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1. 15 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual 2 4 Screens Note Screens count is device dependent PQM 702 and PQM 703 have 9 screens whereas PQM 710 and PQM 711 have 10 screens Fig 5 presents the first screen displayed by the analyzer The bar in the upper part is a per manent element shown independent of the selected screen Fig 5 Screen 1 with a phasor diagram The bar includes from the left o number of active measurement point P1 P2 P3 or P4 In some modes measurement point number is displayed alternately with additional graphic symbol O g The symbol of sinusoid is displayed when the memory of the measurement point is completely filled with recorded data or when the measurement point is not assigned to any place zero allocation In such conditions recording cannot be started only viewing the current values is possible O The symbol of slope with an arrow indicates waiting for triggering the recording pro cess by the first detected event threshold triggering O The hourglass symbol indicates waiting for recording to start in the scheduled re cording mode also between recording intervals e available space on the memory card for an active measurement point in MB or GB e current date and time in the format day month year hour minute second Date and time are displayed in green when time of the analyzer is synchronized to GPS time and meets the requirements for the accuracy specifi
2. 28 2 Operation of the analyzer Transformer Transformer Voltage inputs Current inputs Fig 16 Wiring diagram single phase Voltage inputs Current inputs Fig 17 Wiring diagram split phase Load 29 30 Transformer PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual F 5 i O 43 rT 1 te oO 4 a a Voltage inputs Current inputs Fig 18 Wiring diagram 3 phase wye with a neutral conductor Load Voltage inputs Current inputs Fig 19 Wiring diagram 3 phase wye without neutral conductor 2 Operation of the analyzer Transformer Voltage inputs Current inputs Fig 20 Wiring diagram 3 phase delta Transformer E A I Voltage inputs Current inputs Fig 21 Wiring diagram 3 phase delta current measurement using Aron method 31 Transformer PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual Load Voltage inputs Current inputs Fig 22 Wiring diagram 3 phase wye without neutral conductor current measurement 32 using Aron method L1 L2 L3 Voltage inputs Current inputs Fig 23 Wiring diagram indirect system with transducers wye configuration 2 Operation of the analyzer Transformer Load Voltage inputs Current inputs Fig 24 Wiring diagram indirect system with transducers delta configuration Note Frequency response of tra
3. Measurement category of the whole system depends on the acces sories used Connecting analyzer with the accessories e g current clamps of a lower measurement category reduces the category of the whole system Note e Do not unscrew the nuts from the cable glands as they are perma nently fixed Unscrewing the nuts will void the guarantee e Do not handle or move the device while holding it only by its ca bles POM 703 The icon with the analyzer name is placed next to sections of the text that refer to specific features of the analyzer particularly to avail ability unavailability of a given function All other parts of the text relate to both types of the analyzer 1 General Information 1 2 General characteristics Power Quality Analyzers PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 and PQM 711 Fig 1 are high tech devices providing their users with a comprehensive features for measuring analyzing and record ing parameters of 50 60 Hz power networks and power quality in accordance with the European Standard EN 50160 Analyzers are fully compliant with the requirements of IEC 61000 4 30 2008 Class A The device is equipped with five voltage measurement inputs installed as cables terminated with banana plugs marked as L1 L2 L3 N and PE The range of voltages measured by four measurement channels is up to 1500V the device has two voltage sub ranges This range may be increased by using additional external voltage transformers K
4. ss mnel OPERATING MANUAL POWER QUALITY ANALYZERS PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 C SONEL SA ul Wokulskiego 11 58 100 Swidnica Poland Version 1 2 06 07 2014 Sonnet C Ea a q TResge osees 290 in A CONTENTS 1 General IRTON I ATOM criccs acorn oe ceressets E E acts 6 1 1 FI e E kp aecienee a ssee sce acctavedeneee casaenusees st 6 1 2 General characteristics ccccccccsseeececcceeensseeeeeeecesessueeseecessessaueeeeeesesssaaaeseeeeeseeas 7 1 3 Power supply of the ANALYZOL cccscecccssescecsenseccseseecnauseessauseensuesesnauseessauesess 10 1 4 Tightness and outdoor operation cccccccseeeeccensseeeeescaseeeesssueeeeessaaeseeessananes 10 i MOUNTING n DIN TAN sessize aa EETA 11 1 6 Measured parameters cccccsseeccccssneeeecscaueeccesaucseecssaueeeecssauneeessauensesssaaanses 12 1 7 Compliance with standards 1ssccccccccecesseeeseececesseseeeeeeceesessasceseeessssseeeseseees 14 2 Operation of the analyzet ssssssssnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn 15 2 1 BUONO ioe aa a E roses aedooseeseaidieessaeoeesoetieeeee 15 2 2 Switching the analyzer ON OFF ccsssssccccssseeececssansesecsaaueesessaaueesesssauensesssaens 15 2 3 AOO a E E E A E et eee errr erer 15 2 4 TE A ee ne EA E AEE ene E EA ENE E E EEA N AE 16 2 5 Sonel Analysis software 1 cccccccccccesseeeseeccescssseeseeecessssssaeeeeeeesssaaaaeeseeeeeneas 21 2 6 PC connection and data tr
5. Example Basic uncertainty for RMS voltage measurement is 0 1 Unom within ambient temp range of 0 C 45 C at 20 C measurement uncertainty is 0 18 Unom multiplier 1 8 at 10 C measurement uncertainty is 0 14 Unom multiplier 1 4 at 0 C measurement uncertainty is 0 1 Unom multiplier 1 0 at 45 C measurement uncertainty is 0 1 Unom multiplier 1 0 at 55 C measurement uncertainty is 0 2 Unom multiplier 2 0 105 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual Rated operating temperature range M 1 8 2 20 C 55 C Fig 56 Basic uncertainty multiplier M as a function of ambient temperature 6 4 3 Voltage Voltage Range and conditions Urms AC DC 10 Unom Urnms lt 150 Unom 0 01 oa 0 1 ica ern for Unom 2 64 V Crest Factor 1 10 a 1 1 65 for 690 V voltage 1 Urms 2 10 Unom 6 4 4 Current Range and conditions Irms AC DC Input path without clamps 0 1 V 0 3 6 Vp p 0 01 lhom 0 1 Inom Flexible clamps F 1 F 2 F 3 0 01 Inom Additional uncertainty 1 2 taking into account additional error due to the position Hard clamps C 4 0 1000 A 0 01 Inom Additional uncertainty 3600 Ap p 0 1 10 A 8 0 1 A 10 A 3 50 A 1 5 200 A 0 75 1000 1200 A 0 5 Hard clamps C 5 0 1000 A 0 01 Inom Additional uncertainty 3600 Ap p 0 5 100 A lt 1 5 1 A 100 800 A lt 2 5 800 1000 AAC lt 4 800 1400 A DC lt 4 Hard clamps
6. Fig 8 Screen 4 with apparent and deformation power values Screen 5 Fig 9 indicates THD factors in voltage and current The factors shown on this screen are related to the fundamental component THOU1 3 013 THOI1 17 69 THOUZ 2 902 THDIZ 11 47 THOUS 2 895 THDIS 19 49 THOUnrc 18 32 THOIn 184 0 Fig 9 Screen 5 with THD factors On screen 6 Fig 10 Power Factors PF are presented along with tang i e the ratio of reactive power to active power PF1 0 965 tanp1 0 191 PF2 0 978 tanp2 0 169 PF3 0 948 tanpd 0 259 PF 0 926 tanp 0 202 Fig 10 Screen 6 with power factors and tang Screen 7 is the last of the measurement screens and it presents short and long term flicker fac tors Py and Pr Ps flicker severity is updated every 10 minutes whereas Py flicker severity every two hours 2 Operation of the analyzer Pst1 4 337 Pst2 3 269 Pst3 2 710 Fig 11 Screen 7 with flicker Screen 8 presents the following information Start 25 02 2014 10 44 44 Stop Time OOd OOh 01m 13s Events 7 GSM Ready HSUPA GPS YES 2D Fig 12 Screen 8 e start time of the last recording or the start time of the next scheduled recording interval in the scheduled recording mode e end time of the last recording when recording is in progress dashes are displayed or the end time of the next scheduled recording interval in the scheduled recording mode e durat
7. Qi 3U Tf sin py where U1 is the voltage positive sequence component of the var fundamental component l1 his the current positive sequence component of the fundamental component p1 is the angle between components U and h S 3U where Total reactive power acc to IEEE 1459 Effective apparent power j 2 3 U U U tUs U FU 18 L Ip I i Sen Se a where Se1 3 Ue1le1 Effective apparent distor 2 tion power 3 Ua1 Ugi Uci Vapi User Ucar 18 las tax l m Ip a Ii Detot Dga Deg Dac Prot PFrot F e Total Budeanu distortion D Btot power Total Power Factor Total displacement pow COSPtot er factor DPFiot Total tangent Total active energy con Ep tot sumed and supplied Ep tot Total Budeanu reactive energy consumed and supplied 1 COS Prot DPFtot 3 cos Pa COSPpz cosc _ Rtot tan Prot P tot where Qot Qstot when Budeanu method was chosen Qiot Qitot when IEEE 1459 method was chosen calculated as for the split phase network E QB tot E calculated as for the split phase network QB tot Total reactive energy of E Q1 tot fundamental component E consumed and supplied PIR Total apparent energy RMS value of zero volt age sequence Voltage positive se quence component Voltage zero sequence unbalance ratio Voltage negative se quence unbalance ratio Current zero sequence component
8. lt connection type gt after the search the analyzer is not displayed on the list Option GSM transmission available is enabled and the analyz er is properly configured in the database including IP number Possible cause TCP 4001 port is blocked it is used for communication through a firewall in stalled on the PC or in the server of internet service provider 42 2 Operation of the analyzer Solution check whether TCP 4001 port in program settings is not blocked If it is not please con tact your local network administrator Problem When a SIM card is inserted into the analyzer message nvalid IP is displayed Possible cause IP number assigned by the network is different than the one configured in the analyzer Solution Check whether the analyzer database includes the correct IP number as specified by the provider In the analyzer database enter settings and select Change GSM settings Enter the correct IP address and confirm Disconnect the analyzer and using the screen of GSM connection status to check whether the analyzer properly connects to the Internet If this does not help check whether the inserted SIM card is correct Problem The analyzer reports an error of Invalid PIN code of SIM cara Possible cause PIN code used by the analyzer to unlock the SIM card is incorrect This may be caused by replacing SIM cards or changing the PIN code of the card by an external de vice Solution After connecting the ana
9. 100V Sys for 10MHz Transients p Q Measurement point 2 Fi Analyzer settings Log waveforms and transient charts Phase voltage DC E a E Log events E Minimum E Average E Maximum E Instantaneous Fig 26 Settings for Voltage card in scenario 1 At Additional card select only the average value for the frequency and uncheck other boxes At Harmonics card and Voltage tab select fields for THD average values and for voltage harmonic amplitudes uncheck other boxes List THD calculated from may be set according to own requirements At Interharmonics card and in Voltage and Mains signalling uncheck all the boxes Step 9 Settings of the measurement point has been properly prepared The next step is to send the settings to the analyzer The memory card will be formatted To do this press Send button In the displayed window confirm the deletion of all data on the memory card of the analyzer and sending the new settings Step 10 The analyzer is ready to start recording acc to specified settings To begin recording at the measurement point 1 select from the menu Analyzer gt Control In the displayed window select from Current measurement point the first position this field contains a list of names given to individual measurement points and start recording by clicking Start Recording is indicated on the display of the analyzer by flashing P1 symbol in the upper left corner Recording may be continued for any length o
10. PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual Voltage level in percent 10 0 1 1 10 100 Frequency in kHz Fig 47 Allowable levels of mains signalling according to EN 50160 standard In networks with substantial contents of harmonics where additional filters are used for reduc ing interferences the consequences of their use may also include additional attenuation of the frequency range used for the signalling Both the presence of filters and a high level of harmonics and interharmonics may significantly reduce the possibility of efficient use of the distribution net work for communication with low frequency or PLCC methods IEC 61000 4 30 standard provides the following measurement method of ripple control sig nals e if the frequency of a control signal is a multiple of 5 Hz i e it covers exactly the output line of FFT frequency analysis then only this single line is taken into account along with its RMS e if the frequency is not a multiple of 5 Hz then RMS value is calculated from four adjacent frequency lines of FFT 5 7 Unbalance Unbalance is a concept associated with the three phase systems and may refer to e supply voltage unbalance e load current unbalance e receiver unbalance In three phase systems the unbalance of voltage current occurs when values of three com ponent voltages currents are different and or the angles between individual phases are not equal to 120 The receiver unbalance occurs when
11. for a direct connection see chapter 2 12 3 Password Key in case of secured networks for a direct connection see chapter 2 12 3 External IP Address and External Port The parameters required to work in a different subnetwork than the tablet computer especially for connecting to the Internet Configure the analyzer in the following manner 48 Connect the tablet computer with the analyzer via a USB cable Perform the analyzer search e g by selecting Analyzer gt Current Settings F4 and con nect to the analyzer Go to Wireless connections tab Fig 34 and check whether Wi Fi communication ena bled is active If it is not enable it Wireless modules 2 SMS Alerts as a ainiti O S OR 1 Communication enabled i acne ie Fig 34 Current Settings window Select Options gt Analyzer database F3 In the analyzer database enter the option for ed iting the analyzer settings select the line with the serial number of the analyzer and click Edit In the displayed menu click Change Wi Fi settings Enter the following data the access point name SSID field and in case of a secured net work tick Modify box and enter the password Key field In case of a non secured network Key field remains empty but Modify box must be ticked 2 Operation of the analyzer d Certificate of Calibration 6 months Analyzer type Y Serial number 1 PQM 711 B
12. o all other measured parameters not listed here Analyzer configuration remote triggering and stopping of the recording process When connected to a PC the display shows message PC Connection and the type of connection OO 0 0 When connected to a PC all analyzer buttons are locked except O button but when the analyzer operates with key lock mode e g during recording all the buttons are locked To connect to the analyzer enter its PIN code The default code is 000 three zeroes The PIN code may be changed using Sonel Analysis software When wrong PIN is entered three times in a row data transmission is blocked for 10 minutes Only after this time it will be possible to re entry PIN When within 30 seconds of connecting a PC to the device no data exchange occurs between the analyzer and the computer the analyzer exits data exchange mode and terminates the connection 21 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual Notes e Holding down buttons and op for 5 seconds results in an emergency setting of PIN code 000 e If the keys are locked during the recording process this lock has a high er priority first the user would have to unlock buttons to reset the emer gency PIN To unlock the keypad in emergency cases hold buttons and op pressed for 5 seconds e If there is an active connection via one of the media it is not possible to communicate with the analyzer using another medium type e g a
13. scribed in this manual the resynchronization of intervals according to the method described above is performed for averaging times 10 s 15 s 30 s 1 min 3 min 5 min 10 min 15 min 30 min 60 min 120 min RTC GPS next 10 min tick i e 14 10 00 i 10 min aggregation interval x timestamp 10 12 10 12 10 12 cycles cycles cycles Fig 54 Determining the averaging intervals longer than 10 seconds with the 10 minute averaging 101 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual Averaging with times less than 10 seconds is somewhat different Although they are all ex pressed in time units 200 ms 1s 3 s 5 s in reality they are measured in multiples of the mains period For example selecting 3 second averaging period means averaging in the time equal to 150 180 mains cycles fifteen 10 12 cycle measurements RTC GPS next 10 min tick i e 14 10 00 3 sec interval x timestamp ES ca 10 12 ES ca cycles actually it is a 150 180 cycles time interval Fig 55 Determining the averaging intervals shorter than 10 seconds with the 3 second averaging The method of determining average values for such periods is shown in Fig 55 Also in this case the resynchronization of 10 12 cycle intervals but it is always done using clock time of 10 minutes When the clock counts another integer multiple of the 10 min period another aggrega tion interval is resynchronized and the next interval is st
14. voltage and current RMS o Ua 1 2 0 0 150 0 Unom 0 01 Unom 0 2 Unom Detection thresholds Set by the user in percentage or absolute values Event detection based on the measurement of Urms 1 2 1 period RMS refreshed every 2 period _hh mm ss ms Waveform record max 1s of himm SSMS ra and max 960 ms pretrigger time sampling 10 24 kHz resolution 8 bit RMS1 2 plot record max 30 s of recording and max 4 9 s pretrigger time sampling half cycle Inms Current Range Resolution Basic uncertainty ee max Oooo 1 2 0 0 100 0 Inom 0 01 Inom 0 2 Inom Detection thresholds Set by the user in percentage or absolute values Event detection based on aise na the measurement of IRusi1 2 1 period RMS refreshed every period Duration gt himm ss ms sd One period Waveform record max 1 s of recording and max 960 ms pretrigger time Wavtom record ae sof xarg an ra sampling 10 24 kHz resolution 8 bit sampling half cycle 111 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual 6 6 Event detection other parameters Parameter Range Detection method Frequency 40 70 Hz percentage Detection based on 10 sec measurement min max or absolute value acc to IEC 61000 4 30 Voltage crest factor 1 0 10 0 Basing on 10 12 cycle value min max Current crest factor 1 0 10 0 Basing on 10 12 cycle value min max Voltage unbalance factor for nega 0 0 20 0 Basing on 10 12 cycle value
15. 0s 60 5 _ Syn 100 1 752 100 1 1 52 cos 60 therefore the measurement uncertainty is v1 02 1 522 1 82 In the same conditions but with phase shift o 10 _ cos 10 5 _ pn 100 1 SC 0 16 and the measurement uncertainty is v1 07 0 16 1 01 These calculations do not take into account the additional errors intro duced clamps and transformers ae 5 90 9 60 80 a sen nnnnnnneecbannnnnnnnneeeeeenebennnnnccceeeees tdennnnnnnnnnnneee p 50 OO a ea ae ae 60 p 40 50 30 40 EEP PERRE PEE ERER PI SERTE A PE EE GRLA ceases oun ge ERREA FEAE EEE oe a eee oe eee p pI EN 20 30 10 20 p 0 ae Ag 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Fig 57 Additional uncertainty due to the phase error depending on the phase angle 110 6 Technical data 6 4 11 Flicker Range and conditions Resolution Basic uncertaint Pst 10 min 0 2 10 0 01 5 within the values presented in ta Pr 2 h for Urms 2 80 Unom bles of IEC 61000 4 15 standard 6 4 12 Unbalance Unbalance ratio for posi 0 0 20 0 ae 1 0 15 tive negative and zero for absolute uncertainty sequence 80 Unom lt Urms lt 150 Unom 6 4 13 Mains signalling in accordance with IEC 61000 4 30 2008 Amplitude of ripple control signal 0 01 Unom UR1 UR2 6 4 14 Transients CUES PQM 711 Range and conditions Voltage transients 6000 V 5 25 V 6 5 Event detection
16. 2 1 Unom n 0 50 for IRms 2 1 Inom 107 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual 6 4 8 Harmonic Powers Active and reactive 80 Unom lt Urms lt 150 Unom depending on a 52 4 52 4 82 9 power of harmonics 5 Inom lt IRms lt Inom Unom and Inom L Oun T Oin Opn 70 where duh basic measurement un certainty for voltage harmonic amplitude n basic measurement un certainty for current harmonic amplitude dph basic uncertainty of the measurement of the phase between voltage and current harmonics 1 See chapter 6 4 10 Estimating measurement uncertainty values for power and energy 6 4 9 Power and energy Conditions Power and energy for power and energy Resolution Basic uncertainty 80 Unom lt Urms lt 120 Unom Active power 1 Inom lt Inus lt 5 Inom depending on T 1 0 h Active Energy COS 1 Unom and Inom p 5 Inom lt RMS lt Inom 2 2 o 2 lhom lt RMS lt 10 lhom 2 2 o 10 lnom lt RMS lt lnom 2 2 o Reactive power 2 Inom lt IRms lt 5 Inom depending on ee Reactive energy sing 1 Unom and Inom 11 25 65 5 Inom lt IRMs lt Inom 2 2 o 10 Inom lt RMS lt Inom 2 2 o sing 0 5 as A 10 lhom lt RMS lt Inom 2 2 o sing 0 25 1 252 62 Apparent power 2 Inom lt Rms lt 5 Inom depending on Unom and Inom h 5 Inom lt RMS lt 10 Inom 2 2 o sing 0 5 cme a h Apparent enerdy 5
17. 2 11 2 Moagem CONNOTATION sassis dhe ses Sse seuten EEEE EEE EAEAN EEA eee 40 2 11 3 CHECKING GSM CONNGCHON 22 cszcicce casos se ssusvees initia rie eiri rorik EE srik P CEEE TEETER 42 2 11 4 Possible problems with GSM settings and troubleshooting 11ssssseeeeeeeeeees 42 2 12 Wi Fi communication mode Panno E E E E PIE N fsacenetase 43 2 12 1 General Information wecccescncconssenccescacndeccctsncecasnvanctensundssesensdeccaaeededsscaneeessdnnsecceeeeee 43 2 12 2 Factory CONGA UON seereis a a E Ea 46 2 12 3 Enabling disabling configuring the Wi Fi access point in the tablet 46 2 12 4 Configuring Wi Fi connection via USB CONNECTION cccccc teen eee e teen ee neeeneeees 48 2 12 5 Editing the Wi Fi settings in the analyzer database in the absence of USB CONMMCCHON resesi er r E NEEE thaw seeded does ee E TENS 50 2 12 6 Checking Wi Fi connection cccccccsseeceeecccnnaeeeseeecennsansuseeeesnsaaeaseesessnaaneaseseesnaaaaes 51 2 12 7 Possible problems with Wi Fi settings and troubleshooting 1 cccccseeeeeeeneeeees 51 2 12 8 Transferring data from the tablet to a desktop compute 1 ccsseeecsseeenenenennens 53 2 13 Notification of analyzer changed location 11cccccsseeeceeeeeceaeeeesensnessaenessaes 54 adl KOVO eee tia paint Sen E E E E E E EA 55 219 ICCD VINO OO on E TT E Ta 55 3 Design and Measurement MeCthOAS c11ecccccccennsseceneennnsssseeenennesseees 56 3 1 Voltage TOU
18. 4002 port in program settings is not blocked If it is not please con tact your local network administrator Problem During direct connection tablet analyzer the transmission speed drops below 200 kB s Possible causes 1 The distance between the tablet and the device is too large 2 The tablet operates as a Wi Fi access point while connected to an external Wi Fi router e g to obtain access the Internet 3 Too much interference in the channel used for the transmission Solution 1 Shorten the distance between the tablet and device to a less than 10 m 2 Ifthe analyzer is connected to the access point in the tablet then disconnect the tablet from the external Wi Fi router disable the access point in the tablet and then turn it on again Fig 33 This will force the Access Point in the tablet to operate in a channel free form interferences If the transmission of the analyzer is carried out via external Wi Fi router make sure that the access point in the tablet is turned off Fig 33 3 When the Wi Fi access point is the tablet then it must be turned off and on again in the settings window Fig 33 This will force the Access Point to operate in other channel free form interferences However if an external Wi Fi router is the access point then force its operation in another channel Problem The connection with the analyzer is lost Possible cause 1 In the window for wireless connections Fig 34 the Wi Fi was di
19. 72 Voltage negative se quence component PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual calculated as for the split phase network Estot gt SeT where i is subsequent number of the 10 12 period measure ment window Se i represents the effective apparent power Se calcu lated in i th measuring window T i represents duration of i th measuring window in hours Uo mag Uo where Uar Us1 Uc are vectors of fundamental compo nents of phase voltages Us Us Uc Operator mag indicates vector module 1 2 U 3 Ua Ua a Urs U mag U where Uar Us1 Uc are vectors of fundamental compo nents of phase voltages Us Us Uc Operator mag indicates vector module oe 1 v3 a lema Been a2 1 240 1 2 U z Un a Up aU U mag U2 where Ua Us1 Uci are vectors of fundamental compo nents of phase voltages Us Us Uc Operator mag indicates vector module a 1e 120 _ 1 3 la Ip Ic lo mag Ip where Jaz s1 Ici are vectors of fundamental compo nents for phase currents a IB Ic Operator mag indicates vector module 4 Calculation formulas 1 2 la ale a Ie Current positive se quence component I mag J where lar Is Ic are vectors of fundamental current components a ls Ic Operator mag indicates vector module 1 2 I ata Ip1 al Current negative se I mag Jp l2 A quence component where lar s1
20. C 6 0 01 Inom Additional uncertainty 0 01 0 1 A 3 1 mA 0 1 1 A 2 5 1 12 A 1 106 6 Technical data Hard clamps C 7 0 01 Inom Additional uncertainty 0 100 A 0 5 0 02 A 45 65 Hz 0 100 A 1 0 0 04 A 40 1000 Hz Crest Factor 1 10 1 3 6 for Inom 0 01 5 for ne 2 1 Inom 6 4 5 Frequency Range and conditions 40 70 Hz 0 01 Hz 0 01 Hz 10 Unom lt Urus lt 200 Unom 6 4 6 Harmonics a amonies _ Range and conditions ing harmonics sub groups acc to IEC 61000 4 7 Urms E 0 200 Uron 0 01 Unom 0 05 Unom if m v lt 1 Unom 5 of m v if m v 2 1 Unom acc to IEC 61000 4 7 Class l IRms amplitude Depending clamps 0 01 Inom 0 15 Inom if M V lt 3 Inom used see specifica m v if m v 23 Inom tions for Irms acc to IEC 61000 4 7 Class l n 2 50 for Urms 2 1 Unom n 2 50 for IRms 2 1 Inom for IRms 2 1 Inom Phase angle voltage 180 180 i nx n Phase angle current 180 180 6 4 7 Interharmonics Range and conditions Basic uncertainty ey 0 50 grouping interharmonics subgroups acc to IEC 61000 4 7 subharmonic addi i rr takes into account 5 Hz bin Urs amplitude 0 200 Unom 0 01 Unom 0 05 Unom if m v lt 1 Unom 5 of m v if m v 2 1 Unom acc to IEC 61000 4 7 Class l IRms amplitude Depending clamps 0 01 Inom 0 15 Inom if moe Inom mons for IRs acc to IEC 61000 4 7 Class l n 0 50 a Urms
21. Ici are vectors of fundamental compo nents for phase voltages Ia Is Ic Operator mag indicates vector module I Current zero sequence io 100 unbalance ratio L ea I Current negative se i 100 L quence unbalance ratio 4 4 3 phase wye without N conductor and delta networks 3 phase wye without N conductor and delta networks parameters voltage and current DC voltage and DC current THD and K factors symmetrical components and unbalance factors flicker are calculated as for 1 phase circuits instead of the phase voltages phase to phase voltages are used Parameter Designa tion eoe voltage CA l Method of calculation Uca U4g Upc h 13 Current l2 Aron measuring circuits Se 3U 1 where Uap Upc Uca Ue o go Ip I I _ Qtot N yS P Total apparent power Total reactive power Budeanu and IEEE Qtot 1459 M M 1 Prot T Uiaclia Dacha i 1 i 1 where Total active power W Uiac is a subsequent sample of voltage Ua c Uigcis a subsequent sample of voltage Us c la is a subsequent sample of current la lig is a subsequent sample of current s M 2048 for 50 Hz and 60 Hz 73 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual Total Budeanu distortion a So oa where Sei 3Verle1 Effective apparent distor tion power ease Uasi Usci Ucn as Ucar Iga Iga Ter pgs BEING ENEY CON Umea EPs
22. Inom IRms Inom Power factor PF 0 1 0 01 0 03 50 Unom lt Urms lt 150 Unom 10 lhom lt RMS lt Inom Displacement power 0 1 0 01 0 03 factor cos DPF 50 Unom lt Urms lt 150 Unom 10 lhom lt RMS lt Inom 1 See chapter 6 4 10 Estimating measurement uncertainty values for power and energy 108 6 Technical data 6 4 10 Estimating measurement uncertainty values for power and energy The total measurement uncertainty for power active and reactive energy and harmonics is based on the following relation for energy we ignore the additional uncertainty due to time meas urement as it is much smaller than other uncertainties p o CA 2 Ooh where ro measurement uncertainty for active or reactive power dun total measurement uncertainty of voltage harmonic amplitude analyzer transduc ers n total measurement uncertainty of current harmonic amplitude analyzer transducers Oph additional uncertainty of the measurement of the phase between voltage and current harmonics Oph uncertainty may be calculated when the phase angle is known for the considered frequen cy band Tab 8 shows the phase error between voltage and current harmonics for analyzers without clamps and transducers Tab 8 Phase error of PQM 702 703 710 711 analyzers depending on the frequency Phase difference error id Phase difference error S O 40 70 Hz 70 200 Hz 200 500 Hz 500 Hz
23. The device is supplied with a bracket for mounting the analyzer on a standard DIN rail The bracket must be fixed to the back of the analyzer with the provided screws The set includes also positioning catches in addition to fasteners for mounting the analyzer on a pole which should be installed to increase the stability of the mounting assembly These catches have special hooks that are supported on the DIN rail Fig 4 The rear wall of the analyzer with fixtures for mounting on DIN rail 11 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual 1 6 Measured parameters The analyzer is designed to measure and record the following parameters e RMS al Fe and jects voltages up to 760 V peak voltages up to 1500 V transient voltages overvoltages in the range up to 6 kV e RMS currents up to 3000 A peak currents up to 10 kA using flexible clamps F 1 F 2 F 3 up to 1000 A peak values up to 8600 A using clamps C 4 or C 5 up to 10 A peak values up to 36 A using C 6 clamps or up to 100 A peak values up to 360 A using C 7 clamps crest factors for current and voltage mains frequency within the range of 40 70 Hz active reactive and apparent power and energy distortion power harmonics of voltages and currents up to 50th Total Harmonic Distortion THD and THD for current and voltage K Factor factor loss in transfo
24. USB connection is active the user cannot use OR 1 radio or GSM connection In this case the device displays a message that another connection is already active 2 6 1 USB communication USB is an interface that is continuously active and there is no way to disable it To connect the analyzer connect USB cable to your PC USB slot in the device is located on the left side and is secured with a sealing cap Before connecting the device install Sonel Analysis software with the drivers on the computer Transmission speed is 921 6 kbit s In addition a built in mass storage reader enables downloading recorded data with speed significantly higher than the standard speed In this mode the analyzer provides its memory card as a mass storage space allowing you to read data ata speed of a few MB s During data read out the normal communication with the device is not available e g data preview in LIVE mode After reading data from the memory card Sonel Analysis automatically switches the analyzer from reader mode to standard communication mode Note In the reader mode the entire memory card appears as a drive in the op erating system this solution provides an unrestricted access to its con tents To prevent damaging the file system on the card and losing the stored data the user must not interfere with the file system on the card e g by creating and storing own files or deleting files stored by the ana lyzer For this purpose do not
25. by the capacitor Active power of the capacitor is zero However it turns out the energy oscillation seems only an effect and that it appears in partic ular cases of circuits with sinusoidal current and voltage waveforms and is not the cause of reac tive power Research in this area has shown that reactive power occurs also in circuits without any energy oscillation This statement may surprise many engineers In latest publications on power theory the only physical phenomenon mentioned which always accompanies appearance of reactive power is phase shift between current and voltage The above mentioned formula for calculating the reactive power is valid only for single phase sinusoidal circuits How then we should calculate the reactive power in non sinusoidal systems For electrical engineers this question opens the Pandora s box It turns out that the reactive pow er definition in real systems and not only those idealized has been subject to controversy and now 2013 we do not have one generally accepted definition of reactive power in systems with non sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms not to mention even unbalanced three phase sys tems The IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1459 2000 standard from 2000 does not give a formula for total reactive power for non sinusoidal three phase systems as three basic types of power the standard mentions are active power apparent power and at tention non a
26. clamps 114 L1 N 2 phase split phase Split phase with a neutral conductor terminals L1 L2 N i inals L1 L2 L3 N 6 Technical data 6 10 Supported current clamps Types of supported current clamps Flexible clamps Rogowski coil perimeter 120 cm measuring range 3000 Arms Flexible clamps Rogowski coil perimeter 80 cm measuring range 3000 Arms Flexible clamps Rogowski coil perimeter 45 cm measuring range 3000 Arms 6 11 Communication Communication Max transmission speed 921 6 kbit s mass storage reader mode with few MB s USB throughput Compatible with USB 2 0 Built in 433 MHz radio module POM 702 ETE Connection via OR 1 wireless module Wireless Max transmission speed 57 6 kbit s Range up to 5 m Internal Wi Fi IEEE 802 11b g n module POM 710 POM T11 Max effective transmission speed 300 kB s on distance up to 10 m IEEE 802 11b g IEEE 802 11 n single stream WPA WPA2 PSK encryption supported Internal GSM modem UMTS standard Max transmission speed 5 76 7 2 Mbit s upload download 6 12 Environmental conditions and other technical data Environmental conditions Operating temperature range 20 C 55 C Storage temperature range 30 C 60 C Humidit 10 90 with possible condensation Ingress protection according to EN IP 65 60529 Aefarance canciones Ambient temperature 0 C 40 C Humidity 40 60 Dimensions 200 x 180 x 77 mm without ca
27. component Then the signal is routed to 1 Current sensing for energy metering William Koon Analog Devices Inc 57 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual the Phase Locked Loop circuit as a reference signal PLL circuit generates a frequency which is a multiple of the reference frequency required to clock the ADC The need for the phase locked loop results directly from the requirements of IEC 61000 4 7 standard which describes the methodology and acceptable errors when measuring harmonics This standard requires that the measuring window which is the basis for a single measurement and evaluation of the harmonics is equal to the duration of 10 mains cycles for 50 Hz systems and 12 cycles for 60 Hz systems In both cases it corresponds to approx 200 ms Since the fre quency of the mains may be subject to periodic changes and fluctuations the duration of the win dow may not be exactly 200 ms and for example for frequency 51 Hz it will be approx 196 ms The standard also prescribes that before applying the Fourier formula in order to extract the spectral components data should not be subject to windowing No frequency synchronization and a situation where FFT is performed on the samples not covering integer number of cycles may lead to spectral leakage This would cause blurring of the harmonic line over a few adjacent inter harmonic bands which may lead to loss of information about the actual level and power of the tested
28. current live parameters of the measured network and to configure and control the analyzer It is not recommended to read a large amount of data stored on the memory card via a radio link due to the slower data transmission PQM 710 Co The analyzer is supplied with a dedicated tablet which is pre configured to work with the meter After the tablet is turned on it activates Sonel Analysis software which automatically finds assigned to the analyzer The tablet acts as an Access Point which is used to connect the analyzer through wireless transmission Wi Fi More information about the Wi Fi set up and possible transmission modes is presented in the manual of Sonel Analysis software and in sec 2 6 4 GSM network transmission requires an active user s SIM card to be inserted into the slot of the analyzer The card should have the service of data transmission activated and a static IP number A PC connected to the analyzer must have the Internet access Mounting space for fasteners for bands for mounting the analyzer on a pole or positioning catches for mounting the analyzer on a DIN rail Mounting space for DIN rail bracket Fig 2 The rear wall of the analyzer COS CD Compared to PQM 702 and PQM 710 models PQM 703 and PQM 711 analyzers additionally enables the user to measure transient voltages in the range of 6 kV with 9 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual sampling rate from 100 kHz to 10 MHz Meas
29. ee ee eee eee ee E eee ee een eee ee 106 6 4 4 CIE as cb serena ase anew a acne testes meee tsa eats nee teenecen a a ea 106 6 4 5 FROG eo can hte sapere EEEE EE ENTE E want EAEN EEE A een os 107 6 4 6 PIONS pee ates ace essa see noes ee anes O EETA 107 6 4 7 Hahei gral gi g 9 O manne mee e Pe ae eT E E ene fee eee ee Ce ee 107 6 4 8 Harmonie TOW GIG sec ti ui it ev iw again shee 108 6 4 9 Fow anrd CHETOY aarre A E sewing ated Sao 108 6 4 10 Estimating measurement uncertainty values for power and energy 109 GAIL FIE e E a rel eee orn rsT rere 111 6 4 12 E 821E E eee AN AEN E AOE A A ES T AA E E E TE V A A E E ee eee 111 6 4 13 MANS SONANO eee EEE anne E NE i 111 6 4 14 Transients POM 703 cup EP INE E E ELAT A AEE A AE ET AS 111 6 5 Event detection voltage and current RMS cccecccccssseseeceeeeeeeessaneeeeeseaaes 111 6 6 Event detection other parameters cccccseeeccsneseccaneeecsaeeeesanenessaenessaanes 112 6 6 1 Event detection hysteresis ccxtauspctavatanniataanpebssatnsateisansaaueeacsinasanthpeacaestaneatebonwias 113 6 7 PecordNg serieei n E A 113 6 8 Power supply and NCALEL cssccccssseecnscececsaneccnsuuecensuseecsauseensunesenssssssanees 114 6 9 Supported NCTWOFKS ccccccccccseeeeeeceeeecsaeeeseeccesesasueeesecessssssaeeeecesssssaaanseeees 114 6 10 Supported current clamps 11sscccccccccccsseeseccceseesseeseeceessssaseeeeeeessesseneseseees 115 CAL COMM ANON aar re ENE EE E 115 6 12 Enviro
30. flexible clamps to be used with the analyzer is approx 45uV A Such low voltages require the use of precise and low noise amplifiers which of course increase the costs As the output voltage is proportional to the current derivative it is necessary to use an inte grating circuit generally the flexible probes comprise a Rogowski coil and an analogue integrator circuit characteristic battery powered module On the integrator output the voltage signal is available and proportional to the measured current and suitably scaled for example 1mV A Another problem concerning Rogowski coil is its sensitivity to external magnetic fields A per fect coil should be sensitive only to the fields closed within its area and should totally suppress ex ternal magnetic fields But this is a very difficult task The only way to obtain such properties is very precise manufacturing of the coil with perfectly homogeneous windings and impedance as low as possible It is the high precision which results in a relatively high price of such clamps The user may connect the analyzer to the following flexible clamps offered by Sonel S A e F 1 with coil perimeter equal to 120 cm e F 2 perimeter of 80 cm e F 3 perimeter of 45 cm All these clamps probes have identical electrical parameters Peak current that may be measured by connecting the analyzer is 10 kA this restriction results from the properties of input channels and not the probe itself 5 2 Fli
31. impedance values of individual receiver branches are not equal These phenomena are particularly dangerous for three phase motors in which even a slight voltage unbalance can cause current unbalance that is many times larger In such situation the motor torque is reduced heat losses in windings increase and mechanical wear is faster The unbalance also has an unfavorable effect on power supply transformers The most frequent reason of unbalance is uneven load on individual phases A good example is connecting to three phase systems of large one phase loads such as railway traction motors 94 5 Power quality a guide The analyzer is capable of measuring the voltage and current unbalance with a symmetrical components method This method is based on the assumption that each set of three unbalanced vectors can be resolved to three groups of vectors positive sequence negative sequence and ze ro sequence Ur AU yg AU 3U Fig 48 Example of determining positive sequence component Presented example shows the method for calculating voltage positive sequence component By definition 1 U 3 Uia aU g a U where U is a vector of positive sequence where Uj Uys Uc are vectors of fundamental components of phase voltages Us Up Uc 1 V3 fpr Aia a e am 1 3 2 1el24r j a e 7 z Fig 48 shows graphical method of determining this component As we can see from the defi nition the
32. ing with 1000 coils the current will be only 1 A if the circuit is closed In clamps with voltage out put a shunt resistor is located in the clamps 75 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual This type of current transformer has several distinguishing features It may be used to measure very high currents and its power consumption is low Magnetizing current causes a phase shift tenth of a degree which may introduce an error in power measurement especially at low power factor The disadvantage of this type of clamps is the core saturation when very high cur rents are measured above the nominal range Core saturation Fig 43 CT clamps with as a result of magnetizing hysteresis leads to significant meas voltage output urement errors which may be eliminated only by the core de magnetization The core becomes saturated also when the measured current has a considerable DC component Undeniable disadvantage of hard clamps is their significant weight Despite these drawbacks CT clamps are currently the most widely used non invasive method for measuring alternating currents AC Together with the analyzer you can use the following types of CT clamps for measuring alter nating currents e C 4 with a nominal range of 1000 A AC e C 6 with a nominal range of 10 A AC e C 7 with a nominal range of 100 A AC 5 1 2 Clamps for measuring alternating and direct currents AC DC In some situations it is necessar
33. line It is allowed to apply Hann weighting window which reduces the adverse effects of spectral leakage but this is limited only to situations when PLL loses synchronization IEC 61000 4 7 specifies also the required accuracy of the synchronization block This is ex pressed as follows the time between the rising edge of the first sampling pulse and M 1 th pulse where M is the number of samples within the measuring window should be equal to the duration of specified number of periods in the measuring window 10 or 12 with a maximum al lowable error of 0 03 To explain it in a simpler way consider the following example Assuming network frequency of 50 Hz the measuring window lasts exactly 200 ms If the first sampling pulse occurs exactly at time t 0 then the first sampling pulse of the next measurement window should occur at t 200 0 06 ms This 60 us is the permissible deviation of the sampling edge The standard also defines the recommended minimum frequency range at which the above stated accuracy of the synchronization should be maintained and defines it as 5 of nominal frequen cy i e 47 5 52 5 Hz for 50 Hz and 57 63 Hz for 60 Hz Another issue is the input voltage range for which PLL will work properly For this issue 61000 4 7 standard does not provide any specific guidance or requirements However 61000 4 30 standard defines the input voltage range in which the metrological parameters cannot be com promised and for c
34. meaning that it is converted to direct voltage DC and then with a high frequency and efficiency is converted to required output voltage Such a solution however has an undesirable side effect Smoothing capacitors are recharged by short current pulses at moments when the mains voltage is close to peak value From power balance rule it is known that if the current is taken only at short intervals its crest value must be much higher than in case it is taken in a continuous manner High ratio of current crest value to RMS value a so called Crest Factor and reduction of power factor PF will result in a situation in which in order to obtain a given active power in a receiver in watts the power supplier must supply power greater than the receiver active power this is a so called apparent power expressed in volt amperes VA Low power factor causes higher load on the transmission cables and higher costs of electricity transfer Harmonic current components accompanying such parameters cause additional prob lems As a result the electricity suppliers have started to impose financial penalties upon the cus tomers who have not provided sufficiently high power factor Among entities that may be potentially interested in power quality analyzers are power utility companies on one hand they may use them to control their customers and on the other hand the energy consumers who may use the analyzers to detect and possibly improve the low power factor a
35. measured voltages Fig 40 presents that the power supply circuit of the analyzer is independent Power of the measuring circuit The power pececceesccerececscrees adapter has a nominal input voltage Transient detection module range 90 760V AC and has separate terminals The analyzer has two voltage sub ranges in the main circuit e low voltage range with peak volt age 450V is enabled at nominal voltages of mains with the range of 64V 127V and at the configu rations with voltage transducers the range is also always selected for channel Un pe e high voltage range with peak voltage 1500V is enabled at nominal voltages of mains from 220V and more without voltage transducers l Fig 40 Voltage inputs with transient module and Using two voltage ranges enables the AC adapter user to maintain the declared meas urement accuracy according to class A of IEC 61000 4 30 standard for all nominal voltages 3 2 Current inputs The analyzer has four independent current inputs with identical parameters Each input may be used for connecting CT current clamps with voltage output in standard 1 V or flexible Rogowski clamps F 1 F 2 and F 3 A typical situation is the use of flexible clamps with built in electronic integrator However the described analyzer allows user to directly connect Rogowski coil to the current channel and the signal integration is performed digitally 3 3 Digital integrator The analy
36. power supply from mains similarly as during normal op eration with the battery power supply After discharging the analyzer will switch off totally and sending SMS messages will be impossible Note Anti theft feature requires the following arrangements for proper opera tion e active GSM modem with properly configured SIM card e at least one emergency telephone established to send SMS s While activating the anti theft function both of the above features must be checked 54 2 Operation of the analyzer 2 14 Key lock Using the PC program the user may select an option of locking the keypad after starting the process of recording This solution is designed to protect the analyzer against unauthorized stop ping of the recording process To unlock the buttons the user must enter a code consisting of 3 digits e pressing any button will display message Enter Code and three dashes e using buttons on the keyboard the user can enter the correct unlock code button may be used to enter the correct unlock code whereas button changes numbers in sequence 0 1 2 9 O at the first position button Cc on the second and button Gy on the third e athree second inactivity on the keyboard will start the verification of the entered code e correctly entered password is indicated by word OK and the lock is cancelled whereas entering wrong password results in displaying message Invalid Code and returning to the previous s
37. reactive energy to the active energy in a settle ment period Going back for a while to the power triangle in sinusoidal systems we can see that the tangent of the phase shift angle between the voltage and the current is equal to the ratio of re active power Q to active power P Consequently the requirement to maintain the tang below 0 4 means nothing else but only that maximum level of measured reactive energy may not exceed 0 4 of the measured active energy Each consumption of reactive energy above this level is subject to additional fees Does the knowledge of tang calculated in this manner gives both interested parties an actual view of energy transmission effectiveness Have we not mentioned before that the reactive pow er is only one of the non active power components which influence the power factor reduction Indeed it seems that instead of tang we should use the power factor PF which takes into account also other issues Unfortunately the present regulations leave no choice therefore the correct reactive power measurement seems a key matter Now a question should be asked whether the reactive energy meters ensure correct readings in the light of the controversies described above And what we actually measure using this popular reactive power meters The answers to these questions may be searched in the standard concerning such devices IEC 62053 23 Unfortunately to our disappointment we will not find there any reference to meas ure
38. right side icons are displayed representing individual measurements event and recorded waveforms in the timeline This graph with a large amount of data may be freely enlarged to get more details Click Measurements button to display table with the values of all measured parameters according to selected averaging time In this scenario the selected averaging time is equal to 1 second therefore every second the analyzer recorded voltage THD and harmonics frequency is always measured every 10 seconds Each line contains the data recorded in the consecutive second and each column shows individual parameters After pressing Events you may view all the recorded events In this scenario the following voltage events were recorded swell dip interruption and transients Each row in the table corresponds to one detected event When for a given event graphs are available e g waveforms and RMS graphs as in this scenario the last column contains the icon of saved graphs After clicking it the user may display graphs related to a given event Step 13 Display the time plot for voltage and THD To generate the graph go to Measurements click Measurements button select column headings for time always select time column first voltage L1 THD L1 columns will be highlighted and then click Plots and choose Time plot A window will be displayed with a graph containing two timeplots L1 voltage and THD The graph may be freely enlarged using the t
39. switch contacts exceeds boundary voltage of the dielectric and spark over occurs which may be repeat ed until the gap is too big for breakdown Transients may also be propagated in different ways between network segments e g light ning stroke in a MV network can partially penetrate through the transformer to a LV sub network Attenuation properties of the transformer usually significantly reduce the amplitude of the surge as well as change its timing parameters 5 10 CBEMA and ANSI curves CBEMA curve was first proposed in the 70 s of the last century by the organization that gave the curve its name Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association now Infor mation Technology Industry which associated manufacturers of computer and office equipment The curve was developed as a guide in the construction of power supply adapters and at the be ginning it was a graph showing the tolerance of equipment to the size and duration of the disturb ances in the power grid Later the curve was used to design equipment sensitive to voltage fluc tuations as the reference range in which the equipment must operate properly Finally the curve began to be widely used in the analyses of power supply quality in terms of disturbances such as swells dips interruptions 99 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual Voltage YoU rom 500 ANSI ITIC 400 300 200 140 110 100 80 r
40. the socket in the meter The arrow located on one of the jaws indicates the current flow direction It is assumed that the current is flowing in the positive direction if it is flowing from the source to the receiver Such clamp orientation is required for a correct power meas urement Fig 58 C 4 clamp Note Currents above 1200 A must not be measured The measurement time for currents above 1000 A shall be limited as follows I lt 1000 A 1000 A lt I lt 1200 A Operation mode continuous 15 minute measurement then 30 minute break 0 For frequency f lt 1 kHz Limitation of maximum current for continuous operation for frequen cies above 1 kHz according to the relationship Icon 1000 A f KHz Warning Do not use the device on non insulated conductors with a potential of more than 600 V in relation to the earth and a measurement category greater than III e Reference conditions e Temperature 20 26 C e Humidity 20 75 RH e Conductor position conductor centered in jaws e Sinusoidal current frequency 48 65 Hz e Harmonics content lt 1 e Current DC component none e Continuous magnetic field earth field lt 40 A m e Alternating magnetic field none e Conductors in direct vicinity no flowing current 118 7 Equipment e Technical parameters 7 2 2 The C 5 clamp is used to measure the alternating and direct current without interrupting the circuit with the flowing current The measuring range
41. the following groups e lightning surges caused by atmospheric discharges e oscillating transients caused most often by switching capacitor banks e other switching transients including ferroresonance 97 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual P Transient Transient L1 PE Sf Close Save Print Copy to dipboard Export to csv oar Wie vere BB oe BB unre g AB 2013 12 05 10 51 52 266 Value 1 U L1 PE Difference 1 2 Value 2 U L1 PE 6 339 kV Difference 2 3 Value 3 U L1 PE Difference 1 3 2013 12 05 10 51 52 253 176 3 V 106us 2013 12 05 10 51 52 253 8 370 kV 2013 12 05 10 51 52 253 2 032 kV nA FOF 1 855 kV ps Fig 51 Example of lightning surge Surges caused by atmospheric discharges may have destructive effects due to the very high energy triggered during the discharge Most of surges of this type observed in networks result from voltage induced by close but not direct lightning stroke In the area of lightning stroke a very strong electromagnetic field is generated and long overhead underground lines induce high volt age that penetrate into the distribution network These surges have pulse nature with rise time on the order of microseconds An example of the lightning impulse recorded by PQM 703 analyzer with amplitude of approx 6 6 kV is shown in Fig 51 Tests of ICT devices carried out before introducing them into mar
42. thresholds for all interharmon ics in the range of 0 50 K Factor max 1 0 50 0 Basing on 10 12 cycle value Mains signaling max Basing on 10 12 cycle value POM 703 POM 711 50 5000 V or dV dt Independent transient detection module Voltage transients Amplitude or slew rate method 112 6 Technical data 6 6 1 Event detection hysteresis Event detection hysteresis Calculation method Hysteresis 0 10 For each of the parameters calculated as a per centage of maximum threshold value for excep tions see 3 12 6 7 Recording Recorder Averaging time Averaging min max for Urms Averaging min max for IRms Waveforms snapshot Recording activation mode Measurement Points Recording time Memor Memory Model a 200 ms 1s 3s 5s 10s 158s 305s 1 min 3 min 5 min 10 min 15 min 30 min 60 min 120 min Special Mode period recording only Urmsc1 2 and IRus 1 2 period period 200 ms 1s 3s 5s period period 200 ms 1s 3s 5s Option to record three periods of OS Ome for active channels after each averaging period manual starting at the first detected event scheduled four defined time intervals memory card the option to allocate the whole space to a given point Depending on the configuration see 2 7 3 Built in memory card 8 GB as standard option of extending up to 32 GB Linear Key lock to prevent unauthorized access data read out lock with PIN Averaging
43. to it it is necessary to check whether the modem is turned on To do this select Analyzer gt Actual settings from the program menu and go to Wireless connections card Check whether GSM transmission available option is active enable it if it is not disconnect the USB connection and use buttons to select screen lt 8 9 gt If the modem is switched on but no SIM card is inserted line GSM will show message No SIM cara insert SIM card into the slot on the side of the device The slot is of push push type push gently to remove the card it will be pushed out by the device The analyzer will detect inserted card and will attempt to connect to the network if PIN code of the SIM card has not been configured the analyzer displays message n valid PIN code of SIM cara This message will also be displayed on screen lt 8 9 gt It 2 Operation of the analyzer means that the SIM card rejected PIN which was used by the analyzer to attempt the communication This is normal when you insert a new card into the analyzer To configure missing parameters required to perform GSM transmission the user must reconnect PC to the analyzer via USB and choose Options Analyzer database from the program In the analyzer database enter the option for editing the analyzer settings click the line with the serial number of appropriate analyzer and click Edit Click Change GSM settings button In the displayed widow enter the following data IP number in I
44. transient is not important both transients of small and large amplitude will be detected provided that the minimum rise requirement is met 3 11 Current limiting function In situations where the measured current has very low values or measuring clamps were re moved from the analyzer resetting function may be useful for parameters related with the current channel This is particularly important for parameters such as THD which in case of noise indicate high and sometimes confusing values When current clamps are disconnected during event detec tion then the analyzer almost instantly detect exceeding the threshold which may mislead the user To avoid such situations limiting function is introduced for current parameters when RMS value of the measured current is below the threshold specified by the user To enable this function check box Current limit located in the main settings of the measurement point under the list of clamp types When the option is enabled the user may specify the limit threshold as the percent age of the nominal range of selected clamps 0 00 to 0 50 of Inom Checking whether the current value is below the specified threshold is carried out every 10 12 period window approx every 200 ms If the RMS value of the measured current in the channel is lower than the specified threshold then the following parameters are zeroed e RMS current current direct component DC current crest factor current harmonics i
45. use programs other than Sonel Analysis 2 6 2 Radio communication via OR 1 PQM 702 PQM 703 After connecting OR 1 radio module to a PC the user may communicate with the analyzer using 433 MHz band The range in this mode is limited to about 5 m and the maximum rate data of data transmission is 57 6 kbit s Note Before connecting to the analyzer through a wireless connection OR 1 or GSM the user must add the analyzer to the database of analyzers Op tions gt Analyzer database in Sonel Analysis When searching for analyzers the list of displayed analyzers includes only those entered in the database For more information see the manual for Sonel Analysis 22 2 Operation of the analyzer The radio interface that communicates with OR 1 receiver may be turned off in the analyzer To switch it back on use one of two remaining transmission modes USB or GSM 2 6 3 Communication via GSM network The built in GSM modem ensures the access to the analyzer from any chosen global location with available GSM network The modem supports UMTS HSPA data transfer with maximum data transfer rate of 5 76 7 2 Mbit s upload download respectively To operate this feature insert a valid SIM card to the side slot of the analyzer The SIM card must have the following services activated e General Packet Radio Service GPRS e static IP address e SMS option to send alarm messages In order to configure the SIM card and modem in the
46. vector of positive sequence component equals one third of the sum of the components U44 aU yp a Uc Operator a and a are unit vectors with angles of 120 and 240 The procedure is as follow turn voltage vector U g by 120 counter clockwise multiply by a and add to vector U Then turn the vector Uc by 240 and add to the previous sum of vectors The result is vector 3U Vector Ut is the desired symmetrical positive sequence component Note that in case of per fect symmetry equal voltages and angles the positive sequence component is equal to the value of the phase to neutral voltages The positive sequence component is a measure of similarity of the tested set of three phase vectors to the symmetrical set of positive sequence vectors Similarly the negative sequence component is a measure of similarity to the symmetrical set of negative sequence vectors The zero sequence component exists in the systems in which the sum of three voltages or currents is not equal to zero A measure of the system unbalance which is widely used in the power generation is the nega tive Sequence and zero sequence unbalance formulas are for voltage U Up 7 100 1 95 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual 22 100 uU 0 2 U where uo unbalance factor for zero sequence uz negative sequence unbalance Uo zero symmetric component U positive sequence symmetrical component Us negative sequenc
47. with voltage waveform shift by 90 which gives a result close to the reactive power of the fundamental component The higher the harmonics content the higher difference in readings and of course as a con sequence other fees for measured energy As it has been indicated before the reactive power measurement in unbalanced three wire 83 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual systems with traditional meters is subject to an additional error caused by creation of a virtual zero inside the meter which has little to do with actual zero of the receiver On top of that the manufacturers usually do not give any information about the applied meas uring method We may only wait for the next version of the standard which will define hopefully the meas uring and testing methods much more precisely also for non sinusoidal conditions 5 3 5 Apparent power Apparent power S is expressed as the product of RMS voltage and current S UI As such the apparent power does not have a physical interpretation it is used during design ing of transmission equipment In terms of value it is equal to maximum active power which can be supplied to a load at given RMS voltage and current Thus the apparent power defines the maximum capacity of the source to supply usable energy to the receiver The measure of effective use of supplied power by the receiver is the power factor which is the ratio of apparent power to active power In si
48. 0 4 15 1 12 Pir 5 X Eor i 1 Long term flicker 3 where Psri is subsequent i th indicator of short term flicker Ep gt PDT BOY for PO 0 oe 0 for P i lt 0 oe X P_ i T i IP i for P i lt 0 0 for P i gt 20 Active energy consumed and supplied P_ i f where i is subsequent number of the 10 12 period measure ment window P i represents active power P calculated in i th measur ing window T i represents duration of i th measuring window in hours Fore Qg TW AO for QB gt 0 0 for Qp i lt 0 Eos X OTO QG for Qg i lt 0 0 for QD 0 Qos Budeanu reactive energy consumed and supplied Qp_ i f where i is subsequent number of the 10 12 period measure ment window Qa i represents Budeanu active power Qs calculated in i th measuring window T i represents duration of i th measuring window in hours 4 Calculation formulas For Qu OTO Q i for Q gt 0 QC 0 for Q lt 0 Eq X Q OTO Reactive energy of fun i 1 damental component 0 _ i ag for Qa lt 0 consumed and supplied 0 for Qi 20 where i is subsequent number of the 10 12 period measure ment window Q i represents reactive power of fundamental compo nent Q calculated in th measuring window T i represents duration of i th measuring window in hours Fee S T i where i is subsequent number of the 10 12 period measure ment window S i repres
49. 1 kHz 1 2 kHz 2 3 kHz Phase error introduced by transducers and clamps may be usually found in their technical documentation In this case we need to estimate the resultant phase error between the voltage and the current for a given frequency caused by all elements of the measuring circuit current and voltage transducers clamps and the analyzer The uncertainty of the harmonics active power measurements may be calculated according to the following formula Syn 100 1 222 cosp 0 coso On the other hand the uncertainty of the harmonics reactive power measurement may be cal culated according to the following formula dyn 100 1 Hete sing 0 sing In both formulas means the actual phase shift angle between the current and voltage com ponents and Ag means the total phase error for a given frequency The conclusion which can be drawn from these relationships is that power measurement uncertainty for the same phase error very clearly depends on the displacement power factor between current and voltage It is shown in Fig 57 109 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual Example Calculation of measurement uncertainty of active power fundamental component Conditions Q 60 Urms Ghorm 5 lRms 5 lor Basic uncertainty is 1 02 Sbn For the frequency range of 40 70 Hz phase error of the analyzer is less than 0 5 After substituting equation _ cos pt A g _ _
50. 11 Operating Manual e information about GPS position 2D and or about receiving the correct GPS time clock icon Screen 9 Fig 13 allows user to quickly view the main configuration parameters of the measure ment point e mains system e clamps type e nominal values of voltage current and frequency System type 3 phase wye Clamps F x Frequency 50 Hz Unom 230 V Fig 13 Screen 9 with information on the measurement point settings PQM 710 POM 711 Screen 10 displays the current status of the wireless Wi Fi connection Using this screen you can read e radio signal level indicated by icon F where the number of green fields represents the signal level from 0 none to 4 high e connection status Ready Getting IP address Searching for network e MAC address of the analyzer Wi Fi interface e P address of the analyzer in the Wi Fi network If the address is automatically assigned then message DHCP is displayed e SSID of the Wi Fi network to which the analyzer is connected Wi Fi Ready 00 23 47 9B 2D 08 IP 192 168 100 141 DHCP SSID AP_BSO041 Fig 14 Screen 10 with information on the current status of Wi Fi connection PQM 710 and PQM 711 only 20 2 Operation of the analyzer 2 5 Sonel Analysis software Sonel Analysis is an application required to work power analyzers of PQM series It enables the user to configure the analyzer read data from th
51. BR0O001 o IP assigned automatically by the access point 192 168 173 X where X is in the range of 2 254 gateway 192 168 173 1 o WPA encryption is active the key is the same as SSID Sonel Analysis software tablet version is installed on the tablet and starts automatically after turning it on b 9 A a wl amp Active media y Connection settings Wl Serial Port E crr over Gsm WiFi Active media Serial port settings A wri Fig 32 Choosing active connection types 2 12 3 Enabling disabling configuring the Wi Fi access point in the tablet e During direct connection tablet analyzer the tablet acts as a Wi Fi access point e The access point is configured at the production stage and starts automatically when Sonel Analysis software is activated e The user may change the configuration of the access point and even turn it off To change the access point settings select from Program configuration menu option Media Settings and then from the list on the left side select Wi Fi Window shown in Fig 33 will be dis played 46 2 Operation of the analyzer Ga oR Ex amp be wy 8 A iy a w a 4 Mode connection settings ors e E s0 OO O eke ee BS0001 Active media Software based wireless access point SSID PEE eee Siem AP BSOO01 ame AP BSOO001 Fig 33 Wi Fi access point configuration The window provides the following options e enabling disabling the access po
52. CIWOIK aroraa ra a ate R A ane 69 4 3 3 phase wye network with N CONCUCEHOLS c cssscsccceeseeeeecseaneeeecseaneesessaaaanees 71 4 4 3 phase wye without N conductor and delta N tWOsKkS cccccseeseeseeneeeeees 73 5 Power quality a guide wsisit isa a ee 75 5 1 BaSIC IMO AUON i225 5 eitinta rat Wesabe a eS 75 5 1 1 Current Transformer CT clamps for measuring alternating currents AC 75 D2 Clamps for measuring alternating and direct currents AC DC cccccssseeeeees 76 5 1 3 PICXIDIC CLANS e a dane auartenal ncn nce E EAA S AI 76 5 2 FUCK ea ioe tate con DOA ta des Ane eat taee tats toate aoa as MnP pega ne ana Gatos at aes aaaena 77 5 3 Fo wer measurement osne EEEE E E E 78 5 3 1 ACUVE DOW CF re SAE A A EAA TEE ATE AA EEATT 78 5 3 2 FICACIIVE DOWEL ai 8 oii alates le a a timed leah coasted ea a ae a s wages 79 care pro Reactive power and three wire SYStCINS cccccccseeeeeeceeeeseeceeeeeeseaaeeeeeeesssaaaeseeees 82 5 3 4 Reactive power and reactive energy Meters ccccseeceeceneeeeeeeaeeeeeneaeeeeessaeneenes 83 5 39 95 APPA CHT POW CN Gases ts Te E T A ER ENE E E EE 84 5 3 6 Distortion power Dg and effective apparent power Sen ccssseccccecccccnseeceneeensesesenes 85 5 3 7 FOWE ACIOn EE E E E N a 86 5 4 PATIO CS r renare A O A 86 5 4 1 Harmonies active DOW CI arra e e a E EE E E N E E atuateecce 87 5 4 2 Harmonies Teave DOW EM yie sa D E sod tea a Oseln ea ube ad 88 5 4 3 Harmonics in three phas
53. M 711 are class A products In a domestic environment these products may cause radio interference in which case the user may be required to take adequate measures 6 14 Standards 116 7 Equipment 7 7 1 The Equipment Standard equipment standard set of equipment supplied by the manufacturer includes Permanently fixed cables 2 2 m with banana plugs 7 pcs K01 crocodile clip black 3 pcs WAKROBL20K01 K02 crocodile clip blue WAKROBU20K02 crocodile clip yellow KO2 WAKROYE20K02 red crocodile clip 2 pcs WAKRORE20K02 phase splitter AC 16 WAADAAC16 mains plug with banana inputs L1 and N for connecting the analyzer to a socket in order to charge the battery and or carry out data transmission from a PC WAADAAZ1 software for data reading and analyzing Sonel Analysis USB cable WAPRZUSB USB wireless module OR 1 WAADAUSBORI1 POM 702 PQM 703 a case for the analyzer and standard accessories WAW ALXL2 band for mounting the device on a pole 2 pcs WAPOZOPAKPL bracket for mounting the analyzer on DIN ISO rail with stabilizing connectors WAPOZUCHS connectors for bands used for mounting the device on a pole 2 pcs WAPOZUCH4 voltage adapter with thread M4 M6 5 pcs used to connect voltage wires to rail connectors in switchboards WAADAM4M6 magnetic adapter 4 pcs used to connect voltage wires to overvoltage switches type S and circuit breakers and RCDs in switchboar
54. Pv4 field it should be provided by the service provider APN username and password if required and provided by the service provider Confirm new data by pressing OK Then a pop up will be displayed asking you to enter PIN code of the SIM card Enter the code supplied with the SIM card and confirm it by clicking OK If you have entered the correct data the analyzer will use it to properly log into the GSM network The connection status may be checked in screen lt 8 9 gt of the analyzer USB session must be disconnected Correct connection is indicated by GSM status Ready lt connection type gt lt connection type gt depends on the location and type of data trans mission services in the area the correct order of the messages displayed on screen lt 8 9 gt when connecting to GSM network is as follows o Turning on Connecting to the network Connecting to the Internet Ready lt connection type gt O O 0 88 28 E Certificate of Calibration PQM 702 2013 01 09 D 192 125 41 236 4001 PQM 702 py 2013 02 11 oe PQM 702 o 2013 02 11 PQM 702 2013 02 05 n 12 months v Registered devices Analyzer type ipti Date of calibration Auto PIN SIM Active IP Address PQM 702 2013 02 01 PQM 702 Analyzer type Serial number Edit analyzer description GSM settings IPv4 AZ0012 Date of calibration Port 09 01 2013 ba APN Expiration reminder Expira User name Desc
55. QM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual e Limitation of maximum current for continuous operation for frequencies above 1 kHz ac cording to the relationship lcont 1000 A f kHz e Switching on To switch on the clamp put the switch in the 1 mV A position Green LED indicates the correct operation If after switching the LED is not lit or goes off replace the battery e DC zero indication correction Make sure the jaws are closed and there is no conductor inside them Then connect the clamp to the analyzer and launch the Sonel Analysis software in the instantaneous values viewing mode check if the measurement point is correctly configured for meas urement with the C 5 clamp Press the knob and turn until the DC current indication is zero e Reference conditions e Temperature 18 28 C e Humidity 20 75 RH e Battery voltage 9V 0 1V e Conductor position conductor centered in jaws e Current direct DC or sinusoidal AC f lt 65 Hz e Continuous magnetic field earth field lt 40 A m e Alternating magnetic field none e Conductors in direct vicinity no flowing current e Technical specification e Accuracy 800 rane tae Basic uncertainty lt 15 1A 1 as of measured value e Phase error 45 65 Hz Current 10 200 A 200 1000 A e ratio 1mV 1A e frequency range DC 5 kHz e output impedance 100 Q e DC zero adjustment range 10A e noise DC up to 1 kHz l
56. S esis A E E E eeaeanaridataee ee 56 3 2 CUEN IOPU sees ass sched TEE E dente ncnsdansanecd ndenbaddndenacsaasnded 56 3 3 BIHAR WATE GCAO sae a a clea a ae plas als end tal a ie ewes ae a 56 3 4 SIGHAl Sal PUING ass fia cicada tata aaah a E gee d eased tae ees 57 3 5 PE LSS VACHIOMIZAUOM crete an aieccstoa rescence a doses teccshsasal ease a R 57 3 6 Frequency MEASUSCINENN ccsccccccseseecnacececseneeccseeecnaceeessauseensnesssansnessanesess 58 of The method for measuring harmonics 11ccccccseeceecsssnessecssaneeeecssaneesesssanenees 58 3 8 The method for measuring INTEFNALMONICS 1 ccccecesneeeeeeeaneeeeeeeaeenesseaneeees 59 3 9 Measurement of ripple control SIQNAIS 1 cccccseeeccenseeeeaneeeseaneeessaeseessneneees 60 3 10 Measurement Of transients cccccccccccceecceeenseeesseceeessuessesesseessnessnsenesseneseess 60 3 10 1 Tiesha MENO peerecen ter err re renre ey yerre renee ttre ee reer eroeere eryeeterrntre ret ery reper er scrrertenrrerere 62 3 10 2 DIOW Ale aV an meo o let teed EE EEN E AA EET 62 3 11 Current limiting function sceeeccccccccesseseeeceescasneeeseceessessueueesecessssaaaeeeeeeseaas 62 Ole HEVENUOCICCHON erien ENG 63 3 13 Methods of parameters averaging 1 ccccsescccsneeecsaeeeessnesessaueeessaeeessanenessaes 65 4 Calculation formulas sisiocecvsccecsxxnacctsvssctecadee vedas tacseen sevavedeoussctesnesesedieuss 66 4 1 ONE DAASSNGIWONK susien ern E E E E ATE ance 66 4 2 SDII DNASC N
57. S0003 WiFi settings Addresses Automatic DHCP manual IP Address 192 i68 173_ 250 01 01 1970 NetMask 255 255 255 p Gateway 1920 fei i730 Description MAC Address oo jos _ port BB External 1p address External Port 4002 Om oe Fig 35 Example configuration of Wi Fi connection for direct or local network communication e Select the method for assigning IP address In case of manual mode enter appropriate values into fields IP Address Net Mask and Gateway In automatic mode select DHCP e With USB connection MAC Address field will be filled in automatically as read from the analyzer e Port field is not editable it is always 4002 e Incase of operating in other subnetworks the Internet fill in External IP Address and Ex ternal Port fields For a direct connection tablet lt analyzer and for working in a local network tablet Wi Fi router analyzer these fields must be left inactive e If the analyzer has a static IP address the search time may be shortened To do this enter IP address of the device in External IP Address field and enter 4002 in External Port field e Confirm the settings by pressing OK This will send new data entered in fields SSID Key IP configuration to the analyzer e lf the correct data have been entered the analyzer will try to connect to Wi Fi access point After disconnecting the connection status may be followed on screen lt 10 10 gt Th
58. The analyzer that is chosen for the connection must be entered into the Analyzer database when the configuration was performed as described in sec 2 12 4 this will be ensured e Disconnect any connection to the analyzer USB GSM e Perform a search for the analyzer selecting any available method e g by clicking Live mode The search list should show the analyzer with note Connection via Wi Fi Select the analyzer and click OK e After a while the screen should display the desired window e g Live Mode and the status bar should display Connectea message Also the analyzer screen will display Connected to PC Wi Fi message The connection attempt was successful 2 12 7 Possible problems with Wi Fi settings and troubleshooting Problem The search progress bar quickly reaches 100 and no analyzer is found Possible cause It may indicate that Wi Fi search is disabled in program settings or in the analyzer database Solution From program menu select Options gt Program configuration gt Media settings gt Active media Wi Fi box should be ticked Problem The search progress bar quickly in a few sec reaches 100 and no analyzer is found Possible causes 1 The analyzer is turned off or its Wi Fi connection is inactive not configured 2 MAC address of the analyzer does not match the address entered into the database of analyzers 51 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual 3 IP addresses of the analyzer
59. ae plied Eoin Ea1 Reactive energy consumed and Eas Eae supplied Es Apparent energy Uni Uhs0 Voltage harmonic amplitudes Int Ih50 Current harmonic amplitudes Angles between voltage and current Qun Quiso 5 harmonics Phi Phso harmonics active power U Upc lbc F Q QB S PF _ lt oh CE eee eeehe Symmetrical components and unbal TID Current total interharmonic distortion Uino Uinso Voltage interharmonics amplitudes PQM 703 POM 711 Voltage transients Explanations L1 L2 L3 L12 L23 L31 indicate subsequent phases TOT is the total value for the system 1 In 3 wire networks the total reactive power is calculated as inactive power N 4S2 P lino linso Current interharmonics amplitudes N is a measurement for voltage channel N PE or current channel In depending on the parame see discussion on reactive power in section 5 3 UR1 UR2 Mains signalling in voltage ter type 2 Voltage transients are measured in channels L1 PE PE L2 L8 PE and N PE PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual 1 7 Compliance with standards The analyzer is designed to meet the requirements of the following standards Standards valid for measuring network parameters e IEC 61000 4 30 2008 Electromagnetic compatibility EMC Testing and measurement techniques Power quality measurement methods e IEC 61000 4 7 2007 Electromagnetic compatibility EMC Testing and Measuremen
60. alue T period for which the power is calculated In sinusoidal systems the active power may be calculated as P UlIcosp where U is RMS voltage is RMS current and o is the phase shift angle between voltage and Current The active power is calculated by the analyzer directly from the integral formula using sam pled voltage and current waveforms 78 5 Power quality a guide M 1 P gt U l i 1 where M is a number of samples in 10 12 period measuring window 2048 and U and l are suc cessive voltage and current samples 5 3 2 Reactive power The most known formula for reactive power is also correct only for one phase circuits with si nusoidal voltage and current waveforms Q Ulsing Interpretation of this power in such systems is as follows it is the amplitude of AC component of the instantaneous power on source terminals Existence of a non zero value of this power indi cates a bidirectional and oscillating energy flow between the source and the receiver Imagine a system with a single phase sinusoidal voltage source where the load is a RC cir cuit As under such conditions these components behave linearly the source current waveform will be sinusoidal but due to the properties of the capacitor it will be shifted in relation to the volt age source In such a circuit reactive power Q is non zero and may be interpreted as an ampli tude of the energy oscillation which is alternately stored and returned
61. analyzer press ON OFF button Directional but tons LEFT and RIGHT are used primarily to change the information screens The screens change circularly i e after pressing RIGHT button when the last screen is displayed the device goes to screen 1 After pressing LEFT button screens are displayed in reverse order START STOP but ton is used to start and stop the recording as defined in the configuration of current set point 2 2 Switching the analyzer ON OFF e The analyzer may be switched on by pressing button cop Then a welcome screen is displayed showing the name of the meter the internal software version firmware hardware version and serial number Then the analyzer performs a self test and in case of detecting errors the display shows an error message accompanied by a long beep When an error occurs during memory card launching the following message is displayed Memory card error If the file system on the card is damaged e g when the user manually formatted the card as mass storage memory accessible only for the user the analyzer will suggest formatting the memory message Format memory card and button G will trigger the process of formatting 3 short beeps After the formatting is completed the analyzer will repeat initialization of the card e When during the card initialization the analyzer detects FIRMWARE PQF file in the root directory which includes a newer version of the firmware internal software the upgrade p
62. analyzer the user must obtain the fol lowing data from the data transmission service provider e PIN code for SIM card e PUK code for SIM Card for emergency cases when SIM card is locked after repeat ed attempts of enter wrong PIN e P number assigned to SIM card it must be a static number e APN Access Point Name e user name and password optional usually not required After inserting the SIM card for the first time into the analyzer the device will attempt to use the PIN entered last time or the default code Usually such an attempt fails and the analyzer dis plays the message about incorrect PIN code To enter the correct data establish a connection with the analyzer via USB or OR 1 and configure a GSM connection The procedure described in chapter 2 11 2 If the analyzer is configured correctly it will attempt to connect to the GSM net work and then to the Internet The analyzer will now be visible on the Internet with assigned IP number The device will wait for incoming connections using port 4001 Such connection may be established by Sonel Analysis If the GSM modem will not be used it may be turned off using the program More information about the analyzer configuration for GSM communication is presented in chapter 2 11 2 6 4 Radio communication via Wi Fi LL CUD PQM 710 711 analyzers are equipped with Wi Fi module working in IEEE 802 11 b g standard and n single stream access points with a single antenna This a
63. ancial settlements between the electricity supplier and consumer is electric energy calculated as the product of power and time In electrical engineering several different power types are distinguished e Active Power marked with P and measured in Watts e Reactive Power marked with Q unit var e Apparent Power S unit VA These three types of power are the most known but there are also other types At school we are taught that these powers form the so called power triangle with properties expressed in the equation P Q S This equation however is valid only for systems with sinusoidal voltage and current wave forms Before moving to a more detailed discussion concerning power measurement individual types of power should be defined 5 3 1 Active power Active power P is a magnitude with precise physical meaning and it expresses the ability of a system to perform a particular work It is the power most desired by the energy consumers and it is for this supplied power that the consumer pays the supplier in a given settlement period the problem of fees for additional reactive power is discussed separately see below It is the active power and consequently the active energy which is measured by electric energy meters in each household The basic formula for calculating the active power is as follows t T P u t i t dt t where u t instantaneous voltage value i t instantaneous current v
64. ansmission ccccccccssseeeseecceseceseeeseceesessueeeseseessees 21 2 6 1 USB COMMU CAMO sssrds iperen a E AEE E decals 22 2 6 2 Radio communication via OR 1 POM 702 POM 703 PEENE EEIN A EE A A S 22 2 6 3 COMMUNICATION via GSM network eecccccccssseececcccccsseeeeeecesseasneeeseeesssanceseesssseeseees 23 2 6 4 Radio communication via Wi Fi cui cui EN AVINI TNEI N 23 2 7 TAKING measurements 1ccccscceccceesecnsuecccsauecenscusecsauseessaussenscasessauseessansesnaes 24 2 7 1 Measurement Points cccccccscccccscccenscueenseneecscueensenuenscueenscueenscusensausenscasensnasensees 24 2 7 2 Start stop OF FECONM ING tuterctstessarsiisinadiredtenhindadenettcdiencnbendencntectind EEEE ETES 25 2 13 Approximate recording times cccccecccseccccscececsceeecaceeecscueecscaeessaeesscasensusenseanenses 25 2 8 Measuring CIPCUIES 1cccccscececnsneeecsanececsuuseenauseecsauseessaseessaueesnsseessaeeessauesess 27 2 9 EXAMS OF USE a E E E E sed 33 210 Time SynenNonizaloN ossen E SEE E E 38 2 10 1 Requirements of IEC 61000 4 30 ccccccsssseseccscsescccscnsescssauseeecsacseseenaeeessennseenss 38 2 10 2 OF TECA a E E A E 38 2 10 3 Data a009 CONCE aiena E E 38 2 10 4 Time TOSVICHIONIZAUON ssis iinei nE SE AE E r EEEE 39 2 11 GSM COMMUNICATION MOUS amp ascscccnccccctssveceseteccccatseveneecseecssvesernesnodaadevetnesoncoasee 39 2 11 1 General information about GSM CONNECTION 1 cceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenaananeeeneeeeeees 39
65. approximation can be allowed only after a clear reservation that the indicated value is not a result of actual measure ment but only an approximated value 82 5 Power quality a guide 5 3 4 Reactive power and reactive energy meters Reactive energy meters are devices unknown to the household users who for settlements with energy suppliers use the meters of active energy expressed in Wh or kWh Household users are in a comfortable situation they pay only for usable energy and do not have to think what the power factor is in their installations In contrast to the first group the industrial consumers are obliged in their contracts and some times under pain of financial penalties to keep the power factor at an appropriate level The EN 50160 standard gives some guidelines for the power quality requirements and de fines the quality parameters which should be met by energy supplier Among these parameters are among others mains frequency RMS voltage total harmonic distortion THD and allowed levels of individual voltage harmonics Besides EN 50160 requirements there is often an addition al condition the supplier does not need to comply with those requirements if an energy consumer does not ensure the tang factor below some threshold agreed value which can be changed in the contract between the energy supplier and consumer i e 0 4 and or exceeds the agreed level of consumed active energy The tang is defined as a ratio of measured
66. armonic 460 Hz 10 Unom The apparent change in the voltage envelope with frequency of 10Hz that may cause flicker Unom 230 V RMS 50 Hz 5 5 1 Total Interharmonic Distortion A measure of the total presence of interharmonics is the TID which is defined as Fn A TID E 100 1 Fn A TID E x 100 RMS where 7 D Total Interharmonic Distortion related to fundamental component TID Total Interharmonic Distortion related to RMS value Ain RMS of ih th interharmonic interharmonic sub group A RMS of the fundamental component Arms RMS of the waveform n incase of analyzers described in this manual it is equal to 50 TID is the ratio of the RMS value of all interharmonics to the fundamental component for TIDF or RMS value for TIDp Acceptable level of interharmonic interferences in voltage is a matter discussed among pro fessionals involved power quality matters Some sources state that the overall rate of voltage interharmonics distortion should not exceed 0 2 5 6 Mains signalling Ripple control signals are signals entered into the electricity network in order to control and check of remote control devices connected to the same network In addition to the transmission of electricity a distribution network is in this case used as a transmission medium for communication between devices EN 50160 standard distinguishes three types of signals e Ripple control signals from 110 to 3000 Hz 92 5 Powe
67. armonics 88 5 Power quality a guide The sign of the individual power components indicates the character of load for this compo nent When the sign is positive then the character is inductive and when it is negative it is Capacitive Passive source current may be reduced to zero when the following condition is met for each harmonic B Byn 0 where B receiver susceptance for the h th harmonic Bp parallel compensator susceptance for the h th harmonic As the compensator complexity grows proportionally to the number of harmonics subjected to compensation usually only the fundamental component is compensated and maximum a few higher harmonics with the largest values However the compensation of the fundamental compo nent may considerably improve the power factor and may be sufficient 5 4 3 Harmonics in three phase systems In three phase systems harmonics of given orders have a particular feature which is shown in the table below 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Taney PEE rey oo Sequence positive negative 0 zero Sequence line refers to the symmetrical components method which allows to decompose any of the three vectors into three sets of vectors positive negative and zero sequence more in section related to unbalance For example Lets assume that a three phase motor is supplied from a balanced 4 wire mains RMS phase to neutral voltage values are equal and angles between t
68. arted the aggregation interval x is termi nated normally until the specified number of 10 12 cycle windows are gathered e g for 3 second averaging always 15 intervals are gathered The re synchronization results in generating Over lap 2 see Fig 55 where data from two aggregation intervals are simultaneously processed x interval ends x 1 interval starts The size of the overlap depends on fluctuations in the mains frequency The time stamp corresponds to the end of the aggregation interval Averaging of measurement results leads to the loss of extreme values Smoothing of results In cases when the information about limit values of the measured parameter is important the user may use the option of measuring the minimum maximum values in the averaging period If a giv en parameter is measured in the 10 12 cycle time the minimum and maximum value is respec tively the smallest and the largest 10 12 cycle value measured in a given averaging interval On the other hand the instantaneous value is the last 10 12 cycle value in this averaging interval In case of RMS current and voltage the method of searching for minimum and maximum val ues is more flexible and it is controlled by Min Max calculation period parameter The user may choose from the following options half period 200 ms 1 s 3s and 5s If the half period option is selected the minimum and maximum values will be searched for with the highest sensitivity up to Ur
69. attern while de signing their products in order to ensure their reliable operation and maintaining proper output voltage Note however that the curve represents typical cases and cannot be a guarantee of cor rect operation for each device as tolerance for interferences is very different ITIC curve is the successor of the CBEMA curve developed by ITI in 1994 and later modified to its present form in 2000 This curve has the form of two broken lines and is also known as ANSI curve as it was adapted by ANSI American National Standards Institute Both curves are pre sented in Fig 53 Sonel Analysis software provides the ability to modify the characteristic points of the curves allowing user to adjust them to individual requirements 100 5 Power quality a guide 5 11 Averaging the measurement results Mains monitoring over a longer period means that a significant amount of data needs to be collected To ensure that such data analysis is possible at all it is necessary to introduce the mechanisms for reducing data size to the values acceptable by both people and machines Let us take the example of EN 50160 compliant power quality measurements The basic mains test period is one week If all 200 millisecond RMS values were to be remembered we would get 3 024 million measurements Processing this amount of data may be time consuming and difficult Therefore the averaging concept has been introduced which involves recording one value p
70. bles Weight approx 1 6 kg Display color LCD TFT 320x240 pixels diagonal 3 5 built in memory card 8 GB as standard option of extending up to Data Memory 32 GB 6 13 Safety and electromagnetic compatibility Safety and EMC Compliance with IEC 61010 1 Ill 1000 V IV 600 V pollution class 2 Measurement category acc to IEC 61010 1 Insulation Electromagnetic compatibility IEC 61000 4 3 sinusoidal modulation 80 AM 1 kHz 80 1000 MHz 10 V m 1 4 2 0 GHz 3 V m 2 0 2 7 GHz 1 V m Immunity to electrostatic discharge IEC 61000 4 2 Air discharge 8 kV Contact discharge 4 kV 115 Immunity to radio frequency interferences PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual IEC 61000 4 6 Immunity to conducted disturbances in sinusoidal modulation 80 AM 1 kHz duced by radio frequency fields 0 15 80 MHz 10 V IEC 61000 4 4 Immunity to series of fast transients bursts Amplitude 2 kV 5 kHz panne 1o Surges Amplitude 2 kV L L 4 kV L PE IEC 61000 6 3 PQM 702 PQM 710 class B 30 230 MHz 30 dB uV m at 10 m Emission of radiated RF disturbances 230 1000 MHz 37 dB uV m at 10 m PQM 703 PQM 711 class A 30 230 MHz 40 dB uV m at 10 m 230 1000 MHz 47 dB uV m at 10 m IEC 61000 6 3 Levels for a quasi peak detector Emission of conducted disturbances 0 15 kHz 0 5 MHz 66 dBuV 56 dBuV 0 5 MHz 5 MHz 56 dBuV 5 MHz 30 MHz 60 dBuV EN 55022 Compliance statement PQM 703 and PQ
71. c components up to the 50th order the harmonics of the 50th or 40th order are used to cal culate THD the user can select either 40 or 50 order as the limit Please note that when the waveforms are very distorted the two definitions presented above will give significantly different results THDR cannot exceed 100 while THD has no such limit and may be 200 or more Such a case may be observed when measuring very distorted current The voltage harmonic distortion usually does not exceed a few percent both THD and THDp 90 5 Power quality a guide e g EN 50160 standard defines the limit of 8 THDr 5 4 5 K Factor K Factor also called the transformer loss factor is a measure used in determining the re quirements for power transformers Higher harmonics in current cause increased heat losses in windings and metal parts of the transformer The main reasons is the presence of eddy currents generated by current components of higher frequencies and by the skin effect The transformer temperature increase is directly proportional to current components squared the value called K Factor takes this into account and the factor is calculated according to the fol lowing formula 50 KFactor gt Lhe h 1 50 22 h 1 Ihh I where ly relative value of the h th order harmonic component in relation to the fundamental component l amplitude of the h th order of current harmonic component l amplitude of current fundamen
72. category acc to IEC 61010 1 double according to IEC 61010 1 III 1000 V IP 65 15 5 mm 30 mm F 1 120 cm F 2 80 cm F 3 45 cm F 1 360 mm F 2 235 mm F 3 120 mm F 1 about 410 g F 2 about 310 g F 3 about 220 g 2m 20 C 80 C IEC 61000 6 3 2008 IEC 61000 6 2 2008 1575 42 GHz RHCP 26 dB 3 V lt 1 2 1 14 0 x 34 2 x 38 2 mm 40 C 85 C IP 67 10m 15 25 mA magnetic any surface Fig 65 External GPS antenna 125 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual 8 Other Information 8 1 Cleaning and maintenance Note Use only the maintenance methods specified by the manufacturer in this manual The casing of the analyzer may be cleaned with a soft damp cloth using all purpose deter gents Do not use any solvents or cleaning agents which might scratch the casing powders pastes etc Cables should be cleaned with water and detergents and then dried The analyzer electronic system does not require maintenance 8 2 Storage In the case of storage of the device the following recommendations must be observed e Disconnect all the test leads from the meter e Clean the meter and all its accessories thoroughly e In order to prevent a total discharge of the accumulators in the case of a prolonged storage charge them from time to time 8 3 Dismantling and utilization Worn out electric and electronic equipment should be gathered selectively i e it must not be
73. ceiver A GPS receiver and antenna is installed inside the analyzer in order to receive GPS signal outdoors without any additional accessories The antenna is installed in the lower left corner of the casing under the top cover in a place where GPS logo on the sticker is applied To enable the time synchronization of the analyzer inside buildings the analyzer must be connected to an exter nal antenna optional accessory with a cable of 10 m and installed outside of the building The analyzer detects the external antenna and switches into the receiver mode instead of using addi tional internal antenna GPS synchronization time depends on weather conditions clouds precipitation and on the location of the receiving antenna The antenna should be provided with high visibility of the sky in order to obtain the best results To read the time with the required accuracy the GPS receiver must first determine its own current geographical location it must see at least 4 satellites posi tion and altitude After determining the position and synchronizing time to UTC the receiver en ters the tracking mode To ensure time synchronization in this mode the visibility of only one GPS satellite is required However to determine the analyzer position when it is moved still four sat ellites must be available seen 3 satellites if GPS does not update the altitude data This is im portant for example in anti theft mode when the device needs contin
74. cker In terms of power quality flicker means a periodical changes of light intensity as a result of fluctuations of voltage supplied to light bulbs The flicker measurement function appeared in the power quality analyzers when it turned out that this phenomenon causes discomfort irritation sometimes headache etc The luminous in tensity fluctuations must have a specified frequency they cannot be too slow as the human pupil is able to adapt to changes in illumination they cannot be too fast because the filament inertia eliminates these fluctuations almost totally Studies have shown that the maximum discomfort occurs for frequencies around 9 changes per second The most sensitive light sources are the traditional light bulbs with a tungsten fila ment Halogen bulbs which filaments have much higher temperature have also much higher iner tia which reduces the perceived brightness changes Fluorescent lamps have the best flicker re sistance as due to their specific properties they stabilize the current flowing through the lamp during the voltage changes and thus reduce the fluctuations Flicker is measured in perceptibility units and there are two types of flicker short term Px which is determined once every 10 minutes and long term Pi which is calculated on the basis of 12 consecutive Py values i e every 2 hours Long time of measurement results directly from the slow changing nature of this phenomenon to collect sample data
75. ctive power designated as N Reactive power has been limited only to the funda mental component and marked as Q4 This standard is the last document of this type issued by recognized organization which was to put the power definition issues in order It was even more necessary as for many years special ists in scientific circles reported that the power definitions used so far may give erroneous results Controversies concerned mainly the definition of reactive power and apparent power and distor tion power see below in single and three phase circuits with non sinusoidal voltages and cur rents In 1987 professor L S Czarnecki proved the widely used definition of reactive power defined by Budeanu was wrong This definition is still taught in some technical schools and it was pre sented by prof Budeanu in 1927 The formula is as follows Qg gt UnIn sin Pn n 0 where U and h are voltage and current harmonics of order n and n are angles between these components 79 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual When this parameter has been introduced the known power triangle equation was not valid for circuits with non sinusoidal waveforms therefore Budeanu introduced a new parameter called the distortion power Das s2 P2 Q5 Distortion power strain was meant to represent powers occurring in the system due to distort ed voltage and current waveforms For years reactive power was associated with the en
76. d formulas could no longer be tolerated A very significant event was publishing by IEEE in 2000 1459 standard Definitions for the Measurement of Electric Power Quantities Under Sinusoidal Non sinusoidal Balanced or Unbal anced Conditions For the first time Budeanu s definition of reactive power has been listed as not recommended for new reactive power and energy meters Many parameters have been also divided into the part related to the current and voltage fundamental component first harmonics and the part related to remaining higher harmonics In most cases it is recognized that the usable part of energy is transmitted by the 50 60Hz components with much smaller and often harmful participation of higher harmonics The standard also introduced a new parameter non active power N which represents all non active components of power N yS P Reactive power is the power of one of the components of the inactive power N In single phase systems with sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms N equals Q hence the non active power does not have any other components In three phase systems this is true only for symmet rical sinusoidal systems with a balanced purely resistive load Other non active power components are related to specific physical phenomena According to prof Czarnecki s theory which is one of the best in explaining the physical phenomena in three phase systems the power equation in such systems is as foll
77. dditional transformers and clamps e Abbreviations e m v reference measured value Unom Nominal voltage lhom nominal current clamps RMS root mean square value n harmonic order Sph additional uncertainty caused by the error of phase measurement between the volt age and current harmonics 6 1 Inputs Voltage input terminals Number of inputs 5 L1 L2 L3 N PE 4 measuring channels not galvanically isolated Maximum input voltage 760 Vams Peak input voltage no ADC 1500 V high voltage range clamping 450 V low voltage range 1500 V high voltage range Range of measured DC voltages 450 V low voltage range Number of inputs Nominal input voltage CT clamps Peak input voltage CT clamps Analog pass band 3dB Inout Impedance CT clamps circuit 100 kQ Flexible clamps circuit 12 4 kQ Flexible clamps F 1 F 2 F 3 1 3000 A 410000 A peak 50 Hz Measurement range without Hard clamps C 4 C 5 1 1000 A 3600 A peak transformers Hard clamps C 6 0 01 10 A 36 A peak Hard clamps C 7 0 100 A 360 A peak Transducers 6 2 Sampling and RTC Sampling and RTC A D converter 16 bit Samoplina rate 10 24 kHz for 50 Hz and 60 Hz eae Simultaneous sampling in all channels Samples per period 204 8 for 50 Hz 170 67 for 60 Hz PLL synchronization 40 70 Hz Reference channel for PLL 3 5 ppm max approx 9 sec month in the temperature range of 20 C 55 C Real tim
78. der harmonics are of minimal value If we consider this property it turns out that the group of harmonics with the most undesirable properties is the 3rd 9th 15th zero se quence and the 5th 11th and 17th negative sequence The current harmonics which are multiples of 3 cause additional problems in some systems In 4 wire systems they have a very undesirable property of summing up in the neutral conductor It turns out that contrary to other order harmonics in which the sum of instantaneous current val ues is zeroed the waveforms of these harmonics are in phase with each other which causes add ing of the phase currents in the neutral conductor This may lead to overheating of this conductor particularly in the distribution systems where the conductor has a smaller cross section than the phase conductors as it was widely practiced until recently Therefore in systems with non linear loads and large current distortions it is now recommended that the cross section of neutral con ductor is larger than that of the phased conductors In the delta systems the harmonics of these orders are not present in the line currents provided these are balanced systems but they circulate in the load branches also causing unnecessary power losses The nature of individual harmonics as shown in the table is fully accurate only in three phase balanced systems Only in such systems the fundamental component has the exclusively positive sequence charact
79. do not match the address entered into the database of ana lyzers Internet connection 4 Fields External IP Address and External Port are active in the database of analyzers in case of direct connection tablet lt analyzer or for work in the same network 5 The analyzer has active Wi Fi connection with another client or temporary network prob lems Solution 1 When the analyzer is available check the Wi Fi status on screen lt 10 10 gt If the status is Disabled then select Analyzer gt Actual settings from the program menu go to Wire less connection card and check whether Wi Fi communication enabled is enabled if not enable it Check Wi Fi settings 2 Check whether the correct MAC address is entered to the database of analyzers MAC address is displayed on screen lt 10 10 gt 3 Check whether the analyzer database contains correct External IP Address and External Port configured in the Wi Fi router 4 Deselect External IP Address field in the analyzer database 5 Try to re establish the connection Problem Despite correct status Ready after the search the analyzer is not displayed on the list Option Wi Fi transmission available is enabled and the analyzer is properly configured in the database including IP number Possible cause TCP 4002 port is blocked it is used for communication through a firewall in stalled on the PC tablet or in the server of internet service provider Solution check whether TCP
80. ds WAADAUMAGKPL built in Li lon rechargeable battery operating manual guarantee card calibration certificate cun cuip PQM 710 and PQM 711 analyzers standard equipment also includes dedicated tablet with preinstalled Sonel Analysis software tablet sleeve backpack WAFUTLS8 7 2 Optional accessories Additionally the following items that are not included in the scope of standard equipment can be purchased from the manufacturer or the distributors CT clamps C 4 1000 A AC WACEGC4OKR Hall effect clamps C 5 1000 A AC DC WACEGC5OKR CT clamps C 6 for low currents in 10A AC transformers WACEGC6OKR CT clamps C 7 100A AC WACEGC7OKR flexible clamps Rogowski coil F 1 for current up to 3kA AC length 120cm WACEGF10KR flexible clamps Rogowski coil F 2 for current up to 3kA AC length 80cm WACEGF2OKR flexible clamps Rogowski coil F 3 for current up to 3kA AC length 45cm WACEGF3OKR Li lon rechargeable battery replaceable by SONEL after sale services WAAKU11 hard case for current clamps WAW ALL2 external GPS antenna 10 m WAPOZANT10GPS 117 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual 7 2 1 C 4 current clamp The C 4 clamp is used to measure the alternating current in medium and high power electrical installations The output sig nal is voltage proportional to the measured current The output signal is supplied by a 1 5 meter lead with a pin adapted for
81. e SYSLOMS cccssscscensonsscensonsesensensesscnsnsessonsanestonsonseons 89 5 4 4 TOlal AHarmonie DISON i tween ea eine ee a eE e E EE aa e A EE EREET 90 5 4 5 KEAC O e N coat A E N O A A N 91 BD PECTIN AI TOWNS ea tats ct eter tetas tacit tle lea tom leh aica data teastinald alow TA 91 5 5 1 Total interharmone DISIOMION csere E E a E 92 5 6 Mains Signallin gerei a A E 92 5 7 UND AIANCE acan oie aa oi a E ee ee 94 5 8 Voltage dips swells ANC interruptions sscccccsseeeceseeecseeeesaneneesanseessneneees 96 5 9 Transients ANC OVESLVOlLAGES ccccccssesceccsaneeeecssaeeecessauseecessauenseessauessessaaaanees 97 5 10 CBEMA and ANSI CUIVES 1 1ccccccecccccsnecccceeeceeseecesaeeeeessescesaueeeesaeeeessneeeesaes 99 5 11 Averaging the measurement results cccceeeeeceeneeeeeeeeneeeeeeeaneseeeteaaeenenees 101 FECHA OI izarsec estate T doe dese EER EE 104 6 1 OS cs deacon tate atest eine soeeee eet dla naires tame eticind oan enart ies otissmeoese ante emir uae 104 6 2 Sampling and HTC vase soca satetae2etsenadesaetscandecenananndtnstucbetetabaaatseiiuesacascaesatveeee 104 6 3 Transient module Kuy POM PEA EE E I A E 105 6 4 Measured parameters accuracy resolution and FANGES 1 cccssssersneseees 105 6 4 1 Reference CONOINONS ci cdacbecescccasestdanrnlosaitaecnldasdelaacanedacg tev EENE EA ES Ea ENEA 105 6 4 2 The measurement uncertainty due to ambient temperature 1 ccccceeeeeeees 105 6 4 3 VO eet ae eee eee
82. e clock 104 6 Technical data 6 3 Transient module PQM 703 cup DC voltage range 6000 V Analog pass band 3dB 2 5 MHz A D converter 4 channel 12 bit simultaneous sampling in all channels 10 MHz 5 MHz 1 MHz 500 kHz 100 kHz user selectable Waveform recording time io to 20000 samples from 200 us to 200 ms depending on set from 10 to 90 of the recording time Detection method amplitude 50 V 5000 V slew rate dV dt from 100 V 500 us to 100 V 5 us Inactivity time after detection 6 4 Measured parameters accuracy resolution and ranges 6 4 1 Reference conditions Tab 7 Reference conditions Continuous external magnetic lt 40 A m d c field lt 3A m a c for 50 60 Hz frequenc DC voltage and DC current 50 Hz 0 2 or 60 Hz 0 2 6 4 2 The measurement uncertainty due to ambient temperature Basic uncertainty given in technical specifications is guaranteed for the ambient temperature range of 0 C 45 C Outside this range use an additional multiplier M which increases the specified basic uncertainty to the actual measurement uncertainty Fig 56 shows a graph of M multiplier depending on the ambient temperature within nominal operating temperatures The multiplier has a value of 1 0 in the temperature range of 0 C 45 C Above 45 C and up to 55 C the multiplier rises in linear manner up to 2 0 Below 0 C down to 20 C the multiplier rises in linear manner up to 1 8
83. e correct order of the messages displayed on the screen is as follows o Searching the network o Connecting to the network o Obtaining IP address for DHCP o Ready 49 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual Certificate of Calibration 6 months Analyzer type YW Serial number 1 PQM 711 BS0003 WiFi settings Addresses Automatic DHCP Manual IP Address Description MAC Address oo os port External IP Address External Port 01 01 1970 Fig 36 Example Wi Fi configuration for communicatin via Internet 2 12 5 Editing the Wi Fi settings in the analyzer database in the absence of USB connection The following procedure applies to cases when the analyzer was previously configured and there is a need to add it to the database or to edit Wi Fi parameters that identify the device To properly configure the connection the following elements will be required e Physical Address of the analyzer MAC Address this parameter must be read from screen lt 10 10 gt of the analyzer e External IP Address and External Port The parameters required to work in a different subnetwork than the tablet computer especially for connecting to the Internet Configure the analyzer in the following manner e Select the appropriate analyzer from the database and click Edit or use Add button to add it to the database e Use Change Wi Fi Settings button and fill MAC Address field e Incase of op
84. e device real time preview of the mains delete data in the analyzer present data in the tabular form present data in the form of graphs analyzing data for compliance with EN 50160 standard reports system commands and other user defined reference conditions independent operation of multiple devices upgrade the software and the device firmware to newer versions Detailed manual for Sonel Analysis is available in a separate document also downloadable from the manufacturer s website www sonel p 2 6 PC connection and data transmission The analyzer provides three ways of communication with a PC They are as follows wired communication via USB radio communication in 433 MHz band using OR 1 receiver built in wireless connectivity via GSM modem radio communication via wireless Wi Fi transmission a PC and the analyzer must be connected to the same LAN or have the ability to communicate through the WAN correct configuration of the router Connection to a computer PC mode ensures Transmission of data stored in the recorder memory o itis possible to read the data of all measurement points regardless of the recording state Viewing mains parameters on PC o instantaneous values of current voltage power and energy total values for the entire system harmonics interharmonics harmonic power values THD TID unbalance phasor diagrams for voltages current and voltage waveforms drawn in real time
85. e input voltage range 90 760 V AC 127 760 V DC which is provided with independent cables terminated with ba nana plugs An important feature of the device is its ability to operate in harsh weather conditions the an alyzer may be installed directly on electric poles The ingress protection class of the analyzer is IP 65 and operating temperature ranges from 20 C to 55 C Uninterrupted operation of the device in case of power failure is ensured by an internal re chargeable lithium ion battery The user interface includes a color 3 5 LCD display with a resolution of 320x240 pixels and a keypad with four buttons The full potential of the device may be released by using dedicated PC software Sonel Anal ysis The analyzer may communicate with a PC in the following ways e via USB connection with a transmission speed up to 921 6 kbit s available data reading from a memory card with a speed of a few MB s via radio interface using OR 1 receiver with a transmission rate of 57 6 kbit s range limited to approx 5 m 1 General Information POM 710 POM via Wi Fi radio interface with effective transmission rate up to 300 kB s max sustained speed in a 10 m distance e via GSM connection using the Internet POM 702 POM 703 In order to use the first mode of wireless communication OR 1 receiver must be connected to a PC using its USB port Communication in this mode is slower therefore we recommend it to view
86. e symmetrical component The most convenient method to calculate the symmetrical components and unbalance is us ing the complex number calculus The vectors parameters are amplitude of the voltage current fundamental component and its absolute phase shift angle Both of these values are obtained from FFT 5 8 Voltage dips swells and interruptions Voltage dips swells and interruptions are network disturbances when the effective voltage RMS is significantly different from the nominal value Each of the three states may be detected by the analyzer when the event detection is activated and when the user defines the threshold values Voltage dip is a state during which the RMS voltage is lower than the user defined voltage dip threshold The basis for the dip measurement is Urmsi1 2 which is the one period RMS value re freshed every half period Definition of dip acc to IEC 61000 4 30 standard The voltage dip starts at the moment when Urmsi1 2 voltage decreases below the dip threshold value and ends at the moment when Uamsi1 2 voltage is equal to or greater than the dip threshold value plus the voltage hysteresis The dip threshold may be specified at 90 of Unom During the voltage dip the analyzer re members the minimum recorded voltage this is called the residual voltage Ures and is one of the parameters characterizing the dip and the average voltage value maximum swell value RMS swell threshold hysteresis hyst
87. e value measured during the event Depending on the parameter type you can set one two or three thresholds which will be checked by the analyzer The table below lists all parameters for which the events can be detect ed including specification of threshold types Some of the parameters may have values that are positive or negative For example ac tive power reactive power and power factor Since the event detection threshold may only be a positive value and to ensure proper detection for these parameters the analyzer compares abso lute values of these parameters with the set threshold Example Threshold for detecting active power events was set at 10 kW If the load has a generator nature the active power with correct connection of clamps will be a negative value If the measured absolute value exceeds the threshold i e 10 kW e g 11 kW an event will be recorded for ex ceeded maximum active power Two types of parameters RMS voltage and RMS current may generate events for which the user may also record waveforms The analyzer records the waveforms of active channels voltage and current at the event start and end The user may set recording time for waveforms from 100 ms to 1s and the pretrigger time from 40 ms to 960 ms Waveforms are saved in 8 bit format with sampling fre quency of 10 24 kHz Information about the event is recorded when the event ends In some cases it may happen that event is active when t
88. ecording event detection and event thresholds A few selected configurations are given in Tab 4 The last column gives the approximate recording times when 2 GB of memory card space is allocated to a measurement point The typical configurations shown below are based on the measurement of the N PE voltage and n current 25 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual Tab 4 Approximate recording times for a few typical configurations Approximate Configuration System type Waveforms cordi type Averaging current Events Event wave after averag time with recorded pa time aeiee n torms ing period 2 GB allocat rameter ameters ed space according to EN according to the voltages and 3 phase wye 270 days currents profile 3 phase wye 23 days according to the 3 phase wye 22 5 day voltages and currents profile all possible pa 3 phase wye rameters all possible pa 3 phase wye 25 days rameters according to the Power and har monics profile according to the Power and har monics profile rameters j Ser 1 phase 1000 events 1000 events 14 5 days day day 1s 1s 1s 1s 10s 10s 10s 26 2 Operation of the analyzer 2 8 Measuring circuits The analyzer may be connected directly to the following types of networks 1 phase Fig 16 2 phase split phase with split winding of the transformer Fig 17 3 phase 4 wire wye with a neutral conductor Fig 18 3 phase 3 wire wye
89. ed in IEC 61000 4 30 and valid for analyzers of class A If time does not meet these requirements it is displayed in orange e indicator of mains power supply or battery status e indicator of GSM network signal strength if a SIM card is inserted and connection GSM net work is active Screen number is displayed in the lower right corner of the display Screen 1 is displayed by default after turning the analyzer on and after changing a measurement point It presents a phasor diagram of the measured mains and an indicator of correct connection to the mains When the connection is correct a green OK message is displayed but when a po tential error is detected red X symbol with ERROR message is displayed When ERROR is dis played the analyzer still operates as normal and measurements are possible The criteria used by the analyzer for detecting a connection error are as follows e deviation of RMS voltage exceeding 15 of nominal value 16 2 Operation of the analyzer e deviation of the phase angle of the voltage fundamental component exceeding 30 of the theoretical value with resistive load and symmetrical mains see note below e deviation of the phase angle of the current fundamental component exceeding 55 of the theoretical value with resistive load and symmetrical mains see note below e network frequency deviation exceeding 10 of the nominal frequency Note To detect a phase error the fundamental component of the mea
90. en should look as sown in Fig 25 Set the following items e mains system element S as in Fig 25 as a single phase nominal voltage HH at 230 400 V nominal frequency S at 50 Hz averaging period A at 1 s triggering at Immediate event detection hysteresis 4 at 1 5 clamp type ES set to None voltage transducers ES and N PE voltage in section Additional measurements EA set as unchecked In the upper part of the window select the second tab Additional where sliders may be used to set the required time of recording waveforms and RMSy1 2 graphs for events and recording times for transient graphs These times should be set according to individual preferences Then select Standard card from the tree with settings and ensure that Enable logging according to Standard box is not checked Adjust settings at Voltage card and Basic tab as shown in Fig 26 35 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual Settings Ba 9 TE iLocal Ee Phase voltage opea All Log events Sf g Measurement point 1 A E Minimum CY Standard lt E Swells Dips i Maximum Current Interruptions ll Instantaneous i Power and energy H Harmonics Log waveforms and RMS 1 2 m Interharmonics IB Log waveforms after each averaging period Min Max calculation period Half period ba Log events transients Sampling frequenc MHz P send pling frequency v Threshold fs S Analyzer Slew rate dv dt
91. ent are subjected to FFT as a result of which we receive the harmonics amplitudes with phase shifts It turns out that the knowledge of voltage and current harmonics and of phase shift between these harmonics allows calculating the active power of each harmonic individually Pa Up Ih COS Pp 87 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual where Pn active power of the h th order harmonic Un RMS voltage of the h th order harmonic In RMS current of the h th order harmonic Pn phase shift angle between the voltage and current harmonics of the h th order When Ph power has positive sign then the dominating source of energy of this harmonics is on the energy supplier s side When it is negative the receiver is the dominating source It must be noted that on the basis of harmonics active powers measured in this way one cannot deter mine that only one party is the sole source of the harmonics as the measured value is a resultant of the supplier and the consumer Example When the supplier generates active power of harmonic Php 1 kW and the consumer generates the power of this harmonics equal to Pho 100 W then the resultant power measured at the terminals between the supplier and the consumer is Pr Pap Pho 0 9 kW In a situation presented above we are dealing with two separate sources of energy flow Un fortunately basing on such measurement we cannot directly indicate the actual distribu
92. ent sampl of voltage Ua n M 2048 for 50 Hz and 60 Hz number of all voltage periods Ua n counted during 10 sec period clock time divided by the total duration of full periods L Current True RMS DC Current where is a subsequent sample of current la M 2048 for 50 Hz and 60 Hz M 1 apc ra t 1 where is a subsequent sample of current la M 2048 for 50 lat and 60 Hz 59 va where Ujis a subsequent sample of voltage Us n liis a subsequent sample of current la M 2048 for 50 Hz and 60 Hz Budeanu reactive power Qg UnIn Sin Phn h 1 where Uh is the h th harmonic of voltage Ua n In is the h th harmonic of current I gn is the h th angle between harmonic Uh and Ih Q Uh sin p1 where U1 is fundamental component of voltage Ua n damental component l is fundamental component of current la g is angle between fundamental components U and h Apparent power er Sy 4S Uh Apparent distortion pow N ates PP ar P where U is fundamental component of voltage Ua n l is fundamental component of current la Budeanu distortion power a 7 B S Power Factor i If PF lt 0 then the load is of a generator type If PF gt 0 then the load is of a receiver type Reactive power of fun 4 Calculation formulas Displacement power fac cose tor DPF Harmonic components of Unx voltage and current Ihx Total Harmonic Distortion for voltage referred to the fundamental compo Te nent Tota
93. ents apparent power S calculated in th measuring window T i represents duration of i th measuring window in hours Apparent energy 4 2 Split phase network Split phase network parameters not mentioned are calculated as for single phase Parameter Designa Method of calculation tion Total Budeanu reactive power var Qetot Qpa Opp Total reactive power of fundamental component iil Qitor Q14 Ore Total apparent power VA Stot Sa Sp Total apparent distortion Total Budeanu distortion Piot Total Power Factor PFtot PF ot RA tot Total displacement pow COS tot er factor DPFiot Total tangent tan tot 1 COS Prot DPFeot z cos Pa COSp _ Qtot tan Prot P tot where Qiot Qsto when Budeanu method was chosen Qiot Qitot when IEEE 1459 method was chosen 69 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual m Ep tot Prot i T i i 1 Prot for Prox gt 0 0 for Pro lt 0 m Ep tot Peot OTO i 1 IPror OI for Proc lt 0 0 for Pro 0 Prot i f Total active energy con sumed and supplied Piot i f where i is subsequent number of the 10 12 period measure ment window Pror i represents total active power Pio calculated in th measuring window T i represents duration of i th measuring window in hours Eop tot QBtot OT Os for Qztor gt 0 oo Qstot i lt 0 Eop tot 2 QBtot OT DAO for Qrtot i lt 0 0
94. er In actual systems with some degree of supply voltage unbalance and the load unbalance there are non zero positive and negative sequence components The measure of such unbalance is so called unbalance factors And this is due to this unbalance of the fundamen tal component and additionally the differences in amplitudes and phases of the higher harmonics that also these harmonics will have the positive negative and zero sequence components The larger the unbalance the higher the content of remaining components IEC 61000 4 30 standard recommends that the harmonic subgroup method is used in power qual ity analyzers for calculating harmonic components 5 4 4 Total Harmonic Distortion Total Harmonic Distortion THD is the most widely used measure of waveform distortion Two versions of this factor are applied in practical use e THD THD F or simply THD total harmonic distortion referred to the fundamental compo nent e THDr THD R total harmonic distortion referred to the RMS value In both cases THD is expressed in percent Definitions are presented below n AZ THD x 100 Ay n AZ THD x 100 Arms where An RMS of the h th order harmonic A RMS of the fundamental component Arms RMS of the waveform Limitation of the number of harmonics used to calculate THD is conventional and results mainly from measuring limitations of the device As the analyzer is capable of measuring the har moni
95. er a specified time interval for the analysis purposes For the EN 50160 standard such time interval is 10 minutes In such case the analyzer calculates an average 10 minute value basing on about 3000 of 200 millisecond values approximately as in reality the conventional 200 millisecond val ue is 10 12 period value synchronized with the mains frequency Each average voltage value is recorded every 10 minutes which gives only 1008 measurement results Fig 54 presents the method according to which the analyzer determines the average values at averaging intervals equal to or greater than 10 seconds with the 10 minute averaging time This method meets the requirements for a Class A of IEC 61000 4 30 standard Average values are synchronized with a real time clock as follows When the clock counts an other integer multiple of the averaging period two processes occur e current 10 12 cycle interval k th measurement in Fig 54 is assigned as the last in the aggregation interval x e simultaneously the first 10 12 cycle interval is started for the next averaging period x 1 Such a resynchronization method generates Overlap 1 see Fig 54 The data from this area are processed twice as each of the 10 12 cycle interval is analyzed independently The aim of this kind of resynchronization is to ensure that the two analyzers of Class A connected to the same system and synchronized with UTC will give the same results In the analyzers here de
96. erating Manual In three phase systems only the positive sequence component is taken into account Qi 3U singi Correct measurement of this power requires the same phase rotation sequence i e phase L2 delayed by 120 in relation to L1 phase L3 delayed by 240 in relation to L1 The concept of positive sequence component will be discussed in more detail in the section de voted to unbalance The value of reactive power of the fundamental component is the main value which allows es timating the size of capacitor to improve the displacement power factor DPF that is the dis placement of the voltage fundamental components in relation to the current fundamental compo nent i e compensator of the reactive power of the fundamental component 5 3 3 Reactive power and three wire systems Correct reactive power measurement is impossible in unbalanced receivers connected in 3 wire systems delta and wye systems without N conductor This statement may be surprising The receiver can be treated as a black box with only 3 terminals available We cannot de termine its internal structure In order to calculate the reactive power we need to know the phase shift angle between the voltage and the current at each leg of such receiver Unfortunately we do not know this angle In the delta type receiver we know the voltages on individual impedances but we do not know the current in such systems the phase to phase voltages and line currents a
97. erating in other subnetworks the Internet fill in External IP Address and Ex ternal Port fields For a direct connection tablet lt analyzer and for working in a local network tablet lt Wi Fi router analyzer these fields must be left inactive e Note If the analyzer has a static IP address the search time may be shortened To do this enter IP address of the device in External IP Address field and enter 4002 in External Port field e Confirm the settings by pressing OK 50 2 Operation of the analyzer d Certificate of Calibration i 6 months Analyzer type Y Serial number escription Date of calibration B 1 PQM 711 BS0001 08 04 2014 Connect selected WiFi settings offline Close SSID Key Addresses Automatic DHCP J Manual IP Address 08 04 2014 Net Mask Gateway Description MAC Address joo o Port External IP Address External Port C Fig 37 Example configuration for setting Wi Fi connection with remote analyzer offline mode 2 12 6 Checking Wi Fi connection If status screen lt 10 10 gt shows the Wi Fi status as Ready it means that a connection may be performed from a remote PC tablet The user may perform a test connection to verify the connectivity with Sonel Analysis e Inthe program settings check whether the search of the analyzers via Wi Fi is enabled se lect Options gt Program configuration gt Media settings gt Active media Wi Fi box should be ticked e
98. eresis hysteresis interruption threshold minimum dip and interruption value Fig 49 Voltage swells dips and interruptions 96 5 Power quality a guide Interruption is a state during which Urmsi1 2 voltage is lower than the specified interruption threshold The interruption threshold is usually set much below the voltage dip level at approx 1 10 Unom The voltage interruption starts at the moment when Urwsci 2 voltage decreases below the in terruption threshold value and ends at the moment when Urpmsiii2 voltage is equal to or greater than the interruption threshold value plus the voltage hysteresis During the interruption the analyzer remembers the minimum recorded voltage and the aver age voltage value Voltage swell is a state of in RMS4 9 RMS4 2 RMS4 5 creased voltage The swell Oe A threshold is usually set at a level close to 110 of Unom Phase A Swell starts at the moment when Urmsi1 2 voltage increases above the swell threshold value ee n ai and ends at the moment when RMS4 2 RMS4 72 RMS4 2 Urmsa 2 voltage is equal or be RMS4 2 RMS4 2 RMS4 2 low the swell threshold value mi tet a T ei nus the voltage hysteresis Dur ing the swell the analyzer re members the maximum record Phase B ed voltage and the average volt age value The hysteresis for all three RMS4 2 RMS RMS states is the same and it is a us er defined percent of nominal Fig 50 Determining values of Urmsc 2 voltage Even
99. ergy oscillations between its source and the load The formula indicates that according to Budeanu s definition the reactive power is the sum of individual harmonics Due to sing factor such components may be positive or negative depending on the angle between the voltage and current harmonics Thus it is possible that the total reactive power Qs is zero at non zero harmonics Observation that at non zero components total reactive power may be zero according to this definition is a key to a deeper analysis which finally allowed proving that in some situations Qs may give quite surprising results The research has questioned the general belief that there is a relation between energy oscillations and Budeanu reactive power Qs Examples of circuits may be presented where despite the oscillating character of instantaneous power waveform reactive power according to Budeanu is zero Over the years the scientists have not been able to connect any physical phenomenon to the reactive power ac cording to this definition Such doubts about the correctness of this definition of course also cast shadow on the related distortion power Dg The scientists have started to look for answers to the question whether the distortion power Ds really is the measure of distorted waveforms in non sinusoidal circuits The distortion is a situation in which the voltage waveform cannot be put on the current waveform with two operations change of amplitude and shift in t
100. etting and a sampling frequency of 10 MHz Transient graph recording should be activated 33 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual After the measurement generate timeplots of measured parameters and a sample measurement report Data should be saved for further analysis How to perform the measurements Step 1 Connect the analyzer to the tested network as shown in Fig 16 Connect inputs L1 N and PE for transient measurements Clamps do not need to be connected as the current measurement is not required Power supply of analyzer red wires may be also connected to the tested network to avoid battery discharge during recording Step 2 Turn on the analyzer by pressing button Screen 1 9 should be displayed as shown In Fig 5 Step 3 run Sonel Analysis program Connect the analyzer to a PC via USB cable If this is the first connection wait to install the drivers of the analyzer Step 4 click Settings on the toolbar of Sonel Analysis or select Analyzer gt Settings from the menu Then in the displayed window click Receive This will result in reading the current configuration of the measurement points saved in the analyzer Step 5 optional If the analyzer has not been previously connected to the program status at the bottom bar of Sonel Analysis indicates Disconnected in red when the analyzer is not connected to the program then clicking Receive will result in displaying window for connecting with
101. example the analyzer may be configured to detect power factor drop below a defined value THD exceeding another threshold and the 9th voltage harmonic exceed ing a user defined percentage value Each event is recorded along with the time of occurrence For events that relate to exceeding the pre defined limits for voltage dip swell interruption and exceeding minimum and maximum current values the recorded information may also include a waveform for voltage and current It is possible to record from 5 mains cycles of up to 1 second with adjustable pre triggering time Together with the waveform half cycle RMS values RMS 2 may be also recorded with time adjustable from 1 s to 30 s A very wide range of configurations including a multitude of measured parameters make the analyzer an extremely useful and powerful tool for measuring and analyzing all kinds of power supply systems and interferences occurring in them Some of the unique features of this device make it distinguishable from other similar analyzers available in the market Tab 2 presents a summary of parameters measured by analyzer depending on the mains type 1 General Information Tab 2 Measured parameters for different network configurations 3 phase delta without N L2 _N TOT L1 L2 L3 N TOT L12 L23 L31 TOT e Je e eje fe eje e fJef e eje J elele e Jejejeje Network type channel Parameter as 7 E Active energy consumed and sup e
102. eys on the keyboard Serial number LCD display Input ratings AC adapter inputs External GPS antenna connector Current clamps inputs L1 L2 L3 N j N Voltage measurement inputs SNG L1 L2 L3 N PE Fig 1 Power Quality Analyzer General view Measurements are carried out using four current inputs installed on short cables terminated with clamp terminals The terminals may be connected to the following clamp types flexible claps marked as F 1 F 2 F 3 with nominal rating up to 3000 A differing from others only by coil di ameter and hard clamps marked as C 4 range up to 1000 A AC C 5 up to 1000 A AC DC C 6 up to 10 A AC and C 7 up to 100 A AC The values of nominal measured currents may be PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual changed by using additional transducers for example using a transducer of 100 1 ratio the user may select C 6 clamps to measure currents up to 1000 A Tab 1 Main differences between analyzers __ PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 10 MHz transient detection module 433 MHz radio interface with OR 1 receiver Wi Fi interface Dedicated tablet in standard equipment The device has a built in 8 GB memory card To guarantee fast data read out the analyzer is equipped with a built in mass storage reader which ensures the data readout with a few MB s Data read out may be also be carried out by one of the three available communication
103. f time connection of the program with the analyzer is not required During the measurement disconnect L1 lead from the tested network to simulate a voltage dip Step 11 Stop recording and upload data for the analysis Display Control window if not open yet by selecting Analyzer gt Control Click red button Stop Click Analysis icon on the toolbar or select Analyzer gt Analysis from the menu to open the window for loading previously recorded data for analysis The window shows four bars of memory used for each of the measurement points Check the box next to the bar of measurement point No 1 The size of recorded data is shown in the right side of 36 2 Operation of the analyzer bar After selecting it Load data button is activated press it A window will appear showing data loading progress After loading all data a window is displayed for saving downloaded data into the disk It is recommended to save the data to a desired location on the disk in order to retrieve it for further analysis Indicate the location on the disk name the file and click Save In the displayed window click on the horizontal bar indicating time of recording placed under text Measurement point 1 User after clicking it turns orange and then click Data analysis Step 12 Data analysis In the main window of data analysis four main buttons are available General default view after loading data Measurements Events Configuration In General view on the
104. for Qstot 0 Qstot f Total Budeanu reactive energy consumed and supplied Eqsutot EQB tot Qertot i f where i is subsequent number of the 10 12 period measure ment window Qestot i represents reactive power Qstot calculated in th measuring window T i represents duration of i th measuring window in hours Eoi tot gt Qitot OTC Quron for Qitot i gt 0 oor Qitot i lt 0 E91 tot z gt Qitot DT Ci IQrtor_ for Qitot i lt 0 0 for Qitot i 0 Qitot f Total reactive energy of fundamental component consumed and supplied EQirot Eat tot Qitot C f where i is subsequent number of the 10 12 period measure ment window Qitor I represents reactive power Qrtot calculated in ith measuring window T i represents duration of i th measuring window in hours m Estot gt Stt OTT i 1 where i is subsequent number of the 10 12 period measure ment window Stot i represents the total apparent power Sto calculated in th measuring window T i represents duration of i th measuring window in hours Total apparent energy 70 4 Calculation formulas 4 3 3 phase wye network with N conductor 3 phase wye network with N conductor parameters not mentioned are calculated as for single phase a Designa tion Total active power Total Budeanu reactive Q power ee Method of calculation Piot Pa Pg Pe Qetot Opa Opp Qec
105. g relations e Iy I ina single phase system e Iy I I 2 ina 2 phase system e Iy ly l l3 ina 3 phase 4 wire wye system These relations stated above are true provided that zero current is present in PE conductor In typical situations this current is indeed negligible but note that in emergency situations e g short circuit until the switch breaker is tripped current in PE conductor may reach significant values therefore the calculated value of current In will differ from the actual 27 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual Note In order to correctly calculate total apparent power S and total Power Factor PF in a 4 wire 3 phase system it is necessary to measure the current in the neutral conductor Then it is necessary to activate option N conductor current and connect 4 clamps as shown in Fig 18 Another option is to turn on analytical calculation of current In More information on total apparent power Se see sec 5 3 5 For systems with available PE and N conductors earthing and neutral it is also possible to measure N PE voltage To do this connect PE conductor to PE voltage input of the analyzer In addition select option N PE voltage in measurement point settings Pay attention to the direction of current clamps flexible and CT The clamps should be in stalled with the indicating the load direction It may be verified by conducting an active power measurement in
106. g temperature humidity height electromagnetic compatibility measuring category acc to IEC 61010 1 maximum measured conductor diameter 100 mV AC 1 A AC 40 Hz 10 kHz double according to IEC 61010 1 II 600 V IP 40 with open jaws IP 30 135 x 50 x 30 mm about 240 g 21 mm 69 mm 20 mm 1 5m 10 C 55 C lt 85 RH lt 2000 m IEC 61000 6 3 2008 IEC 61000 6 2 2008 7 Equipment 7 2 4 C 7 current clamp C 7 Clamps are used to measure alternating currents in net works of low and medium power within the range up to 100 A The output signal is a voltage proportional to the measured current at the sensitivity of 5 mV A It is introduced via a cable length 1 5 m ended with a plug suitable for a socket in the meter The arrow marked on one of the clamps indicates the direction of current flow It is assumed that the current flows in the positive di rection if it flows from the source to the receiver This orientation of clamps is required for the correct power measurement Attention Do not use non insulated clamps for conductors with a Fig 61 C 7 clamp potential exceeding 300 V with respect to the ground and in systems with the measurement category higher than Ill e Reference conditions e temperature e relative humidity 18 28 C lt 85 non condensing e Technical data test range e frequency range maximum allowable continuous current e accuracy sine wave Ba
107. group of 0 order i e subharmonic consists of eight lines with frequencies from 5Hz to 40Hz Each following interharmonic subgroup consists of seven lines located between harmonic subgroups e g subgroup of 1st order includes spectral lines of fre quencies from 60 Hz to 90 Hz In case of subharmonic subgroup the range of spectral lines was extended by 5 Hz line otherwise the energy in this lowest frequency band would not be included and would be lost All subsequent spectral lines are included either in the harmonic subgroup or interharmonic subgroup Similarly as in case of the harmonics interharmonics are calculated at least to 50th order for mains frequency of 50 Hz it gives a range of slightly above 2 5 kHz and for 60 Hz a range of slightly above 3 kHz 3 9 Measurement of ripple control signals The analyzer allows user to monitor two user defined frequencies in the range up to 3000 Hz After exceeding the threshold limit defined by the user the analyzer records the signal level for a specified period of time up to 120 seconds As a standard the analyzer measures the average values of signals for the time interval selected in settings the main averaging period When re cording acc to EN 50160 is selected then additionally all 3 second average values are recorded for both frequencies they are compared with limits specified in the standard when the report is prepared 3 10 Measurement of transients COS The option for measu
108. hanged location The analyzer which operates a GSM modem and is within a range of GPS may notify the user about its movements To use this feature the user must activate Anti theft function from the PC program and fill the appropriate list of emergency phone numbers for sending SMS messages with appropriate information In this mode the analyzer saves the position where it was acquired for the first time after turning on the recording and then sends an SMS message to the defined phone number s if the analyzer changes its location by more than 100 m SMS message con tains the actual coordinates of the analyzer Also Sonel Analysis enables user to connect user to the analyzer via GSM to check the analyzer current location on the status screen even when the analyzer is turned off see below When the analyzer remains for a long time at a distance great er than 100 m from its start position then it sends SMS messages every 10 minutes detailing the current position of the analyzer max 10 SMS messages In adverse conditions for GPS reception weak signal signal reflections the analyzer may send erroneous message on the location The user is also notified of the loss return of GPS signal by additional SMS messages After activating the anti theft function the analyzer behaves differently during switch off mode GSM modem and a GPS receiver are continuously active This is also the cause of faster dis charging of the battery in the absence of
109. he individual funda ihe components are 120 each sign in the line specifying the sequence for the 1st harmonics means the normal direction of the motor shaft rotation The voltage harmonics for which the sign is also cause the torque corresponding with the direction of the fundamental component The harmonics of the 2nd 5th 8th and 11th order are the opposite sequence harmonics meaning that they generate the torque which counteracts normal motor direction of rotation which can cause heating unnecessary en ergy losses and reduced efficiency The last group are the zero sequence components such as the 3rd 6th and 9th which do not generate torque but flowing through the motor winding cause additional heating Basing on the data from the table it is easy to note that the series 0 is repeated for all successive harmonic orders The formula which links the sequence with order is very simple and for k being any integer Sequence Harmonic order positive 3k 1 zero 0 3k The even order harmonics do not appear when a given waveform is symmetrical in relation to 2 L S Czarnecki Power values in electrical circuits with non sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms Publishing House of Warsaw Technical University Warsaw 2005 p 109 89 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual its average value and this is the case in majority of power supply systems In a typical situation the measured even or
110. he recording is stopped e g during a voltage dip Information about such event is also recorded but with the following changes e there is no end time of the event e extreme value is calculated only for the period until the recording is stopped e the average value is not reported e only the beginning waveform is available for RMS voltage or current related events 64 3 Design and measurement methods To eliminate repeated event detection when the value of the parameter oscillates around the threshold value the analyzer has a function of user defined event detection hysteresis It is de fined as a percentage value in the following manner e for RMS voltage events it is the percent of the nominal voltage range e g 2 of 230 V which is 4 6 V e for RMS current events it is the percent of the nominal current range e g for C 4 clamps and in absence of current transducers 2 hysteresis is 0 02x1000 A 20 A e for events related to DC voltage and Un pe voltage the hysteresis is calculated as a percent age of the threshold value but not less than 50 mV referred to input e for remaining parameters the hysteresis is specified as a percent of maximum threshold e g when maximum threshold for current crest factor has been set to 4 0 the hysteresis is 0 02x4 0 0 08 3 13 Methods of parameter s averaging Method of parameter averaging Symmetrical components U Unbalance factor U calculated from average va
111. he recording process At the same time the status bar displays the number of measurement point alternately with the hourglass symbol If all the scheduled times are over the recording process will be inactive unavailable and the status bar will display the number of measurement point alternately with the sinusoid symbol meaning that only Live preview of current mains values is possible The measurement point number which is displayed in the upper left corner of the screen flashes once per second while the device is in the recording mode Stopping the recording process e recording ends automatically as scheduled if the end time is set in other cases the user stops the recording using button or the software e recording ends automatically when all memory assigned to a measurement point on the memory card is filled In this situation the display will show the number of the measurement point alternately with the sinusoid symbol e the display will remain blank after the recording process is completed if the user activated the sleep mode Press any button to turn the screen on and to display the last screen if the key lock is off or the screen requesting the code for unlocking the keypad if the key lock is on 2 7 3 Approximate recording times The maximum recording time depends on many factors such as the size of the allocated space on a memory card averaging time the type of system number of recorded parameters waveforms r
112. he tree of cards for this point double clicking Measurement point 1 automatically expands the tree The following items should be displayed after expanding Standard Voltage Current Power and energy Harmonics Interharmonics 34 2 Operation of the analyzer J Settings k fe oe w Local n Add 7 p Measurement point name Events detection hysteresis u isin X m A v gt Measurement point 1 Mains nominal values Mains system yv Clamps type A Voltage Un r t 3 phase 4 wire Wye v GY Standard eee 3 r max 1 00 kA gt Voltage Frequency fn Current limit oy Triggering and averaging 0 05 v 0 5A Ave od nn E Voltage transducers Harmonics 10s v m c 10000 Triggering Interharmonics one m og B A 7 b Measurement point 2 p Additional measurements Of too Oo i l i ja cats Sate pines anes E current transducers Measured ie asur SA P send C receive Calculated e 1 0000 Analyzer M N PE voltage 1 00 lz Analyzer settings b 9 Measurement point 1 2013 02 15 0100 00 2013 02 15 b Q Measurement point 2 b Q Measurement point 3 2013 02 15 01 00 00 b Measurement point 4 Q necarenentcon F 2013 02 15 01 00 00 2013 02 15 Koy 2013 02 15 01 00 00 _ BBs Estimated memory usage 0 0 0 0 1844MB Total time span Fig 25 Main settings of the measurement point To change the main settings of the measurement point single click Measurement point 1 at Local panel The scre
113. hole process of recording 2 11 GSM communication mode 2 11 1 General information about GSM connection Built in GSM modem ensures wireless communication with the analyzer from almost any loca tion with Internet access Similarly as in case of USB and OR 1 connection this mode provides the user with a full control of the analyzer the user may view current data start and stop record ing read the data for analysis etc To use this mode the analyzer must be equipped with a SIM card of the following service parameters e General Packet Radio Service GPRS e static public IP address 39 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual SMS option to send alarm messages Note Ordinary SIM card removed from a cell phone cannot be used with the analyzer GPRS in the analyzer requires a non standard static IP address service reserved only for a given SIM card This static IP address en sures that the analyzer has one permanent address in the Internet This type of service is commonly used for transmission machine to machine M2M used e g in industry transmissions for monitoring and exchanging measurement data between devices The communication is performed in the following manner the modem connects to a GSM network and then log on to the Internet the modem initiates TCP IP server service with IP address assigned by the service pro vider Usually the port number used by the analyzer is 4001 The analyzer is prese
114. hree markers mark specific points on the graph and read the parameters of indicated points The graph may be saved in selected graphic format by clicking Save icon on the top toolbar Step 14 Displaying graphs with harmonics Two types of graphs may be displayed for harmonics The first one is a graph of recorded harmonics during the recording period To display the graph first select the time column and then the columns of selected harmonics e g third and fifth order and click Plots gt Time plot The second type of the graph is a bar graph of harmonics It shows all the harmonics in selected 1 second interval one row To generate it first select the desired cell from the time column and then select the column of any harmonic click Plots and choose Harmonics In the same manner the user may also select the time interval by dragging time column cells Then a graph is shown with average values of harmonics in the specified time period Step 15 Generating measurement report In order to generate a report containing values of required parameters select the columns of these parameters always select the time column first and then click Reports and select User report Click Preview in the displayed window to see saved data Save button saves data in a format specified by the user pdf html txt csv Step 16 Checking events If the analyzer during recording process detects any event it will be displayed in a table in Events view The r
115. hus initially there is a sudden voltage drop almost to zero followed by fast recovery and an overshoot when voltage much higher than the nominal is reached usually 98 5 Power quality a guide it does not exceed the double value of peak voltage in standard conditions and then the disturb ance is suppressed in oscillatory way The oscillating nature of the disturbance is caused by the interaction of the capacitor capacitance with network inductance and resulting resonance The os cillation frequency is usually around a few hundred Hz The resistance in the circuit results in gradual suppression of these oscillations The whole transient usually lasts no longer than a few few dozen milliseconds An example of such a transient is shown in Fig 52 T T T T Voltage 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time ms Fig 52 An example of a transient after switching capacitor banks Apart from the causes listed above transients in networks are generated by switching on and off capacitive loads inductive loads by tripping protection devices fuses and by short circuits Switching on loads circuits connected to the transformer windings often leads to ferroreso nance which is an oscillating transient caused by resonance between the capacitances in the cir cuit and by the non linear inductance of transformer ferromagnetic core Disconnection of induc tive loads is often accompanied by the sparking on contacts The voltage generated at the
116. identifying the possible cause of a problem and not a long term analysis Recording with a short averaging time may be sufficient to evaluate the performance of the mains and disturbances in it However equally detailed information can probably also be obtained with longer times in minutes but with activated recording of minimum and maximum values and event detection An important advantage in this situation that the volume of recorded data is much smaller which means faster data retrieval and analysis On the other hand the power quality tests are usually made according to the EN 50160 In this case the analysis is carried out over a longer period of time e g 7 days and therefore the chosen averaging time is also long 10 minutes Please note that there is no single best setting for both the averaging time and other parame ters or event thresholds Each mains system is different and so are the goals of the mains tests Therefore the optimal configuration of the analyzer may require several approaches and will also depend on the experience of the operator 103 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual 6 Technical data e Specifications are subject to change without prior notice Recent revisions of technical docu mentation are available at www sonel pl e Basic uncertainty is the uncertainty of a measurement instrument at reference conditions speci fied Tab 7 e Provided uncertainties apply to the analyzer without a
117. ime In other words if the following condi tion is met u t Ai t T then voltage is not distorted in relation to the current In case of sinusoidal voltage and load which is any combination of RLC elements this condition is always met for sinusoidal waveforms these elements maintain linearity However when the voltage is distorted the RLC load does not en sure absence of current distortion in relation to voltage any more and the load is no longer linear it is necessary to meet some additional conditions module and phase of load impedance changing with frequency And then is really Dg a measure of such distortion Unfortunately also in this case the Bu deanu s power theory fails It has been proven that the distortion power may be equal to zero ina situation when voltage is distorted in relation to current waveform and vice versa the distortion power may be non zero at total absence of distortion Practical aspect of this power theory which relates to improvement of power factor in systems with reactive power was to be the feature to take the most advantage of correct definitions of reac tive power The compensation attempts based on the Budeanu reactive power and related distor tion power failed These parameters did not allow even a correct calculation of correction capaci tance which gives the maximum power factor Sometimes such attempts resulted even in addi tional deterioration of power factor How come then
118. imply takes current in alternating or discontinuous way All the energy is supplied solely by the generator In the next step we may modify the circuit by introducing some impedance between the generator and the receiver Such impedance represents the resistance of cabling transformer winding etc Measurements of voltage and current harmonics will give slightly different results What will change Small voltage harmonics will appear and in addition current frequency spectrum will slightly change When analysing the voltage waveform on the receiver one could notice that original sinusoi dal waveform was slightly distorted If the receiver took current mainly at voltage peaks it would have visibly flattened tops Large current taken at such moments results in larger voltage drops on the system impedance A part of the ideal sinusoidal voltage is now dropped on this impedance A change in the current spectrum is a result of slightly different waveform of voltage supplied to the receiver The example described above and flat tops of the sinusoid are very frequent in typical sys tems to which switched mode power supplies are connected 5 4 1 Harmonics active power Decomposing receiver voltage and current to harmonic components enables using more de tailed analysis of energy flow between the supplier and the consumer We assume that the power quality analyzer is connect between the voltage source and the receiver Both supply voltage and curr
119. in 1922 by F Buchholz a German physicist S305 It is based on the effective values of voltage and current and the power is called the effective apparent power for this reason index e is used in marking three phase systems Those effec tive voltage and current values are such theoretical values which represent voltage and current in an energetically equivalent three phase balanced system Consequently the key issue is to de termine Ue and Ie IEEE Standard 1459 specifies the following formula In three wire systems 84 5 Power quality a guide lL h 1 L In four wire systems We th Pe Fh aea ae O F U aa a ae ee 18 where la lb lo are RMS currents for individual phases line or phase In is the RMS current in neutral conductor Ua Up Uo are RMS phase to neutral voltages and Uab Ubo Uca are RMS phase to phase voltages Se calculated in this manner includes both the power losses in the neutral conductor in four wire networks and the effect of unbalance le 5 3 6 Distortion power Ds and effective apparent power Sen During the discussion on reactive power it was mentioned that the distortion power according to Budeanu cannot be used for large distortions of voltage and current and for the unbalance of three phase systems a paradox of distortion power which is not a measure of actual distortion However this power is often used by energy quality specialists and manufacturers of systems f
120. int Start and Stop buttons Note Disabling the access point will prevent a direct connection analyzer gt tablet via Wi Fi e changing the software actions at the startup Sonel Analysis may operate in one of two modes Default setting is Paired This automatically connects the program with the factory paired analyzer after the program is started Paired device field shows the serial number of the paired analyzer To make this possible the access point must be set as Enabled Se lecting Normal mode starts normal operation of the program In this case the automatic connection to the paired analyzer during startup will be disabled Next two fields SSID and Key enable user change the parameters of the access points in the tablet e SSID field is used to name the wireless access point e Key field is used to secure the connection with a password In order to properly configure a Wi Fi access point Disable the current access point Stop button Enter the access point name SSID field Enter the password Key field Press Start button 47 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual Note In order to enable the connection between the analyzer and the access point in the tablet the analyzer needs the same name SSID and Key en tered see chapter 2 12 4 2 12 4 Configuring Wi Fi connection via USB connection To properly configure the connection the following elements will be required Access Point Name SSID
121. ion THD THD F Current total harmonic distortion THD THD F a ae a ee ee ae a ee a TID R ella a TID F oen d a e e ae a a ae Voltage interharmonics amplitudes Vino Uinso Angles between voltage and current harmonics D1 50 Ripple control signals UR1 UR2 Only when using C 5 clamps 2 During recording for the purposes related to compliance with EN 50160 standard 3 second average values are also recorded 6 8 Power supply and heater Power supply 90 760 V AC 127 760 V DC CAT IV 600 V max 30 VA Li lon 4 4 Ah Operating time on batter Battery charging time fully discharged battery Current consumption from battery in analyzer off mode mains power failure does not apply to lt 1mA anti theft mode Heater temperature threshold activation 5 Heater power supply from AC adapter 6 9 Supported networks Types of supported networks directly and indirectly 1 phase with a neutral conductor terminals L1 N 3 phase wye with N 3 phase wye with a neutral conductor terminals L1 L2 L3 N 3 phase delta Three phase delta terminals L1 L2 L3 N shorted with L3 Three phase delta terminals L1 L2 L8 N shorted with L3 with two cur 3 phase Aron delta rent clamps 3 phase wye without N EN wye without neutral conductor terminals L1 L2 L3 N shorted 3 phase wye without Aron N 3 phase wye without neutral conductor terminals L1 L2 L3 N shorted with L3 with two current
122. ion of the current or completed recording optionally duration of the interval in the scheduled recording mode e the number of events recorded by the analyzer from the start of recording e GSM network status This line displays messages that relate to the current status of the built in GSM modem o Turning on the modem is being activated o Connecting to the network the modem logs on to GSM network o Connecting to the Internet the modem initiates exchanging data packets and connects with the Internet o Ready UMTS the modem has properly registered itself in GSM network and waits for a client connection UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Network is the name of a standard for data exchange which depends on the availability of services In a given area The analyzer may display different messages here e g indicate errors No SIM Cara when the SIM card is not inserted nvalid PIN when PIN submitted by the analyzer was rejected by the SIM card etc More related information may be found in the chapter on GSM connec tions chapter 2 11 e the last line of screen 8 9 shows the status of the GPS receiver when sufficient signal is re ceived from GPS satellites from internal or external antenna the device displays word YES When no signal is received the device displays No signal message See more about GPS receiver in chapter 2 10 e current level of GPS signal 19 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 7
123. is 1400 A for DC and 1000 A AC The output signal is voltage proportional to the meas ured current The clamp has one 1000 A measuring range with the 1 mV A sensitivity DC zero adjustment knob and e accuracy 0 as of measured value e input signal for max current 1VAC e ratio 1 mV AC 1 A AC e frequency range 30 Hz 10 kHz e insulation type double according to IEC 61010 1 e measuring category acc to IEC 61010 1 Il 600 V e protection rating acc to IEC 60529 IP 40 with open jaws IP30 e dimensions 216 x 111 x 45mm e weight about 640 g e jaws opening 53 mm e open jaws height 139 mm e maximum measured conductor diameter O52 mm e clamp lead length 1 5m e operating temperature 10 C 55 C e relative humidity lt 85 e height lt 2000 m e electromagnetic compatibility IEC 61000 6 3 2008 C 5 current clamp LED power supply indicator The output signal is supplied by a 1 5 meter lead with a pin adapted for the socket in the meter The arrow located on one of the jaws indicates the current flow direction It is assumed that the current is flowing in the positive direction if it is flowing from the source to the re ceiver Such clamp orientation is required for a correct power measurement Overload e Direct current DC e Alternating current AC IEC 61000 6 2 2008 Fig 59 C 5 clamp up to 3000 A continuous mode up to 1000 A in continuous mode up to the 1 kHz frequency 119 P
124. isadvantages of an abrupt time change there is an option to carry it out even when recording process is active A threshold is defined in seconds Time resynchroni zation threshold parameter to set the minimum difference between internal and UTC time at which the abrupt one step time change will be performed Note Abrupt change of time during the recording process may lead to irreversi ble loss of recorded data therefore it is advised to use the slow resyn chronization mode To avoid the problems with time measurement during recording please remember the follow ing issues e The analyzer must have properly set its time zone and the time displayed on its screen must be precisely compatible with local time if there is no GPS signal before starting the record ing e Turn slow resynchronization of time by setting Time resynchronization threshold parame ter to zero value and set resynchronization factor at a low value e g below 25 e f possible before starting the process of recording receive the GPS signal to synchronize the analyzer time to UTC This will ensure the least possible timing errors during the recording and a fast tuning time in case of a temporary loss of GPS signal e In order to ensure the compliance of the whole measurement with requirements of IEC 61000 4 30 in terms of time marking for devices of Class A the internal analyzer clock must be syn chronized to UTC and GPS signal must be available for the w
125. kets include immunity tests for simulated lightning surges AC power connections are tested with 2 kV pulses applied be tween power lines and grounding lines and 1 kV pulses applied directly between power supply lines Standardized pulse has voltage rise time of 1 2 us and voltage fall time of 50 us For the measuring devices that may be connected directly to distribution networks at the distribution boards or at LV transformers authorities defined a measurement category overvoltage category which informs about the device protection level against surges For example to be included into measurement category IV 600 V the category of PQM 702 and PQM 703 analyzers the devices must be immune to impulses of 1 2 us 50 us with 8 kV amplitude applied directly between test terminals at source impedance of 2 Q Peak current during surge may be therefore equal to 4 kA The main protection measures against such surges include the circuits limiting the maximum voltage such as gas discharge tubes GDTs and varistors Their construction must ensure receiv ing impact energy and limiting voltage penetrating the device circuits to a safe level Transients caused by switching compensation capacitance as opposed to lightning strokes have their source within the distribution network The compensation is used to improve the power factor and efficiency of energy transfer to the load At the moment of switching on a capacitor is a short circuit for the network t
126. l Harmonic Distortion for voltage referred to THDUR RMS Total Harmonic Distortion for current referred to the fundamental compo TADIR nent cos DPF cos y 91 where qgu1 is an absolute angle of the fundamental com ponent of voltage Ua n gi is an absolute angle of the fundamental component of current a tang P where Q Qs when Budeanu method was chosen Q Q when IEEE 1459 method was chosen method of harmonic subgroups according to IEC 61000 4 7 x harmonic order 1 50 50 2 h 2 Uj THDUp x 100 1 where Uh is the h th harmonic of voltage Ua n U is fundamental component of voltage Us n DE UZ THDUp Sree 100 where Ur is the h th harmonic of voltage Us n reada THDIr x 100 1 where Ihis the h th harmonic of current la l is fundamental component of current la method of interharmonic subgroups acc to IEC 61000 4 7 x interharmonic order 0 50 sub harmonic also includes the 5 Hz bin 50 772 in 0 Vin U1 where Un is the ih th interharmonic of voltage Us U is fundamental component of voltage Us n Interharmonic compo U nents of voltage and cur se ihx rent Total Interharmonic Dis tortion for voltage re ferred to the fundamental MOE component Total Interharmonic Dis tortion for voltage re TIDUR ferred to RMS Total Interharmonic Dis tortion for current re ferred to the fundamental TDIr component Total Interharmonic Dis tortion for c
127. lass A the range is 10 150 Uan The analyzer meets the requirements listed above relating to the operation of PLL for the rated voltage Unom gt 100 V i e up to approx 10 V 3 6 Frequency measurement The signal for measuring 10 second frequency values of the network is taken from L1 voltage channel This is the same signal that is used to synchronize the PLL L1 signal is sent to a 2nd or der band pass filter for which the passband was set at range of 40 70 Hz This filter is designed for reducing the level of harmonics Then a square signal is formed from the filtered waveform The signal cycles number and their duration are counted during the 10 second measuring cycle 10 second time intervals are determined by the real time clock every full multiple of 10 second time The frequency is calculated as the ratio of the number of cycles counted and their duration 3 7 The method for measuring harmonics Harmonics measurement is carried out according to IEC 61000 4 7 It defines the method for calculating individual harmonics The whole process consists of several steps e synchronous sampling 10 12 periods e FFT Fast Fourier Transform e grouping FFT analysis for the test window of 10 12 period approx 200 ms As a result of FFT we re ceive a set of spectral lines from 0 Hz DC to the 50 th harmonics approx 2 5 KHz for 50 Hz or 58 3 Design and measurement methods 3 kHz for 60 Hz The distance between succe
128. le the screen should display the desired window e g Live Mode and the sta tus bar should display Connected message Also the analyzer screen will display Con nected to PC GSM message The connection attempt was successful 2 11 4 Possible problems with GSM settings and troubleshooting Problem The search progress bar quickly reaches 100 and no analyzer is found Possible cause It may indicate that GSM search is disabled in program settings or in the analyz er database Solution from program menu select Options gt Program settings gt Media settings gt Active media Check TCP IP over GSM box Problem The search progress bar in a few sec reaches 100 and no analyzer is found Possible causes 1 The analyzer is turned off or its GSM is inactive not configured 2 IP address of the analyzer does not match the address entered into the database of analyzers 3 The analyzer has active GSM connection with another client or temporary network problems Solution 1 When the analyzer is available check the status of GSM modem on screen lt 8 9 gt If the status is Disabled then select Select Analyzer gt Actual settings from the program menu go to Wireless connection card and check whether GSM transmission available is enabled if not enable it Check settings of the modem 2 Check whether the correct IP address is entered to the database of analyzers 3 Try again in a few minutes Problem Despite correct status Ready
129. links USB OR 1 radio receiver and GSM modem The device is provided with a built in GSM modem UMTS standard and an antenna This so lution provides it with almost unrestricted access to the analyzer from any chosen global location with available GSM network On the left side of its housing the analyzer has a SIM card which is required for data transmission via GSM networks Another advantage of the device is a built in GPS receiver with antenna making the analyzer fully compliant with the requirements of IEC 61000 4 30 Class A without the need of installing additional accessories The GPS receiver ensures the synchronization with UTC Universal Time Clock and provides measurement accuracy of tens of nanoseconds GPS receivers may receive satellite signals in the open air therefore synchronization with a built in antenna is possible only outside of buildings When the analyzer is used indoors in order to ensure the availability of the GPS signal the device should be connected to an external GPS antenna cable length 10m lo cated outside the building External antenna is an additional accessory Recorded parameters are divided into groups that may be independently turned on off for re cording purposes and this solution facilitates the rational management of the space on the memory card Parameters that are not recorded leave more memory space for further measure ments The analyzer has an internal power supply adapter operating in a wid
130. llows the analyzer to communi cate with the tablet or computer remotely A direct connection tablet analyzer is possible as well as operation in a local network or via the Internet You can work in an open network or in a network secured with WPA WPA2 PSK With a direct connection a Wi Fi access point router is the tablet For this kind of operation the analyzer and tablet are configured at the factory The tablet may work with multiple analyzers This requires adding them to the analyzer data base When connected to an access point the analyzer starts TCP IP server connections with static IP address or with an address assigned by DHCP server of the access point TCP port used in the local network and for direct connections is 4002 Due to the possibility of using dynamic address during the operation in local network and with direct connection Sonel Analysis software scans the entire subnetwork to find the analyzer with MAC address corresponding to the one assigned to the analyzer with a given serial number 23 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual Connecting to the analyzer via the Internet requires a Wi Fi router properly configured by the network administrator The analyzer which has no access point within its range remains in scanning mode of 2 4 GHz Wi Fi band Note Connecting to the analyzer via the Internet requires a Wi Fi router proper ly configured by the network administrator For more i
131. lot of transient only in channels where events meet the criteria set by the user After detecting a transient the analyzer is insensitive to subsequent transients for 3 seconds A special case is when the transient is detected only in one channel and in the time between its detection and ending of the recording process subsequent transients occur in other channels In this particular situation the analyzer will record waveforms of all channels where transient events were detected Since transients detected slightly later than the transient in the first channel will not have exactly the same pretrigger time recording of these channels will end up at the same time as the recording in the first channel triggered by the first event Sonel Anal ysis software marks these events as Transient Waveforms for the channel that triggered the first event they will always appear with the other channels that triggered later event Similarly the opening of the graph of a later waveform secondary transient will also display other channels where the disturbance occurred within the same time period In this way you can easily analyze the time dependence between channels In the event table for transients the following parameters are specified e Extreme column includes maximum measured transient amplitude peak to peak e Duration column presents an approximate duration of the disturbance Measuring lines are referenced to PE input see also Fig 40 Tra
132. lues of symmetrical components Power Factor PF calculated from the averaged power values arithmetic average THD U calculated as the ratio of the RMS value of the higher order harmonics to the RMS value of the fundamental component for THD F or the ratio of the RMS value of higher order harmonics to the total RMS voltage for THD R TID U calculated as the ratio of the RMS value of interharmonics to the RMS val ue of the fundamental component for TID F or the ratio of the RMS value of interharmonics to the total RMS voltage for TID R Interharmonic amplitudes U Active and reactive power of arithmetic average harmonics Note Active Reactive Apparent and arithmetic average Distortion Power calculated from the averaged power values Harmonic amplitudes U The angles between voltage and arithmetic average current harmonics RMS average value is calculated according to the formula The arithmetic average AVG is calculated according to the formula N 1 AVG wD x where e xX is subsequent parameter value to be averaged e Nis the number of values to be averaged 65 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual 4 Calculation formulas 4 1 One phase network One phase network Parameter Designa Method of calculation tion Voltage True RMS DC Voltage Uanc Cc tet Tf l ojele where Uj is a subsequent sample of voltage Ua n M 2048 for 50 at and 60 Hz where Uj is a subsequ
133. lyzer via USB cable enter the analyzer database and select Change GSM settings and then Change PIN code of the SIM card Enter any of the four digits in Previous PIN this field is ignored in this case and then enter the same cor rect SIM code in the two fields below Save the settings Disconnect the analyzer and screen lt 8 9 gt will be displayed by the analyzer to check the status of GSM whether the connection available or not Problem Analyzer reports a GSM error by displaying PUK Required Possible cause The card inserted into the analyzer is blocked due to several attempts of enter ing incorrect PIN code Unlock the SIM card by entering PUK code Solution After connecting the analyzer via USB cable enter the analyzer database and select option Change GSM settings Select Change GSM PIN This should open a window al lowing you to enter PUK code and new PIN code Enter the codes and confirm Discon nect the analyzer and on screen lt 8 9 gt check the status of GSM whether the connection is made properly The card may be also unlocked by inserting it into any mobile phone and entering PUK code and a new PIN code Note several attempts to enter incorrect PUK code will result in irreversible block ing of the SIM card Problem The analyzer reports GSM errors Network Error SMS Error No network or other Possible Cause One of GSM network errors occurred It may be caused by entering wrong phone number for SMS no
134. me resynchronization As the availability of the GPS signal cannot be guaranteed on a permanent basis it is neces sary to ensure proper management of internal time when the GPS signal becomes available and when it differs from the internal time of the analyzer When no recording is on the situation is simple after receiving the satellite time the analyz er clock automatically synchronizes with it without any additional conditions When the recording process is on a sudden change of the internal time may lead to a loss of measurement data when time is reset or it may create a time gap in gathered data when UTC time is ahead of the analyzer time To prevent this a slow synchronizing mechanism was intro duced to synchronize the internal analyzer time with UTC time The implementation of this con cept is based on the deceleration or acceleration of the internal analyzer clock in such a manner that after a time the two clocks internal and GPS are equalled and achieve synchronization The advantage of this solution is the fact that there is no data loss or discontinuity The user has the option to set two configuration parameters that affect the resynchronization during the recording process One of them resynchronization factor defines the speed of the synchronization The lower is the factor value the longer is resynchronization but the length of the measurement intervals will be close to the averaging time Despite the aforementioned d
135. ments in non sinusoidal conditions the calculation formulas relate to sinusoidal conditions we can read in the standard that due to practical reasons non sinusoidal waveforms have been excluded The standard does not give any measurement criteria which would allow checking the meter properties at distorted voltage and current waveforms As a surprise comes also the fact that the older standard IEC 61268 already withdrawn defined the test which involved checking the measurement accuracy at 10 of the third current harmonic The present situation leaves the choice of measuring method to the meters designers which unfortunately leads to significant differences in reactive energy indications in the presence of high harmonic distortion level Older electromechanical meters have characteristics similar to that of a low pass filter the higher harmonics are attenuated in such meters and the reactive power measurement in the presence of harmonics is very close to the value of reactive power of the fundamental component Electronic meters which are more and more popular may carry out measurements using vari ous methods For example they may measure active and apparent power and then calculate the reactive power from the power triangle Square root from the sum of both such powers squared In reality taking into account IEEE 1459 2000 standard they measure the non active power not the reactive power Another manufacturer may use the method
136. most types of passive receivers active power is positive When clamps are in correctly connected it is possible to change their polarity using Sonel Analysis software CE POM 711 When measuring overvoltages transients is also required remember that the analyzer measures them in relation to PE input Therefore in such cases always ensure that PE input of the analyzer is connected to a local earthing This remark applies to all types of sys tems including 3 wire systems Unconnected PE conductor will result in a failure to detect transi ents In 3 phase 3 wire systems to be able to detect transients in L3 voltage channel a L3 in put must be connected to the tested mains in these systems when transients measurement is not needed L3 input can be left disconnected The following figures show schematically how to connect the analyzer to the tested network depending on its type Icons used in the drawings with respect for optional connections have the following meanings Urre if Un pe voltage measurement is required make connection as shown by the icon in dia gram connect PE input to the protective conductor Cin i In current measurement is required make connection as shown by the icon in diagram connect clamps in channel In Trans jf transients measurement is required make connection as shown by the icon in dia gram connect PE input to the local earthing or protective conductor and L3 input de pending on mains system
137. nd analyze power quality parameters In order to provide safe operation and correct measurement results the following recommendations must be ob served e Before you proceed to operate the analyzer acquaint yourself thoroughly with the present manual and observe the safety regulations and specifications provided by the producer e Any application that differs from those specified in the present manual may result in damage to the device and constitute a source of danger for the user e Analyzers must be operated only by appropriately qualified personnel with relevant certificates authorizing the personnel to perform works on electric systems Operating the analyzer by unauthorized personnel may result in damage to the device and constitute a source of danger for the user e The device must not be used for networks and devices in areas with special conditions e g fire risk and explosive risk areas e tis unacceptable to operate the device when itis damaged and completely or partially out of order its cords and cables have damaged insulation e Do not power the analyzer from sources other than those listed in this manual e f possible connect the analyzer to the de energized circuits e Opening the device socket plugs results in the loss of its tightness leading to a possible dam age in adverse weather conditions It may also expose the user to the risk of electric shock e Repairs may be performed only by an authorized service point
138. nd solve other problems related to widely understood power quality issues The power source quality parameters as well as the properties of receivers are described with many various parameters and indices This paper can shed some light on this area As already mentioned the lack of standardization of measurement methods has caused sig nificant differences in values of individual mains parameters calculated with various devices Ef forts of many engineers resulted in IEC 61000 4 30 standard concerning power quality For the first time this standard and related standards provided very precise methods mathematical rela tions and required measurement accuracy for power quality analyzers Compliance with the standard in particular the class A should be a guarantee of repeatable and almost identical measurement results of the same magnitudes measured with devices from different manufactur ers 5 1 1 Current Transformer CT clamps for measuring alternating currents AC CT clamps CT Current Transformer are simply large current transformer processing high current of the primary winding into the lower current in the secondary winding The jaws of typical current clamp are made of a ferromagnetic material e g iron wound around the secondary wind ing The primary winding is a conductor around which the clamp jaws are closed usually it is one single coil If the 1000 ampere current flows through the tested conductor in the secondary wind
139. nformation about configuring Wi Fi connection and the ways of connecting with the meter refer to section 2 12 2 7 Taking measurements 2 7 1 Measurement Points The analyzer allows the user to store four completely independent measurement configura tion which are called measurement points Number of active measurement point is shown in the upper left corner of the screen Press buttons and Cc at the same time and hold them pressed for 1 second to dis play the screen for selecting the measurement point Fig 15 Choose measurement point P1 P2 P3 P4 Fig 15 Selection of the measurement point To select one of the four points press the corresponding button indicated by a triangle on the screen e to select measurement point 1 select D e to select measurement point 2 select e to select measurement point 3 select e to select measurement point 4 select After selecting the measurement point the analyzer displays the phasor diagram screen 1 9 and checks the validity of mains connections If an error is detected the device emits a long beep If the user chooses to not to select the measurement point and does not press any key after a few seconds the analyzer returns to the previous screen In some cases changing the measurement point is not possible At least two of such cases are as follows 24 2 Operation of the analyzer e the analyzer is recording in such case the device displays message Recording in
140. nmental conditions and other technical data 1 cccccssseccseeeereneees 115 6 13 Safety and electromagnetic compatibility cccccccseeeececeeeeeceseneseceesaneeees 115 0I 21610 218 cee nee ee eee eee a 116 7 EQUPMEN See eee ne eee eee eee eee 117 7 1 Standard equipment cccccccccesseeceeecceecesuesseeceesesssueeseecesssssaaeeseeeeessssaaeeeseees 117 7 2 Optional accessories ccccccccccssseeseeecceecseeeseeceesessaueeeceesssssseeeecesssssaaeeeseees 117 7 2 1 GA CUON CaN Aer ee eE E en eae ne nee 118 7 2 2 O Cunen CAND aoas aE EE o E EAEE E AE EE REEERE 119 7 2 3 C 6 current clamp us seeccccccccsneeeeccceesssueeeecesessseeuseceessssueeseeessssasaeeeeeessssaaeeeeessssaanes 121 7 2 4 Cr Cunen CaN riser ae AE O N 123 7 2 5 F 1 F 2 Fo curent lampe serere sre peee EEE EE EEEE EENES 124 7 2 6 External active GPS antenna eccszcdedtesemadincctadspdeerncupreavseetectecicedictieesdxaeteeleais 125 8 Other Information te iota ss secs vase eases epee ninina aaa 126 8 1 Cleaning ANA maintenance sseeeccccsseeeeecseaeeeeessaeeeeesaaseeeesssaaeseessaaeneeesees 126 8 2 RO 18 EI E ETAR EE E EE E E E E E T 126 8 3 Dismantling and utilization ccsceccccssneeeeceeeseeeecesaueeeecssaneceeessaaeeeessaaesessasanes 126 8 4 ManutactuUrOT sesepi SEE EE EE E 126 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual 1 General Information 1 1 Safety PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 and PQM 711 devices are designed to measure AN record a
141. nsformers is usually very narrow so the net work disturbances at high frequencies e g lightning surges are largely suppressed and distorted on the secondary side of the transformer This should be taken into account when making transient measurements in configuration with transformers 2 9 Example of use The procedure presented below shows how to make a sample measurement with the analyzer step by step from connecting the device to generating the measurement report It provides guidelines how to quickly start to operate the analyzer and Sonel Analysis software It is assumed that Sonel Analysis software is already installed The example assumes the use of PQM 703 analyzer If using an analyzer without transient measurement capability skip settings that refers to transient measurement Scenario single phase measurement acc to user settings Measurement scenario is as follows the user wants to measure voltage parameters of 1 phase network 230 V 50 Hz The measurement is to be made with averaging equal to 1 second The following parameters are to be recorded e average values of voltage THD and harmonics e frequency e voltage event detection should be turned on and set at level of 105 Unom for swell 95 Unom for dip 10 Unom for interruption When an event is detected the waveform and RMS graph must be recorded e transients should be activated at the lowest possible voltage threshold of 50 V the most sensitive s
142. nsient module monitors the voltage between the inputs e L1 PE e L2 PE e L3 PE e N PE Note For proper measurement of transients it is necessary to connect PE input of the analyzer to the local earthing system It is also required for 3 wire delta and wye systems without neutral conductor 61 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual 3 10 1 Threshold method Threshold method is chosen by selecting Threshold in voltage settings of the measurement point and setting the threshold voltage in the range from 50 V to 5000 V In this method the ana lyzer detects a transient after it exceeds the pre set amplitude in volts Transients whose ampli tude does not exceed the set threshold will not be detected by the analyzer In this mode the waveform rise time is not taken into account Both slow and fast transients will be detected when the amplitude criterion is met NOTE Threshold value entered is a transient amplitude not the absolute voltage referred to the PE earth voltage level 3 10 2 Slew rate dV dt method Slew rate method dV dt is activated by selecting Slew rate and indicating an appropriate sampling rate which indirectly selects the voltage slew rate from several available values see Tab 5 In dV dt method the device analyses the voltage waveforms in a specific time window and detects transient if the slew rate in the window exceeds the value set by the user in settings The absolute amplitude of the
143. nt in the Internet with this IP and port PC from which the user tries to connect with the analyzer via GSM modem must have ac cess to the Internet Sonel Analysis software while searching for analyzers tries to connect to those analyz ers that have IP number configured in the data base additionally the user must enable TCP IP over GSM in program settings Only port 4001 of a remote host is checked by default If an analyzer is found under typed address and its serial number match the serial number of an analyzer is the database then the device will be shown in the list of found devices After connecting the communication will be performed via the Internet After completing the connection the software closes the connection with the analyzer which enters a stand by mode waiting for a client connection 2 11 2 Modem Configuration In order to configure the SIM card and modem in the analyzer the user must obtain the fol lowing data from the data transmission service provider 40 PIN code for SIM card PUK code for SIM Card for emergency cases when SIM card is locked after repeated attempts of enter wrong PIN IP number assigned to SIM card it must be a static number APN Access Point Name user name and password optional usually not required Configure the analyzer for GSM connectivity in the following manner connect to the analyzer via a USB cable If the analyzer is not present in the database it should added
144. nterharmonics amplitudes current THD and TID all power values in a given channel power factor and cos the angles between voltage and current harmonics harmonics active and reactive power tang and K factor Total values of the system are zeroed only if all current channels are below the reset thresh old Then the following values are also reset e current unbalance factors and current symmetrical components For events some parameters are managed in a way that takes zeroing into account The pa rameter value is taken into account when detecting start and end of the event and calculating ex treme and average values only when the current value is above the threshold Parameters man aged in this way include e current crest factor e current THD and TID 62 3 Design and measurement methods e power factor and cos e tang and K factor e current unbalance Zeroing is highlighted in live mode and in analysis In order to distinguish between the actual measured value from zeroed value of reset parameter the following rules apply e in live mode the zeroed values are marked with symbol asterisk next to a value e g 0 000 e inthe data analysis the heading of a parameter that can be zeroed is marked by adding symbol e g I L1 A single cells are not selected but only the header to indicate that the limiting function was applied e the display of the analyzer shows the zeroed values in grey 3 12 E
145. nusoidal systems pa ee Sa COSQ In non sinusoidal systems such simplification is not acceptable and the power factor is calcu lated based on the actual ratio of active power and apparent power PF S In single phase systems the apparent power is calculated as shown in the formula above and there are no surprises here However it turns out that in three phase systems calculation of this power is equally difficult as calculation of reactive power Of course this is related to actual sys tems with non sinusoidal waveforms which additionally can be unbalanced The tests have shown that the formulas used so far can give erroneous results if the system is unbalanced Since the apparent power is a conventional parameter and does not have a physical interpretation determination which of proposed apparent power definitions is correct could be dif ficult Yet the attempts have been made based on the observation that the apparent power is closely related to the transmission losses and the power factor Knowing the transmission losses and the power factor one can indirectly specify a correct definition of apparent power The definitions used so far include arithmetic apparent power and vector apparent power The test have shown however that neither the arithmetic definition nor the vector definition give correct value of the power factor The only definition which did not fail in such a situation was the definition proposed as early as
146. oe Ps haad aiat h aiad 4 raras 100us Ims ms 10ms 20ms 100ms 058 1s 10s Time Fig 53 Voltage tolerance curves ANSI ITIC and CBEMA 0 The vertical axis of the graph presents voltage in percent of the nominal value whereas the horizontal axis presents time in logarithmic scale The middle part of the graph between curves represents the area of the correct operation of the device The area above represents high voltage conditions that may damage the device or trigger over voltage protection while the area under the curves represents a situation of low voltage in mains which may disconnect the power supply or temporary power shortage resulting in incorrect operation of the equipment As shown in the graph there is a relationship between the voltage value and the duration of the disturbance For example voltage swell of 200 Unom and with duration of 1 ms in typical cases does not result in failure or malfunctioning point between curves but an interference of such amplitude which lasts for half period of the mains may be have very adverse effects the point above two curves Generally it is accepted that in a typical situation events occurring in the power grid when it comes to the value of the mains voltage should fit in the middle area of the graph between curves and then they should not lead to malfunction or damage to the connected equipment Equipment manufacturers especially power adapters often use this p
147. ogowski a German physicist It is an air core coil wound around a conductor with current Special de sign of the coil allows leading out its both ends on the same side thus facilitating clamp placement around the conductor the return end is placed inside the coil at its entire length The current flowing through the measured conductor causes centric magnetic field lines which due to the self induction phenomenon induce the electromo tive force at the end of the coil This voltage however is proportional to the rate of current change in the conduc tor and not to the current itself Rogowski coil has some undeniable advantages compared with current transformers As it does not have HO X Re e A To ee PATA YY 3 V Fig 44 Rogowski coil 5 Power quality a guide a core the core saturation effect is eliminated thus being a perfect instrument to measure high currents Such coil has also an excellent linearity and a wide pass band much wider than a cur rent transformer and its weight is much smaller However until recently the wider expansion of flexible clamps in the current measurement ar ea was difficult There are some factors that hinder the practical implementation of the measure ment system with a Rogowski coil One of them is a very low voltage level which is induced on the clamps it depends on geometrical dimensions of the coil For example the output voltage for 50 Hz frequency of the F series
148. onnection via Internet When connected to an access point the analyzer starts TCP IP server connections with static IP address or with an address assigned by DHCP server of the access point The port used in the local network and for direct connections is 4002 Due to the possibility of using dynamic address during the operation in local network and with direct connection Sonel Analysis software scans the entire subnetwork to find the analyzer with MAC address corresponding to the one assigned to the analyzer with a given serial number Connecting to the analyzer via the Internet requires a Wi Fi router properly configured by the network administrator The analyzer which has no access point within its range remains in scanning mode of 2 4GHz Wi Fi band Remote connection of Sonel Analysis software via Wi Fi is possible when this mode is active in software settings Software Configuration gt Active Media Fig 32 45 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual 2 12 2 Factory configuration The factory Wi Fi configuration of the tablet and the analyzer is as follows e The tablet is configured as an access point o Network SSID AP_analyzer_serial_number e g AP_BR0O001 o IP number of the access point 192 168 173 1 o Subnet mask 255 255 255 0 o Automatic assigning of IP addresses DHCP enabled o WPA encryption is active the key is the same as SSID e Analyzer settings o Network SSID AP_analyzer_serial_number e g AP_
149. or reactive power compensation It must be clearly said that this parameter has given relatively good results only in conditions of slight distortion of voltage and current waveforms IEEE 1459 2000 standard lists this definition of power however just like in case of Budeanu reactive power it has a non removable defect and it is recommended to discard it entirely Instead of Ds another value was proposed to reflect total distortion power in a system in a better way it is called non fundamental apparent power Sen Sen power allows a quick estimation whether a load works in conditions of small or large harmonic distortion it is also a basis for estimating the static values and active filters or compensators According to the definition for 3 phase systems Sen Se Si Se1 3le1 Vex where Effective current and RMS voltage of the fundamental component le1 and Ue respectively are calculated similarly to and Ue but instead of RMS phase to neutral or phase to phase volt ages the effective voltages of fundamental components are substituted In single phase systems to calculate the distortion apparent power a simpler formula may be used Sy yS a U 1 where U and are effective values of the fundamental components of phase to neutral voltage and current 85 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual 5 3 7 Power Factor True Power Factor or Power Factor TPF or PF is the value which takes into acco
150. ow describing the specific event displays time of the event start and end extreme value e g minimum voltage during the dip waveform and RMSj 2 graph when the event was voltage or current related In this scenario event graphs were activated in settings therefore when the analyzer detects any event the last column of the table with Waveform header should include a graph icon Click it to display the graphs 37 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual 2 10 Time Synchronization 2 10 1 Requirements of IEC 61000 4 30 The analyzer has a built in GPS receiver whose main purpose is to synchronize the analyzer clock with an atomic clock signal distributed via GPS satellites Time synchronization of the ana lyzer with UTC is required by IEC 61000 4 30 standard for Class A for marking the measurement data Maximum error cannot exceed 20 ms for 50 Hz and 16 7 ms for 60 Hz Such action is nec essary to ensure that different analyzers connected to the same signal provide identical read outs Synchronization with UTC is also needed when the network of analyzers is dispersed When the source of the time signal becomes unavailable an internal real time clock has to ensure the accu racy of time measurement with accuracy better than 1 second to 24 hours but even in these conditions to ensure the compliance with class A the accuracy of measurement must be the same as previously specified i e max 1 period of mains 2 10 2 GPS re
151. ows S2 P D Q D D is the scattered power which occurs in the system as a result of changing conductance of the receiver with frequency Thus the presence of reactive elements may result in the scattered power In this equation reactive power Q appears when there is a phase shift between the voltage and current harmonics D means the unbalanced power which is a measure of unbalance of a three phase receiver This component explains the situation in which an unbalanced three phase load of a purely resis tive character results in the power factor less than one Such receiver has no reactive power Q and still the results from the power triangle S P Q are totally different the Budeanu s power theo ry with its distortion power could not explain this situation either in a purely resistive receiver the distortion power Dg equals zero An attempt to combine IEEE 1459 2000 standard with the Czarnecki s power theory leads to the conclusion that non active power includes at least three separate physical phenomena which influence the reduced effectiveness of energy transmission from the source to the receiver i e reduction of the power factor P P PF Se JP2 D Q D In IEEE 1459 2000 standard reactive power known as Q has been limited to the fundamental component and it applies both to single phase and three phase systems In single phase systems Q Uh sing 81 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Op
152. p computer Data analyzed on the tablet may be freely transferred to a desktop computer This may be performed in at least two ways 1 2 Copy the data from the tablet to a micro SD card or USB memory then transfer them to any computer Use the Wi Fi connection To do this make sure that the tablet has its Wi Fi access point enabled Fig 33 connect the computer to the access point of the tablet Fig 38 open File Explorer Fig 39 and enter IP address of the tablet 192 168 173 1 the tablet should display an assigned folder from which you can copy files to the com puter Obecnie po czono z tt AP_BS0003 is E Brak dostepu do Internetu WBK Dostep do Internetu Po czenie sieci bezprzewodowej A NetworkProfile Potaczono all Nazwa NetworkProfile WBK Sita sygnatu Znakomita Typ zabezpieczen WPA2 PSK Typ radia 802 11n SSID AP_BS0003 Otworz Centrum sieci i udostepniania Fig 38 Available wireless connection view in Windows 53 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual Sa NAE 9 f Przeszukaj 192 168 1731 Plik Edycja Widok Narz dzia Pomoc Organizuj Centrum sieci i udost pniania 2 aaa jj e a Ulubione J iae Ostatnie miejsca Udzia l Pobrane E Pulpit Biblioteki Dokumenty Muzyka 1 Nowa biblioteka Obrazy a Wideo 1 element A A Fig 39 Tablet s shared folders view in Windows 2 13 Notification of analyzer c
153. placed with waste of another kind Worn out electronic equipment should be sent to a collection point in accordance with the law of waste electrical and electronic equipment Before the equipment is sent to a collection point do not dismantle any elements Observe local regulations concerning disposal of packages waste batteries and accumula tors 8 4 Manufacturer The manufacturer of the device and provider of guarantee and post guarantee services SONEL SA ul Wokulskiego 11 58 100 Swidnica Poland Front desk 48 74 85 83 860 Fax 48 74 85 83 809 e mail export sonel pl internet www sonel pl Note Service repairs must be performed only by the manufacturer 126 Notes 127
154. progress e the communication with a PC is in progress via USB OR 1 Wi Fi or GSM In this case LEFT and RIGHT keys are inactive The user may assign any chosen percentage of memory to each point e g 100 for the first point and 0 for others or 25 for each point If any measurement point has the whole memory assigned selecting any other measurement point results in displaying the number of selected point alternately with the symbol of the sine wave indicating that the parameters may be viewed only in LIVE mode 2 7 2 Start stop of recording When the selected measurement point still has the assigned disk space left the user may start recording by pressing button or initiate it from the software using connected PC Starting the recording mode depends on how its configuration during the configuration of the measurement point There are three modes available e Immediate start when recording begins immediately after pressing the button e start after detecting the first event in such case the analyzer waits for the record triggering event i e when the first of the parameters configured for the measurement point exceeds the threshold triggering the event While waiting for the event the analyzer uses the status bar to display the number of the measurement point alternately with the symbol of slope with an arrow e start according to scheduled recording time Screen 8 may be used to see the next scheduled start and end of t
155. r quality a guide e Power Line Carrier Communication PLCC frequency range from 3 to 148 5 kHz e Marking signals short transients imposed at a specific point on the voltage waveform Since the introduction of such signals to the power supply may have negative consequences for some devices similarly to the effect of harmonics or interharmonics EN 50160 standard de fined limits for the 3 second mean values of such signals as shown in Fig 47 During the meas urement 99 of average 3 second control signals values must be below the specified limit Low frequency signals up to 3 kHz are used for switching on off the loads filters and protec tion devices One application is to control the street lighting or in some countries remote control ling of HVAC devices Often this kind of signals are used for customers using two types of energy tariff e g when using a cheaper night tariff the energy supplier automatically disables selected loads This type of communication is usually unidirectional Due to the low attenuation features of the distribution network at this frequency range attenuation increases with increasing frequency communication using this method allows users to achieve the greatest range of transmission even hundreds of kilometres During the transmission control signal is transmitted in several packages and repeated at specified intervals The period during which the signal is active may be quite long e g for 2 seconds
156. re measured Each line current is a sum of two phase currents In the wye without N type receivers we know the currents flowing through impedance but we do not know the voltages each phase to phase voltage is a sum of two phase to neutral voltages We need to take account of the fact that at given voltage values at terminals and currents flowing into such black box there is an infinite number of variants of receiver internal structure which will give us identical measurement results of voltage and current values visible outside the black box Then how is it possible that there are reactive power meters intended for measurements in three wire systems and the mains analyzers which allow the reactive power measurement under such circumstances In both cases the manufacturers use the trick which involves an artificial creation of a refer ence point virtual neutral terminal N Such point may be created very easily by connecting to the terminals of our black box a wye connected system of three resistors of the same value The po tential of the central point in the resistor system is used to calculate the phase voltages Obvi ously quotation marks are justified here as such virtual zero will provide quite correct results only when the unbalance of the receiver is minimal In any other case an indication of reactive power from such device should be treated very cautiously In no case should a measuring instrument mislead the user and such
157. reases with decreasing frequency e flicker also in this case subharmonics have particularly adverse effects For example subharmonic with 8 8Hz frequency causes the modulation of mains voltage within the range where human eye is most sensitive to this phenomenon see also sec 5 2 low frequency oscillations in mechanical systems interferences in the operation of control and protection systems telecommunications and acoustic interferences saturation of magnetic cores by subharmonic components e g transformers motors etc The interaction of higher harmonics and interharmonics may also lead to unexpected phe nomena such as beating in at low frequencies For example ninth harmonic 450 Hz with inter harmonic of 460 Hz frequency generates the effect of beating in at the frequency of 10 Hz de spite the fact that in this frequency spectrum a component of this frequency is not present Human eye is very sensitive in this frequency range and the interaction may lead to a significant flicker 91 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual effect 230 V 50 Hz voltage waveform for this case is presented in Fig 45 significantly higher lev el of the interharmonic was assumed in this case to illustrate the effect better 400 300 sul i I ott ft VY MO rl fy oo 4 HV TL et dy TA TY LE SUAUAURERRGHEURUAER i COO e AAA ea 400 O Fig 45 The effect of 9th harmonic interaction 450 Hz 10 Unom and interh
158. ring transients is available only for PQM 703 and PQM 711 Analog to digital converters typically used in power quality analyzers have relatively low sampling frequency and are insufficient to provide required accuracy of transient recording due to the short term nature of these disturbances and their wide frequency spectrum For this reason PQM 703 and PQM 711 analyzers are using a separate 4 channel A D converter with a maximum sampling frequency of 10 MHz This corresponds to the time between individual samples of 100 ns In this mode it is possible to record the fastest transients and the recording time reaches 2ms 60 3 Design and measurement methods Tab 5 Summary of transient measurement modes in PQM 703 and PQM 711 eer Recording time range Sampling frequency Rise time with dV dt method 2000 20000 samples 10 MHz 100 V 5 us 0 2 2 ms 5 MHz 100 V 10 us 0 4 4 ms 100 kHz 100 V 500 us 20 200 ms To configure the transients measurement a few options are provided for the user e main sampling frequency of A D converter in the range from 100 kHz to 10 MHz e detection method based on the set minimum transient amplitude from 50 V to 5000 V or a minimum slew rate dV dt method e switching recording on off of the transient waveforms e recording time for timeplot in the range from 2 000 to 20 000 samples e _pretrigger time is within the range of 10 to 90 of the recording time The analyzer records the timep
159. ription V AutoPIN Fig 27 Entering GSM settings in the analyzer database If you remove the SIM card from the slot the analyzer will display error message No SIM card This message is repeated during next activations of the analyzer Removing the SIM card 41 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual while the analyzer is in operating mode it is not recommended as it prevents correct analyzer logging off from the GSM network Note After any change in GSM settings its automatic restart is initiated 2 11 3 Checking GSM connection If status screen lt 8 9 gt shows the status of GSM modem as Ready lt connection type gt it means that a connection from a remote PC may be performed via Internet The user may perform a test connection to verify the connectivity with Sonel Analysis e Inthe program settings check whether the search of the analyzers via GSM network is enabled select Options gt Configuration gt Media settings gt Active media Check TCP IP over GSM box e The analyzer that is chosen for the connection must be entered into the Analyzer data base when the modem was configured as described in sec 2 11 2 this will be ensured e Disconnect any connection to the analyzer USB or OR 1 e Perform a search for the analyzer selecting any available method e g by clicking Live mode The search list should show the analyzer with note GSM Select the analyzer and click OK e After awhi
160. rmers caused by higher harmonics active and reactive powers of harmonics the angles between voltage and current harmonics power factor cos DPF tang unbalance factors and symmetrical components for three phase mains flicker severity Ps and Pi interharmonics of voltages and currents up to 50th Total Interharmonic Distortion TID and TIDpg for current and voltage mains signaling voltage in the frequency band of 5 3000 Hz Some of the parameters are aggregated averaged according to the time selected by the us er and may be stored on a memory card In addition to average value it is also possible to record minimum and maximum values during the averaging period and to record the instantaneous val ue occurring at the end of aggregation period The module for event detection is also expanded According to EN 50160 typical events in clude voltage dip reduction of RMS voltage to less than 90 of nominal voltage swell exceed ing 110 of the nominal value and interruption reduction of the supplied voltage below 5 of the nominal voltage The user does not have to enter the settings defined in EN 50160 as the software provides an automatic configuration of the device to obtain power quality measurement mode compliant with EN 50160 The user may also perform manual configuration the software is fully flexible in this area Voltage is only one of many parameters for which the limits of event de tection may be defined For
161. rocess will be suggested by the analyzer by displaying message Update firmware Button cy triggers this process 3 short beeps and its progress may be observed on the display The update may be skipped by pressing the briefly button cop When he update is successfully completed message Update successful will be displayed or in other case Update Failed Then the analyzer will automatically switch off e After switching on the analyzer is activated at the last measurement point and displays 1 9 screen with a phasor diagram e To switch the analyzer OFF keep button Gop pressed for 2 seconds when no buiton or recording lock are active e Pressing the active button results in a short beep of a higher pitch for inactive button the beep is longer and at a lower pitch e Pressing button a or Cc for at least 1 5 s forces the display to refresh 2 3 Auto off When the analyzer operates for at least 30 minutes powered by the battery no power supply from mains and it is not in the recording mode and PC connection is inactive the device automat ically turns off to prevent discharging the battery The analyzer turns off automatically also when the battery is fully discharged Such emergen cy shut down is performed regardless of the mode of the device In case of active recording it will be interrupted When the power supply returns the recording process is resumed Emergency shut down is signalled by message Battery discharged
162. s required for a correct power measurement Warning Do not use the device on non insulated conductors with a poten tial of more than 1000 V in relation to the earth and a measure ment category greater than Ill e Reference conditions e Temperature 18 22 C e Conductor position centered in relation to the clamp loop e Continuous magnetic field earth field lt 40 A m e Alternating magnetic field none e External electric field none e Technical specification e Rated measuring range 1 A 3000 A 10000A peak for 50 Hz e input output ratio 38 83 mV 1000 A 50 Hz 46 6 mV 1000 A 60 Hz e Basic uncertainty 1 in the 1 A 3000 A range e Linearity 0 2 e Additional error caused by conductor position 2 max e Additional error caused by external magnetic field 0 5 max e Additional error caused by temperature 0 07 e Output impedance 30 2 400 mm 124 7 Equipment 7 2 6 e Remaining data e insulation type protection rating acc to IEC 60529 coil diameter closing unit diameter maximum coil circumference internal coil diameter closed clamp e weight e clamp lead length e operating temperature e electromagnetic compatibility External active GPS antenna e frequency e polarization e LNA gain e VSWR e dimensions without cable e operating temperature e protection rating acc to IEC 60529 e cable length e current consumption e mounting measuring
163. sabled 2 Wi Fi access point was disabled The distance between the analyzer and the tablet is too large in case of a direct connection 4 The distance between the analyzer and the Wi Fi access point or between computer tab let and the Wi Fi access point 5 Too much interference in the channel used for the transmission 52 2 Operation of the analyzer Solution 1 2 3 Connect the analyzer via USB cable or GSM network and enable Wi Fi transmission in the analyzer Fig 34 Turn on a Wi Fi access point and wait until the analyzer connects to it On screen lt 10 10 gt Wi Fi status is Ready Approach with the tablet to the analyzer and try to connect again Preferably the analyzer should be within sight then screen lt 10 10 gt shows Wi Fi status and signal level Only Ready status guarantees the connection Preferably the indicated signal level should have at least two bars If possible place the analyzer computer tablet and or Wi Fi access point in a place where the level of Wi Fi signal is indicated by at least two bars both in the analyzer and the computer When the Wi Fi access point is the tablet then it must be turned off and on again in the settings window Fig 33 This will force the Access Point to operate in other channel free form interferences However if an external Wi Fi router is the access point then force its operation in another channel 2 12 8 Transferring data from the tablet to a deskto
164. ses of harmonic components in the frequency domain In a perfect situation voltage is generated in a generator which at output gives a pure sinus oidal 50 60 Hz waveform absence of any higher harmonics If the receiver is a linear system then also current in such situation is a pure sinusoidal waveform In real systems voltage and cur rent waveforms can be distorted hence in addition to the fundamental component there must be harmonics of higher orders Why is the presence of higher harmonics in the network undesirable One of the reasons is the skin effect which involves pushing out the electrons from the centre of conductor towards the surface as the current frequency is increasing As a result the higher the frequency the smaller the effective conductor cross section which is available for the electrons which means that the conductor resistance is increasing Consequently the higher the current harmonics the higher effective cabling resistance for this harmonics and this inevitably leads to more power losses and heating of conductors A classic example connected with this effect is related to neutral conductor in three phase systems In a system with little distortion little unbalance and a balanced or slightly unbalanced receiver the current in neutral conductor has the tendency of zeroing it is much smaller that RMS phase currents Such observation has tempted many designers to obtains savings by installing the cabling in such sys
165. sic 0 100 A AC 40 Hz 3 kHz 100 A AC 50 60 Hz 45 65 Hz 0 5 0 1 mV 40 Hz 1kHz 1 0 0 2mV e ratio 5mV AC 1 A AC e output impedance 119 e type of insulation double according to IEC 61010 1 e measurement category according to IEC 61010 1 III 300 V e dimensions 100 x 60 x 26 mm e weight approx 160 g e maximum diameter of tested cable O24 mm e length of clamp cables 1 5m e operating temperature 0 C 50 C e _ relative humidity lt 85 non condensing e electromagnetic compatibility IEC 61326 123 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual 7 2 5 F 1 F 2 F 3 current clamps F 1 F 2 and F 3 flexible clamps Rogowski coil are used to measure the alternating current of frequencies up to 10 kHz in the 1 A 3000 A range The only difference between the F 1 F 2 and F 3 flexible clamps is the coil size The electrical parameters are identical The output signal if voltage proportional to the derivative of the measured current with the sensitivity equal to 38 83 mV 1000 A for 50 Hz and 46 6 mV 1000 A for 60 Hz Fig 62 F 1 clamp Fig 64 F 3 clamp Fig 63 F 2 clamp The output signal is supplied by a 2 meter lead with a pin adapted for the socket in the meter The arrow located on the closing unit indicates the current flow direction It is assumed that the current is flowing in the positive direction if it is flowing from the source to the receiver Such clamp orientation i
166. signal is on and for 2 seconds it is off this sequence is repeated several times There are cases when this type of transmission results in flicker An example of this type of transmission is shown in Fig 46 T2 2 s signal level time Fig 46 An example of low frequency signal transmission Higher transmission frequencies and hence higher bit rates are typical for PLCC communi cation This type of communication uses modulation of amplitude or carrier frequency or other modulation method Modern methods use complex algorithms to process signals in order to achieve the highest resistance to interference and highest bit rate transmission speed PLCC transmission continuously gains popularity and its application range increases The communica tion between network points may be bidirectional The concept of so called smart grid is based on PLCC which is one of the main methods of communication between energy meters and central points The main application areas include telemetry optimization of power consumption remote control of loads Attenuation of the distribution network limits the maximum transmission range Maximum range may reach a few km while there is a strong correlation between the type of mod ulation bit rate and achieved distances At the same time standardization works are in progress to use of higher frequencies above 148 5 kHz to tens of MHz for the purpose of short distance data transmission 93 PQM 702
167. ssive lines directly results from the duration of the measurement window and is approximately 5 Hz The analyzer collects 2048 samples per measurement window for 50 Hz and 60 Hz thus it fulfills the requirement for FFT stating that the number of samples subject to transformation equals a power of 2 lt is essential to maintain a constant synchronization of the sampling frequency with the mains FFT may be performed only on the data containing an integer multiple of the network peri od This condition must be met in order to minimize the so called spectral leakage which leads to falsifying information about the actual levels of spectral lines The analyzer meets these require ments as the sampling frequency is stabilized by the phase locked loop PLL Because the sampling frequency may fluctuate over time the standard provides for grouping the main spectral lines of harmonics with the spectral lines located in their direct vicinity The rea son is that the energy of components may partially pass into adjacent interharmonics compo nents Two methods of grouping are provided e harmonic group includes the main line and five or six adjacent interharmonic components e harmonic subgroup includes the main line and one of each adjacent lines harmonic harmonic harmonic subgroup subgroup subgroup order 1 order 2 order 3 FFT output 50 100 150 frequency Hz 1 2 3 harmonic order Fig 41 Determining harmonics subgroups 50 Hz system E
168. sured se quence must be at least equal to 5 of the nominal voltage or 1 of the nominal current If this condition is not fulfilled the correctness of angles is not verified This feature allows user to perform quick visual assessment of mains parameters and their compliance with the analyzer settings Screen 2 is shown in Fig 6 It shows the measured values of RMS voltages and currents within the tested system and the mains frequency U1 224 5 V l 22 27 A U2 227 6 V I2 28 39 A U3 228 0 V IS 23 37 A Unpe 0 028 Y In 10 95 A f 50 00 Hz Fig 6 Screen 2 with the values of effective voltages and currents Screen 3 Fig 7 shows the active and passive power values Power values of successive phases are marked with numbers from 1 to 3 Total power values are displayed in the last line marked as P and Q P1 4 825 kW O1 929 3 var P2 6 301 kW 02 1 087 kvar P3 4 981 kW O3 1 289 kvar P 16 11 kW Q 3 307 kvar Fig 7 Screen 3 with active and reactive power Screen 4 Fig 8 shows values of apparent distortion power marked as SN and values of appar ent power S When the user selected power measurement according to Budeanu method in stead of apparent power distortion the device displays distortion power D 17 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual SN1 984 6 var S1 7 617 kVA SN2 778 3 var 2 10 04 kVA SN3 1 100 kvar S3 8 081 kVA SN 4 831 kvar S 26 28 kVA
169. t Techniques General Guide on Harmonics and Interharmonics Measurements and Instrumentation for Power Supply Systems and Equipment Connected to them e IEC 61000 4 15 2011 Electromagnetic compatibility EMC Testing and Measurement Techniques Flickermeter Functional and Design Specifications e EN 50160 2010 Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution networks Safety standards e IEC 61010 1 Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement control and laboratory use Part 1 General requirements Standards for electromagnetic compatibility e IEC 61326 Electrical equipment for measurement control and laboratory use Requirements for electromagnetic compatibility EMC The device meets all the requirements of Class A as defined in IEC 61000 4 30 The sum mary of the requirements is presented in the table below Tab 3 Summary of selected parameters in terms of their compliance with the standards IEC 61000 4 30 Class A e Basic measurement time for parameters voltage current harmonics unbal ance is a 10 cycle interval for 50 Hz power supply system and 12 cycle in terval for 60 Hz system e Interval of 3 s 150 cycles for the nominal frequency of 50 Hz and 180 cycles for 60 Hz e Interval of 10 minutes e Interval of 2 h basing on 12 intervals of 10 min e Synchronization of aggregation intervals IEC 61000 4 30 Class A e Clock synchronization to GPS time
170. t 1mVp p or 1 Ap p DC up to 5 kHz lt 1 5mVp p or 1 5 Ap p 1 Hz up to 5 kHz lt 0 5mVp p or 0 5 Ap p e Additional errors e caused by current frequency 65 440 Hz 2 440 1000 Hz 5 1 5 kHz 4 dB e caused by battery voltage lt 1 A V e caused by temperature lt 300 ppm C or 0 3 10 C e caused by relative humidity in the10 85 range lt 0 5 120 7 Equipment e caused by position of 20 mm conductor DC up to 440 Hz lt 0 5 DC up to 1 kHz lt 1 DC up to 2 kHz lt 3 DC up to 5 kHz lt 10 e caused by a parallel conductor with the 50 60 Hz AC at 23 mm from the clamp e common mode rejection ratio e Other data e insulation type e measuring category acc to IEC 61010 1 e protection rating acc to IEC 60529 power supply operating time with alkaline battery dimensions weight clamp lead length operating temperature humidity height electromagnetic compatibility 7 2 3 C 6 current clamp The C 6 is used to measure the alternating current with frequencies up to 10 kHz in the 10 mA 10 A range The output signal is voltage proportional to the measured current with the 100 mV A sensitivity The output signal is supplied by a 1 5 meter lead with a pin adapted for the socket in the meter The arrow located on one of the jaws indicates the current flow direction It is assumed that the cur rent is flowing in the positive direction if it is flow ing from the source
171. tal component h harmonic order In case of this parameter the higher harmonics are much more important than the lower each harmonic component is multiplied by its order squared K Factor is useful when defining the requirements for transformers which must work in condi tions of significant current distortion It t is assumed that the transformer which works in condi tions where K x will generate x times more heat than at purely sinusoidal current K 1 5 5 Interharmonics Interharmonics are components of the frequency spectrum for voltage or current with a fre quency that is not a multiple of the fundamental frequency network 50 or 60 Hz The cause of interharmonics may be e g asynchronous processes and transient states related to connection processes frequency converters that generate the output frequency different from the frequency of the power supplying mains and introduce into the system spectral interharmonics arc furnaces induction motors and drives with variable load Ripple control signals i e signals with defined fre quencies generated in control systems and introduced into mains should also be considered as interharmonics components Interharmonics at frequencies lower than the mains fundamental fre quency are called subharmonic components The effects of interharmonics may include e increased losses in mechanical motors temperature rise subharmonics are particularly harmful elements as the power loss inc
172. tate e g blank screen when it was blank before After unlocking the keyboard automatically locks again if the user has not pressed any button for 30 seconds Note Holding down buttons ST and op for 5 seconds results in an emergency unlocking of the keypad and removes the lock 2 15 Sleep mode The PC program provides an option to activate the Sleep mode In this mode after 10 sec onds of the recording the analyzer switches off the display From this point every 10 seconds the screen displays in its upper left corner the number of measurement point to indicate active re cording After completing recording e g when the memory is full the screen remains blank until the user presses a button 55 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual 3 Design and measurement methods 3 1 Voltage inputs The voltage input block is shown in Fig 40 Two measurement blocks are shown on the right side of terminals main voltage circuits are presented they are used for majority of voltage meas urements Sampling frequency of this circuit is 10 24 kHz Three phase inputs L1 L2 L3 and pro tective conductor PE have common reference line which is the N neutral conductor COE Go On the left side connection of transient module with input terminals PQM 703 and PQM 711 only As it is shown all four channels are referenced to PE input This circuit has wide bandwidth sampling frequency up to 10 MHz and a greater range of
173. tems with neutral conductor of a smaller cross section than in phase con ductors And everything went well until the appearance of odd harmonic orders which are multi oles of 3 third ninth etc Suddenly the neutral conductor began overheating and the measure ment showed very high RMS current Explanation of this phenomenon is quite simple In this ex ample the designer did not take into consideration two circumstances in systems with distorted waveforms the higher harmonics might not zero in the neutral conductor and quite to the contra ry they may sum up and secondly the skin effect and high harmonic currents additionally con tributed to the neutral conductor heating 86 5 Power quality a guide Let s try to answer two basic questions What is the cause of harmonic components in voltage What is the cause of harmonic components in current Seemingly these two questions are almost identical but separation of current and voltage is extremely important to understand the essence of this issue The answer to the first question is as follows harmonics in voltage are a result on a non zero impedance of the distribution system between the generator assuming that it generates a pure sinusoid and the receiver Harmonics in current on the other hand are a result of non linear impedance of the receiver Of course it must be noted that a linear receiver to which distorted voltage is supplied will also have identically distorted c
174. ters the whole procedure is performed by computing there is no issue of component ageing drifts etc However similarly to the analog version the saturation problem may also occur and without adequate pre vention it may cause the failure of digital integration Please note that input amplifiers and analog to digital converters have some limited and undesirable offset which must be removed before the integration process The analyzer software includes a digital filter whose task is to completely re move the DC component The filtered signal is subject to digital integration The resulting phase characteristics are excellent and the phase shift for the most critical frequencies 50 Hz and 60 Hz is minimal Ensuring the smallest phase shift between current and voltage signals is extremely important to achieve small power measurement errors It can be shown that approximate power measure ment error may be expressed in relation Power measurement error phase error in radians x tan x 100 where tan is the tangent of the angle between the current and its voltage fundamental compo nents The above formula indicates that measurement errors increase with decreasing displace ment power factor e g with the phase error of 0 1 and cosp 0 5 the error is 0 8 Anyway to ensure accurate power measurements the phase coincidence of voltage and current circuits must be the highest 3 4 Signal sampling The signal is sampled simultaneousl
175. that the Budeanu s power theory has become so popular There may be several reasons for this Firstly engineers got accustomed to old definitions and the curricula in schools have not been changed for years This factor is often underestimated though as a form of justification it can be said that this theory had not been refuted for 60 years Secondly in the 1920s there were no measuring instruments which could give insight in individual voltage and cur rent harmonic components and it was difficult to verify new theories Thirdly distorted voltage and current waveforms i e with high harmonics contents are a result of revolution in electrical power engineering which did not start before the second part of the last century Thyristors controlled rectifiers converters etc began to be widely used All these caused very large current distortion 80 5 Power quality a guide in the mains and consequently increased harmonic distortion Only then the deficiencies of Bude anu s theory became evident Finally the scientific circles related to power engineering were aware of the fact that industrial plants had invested a fortune in the measuring infrastructure en ergy meters Any change in this regard could have huge financial implications However slow changes in the approach of electrical engineers began to be visible With time as non linear loads were more and more frequent and the waveforms more and more distorted the limitations of use
176. the analyzer This window should display one analyzer found if not click Search again Select the found analyzer by double clicking it If the analyzer has not been added yet to the database of the analyzers in the program a window will be displayed prompting user to enter PIN code of the analyzer Default factory code is 000 three zeroes Proper connection is confirmed by displaying window Connection established the analyzer screen will display Connected to PC USB Step 6 Then a message will be displayed asking user to confirm the read out of settings Click OK and then in the confirming window also OK Doing this will upload the settings of all four measurement points they may be viewed and changed in Settings window Step 7 Checking allocation of the memory In the top part of Settings window the program displays panel Local The first item in this panel is Analyzer settings In the main part of the window one of the three tabs is displayed Analyzer type Memory allocation GPS synchronization Display Memory allocation tab and ensure that there is enough space memory allocation on the memory card default is 25 for measurement point No 1 When the space is very little or set at 0 adjust it using sliders Step 8 Modify the settings of measurement point No 1 carry out this operation as presented in the scenario above In Local panel click Measurement point 1 to modify the settings for this point and expand t
177. the measurement must be long Ps equal to 1 is considered to be a value on the border of annoyance certainly sensitivity to flicker is different for different persons this threshold has been assumed basing on tests carried out on a representative group of people What causes flicker Most frequently the reason is the voltage drop as a result of connecting and disconnecting large loads and some level of flicker is present in the majority of mains sys tems In addition to the previously described adverse impact on human health flicker does not need to be and usually it isn t a symptom of malfunctioning of our installation However if a ra 7 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual ther abrupt and unexplainable flicker increase is observed in the mains increased Ps and Pi pa rameters it should not be ignored under any circumstances It may turn out that the flicker is caused by poor connections in the installation increased voltage drops on connections in the distribution panel for example will result in higher voltage fluctuations on the receivers such as light bulbs The voltage drops on connections also cause their heating and finally sparking and possibly a fire Periodical mains tests and described symptoms may turn our attention and help find the source of hazard 5 3 Power measurement Power is one of the most important parameters determining the properties of electrical cir cuits The basic unit used in fin
178. tifications or temporary loss of network coverage Solution In case of SMS error check the correctness of the entered phone number In other cases do not take additional steps The analyzer will try to repeat the operation after some time e g 5 minutes 2 12 Wi Fi communication mode POM 710 gug 2 12 1 General Information PQM 710 711 analyzers are equipped with Wi Fi module working in IEEE 802 11 b g standard and n single stream access points with a single antenna This allows the analyzer to communi cate with the tablet computer remotely A direct connection tablet lt analyzer is possible Fig 28 Fig 29 as well as operation in a local network Fig 30 or via the Internet Fig 31 You can work in an open network or in a network secured with WPA WPA2 PSK 43 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual With a direct connection a Wi Fi access point router is the tablet For this kind of operation the analyzer and tablet are configured at the factory The tablet may work with multiple analyzers This requires adding them to the analyzer data base see chapter 2 12 4 and chapter 2 12 5 Fig 29 Direct connection tablet multiple analyzers In configurations with external router an operation in open or WPA WPA2 PSK secured net work is possible When working in open networks the Key field in Analyzer database must be empty see also Fig 35 44 2 Operation of the analyzer Fig 31 C
179. times shorter than 10 sec are in fact equal to a multiple of the mains cycle 200 ms 10 12 cycles 1 s 50 60 cycles 3 s 150 180 cycles 5 s 250 300 cycles 2 Urmsci 2 and Irusc1 2 are RMS values for one cycle refreshed every half cycle 3 Averaging periods min max 200 ms 1s 3s 5s are in fact equal to a multiple of the mains cycle 200 ms 10 12 cycles 1 s 50 60 cycles 3 s 150 180 cycles 5 s 250 300 cycles oe Instanta Mean Minimum Maximum neous value value value Recorded parameters RMS phase phase to phase voltage depending on the type of system Urms RMS phase to phase voltage only 3 phase wye sys tem with N and 2 phase system Urms Unbalance factors for negative and positive se quence symmetrical components negative positive zero voltage Uo U1 U2 Uo U2 Unbalance factors for negative and positive se quence symmetrical components negative positive zero current lo h l2 io i2 Flicker severity Pst and Pit Active power consumed and supplied P P Reactive power consumed and supplied Qn Q1 Qs QB Apparent power S Distortion power D Apparent distortion power Sn Power Factor PF Displacement power factor cos DPF Tang factor 113 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual Active energy consumed and supplied Ep Ep i a Reactive energy consumed and supplied Ear E Apparent energy Es Voltage total harmonic distort
180. tion In real systems determination of the dominant source is often sufficient By grouping the har monic components with plus signs we receive a set of power values which are responsible for the energy flow from the source to the receiver which is the useful energy On the other hand the set of harmonics active power values with negative sings makes up this part of energy which does not play any useful role and is returned back to the distribution system By adding all active harmonics power values we receive the receiver active power Hence we can notice that there are at least two alternative active power measurement methods The first method involves calculation of average active power instantaneous value which is calculated on the basis of successive voltage and current M 1 P gt U I i 1 where Uj is a successive voltage sample is a successive current sample and M is the number of samples in the measuring window The second method involves adding individual harmonics active power values which are ob tained by the FFT decomposition P U Ip COS h h 5 4 2 Harmonics reactive power The harmonics reactive power values may be calculated in a similar manner as the active power values Qn Unln sin Ph Knowledge of reactive power harmonics is valuable information used in the development of reactive parallel compensators of reactive power Such compensators consist of LC branches tuned to a specific frequency h
181. tive sequence max Current unbalance factor for nega 0 0 20 0 Basing on 10 12 cycle value tive sequence max Short term flicker Pst max Basing on 10 minute value Long term flicker Px max Active power P min max Basing on 10 12 cycle value figuration for consumed and supplied power Reactive power Q min max Basing on 10 12 cycle value figuration for consumed and supplied power tion power Sn min max figuration Power Factor PF min max Basing on 10 12 cycle value Displacement power factor cosg 0 1 Basing on 10 12 cycle value DPF min max Active energy Ep max Checked every 10 12 cycles for consumed Raia figuration and supplied energy figuration and supplied energy figuration THD F max Total harmonic distortion of current 0 200 Basing on 10 12 cycle value THOLE ra Dee dee Voltage harmonic amplitudes max 0 100 or absolute Basing on 10 12 cycle value values Independent thresholds for all harmonics in the range of 2 50 Current harmonic amplitudes max 0 200 or absolute Basing on 10 12 cycle value values Independent thresholds for all harmonics in the range of 2 50 voltage TID F max current TID F max Voltage interharmonics amplitudes 0 100 or absolute Basing on 10 12 cycle value max values Independent thresholds for all interharmon ics in the range of 0 50 Current interharmonics amplitudes 0 100 or absolute Basing on 10 12 cycle value max values Independent
182. tly on electric poles Two bands with buckles and two plastic fasteners are used for mounting the an alyzer The fasteners are screwed to the back wall of the housing and bands should be passed through the resulting gaps Fig 3 Fasteners for bands for mounting the analyzer on a pole 1 General Information The ingress protection class of the analyzer is IP 65 and operating temperature ranges from 20 C to 55 C Note In order to ensure the declared ingress protection class IP 65 the following rules must be observed e Tightly insert the stoppers in the slots of USB and SIM card e Unused clamp terminals must be sealed with silicone stoppers e Tighten the plug of the socket used for external GPS antenna or tightly screw the external GPS antenna into the socket At ambient temperatures below 0 C or when the internal temperature drops below this point the internal heater of the device is switched on its task is to keep the internal temperature above zero when ambient temperatures range from 20 C to 0 C The heater is powered from the AC DC power adapter and its power is limited to approx 10 W Due to the characteristics of the built in lithium ion rechargeable battery the process of charg ing is blocked when the battery temperature is outside the range of 0 C 60 C in such case Sonel Analysis software indicates charging status as charging suspended 1 5 Mounting on DIN rail
183. to the receiver Such clamp orientation is required for a correct power measurement Warning maximum measured conductor diameter lt 10 mA A caused by the 400 A m 50 Hz external magnetic field on the centered conductor lt 1 3A gt 65 dB A V 50 400 Hz double according to IEC 61010 1 II 600 V IP 30 9 V battery 6LR61 6LF22 NEDA 1604 about 120 h 237 x 97 x44 mm about 520 g O39 mm 1 5m 10 C 55 C lt 85 RH lt 2000 m IEC 61000 6 3 2008 IEC 61000 6 2 2008 Fig 60 C 6 clamp Do not use the device on non insulated conductors with a potential of more than 600 V in relation to the earth and a measurement category greater than Ill 121 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual Reference conditions e Temperature e Relative humidity e Conductor position e Sinusoidal current frequency e Harmonics content e Current DC component e Continuous magnetic field e Alternating magnetic field e Conductors in direct vicinity Technical specification e Accuracy 20 26 C 20 75 conductor centered in jaws 48 65 Hz lt 1 none earth field lt 40 A m none no flowing current a 0 01 0 1A lt 3 1 mA not specified 0 1 1A 1 12A 10 as of measured value ratio frequency range insulation type protection rating acc to IEC 60529 dimensions weight jaws opening open jaws height clamp lead length operatin
184. tot calculated as for the split phase network and supplied Ep tot Estot 5 SeT i 1 where i is subsequent number of the 10 12 period measure Total apparent energy Estot Men AN OW Se i represents the total apparent power Se calculated in i th measuring window T i represents duration of i th measuring window in hours 74 5 Power quality a guide 5 Power quality a guide 5 1 Basic information The measurement methodology is mostly imposed by the power quality standards mainly IEC 61000 4 30 This standard introducing precise measurement algorithms ordered analyzers mar ket allowing customers to easily compare the devices and their results between the analyzers from different manufacturers Previously these devices used different algorithms and often the results from measurements on the same object were completely different when tested with differ ent devices The factors behind growing interest in these issues have included wide use of electronic pow er controllers DC DC converters and switched mode power supplies energy saving fluorescent lamps etc that is widely understood electrical power conversion All of these devices had a ten dency to significantly deform the supply current waveform The design of switched mode power supplies widely used in household and industrial applica tions is often based on the principle that the mains alternating voltage is first rectified and smoothed with the use of capacitors
185. ts detection hys teresis parameter The analyzer remembers the event start and end time with a half a period accuracy The minimum voltage dip interruption and swell duration is a half of the period Urms1 2 Values are determined in 1 period during crossing through zero of the fundamental volt age component they are refreshed every half period independently for each voltage channel It means that these values will be obtained at different times for different channels Fig 50 shows the method for determining RMS values at two voltage phases Information on crossing zero of the fundamental component is obtained by FFT 5 9 Transients and overvoltages Transients are unwanted rapid and short term disturbances in the mains They are accompa nied by a sudden change in voltage and current The duration of a disturbance is typically from a few nanoseconds to a few milliseconds Often terms used to describe them include overvoltages voltage peaks surges impulse waves oscillations But these terms narrow their meaning Transi ent is a disturbance in signal over the time and as such its meaning includes all of the above terms It may be classified in terms of duration and rise amplitude frequency spectrum transmit ted energy source etc The most dangerous for electrical devices are transients that cause a sig nificant voltage increase in the supply line surges Due to the source the transients are often di vided into
186. unt also the presence of higher harmonics For sinusoidal circuits it is equal to Displacement Power Factor DPF i e popular coso DPF is therefore a measure of the phase shift between the fundamental voltage and current components Power Factor is the ratio between active and apparent powers P U lhcosgyin S UI COSPuin pr S In case of a purely resistive load in a one phase system the apparent power is equal to ac tive power in terms of value and reactive power equals zero so such load fully uses the energy potential of the source and the power factor is 1 Appearance of reactive component inevitably leads to reduction of energy transmission effectiveness the active power is then less than ap parent power and the reactive power is increasing In three phase systems the power factor reduction is also influenced by receiver unbalance see discussion on reactive power In such systems correct power factor value is obtained using the effective apparent power Se that is the value defined among others in IEEE 1459 2000 standard 5 4 Harmonics Dividing periodic signal into harmonic components is a very popular mathematical operation based on Fourier s theorem which says that any periodic signal can be represented as a sum of sinusoidal components with frequencies equal to multiples of fundamental frequency of such sig nal Time domain signal can be subjected to Fast Fourier Transform FFT to receive amplitudes and pha
187. uous position information 2 10 3 Data flagging concept The analyzer saves measurement records along with the flag indicating the lack of time syn chronization If for the whole averaging period the analyzer was synchronized to UTC then the flag is not turned on and during data analysis the icon indicating the lack of synchronization is not displayed The absence of this icon indicates full compliance of gathered data with Class A in terms of time marking Synchronization with UTC is also indicated on the screen of the analyzer by green date and time on the top bar When the analyzer was initially synchronized to UTC GPS status on the analyzer screen dis played as YES and later the signal was lost No signal status this does not mean that the ana lyzer immediately lost the synchronization of its clock In fact for some time even a few minutes or more internal timing accuracy is sufficient to meet the requirements of IEC 61000 4 30 in part relating to the accuracy of determining time data This is because the internal clock of the analyz er is very slow in de synchronizing from UTC time due to no GPS signal and the error does not exceed a few milliseconds for an extended period of time Thus despite the No signal status data will continue to be saved without the flag signalling the lack of synchronization to UTC Only when the error exceeds the limit value the flag will be turned on 38 2 Operation of the analyzer 2 10 4 Ti
188. uring circuits for transients are independent from the rest of voltage circuits and connected to voltage inputs L1 L2 L3 N PE The analyzers have four measurement channels L1 PE PE L2 L8 PE and N PE Recording time waveforms is done with user defined pretrigger time and detection threshold while the number of recorded samples is up to 20000 per channel 2 ms for 10 MHz sampling 1 3 Power supply of the analyzer The analyzer has a built in power adapter with nominal voltage range of 90 760 V AC or 127 760 V DC The power adapter has independent lines red marked with letter P power To prevent the power adapter from being damaged by undervoltage it automatically switches off when powered with input voltages below approx 80 V AC 110 V DC To maintain power supply to the device during power outages the internal rechargeable battery is used It is charged when the voltage is present at terminals of the AC adapter The battery is able to maintain power supply up to 2 h hours at temperatures of 20 55 C After the battery is dis charged the meter stops its current operations e g recording and switches off in the emergency mode When the power supply from mains returns the analyzer resumes interrupted recording Note The battery may be replaced only by the manufacturer s service de partment 1 4 Tightness and outdoor operation The analyzer is designed to work in difficult weather conditions it can be installed direc
189. urrent re TIDIR ferred to RMS Voltage crest factor TIDUp x 100 50 y2 ih 0 ih TIDUR x 100 ARMS where Un is the ih th interharmonic of voltage Us 50 2 th 0 th TIDI gt x 100 1 where la is h th interharmonic of current la l is fundamental component of current la 50 2 th 0 ih TIDIz x 100 ARMS where l is ih th interharmonic of current la max U CFU Uarms where the operator max U expresses the highest abso lute value of voltage U a n samples i 2048 for 50 Hz and 60 Hz V A Total Harmonic Distortion pple Fe for current referred to THDIe THDIp x 100 RMS Tarms where his the h th harmonic of current la V A 67 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual Current crest factor CFI where the operator max J expresses the highest abso lute value of current 4 samples i 2048 for 50 Hz and 60 Hz 50 22 co KFactor Ziz lh K Factor Ii where hais the h th harmonic of current la l is fundamental component of current la P UnIn COS Mn where Unis the h th harmonic of voltage Ua n lais the h th harmonic of current la ph is the angle between harmonics Uhn and lha Qn Unln sin Ph where Uh is the h th harmonic of voltage Ua n lais the h th harmonic of current la ph is the angle between harmonics Up and lha Harmonic active power Harmonic reactive power Short term flicker calculated according to IEC 6100
190. urrent waveform The literature often uses the statement that receiver generates harmonics It should be re membered that in such case the receiver is not a physical source of energy as suggested by the word generates The only source of energy is the distribution system If the receiver is a passive device the energy sent from the receiver to the distribution system comes from the same distribu tion system We are dealing here with a disadvantageous and useless bidirectional energy flow As mentioned earlier in the section on power factor such phenomenon leads to unnecessary en ergy losses and the current generated in the receiver causes an additional load on the distribu tion system Consider the following example A typical non linear receiver such as widely used switched mode power supplies i e for computers receives power from a perfect generator of sinusoidal voltage For now let s assume that the impedance of connections between the generator and the receiver is zero The voltage measured on the receiver terminals will have sinusoidal waveform absence of higher harmonics this is imply the generator voltage The receiver current wave form will already include harmonic components a non linear receiver often takes current only in specified moments of the total sinusoid period for example maximum current can take place at the voltage sinusoid peaks However the receiver does not generate these current harmonics it s
191. us 1 2 AS this time is increasing additional smoothing is being introduced for example with 5 seconds first a 5 second average value is calculated which is then used to search for the mini mum and maximum values This gives a lower sensitivity to instantaneous changes of the meas ured value 102 5 Power quality a guide Note similarly to the averaging times shorter than 10 seconds the 200 ms 1s 3s and 5s times are actually the multiples of the mains period 10 12 50 60 150 180 and 250 300 mains cycles respectively Selecting the right averaging time is not easy To a large extent it depends on the type of dis turbance in the system and the user s expectations for the final data analysis A frequent situation is that we know only that there is a problem in the mains and the measurements with the analyzer will only help us identify the cause In this situation it is better to use shorter averaging times e g 10 seconds and activate the recording of minimum and maximum values for the voltages and currents it is advisable in such situation to set the shortest possible time for determining the max imum and minimum value i e half period Short time averaging will give more precise diagrams of changes of parameters over time and minimums and maximums will be detected and record ed Recording with short averaging times is performed mostly during a limited time primarily due to rapid growth of data the aim of such recording is
192. using the built in GPS receiver with inter nal or external antenna e Built in real time clock which is set from Sonel Analysis e RTC accuracy after GPS signal loss better than 0 3 s day Compliant with IEC 61000 4 30 Class A of the measurement method and un Tieie ene certainty p Compliant with IEC 61000 4 30 Class A of the measurement method and un ower supply voltage certainty Voltage fluctuations flicker The measurement method and uncertainty meets the requirements of IEC 9 61000 4 15 standard Dips interruptions and surg Compliant with IEC 61000 4 30 Class A of the measurement method and un es of supply voltage certainty S Compliant with IEC 61000 4 30 Class A of the measurement method and un upply voltage unbalance certainty Voltage and current harmon Compliant with IEC 61000 4 30 Class A of the measurement method and un ics certainty IEC 61000 4 7 Class 1 Voltage and current inter Compliant with IEC 61000 4 30 Class A of the measurement method and un harmonics certainty IEC 61000 4 7 Class 1 Mains signalling voltage on Compliant with IEC 61000 4 30 Class A of the measurement method and un the supply voltage certainty Aggregation of measure ments at different intervals Real time clock RTC un certainty 14 2 Operation of the analyzer 2 Operation of the analyzer 2 1 Buttons The keyboard of the analyzer consists of four buttons ON OFF cop LEFT q RIGHT START STOP smr J To switch on the
193. vent detection The analyzer offers wide range of event detection options for measured networks Event is a situation where the parameter value exceeds the threshold defined by the user Tab 6 Types of event thresholds for each parameter Parameter Interruption Dip Swell Minimum Maximum _ RMS voltage DC voltage Frequency Voltage crest factor Voltage negative sequence unbal ance Flicker Pst Flicker Pit RMS current DC current Current crest factor Current negative sequence unbal ance Active power Reactive power Apparent power Distortion power Power Factor Displacement power factor Tangento factor E gt E Active energy consumed and sup cus plied Eset Reactive energy consumed and ae supplied Apparent energy THDF U voltage THDr Se THD current THDe Current harmonic amplitudes Iho Ih50 n 2 50 TIDF U voltage TIDr PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual init a TIDF current TIDF Current interharmonics amplitudes liho lih50 n 0 50 UR UR2 Mains signalling POM 703 POM 711 Voltage transients ine pK TK Factor fini applies to Un pe voltage with C 5 clamps only Detected events are recorded on a memory card as an entry containing parameter type channel in which the event occurred start and end time of the event the threshold value set by the user parameter extreme value measured during the event parameter averag
194. without neutral conductor Fig 19 Fig 22 3 phase delta Fig 20 Fig 21 Indirect measurements in medium voltage networks can be performed e in wye network Fig 23 e in delta network Fig 24 In three wire systems current may be measured by the Aron method which uses only two clamps that measure linear currents l and lis lL2 current is then calculated using the following formula l2 Ih Ths This method can be used in delta systems Fig 21 and wye systems without a neutral con ductor Fig 22 Note As the voltage measuring channels in the analyzer are referenced to N input then in systems where the neutral is not present it is necessary to connect N input to L3 network terminal In such systems it is not required to connect L3 input of the analyzer to the tested network It is shown in Fig 19 Fig 20 Fig 21 and Fig 22 three wire systems of wye and delta type In systems with neutral conductor the user may additionally activate current measurement in this conductor after installing additional clamps in In channel This measurement is performed af ter activating in settings the option of N conductor current with option Measured An alternative to In current measurement with clamps is the calculation of current in neutral con ductor applying the analytical method The analyzer provides such option after selecting N conductor current and Calculated Neutral current is calculated from the followin
195. xample In order to calculate the 3rd harmonic component in 50 Hz system use 150 Hz main spectral line and adjacent lines 145 Hz and 155 Hz The re sulting amplitude is calculated using RMS method 3 8 The method for measuring interharmonics Interharmonics measurement is carried out according to IEC 61000 4 7 and IEC 61000 4 30 They provide a method of calculating the individual components of interharmonics in power quality analyzers The whole process similarly as in case of harmonics consists of several steps e synchronous sampling 10 12 periods e FFT Fast Fourier Transform e grouping FFT analysis for the test window of 10 12 period approx 200 ms As a result we obtain a set of spectral lines from 0 Hz DC The distance between successive lines results from the dura tion of the measurement window and is approximately 5 Hz 59 PQM 702 PQM 703 PQM 710 PQM 711 Operating Manual interharmonic interharmonic interharmonic subgroup subgroup subgroup order 0 order 1 order 2 FFT output 0 50 100 150 frequency Hz 0 1 2 3 harmonic order Fig 42 Determining interharmonics subgroups 50 Hz system Each interharmonic subgroup is the sum of RMS for seven for 50 Hz mains or nine for 60 Hz mains spectral lines obtained by Fourier transform The exception is zero subgroup i e sub harmonic subgroup that contains one line more 5Hz It is presented in Fig 42 with an exam ple of 50 Hz network Interharmonic sub
196. y in all eight channels with a frequency synchronized with the frequency of power supply voltage in the reference channel This frequency is 10 24 kHz for 50 Hz and 60 Hz Thus the single period contains 204 8 samples for 50 Hz and 170 67 for 60 Hz 16 bit analog to digital converter was used to ensure 64 times oversampling 3 decibel analog attenuation has been specified for frequency approx 20 kHz and the ampli tude error for the maximum usable frequency 3 kHz i e the frequency of the 50th harmonic for 60 Hz network is approximately 0 1 dB The phase shift for the same frequency is less than 15 Attenuation in the stop band is above 75 dB It should be noted that for the correct measurement of phase shift between the voltage har monics in relation to current harmonics and power of these harmonics the important factor is not absolute phase shift in relation to the basic frequency but the phase coincidence of voltage and current circuits Maximum phase difference error is f 3 kHz max 15 This error decreases with the decreasing frequency When estimating measurement errors in power harmonics also take in to account additional error introduced by the clamps and transformers 3 5 PLL synchronization The synchronization of sampling frequency is implemented by hardware After passing through the input circuits the voltage signal is sent to a band pass filter which is to reduce the harmonics level and pass only the voltage fundamental
197. y to measure the current DC component For this purpose the user must apply clamps with a principle of operation different than a traditional current transform er Such clamps operate basing on Hall effect and include a built in Hall sensor called also hal lotron In brief the effect is based on the occurrence of an electrical voltage on the walls of the conductor through which an electric current flows and which is in magnetic field of direction trans verse to the induction vector of this field Current clamps based on this phenomenon may measure both DC and AC current compo nents The conductor with current located inside the clamps generates a magnetic field which concentrates in its iron core In the core slot where the two parts of clamps meet a semiconduc tor Hall sensor is located and its output voltage is amplified by battery powered electronic circuit Clamps of this type usually have a current zero adjustment knob To adjust the current zero close the jaws no conductor inside and turn the knob until DC indication is zero Sonel S A offers this type of clamps C 5 with a nominal range of 1000 A AC 1400 A DC Clamps of this type have a voltage output and for nominal current of 1000 A the provide voltage of 1 V 1 mV A 5 1 3 Flexible clamps Flexible clamps Flexible Current Probes operate on a different physical principle than the current transformer Their most important part is Rogowski coil named after Walter R
198. zer uses a solution of digital integration of signal provided directly from the Rogowski coil This approach allowed us to eliminate problems related to analog integrators and the need to ensure declared accuracy for long periods and in difficult measurement environment Analog integrators must also include protection systems to prevent output saturation when con stant voltage is present at the input The ideal integrator has infinite gain for DC signals which descends at a rate of 20 56 3 Design and measurement methods dB frequency decade The phase shift is constant over the entire frequency range and is equal to 90 Theoretically infinite gain for DC signal when present at integrator input causes the input saturation close to the supply voltage and prevents its further work In practical systems a solu tion is introduced to limit the gain for DC signals to some fixed value Additionally periodic reset of the output is performed There are also techniques for active cancellation of DC voltage based on its measuring and feeding it back to the input but with the opposite sign effectively cancelling it In such case professionals use term leaky integrator Analog leaky integrator is simply an inte grator with shunted capacitor by resistor with high resistance Such a system operates in the same manner as a low pass filter with a very low cut off frequency Digital implementation of the integrator ensures excellent long term parame

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