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USER`S MANUAL - Smith-Root

1. Electrode Electrode Figure 2 Electric field patterns caused by fish 53V 012345678910 vats 53mm_ e 100mm gt b Fish more conductive a Equal conductivities 15 factors voltage electrode shape water conductivity water temperature conductivity of the stream bed fish s distance size species and time in the field If these environmental factors are too far out of line poor electrofishing will result To some extent the effects of changes in water conductivity may be compensated for by changing the output voltage WATER CONDUCTIVITY The conductivity of the water and that of the fish s flesh are the factors that affect electrofishing most The conductivity of water depends on the quantity of dissolved salts and minerals in the water The conductivity of potable waters in the United States ranges from 20 to 2 000 microSiemens cc Sufficient current at realistic power levels will flow through water in this range to electrofish successfully Figure 2 illustrates the field patterns caused by the presence of a fish in water In a no distortion is caused by the presence of the fish In low conductivity water b the distortion of the electric field is such that the voltage near the fish is less than it was before the fish was present The reverse is true in c where the water conductivity is more than that of the fish In this case the dist
2. volts 20cm 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 1 0 1 2 Distance from electrode centers meters Figure 5 Comparison of two sizes of anode Ir 2r 3r r br 6r Tr 8r 9r 10r id m 200 100 66 50 40 33 28 25 22 20 18 t d oq So molts he 50 40 20cm a AS o CD AA Oo i i I 1r 2r 3r l I 1 I 1 1 0 4 0 6 0 8 1 0 1 2 Distance from electrode centers meters Figure 6 Comparison of effects of two sizes of anode 2006 www smith root com Electrode diameter 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 Distance from electrode centers meters Figure 7 Larger anodes increase the fishing area 2 Small electrodes pose a hazard to fish because of high current density and voltage gradient 3 Electrodes placed farther apart use less current but the savings are not large 4 The resistance of an electrode varies in direct proportion to water resistivity RING ELECTRODES 1 Once spacing exceeds 10 radii the distance between electrodes is insignificant 2 The region affected by the electrode is limited to 5 to 10 radii 3 Electrode resistance is primarily dependent on electrode radius and varies in inverse proportion to radius 4 For ring electrodes the cross section diameter of the ring material is of little importance If the ratio of cross section diameter to ring radius is held constant resistance varies inversely with ring radius CATHODES In electrofishing it is d
3. L G Cowx 1990 Developments in Electrofishing Fishing News Books Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd ISBN 0 85238 166 2 4 N G Sharber and S W Carothers 1988 Influence of Electrofishing Pulse Shape on Spinal Injuries in Adult Rainbow Trout North American Journal of Fisheries Management 8 117 122 n Michael A Bozek and Frank J Rahel 1991 Comparison of Streamside Visual Counts to Electrofishing Estimates of Colorado River Cutthroat Trout Fry and Adults North American Journal of Fisheries Management Vol 11 6 D W Novotny and G R Priegel 1971 A Guideline for Portable Direct Current Electrofishing Systems Technical Bulletin No 51 Department of Natural Resources Madison Wisconsin 23 7 D E Snyder and S A Johnson 1991 Indexed Bibliography of Electrofishing Literature Larval Fish Laboratory Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 8 M Burridge and G Goodchild 1988 A Bibliography of Electrofishing Ministry of Natural Resources Fisheries Branch Queen s Park Toronto Ontario Canada 9 Alec G Maule and Matthew G Mesa 1994 Efficacy of Electrofishing to Assess Plasma Cortisol Concentration in Juvenile Chinook Salmon passing Hydroelectric Dams on the Columbia River North American Journal of Fisheries Management Vol 14 10 N G Sharber S W Carothers J P Sharber J C DeVos D A House 1994 Reducing Electrofishing Induced Injury
4. Shore Hookup with Anode Poles Boat Hookup with Anode Poles Not applicable to 7 5 or 9 0 GPP s Not applicable to 7 5 or 9 0 GPP s EE Pp Non conductive boat hull M N N 5 Y d x X node J Generator x c v polet a 4 H EN EN gt Anode rs EN Anode pole 42 po a i d NN pole 1 optional v d DN Stake cathode d Anode an E N Anode options buried in ground pole 3 optional Cathode E Ss pole 2 Rat tal cathode 1 POM x Optional o PON E 3 ptions T EN Metal plate cathode a r4 i S N in the water Metal plate cathode N Anode on hull bottom pole 3 optional Metal plate cathode Rat tail cathode in the water GPP Esser gt i Boat Hookup with Boom Arrays Input from 6 Stake cathode Generator 4 buried in ground Rat tail cathode Metal plate cathode in the water One Cathode Boom and one Anode Boom GPP electrofisher Power supply Boat hull If you have an aluminum hull you can use the hull as the cathode but If your hull is made of other materials a metal cathode must be attached to the boat Boat Hookup with Prod Pole Metal hull boat Power GPP supply Unit Boat hull Boom Interconnect Junction Box m Boat hull is used Power Pulsator Foot switch as the cathode supply 2006 MAINTENANGE For more specific instructions regarding the maintenance and proper operation of your generator please
5. a stream Do not operate an anode pole when carrying a backpack unit weighing more than 20 pounds when in hazardous conditions If you get water in boots waders or gloves stop work immediately and get dry clothing Operate slowly and carefully Footing in most streams is poor and most falls often occur when operators are hurrying BOAT SAFETY ll Ground the generator to the boat hull 2 Be sure that all the metal parts on the boat are bonded to each other electrically Run all cables through electrical conduit or use a heavy duty rubber covered cord recommended for wet locations Make all electrical connections in water tight junction boxes Each dip netter should have his own foot switch to control the output The switch should be wired in series with the emergency off switch of the boat operator When wading with a boat even in shallow water chest waders should be worn An operator may trip end up in a kneeling or sitting position in the water and receive a shock All crew members must be alert Operators who control the power switch must be constantly aware of the netters in the electrical field ELECTROFISHING PRINCIPLES DO S 8 DON T Do s 1 Always be sure that all personnel are clear of the mn Eu electrodes before turning on the power Know how to administer first aid treatment for electrical shock Wear flotation devices Have electrical c
6. muscles 12 2006 www smith root com ELECTROFISHING PRINCIPLES When a current is above a certain level a person cannot let go of an electrically hot wire Currents above this level may not cause ventricular fibrillation but may be enough to cause contraction of the chest muscles If the current is not stopped or the victim is not removed from the point of electrical contact asphyxia will result Artificial respiration or cardiopulmonary resuscitation may be necessary To prevent electrical shock all electrical equipment should be carefully inspected before each field operation With all electrical equipment in good operating condition and all insulation junction boxes bonding and connections intact there is much less danger of receiving an electrical shock PREVENTING ELECTRICAL SHOCK Electricity needs to have a complete electrical circuit in order for current to flow The only way that you can get shocked is if you become the electrical conductor to complete the circuit The current flows from the cathode to the anode through the water The water is the electrical conductor If you touched both the anode and the cathode you would become an electrical conductor and complete the circuit path and get a severe electrical shock If you were to touch only one of the electrodes you would not complete the electrical circuit and not get shocked WARNING Touching any electrode is not recommended Unless all co
7. 8 improvement and is not worth the additional physical problems associated with the larger cathode The SR 6 field tested with two 28cm anodes and a voltage of 240 volts showed good fishing effectiveness in 400 microSiemens cc conductivity with a current of 3 to 4 amperes In lower conductivities of 40 microSiemens cc a current of I to 1 5 amp is effective This data may serve as a useful bench mark to judge whether a unit is operating under conditions such that fish should be caught If the electrical performance is close to this reference point and fish are not being caught it is safe to conclude there are few fish in the area Figure 11 Bottom mounted cathode plate on SR 6 2006 www smith root com EIELD TECHNIQUE An operator engaged in electrofishing must wade or float depending upon the depth and swiftness of the water WADING In shallow slow moving waters the operators can wade and probe the anode into likely fish habitat Wading upstream eliminates the effects of turbidity caused by bottom sediment Furthermore if collections are for food habitat study stunned prey are not swept downstream and consumed by predators Fish that manage to escape are often captured a short distance downstream Closing a stream with seine nets at each end of the study area helps prevent the loss of stunned and frightened fish BOATS Boat electrofishers are used in lakes and in streams that are too deep or swift to wade Boats
8. A High Voltages are present when Generator is running Only qualified personnel should attempt High Voltage measurements We suggest forming a barricade around the test area and posting appropriate High Voltage warning signs 27 www smith root com GPP TROUBLESHOOTING KOHLER SHORE MODEL IMPORTANT A High Voltages are present when Generator is running Only qualified personnel should attempt High Voltage measurements We suggest forming a barricade around the test area and posting appropriate High Voltage warning signs Procedure B Test for Continuity and High Voltage AC Output SHUT DOWN GENERATOR Check all the connector pairs resistance to Generator ground 5 0 GPP 1 amp 2 3 amp 4 See Fig B 1 7 5 GPP 1 amp 2 3 amp 4 5 amp 6 See Fig B 2 9 0 GPP 1 amp 2 3 amp 4 5 amp 6 See Fig B 3 All of the pairs should show open or high resistance gt 0 5 Meg ohm Next check insulation between winding pairs If resistance measures low the wire or generator insulation is bad With generator running check for High Voltage on generator connectors See wiring diagrams at the end of this document 5 0 GPP Check each of the High Voltage terminal pairs on the output connector for aprx 360 Volts RMS AC Pairs 1 amp 2 and 3 amp 4 See Fig B 1 7 5 GPP Check each of the Voltage terminal pairs on both of the output connectors for approximately 115 Volts RMS AC Pairs 1 amp 2 3 amp 4 and 5 amp 6 S
9. Wires to GPP Connector14 Ga GPP Connector Ground Output Binding Posts Black wires 12 Volts 500 VA White wires 12 Volts 500 VA Pairings of Odd on Left amp Even on Right Voltage Regulation Windings Bl to B2 0 2 Ohms 44 to 33 6 2 Ohms 55 to 33 2 7 Ohms 3 7 Ohms See Kohler OEM Manual TP 5985 and Kohler Service Manual TP 5986 for additional information 32 www smith root com GPP TROUBLESHOOTING KOHLER SHORE MODEL 7 5 GPP Generator Stator Wiring All Wires to GPP Connectors14 Ga 0 8 Ohms 0 8 Ohms 0 8 Ohms 0 8 Ohms 0 2 Ohms 0 2 Ohms 12V Connectors 12V Connectors Ground psu Generator Terminals Output Binding Posts 1 2 115 Volts 1250 VA Black wires 12 Volts 500 VA Rep White wires 12 Volts amp 500 VA 11 12 115 Volts amp 1250 VA See Kohler OEM Manual TP 5985 and Pairings of Odd on Left amp Kohler Service Manual TP 5986 for Even on Right additional information 33 www smith root com GPP TROUBLESHOOTING KOHLER SHORE MODEL 9 0 GPP Generator Stator Wiring All Wires to GPP Connectors12 Ga o o o o o 1 rr rr 2 118 O S gt e S gt O 12V Connectors GPP Connector 12V
10. and refer to it when making adjustments or ordering parts Additional copies are available for a nominal charge from your distributor CHOOSING A LOCATION 1 In choosing the best location for your GPP the following factors should be taken into consideration FIRE HAZARDS Locate the power supply at least 3 feet 1 meter away from buildings or structures Keep the power supply away from flammable trash rags lubricants and explosives Do not use the power supply near any forest brush or grassland unless the exhaust system is equipped with a spark arrestor that is effective Have a fire extinguisher accessible SECURITY Choose a location where everyone especially children can be kept away to protect them from burns and electrical shocks Take precautions to prevent unqualified personnel from tampering with or attempting to operate the power supply SURFACE Choose a level surface If the power supply is tilted fuel spillage may result MOISTURE Do not stand the unit in water or on wet ground Protect electrical equipment from excessive moisture that will cause deterioration of the insulation and may result in short circuits DIRT Install the unit in a clean location Abrasive materials such as dust sand or lint cause excessive wear to both engine parts and generator parts Grass and leaves are a fire hazard GPP GENERATOR POWERED PULSATOR KOHLER SHORE MODEL Where natural ventilation is inadequate install a
11. be made to the Consumer for any such parts Smith Root Inc will also pay for the labor charges incurred by Smith Root Inc in repairing or replacing the defective parts The limited warranty does not cover defects in appearance cosmetic labels or structural items including framing and any non operative parts Smith Root Inc s limit of liability under the limited warranty shall be the actual cash value of the Product at the time the Consumer returns the Product for repair determined by the price paid by the Consumer for the Product less a reasonable amount for usage Smith Root Inc shall not be liable for any other losses or damages These remedies are the Consumer s exclusive remedies for breach of warranty 4 Upon request from Smith Root Inc the Consumer must prove the date of the original purchase of the Product by a dated bill of sale or dated itemized receipt 5 The Consumer shall bear the cost of shipping the Product to Smith Root Inc Smith Root Inc shall bear the cost of shipping the Product back to the Consumer after the completion of service under this limited warranty 6 The Consumer shall have no coverage or benefits under this limited warranty if any of the following conditions are applicable a The Product has been subjected to abnormal use abnormal conditions improper storage exposure to moisture or dampness unauthorized modifications unauthorized connections unauthorized repair misuse neglect abuse accident alte
12. consult your Kohler OEM Manual Before cleaning or inspecting make certain all moving parts have stopped Disconnect the spark plug wire and keep the wire away from the plug to prevent accidental starting Do not put hands feet tools or other objects near rotating parts Always wear eye protection 1 CHANGE ENGINE OIL after first five hours of operation Thereafter change oil every 25 hours of Operation 2 SERVICE AIR CLEANER Clean and re oil the pre cleaner at three month intervals or every 25 hours whichever occurs first Remove paper cartridge yearly or every 100 hours whichever occurs first and clean by tapping gently on a flat surface Replace if very dirty Keep hands and face away from the carburetor when the air cleaner is removed A sudden backfire can cause serious burns 3 CLEAN COOLING SYSTEM yearly or every 100 hours whichever occurs first 4 SPARK PLUG Consult your Generator s OEM Manual 5 FUEL Every 250 hours replace the in line fuel filter or clean the screen and bowl 6 CHECK GUARDS Operate the power supply only with the guards and shields in place and working correctly If rotating parts are left exposed they are hazardous 7 MUFFLER Inspect periodically and replace if necessary Do not operate the power supply without a muffler Inspect spark arrestor screen every 50 hours and replace if damaged 8 INSPECT GENERATOR BRUSHES after every 1 000 to 1 500 hours of operation and replace wh
13. have the advantage of being able to carry large generators and holding tanks for the stunned fish Electrofishing boats typically have two insulated booms extending from the bow From the end of the booms electrodes hang into the water Usually one boom is used as the anode and the other as the cathode The boat operator guides the boat while the electrofishing crew activates the electrofisher when approaching likely habitat NIGHT FISHING Electrofishing at night with lights is five to ten times more effective than daytime fishing especially in lakes In streams the reflection of the spotlight on the ruffled surface makes the fish difficult to see Boats have flood lights on the bow to attract the fish and to help locate stunned fish SURPRISE Collecting can be enhanced by introducing the element of surprise through intermittent fishing The intensity of the anode s peripheral field often frightens fish causing them to bolt and hide Do not work with the power on continuously but turn it on only in likely habitats Fish can be enticed from under areas of heavy cover or ice by inserting a portable anode turning the power on and withdrawing the anode slowly and smoothly Fish will follow the anode under the influence of galvanotaxis into the open where they can be netted ELECTROFISHING PRINCIPLES CLARITY AND DEPTH Clarity of the water limits the ease of capturing fish The length of the dip net handles and the visibility of
14. in the water not touching each other Activate the remote control switch The high voltage indicator lamp and audio alarm should both come on and the ammeter will deflect Deactivate the REMOTE CONTROL SWITCH while adjusting the PERCENT OF RANGE and RANGE selector switches to achieve optimum response by the fish Damage to the range selector switch may result from switching under load Experimentation will be required to learn what mode and voltage settings are best for various water conditions and types of fish If the ammeter shows LOW RANGE and the RANGE selector is in the HIGH position switch to the LOW position The low voltage windings on the generator are capable of delivering more current than the high voltage windings If erratic operation occurs in the high range switch to the low range Do not operate the generator above the power ranges indicated on the meter or possible engine and generator damage may occur If you have a 7 5 or 9 0 GPP and have been running it hard run it for another five minutes under no load before shutting it down This allows the electrical components to cool down slowly extending their life considerably To avoid burns or fires let the power supply cool before transporting Keep the engine horizontal to prevent fuel spillage Do not support the power supply from the top of the frame for any extended period of time GPP 4 2006 GPP GENERATOR POWERED PULSATOR KOHLER SHORE MODEL
15. it is divided into several parts placed several meters apart An electrode is more effective when its form is least concentrated For example a 3 x12 strip is more effective than a square of 6 x6 5504 5004 4504 400 350 300 250 200 1507 1007 0 5m2 grid cathode 350V 3 7kW 504 10m2 wire netting cathode 310V 3 2kW 00 l en al 2 4 6 44 46 48 Distance from center of anode meters gradient zone Cathode Indentical to anode 600V 6 3kW Total voltage anode cathode Figure 8 Variation of voltage for three kinds of anode 20 2006 www smith root com ELECTROFISHING PRINCIPLES Figure 10 illustrates the variation in both voltage and gradient between the electrodes Whenever possible the cathode should be placed in parts of the stream that you do not wish to fish or even in parts completely separated from the stream itself The anode should never be allowed to come close to where the cathode is located Boat Cathodes Many aluminum electrofishing boats use the boat hull as the cathode and the boom electrodes as the anode This is perfectly safe as long as you never come in contact with the anode and complete the electrical circuit The National Safety Council in their data sheet 1 696 85 does not recommend using the boat hull as the cathode but we have yet to hear of any accidents occurring because of it Figure 11 shows a Smith Root tote barge designed for stream wading operat
16. on the GPP Control Box to AC amp 120 PPS 60 AC e Start the generator Control the GPP output with the Emergency Shut Down Fig E 1 switch or Foot switch By turning the Percent of Range control up to 100 and checking the amp meter on the GPP Control Box the correct load can be determined See below Maximum GPP Amperage 2 5 5 0 Maximum GPP Amperage 7 5 9 0 Model High tow Model ac Do Amperage 25 anms ms 50 emm teams as ev ev do eiere Output Plug of GPP The amp meter will increase to the maximum as you turn up the Percent of Range The load may be increased by slowly adding table salt to the water in the bucket If the load is too great for the range selected the GPP will operate erratically If the amp meter starts to show a decrease in amps or is erratic as the Percent of Range nears 100 the generator is over loading The water may need to be changed or decrease the portions of electrodes immersed in the water Ring Lugs bolted to Plates Fig E 2 31 www smith root com 5 0 GPP Generator Stator Wiring Ir 12VAC i 12VAC 12V Connectors 12V Connectors 5 0 GPP Generator Terminals 1 2 115 Volts amp 883 VA Respectively through 11 12 115 Volts E 883 VA N oo jojo RIO o GPP TROUBLESHOOTING KOHLER SHORE MODEL 2 4 Ohms 14 Ga 2 4 Ohms 0 2 Ohms 0 2 Ohms 10 Ga All
17. the fish limit the depth of effective electrofishing In general waters over ten feet deep cannot be sampled effectively For daytime fishing polarized sunglasses help in locating stunned fish VEGETATION Aquatic vegetation grows better from certain substrates and can hinder electrofishing by fouling electrodes and entangling stunned fish WATER VELOCITY Electrofishing in flowing water is not as effective as in still water since fish are swept away from the electric field and netting is more difficult Also it is more difficult to see a fish in fast flowing water and operators can loose their footing Flows greater than 5 feet per second usually produce poor electrofishing efficiencies 22 2006 www smith root com ELECTROFISHING PRINCIPLES ELECTROFISHING REFERENCE amp TRAINING MATERIALS REFERENCES The following are books research papers and other references on various aspects of electrofishing The ideas and findings presented in them form the basis for much of the current practice in electrofishing Bryan R Cowdell and Richard A Valdez 1994 Effects of Pulsed DC Electrofishing on Adult Roundtail Chub from the Colorado River in Colorado North American Journal of Fisheries Management Vol 14 2 I G Cowx and P Lamarque 1990 Fishing With Electricity Applications in Freshwater Fisheries Management Fishing News Books Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd ISBN 0 85238 167 0 3
18. 573 0202 SERIAL NO HIGH VOLTAG MEDIUM MODEL GPP ELECTROFISHER ELECTROFISHER CONTROLS 1 RANGE Selects the output voltage range between high and low or switches the output to OFF 2 TIME IN SECONDS Records the actual shocking time It counts only when high voltage is applied 3 EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN provides a local override of remote foot switches 4 OUTPUT CURRENT this meter shows the current flowing between the anode and cathode in amps 5 MODE Selects the type of output pulses AC DC or OFF Caution The position of this switch should not be changed when current is flowing i e foot switches engaged 6 LOW RANGE Indicates that the RANGE switch should be moved to the LOW position For 7 5 and 9 0 GPPs follow the output table Damage to the range selector switch may result from switching under load 7 PERCENT OF RANGE Adjusts the output pulses to a percent of the selected range i e high low Pulse width is also automatically adjusted between 6 and 1 millisecond pulse duration 8 HIGH VOLTAGE Red indicator lamp shows when voltage is present on output power terminals 9 PULSES PER SECOND Selects the number of pulses in the output wave form 2006 Electrofishing Safety amp Principles Since 1964 the leader in effective safe and reliable products for fisheries conservation Knowledgeable field biologists depend upon Smith Root equipment ELECTROFISHING PRINCIPLES Contents Electrofishing S
19. A 7 5 GPP Combo INTRODUCTION Smith Root Generator Powered Pulsator GPP electrofishers are unsurpassed in quality and performance Our years of experience in manufacturing electrofishers has helped us to produce the most complete line of generator powered electrofishers ever offered Ranging from 1 5 to 9kW Smith Root manufactures electrofishers to handle all fresh or brackish water conductivities A complete electrofishing system consists of an engine a generator an electronic pulsator an anode a cathode cables and switches Our GPP generators are custom wound to supply the optimum voltages for electrofishing and eliminate bulky and hot power transformers All electrofisher pulsators are supplied in an aluminum case with carry handles GPP 1 2006 A typical shore hook up with electrode pole and control box UNPACKING 0 0 0 0 00000 00S Carefully remove the GPP and its power supply from the shipping container and examine closely for shipping damage If any parts are missing or the unit is damaged notify the transportation company and immediately file a claim for the amount of damage Record the model and serial number of your electrofisher in the spaces provided below Model Number Serial Number When ordering parts always include the power supply model and serial number located on the unit s nameplate This is essential to ensure the correct replacement part is shipped to you Please keep this manual
20. Connectors Voltage Regulation Windings dd r e 441033 620hms 1 2 67 Volts 1500 VA Output amp Binding Posts Se aan Respectively roua Black wires 12 Volts 500 VA TOI e Vola 1500 VA White wires 12 Volts 500 VA 4 Pin Connector See Kohler OEM Manual TP 5985 and 110 Volts AC Kohler Service Manual TP 5986 for additional information Pairings of Odd on Left amp Even on Right 34 www smith root com WARRANTY Smith Root Inc original products have a 1 Year Limited Warranty Smith Root Inc warrants that it s Products are free from defects in material and workmanship that result in Product failure during normal usage according to the following terms and conditions 1 The limited warranty for the Product extends for the length of ownership beginning on the date of the purchase of the Product by the original purchaser Consumer of the Product and is not assignable or transferable to any subsequent purchaser or user 2 The limited warranty extends only to Consumers who purchase the Product from Smith Root Inc or an authorized distributor 3 During the 1 year limited warranty period Smith Root Inc will repair or replace at Smith Root Inc s sole option any defective parts or any parts that will not properly operate for their intended use with new or refurbished replacement items if such repair or replacement is needed because of product malfunction or failure during normal usage No charge will
21. D WRITTEN WARRANTY OTHERWISE THE FOREGOING LIMITED WARRANTY IS THE CONSUMER S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY AND IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES EXPRESS OR IMPLIED SMITH ROOT INC SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF ANTICIPATED BENEFITS OR PROFITS LOSS OF SAVINGS OR REVENUE PUNITIVE DAMAGES LOSS OF USE OF THE PRODUCT OR ANY ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT COST OF CAPITAL COST OF ANY SUBSTITUTE EQUIPMENT OR FACILITIES DOWNTIME THE CLAIMS OF ANY THIRD PARTIES INCLUDING CUSTOMERS AND INJURY TO PROPERTY RESULTING FROM THE PURCHASE OR USE OF THE PRODUCT OR ARISING FROM BREACH OF THE WARRANTY BREACH OF CONTRACT NEGLIGENCE STRICT TORT OR ANY OTHER LEGAL OR EQUITABLE THEORY EVEN IF SMITH ROOT INC KNEW OF THE LIKELIHOOD OF SUCH DAMAGES SMITH ROOT INC SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR DELAY IN RENDERING SERVICE UNDER THE LIMITED WARRANTY OR LOSS OF USE DURING THE PERIOD THAT THE PRODUCT IS BEING REPAIRED 10 Some states do not allow limitation of how long an implied warranty lasts so the above warranty limitation may not apply to you the Consumer Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental and consequential damages so certain of the above limitations or exclusions may not apply to you the Consumer This limited warranty gives the Consumer specific legal rights and the Consumer may also have other rights which vary from state to state 11 Smith Root Inc neither assu
22. Since 1964 the leader in effective safe and reliable products for fisheries conservation Knowledgeable biologists depend upon Smith Root equipment USER S MANUAL GPP 5 0 7 5 amp 9 0 Gas Powered Pulsator Portable Electrofishers w Kohler Generator 1 e AN N e i V d N v T UV I YI MIGO Spee wn 14014 NE Salmon Creek Ave Vancouver WA 98686 Phone 360 573 0202 www smith root com Fax 360 573 2064 09461 GPP GENERATOR POWERED PULSATOR KOHLER SHORE MODEL Contents Introduction mtt nani nn 1 Unpacki asia cirios mota 2 Choosing a Location seen 2 Power Supply Controls see 3 Electrofisher Controls iie itte 3 Electrofisher Connections see 4 Operating Procedure sse 4 Typical Hookups 2 aint iii dictar 5 Maintenance iua iie coe nenne 6 GPP Specifications Spreadsheet sess 7 Electrofisher Control Panel sss 12 Electrofishing Safety sss 10 Preventing Electrical Shock 12 Planning For Safety 13 DO S Ce DOD EEE 14 Introduction to Electrofishing sss 15 Types of Current 2 iei teret fett ie cie ie 17 Electrode Design etie ei pila 18 Field Techniques essiensa 22 Electrofishing Reference amp Training Materials 23 Troubleshooting seen 26 War
23. afety amp Principles Electrofishing Safely Sale fishins ui elek 10 Preventing electrical Shock nasse derer er ro WERE Fee eaa Yeh ankret pee e e ee Reda 12 Planning Tor Saeta 13 Dos EDO onore aep INED EI IM Sc 14 Electrofishing Principles Introduction to electrofishing ete eet tree dere dires 15 Types Of Current une ed 17 Electrode des Mira darte 18 Field technig es ratita 22 References nee ren di 23 2006 Smith Root Inc Vancouver WA USA 11 2006 www smith root com SAFE FISHING Electrofishing equipment uses voltages and currents that can be lethal to humans The operators must always keep in mind that the chance of receiving an electrical shock is multiplied in or near water Using an electrofisher is like using a firearm if used properly and with good judgment it is perfectly safe lose respect for it and you can lose your life Electrical equipment used in a moist field environment is always subject to deterioration that could lead to dangerous electrical shock Field equipment is also subjected to vibration and impact during transporting and while in operation Often equipment shared by different crews does not receive proper maintenance or a complete checkout Follow the safety guidelines and use good common sense to handle unforeseen circumstances All personnel involved in electrofishing should be taught the fundamentals of electricity and have an understanding of the safety
24. ame pilot light furnace heater or clothes dryer Stop the engine and allow it to cool prior to refueling Never fuel the engine while it is hot or running to avoid fire explosion bodily injury or property damage 3 Use gas with a minimum rating of 85 octane Do not use leaded gas because it produces combustion deposits that may shorten the life of the exhaust system Do not mix oil with the gasoline Use a clean properly marked and approved safety container for storing fuel 4 Fill the gasoline tank with clean fresh unleaded gasoline Do not GPP GENERATOR POWERED PULSATOR KOHLER SHORE MODEL 10 1 Re 1 w 15 16 17 18 19 overfill the tank Leave half an inch of the top of the tank to allow space for expansion Make sure the fuel cap is tightly closed If fuel was spilled wipe it away carefully Wait until the fuel has dried before starting the engine Connect the Anode and Cathode to the OUTPUT PWR receptacle s Plug the remote control cable foot switch into the 4 pin receptacle Attach the generator cable s into the male plug s labeled INPUT PWR On the Electrofisher set the MODE selector switch to the desired mode If you are not sure which mode you desire start with 120 pps DC Set the PERCENT OF RANGE to the minimum Set the RANGE selector switch to LOW 12 Set EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN switch to ON Set the ENUNCIATOR VOLUME to midrange 14 Place the anode and cathode
25. arranty The Consumer will be responsible for any expenses related to reinstallation of the Product e Smith Root Inc will repair the Product under the limited warranty within 30 days after receipt of the Product If Smith Root Inc cannot perform repairs covered under this limited warranty within 30 days or after a reasonable number of attempts to repair the same defect Smith Root Inc at its sole option will provide a replacement Product or refund the purchase price of the Product less a reasonable amount for usage f If the Product is returned during the limited warranty period but the problem with the Product is not covered under the terms and conditions of this limited warranty the Consumer will be notified and given an estimate of the charges the Consumer must pay to have the Product repaired with all shipping charges billed to the Consumer If the estimate is refused the Product will be returned freight collect If the Product is returned after the expiration of the limited warranty period Smith Root Inc s normal service policies shall apply and the Consumer will be responsible for all shipping charges 8 The Product consists of newly assembled equipment that may contain used components that have been reprocessed to allow machine compliance with Product performance and reliability specifications 9 ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE SHALL BE LIMITED TO THE DURATION OF THE FOREGOING LIMITE
26. at the output voltages are taken directly from the generator eliminating the need for a transformer or voltage doubler The generator has a self excited revolving field The stationary Stator has a separate excitation winding and multiple windings to supply AC power 12 VAC terminals on the generator provide up to 500 watts of 12 volts AC power on each circuit This will run 12 volt lights or with an external rectifier will recharge batteries The 5 0 7 5 and 9 0 GPP have two output circuits ENGINE This instruction book covers mainly the electrofisher and the generator but not the engine Please read all instructions in the engine manufacturer s manual The engine manufacturer has established an excellent worldwide service organization Engine service is probably available from an authorized engine dealer near you check your Yellow Pages ENGINE GOVERNOR The engine must be run at 3600 rpm to supply the power it was designed to produce The governor on the engine holds the speed as nearly constant as possible The governor is set at the proper speed in the factory Do not adjust the governor without proper tools VOLTAGE VARIATION All engines slow down when a load is applied When the electrical load on the generator is increased the engine speed drops This results in a lower voltage when the generator is loaded to its full capacity than when running unloaded 2006 FREQUENCY VARIATION The AC frequency is around 60 cycl
27. cycle the average power would be approximately 25 of the instantaneous power TYPES OF CURRENT ALTERNATING CURRENT Alternating Current AC is an electrical current in which the direction of current flow reverses a number of times per second In an AC field the fish takes a position transverse to the electrical field lines and attempts to face the anode and cathode successively in rhythm with the AC cycle When the field strength increases tetany occurs and the fish is stunned Strong contractions of the body muscles make the fish feel rigid At high voltages the larger fish may be killed the muscular contractions being so severe that vertebrae are fractured and the brain damaged Hence AC electrofishing is only successful with small fish in low conductivity water DIRECT CURRENT Direct Current DC is the term given to electrical current that flows only in one direction The current flows from the negative electrode cathode to the positive electrode anode The reaction of fish to direct current is quite different from their reaction to alternating current The first reaction of the fish is to turn toward the anode and start to swim toward it until it reaches 17 an electrical field strong enough to stun it Being stunned is called galvanonarcosis The severe muscle contractions caused by AC do not occur and the fish recover much faster Mortality rate is much lower with direct current PULSED DIRECT CURRENT E
28. ee Fig B 2 9 0 GPP Check each of the Voltage terminal pairs on both of the output connectors for approximately 67 Volts RMS AC Pairs 1 amp 2 3 amp 4 and 5 amp 6 See Fig B 3 Also check for 115 Volts RMS AC on the smaller 2 pin connector If the Voltages are OKAY go to procedure C www smith root com GPP TROUBLESHOOTING KOHLER SHORE MODEL Procedure C Test GPP Control Box 4 Pin male plug as seen from end Eugag 1000 P EO m O wm 000 Fig C 3 5 Amp Fast Blow Fuse Connector Audio Alarm Bd Audio Alarm board is located on inside chassis Fig C 4 of 5 0 GPP and on inside of rear panel on 7 5 and 9 0 Observe correct Connector orientation 29 when reattaching Test a single or dual foot switch pedal using an ohmmeter Carefully connect the ohmmeter connectors to pins A amp B on the 4 Pin male plug Use care to not allow the ohmmeter connectors to touch when connecting them to the pins on the 4 Pin male plug See Fig C 1 The ohmmeter should measure OPEN ohms with the switch off and ZERO ohms with the switch on If it does not you may have a broken wire or a bad switch inside the pedal If foot switch is inoperative return to Smith Root Inc for service Test dual foot switches with an ohmmeter using the same method as shown above Connect the ohmmeter to pins A amp B on the 4 Pin connector for switch 1 and to pins C amp D for switch 2 See Fig C 1 Connect the ge
29. en worn to 3 8 inch 1cm or less Consult OEM Manual regarding removal of Brushes Replace brushes in the same position Always replace brushes in sets GPP GENERATOR POWERED PULSATOR KOHLER SHORE MODEL 2006 GPP GENERATOR POWERED PULSATOR KOHLER SHORE MODEL GPP SPECIFICATIONS SPREADSHEET MODEL 5 0 GPP 7 5 GPP 9 0 GPP fremde es Come 0 AC 8 DC AC amp DC DC DC Output Peak volt 0 500 V Low 0 1000 0 680 V 0 1000 V High in 4 st in 4 st AC Output RMS volt i RON oen 0 350 V Low 0 700 V N A 0 700 V High in 4 st Output Pulse Frequency E Teak 1 30 7 5 15 30 55 315950 1 60 amp 120 Hz 60 amp 120 Hz 60 amp 120 Hz Output Current Metering AC amp DC AC amp DC AC amp DC 0 25 0 199 0 199 High voltage iu u ae Panel Lamp Panel Lamp Panel Lamp Output Indicator amp Audio Tone amp Audio Tone amp Audo Tone Output and Foot Switch amp Foot Switch amp Safety Control Panel Switch Panel Switch Panel Switch Seconds Timer LCD Display 0 999999 0 999999 0 999999 CPC with CPC with POS CAM CONN Output Connectors 15 Cable 15 Cable 15 Cable Pulsator Weight 20 Ibs 30 Ibs 35 Ibs Specification subject to change without notice Note 12 volts auxiliary power subtracts from Electrofisher power available GPP 7 2006 GPP GENERATOR POWERED PULSATOR KOHLER SHORE MODEL ELECTROFISHER CONTROL PANEL DC 60 DC vy 15DC SMITH ROOT INC 2000 ADA 7500 VANCOUVER WA 98665 4 360
30. er producing 7 volts head to tail between 1 0 and 1 2 meter from the electrode as opposed to only 4 volts for the smaller electrode at the same distance Note also that the voltage the fish receives closer to the electrode is less for the larger electrode 100 volts instead of 144 volts Larger electrode thus offers two advantages greater range and lower maximum gradient One drawback is that a larger electrode also has greater circuit loading and thus draws more current for the same voltage twice as much for the double size electrode Thus a larger electrode requires a larger generator This dictates Current lines DS Constant voltage lines 7 7 x EUN V 1 4 X g Gradient o o S o gt o o o E eo 2 u Figure 4 The field pattern and the variation of gradient between two electrodes 19 a practical upper limit on electrode size for a given generator and water conductivity Except for this limitation the larger the electrode the better the fishing effectiveness and the easier it is on the fish Figure 7 shows that larger electrodes increase the fish collection area The shaded areas have a voltage gradient between 0 12 and 1 2 volts per cm and are suitable for electrofishing The applied voltage is 300 volts ELECTRODE BEHAVIOR 1 Larger electrodes have lower resistance need more current at given voltage reach out farther and have lower maximum voltage gradient 2r 3r Ar 5r 66 50 40 33
31. es per second The inevitable variations in engine speed produce slight variations in the AC frequency MODIFICATIONS to the power supply that are not authorized may impair the function and safety of the unit ELECTROFISHER CONTROLS _______ MODE selects the type of output pulses The DC output is fast rising slow falling pulses The DC pulse rate is selectable in PULSES PER SECOND For AC output the switches must be in the AC position and in the 120 pps position All other positions will give a pulsed DC The AC frequency is fixed at 60 cycles per second Note the 2 5 5 0 and 7 5 GPPs can produce AC output but AC is not available on the 9 0 GPP RANGE selects the output voltage range or switches the output OFF PERCENT OF RANGE limits the peak voltage of the pulses to a percentage of whatever RANGE was selected above Pulse width is also automatically adjusted between 5 and 1 millisecond pulse duration HIGH VOLTAGE indicates when voltage is present on output power terminals ENUNCIATOR VOLUME controls the audio alarm that indicates an output voltage OUTPUT CURRENT METER shows the current flowing between the anode and cathode in amps LOW RANGE indicates that the RANGE switch should be moved to the LOW position For 7 5 and 9 0 GPPs follow the output table TIME IN SECONDS records the actual shocking time It counts only when high voltage is applied The timer helps evaluate capture effectiveness The counter can be reset to zer
32. esirable to have a high voltage gradient around the anode and a low voltage gradient around the cathode Figure 8 shows variation of voltage as a function of the distance from the fishing anode for three types of cathode It shows that it is advantageous to have the potential of the water as near as possible to that of the cathode ELECTROFISHING PRINCIPLES The required voltage is reduced by diminishing the resistance of the cathode field This compensates for the reduced resistance so that the current does not vary The power consumption is directly proportional to the voltage used One advantage of a large cathode is that the risk of accidental electrocution is much reduced A large cathode has very low potential with respect to the soil and the water around it The resistance between the cathode and the water is halved each time the surface of the cathode is doubled For example a 100 square foot cathode would need another 100 square foot added to pass from 9 to 4 5 ohm However a cathode larger than 100 square feet would be inconvenient to handle for shore side electrofishing Figure 9 compares small and a large cathodes With a standard grid cathode the anode voltage falls distinctly from 324 to 265 volts when using two anodes However with a very large wire netting cathode efficiency falls only slightly from 324 to 302 volts when using two anodes For shore side operations the cathode surface presents the least resistance when
33. esuscitation CPR and First Aid 4 Allelectrofishing personnel shall receive training in fundamentals of electricity and safety 5 Check your electrofisher before each operation to ensure that it is in good working order 6 Turn off your electrofisher before making any connections or part replacements 7 When not in use and when transporting the unit disconnect the power supply 8 Check that the electrofisher gives an audible signal when there is voltage present at the anode 9 Do not make any field modifications to your electrofisher without written approval from the manufacturer or a qualified electrical engineer 10 Use only dip nets with insulated handles 11 Wear personnel flotation devices 12 Wear lineman s gloves rated 5 000V minimum 13 Neverreach into the water in vicinity of an electrode even if rubber gloves are being worn 14 Take frequent breaks Stress and fatigue endanger the crew 2006 www smith root com BACKPACK SAFETY 1 Before each operation check that the frame emergency release is in working order and check that the tilt switch shuts off power if the unit is tipped more than 45 Wear hip boots or chest high waders with non skid soles Wear polarized sunglasses to help you detect sub surface hazards and obstacles Beware of turbid water that can hide unseen sub surface obstacles and sudden drop offs Shut off your electrofisher before entering or leaving
34. fan to boost circulation CONFINED SPACE Restricted air flow can cause overheating and damage the engine and generator Operation in an enclosed compartment is also a fire hazard and is not authorized EXHAUST Whenever an engine is used indoors the exhaust must be vented to the outside Exhaust from a gas engine is extremely poisonous containing carbon monoxide an invisible odorless gas that can cause unconsciousness or death AUXILIARY WIRING Use sufficiently thick insulated wire to hook up to the auxiliary windings The gauge depends on the length of the wire the voltage drop and the amount and kind of load Consult a competent electrician and national and local codes GROUNDING If grounding is called for in local codes or radio interference necessitates it drive a 3 4 or 1 inch pipe into the ground as close to the unit as possible This pipe must penetrate moist earth To the pipe connect a ground clamp and run a No 10 wire from it to the battery negative terminal on the control panel or to the generator ground stud Do not connect to a water pipe or a ground used by a radio system When used in boats ensure that generator frame is grounded to boat hull This will prevent a shock during an electrical failure GPP 2 2006 GPP GENERATOR POWERED PULSATOR KOHLER SHORE MODEL POWER SUPPLY CONTROLS GENERATOR Your GPP is powered by a specially manufactured gas powered generator The generator is wound so th
35. ions Note the large cathode plate attached to the bottom of the fiberglass hull The anode is a pair of ring electrodes about 28cm 11 in diameter mounted on fiberglass poles With this arrangement the resistance of the anode pair is four times the Standard 0 5m grid cathode Large wire netting cathode a one b two c one d two anode anodes anode anodes Resistance ohms of cathode of anode field between anode and cathode Potential difference volts between cathode and water between anode and water total Current amps Power kilowatts Resistivity of the water in all cases 143umho cm Figure 9 Comparison of two sizes of cathode cathode resistance Thus four times as much voltage appears in the anode field as in the cathode field and consequently 80 of the applied voltage appears at each electrode 21 r 9 5 300 4 E 3 0 2 i 25 8 S 200 2 0 5 d 15 E 1 5 8 21004 3 Potential 109 g iii gU T e a Gradient AP 0 5 IS 00 T T T T 2 2 4 46 48 g e Distance from center of anode meters 2 3 Figure 10 Variation of potential and gradient The situation could be further improved by enlarging the cathode but a point of diminishing returns is reached Doubling the cathode size would halve the cathode resistance and give an 8 to I ratio between anode and cathode resistance Now 88 of the voltage would appear at the anode This is only an
36. ircuits checked only by qualified technicians Disconnect the power supply when the electrofisher is not in use Don ts 1 Don t electrofish alone 2 Don t continue to electrofish if your boots or gloves get wet inside Don t operate an electrofisher if you have had any prior heart ailments Don t operate generators without covers or screens Don t operate generators without a spark arrester 14 2006 www smith root com ELECTROFISHING PRINCIPLES INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROFISHING _ For many years ithas been known that fish react to electric current passed through water Electricity was first used for fishing in 1863 when a British patent was granted Major efforts to apply electricity as a tool in fisheries management did not occur until after 1950 Since then detailed studies have been made on the physiological effects of electricity on aquatic organisms RESPONSE OF FISH TO ELECTRICITY To collect fish by electrical means we must create an electrified zone of sufficient amplitude to stun fish In the basic electrofishing circuit shown in Figure 1 a current is passed between submerged electrodes A fish between these electrodes forms part of a closed circuit and some current flows through its body The effectiveness of the electrofisher is affected by nine Figure 1 The basic electrofishing circuit Voltage Source St pr u A RUE Er in O o Water B
37. mes nor authorizes any authorized service center or any other person or entity to assume for it any other obligation or liability beyond that which is expressly provided for in this limited warranty including the provider or seller of any extended warranty or service agreement 12 This is the entire warranty between the Smith Root Inc and the Consumer and supercedes all prior and contemporaneous agreements or understandings oral or written relating to the Product and no representation promise or condition not contained herein shall modify these terms 13 This limited warranty allocates the risk of failure of the Product between the Consumer and Smith Root Inc The allocation is recognized by the Consumer and is reflected in the purchase price 14 Questions concerning this limited warranty may be directed to Smith Root Inc 14014 NE Salmon Creek Ave Vancouver WA 98686 Smith Root Inc is a registered trademark of Smith Root Inc Racer Boor INC NS Technology For Fisheries Conservation E RN
38. nductive objects you come into contact with are connected to the same electrode you will be shocked to find a current path that is not obvious e g the water or the boat Preventing electrical shock means preventing electrical current from entering and flowing through parts of the body The skin is a partial but variable barrier because it offers resistance to the passage of electrical current Tough skin has more resistance than tender skin and dry skin more then wet skin But tough dry skin alone does not offer enough protection for electrofishing Rubber lineman s gloves rated 5 000V minimum should always be worn Even while wearing rubber gloves and waders never touch an electrode while the circuit is energized 13 Do not work on the electrical system while the generator is running Do not enter the water while the current is on during boom shocking operations A severe electrical shock from electrofishing gear may result in the need for artificial respiration therefore it is imperative that no one ever works alone PLANNING FOR SAFETY 1 1 Never electrofish alone A minimum of two properly trained people are required for every electrofishing Crew 2 A crew leader shall be appointed for all electrofishing The crew leader is responsible for the safety of the crew and the enforcement of all safety regulations 3 The crew leader and at least one additional crew member shall receive training in cardiopulmonary r
39. nerator to GPP Control Box Connect the foot switch to GPP Control Box Connect a test load to output cables see Procedure E WARNING Keep all personnel clear of the Test Load while the generator is running Switch mode switch to 120 PPS Turn Percent of Range to 50 Switch the output Voltage selector to low range Switch the Emergency Shutdown Switch to OFF position See Fig C 2 A e Start the generator e Switch the Emergency Shutdown Switch to ON position See Fig C 2 B Press the foot switches The red light See Fig C 2 C on the front panel should now be illuminated and the amp meter should indicate amperage e If the red light is not illuminated and the amp meter indicates no amperage Turn the generator off Check the light bulb Check the Fuse on the GPP main circuit board See Fig C 3 Replace fuse if blown A blown fuse may indicate a short in the Audio Alarm Disconnect the Audio Alarm See Fig C 4 before retesting Return to start of Procedure C If Red light and amp meter indicates output go to Procedure D www smith root com GPP TROUBLESHOOTING KOHLER SHORE MODEL Procedure D Test GPP Control Box Maintain GPP settings from Procedure C D C B A Start the generator Press foot switches When the Red Light See Fig D 1 A is illuminated the Current Meter See Fig D 1 B should show amperage and the Seconds Counter See Fig D 1 C should be co
40. o by pushing the small red button on front panel EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN provides a local override of remote switches ELECTROFISHER CONNECTION Hookup your electrofisher using the receptacles on the back panel See diagrams EK 5 0 GPP A Ww w Control Output power Input power 4 pin female 7 pin female 7 pin male EEr H Control Output power 4 pin female 1 pin female Input power 7 pin male Control 4 pin female Output power 7 pin female Input power 7 pin male INPUT PWR is a seven pin male plug for the generator cable The 5 0 GPP uses one plug The 7 5 two and 9 0 GPP has three input power plugs OUTPUT PWR is a female receptacle for the electrodes The 5 0 GPP uses only one receptacle for both anode and cathode The 7 5 and 9 0 GPPs have separate receptacles for anode anode 2 and cathode CONTROL is a 4 pin receptacle for the remote switch that actuates the main output circuits OPERATING PROCEDURE Before operating the power supply remove wristwatch rings and any other jewelry Do not operate the power supply while smoking Do not operate while under the influence of alcohol drugs or medication 1 First check the engine oil level Consult your Generator s OEM Manual Do not overfill 2 Refuel the engine outdoors Keep away from any open fl
41. of Rainbow Trout North American Journal of Fisheries Management 14 11 Jeffery C Barnet and Gary D Grossman 1988 Effects of Direct Current Electrofishing on the Mottled Sculpin North American Journal of Fisheries Management Vol 8 2006 www smith root com GPP TROUBLESHOOTING KOHLER SHORE MODEL Contents Check Generator AC Voltages eee 27 Test for Continuity and High Voltage Output 28 Test GPP Control Box 29 Test GPP Control Box Cont een 30 Building Test Load 31 5 0 GPP Wiring Diagram eee 32 7 5 GPP Wiring Diagram eenennnen 33 9 0 GPP Wiring Diagram eee 34 GPP TROUBLESHOOTING KOHLER SHORE MODEL PROBLEM NO OUTPUT FROM GPP ELECTROFISHER Procedure A Check Generator 12 AC Voltages all models GPP Electrofishers have two 500 watt accessory 12 Volt AC windings Set the GPP Control Box Voltage range switch to off Adjust generator engine speed to 3600 RPM using a vibrating tachometer which is available at most small engine shops Check the 12 Volts AC using an AC Voltmeter See Fig A 1 They should read approx 14 5 Volts 60Hz 5 0 GPP Only Check the 12 Volts AC on the output connector Pairs 5 amp 6 See Fig A 2 If the Voltages are OK go to procedure B If 12 Volts AC are not present check winding resistances per table on wiring diagrams pgs 32 33 IMPORTANT
42. ortion is caused by the current concentrating in the water surrounding the fish In both b and c not as much power is transferred into the fish s body as in a c Water more conductive 2006 www smith root com LOW CONDUCTIVITY WATER Distilled water is a very good insulator Ithas aconductivity range of 0 5 to 5 0 microSiemens cc If a normal voltage is applied in distilled water very little current will flow Power flow is too low to be effective for electrofishing The current passing through a fish decreases as the power flow decreases To get the same response from fish the current can be maintained by either increasing the voltage or by keeping the resistance low If a higher voltage is used up to 1 200 volts may be necessary High voltages create three problems special electrical equipment is required safety is reduced for the operators and conditions are lethal for fish close to electrodes The resistance can be kept low by increasing the size of the electrodes The only limitations to this are the availability of larger electrodes and the weight of electrode that can be handled by the operator HIGH CONDUCTIVITY WATER High conductivity is over 2 000 microSiemens cc If a high voltage is applied most current will flow easily through the water and the fish will hardly be affected The electric current follows the path of least resistance and bypasses the fish completely Therefore use lo
43. ranty Information eeeesesensenenenenennennenenn 36 Items manufactured by companies other than Smith Root carry the original manufactures warranty Please contact product manufacturer for return instructions All Smith Root Inc manufactured products are covered by a one year warranty 09461 Rev 0 Smith Root Inc Vancouver WA USA 2006 2006 GPP GENERATOR POWERED PULSATOR KOHLER SHORE MODEL 5 0 7 5 9 0 GPP Combo Package Includes the Following Model Quantity Description Line Number 5 0 A EEE 5 0 GPP Control BOX kenn 3420 GPP Ec 5 0 GPP Generali een 4666 sanas ia dedos Output Cable citer ei can 3415 A Ries Single Foot Switch w 15 ft Cable amp Plug nennen 3309 A Electrofisher Certification oooooocnnnnnnnnccoconannonn cnn s 5465 Monitos 7 5 GPP Control BOX er 3421 75 e 230 GPP Generator sio da 4667 Ve Single Foot Switch w 15 ft Cable amp Plug eene 3309 GP Ve a 7 5 GPP Cathode Cable ee 3416 EE 75 GPP Anode Cables vic een 2962 p E Electrofisher Certification oooococcnncnnnicconononno nn cnn s 5465 TV 9 0 GPP Control BOX eee dekke 3867 Mess ee 9 0 GPP Genera usd 4668 9 0 fs Single Foot Switch w 15 ft Cable amp Plug 3309 GPP Vett 9 0 GPP Cathode Cable 6050 Do 9 0 GPP Anode Cables accion 7976 AA Electrofisher Certification insuran nia nm e 5465 GPP II 2006 GPP GENERATOR POWERED PULSATOR KOHLER SHORE MODEL
44. ration improper installation or other acts which are not the fault of Smith Root Inc including damage caused by shipping b The product has been damaged from external causes such as collision with an object or from fire flooding sand dirt windstorm lightening earthquake or damage from exposure to weather conditions an Act of God or battery leakage theft blown fuse or improper use of any electrical source or damage caused by the connection to other products not recommended for interconnection by Smith Root Inc c Smith Root Inc was not advised in writing by the Consumer of the alleged defect or malfunction of the Product within fifteen 15 days after the expiration of the applicable limited warranty period d The Product serial number plate or the accessory data code has been removed defaced or altered 7 If a problem develops during the limited warranty period the Consumer shall take the following step by step procedure a The Consumer shall return the Product to Smith Root Inc for repair or replacement processing b The Consumer contacts the Customer Service Department at Smith Root Inc at the number listed on the bottom of this page for repair or replacement processing c The Consumer shall ship the Product prepaid and insured Expenses related to removing the Product from an installation are not covered under this limited warranty d The Consumer will be billed for any parts or labor charges not covered by this limited w
45. requirements The most important factor in electrofishing efficiency and safety is the training and experience of the crew At least two members of the crew should be qualified to administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation As opportunities arise all crew members should attend a course in basic life support training ELECTROFISHING PRINCIPLES ELECTRICAL SHOCK It is the current that passes through the human body that does the damage The voltage is relevant because it is the force that pushes the current through the body Experiments show that 20 to 500 Hz AC current is more dangerous than DC or higher frequencies of AC The voltages used by electrofishing gear cause death by one of three means Ventricular Fibrillation Ventricular fibrillation is uncoordinated contraction of the muscles of the heart The heart quivers rather than beats Electrical current through the chest can cause this condition Once a person goes into ventricular fibrillation the only way to stop the quivering is to use a defibrillator that applies a pulse shock to the chest to restore heart rhythm Cardiopulmonary resuscitation may help to keep a victim alive until he can be defibrillated Respiratory Arrest The respiratory center is at the base of the skull Thus shocks to the head can cause the breathing to stop Artificial respiration by the mouth to mouth method should be used in this case Asphyxia Asphyxia is caused by contraction of the chest
46. s Fish absorb power as a function of body surface area This is important to remember if you are shocking for small fish and large fish are also present The large fish are going to receive a much greater shock than the small fish TEMPERATURE Water conductivity and effective fish conductivity increase with higher temperature Conductivities reported for Carp 5 372 microSiemens cc 10 543 microSiemens cc 15 714 microSiemens cc 20 1 026 microSiemens cc 25 1 960 microSiemens cc Whitney and Pierce 1957 SUBSTRATE Certain bottom substrates will conduct electrical current These weaken the electric field in the water making fish capture less effective ADJUSTING THE VOLTAGE By adjusting the output voltage the effects of the water s conductivity on electrofishing can be reduced The current flowing through the water is directly related to the voltage applied The higher the voltage the greater the current will be 16 2006 www smith root com ELECTROFISHING PRINCIPLES When adjusting the output voltage the major consideration is the power being used This is especially true for battery powered electrofishers Power is equal to the voltage multiplied by the current When figuring the power for an electrofisher the fact that it is usually putting out pulsed DC must be taken into consideration The instantaneous power during a pulse may be quite high but if the electrofisher is only producing pulses at a 25 duty
47. ser to the electrodes has a stronger electrical field but not enough to stun the fish In this area the involuntary swimming action will occur and the fish will swim towards the anode The innermost area has the strongest electrical field and the fish within it are immobilized Zone of Indifference When electrofishing first starts fish are usually hiding up to three meters away so high power is required to attract them out of hiding But as the fish nears the anode high power can injure it 2006 www smith root com Voltage across fish 12 5 22 1 0 0 8 Field Intensity V cm 6 25 Distance from anode m 1 2 VV DVS lt 6 25 gt lt 9 5 gt lt 18 30 lt 50 gt lt 280 ELECTROFISHING PRINCIPLES 40 70 0 6 0 4 As the fish nears the anode it receives a very high head to tail voltage Zone of Potential Fish Injury Fish close to the anode receive a very high head to tail voltage Most fish injuries occur within half a meter from the anode This is called the Zone of potential fish injury We can minimize the injury by reducing the time the electricity is turned on Duty Cycle Duty cycle is the percent of on time It is a product of the pulse width and the pulse frequency The duty cycle can be lowered in three ways by reducing the pulse width by reducing the pulse frequency or by using gated bursts where the power is off for a period be
48. tween each burst of pulses Fish close to an anode with a low duty cycle are far less likely to be injured than with a high duty cycle ELECTRODE DESIGN The way in which voltage and current distribute around electrofisher electrodes is complex Figure 4 shows the field pattern created by a pair of closely spaced ring electrodes and the voltage gradient between them Note that the current density and voltage gradient are highest near the electrodes The dimensions of the electrodes are very important in determining the voltage distribution around electrofisher electrodes Figure 5 compares a 10cm and a 20cm ring anode carrying 200 volts in open water The cathode dimension is considered to be infinite Note that the 20cm anode reaches out much Fish Attraction to Anode Zone of Potential a Injury Limited Good A Galvanotaxis Galvanotaxis 3 0m 2 0m DISTANCE 1 0m 0 5m 60 50 a ul 40 o Duty Cycle 3 30 m 2 gt lt 5 20 c 10 m 0 2 4 6 TIME 8 1 12 14 18 2006 www smith root com ELECTROFISHING PRINCIPLES further producing a 33 volt potential at 1 2 meter But the 10cm anode produces the same potential at only 0 6 meter from the electrode Figure 6 further illustrates the effect of electrode diameter The voltage is applied head to tail to a 20cm long fish The applied voltage is 200 volts with 10cm and 20cm diameter ring electrodes Note that the 20cm electrode reaches out farth
49. unting If there is no display in the seconds counter replace the N cell batteries in the counter See Fig D 2 Adjusting the Percent of Range See Fig D 1 D up to 100 will increase the amperage shown on the Current Meter Fig D 1 Set the Percent of Range to 50 Switch the Mode switch See Fig D 1 G from 120 PPS to 60 PPS The amperage should drop by half CAUTION Never switch the Voltage Range while the output is ON Retest settings in the high range Counter Module battery compartment accessible from back of control panel NOTE If output current is absent return the Control Box to Smith Root Inc The N cell batteries should be replaced EVERY five Fig D 2 years See Fig D 2 www smith root com GPP TROUBLESHOOTING KOHLER SHORE MODEL IMPORTANT Danger High Voltage is present during test load procedure Every effort should be made to keep all personnel away from test load bucket It may be necessary to form a barricade around testing area and post appropriate signs warning of High Voltage Procedure E Build a Test Load WARNING KEEP ALL PERSONNEL CLEAR OF TEST LOAD WHILE GENERATOR RUNNING Construct a test load using a plastic bucket with the metal From Cathode From Anode handle removed Fig E 1 Aluminum Plate Connect the test load to the GPP Electrofisher as shown Fig E 2 Add tap water to the bucket e Set the Mode Switches
50. ven greater anode attraction is possible with pulsed direct current Pulsed direct current is made by interrupting steady DC with an electronically controlled switch The switch gives several on off pulses per second The number of pulses per second pulse frequency and the on time pulse width have different effects on different species of fish In a pulsed DC field a fish s body flexes with each pulse and returns to normal between pulses This flexing and straightening accentuates the involuntary swimming towards the anode called galvanotaxis off on off on off 0 straight flexed straight flexed straight Galvanotaxis In pulsed DC a fish s body flexes with each pulse Smith Root Programmable Output Waveforms give you complete control over your electrofisher output This patented method of synthesizing waveforms makes it possible to produce virtually any waveform so you can select the one that is safest for the fish POW allows you to create narrow pulses to achieve the same results as wide pulses Narrower pulses put less power into the water This has three benefits you have less chance of damage to the fish your battery or fuel lasts longer and you can work in very conductive water that overloads conventional electrofishers RESPONSE OF FISH TO DC FIELDS An electric field in water can be considered to have three separate areas The outer peripheral area is a weak field that the fish is indifferent to The next area clo
51. w voltages and high currents Currents as high as 60 amps are common the limiting factor being the rating of the power supply Some brackish water and industrial waste water have conductivities over 10 000 microSiemens cc Here smaller power supplies are unable to deliver enough power to stun fish Waters in this range can only be electrofished effectively with the larger model GPPs The Smith Root 7 5 GPP outputs 62 amps through 8 gauge stranded cables This unit can stun large fish in the interface between fresh and salt water For example Striped Bass can be stunned for taking brood stock Theoretically high conductivity could be dealt with by using smaller electrodes but this would reduce the range and also create damaging current densities near the anode FISH CONDUCTIVITY A fish will receive the maximum shock through its body when the conductivity of the water is the same as the conductivity of the fish s flesh Unfortunately this is rarely the case ELECTROFISHING PRINCIPLES Fish flesh conductivity ranges from 500 to 1 500 microSiemens cc Each species has a different conductivity This affects their susceptibility to electric current Conductivities for some fish species are Trout 1 220 microSiemens cc Perch 1 089 microSiemens cc Carp 870 microSiemens cc Grudgeon 814 microSiemens cc E Halsband Vilbert 1967 FISH SIZE Among fish of the same species the larger fish are more sensitive to electrical current

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