory sealed Shugart controllers have manuals and schematics available They will control up to two 5 hard disk drives with up to 16 heads each These unique controllers will mount directly on the drive By the change of an EPROM they change their instruction set to emulate other popular controllers Shugart 1610 3 emulates Xebec S1
140. ast Page It s recursion again and again and again and MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 3 Digs The Duck I own a DAK ADC modem and have had basically good experiences The only problem I encountered was that one of the DIP switches did not oper ate correctly But since there was an equivalent command that I could imbed in my startup file this was not a big problem I also found one little gotcha which I suspect is not limited to the duck The modem will run in either 300 or 1200 baud over the phone line depending on what it detects coming in However I found that when I dialed a BBS which handles both baud rates the BBS tried 300 first The duck obediently quacked at the lower rate after initially connecting at 1200 The solution is simple turn off the buffered mode ATBO before dialing a BBS which you know will handle 1200 baud Larry Blanchard 2018 N Valencia Santa Ana CA 92706 Curing Keyboard Lockup i Several months ago a friend and I ordered speed up mods and Pro 8 monitor ROMs from you to upgrade _ our 2 83s Using the instructions en closed with the kits we had no trouble successfully completing the modifica tions to both machines After about a half hour of continu ous operation my computer developed a case of the dreaded keyboard lock up syndrome After several tele phone calls to Micro C Zilog chip dealers and MicroSphere and quite a few
141. ational s floating point chip is obviously the fastest thing since the Turbo Porsche What another Borland product On the other hand you can add a crystal a V20 and an 8087 get the 8MHz version to a pokey little clone and do quite well Just be sure that the compiler you re using supports the 8087 Also take a look at Trevor s article in this issue for information on Motorola s new 68881 floating point co processor Anyway you can see why the DSI board has been so popular with the universities Research data is usually of the floating point variety and crunching floats is usually either slow in software or expensive In fact one of the reasons IBM chose the 8086 series for the PC was the availability of the 8087 Though Motorola has had the 68000 out for a long time it has had a devil of a time making the 68000 s math chip go Math chips are about three times as complex as their CPU partners Time Speaking of system speed I ve recently discovered that time is only relative my mother who is about as relative as anyone I know has no doubt mentioned this to me from time to time It turns out that when you speed up continued next page Figure 1 Puzzle Solution Times System time to solution FP proc DSI 32 l 27 min 12 sec yes XT 186 8MHz 186 9 hrs 43 min no 7 33 MHz V20 2 hrs 56 min yes 7 33 MHz V20 15 hrs 49 min no 4 77 MHz V20 4 hrs 31 min yes 4 77 MHz V20 24 hrs 19
142. atisfy the goal add_small Suit C in the event that C is 0 The statements retract and asserta are used to erase old values and insert new values into the Knowledge Base Even Distribution Rule Begins by clearing out any even_distr fact and using the default value no MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 balanced_hand retractall even_distr X asserta even_distr no A hand is considered balanced if there are neither very short nor very long suits If either of these is encountered the default value no is kept Otherwise the hand is balanced and the yes value is stored balanced_hand points Suit Points Count Count lt 3 L balanced_hand points Suit Points Count Count gt 5 L balanced_hand retractall even_distr X asserta even_distr yes The cut operator is used again in this rule As soon as the system determines that there is either a long or a short suit checking stops immediately Find the longest suit s Initialize the count to 0 find_longest_suit retractall longest Suitname Count asserta longest none 0 Checks each of the points facts to determine if a count value is larger than the currently stored If so that value and its corresponding suit name replace the previously stored values find_longest_suit points Suit Points Count longest Suitname Suitcount Count gt Suitcount v
143. better handling and control and faster operations Andat 49 95 your ideas have never had it so _ good OUT THINK is simply spectacular Try it for 60 days If you re not completely satisfied return it for a full refund If you create and organize text in the course of your work you owe itto yourself to get OUT THINK But for some people enough is never enough Some like the challenge others need the power For you we have the KAMAS Combo Pack You get OUT THINK s ease of use coupled with the extra horsepower of the KAMAS programming environment And both use the same outline files Rush me my choice now OUT THINK the simple an 95 cue 49 KAMAS 95 B Sree 99 KAMAS COMBO PACK F sor 1299 Includes S H U S amp Canada Overseas add 10 for OUT THINK 30 for KAMAS or COMBO PACK special introductory KAMAS owners Send us your master disk and 25 for OUT THINK m pac o lt 0 Payment Enclosed Card No Exp Date Signature Name Address City State Zip Telephone Our software is available for most _ CP M computers Tell us about yours Computer Make Model Disk Size 0O 5 4 SSDD O5 DSDD oOs sssD Requirements CP M 2 2 or above 48K TPA Minimum 200K of disk storage 80 column x 24 line screen Note KAMAS requires 56K TPA and Z80 processor Terms Ail orders prepaid PO s accepted when accompanied by payment Foreign checks must be drawn on US banks in US funds
144. called it waits until the character can be sent before returning to the calling pro gram If you use a different type of console driver memory mapped video board for example you may want to incor porate some of the other features read screen etc into your interrupt han dler Simple character output is the only function necessary for operation of PC DOS Interrupt 11 Equipment Check This interrupt returns a data word which defines the hardware present in the system In the PC this value is determined by reading the switches on the moth erboard Since my system doesn t have these switches I set this data word in the initialization code The value is returned from this routine in the AX register The meanings of the 16 bits which form the equipment definition are as follows Bit 0 If this bit is 1 it indicates that floppy disk drives are present in the system If zero no floppy disks are contained in the system Bit 1 Not used set to zero Bits 3 2 Indicate the base RAM size This is a carryover from the original IBM PC which could accom modate a maximum of 64K RAM on the motherboard I don t know if these bits are required by PC DOS but it s best to set them to their maximum value of 11 indicating 64K of mother board RAM The other values are 00 16K 01 32K and 10 48K Bits 5 4 Indicate the initial video mode for the monitor interface Set to 11 for 80 by 25 bla
145. ce FAST COMPILATION would even CONSIDER doing busi ness with us On To Taiwan We had met with varying degrees of success failure with the sample units we ordered from Taiwan Some had arrived within a few weeks some took nearly two months some worked some didn t When we arrived in Taiwan we planned to see a lot of companies and expected to find a few good ones and a LOT of bad ones We weren t disappointed Colonel Cheng s Taiwanese Fried PCs The first computer company we ran across was run by a friend of a friend of our boss His company actu ally dealt mainly in chickens and chicken feed We had been told to contact him for help in getting around in Taipei but he had somehow gotten wind of the fact we were coming and that we were looking for computers continued next page THE PROVEN MICRO FAMILY for all the INDUSTRY SLICER APPLICATIONS gg ot New Low Prices Multi User Slicer Combo Slicer SBC A amp T No RAM Slicer 1 MEG Board A amp T Complete linker CCP M by Digital Research Inc Slicer SBC A amp T 256K Slicer SBC A amp T 128K with double deck sockets for additional 128K Slicer SBC A amp T No RAM Slicer 1 MEG Board A amp T Sticer 1 MEG Board Full Kit Slicer PC Expansion Board A amp T 199 CCP M Digital Research Inc MS DOS Micro Soft Corp New Slicer Bios for MS DOS Other kit forms available in stock Call or write for latest informat
146. ch 9 foreign volume The distributor list is included directly from SIG M Box 97 Iselin NJ with the printed catalog A disk ver 08830 Printed catalogs are 3 each 4 sion of the catalog Volume 00 is foreign Disks in a variety of formats available for 6 PC Blue volumes are may be obtained through the world 7 each 10 foreign The printed wide SIG M distribution network For catalog is 5 Both are available from those of you unable to get the stan the New York Amateur Computer dard 5 formats through the distribu Club Box 100 Church Street Station tion network you can now order most New York NY 10008 of these formats through SIG M The price is 7 per volume 9 foreign If ane the format requires that the volume be The SBI80 Computer Controller MULTI USER 68000 the S600 ets CPi users Upgrade t02 I N L EB AR D MPUT R ENEA MAG PAA EYER SING O CO UTE e 6MHz 64180 CPU Z80 instruction superset 256K RAM 8K Monitor ROM with device test disk format read write Mini Micro Floppy Controller 1 4 drives Single Double Density 1 2 sided 40 77 80 track 3 5 and 8 drives Measures 4 x 74 with mounting holes One Centronics Printer Port Two RS232C Serial Ports 75 19 200 baud with console port auto baud rate select Power Supply Requirements 5V 5 500 mA 12V 20 40mA e ZCPR3 CP M 2 2 3 compatible Multiple disk formats supported e Menu based system customization
147. ck cycles New Instructions The V series and the 80188 80186 share new instructions except for a few V series goodies like bit manipula tion instructions and BCD string func tions The new bit manipulation instruc tions allow setting clearing and com plementing individual bits in registers or memory These instructions are similar to the Z80 instructions for bit operations The new mnemonics are SET1 CLRI and NOTI By Dean Klein 904 N 6th St Lake City MN 55041 Two new bit field instructions INS and EXT allow bit operations on strings of bits made up of bit fields Bit fields are variable length data structures from 1 to 16 bits long They re pointed to by ES DI reg8 where reg8 is any byte register or an immediate value The INS insert instruction moves data from AX to the destination string The EXT instruction extracts data from the source bit string and puts it in AX _ The 8086 family is somewhat lacking in the BCD arithmetic department so NEC added new instructions for oper ating on BCD strings of 1 to 254 digits or as BCD bytes The new ADD4S SUB4S and CMP4S instructions add subtract and compare BCD strings The pointer to the source string is DS SI the pointer to the destination string is ES DI Two BCD rotate instructions are use ful for unpacking and packing BCD digits ROL4 and ROR4 rotate the operand one digit The Alternate Instruction Set In emulation mode the
148. ck and white Other values are 00 not used 01 40 by 25 color graphics card 10 80 by 25 color card Bits 7 6 Indicate number of floppy disk drives 5 25 IBM format con tained in the system Bit 0 must be one for this parameter to have any meaning The values are 00 1 drive 01 2 drives 10 3 drives and 11 4 drives Bit 8 Not used set to zero Bits 11 10 9 Indicate the number of RS 232 serial interface cards con tained in the system Do not include the serial interface to the system con sole Bit 12 Indicates that a game I O interface is present if set to 1 Bit 13 Not used set to zero Bits 15 14 Number of printer interfaces in the system This can be misleading since the IBM BIOS as sumes that printers are interfaced via a parallel port Centronics type inter face If you use a serial interface to the printer set these bits to zero The DOS MODE command can be used to redirect the printer output to a serial port continued next page MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 55 PC DOS FOR NON CLONES continued from page 55 Interrupt 12 Memory Size This interrupt returns a data word in the AX register which indicates the number of contiguous 1K blocks of memory in the system The maximum RAM supported by the PC is 640K Interrupt 13 Floppy Disk I O This interrupt handles all floppy disk I O requests for 5 25 disks The func tion to be perform
149. cp gt gt 8 switch toupper c case S gotoxy 0 0 rr cx 2000 break case Ets break case Lt break poe ge rr ax 0xa00 rr bx 0 page again Fe PUB RES NO EREI rr cx 80 x return the default screen page row in high byte column in low Add 0x101 to the return if you are playing 1 1 games storing cursor position get cursor position 2000 characters on screen rr cx 2000 80 y x blank with ASCII 32 string ered up into a single function e g grabchar to make the next Hack er s Leap a tad easier A direct call to interrupt 16 hex will also do the job though any time you sally forth beyond interrupt 21 you increase the risk that the program won t run on somebody else s ma chine But since prudence is scarcely a trait of C programmers let s charge straight ahead Because the interrupt 16H return is a word in the AX register we ll get the character and scan code in single call This time I ll use the function keys and with a bit of mapping retain grabchar s single byte output see Figure 1 Such mapping becomes feasible of course only if in this case A and B 0x1 and 0x2 are not used separately The benefit gained is system inde pendent code I use this trick so the cursor key code will be the same on my MS DOS programs and on the CP M programs for my beloved Kaypro 7 80 chars to the line Only the defi
150. cs requires external monitor or TV for any CP M Kaypro 2 Deluxe TLC Logo turtle graphics language fora use with dolor graphics board 129 95 3 Color Board and Deluxe Logo package L999 179 95 4 Instant Grapher 2 1 gives labeled bar and line graphs prints separei pattern for each color use with color board only Ae0o 29 95 5 Standard TLC Logo turtle graphics language uses internal graphics of Kaypro 1 2 84 2X 4 84 10 399 08 79 00 Increase Speed 1 Electronic RAM Disk and Printer Buffer Combination the ultimate add on for Kaypro I Il IV 2X 2 84 4 84 amp 10 computers No longer will you need to wait for your Kaypro to slowly finish mundane tasks such as running a printer or waiting for floppy drives to turn when you have better things to do Tested RAM Disk without RAM chips 256K RAM Disk 512K RAM Disk 768K RAM Disk 1MB RAM Disk Prices include all installation materials except for P10 Adapter Board required for Kaypro 10 w out an external modem and optional on 1 2 84 2X and 4 84 2 Kaypro II to IV Upgrade meludes 2 5 Mhz to 5 Mhz speed up two 390K disk drives DSDD to replace the single sided drives price does not include shipping 395 00 245 00 NOW INCLUDED WITH RAM DISK Parts layout schematic and instructions to build a battery back up power supply for the RAM Disk CATALOG and COMPLETE DESCRIPTIONS AVAILABLE 100 s OF SOFTWARE LISTINGS FOR CP M NOW AVAILABLE Mic
151. cursor appropriately in the source code At run time Turbo Prolog programs can call the editor and view the running program s source code T Type System A flexible object oriented type system is supported ET windowing Support The system supports both graphic and text windows E Input Output Full 1 0 facilities including formatted 1 0 streams and random access files PT Numeric Ranges Integers 32787 to 32767 Reals 1E 307 to 1E 308 ET Debugging Complete built in trace de bugging capabilities allowing single stepping of programs want the best Turbo Prolog at only 99 To order by phone or for a dealer nearest you Call 800 255 8008 in CA call 800 742 1133 Send me Turbo Prolog at Outside USA add 10 per copy CA and MA res add applicable sales tax ___ This price includes Shipping to all US cities VISA MC Bank Draft Check Credit card expiration date __ _ cat oe Oe LILTI ee You must have an IBM or true compatible running DOS 2 0 or later My computer s name and model is The disk size fuse is O 3 05 NOT COPY PROTECTED 60 DAY MONEY BACK GUARANTEE Name Shipping Address State _______ Zip CODs and purchase orders WILL NOT be accepted by Borland Outside USA make payment by credit card or Intemational Postal Money Order YES if within 60 days of purchase this product does not perform in accord
152. d clear_suits asserta hand spades asserta hand hearts asserta hand diamonds asserta hand clubs This rule calls on the list processing rules to build a list from the facts found in the values set The add_small rule is called on to add an x for each small card l The add_to_list rule is called on to add the name of the honor to the list when appropriate build_hand Suit values Suit y 2 hand Suit L add_to_list queen L Newlist retract hand Suit L asserta hand Suit Newlist build_hand Suit values Suit y 3 hand Suit L add_to_list king L Newlist retract hand Suit L asserta hand Suit Newlist build_hand Suit values Suit y 4 hand Suit L add_to_list ace L Newlist retract hand Suit L asserta hand Suit Newlist End of Listing MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 21 Figure 3 Making the Decision Rules for Determining the Bidding decide_bid retractall bid X decide_bid gt retractall values Suit Honor Points After the hand is entered a listing of the hand is printed The rest of the clauses decide the bid based on the rules set up in 1 thru 8 See text Rule 1 there are fewer than 13 pts decide_bid get_values decide_bid eval_hand decide_bid clear suits decide_bid build_hand spades decide_bid build_hand hearts decide_bid build_hand diamonds dec
153. d stimulating introduction to LISP A I from a programmer s perspective and recursion Here s a bit of his wit in an explanation and solution of the Towers of Brahma or Hanoi puzzle In the great Temple of Brahma in Benares on a brass plate beneath the dome that marks the Center of the World there are 64 disks of pure gold which the priests carry one at a time between three diamond needles according to Brahma s immutable law No disk may be placed on a smaller disk In the Beginning of the World all 64 _ disks formed the Tower of Brahma on one needle Now however the process of transfer of the tower from one needle to the other is in midcourse When the last disk is finally in place once again forming the Tower of Brahma but on a different needle then will come the End of the World and all will turn to dust Earlier I pointed out that recursion is evident enough to transfer 64 disks from one needle to another using a third it suffices to know how to transfer 63 disks from one needle to another using a third Now someone might complain that I left out all the hard parts magically assuming an ability to move 63 disks So it might seem but there s nothing magical about it After all to move 63 you merely need to know how to move 62 And to move 62 you merely need to know how to move 61 On it goes down the line until SOFTWARE YOU CAN AFFORD Relocatable Z80 Macro Assembler O
154. d must be modified for multiple drives Only the MSETUP routine is affected by the use of multiple drives A pause is built into this routine to allow the drive motor to come up to speed since the Tarbell does not have a means to test the ready condition of 5 25 drives If your controller polls the drives the delay can be replaced with a ready test Data Transfer The routine MDAMRW initiates the data transfer by sending commands to the DMA and floppy disk controller Then after these chips have handled the job it tests for an error condition If an error is found the error code is translated to the code expected by DOS and the zero flag is cleared If there s no error the status parameter is set to zero and the zero flag indicates no error DOS handles all of the retry func tions so there s no retry logic for the seek or read write routines in the BIOS After a successful data transfer an error would terminate the routine the read write code checks for a multiple sector transfer request and transfers additional sectors if needed Transferring Multiple Sectors I have to deal with multiple sector transfers because the 1793 controller chip isn t set up for the type of multiple sector requests issued by DOS The 1793 can transfer multiple sec tors with a single command but the ending sector must be the last sector on the track So multiple sector re quests are handled as a series of single sect
155. d start writing In this article Margaret lets her code do most of her talking It s not a bad way to learn PROLOG and expert system design Systems And Logic Programming Dr R Bharath discusses the fundamentals of expert systems pro gramming In this article I ll present a simple expert system called BRIDGE for determining opening bids in bridge BRIDGE decides an opening bid based on an input hand and a set of production rules which evaluate the holding and determine the bid While the system can be expanded to include more of the bridge auction I ve in cluded only the basic bidding rules The five essential facets of an expert system discussed by Dr Bharath Knowledge Base Inference Engine Explanation Subsystem Natural Lan guage Interface and Knowledge Ac quisition Refinement System are all present in my expert system I ll review each of the facets and show its code in PROLOG PROL OG s goal seeking methods make it particularly suitable for this type of program an accompanying article Expert Knowledge Base The Knowledge Base contains the facts and rules necessary to decide a bid the information 1 That spades and hearts are Major suits 2 That diamonds and clubs are minor suits 3 Which suits can be considered touching 4 Whether the hand has even distri bution 5 Which is the longest suit or suits if there are two or more a long ones
156. d the logic board To recap our ideal logic analyzer will have 32 input lines 16 bit wide trigger word 60ns sample time 4 qualifiers for the clock clock edge select Circuit By Circuit The system under test is isolated by the four 74LS244 buffers placed in the probe module The WINDOW output when high _tri states the buffers isolating the sys tem under test from the logic analyzer such as during transfer of the acquired data from the logic analyzer to its host _ When low the buffers are enabled to allow data flow from the system under test into the logic analyzer Isolating these four buffers in a sepa rate probe reduces capacitive loading of the circuit under test while also _ decreasing the logie analyzer circuit board density 5i The four qualifiers and the clock are not buffered as they are terminated into a single 74LS input which a buffer wouldn t improve If you re using long lengths of input cable longer than 3 feet add another buffer to the probe for the qualifiers and the clock If you want to be really safe a belt and suspenders man separate the clock from the rest of the signal lines and run it through a coax cable I ve had good luck however with unbuf fered unseparated qualifiers and clock inputs I ran all inputs through a 50 line 36 inch length of ribbon cable isolating the clock by bracketing it with grounds the wires on each side were connect
157. dge to Modula 2 with ease With Logitech s Modula 2 you ll have the ability to edit several files at once comparing window to window various code modules You can even move from window to window compiling linking debugging and running The compiler has the kind of power and room to breathe that you really need in today s complex applications It is as easy to use as Turbo Pascal without your programs being limited to 64K of code At your command will be the libraries of modules that make Modula 2 a programmer s dream It has essentially the same structure as Pascal with the major addition of a library organization of code modules that allow you to put together programs on a solid block by block foundation of proven code Whether you re working with a module of your own making or one of the many in our library you ll find the system by which each module is identified described and stored an organizational masterpiece And that s at the heart of Modula 2 Underneath the sophisticated system is a Modula 2 compiler that is the result of years of development and proven use in industry We run on the Vax and we run on the IBM PC And the code is portable from one to the other Best of all you can have it right now Logitech Modula 2 86 Complete with Editor 89 Run Time System Linker Cursor posi tioning debugger 8087 Software Emula tion BCD module Logitech s extended library Utility to generate standa
158. ds Inc 503 861 1765 Disk Accesses The first function performed by the disk read and write routines is a call to the DMASET routine This routine translates the data seg ment and offset contained in ES BX to a page and offset form Page refers to a 64K bank of memory and offset to the location within that page This is done due to a hardware requirement of the Tarbell and PC disk controller The Tarbell controller uses a register to hold the top 8 bits of a 24 bit address for data transfer with the low 16 bits set by the DMA controller chip The top 8 bits are fixed for a single data transfer so data transfer across a 64K boundary isn t possible There fore after sending the page number bank to the controller and saving the offset address the routine checks to see if the transfer will cross a 64K boundary If so the carry flag is set and the I O function is terminated with a DMA boundary error I haven t determined if this error should be returned if you have a controller which doesn t have this lim itation For example a programmed I O controller like the CompuPro flop py disk controller could easily transfer data across a 64K boundary Since it s a feature of the PC I recommend you retain the function and purpose of the DMASET routine even if it isn t necessary for your controller MSETUP The MSETUP routine in the BIOS listing is configured for a single floppy disk drive an
159. e M F RBBS 24 hrs 300 1200 2400 baud 503 382 7643 Copyright 1986 by Micro Cornucopia Inc All rights reserved ISSN 0747 587X MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 EDITORIAL E By David Thompson Over The Wall Morrow Computers Says Goodby George Morrow is still around but Morrow computers one of the early powers in this industry has filed Chapter 11 In his book Quotations From Chairman Morrow kore wrote Money is the only lethal drug available on a non prescription basis We pissed away 11 million he commented after the filing Something not experienced by many If someone doesn t come forth shortly with something that s green and folds and interests bankers there won t be another chapter Mirror Says A Lot Be careful when you sue someone you might just be doing them a favor Crosstalk is suing Softklone over its Mirror communications package for the compatibles but publicity from the suit could be a super boost for Softklone s new product I called Softklone to see what the fuss was about It turns out that Mirror will emulate Crosstalk from communications protocol to configuration files Mirror will also speak Christianson G or checksum Hayes and Kermit protocols _ It has a built in text editor password protection data encoding decoding plus it runs in the background Just hit both shift keys and the transfer continues in the backgrou
160. e Village CA 91362 USA 818 889 1646 Telex 272849 DSIUR 818 889 1646 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 69 THE RACER S EDGE continued from page 69 the 8 or 16 bit bus with 16 bits you real RAM into a micro Would gain 10 percent on disk I O they i l The whetstone is a floating point The DSI 020 has 1 Meg of memory benchmark written in the late 60s by a gt although Micro C will no doubt tell Compilers fellow named Curnow Whetstone programs are available in the public domain for CP M and MS DOS sys tems The program dhrystone is an integer variation Details The DSI 020 and DSI 780 both use an IBM PC XT AT as the disk file and console I O system Those of you who can t compromise your principles should consider an X16 XT 186 or Challenger XT to use as a base Both DSI boards use an auto sensing AT XT bus connector that adjusts to you hackers how to expand it to 2 and a 12 5MHz chipset only gives 770K whetstones sorry You can pur chase it assembled and tested for the price of the DSI 032 starter kit Parity and serial ports are a little extra The DSI 780 is the up market product with a 16 67MHz chipset and 4 Meg of 256K RAM expandable to 16 Meg of 1 megabit RAMs on the motherboard Editor s note Hold on there we just got through discussing how we could make a winchester look like 15 Meg of RAM because no one in their right mind would put 15 Meg of Th
161. e compilers are from Silicon Val ley Software this time Although a little slower than Green Hills they are more complete and have much better manuals The Pascal even comes with strings The FORTRAN is ANSI F77 not derived from UNIX E Lattice Logic of Great Britain has supplied their ANSI level 1 Pascal and C The Living Software also G B BASIC C converter complements the SVS BASIC interpreter QUELO sup plied a low cost assembly language development system The operating system kernel func Figure 2 Copy Program COPYF IDNT 1 0 VERSION 1 0 ERRORD MOVE L BRA B MERRD AO ERROR MERRR AO ERROR THIS SAMPLE PROGRAM COPIES ONE FILE IT SHOULD BE CALLED WITH TWO ARGUMENTS THE SOURCE AND DESTINATION PATHNAMES FILES MAY BE OF ANY SIZE AND TYPE WRITTEN BY S KLUGER DEFINICON SYSTEMS INC i ERRORR MOVE L BRA B ORG 00004000 STANDARD DSI 020 ORIGIN ERRORI ESEN id START MOVE L 8 A7 DO GET ARGC PASSED ON STACK MOVE L 4 A7 A0 GET ARGV PASSED ON STACK CMPI W 3 D0 MUST BE 2 ARGUMENTS BNE W ERRORA MOVEA 0 45 MOVE L COPY1 A0 BSR W PRINTS MOVE L 4 A5 A0 BSR W PRINTS MOVEQ 5 D0 MOVEQ 0 D1 TRAP 14 CMPI W FFFF DO BEQ W ERRORI MOVE W DO INHDL MOVE L COPY2 A0 BSR W PRINTS MOVE L 8 A5 A0 BSR W PRINTS MOVEQ 7 D0 TRAP 14 CMPI W FFFF DO X BEQ W ERRORO ERROR IF CANNOT CREATE 2 MOVE W DO OTHDL STORE OUTPUT HANDLE MOVE L BUFFER AO POINT TO RAM B
162. e hang of assembler you can use TVC to debug sophisticated programs most of the commands and capabilities are com patible with DEBUG In short The Visible Computer 8088 is a winner we highly recom mend it For more info contact Software Masters 2714 Finfeather Bryan TX 77801 409 822 9490 And that friends is all the Tidbits fit to bite into this issue Bae Costs 79 95 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 99 y The following folks are reaching you for only 20 cents per word If you would like to reach the same audience send your words and 20 cents for each to Micro Cornucopia 25 Keyboards for computer builders 83 keys full ASCII upperilower case all control characters numeric pad caps lock repeat self test Brand new hundreds sold to builders of Apples Big Boards Xerox 820s Parallel output positive TTL logic strobe Uses only 106mA of 5 volts Custom case available 90 day warranty unmo dified Keyboard 25 Documentation 21 pgs cable pack age 5 Spare custom CPU ROM 4 All 3 34 value 30 UPS additional 5 Ibs Call SASE for detailed spec sheet Electrovalue Industrial Inc Box 376 MC Morris Plains NJ 07950 201 267 1117 TF Public Domain UG Software Rental CP M UG Vol 1 92 on 46 8 flippies 45 SIG M UG Vol 1 246 on 108 8 flippies 155 PICONET Vol 1 34 on 17 8 flippies 25 Pascal Z UG Vol 1 30 13 8 flippies 25 KUG Char lottesville
163. e smallest total amount the boys could have spent but still have purchased four items whose sum and product were equal SOG Tryout Since Oregon has no sales tax you can try out your solution at SOG You ll be far from home in case some thing goes wrong That s right I want you to multiply these four items instead of adding them No I m not going to ask you to break a fifty No No really you don t have to call the manager Anyway Send in your answers right away and we ll print them in Issue 31 we ll have copies of 31 at SOG And speaking of SOG bring your brain teasers so we ll have fresh fod der for future Culture Corners LS a ET I TT I SIE TI CA AP ROR AE EE PEE SE ES FT OTN OLS DE ALLE EAE CATE AS MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 77 ON YOUR OWN By David Thompson Weird Projections amp Artificial Intelligence I hate to admit it but after the last On Your Own this column is almost mundane 86 World grabbed the baton this issue on im porting your own systems and I m really excited about all the AI articles In fact you could think of this entire issue as a sort of On Your Own If you re looking for some thing with immediate commercial val ue look no further than AI couple of months ago a quick printed computer output pamphlet called Computer Industry Abstracts CIA showed up on my desk Paper clipped to
164. e speed of the IBM PC XT and also runs CPM 8080 software The SUPER TURBO comes complete with the MS DOS operating system Read and Run CPM full Instructional Documentation Utility software plus for our first 100 customers MSO is offering the Micropro Wordstar Professional Software package This package includes Wordstar Mailmerge Correctstar Starindex Datastar and a G L Accounting System The SUPER TURBO is a complete turnkey system with everything necessary to plug in and operate USER SUPPORT HOT LINE All systems carry full 90 day warranty CASH PRICE ONLY Check in adyance Add 3 for VISA MC Shipping amp handling charges will be added to each order For our catalog with complete details and prices send 2 00 to Micro Supply Organization Inc 4909 Stockdale Hwy 180 Bakersfield CA 93309 MON FRI 7am 5pm PSTeSAT 9am 5pm PST IBM is a registered trademark of the IBM Corporation 15 restocking on returned orders MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 Super Turbo Super Price The Super Turbo P C runs IBM software and CPM 8080 programs e CPU V20 8 8mHz Super Chip runs IBM compatible software at 3 times the speed of the IBM XT and CP M 8080 software 8087 Math Processor optional l 256K RAM on mother board expandable to 640K ROM 8K Bios 6 empty slots for expansion 2 serial port one optional with expansion kit 1 parallel port 1 game port Clock calendar with s
165. e the coun try and get a visa then come back again After some talking and giving names for references hotel reservations bro chures of Comdex and all that finally I was granted special permission to ter an allowing multiple type on the same document Features i stay in Japan for two weeks But next time you get a Japanese visa before you come to Japan And fly Japanese Air Lines Tokyo And Comdex Japan Tokyo was quite a change from the Ankara scene I have become accus tomed to in the last six months Huge fluorescent light shows on all the buildings clean streets clean relative ly speaking air Mc Donald s all over town a wonderful modern subway system and drivers that actually stop for pedestrians We spent three days at Comdex Insidious these Japanese In general we were slightly disappointed with the quantity and selection of items on display but there were a few products that made the trip worthwhile Citizen Lap Tops One thing I was hoping to see a lot of was lap top portables actually I was looking to buy one to use for the rest of the trip But the only company that had a REAL portable on display un der 10 lbs quad density 3 5 drive no bigger than a small box of corn flakes told me they couldn t sell it _unless I wanted to order 10 000 or so This company was Citizen of watch making fame They had two models at their booth one looking amazingly like the Kaypr
166. ed it to create Turbo Prolog Our new Turbo Prolog brings supercomputer power to your IBM PC and introduces you step by step to the fascinating new world of Artificial Intelligence And does all this for an astounding 99 95 Turbo Prolog is to Even if you ve never O lt gt Prolog what Turbo S gt programmed before Pascal is to Pascal lt S gt our free tutorial will Our Turbo Pascal astonished get you started right away everyone who thought of Pascal You ll get started right away as Just another language We because we have included a changed all that and nowTurbo complete step by step tutorial as Pascal is the de facto worldwide part of the 200 page Turbo Prolog standard with hundreds of Reference Manual Our tutorial thousands of enthusiasts will take you by the hand and andusersin teach you everything you re likely universities to need to know about Turbo research Prolog and artificial intelligence centers For example once you ve schools completed the tutorial you ll be and with pro able to design your own expert fessional program gystems utilizing Turbo Prolog s mers students powerful problem solving and hobbyists capabilities You can expect at least the Think of Turbo Prolog as a same impact from Turbo Prolog high speed electronic detective because while Turbo Prolog isthe First you feed it information and most revolutionary and natural teach it rules Then Turbo Prolog programming
167. ed by the reverse list test which is heavily stack intensive Reverse Tail uses tail recursion and virtually eliminates the use of the stack Search is a fundamental speed test searching a 1 rule database For comparison the factorial limit of Turbo Pascal using integers is 7 33 using reals All benchmark results shown were executed with interpreters except Turbo PROLOG Times for Arity s and Expert s PROLOG2 compilers are several times faster PROLOG On The PC continued from page 7 The top of the line model from Ada VMA PROLOG at 250 is almost full featured including virtual memory tree structured domains and access to DOS commands which allows you to invoke your own choice of editor Its main drawback is a lack of speed As the benchmarks show see Table 1 VMA is the slowest of the PROLOGs tested So if you re going to spend more than 50 you might look else where for a PROLOG micro PROLOG Professional micro PROLOG from Programming Logic Systems is the oddball in the PROLOG world syntactically speaking It implements a LISP like syntax which _ differs from Edinburgh s in several ways in particular in its exclusive use _ of parentheses in list processing _ For example in the Edinburgh syn tax an expression containing a member _and a list might look like this member X X _ member X _IY member X Y _ The brackets indicate a list Loosely translated the expre
168. ed is contained in the AH register All of the functions return informa tion in the carry flag and the AX register If the carry flag is clear the operation was successful In this case the AH register is returned as zero and the AL register contains the num ber of sectors of data transferred by the operation If an error occurred the carry flag is set and AH contains the error code The AL register indicates the num ber of sectors transferred it may not be the same as the number requested Here are the five functions handled by this routine a AH 0 Resets the disk system No physical request need be sent to the disk controller by this command A memory variable is set indicating the disk status is unknown and a home seek track zero operation should be performed by the next read or write This function should always return with the carry flag clear to indicate successful completion and zero the AH and AL registers AH 1 Reads the status of the floppy disk system This function re turns the status of the last disk opera tion in the AL register The carry flag is set according to the value of the status word returned AH 2 Reads sectors from the floppy disk into memory AH 3 Writes sectors from memo ry to floppy disk AH 4 Verifies sectors with data in memory No actual data transfer should occur AH 5 Formats initializes the track For the read write and verify op erati
169. ed of other compiled PROLOGs enables Turbo PROLOG to blast through data and rules in mind boggling numbers of logical inferences per second or LIPS to the initiated Turbo PROLOG is much faster than the other PROLOGSs I tested In addition its programming envi ronment is exceptionally user friendly with Reflex like multi windows and menus and an array of other features see Table 2 One of the strengths of a PROLOG program is its flexibility permitting the user to modify the program at runtime wow The interpretive PROLOGs append and retract data to and from the program via of course the interpreter Compiled versions like Arity PROLOG include key features of the interpreter in the standalone pro grams Borland s solution again is novel Turbo PROLOG allows you to call the editor from a running compiled pro gram and modify marked areas data bases Type checking is again a key to the implementation Apart from the controversial type checking issue the only potential limi tation I see for TP is its lack of a virtual memory facility a feature of all other major PROLOGs Turbo PROLOG requires 384K of RAM and although many PCs have been upgraded to 640K the profes sional applications programmer might be frustrated by so little room for data gee whiz we used to be thrilled by the seemingly boundless space of 64K However databases can be ex panded to disk which more or less circ
170. ed to ground Trigger Word The lower 16 of the 32 input lines are used to set a trigger word which marks the starting location in the data stream The three legal conditions for the trigger word are set by the 74LS00 Nand gates and the 74LS688 Octal Comparators l To handle the high or low states the data input line from the probe buffers INO gt IN15 is passed and inverted by setting its matching data compare line DCO gt DC15 high These two lines are NANDed togeth er and the output is passed to the Octal Comparators which compares it to the system compare CMP0 gt CMP15 lines Since the input lines are inverted by the Nand gates the re spective CMP line must be the inverse of the desired trigger state The don t care condition is handled by setting the data compare line low which blocks the input line and sets _ the Nand gate output high The sys tem compare line is then set high to match this state More input lines could be added to the trigger word by adding additional Nand ates and Oc tal Comparators The final output of the chain of comparators is used to latch a high logic analyzer clock enable into the 74LS112 JK Flip Flop which is used to enable the 74LS85 Quad Comparator which handles clock qualification When the DONE output from the Address counters goes high signaling the start of a sampling session the clock input to the logic analyzer is passed through the first And
171. edarview Court Clearwater FL 33519 or call 813 791 1454 55 bey modem and download an application 30 Drive Cleaning Kit Sale 8 only floppyclene with chemicals and carriers Reg 69 95 now 20 each 2 postage Datalife Head Cleaning System Reg 11 95 and extra head cleaning pack 10 Reg 20 now just 6 2 postage National Public Domain 1533 Avohill Dr Vista oh CA 92084 33 Getting Started With CBASIC Workbook tutorial style for begifners intermediates in this powerful lan guage Furidamentals through file handling user func tions tc Ends confusi n frustrations Only 25 U S Four Corners Press Hanover MA 02339 30LI Turbo Cheques We have developed the most comprehen sive Personal checkbook mandgement program on the market today Professionally developed easy to use supports color hard disks prints checks Security con trols extensive screen displays and reports 125 page User s Manual A real value for only 39 95 Makes balancing your checkbook every month a breez If not _ convinced try our Demo Disk for only 5 00 You ll be pleasantly surprised and you can t lose If you don t like the Demo we will refund your money The Demo price _will be credited towards the full version IBM PC XT CompuTech Box 7000 309 Redondo Beach CA 90277 30FR Computer Doctor Will repair your SICK apiri drive etc Specializing iri CP
172. er counters AH 0 or sets them AH 1 Even if you don t have a clock in your system you should continued next page MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 59 PC DOS FOR NON CLONES continued from page 59 preserve this function and the three counter locations used by this routine so the read time function will return the last value stored by the set time function Interrupt 1B Keyboard Break This interrupt is used by some appli cation programs to handle a keyboard control break input It should be ini tialized to point to an interrupt return instruction Interrupt 1C User Timer Function This interrupt is included in case an application program wants to do something special on each tick of the hardware clock It s executed every time the clock interrupt handler is entered It should be initialized to an interrupt return instruction Interrupt 1D Video Parameters This is not an interrupt but is used as a pointer to parameters for the video card in the PC This pointer serves no useful purpose in my sys tem but it should not be used for any other purpose Interrupt 1E Floppy Disk Parame ters This is also a pointer defining the address of the parameters required for operation of the floppy disk The pointer is initialized to the data contained in the BIOS but is modified by PC DOS to reflect the actual disk format being used The floppy disk I O routines use data from
173. er systems to be used for accounting at the field offices We will eventually have at least 100 PCs several network file servers printers and possibly other equipment Be cause of the sinful price and poor to nonexistent service offered by the local distributors of American and European equipment we decided to go direct We had considered using Slicers with CCP M and several terminals but decided that a network of PCs would provide easier hardware expansion capabilities in the future and using MS DOS would give us a greater software base Since the cheapest PCs come from the Far East Taiwan in particular we counted that as our best bet but figured we should check it out first just to make sure of what we were getting ourselves into Info And Samples Last October I began compiling a list of names and addresses of Far East suppliers of PCs We picked the 15 best prospects sent them each a telex and eventually ordered five samples three complete units and two mother boards Then we waited We re not lavished with 48 hour service like you sultans in the U S You re Selling WHAT In the meantime we were still re ceiving product information from Tai wan Please note that we are supplying cards which are copyrighted by some American companies We are selling these cards at much lower prices but we shall not hold any responsibility in the event of claims by the original makers at your
174. eries of rooms by a polite young man who kept smiling and saying You just get a visa now no problem I wasn t smiling my mind was racing with thoughts of bamboo under my finger nails and meals of dried bean curd and fried locust eggs It ended up only costing me 14 and I didn t even have to sign a confession of my guilt in the capitalist oppression of the world After we took off again one of the stewardesses told me that a few years before a family of four Americans had been fined 4000 for exactly the same thing I guess the People s Republic is getting soft in its old age Once Is Not Enough Before we left Ankara I had asked one of the secretaries at the office to check every country we were going to to see if I needed any visas She came _to my office later and said I checked and you don t need ANY visas for ANYwhere So she had made one mistake maybe it was just an over sight and maybe boiled chicken feet really IS a good appetizer In Tokyo my friend passed through immigration with no problem Piece of cake I thought to myself I strutted up to the counter and handed my pass port to the man behind the glass He looked through all the pages Then he looked through all the pages again Finally came the question Where is your Japanese visa My stomach sunk I didn t know I needed one Same old story What must I do now Probably you must leav
175. erox 820 1 Run up to four floppy disk drives at once both 8 and 5 1 4 at the same time Software compatable with Kaypro and Xerox 820 Supports all standard printers and most add ons like the Ferguson Ram Board You get mini monitor functions autoboot capability 19 built in disk formats and bank mode operation for more space in your TPA Lets you run 48 TPI disks on 96 track drives Works with Uniform and QP M PLUS2 ROM Set and X120 Board A amp T j PLUS2 ROM Set and X120 Bare Board PLUS2 ROM Set only 120 Bare Board only Other kits parts and packages available EMERALD MICROWAREJ PO Box 6118 Aloha OR97007 503 642 1860 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 43 256K RAM Uperade For 83 Kaypros I ve received numerous requests _ from those of you who have wanted to build a RAM disk into your 83 Kaypro My stock answer was that this kind of project didn t lend itself to homebuilding since RAM chips are so sensitive to noise on the supply and signal lines However the good doctor has ele gantly solved that problem by install ing 256K chips in place of the original 64s I wish you all much luck and little static while doing this fine project n article in the September 1985 issue of Byte describing a 256K upgrade for the Atari 800XL prompted me to try a similar hardware hack on my pre 84 Kaypro 4 Although I encountered a number of problems I now have a Kaypro with 256K RAM The resulting
176. f Sidekick on your CP M machine Trigger Write Hand Man with a single keystroke and a window pops open to run desk accessories Exit Write Hand Man and both the screen and program are restored Use with any CP M program and most any CP M machine Takes only 5K of memory FEATU RES Notepad for quick notes File and Directory viewer Appointment calendar Quick access phonebook HEX calculator a 14 digit decimal calculator BON US Add applications written by you or others No other Sidekick _ lets you add applications Dump screens setup printers communicate with other computers display the date and time Let your imagination run wild 49 95 California residents add tax shipping included COD add 2 Sorry no credit cards or purchase orders 30 day guarantee Formats 8 inch IBM Northstar and most 5 inch please specify Write Hand Man only works with CP M 2 2 ZRDOS and CP M 3 0 please specify Simple terminal configuration required Not avail able for TurboDOS Compatible with keyboard extenders hard disks and other accessories Poor Person Software 3721 Starr King Circle Palo Alto CA 94306 415 493 3735 Trademarks Write Hand Man Poor Person Software CP M Digital Research Sidekick Borland International Kaypro Z SYSTEM Now Available Set yourself free from that antiquated and inefficient operating system you now use Z System makes your Kaypro faster friendlier more intelligent and powerful See columnis
177. for all this nice information you re gathering There are two choices fast RAM 50ns or less or FIFOs first in first out which are fancy shift reg isters FIFOs are easier to use but expen sive and difficult to find RAM also has more capacity so you can store larger blocks of data Again trying to strike a reasonable balance between system cost circuit complexity parts density and availability let s use RAM A glitch is defined as a signal that goes up and down between samples Accessories Drive cable sets 1 5 10 95 3 std 41 95 6 14 95 Kaypro interface cables externals 16 67 Host extension cable 41 foot 18 95 Y power cable 950 40mb FH SPECIAL call under 200 Document package incl with system 8 00 5mb FH SPECIAL call under 120 Enclosure 5 25 FH with P S 69 00 without P S 49 00 The key to the Mini Winnie system is the INSTALL program which links your drive and your computer the way YOU want it Extensive menu options allow selection of any ST 506 compatible drive as 1 to 4 logical drives within CP M at any drive letter Diagnostic and format capability provided to match the installation Distributed in SOURCE form We have club user group OEM Dealer programs Call for quantity schedule If for any reason you are not satisfied return for full refund Special drives warranteed for 30 days Info and manual 8 00 credited with system purchase Specials subject to availability O
178. for those errors Needless to say I will never do busi ness with DAK again David Randles P O Box 8461 Medford OR 97504 continued on page 88 i 4 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 THE CHALLENGER XT 186 SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER FULLY IBM COMPATIBLE BUT FOUR TIMES FASTER STANDARD FEATURES intel 80186 CPU 8 MHz On board 640K parity checked RAM memory 8 slots for I O Interface Board 6 8 Bit Data 2 16 Bit Data 4 channel 8237 DMA 8 channel 8259 Interrupt 3 channel 8253 Timer IBM PC AT like Bus with true 16 bit data path OPTIONAL FEATURES 10 MHz operation 8087 Numerical Processor Support NEW ROM BIOS Version 2 0 The Challenger XT 186 offers full IBM PC XT compatibility It supports industry standard operating systems MS DOS PC DOS 1 0 through 3 1 CP M and runs all existing software with higher performance The XT 186 mother board can directly replace any existing PC or PC XT mother board as it has the same physical dimensions and mounting holes The Intel 80186 and 640K on board 16 bit path RAM makes the XT 186 the fastest PC currently available MOTHER BOARD 8 MHz 640K RAM 8 I O slots NEW LOWER PRICE 695 00 The XT 186 ROM BIOS version 2 0 supports the IBM PC T combined Hard Dish Floppy Controller on the Challenger XT 186 mother board With the new ROM BIOS installed the XT 186 can support two 1 2 MB floppy drives and two hard disk drives with the same fas
179. functions in several files without user intervention e CUSTOMIZATION With VEDIT PLUS you can create your own on line editing func tions with keystroke macros Develop your own on line help screens Determine and revise your own keyboard layout easily om The Navy charts new concepts with t a A Ic POK i loig 1 aE 52 National Can preserves facts gt with it GE has bright ideas with it Here s why you MW shouldn t be without it Pe e SPEED VEDIT PLUS not only works hard it works fast Faster in fact than any other text editor on the market e EXPERIENCE Six years ago CompuView revolutionized the concept of microcom puter text editing And we ve been improv ing our products and services ever since Special Offer Order a VEDIT PLUS text editor for 225 and we ll include our V PRINT document formatter a 120 value absolutely free Call CompuView today at 313 996 1299 You ll be in good company uView CompuView Products Inc 1955 Pauline Boulevard Suite 300 Ann Arbor Michigan 48103 TELEX 701821 Available for PC DOS MS DOS CP M CP M 86 Free sort compare print and main menu macros included optional 8080 8086 translator or mailmerge 50 each 4 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 17 Opening Bids In Bridge An Expert System _ In the life of every new language there comes a point where it s time to stop talking an
180. g Plus One of the Best Buy General Ledger i Originally 495 595 per module and we ll toss in A R and A P for only 29 95 each or pick your modules for 39 95 each features password protection audit trail double entry open item error checking etc Buy the whole set G L A R A P Inventory Payroll Point of Sale _ Sales Order Purchase Order Big 8 for These disks are in 96 TPI format but we can download to almost any format CPM 86 IBM or CPM 80 for 1 95 per disk We have about 80 sets of the Big 8 package and 60 of the Big 3 CPM 86 for IBM and Compatibles CRAIG S COMPUTERS 213 371 4428 mays hackers who would be very interested in seeing such an article Interestingly I have a column actu ally two planned for just what you have mentioned using 16 bit devices on the S 100 bus with and without other 16 bit cards Although the IEEE 696 standard al lows for 16 bit stuff on the S 100 bus without any tricks like multiplexing data address lines etc there are sev eral different schemes for sneaking 16 bit processors into an S 100 bus that has only 8 bit cards Many manufac turers make 68K based boards that use existing 8 bit cards including Viasyn a k a Godbout CompuPro and Peak Viasyn s scheme does some neat hardware tricks to allow the 68K s memory mapped I O to be translated to I O mapping for S 100 peripherals for example And of course there are
181. gate The second And gate passes it if the four qualifiers match their programmed states QUALO gt QUAL3 and if the trigger word has enabled the qualifier comparator the 74LS85 When DONE goes low the clock stops and the host system which has been polling the DONE state takes control Clock Clock edge inversion is provided by an Exclusive Or gate which is used as a programmable inverter When the EDGE output is high the clock is inverted when low it isn t Since data is strobed into storage on the rising edge of the clock EDGE low would be rising edge transfer EDGE high would be falling edge transfer The ADDR INC output allows the host system to control the address line counters when transferring data Under remote operation system un der test controlling the clock the ADDR INC output is set When the host system takes control EDGE is set thus driving WR high and ADDR INC is pulsed to increment the ad dress inputs to the RAM The sanitized qualified and purified clock WR output strobes the input data INO gt IN31 into the 2148 RAM array on its rising edge The same edge is used to increment the 74LS393 address counters which changes the address about 40 nanoseconds later setting the address for the next data strobe When the RAM is full A10 goes high pulling DONE low as outlined above The access time of the RAM used will determine how fast you can acquire data Generally sl
182. good chance that PC DOS would run on my hard ware This article describes the results of that effort and outlines the steps required to implement PC DOS By following this procedure an ex perienced assembly language program mer should be able to implement PC DOS on any 8086 computer system The resulting system is best de scribed as generic PC DOS Software designed for the IBM PC or compati bles which uses only normal DOS system calls to perform I O functions will run properly Software which uses unique features of the machine such as graphics or software which access es the hardware directly will not run properly Requirements amp Approach In order to run PC DOS you ll need either an 8088 8086 80186 or 80286 CPU 128K RAM a 5 25 disk drive and controller DD a terminal or other form of console device PC DOS version 2 1 a text editor an 8086 assembler linker and loader The PC contains the primitive I O functions for accessing the various components of the hardware in its BIOS Basic Input Output System ROM This ROM contains all the rou tines for accessing the available stan dard hardware The routines are accessed via soft ware interrupts so their physical loca tion isn t critical to proper operation of PC DOS If the routine is moved you need only adjust the interrupt vectors to access the routine at its new ad dress The BIOS l I had to write a BIOS module to provide the
183. h the machine is a good substitute for cheap drugs but I like the AmigaDOS envi ronment for business and program ming applications as well It s great to have a full screen editor text file sort utility and file joiner all built into the DOS not to mention the built in RAMdisk It s also great to be down loading a file printing a report and editing a program all at the same time Speaking of DOS I haven t seen the rumored crashes except when I run out of memory and you sort of get a feel for when that s going to happen Anyway all you need to do is re boot you don t need to reload Kickstart The DOS that originally came with the machine Version 1 0 had a few bugs notably the serial drivers but DOS 1 1 seems to have solved that My only complaints are 1 No software I have Delux Paint and Lattice C but there s no business software out yet Maximillian looked promising but it wasn t compatible with DOS 1 1 and even the games are scarce so far But with the open architecture and easy access to docu mentation I think this will be short term 2 The software I do have especially Lattice seems to be of the opinion that since there s lots of memory and disk space there s no need for effi ciency For instance the Lattice pack age takes up an entire 880K disk with no room for the DOS functions The familiar Hello C program compiled to 15K Where
184. hat kinds of problems are likely to occur in the migration between the machines I m assuming that the primary problem of moving the data and source has been solved In addition since it has become the de facto standard for microcomputer Pas cal I m assuming that the conversion will be between CP M and MS DOS versions of Turbo Pascal Data Files The only data files directly compati ble between the two operating systems are TEXT files and untyped files This is because all typed files for CP M have a 4 byte prefix before the first record This prefix contains the record length and record count for the file This information cannot be derived directly from the disk directory entry as it can for MS DOS If you are not using 8087 Turbo or Turbo BCD the actual data will be compatible between the two file systems For DOS file of byte is compati ble with any file A short file copy By John P Jones 6245 Columbia Ave St Louis MO 63139 314 645 1596 program written in MS DOS Turbo which discards the 4 byte prefix is all that s needed to get to work again Programs The degree of difficulty in moving programs will depend on three major factors First if your programs use only standard features and extensions there may be no translation needed at all Two situations which may need significant massaging are operating system specific and processor specific extensions Processor Differences The
185. have bought the rights to MUSYS Corpora tion s S 100 bus boards In fact ICM has more S 100 products than I can mention in a single mini review so their name will probably crop up in future columns For now TIl just cover most of the smgleboard com puter products 8 Bit SBCs I ll start with the 8 bit boards The first product is the CPZ 4800x series of Single Board Computers SBCs Based on the Z80A processor these boards offer a Memory Management Unit MMU 4 channel DMA Vectored Prioritized Interrupts VPI an SIO or DART a PIO a 2793 FDC 64K DRAM and a built in monitor in EPROM all in the same package Low level I O like RS 232 drivers and receivers and floppy I O configura tion is done via small personality boards that contain additional ICs and connectors Using optional per sonality boards the CPZ 4800x can support 5 25 or 8 drives RS 232 SASI Centronics and many other peripheral devices If you don t want to use them as masters in a TurboDos system these boards also make gany stand alone CP M eyeiene After using two CPZ 48000 boards for the last four years my only com plaint is that a shorted regulator on an RS 232 personality module can cause SERIOUS damage to the main CPZ 48000 board including destroyed traces and component failure I ve lost two boards this way An added fuse has saved me from any additional failures However this problem exists in a
186. hese partially coded in hardware and thus they execute them more quickly The 68881 floating point unit not only performs the basic arithmetic at high speed but also all the commonly used mathematical functions In addi tion they re calculated internally to 80 bit accuracy Numbers The 68020 family does over a million single precision whetstones At 1067K the 16 7MHz DSI 780 is almost as fast as the VAX 11 780 1152K IBM s super fast PC RT plods along at 200K What a delight it is to have that machine as a competitor Since all calculations are performed to 80 bit accuracy the 68020 easily outpaces the VAX 11 780 on the dou ble precision whetstones at 902K per second continued next page THIS PROGRAM CONTINUOUSLY MOVES 458 752 BYTES FROM ONE LOCATION IN MEMORY TO ANOTHER ORG 00004000 MOVE L 8000 A0 MOVE L 80000 A1 MOVE L 114688 D0 MOVEM L DO AO A1 AT MOVE L A0 A1 SUBQ L 1 D0 BNE B MOVIT MOVEM L A7 DO A0 A1 BRA B LOOP END SOURCE ADDRESS DESTINATION ADDRESS 3 COUNT 3 PUSH REGISTERS MOVE 4 BYTES AT A TIME 3 DECREMENT COUNTER LOOP UNTIL DONE POP REGISTERS 3 AD NAUSEAUM gross or less than 1500 FREE BOOKLET e 10MHz 32032 CPU no wait states e Floating Bi point processor e 1MB to 8MB RAM e Virtual memory with sasrasen MS DOS and UNIX Pee SYSTEMS ee NG ATAT Bell Laboratones 31324 Via Colinas Suite 108 Westlak
187. ible drives e WD2797 floppy disk controller and interface on board e Can control up to three hard drives and four 5 1 4 floppies COMPLETE HARD DISK SUBSYSTEMS by Emerald Microware Hard disk subsystems with host cables software hard drive and cabi nets with power supply Fully tested and ready to go e Internal hard disk kits availble for Kaypro computers e 10 and 20 meg units in stock others by order e Available for Kaypro Xerox Morrow and others 10 Meg Hard Drive Subsystem 20 Meg Hard Drive Subsystem Host board with software ACCESSORIES FOR THE KAYPRO AND THE XEROX 820 Xerox 820 2 Main Computer Board x 75 00 Xerox 820 2 Floppy Controller board Xerox 820 2 Main board w Floppy Controller Xerox 5 1 4 Drive cabinet wicable Xerox internal video cable Board mount power connector Parallel ASCII keyboard not standard Xerox Dual 5 14 Disk Drives DSDD 48 TPI in cabinet with standard Xerox cable SOG Special prices good through August 31 1986 We guarantee satisfaction on all of our products or your money back Include 4 00 shipping and handling 7 00 for COD call for Blue Label charges Phone hours 8 30am to 5 00 pm weekdays check our bulletin board RQP M 5 30pm to 8 00am seven days a week for our latest stock and prices a VISA Gnas See WE SUPPORT OUR CUSTOMERS kod INTRODUCING THE KayPLUS ROM PACKAGE by MICROCode Consulting The most important element in the perform
188. ible you can buy All work with V20 chips have parity checked memory an 8087 socket 8 adapter slots four empty ROM sockets Super manual includes com plete data on how to put together a com plete PC system It even includes schematics commercially HARD DISKS complete 10MB Kit special only 398 complete internal 2 high 10MB kit incl controller and cables special 398 complete 10MB kit with low power 3 2 half high drive fits 5 slots 469 3 2 10MB Winchester drive alone HD 3 just 380 20MB half high drive HD 2 now 395 HARDWARE SPECIALS keyboard 5150 style regularly 125 Model KB 3 only 85 keyboard 5151 style regularly 175 Model KB 3 only 99 memory nine 150ns DRAMs Set ID 256 256K reg 55 now 34 no better DS DD drives anywhere 48tpi F 4 99 F 9 96tpi 129 Smarteam modem fully Hayes equivalent 300 1200 baud auto ans dial reg 399 now just 249 POWER ee 135 Watts side switch top quality one year warranty standard cables for 4 disk drives Mode PS 135 power supply regularly 129 now only 85 LAST MINUTE SPECIALS x RUN CPM only 79 see details in upper left corner of this ad e IBN PC DOS 3 1 85 noe 45 with motherboard Ellis PASCAL COBOL FORTRAN BASIC te only 34 ea NS mouse w PC Paintbrush 145 x CONPLETE 100 IBH PC eqiv syst 987 x Jbtpi drive package over 800K on a single floppy coaplete kit with 9dtpi drive software
189. ide_bid build_hand clubs decide_bid print_hand decide_bid hand_count Count Count lt 13 print Pass asserta bid pass Rule 2 there is even distribution and between 16 and 18 points 1 notrump Rule 3 Bid the higher ranking of touching suits or the lower ranking if two long suits are not touching Rule 4 Bid the long suit Rule 5 Bid a five card major Rule 6 Bid a four card minor suit if it has an honor Rule T Bid one club Rule 8 Bid the best of suits which are not biddable by rules 1 through 6 l The use of the cut operator at the end of each clause It is essential to stop the process as soon as the proper bid is determined 22 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 decide_bid balanced_hand points pass decide_bid even_distr yes hand_count Count Count gt 15 Count lt 19 print 1 notrump asserta bid 1 notrump decide bid find _longest_suit decide bid find_next_long suit decide_bid longest Suit Count Count gt A longest Suit2 Count not Suit Suit2 touching Suit Suit2 print 1 Suit asserta bid 1 Suit decide_bid longest Suit1 Count Count gt 4 longest Suit2 Count not Suiti Suit2 print i Suit2 asserta bid 1 Suit2 decide_bid longest Suit Count Count gt 5 l print 1 Su
190. ikely to be used in the near future The page also has a Dirty Flag which tells the OS the page has been written to and must be saved To speed the paging operations the page table entries for the most recently accessed pages are cached by the processor in a special Translation Loo kaside Buffer Additional page table entries are stored in memory If a task attempts to access a page which isn t present an exception occurs which allows the operating system to get the missing page i 80386 Applications l The 80386 will likely fad a Oe in many PC AT type designs In the simplest of these the bus size can be strapped as 16 bits making the 80386 a drop in replacement for ag 80286 not pin compatible however With a good design these PC AT types should be up to three times faster than the IBM PC AT since the initial processor speed offered from Intel is 12 5MHz to 16MHz The true power of the 80386 1 won t be released until a good operating system is written to support it That operating system might even run PC DOS as a VM86 task Less dependence on hardware com patibility with older machines might allow a high performance workstation to be built which could take advantage of many already available higher per formance peripherals These include DMA video and disk controllers THE COMPUTER JOURNAL Practical Programming amp Hardware Projects an The Computer Journal is published bimonth
191. iler TURBO COM into memory Then simply change the three bytes at locations 222Ch 222Eh To have Turbo always load the error messages change as follows 222C CD gt AF 222D 21 gt 3D 222E 2D gt 00 To have Turbo never load the error messages change as follows 222C CD gt AF 222D 21 gt 00 222E 2D gt 00 Then exit DDT and do a save 121 _ lt filename com gt After you verify that the change works and the compi ler is intact rename the file TUR BO COM for your working disk D K Smith 1747 Attridge Rd Churchville NY 14428 Fixing 1 Meg RAMdisk The new BI 820 IM one megabyte board for the Big Board recently adver tised by Jim Ferguson in Micro C doesn t work as shipped If you write a byte at 4000H for example it will read back at 8000H and so on for other banks There is a pin inversion on the schematics and on the printed circuit board at U43 4 U43 5 U46 4 U46 5 For U43 and U46 RA is pin 5 RB is pin 4 To correct the problem do the following 1 Cut the trace on top of the board from U44 9 to the hole 2 Cut the trace under the board _ from U44 11 to the hole 3 Jumper under the board U44 1 to the hole that was going to U44 9 4 Jumper under the board U44 9 to the hole that was going to U44 11 Note that this new board as well as the old 256K board works perfectly at 6MHz with 150ns DRAMs Guy Royer 2828 Le Noblet Sainte Foy Quebec Canada G1V 2E7
192. imitation is a shortage of pins which forces some sharing be tween peripherals For example the serial port Receive Data pin is shared with the DMA Request Input DRQ3 Similarly TxD and DACK3 share Interestingly the parts are also of fered in packages with more pins but the designers still didn t separate these signals The V40 and V50 DMA controller has four channels and each channel has its own DRQ and DACK pins making it superior to the 80188 186 s The DMA controller is compatible with NEC s existing stand alone DMAC the 71071 This controller pro vides a full 20 bit address unlike the 8237 used in the PC The availability of separate DRQ and DACK lines allows the DMA controller to transfer data directly between the requesting peripheral and memory rather than first reading the data from the source and then writing it to the destination 80188 186 style This al lows for data transfers up to twice as fast as the 80188 186 DMA Applications For The V The V20 and V30 can directly replace the 8088 and 8086 in most cases adding a substantial boost in speed A side benefit is the enhanced instruc tion set as well as 8080 emulation mode _ However the V40 cannot replace any existing processor Its saving grace is that its chip peripherals are similar to those in an IBM PC The interrupt controller is identical to the PC s as well as the timer counter The DMA controller and serial port aren t c
193. improve ment in performance has far surpassed my expectations Perfect Writer can now handle large files without protracted bouts of swap ping and missing keyboard input IN FOCOM games run in erie silence with no disk drive motor noise and respond almost instantly And I ve even buffered my CCP and BDOS so that a warm boot is twice as fast The 256K RAM in my machine has been working perfectly for around six months now Danger Down Under ie 5 This wasn t the first time I d taken the lid off my Kaypro and delved inside Within a year of buying it I d speeded the CPU up to 5MHz added a ProMonitor 8 ROM installed a ZTIME 1 clock board and fitted it with twin Mitsubishi quad drives However fitting 256K RAM chips with address decoding bank switch ing and refresh was certainly the most frightening upgrade I ve ever per formed since I was breaking new ground for me rather than following a proven design As a result I learned a lot some of it the hard way In the hope that I can spare others some of the worry and stress I suf fered here is a step by step guide on how to turn a Kaypro into a Kaypro 8 256 Kaypro 2 Or 4 Although the case of my Kaypro proclaims it to be a II it has a Kaypro 4 motherboard as I discovered when my first Micro C ProMonitor ROM didn t work they exchanged it for the correct one straight away and ex plained what had happened The circuit in Figure 1 should w
194. inental USA MasterCard Visa UPS COD and personal check welcomed l i Echelon Ince 835 N San Antonio Road Los Altos CA 94022 415 948 3820 46 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 3 Make that didn t do graphics August SCS Draw is here bringing Kaypro Compite With SCS Draw you can use your Kaypro to draw a picture Of anything The first true drawing program for the Kaypro SCS Draw turns your computer screen into a sketchpad on which you can draw detailed images like those shown here These images can be saved on disk or printed on your dot matrix or letter quality printer There are many applications of SCS Draw For example you could use SCS Draw to design and print party invitations banners or technical diagrams You could also use SCS Draw to promote a your business or design your ore company logo 5 is that it s fun to use when was the last time you had some fun with your And the ar thing about SCS Draw Illl eea a scs Dr i gives you a variety of useful drawing tools to choose from You can draw a detailed image dot by dot or do a rough sketch with straight lines Need a compass SCS Draw can draw circles of any size wherever you need them For subtle shading effects use one of 23 pre defined patterns or create your own B z Ea Lines Patterns NEW for PrintMaster Owner
195. inting e 10 12 and 15 cpi printing pitches e Centronics parallel interface Optional form tractor Includes printer cable amp full warranty This complete package Computer amp Printer lists for 3194 00 ONLY 69 Includes printer cable amp full warranty MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 25 Building Your Own Inexpensive Logic Analyzer Logic analyzers are expensive mys terious gadgets that experts use to find subtle problems in inscrutable _ systems At least that s been the case until now This is the first of two articles on building your own logic analyzer Once you ve used one of these gadgets you ll wonder how anyone debugs software and hardware without one Of course at their usual prices of _ 5 000 to 25 000 there hasn t been too much demand from individuals With this series all that changes There are no more excuses for not knowing what s happening inside a system t s late and you ve just completed the prototype of your automatic canary feeder burper the best microprocessor real time controller de signed for that purpose You key in the code flip the on switch and are greeted by nothing it ie sits there Or you ve just finished writing a wonderful 20 000 line single module assembly language program to auto mate the manufacture of gopher cor sets Following the procedure taught you by tune for greatest smoke Ke
196. inued from page 83 distribution of public domain software Hoff was cited for his work upgrad ing Christenson s MODEM into the MDM series and IMP He was further cited for his assistance to newcomers to computing via Compuserve Libes was nominated for service over an 11 year period in promoting per sonal computing as a founding mem ber of the Amateur Computer Group of New Jersey editor of Microsystems and Microsystems Journal and author of numerous books on computing and electronics The 1986 winner was Sol Libes Joining The Public Domain Parade There is no shortage of contributors to both the SIG M and the PC Blue libraries I must have about 30 vol umes of material that I have yet to review for new releases for SIG M and new material comes in every week Henry Kee PC Blue disk edi tor probably has a bigger backlog He NOT USING ECO C88 YOU RE WORKING TOO HARD Eco C88 is a full C compiler for MSDOS machines Everything you need is included in the low price of 59 95 including a full screen editor Here s what some reviewers are saying about the Eco C88 C Compiler even gets nasty calls on why the material isn t yet out However most of his releases ask for donations hence the impatience Making a donation to your col leagues in computing is not that hard All you do is fill in the donation form found on most library disks and send the disk to either SIG M or PC Blue The SIG M donation
197. ion amp prices SLICER COMPUTERS INC 2543 Marshall Street N E Minneapolis MN 55418 Enclosures amp other support hardware 612 788 9481 _ BBS 612 788 5909 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 39 86 WORLD continued from page 39 We called him up from the hotel and he sent a car to get us When we got to his office our chicken dealer sud denly became a computer manufactur er He took us into the next room sa that his assistant could give us a test run of the demonstration unit ob viously set up just for us and we were swept off our feet by the sounds of Sakura played by the IBM diag nostics program We were deeply moved by the per formance but had to throw aside our initial infatuation and force ourselves to leave the building without confirm ing an order for a thousand units How Ta Meet Companies Within a day after we arrived in Taipei before we had talked to anyone except the people at the airport and the hotel calls One of the first persons to be grant ed an audience with us was an agent for a shipping company When we asked him how everybody knew our names he showed us a little newsletter that was full of names including ours Someone at the airport got the scoop on us from the immigration office and now so did the whole city of Taipei They knew who we were where we were from what we were buying where we were staying and probably even our favorite drink In other
198. ion of the ICs The ICs by the way are sold in packages for instance a motherboard chip set is purchased as a unit from a chip set company and includes all chips necessary for a complete XT motherboard The companies inserting the ICs have no idea WHY the boards work they follow the diagram that tells them to put chip D in slot 5 and light a stick of incense After the chips are inserted on the board the boards are usually run across a small wave soldering ma chine although the smallest compa nies do their soldering by hand After the parts are glued into place there may or may not be testing If there s testing it s usually the Pacman variety if the ghosts move then the incense worked You may be dealing with a company at any one of these levels If you happen to find the right one you will purchase the boards directly from the people who insert the chips I decline to call them manufacturers Most of Figure 2 Prices From Taiwanese Companies Turbo 8MHz motherboard 640K w 0K installed Floppy controller card 4 drives Hercules mono graphic card w printer port Switching Power Supply 135 watt Keyboard AT layout Cherry keyswitches XT flip top metal cabinet Monochrome monitor 12 Cheer brand CHEEP the computer companies in Taipei are really just trading companies Many times a trading company will claim to be the manufacturer We were even given a tour of my factory b
199. ions usa The system will then ask about the condition of the economy and if we now say n to indicate the economy is not booming the system will back track add the information economy usa shaky to the knowledge base and then try the second rule for elections asking for the challenger s name That name is added to the database and the message about the challenger being likely to win is output Wrap Up I hope this brief introduction to expert systems has whetted your ap petite for more information about the possibilities of this fascinating lan guage In PROLOG the emphasis is on describing the structure of the prob lem rather than specifying the steps required in searching for a solution You might think of a conventional language as being imperative i e giving specific commands to the com puter and PROLOG as being asser tional i e describing or making as sertions about the problem leaving it to the system to work out the specific CPM 80 LIVES ON YOUR PC CP Mulator puts a 4mhz 8 bit CPM 80 emulator in your IBM PC for only 99 e Execute 8 bit CP M programs at 4 mhz Stop waiting around for those slow software emulators at twice the price of this speed demon CP Mulator makes a fantastic CP M development environment and allows you to use all your CPM 80 tools and the IBM PC tools too Why write off that expensive package that you bought for
200. is cleaned up the drive waveform tremendously and decreased its rise time due to the larger dynamic range of the CMOS part Ken Carlson 1206 SE 140th Ave Vancouver WA 98684 25th Line Blues Fix After installing the Pro 884 and the 8 drive adapter board in my Kaypro 4 84 and enabling the 25th line for time and date I noticed that for approximately 15 minutes after turn on the 25th line randomly filled with graphic characters After 15 minutes everything worked okay obviously heat related My solution Using a heat gun and a can of quick freeze I found that the octal latches U13 and U14 were the culprits They are located on the main board near the rear left corner They re both 74LS373s and cost about 1 from JIM PACK The small program shown below will clear and restore the 25th line at any time Edward J Pierce 310 Hemingway Dr Bel Air MD 21014 Kaypro Cursor Location We recently got a call from Richard Hudson wanting to know how to find the cursor value storage location on his Kaypro II and then alter the cur sor Here s what we suggested find the storage location for the cursor type using DDT change the value with CONFIG 83 then go back and look at that location If the value hasn t changed you weren t at the right address This is obviously a hit and miss technique If the value has changed a short BASIC program to poke the cursor value or an assembler Figure 1 New Big
201. isk and end user support 51 4 disk conversions 48TPI 6 other 10 Shipping 4 50 UPS 10 Canada 15 overseas NY residents add sales tax Discount incentives for Dealers OEMs User Groups CALL gt Computer aper Industries Inc e P O Box 680 e Parkchester Station NY 10462 800 628 2828 X513 24hr order hotline COD only e 212 652 1786 M F 10 6 sales technical staff E 4 We re helping your computer work better for you Trademarks CP M Digital Research ConlX Computer Helper Ind Microshell New Generation Systems ZCPR Richard Conn Echelon MS DOS Microsoft UNIX AT amp T Bell Labs NOW AT THE SBC MART COMPUTING SALE A THON THE BEST OF BOTH WORLDS Run your CP M programs on any IBM PC or compatible RUN CPM transforms your PC s floppy drives into CP M drives able to directly read write and format over 100 CP M disks RUN CPM directly executes your CP M programs Kaypro Morrow Osborne Cromemco Heath many more Because this is a hardware solution your programs run up to 30 faster RUN CPM only 79 Requires NEC V20 chip below PC SPEEDUP KITS NEC s V20 chip will increase the throughput of your system up to 90 That s almost double your present processing speed 5MHz kit 24 8MHz 29 ADD ON CARDS multifunction card 384K clk cal w bat tey serial parallel and game ports with OK save 50 Model MFC 4 135 monochrome graphics card runs 1 2 3 graphics w printer port 720x348 MGC 1
202. it asserta bid 1 Suit I decide_bid points Suit Points Count Count gt 4 major Suit suit print 1 Suit asserta bid 1 Suit decide_bid points Suit Points Count Count gt 3 minor Suit values Suit Honor Pts Honor y print i Suit gt asserta bid 1 Suit decide_bid points clubs Points Count Count gt 2 print 1 club asserta bid 1 club l decide_bid longest Suit Count Count gt 3 longest Suit2 Count not Suit Suit2 touching Suit Suit2 print i Suit asserta bid 1 Suit decide_bid longest Suit1 Count Count gt 3 longest Suit2 Count not Suiti Suit2 print 1 Suit2 l asserta bid 1 Suit2 decide_bid longest Suit Count Count gt 3 print 1 Suit asserta bid 1 Suit End of Listing Figure 4 The Explanation Subsystem why print_hand why hand_count Points Points lt 13 print You have Points print points ride is not enough to eer l why bid 1 notrump hand_count Points print Your hand is worth Points points print You have balanced distribution 16 amp 18 pts print In this situation you bid 1 notrump 1 why bid 1 X points X Pointa Count longest Suitnamel Count longest Suitname2 Count not Suitname1 Suitname2 print You have 13 or more points print You have 2 sui
203. ition only when the proper clock edge is present and the read input is low Several clock qualifiers are necessary to allow maximum flexibility Since the 7485 allows comparison of four lines we ll use four qualifiers in our system Asynchronous Selectable Period Clock An additional nice to have option would be an asynchronous selectable Advanced Concepts Mini Winnie HARD DISK SYSTEMS For your Z 80 Computer Our EXTERNAL systems install in seconds Includes an attractive vertical cabinet with integral P S and fan 3 foot cables Everything necessary to plug in and go Our INTERNAL systems do not dis place a floppy drive do not require a power supply upgrade use the highest technology winchesters available No compromises COMPLETE SUBSYSTEMS Plug in and run Includes software documents cables brackets as req d 665 10mb External Kaypro 1 2 4 40 Big Board I II Xerox 820 I 1l Micro Mint SB 480 Add Gemini Zorba Osborne Sanyo MBC 41150 4160 AVL Eagle Alspa Il 845 410mb 20mb Internal Internal Jv Jv 790 790 20mb External Vv V v Add 10 Add 20 Add 20 period clock which would let us simu late a scope while troubleshooting cir cuits that don t have a master clock but still require viewing of many input lines How would you like to generate an entire logic board timing diagram 32 lines at once What power Wnen using the asynchronous clock
204. itself it pushes another set of variables and parameters onto the stack Eventually if the procedure calls itself too many times the stack overflows fills to the point that it starts writing over other data and crashes the system It s always possible in principle to find a non recursive solution and al though the non recursive solution may be slightly more efficient sometimes it can obscure the algorithm For ex ample we could use iteration to solve a factorial Begin End The obscurity becomes more obvious in complex problems such as the 8 Queens solution the Quicksort in vented by C A R Hoare and in pro grams to generate permutations see Programming In Modula 2 by Nik laus Wirth Obvious obscurity an oxymoron perhaps In PROLOG A logic programming language PROLOG for PROgramming in LOG ic relies you might say thrives on recursion since it lacks primitive func tions for iteration Let s examine the factorial function in the two principle PROLOG syntaxes micro PROLOG and Edinburgh First in micro PROLOG 1 factorial 1 x factorial y if 1 LESS x amp SUM x1 1 x amp x1 factorial y amp TIMES x y1 y We define a fact the factorial of 1 is 1 and a rule x factorial y if for finding factorials greater than 1 If you re unfamiliar with PROLOG try reading the function this way Given x to find y such that x factorial y if x 1 y 1
205. l amp Qualifiers Edge amp Qual Control Storage Host System Signal RAM or Isolation Host System Bus Isolation FIFO Control amp Decoding Start Stop Sample Trigger LOGIC ANALYZER l Word BLOCK DIAGRAM i Trigger Word Control 1 aa L bit 0 coaoers ios 1 3100 OF RORELES 7 FILI wg ree mta k am 4 TNO ene Nepheard Trigger Lo A DEPU tote inedit om p OF OMS TO mL y Stem ooro A 15s Te ete ae NU Len unie a 1 uA fa cow Aeros BY URTIOTE bate OCIS mme We Bring Engineers Scientists And The IBM PC Together Our unique high performance modular data acquisition system allows you to purchase the configuration that exactly meets your requirements All of Qua Tech s data acquisition products include LABSTAR powerful software designed to give BASIC programmers total con trol of their application 490 sarap 690 884 QUA TECH INC caunow 478 E Exchange St Akron OH 44304 216 434 3154 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 27 BUILD YOUR OWN LOGIC ANALYZER continued from page 26 with due caution they bite you would normally set the qualifiers to don t cares just to get some idea of what s on the busses The number of samples that can be obtained in one run is determined by the logic analyzer storage capacity So information about the system bus ac tivity is obtained in chunks each of which guide you closer to the prob lem In some logic analyzer
206. l ly back in school you assemble and then run the program only to be treated to the sound of several myopic gypsies singing Marching to Albu querque on the assembly line stepper motors Low What Do You Do You could reach for the trusty scope but you d have a tough time trying to solve these problems The scope has its uses but it suffers from two major faults when working on bus structured equipment it has a limited number of display channels usually 1 to 4 and it must have a recurrent periodic waveform to be of much help You d need 30 or more display chan nels to watch what the newer proces sors were doing Plus scopes have a difficult time displaying aperiodic one time signals Since microprocessors are driven by software much as programmers are driven to drink by it it would help to capture the program off the busses and determine the exact path taken or not taken by the program The magical device that allows us to watch a computer or any other bus structured equipment in action is called a logic analyzer and it has been with us in different forms and price ranges for a couple of decades This article will describe the compo nent parts of an ideal logic analyzer and propose a working design that can be used with the PC family of comput ers at a parts cost of under one hundred a l The Logic Analyzer amp The Sare Both the logic analyzer and the
207. less code let you pack a lot more program into your memory The resident debugger lets you decom pile breakpoint and trace your way through most programming prob lems A string package file interface and full screen editor are all standard features And the optional target com piler lets you optimize your applica tion for virtually any programming environment The package exactly matches Mas tering Forth Brady 1984 and meets all provisions of the Forth 83 Standard MasterFORTH standard package Commodore 64 with genie GRLE 100 Extensions Floating Point c ce ccnceeeee 60 Graphics selected systems 60 Module relocator with utility sources 60 TAGS Target Applic Generation System MasterFORTH target compiler and GOO CARON irena eraai vied Publications amp Application Models Printed source listings each 35 Forth 83 International Standard 15 Model Library Volumes 1 3 each 40 AN EN 8726 S Sepulveda BI A171 Los Angeles CA 90045 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 23 24 GAGANZATION INC Don t be fooled No hidden cost Complete MS DOS CPM Super Turbo In keeping with industry trends MSO is bringing our customers high performance P C compatibles and accessories MSO takes the P C compatible to maximum performance with its SUPER TURBO The SUPER TURBO features the V20 8 chip which runs at three times th
208. liar A gt prompt on the screen Debugging The BIOS Unless you re exceptionally lucky the first run won t be perfect The system will hang up leaving little indication of the problem Time for debugging Debugging the BIOS isn t as easy as debugging a normal application pro gram since the first thing the BIOS program does is modify all the inter rupt vectors So any normal debug ging tools you have such as DDT86 under CP M 86 can t be used Instead we leave messages at the end of the program Messages By including these messages at the entry and exit of the various BIOS interrupts you can get a good idea of what is going wrong In the program listing the message print routines can be enabled for the disk I O routines by setting the parameter debug13 true Other messages can be incorporated in a similar manner The message print and register dump routines preserve the state of all registers and flags so they can be used without modifying any of the parameters passed to or returned from the interrupt routines Register Dumps The register dump routine uses memory variables in the BIOS code segment so if it is incorporated the BIOS must be in RAM memory If you re going to put the BIOS in ROM remove the register dump routine after you ve debugged the code Proceed logically through the check out procedure If you don t enter the interrupt 19 bootstrap routine some thing is wrong with your B
209. lking to two Chinese meat cutters horse meat actually who had been visiting relatives in Turkey It turned out that their family had come from Turkestan in Western China but several of them had fled to Turkey during the commu nist takeover Now after 30 years they had been allowed to travel to Turkey for a reunion Where Is Your Visa Islammabad is near the western end of the Himalayas so as soon as we took off we began circling to get up to 30 000 feet before we headed toward the foothills At first I was amazed by the size of the mountains and glaciers and the thousands of square miles of terrain they covered but after about an hour of mountain after mountain after mountain I fell asleep We landed at the Peking Beijing airport for a one hour fueling stop and as soon as the snorkel was hooked up and the door was open the cabin filled with young soldiers asking to look at everyone s passports One of them looked at Ergun s and gave it back then took mine looked through all the pages looked through again called over one of his friends and they both looked at every page Then they asked Where is your transit visa What I didn t know I needed one Sa R A E E O E E SEES EEEE E EER SAA E CATE EA PP E E EEE EEEE E SE EE E T O TEE AN IT TE T 36 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 Americans need a transit visa for traveling through China I was led down the hall into a s
210. ll S 100 boards that use personality modules sometimes called Paddle Boards and is not restricted to just ICM mee Slaves ICM s 8 bit slave processors the CPS MX 64K and CPS BMX 128K are just as impressive as their SBCs Run ning at 4 or 8MHz the ICM slaves have most of the features of the SBCs including on board MMU and full DMA capability Running as a memo ry mapped slave under TurboDos the CPS series slave processors are much faster than most of the HO mapped slave boards I ve seen Like the SBCs each CPS board has two serial ports two parallel ports and two CTCs Most of the TurboDos gurus I ve talked to have said that they find memory mapped slaves fast er than regular I O mapped slaves but a great deal more difficult to imple ment If you re running ICM s version or TurboDos then this shouldn t be much of a problem since they do it for you Hmmm Out of space already We ll have to continue this mini re view next time starting with the KM 16 bit stuff First Letter I ve received several interesting let ters since last time Much to the relief of my editors I m sure I can t possi bly answer all of them here However I do have room for a couple of them so here goes Letter number one is from Matt Swarm of The S 100 Board Bank in _ By Dave Hardy i 736 Notre Dame Grosse Pointe MI 48203 Olympia WA Matt is currently run ning a plain vanilla CP M sy
211. loaded into the CX or repeat register Figure 4 Service 10 doesn t change the screen attributes Service 9 does If you want to restore the screen after a fling at reverse video or the like set rr bx Oxf or 0x7 if you prefer a dimmer screen and set rr ax 0x900 Rich folks with color monitors have more compli cated choices to make Obviously clr could be written to take another argu ment or two for fine tuning With this and the input routines in place you ll be able to give Peter Norton a run for his money You just won t get rich and famous doing it at so late a date continued next page MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 65 C ING CLEARLY continued from page 65 Addendum A Nice Find Last time I also grumbled awhile about the problem of getting out of a lock up without zapping the memory If the dead end of a compatible routine happens to call one of the MS DOS function calls a C will often break you back to the operating sys tem with all data intact If it s a closed arithmetic loop or something more exotic however the computer just sits there and sits there and sits there while you bang furiously on every thing in sight sounding all the world like some crazed woodpecker Of course there s always ALT CTL DEL but on IBMs and I don t know how many clones an ALT CTL DEL nulls the memory making recovery of data from working buffers and RAM
212. ly By taking the software approach implementing PC DOS I have achieved some degree of PC compati bility without the expense of new hardware _ I ll probably expand my PC DOS implementation to include my second 5 25 disk a 96 tpi drive my 8 disk drives and RAM disk A nice feature of PC DOS is that it lets you add device drivers which are loaded when the system boots So additional devices can be interfaced without changing the BIOS code Editor s Note Fred s complete BIOS listing can be downloaded from the Micro C Bulletin Board 503 382 7643 or ordered from Fred directly on disk for 15 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 61 C CODE FOR THE PC source code of course ete l Concurrent C Coder s Prolog in C LEX esata i YACC amp PREP Small C compiler for 8088 tiny c interpreter amp shell Xlisp 1 5a amp tiny Prolog i Tools The Austin Code Works 11100 Leafwood Lane Austin Texas 78750 8409 512 258 0785 Free shipping on prepaid orders No credit cards ARIOUNENE CUR MER PRODUCTS Sampler 35 and or Professional Systems from 175 for Apple Prolos Amiga Micro VAX Macintosh SBI PCSAT DEC Falcon UNIFORTH is a u featured floating point FORTH 83 Standard language available for most micro and mini computers Call or write for our ree catalog or use our Bulletin Board 614 459 7736 300 1200 Baud for more detailed information
213. ly 1986 EXPANDING YOUR KAYPRO AND XEROX JUST GOT CHEAPER CHECK OUT OUR SOG SPECIALS Most versatile Easiest to use Finest quality Claims are one thing but the proof is in our products We guarantee satisfaction Nothing can improve your computer s productivity like a hard disk HARD DISK SYSTEMS by Emerald Microware If you have been thinking about moving up to a hard drive why wait any longer We have everything you need from the host board to a complete turn key system Runs on the Xerox Kaypro or almost ANY Z80 system HDS Host Board The hardware you need to connect your computer to your hard disk controller board e Interfaces to the WD1002 controller board e Plugs into the Z80 socket no other wiring required e Switch selectable I O addressing e Comes fully assembled and tested THE WINCHESTER CONNECTION by MiCROCode Consulting The most comprehensive hard disk software package that you can buy Works with one or two hard disks 5 to 64 meg Menu operated install no software to assemble e Complete testing and error handling e Warm boot from hard drive e BIOS drivers install above or below CP M your option e Allows custom partitioning and mixed drives types e Includes manual format test park backup and swap utilities WD1002 05 HARD DISK CONTROLLER BOARD by Western Digital e 5 profile with standard power connector 5 only required e 40 pin host interface e Connects to ST506 compat
214. ly 1986 87 continued from page 4 PC Hard Disk My computer is an Epson QX 10 with a Titan PC II board which makes it run almost like a PC I d love to add a hard disk to my system I can buy one but it costs 1200 with the inter face and control boards I see hard disks advertised for the PC for urider 500 including the controller However on my system like the Kaypro I still need an interface to the controller I know it isn t worth your time to publish an article just for the Epson QX 10 but an article which would show how a Kaypro and any other system could use a PC hard disk might appeal to many of your readers John A Clinkenbeard 5810 Woodbridge Lane Midland MI 48640 Editor s note Excellent suggestion John However check the PC BIOS article in this issue It would appear from that article that it would be much easier to do a SCSI interface and add the winnie support to CP M s BIOS or as a driver in MS DOS Anyone have any other suggestions Amiga Aficionado I just read Issue 28 and feel I should speak out in defense of the Amiga I bought mine in November for some reason we Canucks seem to have been blessed with availability well be fore otir southern friends and use it daily for writing letters communicat ing with BBS es keeping track of marks and programming in C There s no question that the graph ics are mind blowing the Electronics Arts demo disk that comes wit
215. ly for those interested in programming their computers interfacing to peripherals and hardware construction Now expanded with in depth articles covering Turbo Pascal C Assembly Language Kaypro Ampro Interfacing plus CP M and other operating systems 6 Issues 1 year 14in US VISA amp MasterCard accepted 190 Sullivan Crd Columbia Falls MT 59912 74 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 406 257 9119 communication devices and parallel processors all better than currently used devices Fast multi tasking with a high reso lution video system and windowing sound good to me I d like to be able to fly Flight Simulator in one window while I m working in several others Editor s note Make sure one of those other windows has a good autopilot or you might crash the system The V60 amp V70 Yes there s more NEC has an nounced two new 32 bit processors to compete with the 80286 and 80386 The native mode instruction set isn t compatible with the 8086 however And it probably isn t compatible with the 80386 either Compatibility with the 8086 is provided by leaving 32 bit mode and entering what NEC calls Emulation Mode It isn t clear whether there s 8080 emulation One interesting feature of these pro cessors is on chip floating point sup port This has the advantages of mini mizing the support circuitry required and standardizing the program inter face but has the disadva
216. mmer s Library Que Corp in OBJ format is an additional 15 00 Please add 4 00 for shipping and handling To order call or write Ecosoft Inc 6413 N College Avenue Indianapolis IN 46220 317 255 6476 8 30 4 30 1 800 952 0472 orders only Multiple Regression including Stepwise Expanded Data Management Subsystem with New Data Transforms Scatterplots including best fit Reading data files created by other regression rograms e g Lotus P Correlation Analysis 3 types of Analysis of Variance 12 Nonparametric tests Time Series f 8 Probability Distributions Crosstabs and Chi Square TOD I Descriptive Statistics Factorials Permutations and Combinations Easy Installation Hypothesis Tests Microstat s algorithms have been designed to prevent numeric overflow errors and yield unsurpassed accuracy Microstat s price is 375 00 including the user s manual and is available for the Z80 8086 8088 CPU s and CP M80 CP M86 MS DOS and PC DOS To order call or write amp ecosorrTa inc Trademarks Eco C88 Microstat Ecosoft CP M Digital Research MSDOS Microsoft PC DOS IBM Z80 Zilog 8086 8087 8088 Intel 84 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 Byte Magazine called it CIARCIA S How To Order on two disks SSSD formats with less SIG M volumes are available on 8 than 240K please add 2 extra per SUP ER SYSTEM SSSD disks for 6 ea
217. modify If we put in all the information Who reagan themselves as they acquire more infor about the incumbent and the challeng mation a key aspect of powerful prob er the rules discussed above for Similarly the question lem solving drawing conclusions and express it in standard PROLOG syntax we d have challenger mondale Where Knowledge Engineering the knowledge base shown in the The big problem in developing an listing in Figure 2 l would generate the response expert system is extracting and refin Let s review the basic principles of ing the set of rules and facts from a PROLOG to see how this works Where usa human expert A PROLOG program consists of This task known as knowledge facts and rules based on the principles of pattern engineering has obvious problems FACTS express relationships be matching The fact Where is a varia For example an expert may not be tween objects For example the fact ble and can be matched with usa aware of all the rules and knowledge incumbent reagan usa relates the This kind of pattern matching is usual he or she uses to solve a problem two objects reagan and usa ly referred to as satisfying a goal So the knowledge engineer may One standard PROLOG convention In the above examples we set the have to do a great deal of sleuthing as the Edinburgh syntax expresses con goals Fs he builds the knowledge base And of
218. modify it based on its experience with other songs or sounds and then play this new crea tion If a song springs full blown to mind you could just hum a few bars tell the package which instruments you want ed and presto Show that to your kids Do you think they d go back to driv ing a turtle around the screen Do you think composers would still be scratch ing little round dots on blank staffs But then people are still writing books on ancient Royals Programie But you don t have to come up with a new spreadsheet to take advan tage of the AI movement There is already substantial demand from busi ness and industry for people who can take expertise and put it into a com puter AI appears to be the best meal ticket available at this time Anyway use the above numbers as you wish But if anyone tells you there are no longer any opportunities for individuals in the computer business he ll only be displaying his own artifi cial intelligence ne 78 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 Figure 1 Contrasting Sales Figures amp Projections in Millions Computer Merchandising 1985 IBM AT AT Clones 490 W690 coos 3 BO ComputerWorld 1985 1986 94 agya 292 568 Figure 2 Retail Sales Projections amp Totals For 1984 through 1990 in Millions 1984 HARDWARE oe Personal Computers all Desktop publishing hrdware Process Control Systems Local Area perce Hrdware l Modem
219. more on 147 If you want more Spacewar is on 128 and four other game programs are on 102 A three volume multi user SuperTrek is on 90 92 Twenty one other games including Chess Eliza Othello PCPONG etc are on Volume 25 Volume 24 has another 19 games including Blackjack Cribbage Slot Machine etc Most games require a color monitor SuperTrek requires an 8087 Computer Hobbyist Of The Year The Computer Hobbyist of the Year Award is presented at the Trenton Computer Festival to the individual who has made an outstanding contri bution to amateur personal computing It is in effect the Oscar of amateur personal computing The nominees for the 1986 award were William Bolton of New South Wales Australia Jud Newell of Toron to Canada Irvin M Hoff of Los Altos Hills California and Sol Libes of Mountainside New Jersey Bolton was cited for his efforts to bring amateur computing to Australia and New Zealand through his pioneer ing efforts in setting up bulletin board systems acting as a distributor of public domain software and contribut ing a vast number of original programs and translations to the public domain Newell was nominated for his contri butions to the development of amateur computing and bulletin board opera tions in Canada as well as for his efforts in implementing the Canadian continued next page MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 83 IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN cont
220. name may vary with the implementation Whatever you call it it s interrupt 21H service 1 Figure 1 grabchar Function inelude lt regs h gt grabchar struct rr regs rr ax 0 interrupt 0x16 rr else EREEREER switch grabchar case tats we case b s a e case Ox1 eee case 0x2 ee e veeoveeece Figure 2 Service 2 gotoxy row column int row column struct regs rr rr ax20x2003 rr bx 0 rr dx 0x100 row column interrupt 0x10 rr 64 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 scan code the upper corner is 0 0 and would like to think of it as 1 1 then use row and column in the algorithm above By Ron Miller 1157 Ellison Dr Pensacola FL 32503 To obtain unechoed input you don t really need to move as close to the bare metal as you must on your Kaypro Just invoke bdos 8 0 Micro soft tossed in some extra goodies to replace CP M calls not needed on your clone Unfortunately service 8 still won t let you use the function keys F1 F10 Home PgUp etc in your programs since these special keys all return an ASCII null on a simple character call Actually all keystrokes on IBM clones return a word not a byte In ordinary text input the high bytes are ignored but the high byte called the is always there for con trolling program flow If the returned or however your implementation handles the registers for inter
221. nd while you use the system for other take Hit the shifts again and you re back in Mirror _ Mirror supports practically every auto or Senu dial modem Hayes compatible and non compatible It will even turn a PC into a VT 100 terminal if you wish I ordered one After it arrived I tried it out on everything I could find I d been using Mite and Modem740 but I must say this is better much better One problem I found is that it holds up the sender while it s writing to disk in 4K blocks At 9600 baud this delay becomes significant and reduces the effective transfer rate to about 5000 baud running on a clone and writing onto a Seagate winchester _ However at 49 95 not copy protected it s definitely the best deal in commercial modem software I ve seen Solid I have a Holliston XT 186 board and it s turned out to be a quick very dependable performer Though it doesn t have the video speed or the built in oe interface of PC Tech s X 16 it conan holds its own in the processing Aeantinied on page 90 June July 1986 Issue No 30 Introduction To PROLOG 12 18 PROLOG On The PC There s already quite a collection of compilers and interpreters for this unique new language Expert 7 l KNOWLEDGE Systems and p Logic Programming An overview of expert systems design using PROLOG Knowledge Acquisition And Opening Bids In Bridge An example PROLOG application
222. ndicated items O Window Package 49 Please call our 800 line for O Information on our VAX version O Site License and University Discounts O Dealer and Distributor information 89 Turbo Pascal is a registered trademark ot Borland International RISK FREE 30 DAY MONEY BACK GUARANTEE THE PC 8700 AT STYLE KEYBOARD INCORPORATES EVERY IMPROVEMENT IBM DESIGNED INTO THEIR ADVANCED AT KEYBOARD QUALITY SO GOOD IT S BACKED BY AN UNPRECEDENTED TWO YEAR WARRANTY Advanced design features include Selectric layout for Office Standardization Positive Tactile Feedback e Keyswitches rated for 50 million keystrokes e Made in USA e 2Year Warranty e Separate Numeric Keypad simplifies data entry e Status Lights for Cap Num and Scroll Lock helps eliminate typing errors e Extra wide Control and Return Keys for ease of use e Return Key placed in standard typewriter position for touch typists BORLAND S AWARD WINNING SUPERKEY INCLUDED GET THIS BEST SELLING KEYBOARD ENHANCER SOFTWARE VALUED AT 69 95 AS PART OF THIS AMAZING OFFER AND CAPTURE THE POWER OF MACROS SuperKey s macro capability is remarkable It literally turns a thousand keystrokes into one Features include e Keyboard Lock e Keyboard layout customization e Integration with SideKick e Pull Down Menus e On Line Help and much much more e Exclusive screen data Cut amp Paste Screen Privacy and Protection e Time amp
223. ng on the break key or on ALT CTL Break for that matter will catch any body s attention Then I still dream of jolly red buttons on the back Ninety percent of the time however we C programmers have just forgotten to put in the loop test or have written greater than when we really meant less than Then the clock interrupt escape route surely helps Try it you ll like it The magazine s listing requires BASIC so if you re really fastidious give me a call and I ll let you have a copy of my sanitized COM file At 128 bytes it transfers some what fast via XMODEM C SOURCE CODE XLT MACRO PROCESSOR w source XLT can be used as a preprocessor text translator or simple cross sassembler depending on your macro definitions Comes with manual C source and macro files Q C 4 0 CP M C COMPILER w source ONLY 95 00 Save 70 00 Fast full featured compiler from the Code Works includes longs single precision floats excellent manual QC88 C COMPILER FOR PC s w source ONLY 125 00 Save 70 00 As above but no floats or longs Runs on PC clones QCX C CROSS COMPILER w source Runs on PC generates code fit tor run on Z80 CP M or ROM base controller system e Tony Ozrelic s L A Software is now KYSO Technology TO ORDER Add 5 00 to total for shipping and handling Personal check or M O are OK Sorry no COD s PO s or plastic money 30 day money back guarantee
224. ng program without copy pro tection is in the PC Blue library as shareware The same holds true with many other programs both in the DOS and CP M worlds There are lots of things for free that are equal to better than and in some cases identical to commercial products Z80 Emulation On The PC I still use my TRS 80 Model 1 to check some of the Z80 contributions to SIG M However thanks to Joan Riff of Computerwise Consulting Services I may be able to finally send the Model 1 to its long earned rest Joan has written and donated to the public domain Z80MU PC Blue 185 The title of her documentation says it all Z80 and CP M 2 2 Emulator User s Guide for The Care and Feeding of Your Imaginary Z80 or Fakeware For the Techie Masses There I was no V20 chip but running Turbo Pascal Z80 CP M pro grams on the PC Sure they could have run faster Joan is working on that Sure some of the screen display needed reworking etc However this disk is a significant contribution to the public domain this is not a send me money program It comes with source code a good manual and it works What more can you ask Drivers SYSLIB Etc I suspect that Micro C probably has a higher percentage of the CP M 86 and Concurrent CP M users than any other magazine For those of you in that category we have four new must volumes in the SIG M library DRI recently sent over their GSX drivers and we rele
225. nition of grabchar need be altered in moving back and forth between wife and mistress Try ex plaining that to your better halves whichever they may be Screen Control Everybody who writes menus and needs unbuffered input also needs to control the screen display Writing for the Kaypro makes screen control a breeze Want to clear the screen Embed a 032 AZ in a string and poof things are scrubbed up and ready to go A couple of escape codes take me to the row and column of my choice Though the ANSI SYS driver does allow similar games with the IBM screen it s slow and besides that s one more darned thing to fill up the memory with Using Turbo Pascal has gotten me used to calling clrscr and gotoxy functions so let s write our own in C and store them in our working library To the rescue comes interrupt 10 hex the video interrupt Service 2 Figure 2 sets the cursor at the desired position The inverse of this function uses service 3 shown in Figure 3 Clearing things is almost as easy Service 10 lets you write a string of characters to the screen beginning at the cursor position Therefore writing blank spaces ASCII 0x20 clears a portion of the screen That means one could clear the screen entirely by going to 0 0 and writing 2000 25 80 blanks or clear to the end of the screen from the current position or clear to the end of the line depending on what number is
226. nly 49 95 plus shipping 8080 to Z80 Source Code Converter e Generates Microsoft compatible REL files or INTEL compatible hex files e Compatible with Digital Research macro assemblers MAC amp RMAC e Generates Digital Research compatible SYM files e Conditional assembly e Phase dephase e Cross reference generation e Full Zilog mnemonics e INCLUDE and MACLIB FILES e Separate data program common and absolute program spaces e Supports Hitachi HD64180 e Z80 Linker and Library Manager for Microsoft compatible REL files available as an add on to Assembler 1 800 367 5134 ext 804 or technical assistance 808 623 6361 eae money order VISA MG of cop welcomed PRICE LIST Z80 Macto Assembler 49 95 Assembler Linker and brary Manager 595 0 00 Manual Only 15 00 i 280 Symbolic Debugger 49 95 Manual Only 15 00 ar Assembler Linker Library Manager and I Debugger 134 95 Include 5 for spp and handling P O Box 2151 Honolulu HI 96805 mar of itag in ine mac and RMAC a mer rade pmarxs a Digal Aevearch Ing Ta sho Passat we s rademark of Gortand International ne s you bottom out at the embryonic case Now I ll have to admit that you have to keep track of where you are in the process and that may be a bit tedious but that s merely bookkeeping In principle you could actually carry out the process if you were bent on seeing the world end
227. ns off the DC spindle motor of the Mitsubishi you can cut down the noise even more by defeating the head load relay and leav ing the heads loaded all the time Because of the design of the drive the heads are automatically separated when the disk door is open even if the head load relay is energized so no damage can result from this _ I ve modified all four of my Mitsubi 86 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 shi half heights this way and they re so quiet I can t even tell when they re being accessed These tricks can often be applied to other drives too but you should be very careful about forcing a head loaded condition particularly if the drive s spindle motor runs con tinuously or if the heads must be unloaded prior to removing or insert ing a diskette About bypassing the on board vol tage regulators on S 100 cards to pre vent excessive heat Be Careful If you do it right you should have no prob lems but you should beware of sever al things before you do it One of the reasons for the on board regulators in the first place is to prevent garbage signals from passing between boards _via the power supply Running two S 100 SBCs from the same power supply this way for example will probably not work So be sure that the power lines going to the un regulated board are adequately filtered not just for smooth power but also to trap out high frequency noise switching tran
228. ns under CP M but it could be rewritten for PC DOS If you re using a disk controller with the NEC 765 controller chip or its equivalent the Intel 8272 chip you ll probably be able to use code very similar to that in the IBM BIOS ROM Except for drive select motor on etc most of the code should work with very little modification The port ad dresses will undoubtedly be different but the commands should be the same Interrupt 14 Communications Port I O This interrupt handles all communi cations with the serial ports The func tion to be performed is in the AH register and the port number is in the DX register The port number refers to the IBM communications port number not the Z sers you FREE Z Operating System an 8 bit OS that files Optimized HD64180 Z80 assembly language code full software development system with proven linkable libraries of productive subroutines relocating ROM and RAM macro assembler linker librarian cross reference table generator debuggers translators and disassemblers ready to free you High performance and flexibility Productivity results from dynamically customized OS environ ments matching operator tasks and machine Real time control kernel option allows quick software development for industrial control applications other tools and utilities for office desk top personal computing functions local area networks to Ethernet AppleTalk Omninet ArcNe
229. ntages of poorer performance lower precision and fewer operations The V60 and V70 don t have dma ic bus sizing like the 80386 Instead the V60 has a fixed 16 bit bus and the V70 has a fixed 32 bit bus V60 amp V70 Applications The success of these processors is probably going to be inversely propor tional to the success of a good operat ing system for the 80386 It isn t clear whether these processors have the important 80386 VM86 like mode _ One possible application might be as a graphics engine where the on chip floating point and bit manipulation instructions could be effectively used for graphics operations We ll have to wait for more details in order to reach a verdict CASE FLIP TOP STYLE COD ADD 3 LIMITED TO STOCK ON HAND MOTHERBOARD WITH 640K INSTALLED 150 WATT POWER SUPPLY FLIP TOP CASE AT STYLE KEYBOARD COLOR GRAPHICS VIDEO SERIAL PORT PARALLEL PORT REAL TIME CLOCK FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER TWO FLOPPY DISKS 750 00 ABOVE WITH ONE FLOPPY AND 20 MEG HARD DRIVE 1175 00 TESTED AND ASSEMBLED WITH ONE YEAR GUARANTEE KEYBOARD MICROSWITCH 113 KEYS 8 BIT ASCII PARALLEL OUTPUT WITH CASE AND COMPLETE DOCUMENTATION 40 00 SA800 2 DISK DRIVE CLEAN USED 59 00 SA850 DISK DRIVE CLEAN USED 99 00 STANDARD MOUNTING GUARANTEED 60 DAYS CABINET FOR ABOVE HOLDS TWO DRIVES POWER WIRING COMPLETED AC AND DC FAN AND INPUT AC WIRING DONE 20 X 9 1 2 X 17 DEEP ALL MOUNTING HARDWARE POWER
230. ny partial save and partial load insertion All text is tokenized for Debugger and both efficiency of storage and very fast assembly time FAST screen I O and separate editor debug windows The Assembler can be immediately invoked after any editting command Output can be directed into memory to a COM file EXE or to ED A 86 s own efficient LN Macros and most standard pseudo ops are supported UNIQUE to ED ASM is its structured assembly language capability No more wasted labels and time iles Multiple segmented programs can be be sent to CO fi file format 8087 186 286 instructions supported The built in debugger supports symbolic disassembly integration with the eeno as well as disassembly of 8087 186 286 instructions Display 8087 registers in scientific decimal format SPL with a dynamic register window is easily invoked Disassemble T SCREEN debugging programs to disk file for easier analysis Single step data editting supported for bytes words double words and 8087 floating constants in memory You can patch assemble a line at a time with symbols from previous assembly even define symbols as you go The linker supports ED ASM 86 link files which can be created from virtually any valid ED ASM 86 source file even lines with multiple external symbols in expressions Note not compatible with usual link format And many more features too extensive to be listed here All of these feat
231. o 2000 and another with a larger screen and two front loading super thin floppy drives The one that looked like the 2000 actually WAS a 2000 It turns out that Citizen makes the entire 2000 unit for Kaypro ex cluding the motherboard for 300 a copy Little Flopsies The products I found most interest ing at Comdex were the 3 5 disk drives All the drive companies were pushing these little buggers Three inch drives have been available in the past but only with capacities up to 1 megabyte Well Virginia now you can store the entire data file for a high resolution color graphic image of Santa Claus and all his reindeer in several attractive poses on a single 3 5 flop py Almost everybody at Comdex had models that would store 1 6 Megs unformatted and Teac even had a prototype for a model that would do 2 Megs continued next page MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 37 86 WORLD continued from page 37 The 1 6 Meg units are IBM AT com patible and are just entering mass production now the 2 Meg Teac won t go into production until they get a sizeable request from a large OEM Most manufacturers are selling their 3 5 drives for about the same price as the 5 equivalents IBM s new Japa nese model the JX is using 1 Meg 3 5 drives and I keep hearing that all of IBM s new machines are going to use them so look for these fellas to take over a considerable sha
232. o 500ns per divi sion so the total loop time is approx 2 3us Photo 2 shows the bus activity when the cache is working Note that the entire program easily fits within the cache so only data is fetched from main memory The first thing to notice is that the total loop execution time is now only 1 2us The second thing is that the two data fetches are closer together This is because the CPU is pipelined internal ly Since it doesn t have to go out to the bus to get the opcode instruction execution is faster The 68020 is the first microprocessor with a cache The cache gives it blind ing speed for things like integer opera tions 2 to 3 times a VAX 11 780 much faster than the 32032 or the 32332 The Sieve of Eratosthenes takes less than 0 9 seconds on the 16 7MHz 68020 Editor s note Makes it kind of hard to time the standard benchmarks doesn t it Figure 1 Byte Transfer Program TEST PROGRAM Floating Along The second difference between the speed of the 32032 family and the 68020 is the 68881 floating point pro cessor A number of DSI 32 users complained that the 32032 was only 2 or 3 times faster than their AT not 10 as the benchmarks suggested The reason is simple The 32081 floating point unit although many times faster than the 8087 80287 only performs the primitive operations Functions such as COS SIN EXP or LOG have to be performed by a software subroutine The 8087 80287 has t
233. o determine if the operation run on the upper half of the data bus needs to be run again This signal can be permanently strapped to either bus size as well 80386 Protected Address Mode The 80386 and 80286 Protected modes are compatible with up to four privilege levels of protection for differ ent tasks such as operating systems and application programs Two restrictions which plagued ear lier Intel 16 bit CPUs may be removed in protected mode program size and segment size Since protected mode is a virtual memory mode the program size can be as much as 64 Terabytes virtually infinite The physical address space is 4G bytes and the segment size may be set up to 4G bytes as well continued next page MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 73 SPLIT PERSONALITIES THE V SERIES continued from page 73 The split personality of the 80386 is subtle and can only be found in protected mode The architects of the 80386 wanted their CPU to be upwards compatible with the 80286 and true 32 bit So they created a D bit flag in a processor register to tell the processor its oper and size default If D 0 the registers and operands default to 16 bits like the 80286 To override this default width tse an instruction prefix For 32 bit mode set the D bit This happens when the CPU switches tasks and a new Code Segment De scriptor is loaded In 32 bit mode there are 8 new registers
234. ode is in the cache it s flushed only when the cache gets full and then only after all the other less frequently used locations have been replaced Consequently at any one time code from all over the memory can be in cache depending on what your pro gram is using A frequently used sub routine for instance may take up permanent residence in the cache More Cache The cache is one of two key reasons the 68020 family is so speedy When an instruction is found in cache the 68020 takes only ONE CLOCK CYCLE 80ns at 12 5MHz or 60ns at 16 7MHz to read it to the pipelined execution unit This con trasts with the four clock cycles in cluding one wait state for main mem ory accesses We added a jumper to the DSI 020 so you can turn this cache off Photo 1 taken with the cache disa bled shows the bus activity during the loop from MOVIT to the branch which occurs three instructions later 68 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 When the address strobe signal is low then the CPU is reading from main memory 240ns each time When it s high the instruction is being processed 80ns plus The reference point after the BRANCH instruction is followed by the read of the indirect register to register move opcode This is followed by the fetch from A0 and the store to A1 The SUBQ executes internally very quickly and so only one clock elapses be tween the final two accesses The scope is set t
235. oftware Hi Res monographics video board 7 A Floppy controller Special printer Dual Floppy Drives 360K ea TO a 135 watt XT Power Supply pricing with 5150 style compatible keyboard ni Hi Res ot Green or Amber 12 monitor _ pu rchase of MS DOS operating system and manual Instructional Documentation and Utility above computer Software Assembled and tested in U S A Optional internal 20 meg sub system for Super Turbo add eats ORGANIZATION INC The SANYO complete word processing system The alternative for WANG Xerox or any dedicated word processing system l At Micro Supply Organization we offer the lowest prices on Sanyo computers and software With prices like these you can afford the convenience of owning and operating more than one computer We also offer the User Support Hotline for questions concerning your computer or about software availability Whether you need one or a dozen computers Micro Supply Organization is the place to get them The MBC 1160 Accounting Software We carry a complete line of ADS accounting business software Buy G L A R AIP Inventory and receive the Payroll module FREE The current retail price is 398 per module Now from MSO you pay only 99 per module 20 meg internal hard drive sub system for SANYO MBC 1150 1160 amp 1250 649 USER SUPPORT HOT LINE 805 393 2247 All systems carry full 90 day warranty CASH PRICE ONLY Check in advance Add 3 for
236. oh where are the days when you could fit your BASIC graph ics program into 4K with another 4K for the BASIC iiterpreter and opaa ing system Lloyd Sumpter 203 1740 Southmere Cres White Rock B C Canada V4A 6E4 Tips amp Gotchas In case you didn t oor the Ampro Little Board and the Big Board too for all I know can talk MIDI with a simple 10 interface It can run port B at 31 25Kbps the rest is a 2mA current loop to RS 232 adaptor using a 6N138 opto GI sells th m for a lot less than HP If you re building a bare board L Band spooler be advised that it will need a hardware patch if it s to use TI s TMS4164s They re 8 bit refresh 4 millisecond parts the Z80 holds d7 low during RFSH time so half of each chip never gets a refresh The board layout is quiet enough free of electrical crosstalk to use just about any Japanese 7 bit 2 millisecond RAMs that meet the access time so why pay the extra Good product once I got that bug killed I used TMS4164s It s happily sitting in the rack box that holds the Ampro two SA455s and two SA465s and everybody runs on that switcher that BCD Electro has been selling for 25 Excellent supply by the way Watch out for solid state Scientific HCMOS I ve had a couple of bus killer failures with their 74HC245 5 shorted to a data bit I m keeping my eye on them I got the parts fom _ Jameco Carroll R Bryan III WB1HKU 6 7311 Variel Ave
237. om patible The addresses of the V40 on chip peripherals can be programmed to match the PC s The base address of the peripherals is set to a 256 byte block by writing to an internal CPU register The offset of each peripheral is then set by writing to a register for each device The DMA controller can be used to provide enhanced functions such as SCSI and networking functions which aren t found in the standard IBM PC I must admit I was really excited after reading the V30 data sheet just ask my wife I thought If the V30 is this close to being just right the V40 must be perfect Then NEC let me down the peripherals aren t really integrated they re external to the chip The big difference is that the V30 and the IBM PC uses address line A0 to access peripheral registers The V40 starts with A1 Recall that the V40 bus is 16 bit and the V30 s is 8 This slight difference means no integrated peripherals can be used to replace those in a PC compatible design Despite it all the V40 is still superior to the 80186 But would I use it Probably not unless 8080 mode be comes an absolute requirement While the V40 is built only by NEC the 80186 has several manufacturers which helps drive the price down And there s a lawsuit pending against NEC Intel s charging that NEC has copied their microcode in the V series The 80386 Intel s late entry into the 32 bit CPU arena is the 80386
238. ome DOS functions and some application software KEN INTEGRATED BIUS FUK BIGBOARD Il This BIOS adds special features to your Bigboard Il floppydisk and or Winchester system Read write and format any 5 and or 8 disk formats 40 formats included Use any type of 5 and or 8 drive New SYSGEN works between 5 and 8 INCLUDES e CONFiGuration program that lets you install any new floppy disk format INTERACTIVELY e FORMATTER allows you to format almost any diskformat e PC COPY reads and writes PC disk ettes on your Bigboard II e MONITOR EPROM with serial keyboard and translate table e 300 page ZCPR2 manual e 60 page BIGBOARD II tech manual e BOOTABLE DISK contains free ZCPR2 and P2D0S system With TIME and DATE stamping BIOS also has provisions for 256K RAM disk Centronics system in ROM e WINCHESTER FORMATTER and SYSGEN Supports XEBEC W D and ADAPTEC type controllers Subdivides into any specified number of drives Price 99 95 specify disk ANDY BAKKERS de Gervelink 12 e 7591 DT Denekamp The Netherlands Tel 31 5413 2488 Please pay with US Money Order MC or VISA welcome Also some software looks at the scan code returned by the keyboard rather than the ASCII value of the key By setting up the BIOS to return the proper scan codes more software may be available for use with the generic system This function could be implemented with a fairly simple look up table Final
239. ons data is passed to the routine in registers in the following manner DL Contains the drive number 0 through 3 DH Contains the head number 0 or 1 CH Contains the track number 0 through 39 CL Contains the sector number 1 through 9 AL Contains the number of consec utive sectors to transfer ES Contains the segment for the data l BX Contains the offset for the data In other words ES BX is the data address For the disk format operation ES BX points to a table of parameters which supplies information for the format operation The table contains the track head sector and sector size code one entry for each sector to be formatted This data is for the NEC 765 floppy disk controller chip standard in the PC and clones If your system uses this same chip you can incorporate the format code into the BIOS My system has a Tarbell double density disk controller which uses the Western Digital 1793 controller chip The 1793 requires completely different data to initialize a disk and therefore The Best Debuegers Period DSD86 The PC DOS Debugger EEEE 69 95 DSD87 The PC DOS Debugger with 8087 Support 99 95 DSD80 The CP M Debugger P O Box 49473 Austin Texas 78765 512 478 4763 1 800 232 8088 si eer ties 125 00 the format code is not included in the BIOS Floppy Disk Controller 3 I used DMA Direct Memory Access to transfer
240. ood Answer Deserves Another At press time we d received the right solution from the following peo ple Tom Wilheit Crofton MD David Barbour Berkeley CA Michael Salmon Australia Stephen Roe Albany CA Donald Sengpiehl Round Hill VA Don Brittain Port Jeff Sta NY Richard Levine San Diego CA Henry King Hyattsville MD John M Smith Torrance CA Greg Hall Woodinville WA Even the wrong answers were inter esting if only for a good laugh The following solution from Gene Austin of Pinehurst ID is worth printing I think the answer is the cube root of 4 sales tax My thoughts are as follows XA4 4 X THEN X4 4 X 0 AND X X43 4 0 OR X43 4 AND X CUBE ROOT 4 but this then would involve a sales tax of 12 Pretty high even for Washington THE CULTURE AmAaxAOO Tom Wilheit s MBASIC Program 10 FOR M 1 TO 4 20 FOR N 3 TO 12 30 IF N 7 THEN 150 40 IF N 11 THEN 150 50 F1 79 M 60 F2 25 N 70 PROD 711 F1 40000 N 80 SUM 711 F1 F2 90 DISC SUM SUM 4 PROD 100 IF DISC lt 0 THEN 150 110 DISC SQR DISC 120 F3 SUM DISC 2 130 F4 SUM DISC 2 140 PRINT F1 F2 F3 F4 150 NEXT N 160 NEXT M Same Puzzle New Twist Several readers begged us not to put too many puzzles in The Culture Cor ner since they felt compelled to solve them But tax season is over and vacation is about to begin so what the heck here s another John M Smith above of Torrance CA asks What is th
241. opoy Drive Taxan Model 640 High Resolution Monitor Siemans FD 200 8 in DSDD Floppy Drive STB Super RIO Plus II Multifunction Card 64K OTHER PRODUCTS STB Graphics Il Plus Card World Media 5 25 in DSDD Floppy Diskette 0 ccc eee eee 10 STB Chauffeur Mono Graphics Card anes AS in Disk Storage 0 6 6 cee nonii Ee eee a STB Super I O Plus Card Keytronic KB5181 Keyboard sesso esos 199 STB Serial Card Cabinet and Power Supply for 2 5 25 in Drives 0 0 02 72 STB Parallel Card Zobex ZX2T Controller CARD for TIPC Western Digital WX2S Controller Card for IBM PC Taxan Model 555 Color Graphics Card EPIC SALES INC Central Point Copy II PC Option Board a Microsync dClock Real Time Clock 132 WALNUT PLANO CENTER Western Automation S1 Multifunction Card OK GARLAND TX 75042 Western Automation S3 Multifunction Card OK l TOLL FREE ORDER LINE 1 800 223 EPIC Western Automation Clock Option x 512 K Ram Expansion Card for TI PC TECHNICAL INFO AND INQUIRIES 1 214 272 5724 128K Ram Expansion Card for TI Bus Pro Epic 1 Meg Ram Expansion Card for TI Bus Pro Epic 2 Meg Ram Expansion Card for TI Bus Pro Epic 3 Meg Ram Expansion Card for TI Bus Pro TERMS CASH CHECK COD MASTERCARD AND VISA ADD 3 AMERICAN EXPRESS ADD 5 TEXAS RESIDENTS ADD 6 125 SALES TAX MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 11 Expert Systems And Logic Programming What is an expert system How is it created Why a
242. or trarisfers by the BIOS transpar ent to DOS If the number of sectors requires reading beyond the end of the current track as specified by the disk parame continued next page MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 57 PC DOS FOR NON CLONES continued from page 57 ters see interrupt 1E the routine is terminated with a Sector Not Found error The common return code for all functions sets the carry flag according to the value of the status word stored by the I O handlers and then returns to DOS An interrupt return instruc tion can t be used because it would restore the flags to their original condi tion and the carry flag would no longer indicate the function status The RET 2 instruction throws away the old value of the flags preserving the carry flag as set by the interrupt handler The verify command returns the success status Format I set up the format command as a simple successful status return This allows the DOS format command to work properly assuming the disk has been physically initialized prior to is suing the command DOS FORMAT writes the boot record on the disk initializes the direc tory and optionally writes the operat ing system on the disk If FORMAT returned an error it wouldn t be possible to generate a bootable disk with the generic PC DOS system So you ll need a separate program to initialize a blank disk a minor inconvenience The program I use ru
243. ork with most Z80 machines that use 64K dynamic RAMs However the connec tions shown in Table 1 are obviously specific to the Kaypro 4 motherboard If you have a different Kaypro model you may need to consult a schematic to locate specific signals This modification does involve fairly extensive surgery and an understand ing of dynamic RAMs so if you re not confident you can carry it out get a friend who knows what he s doing to help i e supervise Most of you are aware of the poten tial for static damage to ICs And if you re like me you may have become a little blase about warnings But be warned 256K chips are among the most sensitive and easily damaged ICs you re likely to encounter If you want a reliable system and don t like wasting money take full precautions I bought my chips from Microprocessors Unlimited who pro vided good instructions for handling ICs They also have low prices and high quality parts The Mod After unplugging your machine and removing the lid and the motherboard carefully unsolder the eight 64K RAM By Dr Michael W D Liddle 21 The Frostings Grenoside Sheffield 30 3NZ England Table 1 Connections Between Add On Board and Main Processor Signal On Connection on New Board 83 main board REFRESH U48 pin 12 MUX U33 pin 1 A14 U33 pin 11 A15 U33 pin 10 RA7 U20 pin 9 RA8 U20 pin 1 PIO 1 Pad E29 PIO 2 Pad E28 PIO 3 Pad E31 Outputs from new board No
244. ory Introduction To Modula 2 First Look At Amiga Inside The PC 104 pages ISSUE 29 4 86 Speeding Up Your XT Importing Systems From Taiwan Prototyping In C C Interpreters Reviewed Benchmarking The PCs 104 pages 6 Reviews Of C Cheap Fast Modem Regular Foreign Price air mail 5 00 each Adding 6K of RAM Nevada COBOL Review Viewing 50 Hz BBI Printer Interface 6 or more including Canada 2 00 each On Your Own Begins Kaypro Reverse Video Mod surface postage 24 pages 44 pages 102 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 178 there are lots users T New Ed Ream SRED text editor has basi integrated into the package making BDS C a Ny truly complete self contained C development system oe Powerful original features CDB symbolic source level debugger fully customizable library and run time package for convenient lt ROM ing of c de XMODEN compatible telecommunications package a and other r sample BDS C including text t editors and formatters BBS s assemblers C compliers games and e much more bornplete package price 150 All soft sectored disk formats plus Apple CP M available off the shelf Shipping free by UPS within USA for prepaid orders Canada 5 Other 25 VISA MC COD rush orders accepted DSofiware linc BD Software Inc P O Box 2368 Cambridge MA 02238 617 576 3828 i n h ADVERTISER S INDEX
245. ough the traces and the traces will be closer together which increases the possibilities of interference from a neighboring trace The faster the signals travel through the traces the more exaggerated these prob lems become For those who want to run an XT type motherboard at 8mh we recommend a 4 layer board WARRANTY All products are warranted for 90 days AT SYSTEM e 6 8 MHz compatible e 512K RAM e TTL Monochrome Monitor e TTL Monochrome Board e 20MB Seagate 1 2 Floppy e Western Digital H F Controller e Keyboard 200W e Case 524990 TURBO PC XT 16 Bit High Speed Personal Computer The Turbo PC XT features an enhanced version of th industry standard Intel 8088 micro proces sor the 8088 2 In the normal mode the 8088 2 runs at 4 77MHz When more power is needed a simple software command can put the Turbo PC XT in a high speed mode of 8MHz Performance is 68 greater than that of the IBM PC and other PC compatibles For added user convenience the high speed mode is clearly indicated by an easily visible green LED on the box For added effectiveness the Turbo PC XT offers powerful hard ware and advanced software fea tures to provide a multiple virtual console environment This envir onment allows multitasking and windowing Now users have the ability to accomplish several tasks more quickly than ever before The Turbo PC XT can run on both the Concurrent DOS and MSDOS operating
246. ow means cheap fast means expensive so get the fastest you can afford Host Interface The host system interface is pied ed by the address decode circuitry which includes the 74LS04 inverters 74LS30 8 input Nand gate and the two 74LS138 decoders The decoder controlled by the I O Write input is used for the five 74LS374 output ports and the RESET line The I O Read controlled decoder is used for the five 74LS244 input ports The Base address for both decoders is 320 Hex which fits in the prototype card locations speci fied by IBM If you require a different address space change the pure to the 74LS30 30 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 With some effort the logic analyzer could be used by any host such as the Big Board Xerox and Kaypro that has access to a bidirectional data port for DO gt D7 one enable output replac ing the 74LS04s and the 74LS30 con nected to the pin 4 on both 74LS 138s and two outputs for the I O Read and Write or one output and an inverter Software The software can be as simple or as complex as you wish In sequence it must 1 Set the trigger ward qualifiers and clock edge to the desired configu ration 2 Set ADDR INC high and WIN DOW low 3 Reset the address counters and the trigger word latch by addressing the reset location 325 Hex 4 When DONE is low set WIN DOW and EDGE high 5 Since DONE is low the address lines to the RAM are set to zero
247. paragraph letter a whole file anytime from within any other program Edit another file without leaving your current filel WHAT THE CRITICS SAID I ve been saved My faith has been restored in CP M and my trusty Kaypro performs as ad vertised it s the best thing that s happened to Kaypro owners since we bought the computers in the first place It all works fast easily and without a hitch and it s got a 1001 uses at least The documentation is excellent what a blessing it can be You start to use it and wonder how you lived without it Peter McWilliams The McWilliams Letter January 1986 Doubles the usefulness of the computer Installation is easier than opening a can of peas Alice Petersen Geneology Computer Support Group One of my favorite tools Ted Silveira HANDYMAN Is a plug in board for your Kaypro HANDYMAN Works with all Kaypro CP M models HANDYMAN Easy to install HANDYMAN We ll talk you through it over the phone APPOINTMENT CALENDAR e Check your calendar schedule appointments anytime your Kaypro is onl Monthly calendars 1752 2099 AD ANY yout uA E Uig DIRECTORY e Check the directory of any disk any user number from within any program e Display the contents of another file on your screen at any time SCREEN DUMP Print the screen any screen minus graphics at any time e
248. phor B W 12 5995 Ball Brothers TX 7 Xerox 820 compatible 7 flat 0 9995 sol AudioTronics 964 02 Xerox 820 compatible TTL X Y input 9 green screen 3995 v QUE nisi for photography united products inc serving the west coast since 1968 1123 Valley Hours 9 6 Seattle WA 98109 Sat 9 5 PHONE 206 682 5025 Terms All orders are shipped F O B Seattle Wash C O D s are OK with cash or certified check MasterCard and Visa accepted On orders over 50 00 in the continental U S we pay the freight All advertised items are subject to prior sale MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 63 Writing Pascal Style Tools For C _ There is nothing so dear to the hearts of C programmers as tools Herein Ron takes on a few goodies like goto x y and a screen clear But first he covers direct keyboard input wives and mistresses Fun stuff of the dilemmas facing anyone who makes the Hacker s Leap from an implementation of C in CP M to one running in MS PC DOS buying a compiler porting your favorite rou tines over into the 86 universe facing a whole new gaggle of ways to crash the machine This time I d like to get more down to earth and generate some conveni ences that Kaypro laureates will need once they start slinging useful code on their newer playthings Even if some of you aren t switching at all perhaps so far you have shied clear of system level programming on your PC and the
249. plana tion should include information about the rules and the Knowledge Base that led to the conclusion In BRIDGE after the bid is decided the player can ask why 18 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 and receive an explanation based on the facts and rules in the Knowledge Base and the Inference Engine Figure 4 lists the Explanation Subsystem Natural Language Interface In order to make the system avail able to casual users not just to ex perts the program is interactive To begin the decision process enter the query decide__bid prompts BRIDGE to get information about the hand The get_values rule Figure 5 is called from decide_bid and prints the message Enter your hand at the prompts It then calls on the get_suits rule four times to ask for information about each suit You answer y or n about honors and specify low cards with numbers followed by periods To use the system you need only know that entering decide_bid will start the decision making process and that entering why will explain the process A more sophisticated user could of course call any of the other rules or query other facts in the know ledge base as well Knowledge Acquisition amp Refinement The Knowledge Acquisition Subsys tem I O is an ongoing part of the program Information is entered and saved regarding the hand suits etc It can be argued that the bid
250. ples have been so popular as home computers PROLOG Borland has been developing PROLOG 7 the last 2 1 2 years and it s been the best kept secret that I haven t been privy to I pride myself with keeping my ear pretty close to the ground so moles can whisper in it and all I d gotten on this one was a dirty ear canal Anyway one week Philippe called AI so much bunk and rubbish and the next week he announced PROL OG He figures he ll sell ten times as many copies of PROLOG as Pascal That means about 5 million copies At 100 each AI l Much of the sia with AI is that peopie have expected too much Even the name has something magically unreal about it If it s going to be magic let s make really good magic Let s have AI understand the spoken word even though humans can t do that after years of training With AI computers should be able to solve problems such as playing chess more efficiently as they learn to deduce specific responses from general rules and create general rules from more specific experiences Of course anyone who s seen a knows exactly what AI will be able to do Hello David How are you today I m fine Hal Does that mean that you had no parity errors this morning Dave Not that I can recall Hal Our expectations for smart computers have come from the science fiction writers and the writers have so far avoided the fetters of reality When
251. points diamonds 2 2 points hearts 5 5 points spades 6 5 Contains the value of the hand hand _eount 17 Contains the value of the bid bid L1 spades _ MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 19 Figure 2 Rules In The Knowledge Base 20 List Processing Rules Determine whether an item is an element of a given list member X X _ YJ member X _ member X Y Tells how to build one list from two distinct lists append X X append X L1 L2 XIL3 append L1 L2 L3 Tells how to add a single item to a list if the item is not already on the list add_to_list X Y L not member X Y append X Y L When building the list of cards held in each suit a small card is represented as an x This rule is used to add an x for each of the small cards held The rule is called from the X is C 1 build_list rule C represents the number of small cards to add add_small Suit 0 add_small Suit C hand Suit L append L x Newlist retract hand Suit L asserta hand Suit Newlist add_small Suit X Note how this rule uses recursion The last statement add_small Suit X calls itself with the updated value of X each time X is one less than previously Add_small is terminated when X reaches 0 The cut operator is important here because it prevents further attempts to s
252. pro 8 256 The circuit is similar to that in the September Byte and I advise you to get and read it first U1 is a twin 4 bit binary counter and these are wired together as a divide by 64 The refresh signal is fed through this to produce the eighth bit of the refresh address for the RAM chips Although the Z80 has an 8 bit re fresh register it only provides a 7 bit refresh address U3 is a twin 4 line to 1 multiplexer This carries out bank switching to produce the new RA7 and RA8 for the RAM It also ensures that the same bank is selected whenever an access is made to the top 32K of RAM U2 combines RA7 with the refresh ad dress generated by U3 producing the new RA7 Need your Kaypro at home and at work Let UniForm and UniDOS help you cut down on the carrying UniForm by MicroSolutions Don t carry your computer just take the diskette The solution to the diskette and computer incompatibility problem UniForm allows you to transfer diskette files between almost two hundred fce mats including CP M TRSDOS and MSDOS Lists computers by name so you don t have to be a technical expert to use it Read write and format diskettes for the target computer UniForm is available from our stock for the Kaypro Xerox 820 2 Morrow MD2 amp MD3 IBM and 100 compatibles Uniform UniDOS by MicroSolutions Turn your IBM into a Kaypro UniDOS allows you to actually RUN most of your CP M programs on your IB
253. processor specific extensions fall into two classes One class is the INLINE statement obviously the translation will involve conversion from one processor s machine code to the other The other class includes all statements that either return addresses or have addresses as arguments Eight bit processors have a 64K ad dress space accessed through a 16 bit address Integers are also represented with 16 bits so conversions between addresses and integers are fairly straightforward The 8088 can address a full 1024K of memory so this needs a 20 bit address Because of the way the 8088 is structured addresses are represented with 32 bits a 16 bit seg ment value and a 16 bit offset within the segment Turbo Pascal for the 8088 understandably does the same Where changes will need to be made 1 All references to the pre defined array MEM 2 Addresses for ABSOLUTE varia bles 3 ORD cannot be used on pointers for the 8088 use SEG and OFS for the variable pointed to instead 4 MEMAVAIL returns its value in PARAGRAPHS each 16 bytes 5 ADDR can be used only for variables not procedures or functions You can use OFS for these along with 48 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 CSEG which returns the code segment value Also EXTERNAL procedures are handled quite differently for the two processors Operating System Differences CP M 80 provides services to appli cation programs through a standard CALL
254. r is encountered get_count Suit values Suit Honor Points not Honor small Honor y honor Ace 4 King 3 points Suit P Count Queen 3 Jack 1 Newcount is Count 1 Newpoints is Points P retract points Suit P Count asserta points Suit Newpoints Newcount Finally if there are more than 4 cards held in a suit a point is added for each card in excess of 4 Generally this works as well as the more common method of counting short suits and is preferred by some bridge experts get_count Suit points Suit Points Count gt 4 Newpoints is Points Count 4 4 retract points Suit Points Count asserta points Suit Newpoints Count Count Sets up a hand_count fact that counts the number of total points in the hand based on the suit points calculated in the above After the hand count is tallied a message is printed indicating the point count of the hand count_hand retractall hand_count X asserta hand_count 0 count_hand points Suit Points hand_count X Newpoints is X Points rule retractall hand_count X asserta hand_count Newpoints Count count_hand hand_count Points print Your hand is worth Points points building the Hand List This rule is invoked to clear out the suit lists before the suits are rebuilt based on current information clear_suits retractall hand Suit Han
255. rd EXE files Turbo Pascal and standard Pascal too to Modula 2 translator included without charge until 8 1 86 and much much more Logitech Modula 2 86 with 8087 support Even if 129 you haven t yet gotten an 8087 co pro cessor you can still use this version Logitech Modula 2 86 Plus For machines with 189 512K or more Takes advantage of the larger memory to increase compilation speed by 50 Supports 80186 and 80286 as well as 8086 and 8088 Includes 8087 and 80287 support too Window Package Now you can build true win 49 dowing into your Modula 2 86 code with ease too Very powerful and very full yet only 15K in size Features virtual screens color support overlapping windows and a variety of borders Run Time Debugger source level Much more 69 powerful than just a symbolic RTD Display source code data procedure call chain and raw memory Set break points assign values to variables pinpoint and identify bugs in your source The ultimate professional s tool Utilities Package Features a post mortem de S 49 bugger for static debugging If a program you ve written crashes at run time the situation is frozen and you can pinpoint in source the cause of the error and the data at that moment Also includes a disassembler a cross reference utility and a version utility that allows conditional compilation Make Utility Automatically selects modules af 2 fected by code changes for quick and
256. re HERC SUB HERC DOC and HERCDE PAS This set of subroutines provides the basic tools for monochrome graphics In addition text at 90 X 43 is available in graphics mode At the urging of the kids it didn t take much I wrote a program to Listing 2 Routine To Adjust A Self centering Joystick For Zero Offset When At Rest program adjust_center First run the program to find values for max X and Y deflection then adjust your centering controls to the middle of the range the program amp adjust for Re run deflection for both directions of stick movement var X y integer centerx centery integer procedure readstick var x y integer var i integer pots byte port 513 pots and pots and shr 1 readstick centery centerx while true do begin readstick y x y y centery xX Xx centerx gotoxy 1 23 write X end end doodle on the screen But it wasn t very exciting using just cursor control keys so I bought a Commodore joys tick did a little rewiring and came up with the program in Listing 1 One note of caution I m not sure that my rewired Commodore joystick is totally compatible with a real IBM joystick so you may need to modify the READ STICK routine to work correctly Listing 2 can be used to adjust a self centering joystick for zero offset when xs4 at rest READSTICK does not give very high resolution for stick position
257. re list processing languages like PROLOG associated with expert systems rather than more familiar procedural languages like Pas cal Here are some answers n expert system is a program which can function as a con sultant or advisor with a level of skill and reliability comparable to that of a human expert Although expert systems currently replicate the skills of human experts future systems may be developed in areas of problem solving where there are no human experts The aim of this article is to outline the characteristics of an expert system and discuss why logic or list process ing languages are more convenient for implementing expert systems than procedural languages like C Pascal or FORTRAN In particular we ll examine the pro gramming language PROLOG Japan s choice of a starting point for Fifth Generation or Knowledge Informa tion Processing Systems General Principles The important facets of an expert _ system are 1 Knowledge Base 2 Inference Engine 3 Explanation Subsystem 4 Natural Language Interface 5 Knowledge Acquisition And Refine ment Subsystem Knowledge Base The Knowledge Base includes the components of the program which contain relevant knowledge for a field of expertise It contains suitable repre sentations of facts and heuristic rules uncertain rules which can be relied on most but not all of the time In other words the knowledge base includes
258. re of the market in the next four or five months _ Skinny Flopsies The other interesting development in tiny drives was the new trend in super thin models These little jew els are almost exactly half the height of a half height drive so I guess that makes them quarter height can t you just see the ads now ALL NEW Quarter height quad density double sided half power double track half wit drives Most companies seemed content with squeezing down only 3 5 models but Canon had 5 mod els as well It doesn t look like 5 drives will be used on new models much longer but I suppose the super thins can be used for replacements in existing i al Thin Displays Floppies weren t the only thin hinge LEE PUN E at Comdex Thin screens were in too Along with the normal ho hum LCD screens were a few examples of the new and expensive plasma dis M plays and a new backlit LCD screen The plasma displays are still too ex pensive and use too much power gt although the display quality is heav enly but the backlit LCD shown by 2 Citizen is quite interesting Normal LCDs have a black backdrop and when the crystal at a certain spot is rotated the black shows through _ This works of course only if there is sufficient light to reflect off the unro tated crystals but not enough to reflect off the black The backlit LCD works a bi
259. read Ace asserta values Suit Ace 4 print King y n read King asserta values Suit King 3 print Queen y n read Queen asserta values Suit Queen 2 print tJack y n read Jack asserta values Suit Jack 1 print How many small Suit are in your hand read Small i asserta values Suit small Small get_suits Suit will build the set of values facts as well as get information from the user It consists of a series of prompts each requiring a yes no answer or a number in the case of How many small When the answer is received a values fact is retained recording this information These facts are then used as input to the rules which build the suits calculate the hand value ete These rules help decide the bid and later explain how the bid was determined PORTABLE POWER WITH Whether you program MasterFORTH a on the Macintosh the K IBM PC an Apple II ser ies a CP M system orthe program will run un changed on all the rest lf you write for yourself MasterFORTH will protect your investment If you write forothers it willexpand your marketplace Forth is interactive you have immediate feed CK back as you program every step of the way Forth is fast too and you can CP M use its built in as sembler to make it even faster Master FORTH s relocatable utilities and header
260. reality intrudes Al has problems In real time we re limited to poking around the edas The computer needs senses and it needs a method for thinking For the senses we are working on speech enon pattern recognition odor detectors ultrasonic positioning information etc For the thought we are using languages like PROLOG to create giant condition tables If this is Wednesday and I m still with the tour group and a car bomb hasn t blown tp my hotel and our plane wasn t hijacked then this must be Dallas But thought No Computers aren t really thinking At least not like people And cognition isn t something that will be solved by more speed or more memory It will be solved when cognition understands itself Where To For Micro C MS DOS people complain that we re still just a CP M magazine CP M people complain that we ve become another PC rag Well we re a CP M magazine becoming an 8086 magazine a 68000 magazine a hardware maga zine a software magazine an AI magazine a fun magazine a serious magazine and a CP M magazine And through it all we ll remain a build it prod it poke around in it SOGing and puzzling kind of journal SOG Meanwhile if you re coming to SOG V great You ll be in super company Calls and ee are pouring in from prospective attendees The event is free and it s really the high point of our year I hope you ll plan to join us See the Bhs page in this i i
261. rk of Digital Research Inc MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 PROLOG On The PC Starting Out In PROLOG PROLOG what s in it for you What s it like to work with Who s got the best PROLOG package for beginners writing expert systems or experts writing beginner systems Gary has dug up some very interest ing information about new implemen tations of this language T The idea of logic programming iii isn t new PROLOG for PRO i gramming in LOGic was first implemented in Marseilles in 1972 but its popularity had to wait for the Japanese to select it for their Fifth Generation Project language i in 1982 The Fifth Generation envisions com puter hardware engineered for logic processing earlier generations of com puters were engineered for arithmetic processing and a logic programming language i e PROLOG for interact ing between the logic processing hard ware and the upper level software that Se a problem solving strategies PROLOG Briefly Essentially a PROLOG program is a set of logical definitions about rela tions Instead of specifying the flow of actions to be performed the how of execution as we do in a procedural language like Pascal or C we describe what is to be executed and leave the specifics of implementation to PROLOG See Figure 1 benchmark tests and the factorial program in The Last Page this issue for example
262. ro C o CONTEST DEADLINE November L 1986 e ssre gt ale PROGRAMMING Program Title CONTEST Purpose Which C compiler ____ ___ Target system s NOTE a Please include source and object files on disk I hereby release this program to the public domain and give Micro Cornucopia the right to print the listing Signature Name ___ MICRO CORNUCOPIA ao e l P O Box 223 meee Bend Oregon 97709 UE Ys ate Zip MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 67 The Racer s Edge Caching And Floating On The 68020 The DSI 32 introduced a lot of us to the world of power computing I admit it even though I m harassed by my family prodded by my readers and ignored by my coworkers when I strap into my black leather anti g suit and sit down at my 32032 I have power Pthththththth a When it was introduced just a year ago the 32032 and its companion floating point processor were the fast est things you could hide in a micro Now however there is something faster surprise It comes from Moto rola and it resides on two newer faster but no more expensive DSI boards here is something about design ing which says you can t do just one So ever since we released our 32032 based DSI 32 we ve been looking around for our next product With the transputer the 32332 and a number of other interesting chips either coming down the pipe or al ready trickling out the end there were certainly some in
263. roSphere Inc P O Box 1221 Bend Oregon 97709 503 388 1194 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 EDITORIAL continued from page 91 an XT clone you also speed up its clock that is the hours minutes and seconds variety Some people have called and complained Hey the time isn t right any more Only the system clock speeds up a battery backed real time clock will be oblivious to the change What they re really saying is that time is different it s faster Stop for a 6 67MHz moment and consider the possibilities Let s say you have an 8 hour per day job compiling software All you have to do is speed up your system and use it for both your compilations and to keep track of your time You ll get the same amount of compilation done but the day will go faster With your system running a mere 6 67MHz you could be out enjoying the outdoors in under six 4 77MHz hours With a 23MHz RISC processor you might just have time for one pass and lunch 1 hr 39 pasha before streaking home Of course you couldn t have your timer running at 23MHz all the time After all two hour movies would last about four commercials and a station break some times that happens already Weekends would take about 10 hours flat I wonder what effect this would have on the space time continuum So you need two systems a fast one for work a really slow one at home which probably explains why Ap
264. rojections a year ago when suddenly the market went south it was a cool spring Hardware manufacturers discovered that computers in the warehouse don t equal dollars in the pocket and soft ware folks found out that those same lonesome computers don t buy soft ware Oh the market didn t go away exactly it just stopped growing and believers in all those super growth numbers found out that their numbers were really just that numbers Al Another problem with projections is that the projectors projectionists ap pear to have the old NMOS crystal balls Look at the AI projections I think they re way way low It s obvious to me that AI will be the next spread sheet so to speak LANs communica tions talkers accounting calculators database finders graphics scribblers music generators even compilers and assemblers will contain bits and pieces from AI What if your accounting package understood what was going on in your business What if it contained the expertise of a CPA What if your modem package could log onto Compuserve at 2 a m check for messages leave messages and then log off Perhaps it could also get into a stock database search for infor mation significant to companies you re currently holding and have a summa tion ready by breakfast and it might add suggestions for new purchases What if a music package could digi tize sounds analyze the uniqueness of a sound or song
265. rupt calls service 0 if rr ax amp Oxff then return rr ax amp Oxff switch rr ax gt gt 8 shift scan code to low byte case 0x53 return 0x1 mapping function keys case 0x54 return 0x2 to A B etc and then somewhere else the menu 2 into AH 8 row into DH column into DL If you are a Pascal habitue character is a null then the program knows that a special function key has been hit and the task is to examine the high byte to see which function key it is There are two ways to examine the high byte MS DOS function calls 1 7 and 8 have been designed so that if the character received is a null the very next call to that function will return the high byte instead Thus a menu might be constructed to use the special function keys switch bdos 1 0 case tats case b s case 0 switch bdos 1 0 case 0x53 case 0x54 and so forth If you want to avoid echoing and echoed scan codes from function keys are rather silly anyhow use MS DOS function 8 instead Good programming practice of course suggests that all those fancy system dependent functions be gath Figure 3 Service 3 curpos struct regs rr rr ax 0x300 rr bx 0 interrupt 0x10 rr return rr dx Figure 4 Clear Screen Function elr c stsscreen lt line te tzend char c struct regs rr int cp x y ep curpos x cp amp Oxff y
266. ry again Finally if it still doesn t work try swapping in a set of 64K RAMs that work in another machine Don t pro ceed further until your machine works correctly If all is working disconnect again and wire all the pin 1s of the RAM sockets together under the board On my Kaypro these are not connected to anything make sure that the same is true on yours If your board has pin 1 of the RAM chips connected to ground 5V or anything else then bend pin 1 out and wire the pin 1s of each chip together when you plug in the 256K chips _ Anyway this is RA8 the 8th address line to the 256K RAM chips Now remove resistor R9 so that the RA7 signal is no longer connected to the address line multiplexer U33 Make the circuit shown in Figure 1 on prototyping board Radio Shack sells suitable boards Connect the cir cuit to your Kaypro motherboard ac cording to the wiring instructions in Table 1 Don t forget ground and 5V and don t get them turned ADDRESS 8th RFRSH BI even on 96 TPI drives T4LS153 SELECTS BETWEEN REFRESH amp P O BOX 6118 around I did the first time Now power up your motherboard the 64K RAM is still in place Every thing should work as before Run your stiffest hardware test programs Use your machine extensively When you re happy that all works as it should replace the 64K chips with 256K chips Test your machine again If it works you now have a Kay
267. s SOFTWARE ALL IBM Software ogee Ada Defense Dept sein self improvement software ate Accounting Software Serres soltacre p TOTAL o lt All micros Assembled amp Tested _ 70 00 XEROX 820 1 amp 2 820 1 50 00 820 2 CP M 8 35 00 CP M 8 35 00 820 1 w CP M 70 00 820 2 w CP M 90 00 Xerox is a trademark t Xerox Corporation CP M is a trademark of Digital Research OEM HOBBYIST o Sips Inductors Pots 7400 Dips Sockets Regulators Caps 74LS Chips i Linears Resistcrs Some ECL and more L5 1 4 DSDD 80 Track 96 TPI Philips Drives 100 00 Z80 B 6MHz 4 50 3P N POWER SUPPLY Single board power supply kit with 2 positive fixed voltages 1 and 1 variable KIT 54 95 E COMPUTER PRODUCTS 2273 American Ave 8 Hayward CA 94545 415 786 9203 TERMS All orders are F O B Hayward California Prepayment or C O D California residents add sales tax Prices subject to change without notice ALL SALES SUBJECT TO THE TERMS OF OUR 90 DAY LIMITED WARRANTY FREE COPY UPON REQUEST Quantities limited o stock on hand 1985 2 500 THE NEW 65 9028 VT ANSI VIDEO TERMINAL BOARD FROM LINGER ENTERPRISES x A second generation low cost high performance mini sized single board for making your own RS232 Video Terminal Use as a computer console or with a MODEM for hook up to any of the telephone line computer services FEATUR
268. s Now you can use your favorite PrintMaster images in your SCS Draw drawings The Image RS y Extractor converts PrintMaster images to said SCS Draw image libraries Price 24 95 SAVE when you buy SCS Draw and the K s Image Extractor together Only 79 95 2 Jf ve you can work on images much i with SCS Draw Available now check or money order to Second SECOND CITY SOFTWARE iii SCS Draw can be used Kaypro makes a nice es a too bad it doesn t do graphics Other features include block moves four built in fonts and powerful print options like enlargement indentation mirror image and rotation And with SCS Draw s windowing feature larger than your Kaypro s screen How good is SCS Draw Every day we get unsolicited letters and for Simon Simo phone calls from SCS Draw users ED Photographe around the country here s what they have to say Pies A A AAZ Very easy to use Tp D 55 5 pafa G H WPAFB Ohio Keep it up the J S Roseburg OR A pleasure to use user friendly fun well put together D A Kalamazoo MI 4 Everything is bug free D C Los Angeles CA Worth much more than its cost B H Birmingham AL I for all 84 85 and 86 Kaypro nes CP M computers Send 59 95 pees 4 City Software Box 267960 A Chicago Illinois 60626 Call 312
269. s but it is tedious WIN predicates for using windows STR predicates for string handling MOD modules INT interface to other languages assembler C Pascal MPROLOG s_ documentation is lengthy running to 500 or so pages and useful but like its editor cumber some to use I d have traded most of those pages for a few concise easy to locate lists of commands Although MPROLOG appears to be an advanced system in some ways modules trace facilities assembler in terface loads of built in predicates it does not beckon to the beginner and lacks important features for the profes sional floating point full screen editor cursor control windows and access to DOS commands Arity Arity PROLOG like Ada PROLOG comes in a variety of flavors an Edinburgh core interpreter for 95 which implements the Clocksin and Mellish syntax a full featured inter preter for 350 and an interpreter and compiler for 795 The core interpreter comes with a copy of Programming in PROLOG by Clocksin and Mellish and is a good starting point for the beginner If you decide later to get serious about PROLOG you can move up to one of their professional versions continued next page MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 9 PROLOG On The PC continued from page 9 Arity s full featured interpreter has mostly right ideas about a program ming environment Although an editor isn
270. s the trigger word can be at the beginning or ending of an acquired block of data Triggering at the end of the data block allows you to view data before an event such as before an endless loop To try to keep the parts count within reason we ll define 16 of our 32 input lines as trigger inputs An LED Circuit See Figure 1 for a simple circuit that allows you to compare a 16 bit trigger 28 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 word with 16 signal inputs The LED circuit output shows if the chosen trigger word appeared on the system bus while the scope output allows you to externally trigger a scope on the output and thus monitor the signal lines referenced to this point Remember the scope won t work un less you can create a periodic repeat ing signal If you don t have any 74LS688s in your junk box pardon me your surplus parts storage reposi tory you can use 7485s instead The clock output from the system under test the heart of the logic analyzer should be edge programma ble allowing sampling of data on either the rising or falling edge Also needed are several qualifiers that allow a clock transition only un der specific conditions such as read status write status I O status and so forth For example if you re interested in microprocessor read activity you would attach an active low clock quali fier to the RD line This is ANDed with the system clock and allows a clock trans
271. s are 16 bits long If your hardware uses only the low 8 bits for I O port addressing the 16 bit addresses could inadvertent ly address undesirable ports Home Free After you get PC DOS to successful ly boot and sign on the checkout procedure is almost complete About the only things you haven t tested are the disk write routines Try copying some files from one disk to another If you have the system configured for only one floppy disk PC DOS will tell you when to swap disks in the drive for those operations which require two diskettes Restrictions This system is definitely not the equivalent of a PC In general pro grams which use normal PC DOS sys tem calls for I O will run OK Pro grams which take advantage of special features of the PC hardware will not ROM BASIC of course will not Programs which require graphics capability such as Flight Simulator won t run since no graphics capability is included in the BIOS Copy protected software probably won t run since most of the copy protection schemes access the disk controller directly rather than using DOS or even BIOS calls I ve tested all the general purpose utilities on the PC DOS system disk CHKDSK DEBUG SORT etc They re OK Many compilers and edi tors run fine Additions One useful function would be to set up the terminal function keys to return codes compatible with the IBM key board function keys This would be useful with s
272. s of PROLOG programs Eight fundamental syntactic concepts compose the PROLOG notation numbers variables constants clauses conjunctions facts and rules _A PROLOG program consists of a database of sentences made up of clauses etc that define relations A clause or predicate is the funda mental way of specifying a relation ship between terms For simplicity you might think of a predicate as a ro lists resemblance to a procedure or function in a conventional language like Pascal with arguments enclosed in parenthes es For example succ xX Y if SUM X Y1 Y describes the successor relationship in micro PROLOG For a more detailed introduction to PROLOG see Programming in PROLOG by Clocksin and Mellish published by Springer Verlag which _ By Gary Entsminger describes the Edinburgh syntax mi cro PROLOG Programming in Logic by Clark and McCabe which describes the micro PROLOG syntax published by Prentice Hall or D E Cortesi s excellent article A Tour of PROL OG in Dr porbie March oe PROLOG On The PC Currently a number of PROLOG interpreters and compilers are avail able for the PC ranging in price from a public domain interpreter from Ada oa la Turpo PROLOG Program For Reversing A List Using A ppend domai ns lategertist predicates oe ranereocineensrivet integerlist append integerlist integerlist fntegeri iat
273. se 1 megabit chips And with 150 or 120 nanosecond parts there would be room for a further CPU speedup to 8MHz with a Z80H You might ask Why go to all this trouble to install a 160K RAM drive when MicroSphere offers cheap RAM drives with up to a Meg of RAM My answer It s fun it s educational and it cost me less than 40 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 45 CALENDAR CLOCK 69 k r NOW Wi D TH FILE ATE STAMPING Works with any Z 80 based computer Currently being used in Ampro Kaypro 2 4 amp 10 Morrow Northstar Osborne Xerox Zorba and many other computers Piggybacks in Z80 socket l Uses National MM58167 clock chip as featured in May 82 Byte Battery backup keeps time with CPU power off Optional software is available for file date stamping screen time displays etc Specify computer type when ordering Packages available Fully assembled and tested 99 Complete kit 69 Bare board and software 29 UPS ground shipping 3 MASTERCARD VISA PERSONAL CHECKS MONEY ORDERS amp C O D S ACCEPTED N Y STATE RESIDENTS ADD 8 SALES TAX KENMORE COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES w York 14217 716 877 0617 Write Hand Man Almost a Sidekick for CP M Ted Silveira Computer Currents Aug 27 1985 WHM is ingenious and works as intended Jerry Pournelle BYTE Magazine Sept 1985 c McGraw Hill Now available for CP M 2 2 CP M 3 0 and ZRDOS The convenience o
274. sk accesses The CRC of a full disk went five percent faster when I cut the step rate from 8ms to 4ms But just as important is quieter drive operation The neighborhood dogs used to surround my house and howl at the drives as they ground their way through long compilations Now I can nap contentedly at the keyboard dur ing even the wildest disk activity DPT Surgery In order to change the step rate you ll need to perform a little surgery on the disk parameter table DPT This table contains a wealth of infor mation on disk drive characteristics see Table 1 for a complete descrip tion The first nibble four bits of the DPT determines the step rate Hex values of C D E and F give step rates of 8 6 4 and 2ms Presumably a value of G would yield a Oms step rate and the fastest drives in town 8ms is used by both the IBM BIOS and the Z NIX BIOS which came with my clone Teac 55BVs will run at 4ms while Mitsubishi 4851s are happy all the way down to 2ms Experiment with your drives to find the best step rate The easiest way to change the con tents of the step rate nibble is to enter a little assembler routine with DEBUG See Listing 1 for this procedure Note that the segment has been shown as because DEBUG choos es a value for CS which will vary according to the configuration of your system It s not really important what that value is Also don t add a trailing h to any numbers DEB
275. ssion means X is a member of a list that has X as its head and X is a member of a list that has Y as its tail if X is a mEmDER of the tail of the list In micro PROLOG we d write X member X Z X member Y Z if X member Z Notice the lack of brackets the if instead of and the lack of punc tuation You might think of micro PROLOG as a bare bones PROLOG perhaps a little harder to read initially but in the long run quite powerful micro PROLOG Professional is Pro gramming Logic Systems top of the line model It s full featured including a WordStar like editor screen cursor control modules and the capability for interfacing to assembly language _subroutines It comes with a copy of Clark and McCabe s definitive text a good tutori al and the SIMPLE frontend which is very user friendly SIMPLE is a windowed environment running above the interpreter which enables you to load files trace and run programs add and delete clauses and edit files Once you ve gotten the hang of PROLOG you can bypass SIMPLE and its menus and interact with the interpreter directly or if you choose you can write your own interactive PROLOGs an front end say for an expert system The possibilities are limited only by your imagination APES an expert system shell from Programming Logic Systems is an example of such a shell micro PROLOG seems to have few
276. ssue for more information Watch your mailbox Yes for SS the new 7 Micro C Catalog If you are a subscriber or have ordered recently you ll be receiving the new ae you don t receive one give us aca Including these new MS DOS disks MS 20 From The Pascal Runoff 1 Foreign language vocabulary builder fractal geometry graphics and hard disk tree directory programs all with source MS 21 Small C and C Windows C compiler with source and 2 window building programs with source MS 22 Dynamite Utilities CP M emulator Turbo Pascal inline amp resident building programs with source step rate mod for drives and the secret system MS 23 EXPRESS Laine and Cecil Stump s speedy little programmer s editor best editor deal in the public domain Micro Cornucopia EE VISA a P O Box 223 Bend OR 97709 k MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 Order 503 382 5060 93 Fast Step Rate For PC Disk Drives Anything worthwhile requires ef fort In this case however Larry has found something very worthwhile that requires almost no effort at all So stepping right along to speed up the disk drive step rate for CP M Kaypros Now it s time for a Personal Clone version But first put down those soldering irons This is a job for software recent issues we ve shown how Why Bother There are two benefits from chang ing the step rate The obvious one is faster di
277. stem but is planning to upgrade to TurboDos as soon as he can get the hardware put together and debugged Within his description of the hardware he is assembling he mentions that he has picked up two Mitsubishi 8 half height floppy drives and has heard that they re reliable but is being driv en crazy by the clatter they make each time the heads are loaded Matt also mentions that some of the S 100 cards he s using particularly the single board computers are real blast furnaces and that he s thinking about bypassing the heat generating regulator ICs on board and supplying the boards directly with regulated power He wants to know if anyone else has ever tried running S 100 cards with off board power regulation I can offer some advice about the Mitsubishi floppies because I ve been using them myself for the past couple of years on my RCPM system I can vouch for their reliability since two of them have been running non stop without any failures or alignments since the spring of 1983 As for the noise there s a simple solution to that The most annoying part is the loud snap made by the door locks every time the drive is accessed or the head is loaded Be cause the door lock is a useless feature in most cases you can simply defeat it by unplugging it or cutting the noor lock relay wires If your equipment de selects the drive automatically when it isn t being used and thus tur
278. ster to 0 data segment starts at 0 522 is the offset of the DPT move new step rate 4 msec into DPT return to DOS lt er gt here exits assembler mode name file and set up FCB CX register must get file length current value in CX change to C file is C bytes long write the file to oer quit DEBUG IBM Value low order head unload time CF low ordersmode DMA 02 nHn gi 1 256 2 512 3 1024 02 2A FF kA EIT ET IE TIE A TI TESS SIT SITET a NIE TTI a a a a TE AL BEE TE S 94 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 DISK DRIVES 3 5 EPSON SMD 100 DOUBLE SIDED 1 MB UNFORMATTED HARDWARE COMPATIBLE WITH 5 1 4 96 TPI DRIVES WITHOUT FRONT PANEL 5 1 4 OKIDATA HALF HEIGHT 89 95 48 TPI DOUBLE SIDED 360 KB FORMATTED CAPACITY IBM COMPATIBLE 5 1 4 OKIDATA 1 3 HEIGHT 48 TPI DOUBLE SIDED 360 KB FORMATTED CAPACITY IBM COMPATIBLE 5 1 4 TEC FB504 96 TP HALF HEIGHT _ DOUBLE SIDED 720 KB FORMATTED CAPACITY QUIET RUNS ON IBM XT WITH J FORMAT _ SOFTWARE NOT SUPPLIED 8 SHUGART SA801R FULL HEIGHT SINGLE SIDED 600 KB FORMATTED CAPACITY BRAND NEW NOT RECONDITIONED TELEVIDEO TS804 Main Logic Board CP M 4 USER COMPUTER COMPLETE WITH ALL IC S amp RAM TESTED GOOD TELEVIDEO TS1603 Main Logic Board CP M 86 OR MS DOS COMPUTER COMPLETE WITH ALL IC S amp RAM TESTED GOOD i E HALTED SPECIALTIES offers unique
279. such non essential tasks as sleeping and eating the software will be de layed until the next issue This gives you time to build the system and me time to find a new hiding place If you must have the nasty stuff TOTTI OU m a en e ee ae ii i iy au DON FLETCHER RT 7 BOR 120 TOCUNBIA NO 65202 ais iid before then and you have a modem call 314 443 7294 ask for Don and give the coded passage I must have my software fix and I ll transfer what I have 300 or 1200 baud I m also selling a version of the logic analyzer see ad in this issue or boards and parts as a service for Micro C subscribers Contact me for prices See you at SOG V Editor s note Don will be speaking at SOG V and he might even have some logic analyzer software with him Note Schematic on pages 32 and 33 Ban Re ANALOGIE 32 CHANNEL LOGIC ANAL FOR THE PC XT STAND ALONE CPM 80 VERSION READY JULY 15 86 16 BIT TRIGGER WORD 4 CLOCK QUALIFIERS M TIMING DIAGRAM HEX OR amp DEBUG DDT DISPLAY E CALL OR WRITE FORKIT amp AND BOARD PRICES ONLY saad a 443 7294 sacar Maar Ears lor a MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 31 ZE O YIJLODNNAOD OMDIN 9861 mf un LN LNG LNS LN4 LN2 LN1 LN 2148 9 WE CS NOTE AQ gt A9 COMMON TO ALL EIGHT RAMs I K IN7 IN6 INS IN4 IN3 IN2 IN INQ LNI5 LN14 LN13 LN12 LN11
280. super market style shopping for your electronic needs We stock thousands of parts from the newest IC s to some of the first transistors We also have computer accessories and test equipment 3 Convenient Locations HSC Electronic Supply Halted Specialties 5549 Hemlock St 827 E Evelyn Ave Sacramento CA Sunnyvale CA 916 338 2545 408 732 1573 HSC Electronic Supply of Santa Rosa Opening May 31 6819 S Santa Rosa Ave Cotati CA 707 792 2357 SPECIAL OF THE MONTH 80286 8MHz 49 95 Regular Price 99 00 LIMIT 2 PER PERSON SOCKET FOR ABOVE 7 50 IBM COMPATIBLES All of our IBM Compatible Products were carefully tested and chosen for full compatibility FLIP TOP CASE 130 W POWER SUPPLY 150 W POWER SUPPLY KEYBOARD DKM 2000 KEYBOARD KB 5151 Enhanced 640K XT MOTHERBOARD 0K RAM BIOS ROM SIDEKICK COMPATIBLE MULTI I O W FDD CONT COLOR GRAPHICS CARD MONOCHROME CARD MULTIFUNCTION CARD FLOPPY CONTROLLER HARD DISK CONTROLLER INTERNAL 1200 BAUD MODEM 2 MB RAM EXPANSION FOR XT 3 MB MULTIFUNCTION CARD FOR IBM AT WITH OK RAM EPROM PROGRAMMER 27xxx 129 95 EGA CARD IBM COMPATIBLE 295 00 XT AT and IBM are Registered Trademarks of International Business Machines Corp ACCESSORIES Parallel printer cable Swivel monitor stand Y power cable for disk drive NEC V20 processor 5mhz 8088 NEC V20 processor 8mhz 8088 4164 150 ns 64K ram chips 41256 150 ns 256K r
281. t PC Net Sytek from micro to mainframe command control and communications Distributed processing application programs are easily developed Multiple Commands per line more easily added Extreme organizational flexibility each directory another environment Aliases complex series of commands known by simple names with variable passing Named Directories with absolute password security Full screen command line editing with previous command recall and execution Shells and Menu Generators with shell variables Command file search Paths dynamically alterable Screen oriented file manipulation and automatic archiving and backup 512 megabyte file sizes 8 gigabyte disks handled Auto disk reset when changing floppies TCAP database handles characteristics of over 50 computers and terminals Tree structured online help and documentation subsystem 76 syntax compatible support utilities Your missing link has been found ZI Now fly with eagles Fast response efficient resource utilization link to rest of computing world shop floor to executive suite micro to corporate mainframe Cail 415 948 3820 for literature Echelon Ine 101 FirstStreet e Suite427 LosAltos CA 94022 415 948 3820 physical port address Port number 0 is the first communications port 1 is the second etc The functions which are available are AH 0 Initializes the port return ing the full port status in the AX register A
282. t screen Clear screen Je End of Listing eee F X BA a a CS ce Tos oo ee a E er bs 3 oon r MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 53 PORGE For Non Clones Writing A Custom BIOS Interrupt By a une CP M 80 systems aren t the only ones affected by the market s strong move toward PC DOS Even 8088 8086 based systems such as Fred s S 100 have been left without support In this article Fred covers step by step what he went through to write a PC compatible or mostly compatible BIOS for his system In the process he learned a lot about PC DOS This is a cook s tour of PC DOS that no self respecting technical type should miss fas my system obsolete Did I need to replace it with a new one These questions had been running through my mind for quite some time My dual proces sor S 100 system running CP M 80 and CP M 86 had served me but most of the new developments were centered around PCs running PC DOS I didn t really want to replace the computer but it seemed I needed at least some degree of PC companpulty to keep up Since one of my processors was an 8088 I decided the easiest and least costly route was to get the PC or MS DOS operating aystent to run on my hardware So For Starters I obtained the IBM hardware ek ence manual which contains a com plete listing of the BIOS ROM used to interface PC DOS to the IBM hard ware i After studying the manual I con cluded that there was a
283. t Ted Silveira s 2 part ate Dec 85 Jan 86 Profiles e ZCPR3 Environment allows features such as Named Directories multiple command lines ingenious batch processing easy use of user areas to organize your files Be capable of editing proofing and printing a documentin a single keystroke The Kaypro Z System is available in five different versions determined by model you use When ordering please identify your machine from this list Pre 84 models 2 4 84 or 2X models e Kaypro 10 with D BIOS Kaypro 10 with F G or H BIOS Any model equipped with Advent TurboROM Public ZRDOS Plus allows declaration of public directories programs that use overlay files find them easily Requirement to warm boot after changing disk is eliminated archive files plus more Completely compatible with your current CP M programs e 70 page tutorial style manual explains in detail how to make the most of Z Numerous examples show use of Z elements ALIASes VFILER ZEX flow control MENU processing Resident Commands andthe _ utiltiies Over 60 utility programs included Prices 69 95 for full system on three diskettes including Kaypro Z System Manual 119 95 for package consisting of full system and Kaypro Z System Manual plus 350 page book ZCPR3 The Manual by Richard Conn and the fast and efficient DISCAT disk cataloging system a 10 saving Add 4 00 shipping and handling cont
284. t access time of the IBM PC AT No other XT compatible system can offer either the speed or the disk storage capacity 230 Mbytes maximum of the XT 186 XT 186 ROM BIOS version 2 0 Upgrade Kit 50 00 NOW AVAILABLE XT 88 Turbo Board A reliable low cost mother board with IBM PC XT compati bility running 1 8 times faster 8MHz hardware selectable to 4 7 MHz On board 8087 socket ready for co processor chip installation The 8088 2 processor with 8 1 O slots 640K RAM and compatible ROM BIOS 299 No RAM eee PLOY AT 286 Mother Board Here s the power you need to get the job done IBM PC AT compatibility enables you to run a broad range of programs both personal and professional The board comes with a built in Real time clock and 80287 socket for future co processor insertion The AT 286 with the Intel 80286 microprocessor running at 8MHz with 640K RAM and Phoenix BIOS processes information faster and more efficiently Build a high perform ance computer and boost your productivity Mother Board 8MHz clock rate 640K RAM 8 1 0 slots Phoenix ROM BIOS 4 995 NoRAM 2 0 9 89S VISA and MASTERCARD Accepted Please Add 3 00 Shipping HOLLISTON COMPUTER P O Box 615 Chepachet R I 02814 401 568 0522 IBM PC XT AT PC DOS are trademarks of International Business Machines Corp MC DOS is a registered trademark of Micro Soft Corp CP M is a registered tradema
285. t differ ently however Unrotated crystals ap pear black while the backdrop is an evenly distributed internal light source Unrotated is now black and rotated is white Because the light source is always even and always from the same angle the display remains visible under much more adverse con ditions than a traditional LCD display Backlit LCDs will probably cost a bit more but not much than the normal screens for awhile and they may use just a touch more power but I would still buy one tomorrow Legal BIOS One company at Comdex was selling a legal BIOS for AT compatibles Since the Taiwanese are having a tough time getting IBM original software through customs and Phoenix and the other established companies even ERSO are charging outrageous fees I heard someone mention 200 000 for a limit ed license a New Jersey company has decided to market its own AT BIOS in the Orient They were talking about 30 000 for an UNLIMITED license you can make as many copies as you want GRAPHICS wA versus US The company s name was AMI and it had several other products to sell to OEMs mostly software and designs for hardware based on the 8088 80386 processors It s a great idea designing some thing and then selling the design so you don t have to worry about all the overhead of starting up a factory but I can see one problem that AMI will have especially in
286. te Only 83 Kaypros have spare PIO control bits 84 series would need additional latch amp latch port decoding chips If they re in sockets you prob ably shouldn t unsolder them Unsoldering will take several hours and must be done delicately Don t use too much heat don t use more than minimal force and don t rush Use proper tools A solder sucker and proper iron are essential Editor s note The easiest way to remove 16 pin ICs is to cut the pins off the body first and then heat and remove them one by one Whenever you make any modifica tions to a circuit you should proceed stepwise and test at each stage as a matter of routine So having removed the chips check the board carefully for damage Then install eight 16 pin sockets in place of the RAM chips and plug 64K RAM chips into them you could plug in the originals here if you didn t cut off the leads but you might be smarter to have a new set of eight 64 s for this step Check that they re the right way up and that no pins are bent out or folded under After checking a second time switch on and all should work as it did before Run your stiffest memory tests If all isn t fine check that the chips are in correctly that solder joints are good Ne NE ne eee 44 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June July 1986 ROW ADDRESS and that no bridges of solder are shorting out tracks Also make sure that no tracks have been damaged and t
287. teresting choices However when we looked at the options reduced instruction set Photo 1 Cache Off RISC architectures vs faster larger versions of the 32032 and 68000 real silicon vs expectations fast math co processors and memory management chips MMUs vs little or no support we chose the 68020 family The 68020 is significantly faster than the 32332 National s latest version of the 32032 The 68020 s math chip which we will discuss shortly is more powerful than the 32032 s On the other hand the 68020 s MMU chip really important for multi user multi tasking environments is not yet ready for prime time So there are some trade offs Speed The 68020 is tremendously fast To understand why look at the program in Figure 1 The 68020 has an instruction cache 64 tags each holding four bytes of code These are the most frequently used pieces of your program The cache can t store data because external devices such as DMA would have difficulty deciding whether the data you just modified was still in cache or in main memory When the CPU asks for an instruc tion the cache control logic looks for it Photo 2 Cache On By Trevor Marshall with Sigi Kluger and Chris Jones Definicon Systems Inc 21042 Vintage St Chatsworth CA 91311 818 341 5654 in the cache If it s not there it reads it into cache four bytes at a time from main memory Once the c
288. the informal and highly relia ble but not absolutely certain know ledge which experts work with and the formal principles which compose the knowledge in any field Inference Engine The Inference Engine uses the facts and rules in the knowledge base in conjunction with the particular circum stances of a specific situation to draw conclusions or inferences and give advice Explanation Subsystem The Explanation Subsystem at a user s request explains the underlying facts and rules the expert system used to draw its conclusions Part of this subsystem is a facility for explaining why the system asks for additional information Natural Language Interface The Natural Language Interface ena bles the user to interact with the system in a language as close to English or French or German etc as possible Knowledge Acquisition And Refine ment i The Knowledge Acquisition and Re finement Subsystem allows additions to and revisions of the knowledge and rules in the knowledge base See Figure 1 a schematic diagram of an expert system Expert Or Conventional An expert system differs primarily from a conventional program by em phasizing the knowledge base In the 1950s and 1960s the search for ways of making computers into more powerful problem solvers fo cused on discovering GENERAL prob lem solving techniques While this approach did yield some results for example in mathematical theorem proofs it
289. they had to pay retail anyway can t do much harm What bothered me was the 10 or so companies who were selling copyright ed software to their distributors and dealers all over the world perpetrating the software to such depths that no body may ever sell another software product again Government Actions The U S government says it s taken action and apparently it s been enough to put a scare in most of the computer companies in Taiwan They have no qualms about shipping any BIOS legal or illegal to any com EXCEPT the U S continued next page Figure 1 A Short List Of Good Companies Bison International Co Ltd Taipei TAIWAN R 0 C Prices nearly as good as Auto C BIOS is in house amp will be approved MSDOS not available No 16 Sec 1 Chung Shan N Rd Taipei TAIWAN R 0O C Turbo board with V20 original equipment tel 381 9171 fax 381 3175 tlx 11291 MULTIFOT Actually engineers working ME HE HE HH HH HOME HE HH HE HE HEH HE EME HE HE HE ME HE HE He ME HE HE AE HE HE WE AE EOE OG HEHE OE 0 OE G20 a8 002 Auto Computer Co Ltd Best prices Can provide legal BIOS 3F No 27 1 Sec 3 Roosevelt Rd Taipei TAIWAN R O C Possibly MSDOS but check it out thoroughly tel 02 393 4568 9 tlx 11888 APEXELEC No engineers but incredibly high volume KHFKEKKKKATKAKAEKRKKKKALEAREAKAKEKAARLE REAR ARAREG RATER E EERE EER EES Aquarius Systems 6F No 3
290. this parameter block to perform the read write operations The data contained in the parameter block includes the sector size and the sectors per track as well as some data unique to the NEC floppy disk controller chip Interrupt 1F Graphics Parameters This is also a pointer which is used when the IBM video is operating in the graphics mode It is not used in my BIOS Interrupts 40 and 41 Fixed Disk These interrupts are reserved for the hard disk controller board which may be used in the PC and should not be used for any other purpose Implementing Generic DOS Modify the BIOS source code to match your hardware requirements Pay particular attention to those soft ware interrupt handlers which return information in the flags These rou tines must not end with an interrupt return instruction since that would restore the original state of the flags Assemble the modified program and correct any errors When the code assembles correctly it s necessary to generate an executa ble file This code should be linked to run in high memory above the memo ry available to PC DOS After you ve generated the executa ble BIOS file run it to boot PC DOS into the system With CP M 86 I type in PCBIOS the name of my execut able BIOS If all goes well the BIOS will read the boot sector into memory and execute it to load the rest of PC DOS PC DOS will request the date and time and then display the fami
291. tions that you imbed in the screens Editor REPERTOIRE s full screen multi window editor fits neatly into your programs It lets your users create and edit multiple files concurrently E High Performance Low level Routines REPERTOIRE provides improved DOS and BIOS access speaker control string tools list handling and a sample directory manager Excellent for educational software or any other screen intensive application For IBM compatibles Manual and two 360K diskettes Logitech amp ITC versions 64 each Both versions for 84 Check MC VISA Send for FREE documentation and demo disk to find out more PMI 4536 S E 50th Portland OR 97206 503 293 7706 MCI Mail PMI Compuserve Track 0 Side 1 Sector 6 the first sector of the directory was shot caput incapacitated out to lunch It was no laughing matter The problem is that most programs capable of reading disk sectors suc ceed only when they can access direc tory or file allocation data and that was precisely what I didn t have _ I needed a program which bypassed the directory and file allocation table and checked each sector directly For tunately I found just the program if Td had to write a program to rescue my text Issue 30 would have un doubtedly followed 31 SSAR for Special Search And Re covery came to my rescue It s one of the Norton Utilities and although 2708 2158 2516 2716 2732 2764
292. tor for the next cycle een used for over a year to enhance itself 317 849 4450 that s what ERSO apparently did When IBM got mad and started hunt ing for pirates one of their first vic tims was ERSO So ERSO modified the old BIOS so it wasn t quite com patible i e some things don t work That s what I heard anyway MS DOS If you re looking for a legal MS DOS license in Taiwan forget it unless you re dealing with Multitech and possibly Aquarius It just don t exist Well it does in some places but it s difficult to tell who is selling you a license and who is selling just a disk It s all the same to them Best bet would be to buy the boards without MS DOS and buy PC DOS It s a bit more expensive licenses coming with equipment can be as low as 15 but it s safer That s it for now Allahasmarladik ciao baby Pray for sun at SOG Editor s notes Laine is trying to make it to SOG V If he does SOG attendees will get a look at the guts of the international trade and copyright business and Turk ish computer technology that will blow their turbans off Also I published an old address for the import broker I mentioned in Issue 29 The real address is Newman Wilson Co 7212 NE Airport Way Portland OR 97218 ane ST a NE ITE TT T EE TE I SIRT PEI IE NIG ESE OT ET RETA TEASA E CATE TET EE SEITE IBD EG ET I I ETE 5 TE TT IONE TEA 42 MICRO CORNUCOPIA 30 June Ju
293. ts each with Count cards print Bid the higher ranker of two touching suits print tor the lower if the suits don t touch L why bid 1 club print You do not have a biddable major suit print Your diamond suit does not contain an honor print Your club suit isn t biddable but you must open print This is a short club situation I why bid 1 X points X Points Count print You have Points pts and Count Cards in X print Bid your longest suit print_hand print Your hand is print_hand hand Suit List print Suit t tab 5 print List nl why calls on the print_hand rule first to give a complete listing of the hand as contained in the knowledge base It then checks for a hand worth fewer than 13 points If this is the case the message printed is that there are not enough points to open If there are more than 13 points in the hand then the bid fact created by the decide_bid rule is checked to see what the bid was and other pertinent facts in the knowledge base are checked to help with the explanation Figure 5 The Natural Language Interface get_values print Enter your hand at the prompts get_suits spades get_suits hearts get_suits diamonds get_suits clubs get_values is called from decide_bid It prints a prompt then calls the get_suits rule for each suit get_suits Suit print Suit print tAce y n
294. ture cursor x1 y1 end procedure printscreen Dump graphics screen to printer This procedure is quite a bit more complex than the file save restore procedures above The graphics screen is not a linear array of pixels but is actually 4 interleaved 8K byte arrays This means that the pixel on the dot row immediately below the current pixel is actually 8K 90 bytes 90 bytes per row away in the linear address space In addition conversion has to be made between row scan sereen and column scan printer var screen 3 array 0 3 0 1fff of byte absolute b000 0000 inp out array o 7 of byte l i j k l integer begin l i i ii l R CeIGH 1 keep the cursor out of the pigture E write lst 3 chr 15 set 15 144 line feed for k 0 to 43 do actually 43 5 sets of 8 rows begin write 1st L chr 208 chr 2 720 pixel eolumns row for i 0 to 89 do o 90 eight byte cells row begin Br os i a l i T SETE for j 0 to 3 do get top 4 bytes of cell inp j screen j i kt180 if k lt 43 then if not last row get bottom 4 3 for j 4 to 7 do inp j screen j 4 i k 180 90 else for j 4 to 7 do inp j 0 slse blank bottom 4 ee jis 7d ownto 0 do horizontal to vertical conversion egin l out j 0 blank output byte for 1 0 to 7 do l S begin l out j sulid Shi 1 ord odd inp 1 merge low order bit
295. ty Marquette MI 49855 from a player and prints out a listing of the hand and an appropriate bid BRIDGE uses the following rules to determine the bid 1 If the point count is less than 13 pass 2 If the point count is between 16 and 18 inclusive and there s even distribu tion bid 1 notrump 3 If there are two equally long suits bid the higher ranking of touching suits or the lower ranking if the suits are not touching 4 If there s a long suit 6 or more cards bid that suit 5 If there s a a five card major suit bid it 6 If there s a four card minor suit containing an honor bid it 7 If there s no really biddable suit but 3 or more clubs bid clubs an 8 Otherwise follow Rule 3 with the longest of not so long suits We want exactly one bid The nies are evaluated in the order given above If one succeeds none of the others is attempted The short club Rule 7 is used when there are no biddable suits but opening hand 13 or more points Rule 8 is used when even a short club is impossible After the bid s decided it s printed and added to the Knowledge Base asa fact For simplicity the bid is sivas one of a suit one notrump or pass Deciding an opening two or three bid would be more complex but follow similar procedures Explanation Subsystem An important aspect of an expert system is its ability to explain how it arrived at a conclusion This ex
296. u OPEN a file a HANDLE is returned which is used to identify subsequent accesses to that file This saves having to point to an opened FCB all the time The data buffer size is 512K This program on a Taiwanese PC AT clone takes 2 47 seconds to copy a 123K file Note that the ERROR subroutine uses a BDOS call 9 print a string to output its messages Summarizing The DSI 020 represents second gen eration 32 bit technology The 68020 family represents technology that is unequalled in silicon today The 32332 although significantly faster than the 32032 is not as fast as the 68020 Ra If UNIX is your operating system then continue to use the National family Motorola s UNIX is still too expensive and their MMU is not bug free If absolute performance is your goal then go for the 68020 it ll be some time before this family can be beaten See you all at SOG Layout of 68020 Co processor OC e Taree PARITY CIRCUITRY MEG OF PARITY CHECKED RAM SBeeaeeee F29eOeee Oe 74HCT646 74HCT646 74HCT646 74HCT646 FLOATING POINT iE 0 68851 e OPTIONAL e MEMORY MANAGEMENT HOLD29 BE 2 eeseeeee 74148 T4HCT 245 se ft af wje se T4HCT245 GIs oe a he ee 68020 Z e Oj e ot zZz e ti 6 wire WRAP DUAL PORT PAL 74HCT541 AT 20 DEC PC 26 74HCT541 DSACK 29 5 74HCT374 74F161A D Doraissa3 LA
297. umvents the virtual memory prob lem The documentation is very good perhaps excellent and includes nu merous programming examples mak ing it an accessible and enjoyable starting point for the first time PROL OG programmer and the just curious Although the version I tested was an early beta test version 0 5 and suffered from a few minor bugs Turbo PROLOG looks like it s going to be a winner for both the beginner and professional programmer Wrap It Up As usual I don t think any review can completely express the desirability or undesirability of a product Tastes differ Your piques differ from mine In this case each PROLOG imple mentation has merit and I can t say definitively that any one is THE one If you re only a little curious about PROLOG then save your nickels dimes quarters and dollars and peek into the public domain or maybe the ADA FS version If you think you might be serious but hate to spend a penny more than necessary than Turbo PROLOG or Arity s low end model is the way to fly And if you know already that PROL OG indeed signals the beginning of the Fifth Generation and you intend to write a professional expert system produce prototypes construct natural language interfaces prove theorems and who knows what else pick in order of what you can afford one of the heavyweights Arity or PROLOG2 micro PROLOG odd but very good or TP the new kid in
298. ures exist in one integrated program A typical development entering a program with the editor or edittin lately test the program o s oing into the debugger to i ED ASM was deval ED ASM 86 is on a Oliver Computin for immediate delivery via UPS 86 WORLD continued from page 41 The Taiwanese government also has addressed the situation by prosecuting people who copy IBM software An example might help to illustrate the point While talking to all the companies I got into the habit of asking them whether their BIOS was legal or not and who the source was At one company I was told Yes it s legal Then I asked Does that mean that for example I could take this BIOS through U S Customs and it would pass E Oh no You can t do that Then it s NOT legal Oh yes it s legal You just can t take it through U S Customs We might get in trouble __ That confused me a little until I talked with another company Our BIOS has no copyright prob lems at all Did you develop it or are you licensing someone else s Oh we copied it from UITRA Then it s illegal No no copyright problems It s not IBM original If it was IBM original then we wouldn t be able to send it on the board but since it s not IBM Taiwanese Customs doesn t mind Do you want IBM original We can supply immed oped for Oliver ly 95 Send check or
299. via BBS systems The charge for 5 disks is 7 per volume However for SSSD formats or any format which requires more than one disk please add another 2 per volume nia We ve continually improved Microstat since it was introduced in 1978 and the latest release includes many new features you ve wanted Data sets that can exceed memory Eco C performed well on all the benchmarks generating code that was quite comparable to that of compilers 10 times as costly Christopher Skelly Computer Language Feb 1986 This compiler does handle syntax errors much better than average no avalanche of spurious messages here William Hunt PC Tech Journal Jan 1986 Eco C88 is a high quality package Dr David Clark Byte Jan 1986 Eco C is definitely a bargain it includes both the compiler and an excellent Turbo style editor a useful compiler for advanced applications and will serve far beyond the beginning phase Gary Entsminger Micro Cornucopia April May 1986 The compiler comes with a standard library of over 200 functions cc and mini make utilities ANSI language enhancements e g prototyping expanded user s manual plus much more all for the low price of only 59 95 Also ask about our support products convenient to use If ordered with the compiler the C library source code excluding transcen dentals is 10 00 and the ISAM file handler as published in the C Progra
300. which maintains compatibility with the 8086 while adding many features new instruc tions new registers and an improved memory management scheme The 80386 operates in either of three modes Real Address Protected Vir tual Address and Virtual 86 In Real Address mode the 80386 looks like an 8086 to the program except for several new instructions and two new segment registers The total address space in this mode is 1M bytes same as in the 8086 The new 80386 instructions are dedi cated to bit manipulation The BT instruction tests a bit BTS tests and sets a bit BTR tests and resets a bit and BTC tests and complements a bit In addition even enormous bit strings of up to 4G bits long may be defined and manipulated IBTS inserts a bit string XBTS extracts a bit string BSF scans a bit string and BSR scans it in reverse The bit instructions are useful for bit mapped graphics operations When the 80386 is reset the proces sor automatically performs extensive on chip diagnostics which test as much as 85 percent of the chip The results are returned as the contents of the processor registers and can be tested by the boot program 80386 Real Address Mode After reset the 80386 is in Real Address mode All registers are 16 bits long as in the 8086 The bus width can be 16 or 32 bits wide and selected on a cycle by cycle basis The Bus Interface portion of the 80386 checks an input BS16 late in the bus cycle t
301. y a man who ran a trading company Later I take you to see my friend who makes Rolex watches He give you SPECIAL deal Less than 30 You can imagine the support you d get from one of these companies So if you re going to buy from Taiwan then you d better have some schematics and know what s going on or you re going to learn real quick Hardware Prices Prices varied Different price didn t necessarily mean different quality though The most expensive boards were from Multitech the largest most reputable computer company in Tai wan Multitech was charging about 200 300 more for a complete system with 20 Meg winchester than the lowest prices The lowest prices were from the chip inserters Somewhere in the middle were the trading companies Most trading companies were not a good deal They offered no extra services for their cut although one of them Aquarius Systems was a decent outfit Aquarius Systems specialized in as sembling boards from other companies and TESTING them before shipping One of their systems was based on the Multitech 700 Turbo motherboard and Aquarius was selling it with one flop py for about 150 200 less than Multi tech Prices change from day to day but Figure 2 shows the lowest quotes we got for quantity 100 given by Auto Computer Company the largest and lowest priced chip inserter we visited Note that these prices are FOB Taipei for quantity 100 79 00 18 5
302. y brainstorming OUT THINK lets you jot down ideas quickly as you think of them If you want to elaborate you can add text with full screen editing Then develop your ideas using a familiar outline format Change the structure as easily as you change your mind Move an idea and all attached text moves with it You can keep track of your main line of thought by collapsing the details from view Then expand portions of the outline to develop the specifics when you need to By collapsing and expanding you can maintain an overview and literally see how your ideas fit together And OUT THINK is fast Your ideas remain at your fingertips OUT THINK can locate and retrieve by keyword evena misspelled one in less than a second per outline file Once you ve entered your ideas you can get them out with a full complement of format ting printing and file conversion options including Wordstar compatibility From a two page report to the Great American Novel OUT THINK will rotate your headers and footers with page numbers and give you a Table of Contents to boot OUT THINK is brought to you by KAMASOFT We pioneered outline processing and brought this amazing new technology to CP M computers For over 2 years Our KAMAS programmable outline processor has been widely acclaimed Our new OUT THINK is simpler and easier to use than KAMAS Yet it offers more print ing and formatting options
303. yboard Siemens w case Wiring Harness 7 50 KAYPRO MAINBOARDS K2 With Sockets K2 Populated Tested K2 with PRO8 3 Mod This one runs at 2 4 amp 5 MHz up to 4 drives SS DS or Quad drives New ROM has screen dump and step speed select 2 With manual amp software tested and guaranteed 30 days 149 00 _ K2 PRO8 3 Mod EXCHANGE We will update your K2 or K4 as 5 above Mail working Main board We can install double or quad drives and check complete package K10 Populated Tested _WD1002 5 Hard Disk Controller Host Interface Board CABINETS Bottom portion with front and back only crt Beza aria mente S 12 00 7 SUBSTITUTE CABINET This cabinet has a 12 green monitor on top _ that swivels left to right with a 3 position vertical movement The base is 16 x18 x5 and contains a switching power supply It has room for the main board two drives a modem and whatever else you want to stuff in it It comes with a Siemens keyboard with case and is programmed like the Kaypro keyboard with many extra Wordstar and 1 CP M commands The whole cabinet is color coordinated and sharp looking Nobody will ever suspect this is a Kaypro Now you can build the classiest Kaypro computer lt ever for less than 550 00 The complete cabinet is a steal at 179 00 MISC CABLES 9 50 Pin 50 Pin

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