accident avoidance and track failure identification syytem in south
Contents
1. HT12E e Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology e Low standby current 0 1_A typ at VDD 5V e HT12A with a 38kHz carrier for transmission medium infrared e Minimum transmission word e Four words for the HT12E e One word for the HT12A e Built in oscillator needs only 5 resistor e Data code has positive polarity e Minimal external components e Pair with Holtek_s 212 series of decoders e 18 pin DIP 20 pin SOP package Applications e Burglar alarm system e Smoke and fire alarm system ISSN 2277 6370 e Garage door controllers e Car door controllers e Car alarm system e Security system e Cordless telephones e Other remote control systems H HT12D DECODER The 212 decoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications They are paired with Holtek_s 212 series of encoders refer to the encoder decoder cross reference table For proper operation a pair of encoder decoder with the same number of addresses and data format should be chosen The decoders receive serial addresses and data from a programmed 212 series of encoders that are transmitted by a carrier using an RF or an IR transmission medium They compare the serial input data three times continuously with their local addresses If no error or unmatched codes are found the input data codes are decoded and then transferred to the output pins The VT pin also goes high to indicate a valid transmission The 212 series of2. SIMCOM LTD August 20006 7 http www atmel com 8 http www simcom com 9 Sky Traq Venus 6 GPS Module ST22 Data Sheet 292
3. do a very specific task they cannot be programmed to do different things Embedded systems have very limited resources particularly the memory Generally they do not have secondary storage devices such as the CDROM or the floppy disk Embedded systems have to work against some deadlines A specific job has to be completed within a specific time In some embedded systems called real time systems the deadlines are stringent Missing a deadline may cause a catastrophe loss of life or damage to property Embedded systems are constrained for power As many embedded systems operate through a battery the power consumption has to be very low The rest of the paper is as follow In Section 2 we explain the proposed setup of the system i e the block diagram and its description Section 3 explains the working of the proposed system We conclude the paper in Section 4 describing our accomplishments II PROPOSED METHOD The block diagram consists of different components interfacing to a microcontroller The block diagram is shown in Figurel 288 Global Journal of Advanced Engineering Technologies Vol3 Issue3 2014 Transmitter section Power supply M gt Logic track a wires A track logic gt wires Encoder gt RF Ix Crack sensor Crossing sensor Figure 1 Block Diagram Receiver section Power supply M Reset _ y
4. which varied the pitch of the sound or pulsed the sound on and off Buzzer Driver VCC 12 Q BC547 D 4007 uC PORT Vv 290 Global Journal of Advanced Engineering Technologies Vol3 Issue3 2014 The circuit is designed to control the buzzer The buzzer ON and OFF is controlled by the pair of switching transistors BC 547 is conducting and close the collector and emitter terminal so zero signals is given to base of the Q2 transistor Hence Q2 transistor and buzzer is turned OFF state When low pulse is given to base of transistor Q1 the transistor is turned OFF Now 12V is given to base of Q2 transistor so the transistor is conducting and buzzer is energized and produces the sound signal G HTI2E ENCODER General Description The 212 encoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications They are capable of encoding information which consists of N address bits and 12_N data bits Each address data input can be set to one of the two logic states The programmed addresses data are transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared transmission medium upon receipt of a trigger signal The capability to select a TE trigger on the HT12E or a DATA trigger on the HT12A further enhances the application flexibility of the 212 series of encoders The HT12A additionally provides a 38 kHz carrier for infrared systems Features e Operating voltage 2 4V 5V for the HT12A 2 4V 12V for the
5. AT89S92 Driving _y Buzzer Oscillator __ circuit The various components in the block diagram are mentioned below AT89S52 Microcontroller Power Supply Crystal Oscillator Reset 16x2 Liquid Crystal Display LCD RF receiver Decoder RF Transmitter Buzzer Decoder IR sensor OO SN NS w A Microcontroller Unit The AT89S52 is a low power high performance CMOS 8 bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in system programmable Flash memory The device is manufactured using Atmel s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry ISSN 2277 6370 standard 80C51 and 80C52 instruction set and pin out The on chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer By combining a versatile 8 bit CPU with in system programmable Flash one monolithic chip the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful micro controller which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications Features of the microcontroller e tis a 8 bit microcontroller 8K Bytes of In System Programmable ISP Flash Memory e Endurance 1000 Write Erase Cycles e Fully Static Operation 0 Hz to 33 MHz e 256 x 8 bit Internal RAM e 32 Programmable I O Lines e e e Three 16 bit Timer Counters Eight Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel B Power Supply The input to the circuit is appli
6. Global Journal of Advanced Engineering Technologies Vol3 Issue3 2014 ISSN 2277 6370 ACCIDENT AVOIDANCE AND TRACK FAILURE IDENTIFICATION SYYTEM IN SOUTH CENTRAL RAILWAYS M Naga Sai Nikhil M Venkata Krishnakanth S Venkata Naga Siva 123B Tech student V R Siddhartha Engineering college Andhra Pradesh India Abstract Track failure identification system is an advanced method used to identify the track failure and send the signal is transmitted to alert the train driver who is passing through that way in this project the track failure can be identified by using IR sensors and send the signals to the driver by using RF Communication RF communication is very efficient communication for sending the signals immediately Radio frequency RF is widely used technology in wireless communications the RF module is an Electronic circuit it involves two sub units named transmitter and receiver to provide the wireless communication Train accidents have been increased rapidly due to the track failures because the detection of track failure is taking time and also sending a message about the track failure to the driver and appropriate action to be taken by drivers becomes delayed This project is aimed to detect the track failure conditions using IR and sending the signals to the driver if any track is failed the RF transmitter sends the signal to the receiver In train section the alarm will be on and also display the track failure in
7. VSM also provides extensive debugging facilities ISSN 2277 6370 including breakpoints single stepping and variable display for both assembly code and high level language source IV CONCLUSION In this paper an automatically Track failure identification system is designed and simulated The simulation has been done using proteus and testing has been carried out using the developed prototype This method of track failure Identification system is enormous and very applicable It is even advantageous to avoid the train accidents in south central railways and efficient way to find out the track failure conditions REFERENCES 1 ZTSR Driver Safety Systems Discussion Paper 2006 Australia New South Wales Independent Transport Safety Regulator Sydney p 32 2 Whitlock Driver vigilance devices systems review and RSSB response 2002 Rail Safety and Standards Board Quintec p 105 3 Santosh B Patil Rupal M Walli Design and Develop ment of Fully Automatic AT89C52 Based Low Cost Embedded System For Rail Tracking International Journals of Electronics Communication and Soft Computing Science and Engineering IJECSCSE Vol 1 Issue 1 Pg 9 14 4 M A Mazidi The 8051 Microcontroller amp Embedded Systems Pearson Education Asia nd India 2 edition 2008 5 Raj Kamal Embedded System Architecture Program ming and Design Tata McGraw Hill nd Publisher 2 edition 2008 6 GSM User Manual
8. continuously If the received address codes all match the contents of the decoder local address the 12_N bits of data are decoded to activate the output pins and the VT pin is set high to indicate a valid transmission This will last unless the address code is incorrect or no signal is received The output of the VT pin is high only when the transmission is valid Otherwise it is always low Applications e Burglar alarm system e Smoke and fire alarm system e Garage door controllers e Car door controllers e Car alarm system e Security system e Cordless telephones e Other remote control systems HI SIMULATION AND MODELING Traditionally circuit simulation has been a non interactive affair In the early days net list were prepared by hand and output considered of reams of numbers Proteus Simulation Software Proteus Virtual System Modeling VSM combines mixed mode SPICE circuit simulation animated components and microprocessor models to facilitate co simulation of complete micro controller based designs For the first time ever it is possible to develop and test such designs before a physical prototype is constructed This is possible because one can interact with the design using on screen indicators such as LED and LCD displays and actuators such as switches and buttons The simulation takes place in real time or near enough to it a 300 MHz Pentium II can simulate a basic 8051 system clocking at over 12MHz Proteus
9. decoders are capable of decoding information s that consist of N bits of address and 12_N bits of data Of this series the HT12D is arranged to provide 8 address bits and 4 data bits and HT12F is used to decode 12 bits of address information Features e Operating voltage 2 4V 12V e Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology e _ Low standby current e Capable of decoding 12 bits of information e Binary address setting e Received codes are checked 3 times e Address Data number combination e HT12D 8 address bits and 4 data bits e HT12F 12 address bits only e Built in oscillator needs only 5 resistor Valid transmission indicator e Easy interface with an RF or an infrared transmission medium e Minimal external components e Pair with Holtek_s 212 series of encoders e 18 pin DIP 20 pin SOP package 291 Global Journal of Advanced Engineering Technologies Vol3 Issue3 2014 Functional Description Operation The 212 series of decoders provides various combinations of addresses and data pins in different packages so as to pair with the 212 series of encoders The decoders receive data that are transmitted by an encoder and interpret the first N bits of code period as addresses and the last 12_N bits as data where N is the address code number A signal on the DIN pin activates the oscillator which in turn decodes the incoming address and data The decoders will then check the received address three times
10. ed from the regulated power supply The microcontroller voltage is of 5V The A C input i e 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating D C voltage So in order to get a pure D C voltage the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any A C components present even after rectification Now this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage We are using an IC 7805 as voltage regulator to get a 5V output Voltage C Crystal Oscillator A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time as in quartz wrist watches to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal so oscillator circuits designed around them became known as crystal oscillators This block provides necessary frequency sine wave to the micro controller This frequency is converted to square wave within the micro controller D Reset Control reset is to execute the entire program cycle from beginning 289 Global Journal of Advanced Engineering Technologie
11. formation by using LCD I INTRODUCTION Security is the condition of being protected against danger or loss In the general sense security is a concept similar to safety The nuance between the two is an added emphasis on being protected from dangers that originate from outside Individuals or actions that encroach upon the condition of protection are responsible for the breach of security The word security in general usage is synonymous with safety but as a technical term security means that something not only is secure but that it has been secured One of the best options for providing good security is by using a EMBEDDED SYSTEMS technology named An Embedded system can be defined as a computing device that does a specific focused job Appliances such as the air conditioner VCD player DVD player printer fax machine mobile phone etc are examples of embedded systems Each of these appliances will have a processor and special hardware to meet the specific requirement of the application along with the embedded software that is executed by the processor for meeting that specific requirement The embedded software is also called firm ware The desktop laptop computer is a general purpose computer You can use it for a variety of applications such as playing games word processing accounting software development and so on In contrast the software in the embedded systems is always fixed listed below Embedded systems
12. s Vol3 Issue3 2014 E Liquid Crystal Display LCD LCD Liquid Crystal Display screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines In this JHD 16x2A LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix The schematic diagram of 16x2 LCD is shown in Fig 2 This LCD has two registers namely Command and Data The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it clearing its screen setting the cursor position controlling display etc The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD Some of the LCD command codes are listed in Table 1 Features Interface with either 4 bit or 8 bit microprocessor Display data RAM 80x8 bits 80 characters Character generator ROM and RAM 160 different 5x7 dot matrix character patterns 8 different users programmed 5x7 dot matrix patterns Numerous instructions e Clear Display Cursor Home Display ON OFF Cursor e ON OFF Blink Character Cursor Shift Display Shift e Built in reset circuit is triggered at power ON Figure 2 Schematic diagram of 16x2 LCD ISSN 2277 6370 Table 1 LCD Command Codes Code Hex Command to LCD Instruction Register 01 Clear displa
13. y of the screen 06 Automatic increment 38 2 line 5x7 Matrix OF Display is on and the cursor blinks 80 Force Cursor to begin from 1 st line CO Force Cursor to begin from 2 line The LCD display is connected to the output port of micro controller to display the cyclic operations of vigilance control device F Buzzer A buzzer or beeper is a signaling device usually electronic typically used in automobiles household appliances such as a microwave oven or game shows It most commonly consists of a number of switches or sensors connected to a control unit that determines if and which button was pushed or a preset time has lapsed and usually illuminates a light on the appropriate button or control panel and sounds a warning in the form of a continuous or intermittent buzzing or beeping sound Initially this device was based on an electromechanical system which was identical to an electric bell without the metal gong which makes the ringing noise Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling and used the ceiling or wall as a sounding board Another implementation with some AC connected devices was to implement a circuit to make the AC current into a noise loud enough to drive a loudspeaker and hook this circuit up to a cheap 8 ohm speaker Now a days it is more popular to use a ceramic based piezo electric sounder like a Sonalert which makes a high pitched tone Usually these were hooked up to driver circuits
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