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Measurement Guide and Programming Examples

1. het Jt AA AL TA AA EL a hd aa AL a bd21_5l cdr 74 Chapter 5 CAUTION Spectrum Analyzer Measuring Multiple Signals Measuring Multiple Signals This section provides information on measuring multiple signals This section is divided into the following sections Comparing Signals on the Same Screen Using Marker Delta on page 76 Comparing Signals not on the Same Screen Using Marker Delta on page 78 Resolving Signals of Equal Amplitude on page 80 Resolving Small Signals Hidden by Large Signals on page 83 Ensure that the total power of all signals at the analyzer input does not exceed 33 dBm 2 watts Basic Assumption The material in this chapter is presented with the assumption that you understand the front and rear panel layout and display annotations of your analyzer If you do not refer to the Measurement Guide Front and Rear Panel Features Chapter 5 75 Nn fe Las al 5 5 gt S 4 N fn o N Pa S l lt p Q D a NM Figure 5 4 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Spectrum Analyzer Measuring Multiple Signals Comparing Signals on the Same Screen Using Marker Delta Using the analyzer you can easily compare frequency and amplitude differences between signals such as radio or television signal spectra The analyzer delta marker function lets you compare two signals when both appear on the
2. keys submenu key category Example Limit Masks Choice A choice key displays the currently Allows you to make a selection selected submenu choice in this example 5 from a list of values dBm When the choice is made the 5 submenu automatically returns F Example dBm 3 D Adjust Press this type of key and enter a value Highlights the menu key and The default for menu keys with an sets the active function automatic Auto or manual Man choice is automatic After pressing the key the selection changes to manual Examples ao Q 3 e s NQ Res BW 8 f Auto E 70 Chapter 5 NOTE NOTE Spectrum Analyzer Making a Basic Measurement Presetting the Spectrum Analyzer Preset provides a known starting point for making measurements The analyzer has two types of preset Mode Preset This type of preset restores the currently selected mode to a known factory defined state User Preset Restores the analyzer to a user defined state User Preset uses the factory defined state until you create a custom user preset file For details see the User s and Programmer s Reference manual Creating a User Preset and Power Up State User Preset recalls the power up state applying the defaults you define using the Save State button When you save a state to be used as the User Preset power up state you must name the state Powerup If you want to use the
3. 5 w 5 a el 5 a so 2 es 9 g 3 o Dn n v i 5 g v ey v S Aa g d e4 G fo a Front and Rear Panel Features Front Panel Overview Item Description Associated Function Keys 8 Over Range Indicates that the attenuation AMPTD Y Scale Elec Atten and preamp if installed settings are AMPTD Y Scale Internal Preamp supplying too much power to the detector AMPTD Y Scale Auto Range Distortion may result Set Auto Range On to clear or lt 8Smpl Pt Indicates that the current Trace Detector More Detector Average instrument settings have reduced the number of samples display point to fewer than 8 The most accurate averaged amplitude measurement will be made when you have at least 8 samples in each display point 9 Ext Gain AMPTD Y Scale Ext Gain 10 Averaging Trace Detector Trace Average or Meas Setup Avg Mode Avg Number The numbers shown indicates current average number and the desired number of averages 11 Time and date display System Time Date Location Date Time 12 Active marker Marker 13 Trace and detector information Trace Detector Clear Write W Trace Average A Max Hold M Min Hold m Trace Detector More Detector Peak P Sample S Negative Peak p Average A 14 Active marker frequency and amplitude Marker If in zero span active marker time and amplitude is displ
4. Ensure that the signal is at the center frequency If necessary press Peak Search Marker Mkr gt CF Change the attenuation to 0 dB press AMPTD Y Scale Elec Atten 0 dB Your display should be similar to Figure 5 20 Harmonic Distortion with 0 dB Attenuation Elec Atten 0 dB Preamp Off 10 dB div Ref 0 te Screen mage capture in progress To determine whether the harmonic distortion products are generated by the analyzer first save the screen data in trace 2 as follows Press Trace Detector Select Trace 2 then Clear Write Allow the trace to update two sweeps and press Trace Detector View Blank View Marker Delta Chapter 5 95 fon Q N gt a lt 5 fn 9 Q a A Figure 5 21 Step 11 Step 12 Spectrum Analyzer Making Distortion Measurements The analyzer display shows the stored data in trace 2 and the measured data in trace 1 Next press Trace Detector Select Trace 1 increase the RF attenuation by 10 dB press AMPTD Y Scale Elec Atten 10 dB See Figure 5 21 Notice the AMkr1 amplitude reading This is the difference in the distortion product amplitude readings between 0 dB and 10 dB input attenuation settings If the AMkr1 amplitude absolute value is approximately gt 1 dB for an input attenuator change then distortion is being generated at least in part by the analyzer In this case more input attenuation is necessary RF Attenuation of 10 dB
5. ViSession defaultRM vi viOpenDefaultRM amp defaultRM viOpen defaultRM GPIBO 23 INSTR VI_NULL VI_NULL amp vi viClose vi viClose defaultRM Closing a Session The viClose function must be used to close each session You can close the specific device session which will free all data structures that had been allocated for the session If you close the default resource manager session all sessions opened using that resource manager will be closed Since system resources are also used when searching for resources viFindRsrc or waiting for events viWaitOnEvent the viClose function needs to be called to free up find lists and event contexts 218 Chapter 12 Connector Care Connector Care 13 219 Connector Care This chapter contains the following topics on care of your Agilent CSA connectors Using Inspecting and Cleaning RF Connectors on page 221 Repeatability on page 221 RF Cable and Connector Care on page 221 Proper Connector Torque on page 222 Connector Wear and Damage on page 222 Cleaning Procedure on page 222 v 3 Q oS d Q 220 Chapter 13 CAUTION Connector Care Using Inspecting and Cleaning RF Connectors Using Inspecting and Cleaning RF Connectors Taking proper care of cables and connectors will protect the ability of your analyzer to make accurate measurements Inaccurate measu
6. popo opp Babe oo 9000 un Ss Las al 5 5 gt z lt N csa pl792b Set the frequency of the signal source to 295 MHz Set the source amplitude to 80 dBm Connect the source RF OUTPUT to the analyzer RF INPUT Select the spectrum analyzer mode Press Mode Spectrum Analyzer Preset the analyzer Press Mode Preset Set the center frequency span and reference level Press FREQ Channel Center Frequency 295 MHz Press SPAN X Scale Span 5 MHz Press AMPTD Y Scale Ref Level 40 dBm Turn trace averaging on Press Meas Setup Avg Number 100 Enter Press Trace Detector Trace Average As the averaging routine smooths the trace low level signals become more visible Avg Exponential 100 100 appears above the graticule With the average number as the active function set the number of averages to 25 Chapter 5 91 fom Q N gt a lt 5 fn Q v a A NOTE Spectrum Analyzer Measuring a Low Level Signal Press Meas Setup Avg Number 25 Enter Annotation above the graticule shows the type of averaging the number of traces averaged and the number of averages selected Changing most active functions restarts the averaging as does toggling Trace Type back and forth from Clear Write to Trace Average Once the set number of sweeps completes the analyzer continues to provide a running average based on this set number if the Avg Mode
7. Connect the calibrating devices to the analyzer RF Output when prompted in the procedure as shown in Figure 7 4 or as shown in the calibration wizard To calibrate your spectrum analyzer you will need the following calibration kit e Open Short connector e Calibrated 50 ohm Load connector This example uses a 10 feet cable as the DUT Chapter 7 131 Dn a 5 Re 28 oO A Z Ss n ee a 5 oO 5 z 2 vo oO fom 5 n x Q Dn S a Rn d n 5 a 2 un a EN Z Ff a 5 ao o a Figure 7 4 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 Stimulus Response Measurements Requires N8995A One Port Insertion Loss One Port Insertion Loss Measurement SPECTRUM ANALYZER Im J Ooooo 0000 0000 RF OUTPUT i PRE i M LOAD LOAD I pur Set the analyzer to the One Port Insertion Loss measurement Press Mode Stimulus Response Meas One Port Insertion Loss Preset the analyzer Press Mode Preset Meas One Port Insertion Loss Set the start and stop frequencies Press FREQ Channel Start Freq 100 MHz Press FREQ Channel Stop Freq 500 MHz Turn averaging off Press Meas Setup Avg Mode Off Calibrate the measurement Press FREQ Channel Calibrate and follow the instructions on the Calibration Wizard The analyzer will calibrate over
8. a i ve o 5 a Dn Chapter 10 191 Working with Batteries Battery Specifications n vo fo d gt 5 po gt on _ 5 192 Chapter 10 pcm isa A Concepts 11 Kel 2 D 2 I Concepts Resolving Closely Spaced Signals Resolving Closely Spaced Signals Resolving Signals of Equal Amplitude Two equal amplitude input signals that are close in frequency can appear as a single signal trace on the analyzer display Responding to a single frequency signal a swept tuned analyzer traces out the shape of the selected internal IF intermediate frequency filter typically referred to as the resolution bandwidth or RBW filter As you change the filter bandwidth you change the width of the displayed response If a wide filter is used and two equal amplitude input signals are close enough in frequency then the two signals will appear as one signal If a narrow enough filter is used the two input signals can be discriminated and appear as separate peaks Thus signal resolution is determined by the IF filters inside the analyzer The bandwidth of the IF filter tells us how close together equal amplitude signals can be and still be distinguished from each other The resolution bandwidth function selects an IF filter setting for a measurement Typically resolution bandwidth is defined as the 3 dB bandwidth of the filter However resolution bandw
9. 5 Z Q0 CN 7 esl J 5 a A S ga gt 3 z n 5 2 n n E S 20 n lt op amp E E 3 Q A Requires Option N8996A 1FP NOTE Step 7 NOTE Step 8 Step 9 Step 10 Demodulating AM FM Signals Requires Option N8996A 1FP Demodulating an FM Signal Using the CSA Requires Option N8996A 1FP There is a function called Global CF in Mode Mode Setup Use Global CF On or Off If you turn this On the CF center frequency will use the same center frequency value as other modes which also have the Global CF switched On This means when you want to switch between different modes you can keep the same CF For example if you set Use Global CF to On in Modulation Analyzer mode and also set Use Global CF to On in Spectrum Analyzer mode all measurements made in either mode will use the same center frequency Any change you make to center frequency in one measurement or mode will be applied across all measurements in either mode Set the IF bandwidth to Auto Press Meas Setup IFBW Auto For measurements with B gt 1 is the ratio of frequency deviation to modulation rate you can use the automatic setting of IF Bandwidth For measurements with B lt 1 you need to set IF bandwidth manually you should first calculate the minimum required bandwidth Then with CSA IFBW selections choose a suitable IFBW 2 x Frequency Deviation 2
10. Elec Atten 10 dB Preamp Off Atten 10 dB Ext Gain 0 0 dB Sweep Time 119 1 Press Peak Search Marker Delta Change the attenuation to 15 dB by pressing AMPTD Y Scale Elec Atten 15 dB If the AMkr1 amplitude absolute value is approximately 21 dB then more input attenuation is required some of the measured distortion is internally generated If there is no change in the signal level the distortion is not generated internally For example the signal that is causing the distortion in this case shown in Figure 5 22 is not high enough in amplitude to cause internal distortion in the analyzer so any distortion that is displayed is present on the input signal 96 Chapter5 Spectrum Analyzer Making Distortion Measurements Figure 5 22 No Harmonic Distortion 22 30 13 Jan 24 2007 Rev 2 0 Elec Atten 15 dB Preamp Off Atten 15 dB Ext Gain 0 0 dB 0 MHz kHz z Sweep Time 119 un T O 5 vail gt Screen Image capture in progress sresssssss gt N Chapter 5 97 fm o N Pa S l lt p Q D a NM Step 1 NOTE Figure 5 23 Step 2 Spectrum Analyzer Making Distortion Measurements Third Order Intermodulation Distortion Two tone third order intermodulation distortion is a common test in communication systems When two signals are present in a non linear system they can interact and create third order intermodulation distortion products that are lo
11. Place a marker on the 30 MHz peak Press Peak Search Set the center frequency step size equal to 10 MHz Press FREQ Channel CF Step Manual 10 MHz Activate the marker delta function 78 Chapter5 Spectrum Analyzer Measuring Multiple Signals Press Marker Delta Step 8 Increase the center frequency by 10 MHz Press FREQ Channel Center Freq L Peak Search The delta marker A1 appears on the peak of the 40 MHz harmonic The delta marker annotation displays the amplitude and frequency difference between the 30 and 40 MHz signal peaks Refer to Figure 5 6 Figure 5 6 Delta Marker with Reference Signal Off Screen 14 01 36 23 Jan 2007 Rev 20 un oO Las al 5 5 gt z lt N Step 9 Turn the markers off Press Marker Off Chapter 5 79 Fe D N Pa S l lt p D a NM Figure 5 7 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 SIGNAL GENERATOR 1 SIGNAL GENERATOR 2 Spectrum Analyzer Measuring Multiple Signals Resolving Signals of Equal Amplitude In this procedure a decrease in resolution bandwidth is used to resolve two signals of equal amplitude with a frequency separation of 100 kHz Notice that the final RBW selection to resolve the signals is the same width as the signal separation Connect the output of signal generator 1 to port 2 of the directional coupler and connect the output of signal generator 2 to port 3 the coupled port of the directional
12. This procedure measures the loss or gain of a filter amplifier cable or other devices over a specified frequency range Insertion loss measurements are important in accurately quantifying the amount of loss or gain a signal will incur as it passes through a device In S parameter terms insertion loss is referred to as an Sy measurement S stands for scattering Before you perform a two port insertion loss measurement you must first normalize the measured values for insertion loss by compensating for the loss associated with the devices adapters cables that connect the analyzer to the device or assembly being tested Otherwise your measurement will be inaccurate Note that in step 6 on page 127 excessive signal input may damage the DUT Do not exceed the maximum power that the device under test can tolerate DO NOT make the connection at this time You will be directed when to make the connections later in the procedure To measure the rejection of a low pass filter connect the RF Output of the analyzer to the RF Input This example uses a 50 MHz low pass filter as the DUT Set the analyzer to the Two Port Insertion Loss measurement Press Mode Stimulus Response Meas Two Port Insertion Loss Preset the analyzer Press Mode Preset Set the start and stop frequencies Press FREQ Channel Start Freq 10 MHz Press FREQ Channel Stop Freq 250 MHz Turn averaging off Press Meas Setup Avg Mode Off S
13. on page 205 for more information Ensure that the total power of all signals at the analyzer input does not exceed 33 dBm 2 watts Connect an Agilent ESG RF signal source to the analyzer RF INPUT as shown in Figure 8 1 Set the ESG frequency to 300 MHz and the amplitude to 10 dBm Set the AM depth to 80 the AM rate to 1 kHz and turn AM on Setup for AM Demodulation Measurement SPECTRUM ANALYZER SIGNAL GENERATOR Select the Modulation Analyzer mode and mode preset Press Mode Modulation Analyzer then press Mode Preset Select AM measurement Press Meas AM Select the demodulation waveform view Press View Display Demod Waveform Demod Waveform is the default setting of View Display Set the center frequency to the center of the AM signal in this case 300 MHz Press FREQ Channel Center Freq 300 MHz Chapter 8 147 be n E T wa T T 5 Z Q0 CN 7 esl J 5 a A S ga gt 3 z n 5 2 n n E S 20 n lt op amp E E 3 Q A Requires Option N8996A 1FP NOTE Step 6 NOTE Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 Demodulating AM FM Signals Requires Option N8996A 1FP Demodulating an AM Signal Using the CSA Requires Option N8996A 1FP There is a function called Global CF in Mode Mode Setup Use Global CF On or Off If you turn this On the CF center frequency will use the same cen
14. state file This Chapter 5 71 Spectrum Analyzer Making a Basic Measurement will restore the factory defined default settings as the power on settings and as the user preset settings NOTE For firmware revision A 02 00 or greater to disable User Preset the process is easier press Mode Preset then press User Preset Save User Preset Viewing a Signal 1 Select the spectrum analyzer mode Press Mode Spectrum Analyzer 2 Preset the analyzer Press Mode Preset 3 Connect the analyzer s rear panel REF OUT 10 MHz to the front panel input Setting Center Frequency Span Attenuation and Reference Level 1 Set the center frequency to 30 MHz Press FREQ Channel Center Freq 30 MHz fom Q N gt a lt 5 fn 9 Q a A 2 Set the Span to 50 MHZ Press SPAN X Scale 50 MHz 3 Adjust the attenuation to 20 dB Press AMPTD Y Scale Elec Atten 20 dB 4 Adjust the reference level if the peak of the 10 MHz signal component is not visible Press AMPTD Y Scale Ref Level 10 dBm For more information on this refer to Changing Reference Level on page 73 The 10 MHz reference signal spectrum appears on the display as shown in Figure 5 1 Figure 5 1 10 MHz Internal Reference Signal and Associated Spectrum 72 Chapter5 Figure 5 2 Spectrum Analyzer Making a Basic Measurement Reading Frequency amp Amplitude 1 Place a marker labeled 1 on the 10 MHz peak as shown in
15. tttstessetssssesses Dn a 5 Re 28 oO A Z Ss n ee a 5 oO 5 z Chapter 7 137 2 vo oO Som 5 n S Q N S a N d Nn 5 E An lt un a EN Z Ff a 5 ao d a Stimulus Response Measurements Requires N8995A Distance to Fault Distance to Fault A signal is transmitted from the RF Output connector of the analyzer to the cable under test The signals reflected from faults in the cable are received by the analyzer In performing this measurement the analyzer uses frequency domain reflectometry The changing interference of the transmitted and reflected signals contains information about the distance to one or more faults This information can be used to find the physical distance to the faults The distance displayed on the analyzer is the physical distance to the probable faults corrected for the cable loss and velocity factor of the cable Measured Distance the Effects of Frequency and Points It is not always obvious how frequency range affects measured distance and resolution and it often appears to be counter intuitive If you are new to making Distance to Fault measurements this section will help clarify what is happening In the following equations e The Speed of Light c is a constant value of 3 x 108 meters per second e Your test cable s transmission speed relative to light is Vpey The M
16. when you only intend measuring over a much smaller range a few MHz for example will induce inaccuracies into your results Furthermore even if the measurement frequency range is a subset of the calibration frequency range the calibration data can be disregarded if the calibration frequency step calibration frequency range 255 is greater than the factory calibration frequency step 2 926 MHz In such cases the factory calibration data will be used If you plan to perform a combination of One Port Insertion Loss measurement Return Loss measurement and Distance to Fault measurements using a frequency range that you will set manually you can perform one calibration for all three measurements as long as you calibrate over a frequency range that incorporates all three of your measurements your cables do not change and the calibration frequency step is not greater than that of the factory calibration For this reason if you are doing Distance to Fault measurements using a frequency range that you have set manually as well as any type of Insertion Loss measurement Agilent recommends that you select your cable type before performing calibrations Press Mode Stimulus Response Meas Distance To Fault Meas Setup Cable Type to set the cable type The calibration remains valid until you do any one of the following e set the Distance to Fault frequency range to Auto Note that the calibration will become valid again as soon as you switch
17. 12 Mounting tabs Mounting tabs for mounting the external power supply when analyzer is rack mounted 13 Grounding lug Chassis ground connection 62 Chapter 3 Front and Rear Panel Features Key Overview Key Overview The keys labeled FREQ Channel System and Marker are all examples of front panel keys The front panel keys are dark gray light gray green beige or white in color Front panel keys that are white perform an immediate action rather than bringing up a menu The only green keys are the Mode Preset User Preset and Help keys The Mode Preset and User Preset keys perform an analyzer reset and the Help key accesses the embedded help system A summary of all front panel keys and their related menu keys can be found in the User s Guide for your analyzer Pressing most of the dark gray the light gray or the beige front panel keys accesses menus of functions that are displayed along the right side of the display These are called menu keys Ment keys list functions other than those accessed directly by the front panel keys To activate a menu key function press the key immediately to the right of the annotation on the screen The menu keys that are displayed depend on which front panel key is pressed and which menu level is enabled If a menu key function value can be changed it is called an active function The function label of the active function is highlighted after that key has been selected For example
18. 169 171 noise measurements channel power using 104 normalization reference position 198 Normalize On Off key 198 numeric keypad using 69 o OBW measurement 107 109 occupied bandwidth measurement 107 109 occupied BW measurement 107 109 option manager 176 options 45 installing 176 option name listing 43 option number listing 41 ordering 40 viewing installable 176 viewing installed 176 options not in instrument memory 34 ordering options 40 overview keys and key menus 63 overviews low level signal 87 resolving signals 194 Index P packaging 232 personality options not in instrument 34 power amplifiers 46 power measurements OBW 107 109 occupied bandwidth 107 109 power splitters 47 power suite channel power 104 preamplifiers 46 preset factory 71 types 71 user creating 71 Print key 51 printer setup 36 printing screens 165 probes AC and DC 46 product markings 15 programming example using C language 214 using C language 210 pulse measurement 115 purpose modulation distortion measurement concepts 204 modulation SINAD measurement concepts 205 R RBW selections 90 real time clock setting 164 rear panel features 61 reconditioning recalibrating batteries 186 reference level setting 73 release versions 175 resolution bandwidth adjusting 89 resolving signals 194 resolving signals small signals hidden by large signals 194 resolving t
19. 28 oO A Z Ss n ee a 5 oO 5 z Stimulus Response Measurements Requires N8995A Return Loss e Open short connector e Calibrated 50 ohm Load connector Step 6 Connect the test cable if used and calibration devices to the analyzer RF Output as shown in Figure 7 6 or in the calibration wizard If the DUT is a two port device be sure to terminate the unused port in the characteristic impedance of the device This example uses a 50 MHz low pass filter as the DUT Note that the units of the reference level are dB indicating that this is a relative measurement Figure 7 6 Return Loss Measurement SPECTRUM ANALYZER TIRER 588 Sig oa B8 i PE are i EE LOAD AREARE Eee Step 7 Change the reference level ou Press AMPTD Y Scale Ref Level 5 dB Step 8 Use the markers to measure the return loss and SWR at any point Press Marker Normal Use the knob to place the marker at a frequency of interest nN ee v g v Eg si 3 g Z n T 5 s o a amp E A 136 Chapter 7 Stimulus Response Measurements Requires N8995A Return Loss Figure 7 7 Return Loss Measurement Results Calibrated XE Agilent Technologies Stimulus Response Return Loss 19 08 23 Jan 25 2007 Rev 2 0 Marker 55 176 MHz Calibrated 10 MHz 250 MHz x 130 MHz Best Frequency 13 765 MHz Return Loss 45 5 dB SWR 1 01 Screen Image capture in progress
20. 5 na un For complex modulation such as CDMA W CDMA GSM the frequency error measurement is not accurate The following example shows how to make an ACP measurement on a simulated W CDMA base station signal broadcasting at 1 955 GHz Connect the RF Output of the signal generator to the analyzer RF Input 50 Q as shown in Figure 6 1 Chapter 6 121 2 mn vo 2 2 5 Dn a Som ov N P q S lt vo a Q Figure 6 1 Figure 6 2 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Channel Analyzer Measurements Making Adjacent Channel Power ACP 1 amp M Measurements Setup for ACP Measurement SPECTRUM ANALYZER SIGNAL GENERATOR 00000 000 a Bot fa o o 0000 9000 csa pl792b Using the signal generator to setup a W CDMA signal transmitting at 1 955 GHz and 10 dBm Select the channel analyzer mode and the adjacent channel power measurement Press Mode Channel Analyzer Preset the analyzer Press Mode Preset Set the center frequency to 1 955 GHz Press FREQ Channel Center Freq 1 955 GHz Set the analyzer radio mode to W CDMA as a base station device Press Meas Setup Format BW Format Type List Format List select W CDMA sing the up and down arrow buttons press Select ACP Measurement Results JE Agilent Technologies Channel Analyzer ACP I amp M 17 17 57 Jan 25 2007 Avg Exponential 10 10 Ext Gain 0 0 dB 55 5 dBc Avg
21. Measuring Multiple Signals Resolving Small Signals Hidden by Large Signals This procedure uses narrow resolution bandwidths to resolve two input signals with a frequency separation of 50 kHz and an amplitude difference of 60 dB Connect two sources to the analyzer input as shown in Figure 5 7 Connect the output of signal generator 1 to port 2 of the directional coupler and connect the output of signal generator 2 to port 3 the coupled port of the directional coupler Setup for Obtaining Two Signals SPECTRUM ANALYZER S88 g Ome Se eS I 5 gt i 3 4 5 DIRECTIONAL COUPLER csa pl790b Set the signal sources as follows Set signal generator 1 to 300 MHz at 9 dBm Set signal generator 2 to 300 450 MHz at 54 dBm These power levels plus the nominal 16 dB loss through the coupled arm and the nominal 1 dB loss through the main arm of the directional coupler results in a signal 60 dB below the first signal Set the analyzer as follows Press Mode Preset Press FREQ Channel Center Freq 300 MHz Press SPAN X Scale Span 5 MHz Press BW Res BW 100 kHz Set the 300 MHz signal peak to the reference level Press Peak Search Mkr Mkr gt RL Note that the Agilent CSA 100 kHz filter shape factor of 8 1 has a bandwidth of 840 kHz at the 60 dB point The half bandwidth 420 kHz is NOT narrower than the frequency separation of 450 kHz so the input signals can not be resolved Activate ave
22. Q N gt a lt 5 fn m Q v a A 118 Chapter5 Q S gt gt S lt N 3 Es Dn 3 m Dn Channel Analyzer Measurements 119 Channel Analyzer Measurements This chapter provides information on measuring signal power This chapter includes the following measurement Making Adjacent Channel Power ACP 1 amp M Measurements on page 121 CAUTION Ensure that the total power of all signals at the analyzer input does not exceed 33 dBm 2 watts Basic Assumption The material in this chapter is presented with the assumption that you understand the front and rear panel layout and display annotations of your analyzer If you do not refer to the Measurement Guide Front and Rear Panel Features i v vo fo 5 n S Som ovo N gt q S lt vo a Q 120 Chapter 6 ee CAUTION CAUTION NOTE Step 1 Channel Analyzer Measurements Making Adjacent Channel Power ACP I amp M Measurements Making Adjacent Channel Power ACP I amp M Measurements Adjacent Channel Power ACP I amp M is a measure of the power that leaks into adjacent transmit channels The ACP measurements as currently implemented are suitable for quick checks in installation and maintenance I amp M applications They are not necessarily suitable for ACP measurements in manufacturing or R amp
23. Requires Option N8996A 1FP top left of the display indicates whether the measurement results have passed or failed the limits test The mark P or F beside the measurement result means this value is passed or failed Press Carrier Power Upper to enter the maximum RF carrier power the measured maximum value will be changed from green to red when it exceeds the limit set here n E S 20 n lt op amp E E 3 Q A Requires Option N8996A 1FP Press AM Index Upper to enter the maximum AM index to warn you if the measured maximum value exceeds the limit specified here Press AM Index Lower to change the minimum AM index limit The measurement results are failed in the Figure 8 5 with the maximum AM Index exceeds the limit Figure 8 5 AM Numerical Results with Limits On Xi Agitoat Technologies Modulation Analyzer AM 15 14 56 Dec 22 2006 Rev 2 0 Avg Repeat 10 10 Preamp Off Atten 2 00 dB Ext Gain 0 0 dB Avg AM Index Peak 80 23 Carrier Power 9 55dBm Modulation Rate 1 kHz 1 00 kHz Distortion 0 55 0 56 SINAD 45 19dB 45 27dB Screen Image capture in progress s seksekeeewns 152 Chapter 8 CAUTION Figure 8 6 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Demodulating AM FM Signals Requires Option N8996A 1FP Demodulating an FM Signal Using the CSA Requires Option N8996A 1FP Demodulating an FM Signal Using the CSA Requir
24. 48 Chapter 2 Front and Rear Panel Features This chapter gives you an overview of the front and rear panels of your analyzer For details on analyzer keys and remote programming refer to the User s and Programmer s Reference For connector specifications including input output levels see the Specifications guide 49 es 5 e D z a el S iaz S z 2 es 5 pi g a N n 2 5 3 v ey v S c m 3 d ia w z a Front and Rear Panel Features Front Panel Overview Front Panel Overview This section provides information on the analyzer s front panel including Front Panel Connectors and Keys see below Display Annotations Spectrum Display on page 53 Display Annotations Spectrogram Option 271 on page 57 Front Panel Connectors and Keys csa_front panel Item Description Name Menu Keys Menu labels identifying the current function of each menu key appear to the left of each key Key menus are dependent on the active menu Also see Using Menu Keys on page 69 Measurement Select measurement mode Keys Select and set up specific measurements and mode parameters within the current mode Analyzer Setup Set parameters used for making measurements These settings will affect measurements in Keys all modes Marker Keys Enable markers to obtain specific information about the disp
25. 60009 1 Available only at time of purchase 2 The option replaces N1996A TG3 N8995A 1FP in CSA1 0 3 The option replaces N1996A TG6 N8995A 1FP in CSA1 0 42 Chapter 2 Options and Accessories Option Descriptions Option Descriptions Each option is described below in alphabetical order according to option name Option eae Name Number Description 3 Year Inclusive Calibration Provides your analyzer with a 3 year analyzer calibration contract R 50C 011 3 Contract 3 Year Warranty Service A total of 3 years of return to Agilent warranty service support This R 51B 001 3C Support adds a 2 year service contract to the base analyzer 1 year warranty 100 kHz to 3 GHz Spectrum 503 Spectrum Analyzer Frequency Range 100 kHz to 3 GHz Analyzer 100 kHz to 6 GHz Spectrum 506 Spectrum Analyzer Frequency Range 100 kHz to 6 GHz Analyzer Provides AM FM demodulation measurements AM FM Modulation Analysis N8996A 1FP e Amplitude Modulation e Frequency Modulation AM FM Tune amp Listen AFM Provides the audible detection of AM or FM signals at specific frequency Battery Pack BAT Two batteries 10 8 V 4 56 A HR LI ION pn 1420 0891 2 batteries are required for the operation of the instrument External AC DC Power Supply 0950 5023 External power supply 16 VDC 150 W External charger DC adapter includes External Battery Charger BCG External power supply AC DC adapter 24 VDC 2 7 A Dua
26. Cap looks like a plastic sheet filled with 1 1 4 inch air bubbles Use the pink colored Air Cap to reduce static electricity Wrapping the equipment several times in this material should both protect the equipment and prevent it from moving in the carton Preparing the Analyzer for Shipping 1 Attach a completed service tag to the analyzer Refer to Service Tag on page 231 2 Pack the system in the original shipping containers Original materials are available through Agilent Technologies office 232 Chapter 14 In Case of Difficulty Returning an Analyzer for Service 3 Wrap the system in anti static plastic to reduce the possibility of damage caused by electrostatic discharge 4 Seal the carton with strong nylon adhesive tape 5 Mark the shipping container FRAGILE HANDLE WITH CARE to ensure careful handling 6 Retain copies of all shipping papers al Q 22 S J 8 gt 2 Chapter 14 233 In Case of Difficulty Returning an Analyzer for Service gt 5 A Gen Q 2 S s p 234 Chapter 14 15 Copyright Information Q lt ta e p 5 5 5 235 S lc g fon On fn gt a iS Copyright Information Where to Find Additional Copyright Information Additional Copyright information is available on the Documentation CD ROM and in the front matter of
27. Ch Pwr 12 1dBm ACP 1 High 55 9 dBc Avg Ch Pwr 61 8 pW ACP 2 High ACP 3 High 122 Chapter 6 Figure 6 3 Step 7 Step 8 Channel Analyzer Measurements Making Adjacent Channel Power ACP I amp M Measurements The frequency offsets channel integration bandwidths and span settings can all be modified when you select Meas Setup Format Type Cust Turn the limit test on Press Meas Setup Limits Power Limits Power Limits On ACP Results with Offset Limits I Agilent Technologies Channel Analyzer ACP I amp M 17 31 15 Jan 25 2007 Center Freq 1 955 GHz Preamp Off Ext Gain 0 0 dB dBc Avg Ch Pwr dBm ACP 1 High dBc Avg Ch Pwr pW ACP 2 High ACP 3 High Screen Image capire in progress z You may set different pass fail limits for each offset Press Meas Setup Limits Power Limits Center Chan High Limit 10 dBm Center Chan Low Limit 30 dBm Adj Chan 1 High Limit 45 dB and Adj Chan 2 High Limit 60 dB In Figure 6 4 notice that ACP 2 Low and ACP 2 High have both failed however all other channels have passed Chapter 6 123 Q S 5 5 is gt 5 2 4 N bar S n Le 5 5 m n Channel Analyzer Measurements Making Adjacent Channel Power ACP 1 amp M Measurements Figure 6 4 Setting Offset Limits FE Agitent Techoeiopes Channel Analyzer ACP I amp M 17 33 24 Jan 25 2007 Rev 2 0 Chan 2 High Limit 60 0 dB j a dBc Avg Ch Pwr dBm ACP 1 High d
28. ESG or PSG is not Power Level 10 to 5 dBm 83630A B available 83640A B 83650A B 66 Chapter 4 Spectrum Analyzer 67 Nn Ss oO Las al 5 5 gt S 4 N Spectrum Analyzer This Chapter provides information making the following measurements Making a Basic Measurement on page 69 Measuring Multiple Signals on page 75 Measuring a Low Level Signal on page 86 Making Distortion Measurements on page 93 Using the Analyzer as a Fixed Tuned Receiver on page 101 Channel Power on page 104 Occupied Bandwidth OBW Measurement on page 107 Making a Basic Occupied BW Measurement on page 109 Using the Spectrogram View Requires Option 271 on page 111 Pulse Measurement on page 115 Tune and Listen Requires Option AFM on page 117 fom Q N gt a lt 5 fn Q Q a A 68 Chapter5 CAUTION Spectrum Analyzer Making a Basic Measurement Making a Basic Measurement This section provides information on basic analyzer operation For more information on making measurements see the appropriate measurement chapter This section is divided into the following sections Entering Data on page 69 Using Menu Keys on page 69 Presetting the Spectrum Analyzer on page 71 Creating a User Preset and Power Up State on page 71 Viewing a Signal on page 72 Ensure that the total
29. Ifthe current address is not appropriate press IP Config Static IP Address and use the keypad to change it In addition you may also need to change the Net Mask and Gateway settings Press Save Connect the LAN cable to the LAN connector not the Timing LAN connector located on the rear panel of your analyzer see Rear Panel Features on page 61 Cycle the analyzer power Refer to Configuring for Network Connectivity on page 169 It is necessary to cycle the power to the analyzer after plugging in the LAN for the analyzer to recognize the network If you are not using a LAN connection you may want to set the IP Configuration to None to reduce the instrument power on time Why Aren t All the Personality Options Available Many measurement personality options are available for your use and are loaded in the instrument To make an option available you must also have a license key entered Using an External Reference If you wish to use an external source as the reference frequency you must connect an external reference source and set the reference frequency as follows 1 Connect an external source to the EXT REF IN connector on the rear panel see Rear Panel Features on page 61 The signal level should be greater than 15 dBm 2 Select the frequency of the external reference into the analyzer a Press System Freq Time Ref b Select the up and down arrow navigation keys to highlight the
30. In addition this manual covers unpacking and setting up the analyzer analyzer features and how to make a basic measurement Includes information on options and accessories and what to do if you have a problem T 5 Dn D 5 a gt e for n Dn 5 z un Measurement Guide A Simplified Chinese language version of the standard Measurement AB2 Simplified Chinese Guide Localization Provides the same information as Option ABA listed above Provides the audible detection of AM or FM signals at specific AFM AM FM Tune amp Listen frequency BAT Battery Pack Two batteries 10 8 V 4 56 A HR LI ION pn 1420 0891 2 batteries are required for the operation of the instrument External charger DC adapter includes BCG External Battery Charger External power supply AC DC adapter Dual battery charger Chapter 2 41 Nn eo m S n N d Q 9 lt 5 n a Options and Accessories Options Option Number Name Description The hard transit case will survive commercial transportation This rugged case has two wheels and an extendible handle for easy HTC Hard Transit Case transport The case can also accommodate two battery packs and ac adapters To order the option HTC which requires the soft carrying case option SCC for filling the space in the hard transit case Provides Stimulus Response measurements N8995A SR
31. Program or any work based on the Program the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy Q lt ve e p 5 5 er 5 Chapter 15 239 F g fon On fn gt a iS Copyright Information distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients exercise of the rights granted herein You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License 7 If as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason not limited to patent issues conditions are imposed on you whether by court order agreement or otherwise that contradict the conditions of this License they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all For example if a patent license would not permit royalty free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance
32. Response uses the most power The remaining modes use the least power e Fuel Gauge Error the present accuracy of each battery s fuel gauge or remaining charge capacity If the error exceeds 10 you should recalibrate the battery using the optional stand alone battery charger e Percent Charged the predicted charge capacity of each battery in percent e Battery Status For Battery 1 and Battery 2 Present or Missing tells you whether a battery is installed Built In Battery Gauge Each Lithium Ion battery has a five segment LCD gauge that displays its charge status Each segment represents 20 of the charge capacity The gauge is active unless the battery is in shutdown mode You can view the gauge with the door open 5 5 a i ve o 5 a Dn Chapter 10 183 An d fon d gt 3 Ra S gt 2p amp fom CAUTION NOTE NOTE NOTE Working with Batteries Charging Batteries Charging Batteries You can charge batteries internally or using the external battery charger Option BCG The external charger provides much faster charging time Charge batteries internally or with the appropriate charger an SMBus charger of level II or higher Never use a non SMBus charger because the battery issues commands over the SMBus to the charger to control the charge rate and voltage Never use a modified or damaged charger To ensure proper instrum
33. Scale Elec Atten Chapter 3 55 j 3 5 et w 5 a el 5 a so 2 es S pi g a Dn n v i 5 g v ey v S Aa g d e4 G fo a Front and Rear Panel Features Front Panel Overview Item Description Associated Function Keys 8 Over Range Indicates that the attenuation AMPTD Y Scale Elec Atten and preamp if installed settings are AMPTD Y Scale Internal Preamp supplying too much power to the detector AMPTD Y Scale Auto Range Distortion may result Set Auto Range On to clear or lt 8Smpl Pt Indicates that the current Trace Detector More Detector Average instrument settings have reduced the number of samples display point to fewer than 8 The most accurate averaged amplitude measurement will be made when you have at least 8 samples in each display point 9 Ext Gain AMPTD Y Scale Ext Gain 10 Averaging Trace Detector Trace Average or Meas Setup Avg Mode Avg Number The numbers shown indicates current average number and the desired number of averages 11 Time and date display System Time Date Location Date Time 12 Active marker Marker 13 Trace and detector information Trace Detector Clear Write W Trace Average A Max Hold M Min Hold m Trace Detector More Detector Peak P Sample S Negative Peak p Average A 14 Active marker frequency and amplitude M
34. Span Set the Resolution BW Press BW Manual 5 MHz The larger the Resolution BW the more power will pass through the Res BW filter so the less distortion of the pulse signal there will be Similarly more noise will pass through the filter so the displayed average noise floor will be higher The setting of Res BW is therefore an important factor in determining your measurement results Set the sweep time Chapter 5 115 Spectrum Analyzer Pulse Measurement Press Control Sweep Sweep Time 50 us Step 8 Set the vertical scale Press AMPTD Y Scale Autoscale NOTE You can set Ref Level Scale Div to adjust the AMPTD Y Scale display For more information on this front panel key please see the User s and Programmer s Reference Manual Step 9 To adjust the trigger settings press Meas Setup Trigger and select the trigger mode Free Run Video unfiltered External and RF Burst NOTE The primary difference between the trigger mode Video and RF Burst is trigger bandwidth The RF Burst trigger has a bandwidth that is gt 50 MHz while the Video has lt 5 MHz For measuring pulses using Video Trigger you may also have to enable Auto Trigger press Trigger More 1 of 2 Auto Trig with a time greater than the pulse period fom Q N gt a lt 5 fn 9 vo a A Figure 5 35 Pulse Measurement 00 36 33 Jan 25 2007 Rev 2 0 Ext Gain 0 0 dB Sur A 1 of 2 Sweep Time 50 us 401 p
35. Stimulus Response Preset the analyzer and select the Distance to Fault measurement Press Mode Preset Press Meas Distance to Fault Select the cable type Press Meas Setup Cable Type If the cable being measured has an RG designation such as RG 214 select Cable Type RG or select Cable Type BTS Press Select Cable You will then be given a list of cable types to select Use the knob or the up down arrow navigation keys to highlight the correct cable type and press Select If the type of cable you are measuring is not listed you need to select Cust Custom Cable as the cable type then setup Cable Atten the attenuation per unit distance of the cable and Vel Factor the relative propagation velocity of the cable Set the frequency range to auto Press FREQ Channel Freq Range Auto The start and stop frequencies are then automatically set by the start and stop distances Set the distance units Press FREQ Channel Units Feet 142 Chapter7 Figure 7 8 Step 6 Step 7 Stimulus Response Measurements Requires N8995A Distance to Fault Each time you press this menu key the selected option Feet or Meters changes The unit you choose here will be used as the unit of the start and stop distances Set the start and stop distances for the cable you are measuring In this example the cable is approximately 23 feet Press FREQ Channel Start Distance 0 ft feet Stop Distance 30 ft feet
36. Stimulus Response measurements Stimulus Response Distance to Fault N8995A SR6 Measurement Suite to 6 GHz Two Port Insertion Loss e One Port Insertion Loss e Return Loss 1 Available only at time of purchase 2 The option replaces N1996A TG3 N8995A 1FP in CSA1 0 3 The option replaces N1996A TG6 N8995A 1FP in CSA1 0 44 Chapter 2 NOTE NOTE Options and Accessories Accessories Accessories A number of accessories are available from Agilent Technologies to help you configure your analyzer for your specific applications They can be ordered through your local Agilent Sales and Service Office and are listed below Manual Set on CD ROM The documentation CD ROM contains the standard documentation set in electronic PDF format as well as Adobe Acrobat Reader with Search The standard documentation set includes e User s Programmer s Guide Describes analyzer features in detail including front panel key descriptions basic spectrum analyzer programming information and SCPI command descriptions e Measurement Guide Provides details on how to measure various signals and how to use catalogs and files In addition this manual covers unpacking and setting up the analyzer analyzer features and how to make a basic measurement Includes information on options and accessories and what to do if you have a problem e Specifications Guide Documents specifications safety and regulat
37. Time Date on page 164 Setting Real Time Clock on page 164 Printing a Screen To a File on page 165 Printing Screens on page 165 Saving Data on page 166 Saving Data on page 166 File Naming Options on page 167 Setting Up Automatic File Naming on page 167 Dn S z v a o vo w Nn lt a 2 a 3 aa Setting Up User File Naming on page 167 Setting Up Asking For Filename on page 168 Configuring for Network Connectivity on page 169 IP Administration Using DHCP on page 169 IP Administration Without DHCP Static IP Address on page 169 Setting the Display on page 171 Setting the Screen Saver on page 171 Setting the Brightness on page 171 Saving Recalling and Deleting Instrument States on page 172 Saving the State on page 172 Saving the Power Up State on page 172 Recalling the State on page 172 Returning the Power Up State to Factory Defaults on page 173 Deleting States on page 174 Viewing System Statistics on page 175 Viewing System Release Versions on page 175 Viewing System Memory on page 175 Viewing Battery Statistics on page 175 Using the Option Manager on page 176 160 Chapter 9 Basic System Operations Viewing Installed Options on page 176 Viewing Installed Options on page 176 Installing an Option on page 176 Viewing Installati
38. You can also use meters as the unit in this step the number you enter will be calculated to feet and shown Calibrate the measurement Press FREQ Channel Calibrate and follow the instructions on the Calibration Wizard The analyzer will calibrate over the desired frequency range To calibrate your spectrum analyzer you will need the following calibration kit e Open short connector e Calibrated 50 ohm Load connector Distant to Fault Measurement SPECTRUM ANALYZER i a cron i ee LOAD eee csa_1 port insrt loss ou Step 8 Connect the calibration devices and test cable to the analyzer RF Output as shown in Figure 7 8 or in the calibration wizard Chapter 7 143 un 5 Re 2 g oO A Z Ss n ee a 5 oO 5 Nn Figure 7 9 Distance to Fault Measurement Calibrated Cable Type RG 8 A Calibrated 10 MHz 1 415867 GHz Worst Faults Return Loss Distance VSWR Meters Screen Image capture in progress tT Tr TE er ere re Step 9 Connect the DUT to the analyzer RF Output as shown in This example uses an RG8A type cable as the DUT Step 10 The triangles up to 4 will indicate the worst faults Below the graticule the Return Loss Distance and VSWR of each fault is indicated This cable has a fault indicated at 23 feet Figure 7 10 Distance to Fault Measurement Results IL ft Worst Faults Return Loss Distance VSWR Screen Image cap
39. a N d Nn 5 E a oa lt un a EN Z Ff a 5 ao d a NOTE Stimulus Response Measurements Requires N8995A One Port Insertion Loss One Port Insertion Loss The one port insertion loss measurement allows you to quantify signal loss in a cable or other device without connecting both ends of the cable or device to the analyzer This measurement can be especially useful in measuring the loss of a feedline connected to the antenna on a tower This method of measuring insertion loss is accurate for results up to 10 dB This measurement is less accurate than Two Port Insertion Loss When it is practical to connect both ends of a device to the analyzer or for insertion loss measurements greater than 10 dB for example when measuring a 40 dB attenuator it is better to use Two Port Insertion Loss Test signals can cause interference When testing cables attached to antennas test signals are radiated Verify that the signal used for the test cannot cause interference to another antenna Calibration Minimizing your Workload The One Port Insertion Loss calibration is the same calibration as performed for the Return Loss and Distance to Fault when it is performed with Frequency Range set to manual measurements If you have already calibrated for any of these three measurements the calibration will apply to the other two measurements and Calibrated together with the frequency range
40. a n Servicing instructions are for use by qualified personnel only To avoid electrical shock do not perform any servicing unless you are qualified to do so The opening of covers or removal of parts is likely to expose dangerous voltages Disconnect the product from all voltage sources while it is being opened Adjustments described in the service manual are performed with power supplied to the analyzer while protective covers are removed Energy available at many points may if contacted result in personal injury If you are charging the batteries internally even while the analyzer is powered off the analyzer may become warm Take care to provide proper ventilation To avoid overheating always disconnect the analyzer from the external power supply before storing the analyzer in the soft carrying case If you prefer to leave the analyzer connected to the external power supply while inside the soft carrying case you can disconnect the external power supply from its power source to prevent overheating The external power supply has autoranging line voltage input Be sure the supply voltage is within the specified range Refer to the specifications guide for your analyzer When operating this product with the external power supply always use the three prong power cord supplied with this product Failure to ensure adequate Chapter 1 17 Installation and Setup Safety Information earth grounding by not usi
41. are three basic steps in performing a stimulus response measurement whether it is a transmission or a reflection measurement The first step is to set up the analyzer the second is to normalize and the last step is to perform the measurement Normalization Concepts To make a transmission measurement accurately the frequency response of the test system must be known Normalization is used to eliminate this error from the measurement To measure the frequency response of the test system connect the cable but not the DUT from the signal source output to the analyzer input Press Mode Stimulus Response Two Port Insertion Loss Set the desired start and stop frequencies Press Normalize Continue The frequency response of the test system is automatically stored and a normalization is performed This means that the active displayed trace is now the ratio of the input data to the data stored in memory When normalization is on trace math is performed on the active trace with the result placed into the selected trace Reconnect the DUT to the analyzer Note that the units of the reference level are dB indicating that this is a relative measurement To make a reflection measurement accurately it is necessary to perform an 198 Chapter 11 Concepts Stimulus Response Measurement Concepts open short load calibration An open short and load are included in the Stimulus Response Calibration Kit Option SRK Press Mode Stimulus R
42. breathing perform standing Heimlich manoeuvre until object is dislodged or patient becomes unconscious An unconscious patient should be lowered gently to the floor on their back and abdominal thrusts performed continuously until cell is ejected from throat or medical aid arrives Page 4 of 6 24 Chapter 1 Installation and Setup Safety Information COBALT CELL MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET Feb 14 2003 FSSF00001AG FOR CUSTOMER DISTRIBUTION SECTION 9 PREPARATION INFORMATION Prepared by Phone Martin RIDGWAY B Sc 604 466 6654 Safety Co ordinator Date Created Revision Information Mar 31 1995 First Issue Date Last Revised Jul 31 1998 Revision Information Assign document control number Company name change Date Last Revised Revision Information Jun 15 2000 Company name change Date Last Revised Revision Information Jan 23 2001 Shipping Contains no mercury Date Last Revised May 1 2001 Revision Information Incompatibilities Do not heat over 100C to match UL warning statement i n S T f a n oO Date Last Revised Revision Information Jan 28 2003 Shipping Information Added equivalent lithium content information Date Last Revised Revision Information Feb 4 2003 Product Up to and including 2 4 Ah Ingredients Added PS LiCO and DTD Decomposition Added
43. coupler as shown in Figure 5 7 Setup for Obtaining Two Signals SPECTRUM ANALYZER ogogo 000 oo oo 00000 0000 o o 0000 000 DIRECTIONAL COUPLER csa pl790b Set the signal sources as follows Set signal generator 1 to 300 MHz at 19 dBm Set signal generator 2 to 300 1 MHz at 4 dBm this higher power level overcomes the nominal 16 dB loss through the coupled arm of the directional coupler The amplitude of both signals should be approximately 20 dBm at the output of the bridge Setup the analyzer to view the signals Press Mode Preset Press FREQ Channel Center Freq 300 MHz Press SPAN X Scale Span 2 MHz Press Meas Setup Avg Mode Exponential Press Avg Number 25 Enter Press Trace Detector Trace Average Press BW Res BW Manual 300 kHz A single signal peak is visible See Figure 5 8 for an example 80 Chapter5 Figure 5 8 Figure 5 9 Step 4 Change the resolution bandwidth RBW to 75 kHz so that the RBW setting is less Spectrum Analyzer Measuring Multiple Signals Unresolved Signals of Equal Amplitude Avg Exponential 25 25 Ext Gain 0 0 d8 than or equal to the frequency separation of the two signals Nn Las al 5 5 gt z lt N Press BW Res BW Manual 75 kHz Notice that the peak of the signal has become flattened indicating that two signals may be present Resolving Signals of Equal Amplitude 23 10 43 Jan 25 20
44. do not refer to the Measurement Guide Front and Rear Panel Features Nn Las al 5 5 gt z lt N Measuring the Modulation Rate of an AM Signal This section demonstrates how to determine parameters of an AM signal such as modulation rate and modulation index depth by using frequency and time domain measurements refer to the concepts chapter in the Measurement Guide AM and FM Demodulation Concepts on page 197 for more information To obtain an AM signal you can either connect a source transmitting an AM signal or connect an antenna to the analyzer input and tune to a commercial AM broadcast station For this demonstration an RF source is used to emulate an AM signal Connect the RF Output of the signal generator to the analyzer RF Input as shown in Figure 5 25 Setup for AM Demodulation Measurement SPECTRUM ANALYZER SIGNAL GENERATOR 0 popp opp babe oo Hooo csa pl792b Set the Agilent ESG RF signal source frequency to 300 MHz and the amplitude to 10 dBm Set the AM depth to 80 the AM rate to 1 kHz and turn AM on Select the spectrum analyzer mode Chapter 5 101 fom Q N gt a lt 5 fn Q Q a A Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 Step 10 NOTE Step 11 Spectrum Analyzer Using the Analyzer as a Fixed Tuned Receiver Press Mode Spectrum Analyzer Preset the analyzer Press Mod
45. every part regardless of who wrote it Thus it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you rather the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Library In addition mere aggregation of another work not based on the Library with the Library or with a work based on the Library on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License 3 You may opt to apply the terms of the ordinary GNU General Public License instead of this License to a given copy of the Library To do this you must alter all the notices that refer to this License so that they refer to the ordinary GNU General Public License version 2 instead of to this License If a newer version than version 2 of the ordinary GNU General Public License has appeared then you can specify that version instead if you wish Do not make any other change in these notices Once this change is made in a given copy it is irreversible for that copy so the ordinary GNU General Public License applies to all subsequent copies and derivative works made from that copy This option is useful when you wish to copy part of the code of the Library into a program that is not a library 4 You may copy and distribute the Library or a portion or derivative of it under Section 2 in object code or executable form under the
46. frequency deviation is the maximum when FM Detector is Peak or minimum when FM Detector is Peak value of these peaks over the whole measurement time If peak hold is Off the measurement result of the frequency deviation Peak or Peak mode is the average of these peaks over the whole measurement time FE 2 E S SE CE LD a oe S gt 22 oC Sz eN gt an LENE iz 5 37 Press AutoCarrFreq to switch between On and Off When the setting is On the analyzer will calculate the carrier frequency offset between the signal source and signal analyzer then correct this offset for the demodulated baseband signal The frequency deviation can be measured more accurate using the setting On Press Meas Filter to switch between On and Off Measurement Filter here is used to filter the FM demodulated signal If IFBW is greatly larger than the modulation rate a lot of noise will contaminate the normal signal In order to decrease the interference of noise you can select the Meas Filter On to filter out noise and improve the accuracy of measurement 4 Burst Search To change the settings of the burst search press Burst Search then Press Sync to select None or RF Amptd If RF Amptd is chosen the burst searching begin Press Burst Search Threshold to enter the burst searching power threshold The unit is dB because this threshold is defined as the logarithmic ratio of the power of idle data portion to the power of da
47. is set to Exponential If you want the measurement to stop after the set number of sweeps use single sweep and the Repeat Average Mode Press the front panel key Meas Setup then Avg Mode Repeat and press the front panel key Control Sweep Restart and then press the front panel key Single 92 Chapter5 Spectrum Analyzer Making Distortion Measurements Making Distortion Measurements This section provides information on measuring and identifying signal distortion This section is divided into the following sections Identifying Distortion Products on page 94 Third Order Intermodulation Distortion on page 98 CAUTION Ensure that the total power of all signals at the analyzer input does not exceed 33 dBm 2 watts Basic Assumption The material in this section is presented with the assumption that you understand the front and rear panel layout and display annotations of your analyzer If you do not refer to the Measurement Guide Front and Rear Panel Features Nn fe Las al 5 5 gt S 4 N Chapter 5 93 fom Q N gt a lt 5 fn Q Q a A Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Spectrum Analyzer Making Distortion Measurements Identifying Distortion Products This section provides information on measuring and identifying signal distortion This section is divided into the following sections Distortion from the Analy
48. latest version of programming examples are available from the following URL n 2 E Ss gt x ea On E E E Ss on Ca a http www agilent com find saprogramming Interchangeable Virtual Instruments COM IVI COM drivers Develop system automation software easily and quickly IVI COM drivers take full advantage of application development environments such as Visual Studio using Visual Basic C or Visual C as well as Agilent s Test and Measurement Toolkit You can now develop application programs that are portable across computer platforms and I O interfaces With IVI COM drivers you do not need to have in depth test instrument knowledge to develop sophisticated measurement software VI COM drivers provide a compatible interface to all COM environments The IVI COM software drivers can be found at the URL http www agilent com find ivi com 208 Chapter 12 Programming Examples Programming Examples Information and Requirements Programming Examples Information and Requirements a de r9 D z z 5 ge Spl x D z 2 na e The programming examples were written for use on an IBM compatible PC e The programming examples use C Visual Basic and VEE programming languages e The programming examples use the LAN interface e Most of the examples are written in C using the Agilent VISA library The VISA transition library must be installed The Agilent I O libraries contain the late
49. noise level is reduced see Figure 5 17 Chapter 5 89 Spectrum Analyzer Measuring a Low Level Signal Figure 5 17 Decreasing Resolution Bandwidth 22 00 04 Jan 24 2007 Rev 20 RBW Selections All Agilent CSA RBWs are digital Refer to the Agilent Technologies Specifications Guide to determine the selectivity ratio for the particular RBW of interest Choosing the next lower RBW for better sensitivity increases the sweep time Using the knob or keypad you can select individual RBW from the full range of values This enables you to make the trade off between sweep time and sensitivity with finer resolution fm o N Pa S l lt p Q D a NM 90 Chapter5 Figure 5 18 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Spectrum Analyzer Measuring a Low Level Signal Trace Averaging Averaging is a digital process in which each trace point is averaged with the previous average for the same trace point Trace averaging can facilitate identifying and characterizing a CW or narrowband signal such as a carrier or tone in the presence of noise or other broadband signals Selecting averaging when the analyzer is auto coupled changes the detection mode from peak to average smoothing the displayed noise level Connect the RF Output of the signal generator to the analyzer RF Input as shown in Figure 5 7 Setup for Obtaining One Signal SPECTRUM ANALYZER SIGNAL GENERATOR
50. part of the RBW IF filter The resultant AM signal is then detected with the envelope detector and displayed in the time domain Chapter 11 197 sydoouo Kel 2 D 2 I NOTE Concepts Stimulus Response Measurement Concepts Stimulus Response Measurement Concepts Stimulus response measurements require the N8995A Stimulus Response Measurement Suite and either option SR3 or SR6 Stimulus Response Overview Stimulus response measurements require a source to stimulate a device under test DUT a receiver to analyze the frequency response characteristics of the DUT and for return loss measurements a directional coupler or bridge The Agilent CSA signal source options include a built in RF bridge Characterization of a DUT can be made in terms of its transmission or reflection parameters Examples of transmission measurements include flatness and rejection Return loss is an example of a reflection measurement A spectrum analyzer combined with a signal source forms a stimulus response measurement system With the signal source as the swept source and the analyzer as the receiver operation is the same as a single channel scalar network analyzer The signal source output frequency must be made to precisely track the analyzer input frequency for good narrow band operation A narrow band system has a wide dynamic measurement range This wide dynamic range will be illustrated in the following example There
51. press AMPTD Y Scale This calls up the menu of related amplitude functions Note the function labeled Ref Level the default selected key in the Amplitude menu is highlighted Ref Level also appears in the active function block as well as the reference level value indicating that it is the active amplitude function and can now be changed using any of the data entry controls A menu key with On and Off in its label can be used to turn the menu key function on or off To turn the function on press the menu key so that On is underlined To turn the function off press the menu key so that Off is underlined In the manual when On should be underlined it will be indicated as Function On A function with Auto and Man in the label can either be auto coupled or have its value manually changed The value of the function can be changed manually using the numeric keypad knob or step keys To auto couple a function press the menu key so that Auto is underlined In the manual when Auto should be underlined it will be indicated as Function Auto In some key menus one key label will always be highlighted to show which key has been selected For example when you press Marker you will access a menu of keys in which some of the keys are grouped together by a yellow highlighted region of the menu The Normal key which is the Marker menu default key will be highlighted When you press another key within the yellow region such as Delta a yellow bor
52. screen at one time In this procedure harmonics of the 10 MHz reference signal available at the rear of the analyzer are used to measure frequency and amplitude differences between two signals on the same screen Delta marker is used to demonstrate this comparison An Example of Comparing Signals on the Same Screen Signals you want to compare YAI AN AER DL A AL Select the spectrum analyzer mode Press Mode Spectrum Analyzer Preset the analyzer Press Mode Preset Connect the rear panel REF OUT 10 MHz to the front panel RF input Set the analyzer center frequency span and reference level to view the fundamental and 2nd through fifth harmonics of the 10 MHz reference signal Press FREQ Channel Center Frequency 30 MHz Press SPAN X Scale Span 50 MHz Press AMPTD Y Scale Ref Level 10 dBm Press AMPTD Y Scale Elec Atten 20 dB or Auto Range On Place a marker at the highest peak on the display 10 MHz Press Peak Search 76 Chapter5 Step 6 Step 7 Spectrum Analyzer Measuring Multiple Signals The Next Peak menu key is available to move the marker from peak to peak The marker should be on the 3rd harmonic of the 10 MHz reference signal Anchor the first marker and activate the Delta marker Press Marker Delta The label on the second marker reads A1 indicating that it is the movable marker Move the second marker to another signal peak or by using the P
53. signal regardless of the rate at which the amplitude changes However the frequency of the modulating signal is important in FM and is included in the expression for the modulating index because it is the ratio of peak frequency deviation to modulation frequency that equates to peak phase Unlike the modulation index for AM there is no specific limit to the value of B since there is no theoretical limit to the phase deviation thus there is no equivalent of 100 AM However in real world systems there are practical limits 202 Chapter 11 Figure 11 6 Concepts FM Concepts Unlike AM which is a linear process angle modulation is nonlinear This means that a single sine wave modulating signal instead of producing only two sidebands yields an infinite number of sidebands spaced by the modulating frequency The Bessel function graph shows the amplitudes of the carrier and the sidebands as a function of modulation index B The spectral components including the carrier change their amplitudes as the modulation index varies Carrier and sideband amplitude for angle modulated signals Jah 1 Carrier oo LV 08 A TI 1st order Ne sideband 2nd order sideband Amplitude Pe LA oe ATA 0 123456 7 8 910 11 1213 1415 16 17 18 1920 21 22 23 24 25 p In theory for distortion free detection of the modulating signal all the sidebands must be transmitted However in practice the sideband amplitudes become neg
54. tery O eiie AeA PE OEE ERA 15 Power Kegin ss disostessibesieidanosentheesisssaseiiessatessess 28 Physically Securing Tout Agate ss iccws 4nd sy ee Seeds eir kni ep hes pia oada 32 Turning on the Analyzer for the First Time snueuuasnuaurura neunana 33 PO is od gh aripi bs OE HS RAE ERIEIN ARI EPE ERED eee ee 99 Printer DOME Ale CEO 15244 ringitia 36 Protecting Against Electrostatic Discharge 22c 50s ke seo scdeusneesseaeese esses a7 Using he SOn ee eh keg ee hewebe Eora EAN oe E e R 38 2 Options And AGCESSOTIES 65 666 is heb 0604 E44 850s tEbr E rrt r EEE EEE OHSS OES 39 Ordering Options md ACCESSOTIES uses dedes aleuate beP NEN E 40 De T T T EE E T T 41 Dron DESP es 8 adh an a a a aa 43 e E EE E EEE E E ETE EEE 45 Front and Rear Panel Features ss sic ccs soe tee nee einen eee nae eseee san eee en eee 49 From Panel Cie unis smsshuisemasents das ramen de es aies d ent 50 RAP Fe ass 6 wb E et ME D4 OEE he EEN EEE ERS 61 Key CCIE sds sceasebatasaibostendetastatesbossehas dasan ebostef sses 63 4 Recommended Test Equipment 244 0600 s0 000s 000s ces eae a teeweeeweeeeeeeees 65 Test Equipment for Making Measurements 42 44usesadasesesnassstossau a st 66 5 Spectrum Analyzer ccc bebo Winds ke Ge ened eeS4 NCTA entier ponte ee des des 67 Making Basic Measurement si scssastassands bane ede eave bese EAr NRN 69 Bite MII IGOR hho 5 ado 4 49 09 69 40 6499494965596 00 9855 KOS SS 75 Measuring a Low Level Signal sise ussugsssosesecedas as
55. than copying distribution and modification are not covered by this License they are outside its scope The act of running a program using the Library is not restricted and output from such a program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Library independent of the use of the Library in a tool for writing it Whether that is true depends on what the Library does and what the program that uses the Library does 1 You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Library s complete source code as you receive it in any medium provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty and distribute a copy of this License along with the Library You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee 2 You may modify your copy or copies of the Library or any portion of it thus forming a work based on the Library and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above provided that you also meet all of these conditions a The modified work must itself be a software library b You must cause the files modified to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change c You must cause the whole of the work
56. the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system which is implemented by public license practices Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system it is up to the author donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License 8 If the distribution and or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded In such case this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License 9 The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and or new versions of the General Public License from time to time Such new versions will be simil
57. the desired frequency range Connect the DUT to the analyzer as described in step 1 Note that the units of the reference level are dB indicating that this is relative measurement Change the amplitude scale to 1 dB per division Press AMPTD Y Scale Scale Div 1 dB Place a marker on the results at the frequency of interest In this example the marker is placed at 299 216 MHz As you can see the loss is 0 8 dB 132 Chapter7 Figure 7 5 Stimulus Response Measurements Requires N8995A One Port Insertion Loss One Port Insertion Loss Measurement Results Normalized gt Auilent Techaviogies Stimulus Response One Port Insertion Loss 18 15 44 Jan 25 2007 Rev 2 0 Calibrated 100 MHz 500 MHz Screen Image capture in progress Chapter 7 133 Dn a 5 Re 28 oO A Z Ss n ee a 5 oO 5 z 2 vo oO Som 5 n S Q Dn S a N d Nn 5 E a oa lt un a EN Z Ff a 5 ao d a NOTE Stimulus Response Measurements Requires N8995A Return Loss Return Loss Return loss is a measure of reflection characteristics One way you can use the return loss measurement is to detect problems in an antenna feedline system or the antenna itself A portion of the incident power will be reflected back to the source from each transmission line fault as well as the antenna The ratio of the reflected voltages to th
58. the menu Click on the Directories button to set the include file path 2 3 Select Include Files fromthe Show Directories For list box 4 Click on the Add button and type in the following C VXIPNP WIN95 INCLUDE os Select Library Files fromthe Show Directories For list box 6 Click on the Add button and type in the following C VXIPNP WIN95 LIB MSC For Borland C version 4 0 compilers 212 Chapter 12 Programming Examples Programming in C Using the VISA e You may wish to add the include file and library file search paths They are set under the Options Project menu selection Double click on Directories from the Topics list box and add the following C VXIPNP WIN95 INCLUDE C VXIPNP WIN95 LIB BC og r9 D Z z 5 ga Spl x D z 2 wn 16 bit Applications The following is a summary of important compiler specific considerations for the Windows compiler For Microsoft Visual C version 1 5 e To set the memory model do the following 1 SelectOptions Project 2 Click on the Compiler button then select Memory Model from the Category list 3 Click on the Model list arrow to display the model options and select Large 4 Click on OK to close the Compiler dialog box e You may wish to add the include file and library file search paths They are set under the Options Directories ment selection C VXIPNP WI
59. to the first time you save a file or if you want to change the method you use 5 If you have previously saved a file of the same type or name select how the new data will be saved New data can be saved by action overwriting an existing file appending the new data to the existing file prompting you to determine how each save will be handled automatically increment the file name number or timestamping the file to chronologically differentiate between files see File Naming Options on page 167 This step must only be performed prior to the first time you save a file or if you want to change the method you use 6 Enter a name for the file or it is done automatically depending on the file naming method you selected 7 If you have set data type as State or Trace select the location where you want to store the file by pressing Save Location and press Internal or USB For Screen or Measurement type of data the choice of location can only be USB This step must only be performed prior to the first time you save a file or if you want to change the file storage location 8 If you have selected USB as the storage location a Connect a USB mass storage device 9 Press Save Now 10 When the data save is complete press Ok 166 Chapter 9 Basic System Operations File Naming Options File Naming Options You have three options for naming image files You can e Name each file automatically using this format F
60. transport components in static shielding containers e Always handle printed circuit board assemblies by the edges This reduces the possibility of ESD damage to components and prevent contamination of exposed plating For information on ordering static safe accessories see Accessories on page 45 Additional Information about ESD For more information about ESD and how to prevent ESD damage contact the Electrostatic Discharge Association http www esda org The ESD standards developed by this agency are sanctioned by the American National Standards Institute ANSI 36 Chapter 1 Installation and Setup Using the Soft Carrying Case Using the Soft Carrying Case The N1996A soft carrying case is designed to hold the analyzer as well as its cables and accessories i n S T f gt a n WARNING Always disconnect the analyzer from the external power supply before storing the analyzer in the soft carrying case Chapter 1 37 Installation and Setup Using the Soft Carrying Case a z Q 7 3 s S amp a Dn 38 Chapter 1 Options and Accessories This chapter lists options and accessories available for your analyzer 39 e T 5 Dn o 5 a gt e for DR Dn 5 z oO un Nn eo m S n N d Q 9 lt 5 n 2 Options and Accessories Ordering Options and Accesso
61. will induce inaccuracies into your results Furthermore even if the measurement frequency range is a subset of the calibration frequency range the calibration data can be disregarded if the calibration frequency step calibration frequency range 255 is greater than the factory calibration frequency step 2 926 MHz In such cases the factory calibration data will be used If you plan to perform a combination of One Port Insertion Loss measurement Return Loss measurement and Distance to Fault measurements using a frequency range that you will set manually you can perform one calibration for all three measurements as long as you calibrate over a frequency range that incorporates all three of your measurements your cables do not change and the calibration frequency step is not greater than that of the factory calibration For this reason if you are doing Distance to Fault measurements using a frequency range that you have set manually as well as any type of Insertion Loss measurement Agilent recommends that you select your cable type before performing calibrations Press 134 Chapter7 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Stimulus Response Measurements Requires N8995A Return Loss Mode Stimulus Response Meas Distance to Fault Meas Setup Cable Type to set the cable type The calibration remains valid until you do any one of the following e set the Distance to Fault frequency range to Auto Note that the calibr
62. 00 Chapter 11 Concepts AM Concepts than in the unmodulated carrier The relationship between m and the logarithmic display can be expressed as Equation 11 2 Eg3 E dB 6dB 20logm OUEN TS Chapter 11 201 Kel 2 D 2 Figure 11 5 Equation 11 3 Concepts FM Concepts FM Concepts FM waveform Modulating Signal Frequency Modulated Carrier De ON Frequency Modulator Carrier D FM Frequency Modulation and PM Phase modulation belong to angle modulation In FM the instantaneous frequency deviation of the modulated carrier signal changed in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal And in PM the instantaneous phase deviation of the modulated carrier with respect to the phase of the unmodulated carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal a TK Z AA N The modulation index for angle modulation B is expressed by this equation Where Afp is the peak frequency deviation fm is the frequency of the modulating signal and Agp is the peak phase deviation This expression tells us that the angle modulation index is really a function of phase deviation even in the FM case Also note that the definitions for frequency and phase modulation do not include the modulating frequency In each case the modulated property of the carrier frequency or phase deviates in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating
63. 07 Rev 20 Avg Exponential 25 25 Ext Gain 0 0 d 10 dB div Ref 0 0 dBm Screen Image capture in progress As the resolution bandwidth is decreased resolution of the individual signals is improved and the sweep time is increased For fastest measurement times use the widest possible resolution bandwidth Under factory preset conditions the resolution bandwidth is coupled or linked to the span Since the resolution bandwidth has been changed from the coupled value a mark appears next to Res BW in the lower left corner of the screen indicating that the resolution bandwidth is uncoupled For more information on resolution Chapter 5 81 Spectrum Analyzer Measuring Multiple Signals bandwidth refer to the Res BW description in the Agilent CSA Spectrum Analyzers User s and Programmer s Reference guide NOTE To resolve two signals of equal amplitude the resolution bandwidth must be less than the signal separation For example if the signal separation is 200 kHz and the analyzer only has resolution bandwidth settings in a 1 3 10 sequence a 100 kHz RBW is the best choice for the 200 kHz signal separation But some analyzers such as the Agilent CSA and PSA spectrum analyzers can select a 180 kHz RBW fom Q N gt a lt 5 fn m Q v a A 82 Chapter5 Figure 5 10 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 SIGNAL GENERATOR 1 SIGNAL GENERATOR 2 Spectrum Analyzer
64. 10 Ch Freq 1 000 000 000 GHz ES et Ga 00 Preamp Off Atten 0 dB Ext Gain 0 0 dB 10 d amp div Ref 0 0 dBm dim 5 Span 7 5 MHz E Channel Power Power Spectral Density 5 13 17 dBm 5 0000 MHz 80 16 dBm Hz p RER A a NOTE When Upper Limit or Lower Limit is set to On a status bar in the top left corner of the display will show whether the measurement result has passed or failed the limit test 106 Chapter5 NOTE Spectrum Analyzer Occupied Bandwidth OBW Measurement Occupied Bandwidth OBW Measurement Occupied Bandwidth integrates the power of the displayed spectrum and puts markers at the frequencies between which a selected percentage of the power is contained The measurement defaults to 99 of the occupied bandwidth power The power bandwidth routine first computes the combined power of all signal responses contained in the trace For 99 occupied power bandwidth markers are placed at the frequencies on either side of 99 of the power This would leave 1 of the power evenly distributed outside the markers The frequency difference between the two markers is the displayed occupied bandwidth The difference between the marker frequencies is the 99 power bandwidth and is the value displayed The Occupied BW result corresponds to a span between the markers and is a multiple of the span between two points So for a 10 MHz span the OBW will come in multiples of 25 kHz 10 MHz divided by 400 d
65. 3 Stimulus Response Distance to Fault Measurement Suite to 3 GHz Two Port Insertion Loss e One Port Insertion Loss e Return Loss Provides Stimulus Response measurements N8995A SRG Stimulus Response be Distance to Fault g Measurement Suite to 6 GHz Two Port Insertion Loss e One Port Insertion Loss e Return Loss Provides AM FM demodulation measurements N8996A 1FP AM FM Modulation Analysis Amplitude Modulation e Frequency Modulation The documentation CD ROM contains the standard documentation 086 Manual Seton CD ROM Grily set as well as Adobe Acrobat Reader with Search An internal preamplifier assembly For use with Option 503 only P03 3 GHz Preamplifier Frequency Range 100 kHz to 3 GHz An internal preamplifier assembly For use with Option 506 only P06 6 GHz Preamplifier Frequency Range 100 kHz to 6 GHz 3 Year Inclusive Calibration Provides your analyzer with a 3 year analyzer calibration contract R 50C 011 3 Contract 3 Year Warranty Service A total of 3 years of return to Agilent warranty service support This R 51B 001 3C 1 Support adds a 2 year service contract to the base analyzer 1 year warranty scc Soft Carrying Case An ergonomically designed case to hold the analyzer as well as its cables and accessories The kit includes SRK Stimulus Response Calibration e Coax Accessories Case plastic and foam 5000 0912 Kit e Open Short 50 ohm N type male 85032 60011 Termination 50 ohm N type male 00909
66. 5 75 ohm matching transformer 46 AC probe 46 broadband preamplifiers 46 power splitters 47 RF limiters 46 transient limiters 46 active function 63 address IP 33 adjacent channel power 121 adjacent channel power measurement 121 adjustment maintenance or repair of test set 231 Agilent Technologies calling 229 sales offices 229 230 AM demodulation time domain demodulation manually calculating 197 AM signal demodulation 101 147 amplifiers 46 analyzer distortion products 94 annotations display 53 57 arrow keys using 69 attenuation input reducing 87 setting manually 88 averaging description 91 types 91 B batteries built in battery gauge 183 caring for 187 charger part numbers 190 charging 184 disposal 189 front panel icons 182 installing 181 LEDs 182 maximizing battery life 188 part numbers 190 precautions 187 reconditioning recalibrating 186 specifications 190 statistics 175 status 182 system statistics battery screen 182 working with 179 battery clock 31 memory 31 bench top conversion kit 47 broadband preamplifiers 46 C C language addressing sessions 216 closing sessions 218 compiling and linking 212 creating 210 example 214 opening session 215 sessions 215 using VISA library 210 using VISA transition library 212 214 cable and connector care 221 carrying case using 38 channel analyzer measurements 120 channel power measurement nois
67. 62 Scitine System ROOMS 2 65 ho drra eos Gb4ee eek e do kb os sh disons ire re s 163 Scng System TOME erisera Erie BoE EEEREN ROT Ede BEERS 164 Printing a Screen Toa File 6b cc rdeed ich ceebas cen drsati nisbatidir hbk Eni 165 SOU AR OR ET D 166 EU Oe OPOE es 2e und bese pees ase s hes ed 4 hack oes esse 167 Configuring for Network Connectivity coi0so4 s545064448050504405924600 des 169 SE ME DSI a neh kek GA wh hs Lo nn in hee eens 171 Saving Recalling and Deleting Instrument States 172 NN ER Ne cod eo oe oe eee EN E INR l Ne bee LS Using the Option WANGGel us sis c ssserasestortanl ati a sans dde R Rae Las 176 Testine System Functions Lo ssssdesese ends hensieudreh d esse vs 178 10 Working witht Batteries s same annee RG RER anni 179 UNE PANTIN rein dada ti id Ciel inde ne 181 Vire Batey SES Lei oui aenetabiess haies sens aatGrasides t s 182 hacer BARS 2 iso iicsshseosast stessesissentedessessridressred ihioesss 184 SEE RL ne bob eS ees 2 oh aks heer ees R E sees 186 Ce gO a ee ee eee ee ee re er ee ee ere 187 Paters SONU sisi h e946 RING h TENERI Lede ed PETERIN RENA 190 TC onti er ee ee re errr ee eee ere re rr eee eee 193 Resolving Closely Spaced MR ss sun onu ieee deren edebineenwseneeds 194 Trigger ORCC sarsassess csaksediirassbodientisantpassboiser sedtipards 196 AM and FM Demodu lation Concepts s 644 454 nasal iaki dan ii aa 197 Stimulus Response Measurement Concepts use dos d ees ea
68. 8 introduction to the test set 12 IP address 33 IP administration using DHCP 169 171 IP administration without DHCP 169 171 K key overview 63 keyboard testing 178 keypad using 69 keys 50 knob using 69 L LAN setting IP address 33 licenses 2 lifting and handling the test set 19 limiters RF and transient 46 load 50 ohm 45 low level signals harmonics measuring 78 input attenuation reducing 87 resolution bandwidth reducing 89 trace averaging 91 M manuals ordering 41 43 44 standard set 13 marker frequency and amplitude reading 73 moving to peak 73 to reference level 73 with knob or arrow key 73 marker annotation location 73 markers delta 76 measurement technique modulation distortion measurement concepts 204 modulation SINAD measurement concepts 205 measurements ACP or adjacent channel power 121 distortion TOI 98 noise channel power 104 TV fast time domain sweeps 196 measuring distance to fault 138 measuring insertion loss one port 130 two port 127 measuring return loss 134 memory battery 31 menu keys 63 menu keys auto and man mode 70 menu keys basic types 69 missing options 34 modulation distortion measurement concepts 204 measurement technique 204 purpose 204 modulation SINAD measurement concepts 205 measurement technique 205 purpose 205 N navigating tables 64 network configuring 169 connectivity 169 network connectivity
69. 8 Chapter 1 Installation and Setup Power Requirements Table 1 2 AC Power Cords 8120 1351 8120 1703 8120 1369 8120 0696 8120 1378 8120 1521 8120 4753 8120 4754 8120 1689 8120 1692 8120 2104 8120 2296 8120 2956 8120 2957 8120 4211 8120 4600 8120 5182 8120 5181 Plug p Description Straight BS 1363A 90 Straight AS 3112 90 Straight NEMA 5 15P 90 Straight CEE 7 VII 90 Straight SEV Type 12 90 Straight SR 107 2 D Straight IEC 83 B1 90 Straight SI 32 90 Length cm in 229 90 229 90 210 79 200 78 203 80 203 80 229 90 229 90 200 78 200 78 200 78 200 78 200 78 200 78 200 78 200 78 200 78 200 78 Cable Color Mint Gray Mint Gray Gray Gray Jade Gray Jade Gray Jade Gray Jade Gray For Use in Country Option 900 United Kingdom Hong Kong Cyprus Nigeria Singapore Zimbabwe Option 901 Argentina Australia New Zealand Mainland China Option 903 United States Canada Brazil Colombia Mexico Philippines Saudi Arabia Taiwan Option 918 Japan Option 902 Continental Europe Central African Republic United Arab Republic Option 906 Switzerland Option 912 Denmark Option 917 South Africa India Option 919 Israel dnjag pue uorjerre sur a E earth ground L line and N neutral formti19 b Plug identifier numbers describe the pl
70. 9355 6 microwave limiter 0 1 to 12 4 GHz usable to 18 GHz guards against input signals over 1 milliwatt up to 1 watt average power and 10 watts peak power The Agilent 11947A Transient Limiter protects the analyzer input circuits from damage due to signal transients It specifically is needed for use with a line 46 Chapter 2 Options and Accessories Accessories impedance stabilization network LISN It operates over a frequency range of 9 kHz to 200 MHz with 10 dB of insertion loss Power Splitters The Agilent 11667A B power splitters are two resister type splitters that provide excellent output SWR at 50 Q impedance The tracking between the two output arms over a broad frequency range allows wideband measurements to be made with a minimum of uncertainty 11667A DC to 18 GHz 11667B DC to 26 5 GHz System II Bottom Feet kit System II Feet kit p n 5000 0913 is used to make the instrument stackable Bottom feet are added to the analyzer See Installation Note 5000 0914 The kit includes System II Bottom Feet e Tilt Stand e Key Lock Static Safe Accessories 9300 1367 Wrist strap color black stainless steel Four adjustable links and a 7 mm post type connection 9300 0980 Wrist strap cord 1 5 m 5 ft T 5 Dn D 5 a gt e for n Dn 5 z un Chapter 2 47 Options and Accessories Accessories Nn eo m S n N eo Q 9 lt 3 n g 3 a
71. AN X Scale Span enter the frequency using the number keypad and then press Hz kHz MHz or GHz NOTE For an over the air measurement connect an antenna and an external filter to the RF input The external filter is necessary to eliminate out of band signals that would otherwise reduce the dynamic range of measurements in the band of interest The effect of the out of band signals is to raise the noise floor possibly hiding some or all of the signal of interest However the external filter is optional in this set up If you want to limit your search to a specific band of interest you should use the filter If you want to search beyond a specific band then you can leave the filter off 110 Chapter5 Spectrum Analyzer Using the Spectrogram View Requires Option 271 Using the Spectrogram View Requires Option 271 This section provides information on making a measurement using the Spectrogram View This section includes the following measurement Spectrogram View Basics on page 111 A Spectrogram Measurement Using the OBW Measurement on page 111 Spectrogram View Basics The Spectrogram view is available in the Spectrum Analyzer mode only You can use it with measurements turned off basic spectrum analyzer or with the available spectrum analyzer measurements listed in the measurement menu such as the Occupied BW measurement Troubleshooting a transmitter system is often aided by examining the time evo
72. Adjacent Channel Power ACP I amp M e AM FM Tune amp Listen requires N1996A with Option AFM Stimulus Response Mode requires N8995A with either Option SR3 or SR6 includes the following measurements e Two Port Insertion Loss e One Port Insertion Loss e Return Loss e Distance to Fault Modulation Analyzer Mode requires N8996A with Option 1FP includes the following measurements e Frequency Modulation e Amplitude Modulation In this chapter you will learn how to set up the N1996A After the Installation and Setup chapter you will find chapters on each CSA measurement mode with each measurement in that mode general information on batteries caring for the CSA and how to return the instrument for service Chapter 1 11 a 5 m o 7 3 s amp E Dn Installation and Setup Initial Inspection Initial Inspection Inspect the shipping container and the cushioning material for signs of stress Retain the shipping materials for future use as you may wish to ship the analyzer to another location or to Agilent Technologies for service Verify that the contents of the shipping container are complete The following table lists the items shipped with the analyzer Item Description Accessories AC DC converter External power supply 15 VDC 150 W Power Cable See Table 1 2 on page 29 Connection for AC DC converter power source Stimulus Response Calibr
73. Agilent defined defaults at power up press Mode Preset to restore the Agilent defined defaults and save that state as a new Powerup state file Nn O Las al 5 5 gt 4 N If you constantly use settings which are not the factory defaults use the following steps to create a user defined preset If Powerup state already exists in the catalog list you can set the state to your preferences and then select Powerup in the list The catalog list can be viewed by selecting Save Catalog 1 Set analyzer parameters as desired 2 Set filename to Ask Press Save Name Filename Ask 3 Save to the internal hard drive Press Save Location Internal 4 Save Powerup state Press Type State Save Now 5 Using the knob or arrow keys select the letters from the alphabet window to create the word Powerup and press OK The message State was saved successfully C Powerup is displayed Press OK again to return to the Save key menu The parameters saved in this Powerup state file are now enabled as the user preset option and as the default power up state This process is easier for firmware revision A 02 00 or greater After configuring the desired parameter settings press User Preset Save User Preset Disabling User Preset To restore the factory defined Power On settings press Mode Preset and follow the steps listed above to save the resulting state as the new Powerup
74. Bc Avg Ch Pwr HW ACP 2 High ACP 3 High Screen Image capture in progress mn vo vo fo 5 Dn a Som ov N gt q S lt ov a Q 124 Chapter 6 Stimulus Response Measurements Requires N8995A A Be 28 sg ae Z gz n gt g T 5 oO 5 a 125 2 vo vo fom 5 n S z Q N S a N Q e n 5 E a ur lt un a EN A Z Ff i 5 ao o a CAUTION Stimulus Response Measurements Requires N8995A This chapter provides information on measuring signal loss in cables and devices and making cable fault measurements This chapter is divided into the following sections Two Port Insertion Loss on page 127 One Port Insertion Loss on page 130 Return Loss on page 134 Distance to Fault on page 138 Ensure that the total power of all signals at the analyzer input does not exceed 33 dBm 2 watts Basic Assumption The material in this chapter is presented with the assumption that you understand the front and rear panel layout and display annotations of your analyzer If you do not refer to the Measurement Guide Front and Rear Panel Features 126 Chapter 7 uma NOTE CAUTION NOTE Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 CAUTION Stimulus Response Measurements Requires N8995A Two Port Insertion Loss Two Port Insertion Loss
75. D applications The adjacent channel power ACP I amp M measurement is also referred to as the adjacent channel power ratio ACPR and adjacent channel leakage ratio ACLR We use the term ACP to refer to this measurement ACP measures the total power rms voltage in the specified channel and up to three pairs of offset frequencies The measurement result reports the ratios of the offset powers to the main channel power The measurement results can help you determine whether the power is set correctly and whether the transmitter filter is working properly Once you have set the limits you can easily see whether a test falls within those limits using the mask feature and the color coded metrics You can measure the adjacent channel power on one to three adjacent channels on each side of your center channel in the CDMA TDMA UMTS W CDMA GSM EDGE and GPRS AMPS NMT 450 Tetra and iDEN channel bands When measuring multiple adjacent channels the combined channel power must not exceed 33 dBm at the RF Input The maximum power for the RF Input 50 Q is 33 dBm 2 W When directly coupled to a transmitter the analyzer can be damaged by excessive power applied to any of these ports To prevent damage in most situations when you directly couple the analyzer to a transmitter connect a high power attenuator between the analyzer RF Input 50 Q and the transmitter Q S 5 5 is gt 5 2 4 N fo iar S n Le 5
76. Ext 2 048 MHz Ext 4 95 MHz Ext 10 MHz Ext 13 MHz Ext 15 MHz or Ext 19 66 MHz Status indicators include e Green dot to indicate that the reference is locked e Yellow triangle to indicate that the reference is acquiring lock e Red X to indicate that the reference is not locked Chapter 9 163 Dn S z v a o vo w Nn lt a v Dn 3 aa Basic System Operations Setting System Time Date Setting System Time Date The Agilent CSA provide a utility to preconfigure the Time Date settings for your analyzer Setting Real Time Clock Perform this procedure to set the system time and date l 2 Press System Time Date Location Time Date Press Set Time using the numeric keys or the up down arrow navigation keys to enter the time as format hh mm ss Press Set Date using the numeric keys or the up down arrow navigation keys to enter the date as format mm dd yyyy Press Data Format to choose the data display is MDY month day year or DMY day month year Press Time Date between On and Off when the setting is On the real time clock is shown on the right top of the display 164 Chapter 9 Basic System Operations Printing a Screen To a File Printing a Screen To a File The N1996A lets you save screen images to PNG files You can save the image files to a USB mass storage device Printing Screens 1 Display data on a measurement screen 2 Connect a USB mass storage devic
77. Figure 5 2 Press Peak Search If necessary use the menu keys to move the marker to the proper peak In addition you can go to the Marker menu press Marker and use the knob or arrow keys to move the marker Note that the frequency and amplitude of the marker appear in the upper right corner of the screen 2 If you have moved the marker return it to the peak of the 10 MHz signal A Marker on the 10 MHz Peak 16 47 09 19 Jan 2007 Rev 20 DN Ss QO 5 gt z lt N z Changing Reference Level 1 Press AMPTD Y Scale and note that reference level Ref Level is now the active function Press Marker gt Mkr RL Note that changing the reference level changes the amplitude value of the top graticule line Figure 5 3 shows the relationship between center frequency and reference level The box represents the analyzer display Changing the center frequency changes the horizontal placement of the signal on the display Changing the reference level changes the vertical placement of the signal on the display Increasing the span increases the frequency range that appears horizontally across the display Chapter 5 73 fom Q N gt a lt 5 fn m Q v a A Figure 5 3 Spectrum Analyzer Making a Basic Measurement Relationship Between Frequency and Amplitude Reference Level Amplitude Analyzer Display Center Frequency Frequency gt
78. I instrument primary address This is the primary address of the GPIB device secondary address This optional parameter is the secondary address of the GPIB device If no secondary address is specified none is assumed host address The IP address in dotted decimal notation or the name of the host computer gateway LAN device name The assigned name for a LAN device The default is inst INSTR This is an optional parameter that indicates that you are communicating with a resource that is of type INSTR meaning instrument If you want to be compatible with future releases of VISA and VISA you must include the INSTR parameter in the syntax The following are examples of valid symbolic names X10 24 INSTR Device at VXI logical address 24 that is of VISA type INSTR VXI2 128 Device at VXI logical address 128 in the third VXI system VXI GPIB VXI0 24 A VXI device at logical address 24 This VXI device is connected via a GPIB VXI command module Chapter 12 217 n 2 E Ss gt x ea On E E E Ss on Ca a Programming Examples Programming in C Using the VISA GPIBO 7 0 A GPIB device at primary address 7 and secondary address 0 on the GPIB interface TCPIP devicename company com INSTR A TCPIP device using VXI 11 located at the specified address This uses the default LAN Device Name of inst0 The following is an example of opening a device session with the GPIB device at primary address23
79. ING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED IN NO EVENT SHALL THE APACHE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION OR ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT INDIRECT INCIDENTAL SPECIAL EXEMPLARY OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES LOSS OF USE DATA OR PROFITS OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY WHETHER IN CONTRACT STRICT LIABILITY OR TORT INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals on behalf of the Apache Software Foundation and was originally based on software copyright 1999 International Business Machines Inc http www ibm com For more information on the Apache Software Foundation please see 236 Chapter 15 Copyright Information http www apache org Copyright 1994 2004 Sun Microsystems Inc All Rights Reserved Redistribution and use in source and binary forms with or without modification are permitted provided that the following conditions are met e Redistribution of source code must retain the above copyright notice this list of conditions and the following disclaimer e Redistribution in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice this list of conditions an
80. IS WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE LIBRARY IS WITH YOU SHOULD THE LIBRARY PROVE DEFECTIVE YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING REPAIR OR CORRECTION 16 INNO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND OR REDISTRIBUTE THE LIBRARY AS PERMITTED ABOVE BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES INCLUDING ANY GENERAL SPECIAL INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE LIBRARY INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE LIBRARY TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER SOFTWARE EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES Q lt ve e p 5 5 er 5 Chapter 15 247 Copyright Information Copyright 1998 2004 CEE J Skelmir LLC All rights reserved z fon p ob fo gt a Q 248 Chapter 15 Index Numerics 10 MHz REF OUTPUT 61 50 ohm load 45 50 ohm 75 ohm minimum loss pad 45 75 ohm matching transformer 46 A AC probe 46 accessories 45 50 ohm load 45 50 ohm 75 ohm minimum loss pad 4
81. ITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING REPAIR OR CORRECTION 12 INNO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES INCLUDING ANY GENERAL SPECIAL INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES Copyright 1991 1999 Free Software Foundation Inc GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2 1 February 1999 Free Software Foundation Inc 59 Temple Place Suite 330 Boston MA 02111 1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document but changing it is not allowed This is the first released version of the Lesser GPL It also counts as the successor of the GNU Library Public License version 2 hence the version number 2 1 GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION 0 This License Agreement applies to an
82. MPTD Y Scale Elec Atten 20 dB Note that increasing the attenuation moves the noise floor closer to the signal level Measuring a Low Level Signal 21 57 59 Jen 24 2007 Rey 2 0 Avg Exponential 10 10 Ext Gain 0 0 d8 88 Chapter5 Figure 5 16 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Spectrum Analyzer Measuring a Low Level Signal Decreasing the Resolution Bandwidth Resolution bandwidth settings affect the level of internal noise without affecting the level of continuous wave CW signals Decreasing the RBW by a decade reduces the noise floor by 10 dB Connect the RF Output of the signal generator to the analyzer RF Input as shown in Figure 5 7 Setup for Obtaining One Signal SPECTRUM ANALYZER SIGNAL GENERATOR 00 00000000 Baoan 2o o o 8000 0000 csa pl792b Set the frequency of the signal source to 295 MHz Set the source amplitude to 80 dBm Connect the source RF OUTPUT to the analyzer RF INPUT Select the spectrum analyzer mode Press Mode Spectrum Analyzer Preset the analyzer Press Mode Preset Set the center frequency span and reference level Press FREQ Channel Center Freq 295 MHz Press SPAN X Scale Span 1 MHz Press AMPTD Y Scale Ref Level 40 dBm Decrease the resolution bandwidth Press BW Res BW Manual Nn Ss Las al 5 5 gt z lt N The low level signal appears more clearly because the
83. Measurement Guide and Programming Examples Agilent CSA Spectrum Analyzer This manual provides documentation for the following instruments N1996A 503 100 kHz to 3 GHz N1996A 506 100 kHz to 6 GHz For firmware revision A 02 00 and above oth Agilent Technologies Manufacturing Part Number N1996 90028 Supersedes N1996 90018 Printed in USA April 2011 Copyright 2006 2011 Agilent Technologies Notice The material contained in this document is provided as is and is subject to being changed without notice in future editions Further to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law Agilent disclaims all warranties either express or implied with regard to this manual and any information contained herein including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose Agilent shall not be liable for errors or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing use or performance of this document or any information contained herein Should Agilent and the user have a separate written agreement with warranty terms covering the material in this document that conflict with these terms the warranty terms in the separate agreement will control Technology Licenses The hardware and or software described in this document are furnished under a license and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of such license Restricted Righ
84. More 1 of 2 RRC Filter to turn the Root Raised Cosine filter On or Off Filter BW Press More 1 of 2 Filter BW to set the Root Raised Cosine filter bandwidth Filter Alpha Press More 1 of 2 Filter Alpha to set the alpha value for the Root Raised Cosine filter Meas Preset Press More 1 of 2 Meas Preset to set the default value Limits To set limit settings press Limits Press Upper Limit to switch the upper limit between On and Off the trace points within the Integ BW are checked to see if they are less than Total Pwr Ref Upper Limit If all the points are less than this value the upper limit test is passed If any point is greater than the limit the test is failed Press Lower Limit to switch the lower limit between On and Off the trace points within the Integ BW are checked to see if they are greater than Total Pwr Ref Lower Limit If all the points are greater than this value the lower limit test is passed If any point is less than the limit the test is failed Press Total Pwr Ref to set the absolute power value for computing the limit When set to Auto the total power reference is the measured channel power value When set to Man the result takes on the last measured value or you can enter the value manually un Ss fe Las al 5 5 gt 4 N Spectrum Analyzer Channel Power Figure 5 28 Channel Power measurement XX Agilan Technologies Spectrum Analyzer Channel Power Avg Number
85. N INCLUDE C VXIPNP WIN LIB MSC Otherwise the library and include files should be explicitly specified in the project file Chapter 12 213 n Q 2 E a x A On E E E a Of Ca a Programming Examples Programming in C Using the VISA Example Program This example program queries a LAN device for an identification string and prints the results Note that you must change the address idn c program filename include visa h include lt stdio h gt void main Open session to LAN device at IP address 192 168 0 2 R ViOpenDefaultRM amp defaultRM ViOpen defaultRM TCPIPO 192 168 0 2 inst0 INSTR VI_NULL VI_NULL amp vi Initialize device viPrintf vi RST n Send an IDN string to the device printf vi IDN n Read results viScanf vi St amp buf Print results printf Instrument identification string s n buf Close sessions viClose vi viClose defaultRM Including the VISA Declarations File For C and C programs you must include the visa h header file at the beginning of every file that contains VISA function calls include wisa h This header file contains the VISA function prototypes and the definitions for all VISA constants and error codes The visa h header file includes the visatype h header file The visatype h header file defines most of the VISA types The VISA typ
86. ON II CONFORMANCE INFORMATION a 5 m Q 7 3 s a Dn The listed products have been tested in accordance with the UN document ST SG AC 10 11 Rev 3 Amendments to the Third Revised Edition of the Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods Manual of Tests amp Criteria and found to comply with the stated criteria Test Description Date Tested Test result T1 Altitude Simulation June 21 2004 Pass T2 Thermal Cycling July 23 2004 Pass T3 Shock September 30 2004 Pass T4 Vibration October 01 2004 Pass T5 Short Circuit November 09 2004 Pass T6 Impact Cell Level test July 2 2003 Pass T7 Overcharge November 15 2004 Pass T8 Forced Discharge Cell level test July 2 2003 Pass Signed Fr David W Hellriegel Product Test Laboratory manager The information contained within is provided for your information only The information and recommendations set forth herein are made in good faith and are believed to be accurate as of the date of preparation However INSPIRED ENERGY INC MAKES NO WARRANTY EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WITH RESPECT TO THIS INFORMATION AND DISCLAIMS ALL LIABILITY FROM RELIANCE ON IT 20 Chapter 1 Installation and Setup Safety Information Batteries Safe Handling and Disposal COBALT CELL MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET Feb 14 2003 FSSF00001AG FOR CUSTOMER DISTRIBUTION SECTION 1 PRODUCT IDEN
87. SD safety accessories 47 examples ACP 121 AM demodulation CSA 147 manual demodulation 101 averaging trace 91 distortion 249 Index TOI 98 FM demodulation ESA built in FM demodulation 153 input attenuation reducing 87 noise channel power using 104 power measurements OBW 107 109 resolution bandwidth reducing 89 signals low level overview 87 off screen comparing 78 on screen comparing 76 resolving equal amplitude 80 resolving small signals hidden by large signals 83 signals viewing 72 trace averaging 91 EXTERNAL REF INPUT 61 external reference 34 F factory preset description 71 feet system II feet kit 47 file naming asking for 168 automatic 167 options 167 user 167 finding hidden signals 194 FM demodulation time domain demodulation manually calculating 197 FM signal demodulation 153 frequency timing reference 163 front panel connectors and keys 50 display annotations 53 57 entering data 69 functional tests equipment list 66 See also individual functional tests functionality in the test set 12 H harmonic distortion measuring low level signals 78 I identifying distortion products 94 information screen 33 input attenuation reducing 87 insertion loss measurement one port 130 250 two port 127 installation information 177 installing a battery 181 instrument preset 51 intermodulation distortion third order 9
88. SSF00001AG FOR CUSTOMER DISTRIBUTION SECTION 3 PHYSICAL DATA Physical state Odour Odour threshold Nickel plated metal canister None N APP under label Vapour pressure mmHg Vapour Density air 1 Evaporation rate Boiling Point Freezing point N APP N APP N APP N APP N APP pH 10 in water Specific gravity Coeff of water oil Water solubility Percent Volatiles N APP 1 5 2 0 NAPP insoluble NONE SECTION 4 FIRE AND EXPLOSION DATA Flammability Conditions Organic components will burn if cell incinerated Combustion of cell contents will cause evolution of Hydrogen Fluoride a z v Nn oj a n Means of Extinction and Special Procedures Water spray Carbon Dioxide Dry chemical powder or appropriate foam Use agent appropriate for surrounding materials Wear self contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing to prevent contact with skin and eyes Extremely corrosive Hydrogen Fluoride gas is produced upon combustion of cell contents Flashpoint Upper Flammable Limit Lower Flammable Limit NONE NONE NONE Auto gnition Temp Hazardous Combustion Products NONE Hydrogen Fluoride Phosphorus Oxides Carbon oxides Lithium Hydroxide Cobalt Oxides Aluminium Oxide Sulphuric acid Sulphur oxides possible fluoro compounds Carbon soot Impact sensitive Static Discharge Sensitive NO NO but cell may contain up to 4 2 volts SECTION 5 REACTIVITY DATA St
89. TER DIRECTIONAL COUPLER csa pl791b Set the signal sources as follows Set signal generator 1 to 295 MHz at 5 dBm Set signal generator 2 to 98 Chapter5 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 Step 10 Spectrum Analyzer Making Distortion Measurements 296 MHz at 11 dBm this higher power level overcomes the nominal 16 dB loss through the coupled arm of the directional coupler This will result in a frequency separation of 1 MHz The amplitude of both signals should be approximately 5 dBm at the output of the bridge Set the analyzer center frequency and span Press Mode Preset Press FREQ Channel Center Freq 295 5 MHz Press SPAN X Scale Span 5 MHz Press AMPTD Y Scale Elec Atten 10 dB Reduce the RBW until the distortion products are visible Press BW Res BW Manual Move the signal to the reference level Press Peak Search Marker gt Mkr RL Calculate the attenuator setting required for a 30 dBm mixer level based upon the current reference level setting Atten Ref Level 30 dBm Press AMPTD Y Scale Elec Atten enter the attenuation value for the calculation above and press dB Reduce the RBW until the distortion products are visible Press BW Res BW Manual Turn on averaging to increase the visibility of the distortion products Press Avg Mode Exponential Avg Number 10 Enter Activate the second marker and place it o
90. TIFICATION AND USE Product Molicel Cobalt based Lithium lon cell P I N Not Regulated up to and including 2 4 Ah Use High performance lithium ion rechargeable W H M I S exempt battery system manufactured article Manufacturer E One Moli Energy 24 HOUR EMERGENCY NUMBER Canada Limited mon kane 604 466 6654 604 466 6654 MOLI FAX 604 466 6600 SECTION 2 HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS Hazardous CAS LDso mg kg LCs Ingredients Number oral rat mg L Aluminium foil 1 ww 7429 90 5 N AV N AV Biphenyl BP 0 0 3 w w 92 52 4 2400 N AV Copper foil 0 1 1 w w 7440 50 8 3 5 N AV ipr mouse Dioxathiolane 2 2 Dioxide 1072 53 3 1600 N AV DTD 1 Linear and Cyclic 5 17wiw N APP N AV Carbonate Solvents See ther Information Graphite powder 10 30 w w 7440 44 0 N AV ivn mouse Lithium Carbonate 0 0 3 ww 554 13 2 N APP Lithium Cobaltite LiCoO2 10 30 w w 12190 79 3 N AV _ N AV Lithium Hexaflurophosphate 1 5 w w 21324 40 3 1702 Rat gt 20 LiPF6 Poly vinylidene fluoride 0 1 1 w w 24937 79 9 N AV N AV PVDF Propane Sultone PS O 3w w 1120 71 4 100 NAV Steel nickel and inert Balance N APP N APP N APP polymer Page 1 of 6 11000 weighted avg Chapter 1 i n S T f gt a n 21 Installation and Setup Safety Information COBALT CELL MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET Feb 14 2003 F
91. View Avg Exponential 25 25 Ext Gain 0 0 dB VBW 1 kHz Occupied BW 247 5 kHz Occupied PWR 10 8 dBm Screen Image capture in progress Step 8 To switch to the Spectrogram view Nn Las al 5 5 gt z lt N Press Spectrogram Spectrogram until ON is underlined 100 Enter Trace Detector Trace Average The OBW measurement results display will now be similar to Figure 5 33 Step 9 If you need to restart the data capture Press Reset Spectrogram Step 10 If desired set the capture interval Press Update Interval Enter the interval number using the number keypad Select sec or Max Speed Max Speed displays every trace captured Step 11 If you want to set the number of frames to skip Press Frame Skip Enter the interval number using the number keypad Select frames Step 12 If you want to set the display color Press Palette Select Full Color or Grayscale The color grayscale top and bottom mappings are determined by the Ref Level and Scale Div settings To change the mapping go to AMPTD Y Scale and change Ref Level and Scale Div Chapter 5 113 Spectrum Analyzer Using the Spectrogram View Requires Option 271 Figure 5 33 OBW Measurement Results Spectrogram View CE Agilent Technologies Spectrum Analyzer Occupied BW 14 30 02 12 Jan 2007 Rev 2 0 RE lt 5 gt Aug Exponential 25 25 Preamp Off Atten 0 dB Ext Gain 0 0 dB Occupied BW 245 kH
92. W CDMA signal at 1 GHz The Agilent ESG is used for generating the W CDMA signal Connect the RF Output of the signal generator to the analyzer RF Input as shown in Figure 5 27 Setup for Channel Power Measurement SPECTRUM ANALYZER SIGNAL GENERATOR 00 00000000 ooog O o o 8000 9000 csa pl792b Select the spectrum analyzer mode Press Mode Spectrum Analyzer Preset the analyzer Press Mode Preset Set the center frequency Press FREQ Channel Center Freq 1 GHz Start the channel power measurement Press Meas Channel Power Set the integration BW Press Meas Setup Integ BW 5 MHz Configure the display to show the combined spectrum view with bar graph span highlighted in blue Press View Display Bar Graph On 104 Chapter5 Spectrum Analyzer Channel Power Step 8 To adjust the measurement settings press Meas Setup then 1 Chapter 5 105 Averaging To set the averaging On or Off switch the Avg Number key between On and Off When averaging is On enter the number of results used in the averaging calculations The default average setting is Off and the default number is 10 when averaging is On If your input signal changes during the average period wait until the averaging has completed or the next averaging period has started Averaging Mode To change the average mode press the Avg Mode key and select Exponential or Repeat The default average mode is Repeat RRC Filter Press
93. a 5 m o 7 3 s amp E Dn WARNING CAUTION NOTE Installation and Setup Safety Information Safety Information General This product and related documentation must be reviewed for familiarization with safety markings and instructions before operation This product has been designed and tested in accordance with IEC 61010 1 2001 Second Edition and has been supplied in a safe condition The documentation contains information and warnings that must be followed by the user to ensure safe operation and to maintain the product in a safe condition Safety Earth Ground An uninterruptible safety earth ground must be provided from the main power source to the product input wiring terminals power cord or supplied power cord set Chassis Ground Terminal To prevent a potential shock hazard always connect the rear panel chassis ground terminal to earth ground when operating this analyzer from a dc power source Safety Information The following safety conventions are used throughout this manual Familiarize yourself with the symbols and their meaning before operating this instrument A Warning denotes a hazard It calls attention to a procedure which if not correctly performed or adhered to could result in injury or loss of life Do not proceed beyond a warning note until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met A Caution denotes a hazard It calls attentio
94. ability Hazardous polymerization will not occur STABLE Spontaneous decomposition at normal temperatures will not occur Incompatibilities Do not crush puncture incinerate immerse in water or heat over 100 Steel casing slowly dissolves in strong mineral acids Reactivities None known Hazardous Decomposition Products Hydrogen Fluoride Phosphorus Oxides Carbon oxides Lithium Hydroxide Cobalt Oxides Aluminium Oxide Sulphuric acid Sulphur oxides possible fluoro compounds Carbon soot Page 2 of 6 22 Chapter 1 Installation and Setup Safety Information COBALT CELL MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET Feb 14 2003 FSSF00001AG FOR CUSTOMER DISTRIBUTION SECTION 6 TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES Routes of Entry Skin Contact NO Skin Absorption NO Eye contact NO Inhalation NO Ingestion NO Acute Exposure Skin No effect noticed in routine handling of product Eyes The bulk solid has no effect on the eye beyond blunt impact Inhalation Not applicable Ingestion Ingestion is not likely given the physical size and state of the cell Chronic Exposure Skin None anticipated Eyes Not applicable i n S T f a n Inhalation Not applicable Ingestion Ingestion is not a likely exposure route Exposure Limits Irritancy Sensitization Carcinogenicity None listed None Not anticipated Not anticipated Teratogenicity Mutagenicity Not an
95. allable option 1 Press System Option Manager Install Info 2 When you call your Agilent sales representative to order an option you will need to provide the information you see on this screen e Model number e Serial number e Host ID 3 Press Return to go back to the Option Manager key menu Chapter 9 ons ger 177 ies 22 2 a un lt Dn al 5 iS T S T Dn Basic System Operations Testing System Functions Testing System Functions The N1996A provides two simple tests you can perform to test the basic system functionality a display test and a keyboard test Testing Your Display Perform this procedure to verify the correct operation of your display 1 Press System Service Verification Display Test 2 Follow the on screen instructions Testing Your Keyboard Perform this procedure to verify the correct operation of your keyboard device 1 Press System Service Verification Keyboard Test Dn S z v a o vo w Nn lt a v Dn 3 aa 2 Press the available buttons and view the results on the screen 178 Chapter 9 5 z a gt ve cu ies Dn 10 Working with Batteries 179 Working with Batteries This chapter contains the following topics on your Agilent CSA batteries Installing Batteries on page 181 Viewing Battery Status on page 182 Charging Batteries on
96. ance and operates over a frequency range of 300 kHz to 3 GHz High probe sensitivity and low distortion levels allow measurements to be made while taking advantage of the full dynamic range of the spectrum analyzer AC Probe Low Frequency The Agilent 41800A low frequency probe has a low input capacitance and a frequency range of 5 Hz to 500 MHz Broadband Preamplifiers and Power Amplifiers Preamplifiers and power amplifiers can be used with your spectrum analyzer to enhance measurements of very low level signals e The Agilent 8447D preamplifier provides a minimum of 25 dB gain from 100 kHz to 1 3 GHz e The Agilent 87405A preamplifier provides a minimum of 22 dB gain from 10 MHz to 3 GHz Power is supplied by the probe power output of the analyzer e The Agilent 83006A preamplifier provides a minimum of 26 dB gain from 10 MHz to 26 5 GHz e The Agilent 85905A CATV 75 ohm preamplifier provides a minimum of 18 dB gain from 45 MHz to 1 GHz Power is supplied by the probe power output of the analyzer e The 11909A low noise preamplifier provides a minimum of 32 dB gain from 9 kHz to 1 GHz and a typical noise figure of 1 8 dB RF and Transient Limiters The Agilent 11867A and N9355 6 RF Limiters protect the analyzer input circuits from damage due to high power levels The 11867A operates over a frequency range of dc to 1800 MHz and begins reflecting signal levels over 1 mW up to 10 W average power and 100 watts peak power The N
97. ar in spirit to the present version but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns Each version is given a distinguishing version number If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and any later version you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation If the Program does not specify a version number of this License you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation 10 If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different write to the author to ask for permission For 240 Chapter 15 Copyright Information software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation write to the Free Software Foundation we sometimes make exceptions for this Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally NO WARRANTY 11 BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM AS IS WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABIL
98. arker If in zero span active marker time and amplitude is displayed 15 Key menu title Dependent on menu selection 16 Key menu Menu key labels 17 Span SPAN X Scale 18 Reference frequency source indicator System Freq Time Reference 19 Battery amp 2 status indicator System System Stats Battery 20 AC power indicator Indicates that the analyzer is currently powered by the external AC DC power converter 21 Sweep time Control Sweep Sweep Time 22 VBW BW Video BW 23 Center frequency FREQ Channel Center Freq 24 Display status line Displays informational and error messages see Types of Spectrum Analyzer Messages on page 227 25 Resolution Bandwidth BW Res BW 26 Revision indicator System System Stats Show System 56 Chapter 3 Front and Rear Panel Features Front Panel Overview Display Annotations Spectrogram Option 271 For firmware revisions lt A 02 00 Foes pastas Es Dej 13 2p05 nalyzer Occupied BW O verRange Aw B Avg Ebonential 5 25 Preamp Off Ext Gain 0 0 dB Ref 0 0 dBm 00 06 35 fa 0 0 dB 100 0 dB _ T Capturing Screen Data 4 0 0 Far 2 RI D 9 3 csa_annotate spectro Item Description Associated Function Keys 1 Amplitude scale AMPTD Y Scale Scale Type or AMPTD Y Scale Scale Div 2 Reference level AMPTD Y Scale Ref Level 3 Auto Range On indicator AMPTD Y Scale Auto Range 4 Active function block Da
99. ate Q z O us 5 O 5 Chapter 13 223 Connector Care Using Inspecting and Cleaning RF Connectors v 3 Q L 9 d Q 224 Chapter 13 14 Q 22 S J Q 2 In Case of Difficulty This chapter includes information on how to check for a problem with your Agilent Technologies spectrum analyzer and how to return it for service If you experience a problem or would like additional information about your 225 gt Lei Q Dn Ss iS WARNING NOTE In Case of Difficulty analyzer Agilent Technologies worldwide organization is ready to provide the support you need Before calling Agilent Technologies however or returning an analyzer for service perform the quick checks listed in Check the Basics on page 228 This check may eliminate the problem If a problem persists you may choose to e Repair the analyzer yourself See Service Options on page 229 e Return the analyzer to Agilent Technologies for repair See Returning an Analyzer for Service on page 231 for more information No operator serviceable parts inside Refer servicing to qualified personnel To prevent electrical shock do not remove covers If the analyzer is still under warranty or is covered by a maintenance contract it will be repaired under the terms of the warranty or plan the warra
100. ation kit Option SRK pn N1996A SRK includes Coax Accessories Case Open Short Termination This item is included ONLY when you have ordered Option SRK Coax Accessories Case plastic and foam 5000 0912 Open Short 50 ohm N type male 85032 60011 Termination 50 ohm N type male 00909 60009 Standard Documentation Set Documentation CD ROM Includes electronic PDF versions of the documents in the standard set Manual Set on CD ROM on page 45 In addition this Installation and Setup chapter is no the accessible in a standalone electronic PDF version and a text file of the complete firmware copyright information You can view and print the information as needed See the front of the CD ROM for installation information 12 Chapter 1 Installation and Setup Initial Inspection If There Is a Problem If the shipping materials are damaged or the contents of the container are incomplete e Contact the nearest Agilent Technologies office to arrange for repair or replacement see Calling Agilent Technologies on page 229 You will not need to wait for a claim settlement e Keep the shipping materials for the carrier s inspection e Ifyou must return an analyzer to Agilent Technologies use the original or comparable shipping materials see Returning an Analyzer for Service on page 231 p lt n ek 2 2 z 5 2 5 a NM Chapter 1 13
101. ation will become valid again as soon as you switch from Auto back to Manual Frequency Range e power off the analyzer e change the start frequency to a new value that lies below the start frequency of your previous calibration e change the stop frequency to a new value that lies above the stop frequency of your previous calibration e change the start or stop frequency when the calibration frequency step is greater than the factory calibration frequency step e change any of the cables that you used for the calibration e change any of the optional attenuators that might have been used for the calibration e change the type of cable specified under the Cable Type menu key Performing a Return Loss Measurement Set the analyzer to the Stimulus Response Mode and the Return Loss measurement Press Mode Stimulus Response Meas Return Loss Preset the analyzer Press Mode Preset Meas Return Loss Set the start and stop frequencies This example uses a 50 MHz low pass filter as the DUT Press FREQ Channel Start Freq 10 MHz Press FREQ Channel Stop Freq 250 MHz Turn averaging off Press Meas Setup Avg Mode Off Calibrate the measurement Press FREQ Channel Calibrate and follow the instructions on the Calibration Wizard The analyzer will calibrate over the desired frequency range To calibrate your spectrum analyzer you will need the following calibration kit Chapter 7 135 Dn a 5 Re
102. ayed 15 Key menu title Dependent on menu selection 16 Key menu Menu key labels 17 Stop frequency or if in zero span stop time FREQ Channel Stop Freq 18 Reference frequency source indicator System Freq Time Reference 19 Battery amp 2 status indicator System System Stats Battery 20 AC power indicator Indicates that the analyzer is currently powered by the external AC DC power converter 21 Sweep time Control Sweep Sweep Time 22 Span SPAN X Scale 23 Center frequency FREQ Channel Center Freq 24 Display status line Displays informational and error messages see Types of Spectrum Analyzer Messages on page 227 25 Resolution Bandwidth BW Res BW 26 Start frequency or if in zero span 0 sec FREQ Channel Start Freq 54 Chapter 3 Front and Rear Panel Features Front Panel Overview For firmware revision A 02 00 or greater 00 49 2 Rev 2 0 A 3 Exponential 5 5 Freq in 0 Ext Gain 0 0 dB Canter Freq 2 1 Ghz 1 85 GHz 2 35 GHz CF Step 50 MHz Aut er 2 100 GHz Hz csa2_annotate Item Description Associated Function Keys 1 Amplitude scale AMPTD Y Scale Scale Type or AMPTD Y Scale Scale Div 2 Reference level AMPTD Y Scale Ref Level 3 Auto Range On indicator AMPTD Y Scale Auto Range 4 Active function block Refer to the description of the activated function 5 Internal preamp status AMPTD Y Scale Internal Preamp 6 Marker Marker 7 RF attenuation AMPTD Y
103. be confused with the Agilent CSA spectrum analyzer is a registered trademark of the Canadian Standards Association The C Tick mark is a registered trademark of the Australian Spectrum Management Agency This is a symbol of an Industrial Scientific and Medical Group 1 Class A product CISPR 11 Clause 4 This is a marking of an Industrial Scientific and Medical Group 1 Class A product and to indicate product compliance with the Canadian Interference Causing Equipment Standard ICES 001 Separate collection symbol The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment WEEE Directive 2002 96 EC adopted by EU Commission on 13 Feb 2003 is introducing producer responsibility on all Electric and Electronic appliances from 13 Aug 2005 Under EU law all electric and electronic equipment EEE are required to be separated from normal waste for disposal 15 a 5 Q 7 3 s amp E Dn WARNING WARNING WARNING WARNING WARNING WARNING WARNING WARNING WARNING Installation and Setup Safety Information Safety Considerations For This Analyzer This is a Safety Class 1 Product provided with a protective earth ground incorporated in the power cord The mains plug shall be inserted only in a socket outlet provided with a protected earth contact Any interruption of the protective conductor inside or outside of the product is like
104. cated close to the original signals These distortion products are generated by system components such as amplifiers and mixers This procedure tests a device for third order intermodulation using markers Two sources are used Connect two signal generators two low pass filters and a directional coupler to the analyzer input as shown in Figure 5 23 Connect the output of signal generator 1 to port 2 of the directional coupler through one of the low pass filters and connect the output of signal generator 2 to port 3 the coupled port of the directional coupler through the remaining low pass filter This combination of signal generators low pass filters and directional coupler used as a combiner results in a two tone source with very low intermodulation distortion Although the distortion from this setup may be better than the specified performance of the analyzer it is useful for determining the TOI performance of the source analyzer combination After the performance of the source analyzer combination has been verified the device under test DUT for example an amplifier would be inserted between the directional coupler output and the analyzer input The coupler should have a high degree of isolation between the two input ports so the sources do not intermodulate Third Order Intermodulation Equipment Setup SPECTRUM ANALYZER SIGNAL GENERATOR 1 SIGNAL GENERATOR 2 300 MHz LOW PASS FILTER 300 MHz LOW PASS FIL
105. code as you receive it in any medium provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any watranty and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee 2 You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it thus forming a work based on the Program and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above provided that you also meet all of these conditions a You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change b You must cause any work that you distribute or publish that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License c If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run you must cause it when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty or else saying that you provide a warranty and that users may redi
106. d on the top left of the screen will turn to Normalized The normalization is needed each time you change the frequency setting To measure the rejection of a low pass filter Connect the DUT between the RF Input and RF Output of the analyzer as shown in Figure 7 2 Note that the units of the reference level are dB indicating that this is a relative measurement 128 Chapter7 Stimulus Response Measurements Requires N8995A Two Port Insertion Loss Figure 7 2 Two Port Insertion Loss Measurement Test Setup SPECTRUM ANALYZER RF OUTPUT csa_bl73b Step 10 Place the reference marker at the specified cutoff frequency Press Marker Normal 50 MHz Step 11 Place the second marker at 100 MHz Press Delta 50 MHz In this example the attenuation over this frequency range is 66 9 dB octave one octave above the cutoff frequency Step 12 Use the front panel knob to place the marker at the highest peak in the stop band to determine the minimum stop band attenuation In this example the peak occurs at 102 589 MHz The attenuation is 63 2 dB Figure 7 3 Minimum Stop Band Attenuation Ees Agilent Techaologiss Stimulus Response Two Port Insertion Loss 17 57 10 Jan 25 2007 Rev 2 0 Marker A 51 765 MHz Z Screen Image capture in progress enr Chapter 7 129 Dn a 5 Re 28 oO A Z Ss n ee a 5 oO 5 z 2 vo oO Som 5 n S Q Dn S
107. d decrements active function values 14 Return Key Exits the current menu and returns to the previous menu 15 Volume Control Enables you to Mute or increase and decrease sound at the internal speaker or the earphones Keys f SIA Used with AM FM Tune and Listen N1996A with Option AFM 16 Help Key Press the Help key to access the embedded help information Use the menu keys or navigation keys item 13 to select the desired help topic Two types of help are available 1 Task help that will guide you through making a measurement 2 Key function explanations that provide a short description of a key and the associated remote command You can exit help by pressing Cancel Esc 17 Window Keys Next Window On displays with multiple windows changes the highlighted window that is Not currently implemented currently active Zoom Zooms in on the highlighted window Multiple Windows On displays with multiple windows switches the view to multiple window Chapter 3 51 5 D z a el S a so 2 j 5 g a N Nn v 5 g v ey v S Aa g Q e4 S fo a Front and Rear Panel Features Front Panel Overview Item Description Name 18 Power Turns the analyzer on A green light indicates power on A yellow light indicates standby On Standby mode NOTE The front panel switch is a standby switch n
108. d library provided that the separate distribution of the work based on the Library and of the other library facilities is otherwise permitted and provided that you do these two things a Accompany the combined library with a copy of the same work based on the Library uncombined with any other library facilities This must be distributed under the terms of the Sections above b Give prominent notice with the combined library of the fact that part of it is a work based on the Library and explaining where to find the accompanying uncombined form of the same work 8 You may not copy modify sublicense link with or distribute the Library except as expressly provided under this License Any attempt otherwise to copy modify sublicense link with or distribute the Library is void and will automatically terminate your rights under this License However parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance 9 You are not required to accept this License since you have not signed it However nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Library or its derivative works These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License Therefore by modifying or distributing the Library or any work based on the Library you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so and all its terms and conditions for cop
109. d the following disclaimer in the documentation and or other materials provided with the distribution Neither the name of Sun Microsystems Inc or the names of contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission This software is provided AS IS without a warranty of any kind ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED CONDITIONS REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON INFRINGEMENT ARE HEREBY EXCLUDED SUN MICROSYSTEMS INC SUN AND ITS LICENSORS SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES SUFFERED BY LICENSEE AS A RESULT OF USING MODIFYING OR DISTRIBUTING THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS DERIVATIVES IN NO EVENT WILL SUN OR ITS LICENSORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOST REVENUE PROFIT OR DATA OR FOR DIRECT INDIRECT SPECIAL CONSEQUENTIAL INCIDENTAL OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES HOWEVER CAUSED AND REGARDLESS OF THE THEORY OF LIABILITY ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE THIS SOFTWARE EVEN IF SUN HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES You acknowledge that this software is not designed licensed or intended for use in the design construction operation or maintenance of any nuclear facility Copyright 1989 1991 Free Software Foundation Inc GNU General Public License Version 2 June 1991 Free Software Foundation Inc 59 Temple Place Suite 330 Boston MA 02111 1307 USA Everyone is permitt
110. der around that key becomes visible to show it has been selected Chapter 3 63 j 3 5 e w 5 a el 5 a so 2 j 5 pi g a Dn Front and Rear Panel Features Key Overview In other key menus one key label will always be highlighted to show which key has been selected but the menu is immediately exited when a selection is made For example when you press the Avg Type key on the Meas Setup menu it will bring up its own menu of keys The Log Pwr Avg key which is the Avg Type menu default key will be highlighted When you press the Pwr Avg key the highlight will move to that key to show it has been selected and the screen will return to the Meas Setup menu The arrow keys located around the Select key to the left of the analyzer display can be used to navigate within tables or lists for example the Chan Std table These keys are used to move between rows The cursor inverse video highlight indicates the active item Nn v 5 g v ey v S Aa g Q e4 S fo a 64 Chapter 3 Recommended Test Equipment 65 al oO e S z z 5 2 Dn na amp 2 E T 5 oO 5 Lai Recommended Test Equipment Test Equipment for Making Measurements Test Equipment for Making Measurements Test Equipment o Ca ea ES D S o 5 D FA The table below summarizes th
111. desired reference frequency c Press Select to set the reference source and frequency that you have highlighted d Press Cancel to abort your reference change and retain the previously selected frequency reference See Setting System References on page 163 for more information Chapter 1 33 p 5 n ek 2 S T 5 2 5 a n Installation and Setup Firmware Revision Firmware Revision To view the firmware revision of your analyzer Press System System Stats Rev Info If you call Agilent Technologies regarding your analyzer it is helpful to have this revision and the analyzer serial number available TIP You can get automatic electronic notification of new firmware releases and other product updates information by subscribing to the Agilent Technologies Test amp Measurement E Mail Notification Service for the Agilent CSA spectrum analyzer at http www agilent com find notifyme a 5 m o 7 3 s amp E Dn 34 Chapter 1 Installation and Setup Printer Setup and Operation Printer Setup and Operation The Agilent CSA spectrum analyzer does not print directly to a printer You can print a screen image or measurement data by first saving the information to a USB memory device and then use a PC with an attached printer to print the file You can save a screen image by pressing amp Print for detail instructions refer to Printing a Screen To a Fi
112. e 3 Select how you want to name the data file you re saving see File Naming Options on page 167 This step must only be performed prior to the first time you save a file or if you want to change the method you use 4 Press amp Print there will be a status massage Screen Image capture in progress and gives the progress of the saving process at the bottom of the display ies un 2 un lt Dn al 5 o T S T Dn 5 Enter a name for the file or it is done automatically depending on the file naming method you selected and press OK 6 When the screen capture is complete press Ok Chapter 9 165 Basic System Operations Saving Data Saving Data Saving Data You may save and manage data on an external storage device or the internal analyzer drive You can save the current screen image the current analyzer state current trace data and measurement results To save data 1 Display data on a measurement screen 2 Press Save Type and select the type of data you want to save 3 If you have selected a data type of Trace press Source and select the trace for the data you want to save Your choices are Trace 1 Trace 2 Trace 3 Trace 4 or All 4 Select how you want to name the data file you are saving see File Naming Options on page 167 Dn S z v a o vo w Nn lt a 2 a 3 aa This step must only be performed prior
113. e Modulation SINAD SIgnal to Noise And Distortion measures the amount of Modulation SINAD contained in the modulated signal by determining the ratio of fundamental power to harmonic and noise power Modulation SINAD is reciprocal of modulation distortion provided by Modulation Distortion measurement This is another way to quantify the quality of the modulation process Measurement Technique Modulation SINAD is defined as Piotal dBypdutationsrnap 20 X log Fr P total ignal where Pota the power of the total signal Psignal the power of the wanted modulating signal and Potal Psignal the total unwanted signals which include harmonic distortion and noise First the received signal is demodulated and filtered to remove DC then the filtered signal is transformed by an FFT into frequency domain Next total power in the total filter band is measured as P 4 the peak power of the modulated signal is computed as P the square root of the ratio of Pia tO Protal Psignal 1S signal gt calculated The result is signal s Modulation SINAD It can be expressed as dB or Chapter 11 205 sydoouo Concepts Modulation SINAD Measurement Concepts Kel 2 D I 206 Chapter 11 a 3 LE Le a z E ga S Pel S z 2 a 12 Programming Examples 207 Programming Examples Finding Examples and More Information Finding Examples and More Information The
114. e display in the line will remain until you clear to set a parameter incorrectly or status line and in the error or another message is an operation has failed suchas the SCPI Error displayed in the status line Q n ueue i paving anile Q Pressing the Esc key will clear 2 error messages from the J display but the messages will za remain in the error queue Cal lt Chapter 14 227 gt pe Q Dn Ss iS NOTE TIP In Case of Difficulty Before Calling Agilent Technologies Before Calling Agilent Technologies Check the Basics o o Is there power at the receptacle Is the analyzer turned on Check to see if the green LED above the power switch is on Also listen for internal fan noise to determine if the analyzer cooling fan is running If other equipment cables and connectors are being used with your spectrum analyzer make sure they are connected properly and operating correctly Review the measurement procedures being performed when the problem first appeared Are all of the settings correct If the analyzer is not functioning as expected return the analyzer to a known state by pressing Mode Preset Is the measurement being performed and the results that are expected within the specifications and capabilities of the analyzer Refer to the Specifications guide for your analyzer The analyzer must be powered on with the LAN already connec
115. e Detector Peak P Sample S Negative Peak p Average A 14 Active marker frequency and amplitude Marker 15 Key menu title Dependent on menu selection 16 Key menu Menu key labels 17 Stop frequency or if in zero span stop time FREQ Channel Stop Freq 18 Reference frequency source indicator System Freq Time Reference 19 Battery 1 amp 2 status indicator System System Stats Battery 20 AC power indicator Indicates that the analyzer is currently powered by the external AC DC power converter 21 Spectrum display View Display Spectrogram Provides a Spectral display of the spectrum sampled to create the spectrogram 22 Start frequency or if in zero span 0 sec FREQ Channel Start Freq 23 Marker Marker 24 Display status line Displays informational and error messages see Types of Spectrum Analyzer Messages on page 227 25 Metrics Panel Displays measurement results data metrics 58 Chapter 3 Front and Rear Panel Features Front Panel Overview For firmware revision A 02 00 or greater 10 45 50 2 Jan 007 Rev 27 RACE Avg Exponential 45 25 ao Peak Search Ext Gain 0 0 dB 0 0 dBm 50 0 dBm 100 0 dBm Occupied B 247 5 kHz Occupied PWR 10 8 dB Screen Image capture in progress ertterer ere 90 Int Ref D D DID 8 csa2_annotate spectre Item Description Associated Function Keys 1 Amplitude scale AMPTD Y Scale Scale Type or AMPTD Y Scale Scale Div 2 Re
116. e Preset Set the center frequency span RBW and the sweep time Press FREQ Channel Center Freq 300 MHz Press SPAN X Scale Span 500 kHz Press BW Res BW 30 kHz Set the y axis units to volts Press AMPTD Y Scale More Y Axis Units Volts Position the signal peak near the reference level Press AMPTD Y Scale Ref Level rotate front panel knob Change the y scale type to linear Press AMPTD Y Scale Scale Type Lin Set the analyzer in zero span to make time domain measurements Press SPAN X Scale Zero Span Press Control Sweep Sweep Time 5 ms Use the video trigger to stabilize the trace Press Meas Setup Trigger Video Adjust the trigger level by using knob for a stable trace Since the modulation is a steady tone you can use video trigger to trigger the analyzer sweep on the waveform and stabilize the trace much like an oscilloscope See Figure 5 26 If the trigger level is set too high or too low when video trigger mode is activated the sweep stops You need to adjust the trigger level up or down with the front panel knob until the sweep begins again Measure the AM rate using delta markers Press Peak Search Marker Delta Peak Search Next Pk Use markers and delta markers to measure the AM rate Place the marker on a peak and then use a delta marker to measure the time difference between adjacent peaks this is the AM rate of the signal 102 Chapter5 NOTE Figure 5 26 S
117. e System Stats key menu Chapter 9 175 ies Le un lt n al 5 o ss S T n Dn S z v a o vo w Nn lt a 2 a 3 aa Basic System Operations Using the Option Manager Using the Option Manager Viewing Installed Options 1 Press System Option Manager Installed Options This provides a list of all installed options as well as their associated license keys 2 Press Page Up or Page Down as necessary to scroll to next screen Viewing Installed Options Perform this procedure to view a list of all options that you can install for the analyzer Two lists are displayed options you can install yourself and options that must be installed by Agilent 1 Press System Option Manager Installable Options This provides a list of options that can be installed 2 Press Page Up or Page Down as necessary to scroll to next screen 3 Press Return to go back to the Option Manager key menu Installing an Option 1 Press System Option Manager Install an Option 2 If available press From List This key will not be available if all options have already been licensed 3 Highlight the option to be installed from the list using knob or the up down arrow navigation keys then press Select 4 If you already have the license key for the option selected press Install Option and follow the on screen instructions Otherwise you need to order a license key for this optio
118. e connector threads and other signs of wear such as discoloration or roughness Visible wear can affect measurement accuracy and repeatability Discard or repair any device with a damaged connector A bad connector can ruin a good connector on the first mating A magnifying glass or jeweler s loupe is useful during inspection Cleaning Procedure 1 Blow particulate matter from connectors using an environmentally safe aerosol such as Ultrajet This product is recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and contains chlorodifluoromethane 2 Use an alcohol wipe to wipe connector surfaces Wet a small swab with alcohol from the alcohol wipe and clean the connector with the swab Use alcohol in a well ventilated area and allow adequate time for fumes to 222 Chapter 13 Connector Care Using Inspecting and Cleaning RF Connectors disperse and moist alcohol to evaporate 3 Allow the alcohol to evaporate off the connector before making connections CAUTION Do not allow excessive alcohol to run into the connector Excessive alcohol entering the connector collects in pockets in the connector s internal parts The liquid will cause random changes in the connector s electrical performance If excessive alcohol gets into a connector lay it aside to allow the alcohol to evaporate This may take up to three days If you attach that connector to another device it can take much longer for trapped alcohol to evapor
119. e exceeds the limit specified here Press Freq Deviation Lower to change the minimum frequency deviation limit Press Carrier Freq Offset Upper to set the maximum carrier frequency offset limit The Figure 8 10 show the failure result with the maximum carrier power exceeds the limit Figure 8 10 FM Numerical Results with Limits On Ti Apilom Technologies Modulation Analyzer FM 14 40 05 Dec 22 2006 Rev 2 0 Carrier Power Upper 12 0 dBm Limits Avg Exponential 10 10 Preamp Off Atten 0 00 dB Ext Gain 0 0 dB Avg Carrier Freq Offset 27 56 Hz Freq Dev Peak 10 04 kHz Carrier Power 11 19dBm Modulation Rate 999 99 Hz 1 00 kHz Distortion 0 59 0 67 SINAD 44 54dB 45 67dB Screen Image capture in progress s ssssesecseeseesennns NOTE When Limits is set to On the word PASS or FAIL in the left top corner of the display indicates the measurement results is passed or failed The mark P or F beside the measurement result means this value has passed or failed the limit test 158 Chapter 8 vr 22 2 a un lt Dn al 5 iS T S Lan pi a Dn Basic System Operations 159 Basic System Operations This chapter contains information on the following Basic System Operations System Reference Introduction on page 162 Setting System References on page 163 Selecting a Frequency Timing Reference on page 163 Setting System
120. e files sorted by pressing Sort and then press By Date By Name By Extension By Size or Order Press Recall Now Note that Save Name Filename Auto User Ask must be set to Ask Select from the file list the Factory Defaults state file using the knob or up and down arrow buttons Press Select When the recall is complete press Save Type State Save Now Note that Save Name Filename Auto User Ask must be set to Ask Enter as the state name Powerup the analyzer is case sensitive so be sure to capitalize the P This is the name the analyzer uses to identify the power up state Press OK and then OK again to get back to the Save Menu Chapter 9 173 Basic System Operations Saving Recalling and Deleting Instrument States Deleting States If you have saved a state you will no longer use you can delete it 1 Press Recall Type State Location Internal Catalog 2 Select from the file list the state file you want to delete using the knob or up and down arrow buttons or All to delete all saved states 3 Press Delete You will then be asked Are you sure you wish to delete the lt filename gt state Press Yes NOTE Selecting All does not delete the Powerup or Factory Defaults states Dn S z v a o vo w Nn ES a v Dn 3 aa 174 Chapter 9 Basic System Operations Viewing System Statistics Viewing System Statistics Viewing S
121. e incident voltage is called the reflection coefficient The reflection coefficient is a complex number meaning it has both magnitude and phase information In S parameter terms Return Loss is referred to as an S measurement Test signals can cause interference When testing cables attached to antennas test signals are radiated Verify that the signal used for the test cannot cause interference to another antenna Calibration Minimizing your Workload The Return Loss calibration is the same calibration as performed for the Distance to Fault and One Port Insertion Loss when it is performed with Frequency Range set to manual measurements If you have already calibrated for any of these three measurements the calibration will apply to the other two measurements and Calibrated together with the frequency range over which the calibration was performed will be displayed on top left of the screen indicating the user calibration data is used If you have not previously performed a calibration the word Factory Calibration appears at the top left of the measurement screen indicating the factory calibration data is used It is important that you keep the calibration frequency range as close as possible to the actual sweep frequencies you intend using for the measurement or measurements Calibrating over a large frequency range for example 1 GHz when you only intend measuring over a much smaller range a few MHz for example
122. e like signals 104 charging batteries 184 cleaning supplies connector 222 clock setting 164 clock battery 31 comparing signals two signals 76 two signals not on the same screen 78 concepts AM demodulation 197 FM demodulation 197 IF filter defined 194 modulation distortion measurement 204 modulation SINAD measurement 205 resolving signals of equal amplitude 194 resolving small signals hidden by large signals 194 stimulus response 198 configuring for network connectivity 169 171 connectors 10 MHz ref output 61 care 221 cleaning 222 cleaning RF 221 front panel 50 inspecting for wear 222 inspecting RF 221 ordering cleaning supplies 222 reference input 61 RF OUT 50 ohm 52 torque specifications 222 USB type A 61 USB type B 61 copyrights 2 235 D data entering from front panel 69 saving 166 DC probes use of 46 delta marker 76 demodulating AM 101 AM overview 101 147 AM signal 147 FM 153 FM overview 153 DHCP 169 171 display testing 178 display annotations 53 57 display information screen 33 distance to fault measurement 138 distortion measurements identifying TOI distortion 98 distortion products 94 documentation additional set 41 43 CD ROM 13 CD ROM only 42 43 45 localized manuals 41 44 service 41 44 standard set 13 E electrostatic discharge ESD protecting against 37 Enter key using 69 equipment 66 functional tests 66 E
123. e test equipment needed to perform all of the measurements shown in this guide Alternate equipment model numbers are given in case the recommended equipment is not available If neither the recommended nor the alternative test equipment are available substitute equipment that meets or exceeds the critical specifications listed NOTE To find descriptions of specific analyzer functions refer to the Agilent Technologies N1996A Spectrum Analyzer User s Programmer s Reference Guide Recommended Alternate Item Critical Specifications Agilent Agilent Model Model Adapters Type N m to BNC 3 1250 0780 Type N m to Type N m Frequency 10 MHz to 6 GHz 1250 1472 VSWR 1 08 1 Type N f to 3 5 mm f for Frequency 10 MHz to 6 GHz 1250 1745 use with 20 GHz or 26 5 GHz VSWR 1 08 1 source Type N f to 2 4 mm f for Frequency 10 MHz to 6 GHz 11903B use with gt 26 5 GHz source VSWR lt 1 08 1 Cables BNC 122 cm 48 in 3 10503A Type N m to Type N m Frequency 10 MHz to 6 GHz 11500B lt 36 inches long VSWR 1 4 1 Cable BNC m to BNC m Frequency 10 MHz nominal 10503 236 inches long Signal Source two are required Synthesized Signal Generator Frequency Range 10 MHz to 6 GHz 8665B E8257D if 8360 Series sweeper is not Power Level 10 to 5 dBm E8267D or used E4438C Opt 506 Synthesized Sweeper Frequency Range 10 MHz to 6 GHz 83620A B if 8665B
124. eak Search key Press Peak Search Next Peak The amplitude and frequency difference between the markers is shown in the upper right corner of the display Nn O Las al 5 5 gt S 4 N Chapter 5 77 fn o N Pa S l lt p 9 D a NM Figure 5 5 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Spectrum Analyzer Measuring Multiple Signals Comparing Signals not on the Same Screen Using Marker Delta Measure the frequency and amplitude difference between two signals that do not appear on the screen at one time This technique is useful for harmonic distortion tests when narrow span and narrow bandwidth are necessary to measure the low level harmonics In this procedure frequency and amplitude differences are measured between harmonics of the analyzer s 10 MHz reference one harmonic on screen and one harmonic off screen Delta marker is used to demonstrate this comparison Comparing One Signal on Screen with One Signal Off Screen Signals you want to compare Ha iy Select the spectrum analyzer mode Press Mode Spectrum Analyzer Preset the analyzer Press Mode Preset Connect the rear panel REF OUT 10 MHz to the front panel RF input Set the center frequency span and reference level to view only the 30 MHz signal Press FREQ Channel Center Freq 30 MHz Press SPAN X Scale Span 5 MHz
125. easured Distance in meters of the DTF Distance to Fault measurement is determined by the following equation 1 x Number of Points x c x Vp Measured Distance in meters Frequency Span You can see from this equation that e To increase the measured distance you can increase the number of points or you can reduce the frequency span e To reduce the measured distance you can reduce the number of points or you can increase the frequency span 138 Chapter7 NOTE NOTE Stimulus Response Measurements Requires N8995A Distance to Fault Resolution the Effects of Frequency and Points It is not always obvious how frequency range affects measured distance and resolution and it often appears to be counter intuitive If you are new to making Distance to Fault measurements this section will help clarify what is happening Resolution Distance in meters of the DTF Distance to Fault measurement that is the shortest distance between two faults that can still be resolved by the analyzer is determined by the following equation 5 d Di i lution Distance in meters Measured Distance in met T Number of Points Please be careful how you interpret this equation Note that to increase the resolution you need to reduce the Resolution Distance to reduce the resolution you need to increase the Resolution Distance You can see from this equation that e To increase the resolution tha
126. ectors and Keys on page 50 e Icons in the lower right of the front panel screen e System Statistics Battery screen available from the System menu e LCD gauge built into each battery Battery LEDs LED Charging Status Green When battery charging Blinking green Battery charging completes NOTE The battery status LEDs will function only when the analyzer is in standby mode and connected to external power Front Panel Icons E fon 2 S Icon Status E oD Plug icon Connected to external power through AC adapter 5 converter 5 z 2 solid batteries 2 batteries installed 1 solid battery 1 battery installed displayed beneath Amount of charge capacity remaining for battery battery System Statistics Battery Screen To view the battery status press System System Stats Battery The Battery screen displays several kinds of information e Temperature the internal temperature of each battery as measured by a sensor embedded in each battery e WVoltage for each battery cell stack as measured by each battery s sensor 182 Chapter 10 Working with Batteries Viewing Battery Status e Run Time to Empty while using external power External DC Power is displayed while using battery power the predicted remaining battery run time is displayed in minutes at the present rate of discharge The instrument mode you select affects the discharge rate which determines the run time to empty Stimulus
127. ed to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document but changing it is not allowed GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION 0 This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License The Program below refers to any such program or work and a work based on the Program means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law that is to say a work containing the Program or a portion of it either verbatim or with modifications and or translated into Q lt ve e p 5 5 er 5 Chapter 15 237 F g fon On fn gt a iS Copyright Information another language Hereinafter translation is included without limitation in the term modification Each licensee is addressed as you Activities other than copying distribution and modification are not covered by this License they are outside its scope The act of running the Program is not restricted and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program independent of having been made by running the Program Whether that is true depends on what the Program does 1 You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program s source
128. ed when you first receive your spectrum analyzer e Introduction on page 11 e Initial Inspection on page 12 e Safety Information on page 14 e Power Requirements on page 27 e Physically Securing Your Analyzer on page 31 e Turning on the Analyzer for the First Time on page 32 e Firmware Revision on page 34 e Printer Setup and Operation on page 35 e Protecting Against Electrostatic Discharge on page 36 e Using the Soft Carrying Case on page 37 a 5 m Q 7 3 s a n Figure 1 1 CSA 1 0 Figure 1 2 LUN wO Goe 900 B 10 Chapter 1 Installation and Setup Introduction Introduction The Agilent CSA spectrum analyzer is designed to enable engineers and technicians in a wide variety of industries to make precision RF measurements with speed ease and confidence Flexible measurement functionality and high performance are combined with an intuitive user interface to allow faster insight into engineering challenges Innovative measurement science ensures fast accurate and repeatable results Equipped with USB and LAN connectivity the Agilent CSA simplifies common tasks such as remote control data transfer and firmware update Basic test functionality includes e Spectrum Analyzer Channel Power Occupied Bandwidth p 5 n ek 2 S T 5 2 5 a n e Channel Analyzer
129. eedit ad s ea ases 86 Making Distortion Measurements 22250ise1csdontbarreeseoesb adsense ceeneaas 93 Using the Analyzer as a Fixed Tuned Reever 2 2 cacenci de yekes ei desueeseiindex 101 SILO ET os S be eee eee bees eee 104 Occupied Bandwidth OBW Measurement 2 000scc64 ers ave ss easdivdsresaas 107 Using the Spectrogram View Requires Option 271 2 4cc 0ecccsceeeeceaceas 111 Pulso IA re di RG FR 5 KS eo ea 115 Tone and Listen hequires Option AFM 24h80 60e dead ete bass ad se bars 117 6 Channel Analyzer Measurements ss s 119 Making Adjacent Channel Power ACP I amp M Measurements 121 2 d 2 8 Cl S Contents 7 Stimulus Response Measurements Requires N8995A 125 Two Port leon Loss cdc dat unki ag aon Wee ee etiaee bg kth ee ADE EASE de pet 127 ee Po i bce neyo e base ees eee ee ee S EE E 130 PM LOS eck asthe denses edit Hendae Sens deds ess eens 134 PROMO O FME sine nai nc noch on mien 0 ees Re Rad sn does 138 8 Demodulating AM FM Signals Requires Option N8996A 1FP 145 Demodulating an AM Signal Using the CSA Requires Option N8996A 1FP 147 Demodulating an FM Signal Using the CSA Requires Option N8996A 1FP 153 9 Basic System Operations i4 is cces cess ivecsese eres eaves center en Rien 159 System Reference DIEU 5 6 nvegs ct whcewec td eacien semer Sir ei ie 1
130. ent function when operating the analyzer on battery power both of the batteries must have equal charge levels For maximum runtime it is best to have approximately equal charge levels on both batteries The instrument will shut down if either battery becomes fully discharged during operation Internal Charging You can use the N1996A to recharge the batteries while the analyzer is operating or shut down For a fully depleted battery charging time is approximately 4 hours if the analyzer is in standby 8 hours if the analyzer is operating If two batteries are installed the analyzer charges both batteries simultaneously To charge a battery internally simply attach the external power supply and turn on external power Additional spurious responses may appear when operating the analyzer while charging a battery These spurious responses are most noticeable when the battery is nearly depleted External Charging The external battery charger available as part of Option BCG lets you charge two batteries simultaneously If the batteries are fully depleted it takes up to 4 hours to recharge them You have the option of charging batteries before they become fully depleted Doing this does not shorten battery life But repeatedly charging a battery before it s fully discharged will impair the accuracy of its internal charge remaining indicator 184 Chapter 10 External Battery Charger LED Working with Batteries Charging Batterie
131. erage setting is Off and the default number is 10 when averaging is On If your input signal changes during the average period wait until the averaging has completed or the next averaging period has started When the Avg Number is On the column title Current in numerical results view will change to Avg 2 Averaging Mode To change the average mode press the Avg Mode key and select Exponential or Repeat The default average mode is Repeat 3 Demod Settings To change the demodulation settings press the Demod menu key then To change the detector press FM Detector to select a detector Peak Peak Peak 2 or RMS Peak is typically used when analyzing stationary signals like CW or sinusoids but is not good for displaying noise since it will not show the true randomness of the noise Peak 2 is the average of Peak and Peak RMS is best for measuring the power of signals To change the length of time over which your measurement is performed press Meas Time and use the numeric keypad to enter the measurement time 156 Chapter 8 Demodulating AM FM Signals Requires Option N8996A 1FP Demodulating an FM Signal Using the CSA Requires Option N8996A 1FP NOTE If a pulsed signal is being measured the Meas Time should be less than or equal to the Search Length When the FM Detector is Peak or Peak you can access Peak Hold to switch between On and Off If Peak Hold is On the measurement result of the
132. erials They do not adequately cushion the equipment or prevent it from shifting in the carton They cause equipment damage by generating static electricity and by lodging in the analyzer louvers blocking airflow Original Packaging When an analyzer is returned to Agilent Technologies for servicing it must be adequately packaged see Preparing the Analyzer for Shipping on page 232 and have a complete description of the failure symptoms attached Before shipping pack the unit in the original factory packaging materials if they are available If the original materials were not retained see Other Packaging below Other Packaging You can repackage the analyzer with commercially available materials If using alternative packing material observe the following material requirements and follow the shipping procedure given in Preparing the Analyzer for Shipping on page 232 e Use a strong shipping container The carton must be both large enough and strong enough to accommodate the analyzer A double walled corrugated cardboard carton with 159 kg 350 1b bursting strength is adequate Allow at least 3 to 4 inches on all sides of the analyzer for packing material e Surround the equipment with three to four inches of packing material and prevent the equipment from moving in the carton If packing foam is not available the best alternative is S D 240 Air Cap from Sealed Air Corporation Hayward California 94545 Air
133. es Option N8996A 1FP This section demonstrates how to demodulate an FM signal using the CSA built in FM demodulator with Option N8996A 1FP Using the CSA built in FM demodulator you can tune to an FM signal and view the results displayed in the time domain or the frequency domain refer to the concepts chapter in the Measurement Guide FM Concepts on page 202 Modulation Distortion Measurement Concepts on page 204 and Modulation SINAD Measurement Concepts on page 205for more information Ensure that the total power of all signals at the analyzer input does not exceed 33 dBm 2 watts Use an Agilent ESG RF signal generator or an antenna to get an FM signal to analyze In this example an ESG is used transmitting at 300 MHz with FM deviation of 10 kHz and FM rate of 1 kHz Connect the RF OUTPUT of the Agilent ESG RF signal generator to the analyzer RF INPUT as shown in Figure 8 6 Setup for FM Demodulation Measurement SPECTRUM ANALYZER SIGNAL GENERATOR Bo 00000 000 io B00 at o o 0000 9000 Select the Modulation Analyzer mode and mode preset Press Mode Modulation Analyzer then press Mode Preset Select FM measurement Press Meas FM Select the demodulation waveform view Press View Display Demod Waveform Set the center frequency to the center of the FM signal in this case 300 MHz Press FREQ Channel Center Freq 300 MHz Chapter 8 153 be n E T wa T T
134. es Your application must link to one of the VISA import libraries 32 bit Version C VXIPNP WIN95 LIB MSC VISA32 L1B for Microsoft compilers C VXIPNP WIN95 LIB BC VISA32 LIB for Borland compilers 16 bit Version C VXIPNP WIN LIB MSC VISA LIB for Microsoft compilers C VXIPNP WIN LIB BC VISA LIB for Borland compilers See the following section Compiling and Linking a VISA Program for information on how to use the VISA run time libraries Compiling and Linking a VISA Program 32 bit Applications The following is a summary of important compiler specific considerations for several C C compiler products when developing WIN32 applications For Microsoft Visual C version 2 0 compilers e Select Project Update All Dependencies from the menu e Select Project Settings from the menu Click on the C C button Select Code Generation fromthe Use Run Time Libraries list box VISA requires these definitions for WIN32 Click on OK to close the dialog boxes e Select Project Settings from the menu Click on the Link button and add visa32 libtothe Object Library Modules list box Optionally you may add the library directly to your project file Click on OK to close the dialog boxes e You may wish to add the include file and library file search paths They are set by doing the following 1 Select Tools Options from
135. es are used throughout VISA to specify data types used in the functions For example the viOpenDefaultRM function requires a pointer to a parameter of type ViSession If you find ViSession in the visatype h header file you will find that ViSession is eventually typed as an unsigned long 214 Chapter 12 NOTE Programming Examples Programming in C Using the VISA Opening a Session A session is a channel of communication Sessions must first be opened on the default resource manager and then for each device you will be using The following is a summary of sessions that can be opened a de r9 D z z 5 ge Spl x D z 2 wn e A resource manager session is used to initialize the VISA system It is a parent session that knows about all the opened sessions A resource manager session must be opened before any other session can be opened e A device session is used to communicate with a device on an interface A device session must be opened for each device you will be using When you use a device session you can communicate without worrying about the type of interface to which it is connected This insulation makes applications more robust and portable across interfaces Typically a device is an instrument but could be a computer a plotter or a printer All devices that you will be using need to be connected and in working condition prior to the first VISA function call viOpenDefaultRM The system is confi
136. esponse Return Loss Set the desired start and stop frequencies Press Calibrate and follow the instructions After the calibration is complete connect the DUT to the RF OUTPUT connector to make your return loss measurement The marker readout returns the amplitude values in both return loss and VSWR sydoouo Chapter 11 199 Kel 2 D 2 Figure 11 3 Figure 11 4 Equation 11 1 Concepts AM Concepts AM Concepts AM waveform Baseband Amplitude Modulated Carrier HONTE Amplitude A Modulator colt In AM Amplitude Modulation the instantaneous amplitude of the modulated carrier signal changed in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the information signal Calculation AM index in time and frequency domain Ne fe fm fc fe fm The modulation index m represents the amount of the modulation or the degree to which the information signal modulates the carrier signal The index for an AM signal can be calculated from the amplitudes of the carrier and either of the sidebands by the equation For 100 modulation the modulation index is 1 0 and the amplitude of each sideband will be one half of the carrier amplitude expressed in voltage On a decibel power scale each sideband will thus be 6 dB less than the carrier or one fourth the power of the carrier Since the carrier power does not change with amplitude modulation the total power in the 100 modulated wave is 50 higher 2
137. et the signal source output power of analyzer to 15 dBm Press Source Source Level Manual 15 dBm Excessive signal input may damage the DUT Do not exceed the maximum power that the device under test can tolerate Chapter 7 127 Dn a 5 Re 28 oO A Z Ss n ee a 5 oO 5 z 2 vo oO Som 5 n S Q Dn S a N d n 5 E An 2 un a EN Z Ff a 5 ao d a Stimulus Response Measurements Requires N8995A Two Port Insertion Loss In this step the Source Level is set to Manual In Manual mode the output level can be set to any value between 15 dBm and 30 dBm and the output level will vary typically lt 1 dB from the value selected If Source Level is set to Auto the output power level will be set to the maximum available at any given frequency The output power may vary from 0 dBm to 15 dBm when set to Auto The user cannot control the nominal output power when Source Level is set to Auto NOTE Step 7 Figure 7 1 Step 8 NOTE Step 9 Connect the cable but not the DUT from the analyzer RF Output to the RF Input as shown in Figure 7 1 Two Port Insertion Loss Normalization Test Setup SPECTRUM ANALYZER RF OUTPUT csa_bl72b Normalize the frequency response Press FREQ Channel Normalize and follow the instructions on the Normalize Wizard After normalization the word UnNormalize
138. ey p lt n ek 2 2 z 5 2 5 a NM Chapter 1 31 a 5 m o 7 3 s amp a Dn WARNING NOTE NOTE NOTE Information Screen NOTE CAUTION Installation and Setup Turning on the Analyzer for the First Time Turning on the Analyzer for the First Time Before operating or connecting this analyzer to an external power source please read and understand safety information in Safety Information on page 14 and the safety considerations and all safety warnings in Safety Considerations For This Analyzer on page 16 o Plug in the power cord If the analyzer is to be operated on the internal batteries ensure that both batteries are installed They are approximately 50 charged when you receive them and will provide full performance if you choose to operate the analyzer without charging them at this time View the charge level for each battery on the battery end display If the batteries are showing 1 bar or less recharging is recommended at this time For maximum runtime it is best to have approximately equal charge levels on both batteries The instrument will shut down if either battery becomes fully discharged during operation Do not connect anything else to the analyzer yet o Press the power switch located in the lower left hand corner of the analyzer s front panel to turn the analyzer on See Fro
139. f the standard Measurement Simplified Chinese AB2 Guide Localization Provides the same information as Option ABA listed above An internal preamplifier assembly Preamplifier 3 GHz P03 Frequency Range 100 kHz to 3 GHz An internal preamplifier assembly Preamplifier 6 GHz P06 Frequency Range 100 kHz to 6 GHz Includes rack mount flanges and hardware Used to rack mount Rack Mount Kit 1CM analyzers without front handles available as P N 5063 9215 and N1996 60021 Includes the parts necessary to rack mount an analyzer with front Rack Mount Kit with Handles 1CP handles attached available as P N 5063 9222 and N1996 60021 Includes handles The Service guide describes assembly level troubleshooting Service Documentation OBW procedures provides a parts list and documents post repair procedures Soft Carrying Case scc An ergonomically designed case to hold the analyzer as well as its cables and accessories Provides a display with a history of the spectrum You can use it to Spectrogram 271 e Locate intermittent signals Track signal levels over time The kit includes Stimulus Response Calibration SRK e Coax Accessories Case plastic and foam 5000 0912 a e Open Short 50 ohm N type male 85032 60011 e Termination 50 ohm N type male 00909 60009 Provides Stimulus Response measurements Stimulus Response ee ne e Distance to Fault Measurement Suite to 3 GHz Two Port Insertion Loss e One Port Insertion Loss e Return Loss Provides
140. ference level AMPTD Y Scale Ref Level 3 Auto Range On indicator AMPTD Y Scale Auto Range 4 Active function block Data entry field for the active function 5 Internal preamp status AMPTD Y Scale Internal Preamp 6 RF attenuation AMPTD Y Scale Elec Atten Chapter 3 59 j 3 5 w 5 a el 5 a so 2 es 9 g 3 o n n v i 5 g v ey v S Aa g d e4 G fo a Front and Rear Panel Features Front Panel Overview Item Description Associated Function Keys 7 Over Range Indicates that the attenuation AMPTD Y Scale Elec Atten and preamp if installed settings are AMPTD Y Scale Internal Preamp supplying too much power to the detector AMPTD Y Scale Auto Range Distortion may result Set Auto Range On to clear or lt 8Smpl Pt Indicates that the current Trace Detector More Detector Average Log RMS V instrument settings have reduced the number of samples display point to fewer than 8 The most accurate averaged amplitude measurement will be made when you have at least 8 samples in each display point 8 Ext Gain AMPTD Y Scale Ext Gain 9 Color scale legend Provides a reference for the color scale 10 Elapsed time clock Provides an indicator of the data collection time interval of the displayed spectrogram 11 Time and date display System Time Date Location Date Time 12 Ac
141. fied in the rsrcName parameter to open a device session The vi parameter in viOpen returns a session identifier that can be used with other VISA functions Your program may have several sessions open at the same time by creating multiple session identifiers by calling the viOpen function multiple times The following summarizes the parameters in the previous function calls sesn This is a session returned from the viOpenDefaultRM function that identifies the resource manager session rsrcName This is a unique symbolic name of the device device address accessMode This parameter is not used for VISA Use VI_ NULL timeout This parameter is not used for VISA Use VI_ NULL vi This is a pointer to the session identifier for this particular device session This pointer will be used to identify this device session when using other VISA functions The following is an example of opening sessions with a GPIB multimeter and a spectrum analyzer on LAN ViSession defaultRM dmm sa vi0OpenDefaultRM amp defaultR M viOpen defaultRM GPIBO 22 INSTR VI NULL VI_NULL amp dmm viOpen defaultRM TCPIPO 192 168 0 2 inst0 INSTR VI_NULL VI_NULL amp sa viClose sa viClose dmm viClose defaultRM The above function first opens a session with the default resource manager The session returned from the resource manager and a device address is then used to open a session with the GPIB device at address 22 That sessi
142. from Auto back to Manual Frequency Range e power off the analyzer e change the start frequency to a new value that lies below the start frequency of your previous calibration Chapter 7 141 Dn a 5 Re 28 oO A Z Ss n ee a 5 oO 5 z 2 vo oO fom 5 n x Q N S a Rn d Nn 5 E a oa lt un a EN Z Ff a 5 ao o a NOTE Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Stimulus Response Measurements Requires N8995A Distance to Fault e change the stop frequency to a new value that lies above the stop frequency of your previous calibration e change the start or stop frequency when the calibration frequency step is greater than the factory calibration frequency step e change any of the cables that you used for the calibration e change any of the optional attenuators that might have been used for the calibration e change the type of cable specified under the Cable Type menu key The distance to fault calibration for the auto frequency range is unique however It is not applicable to return loss or one port insertion loss or even to the manual frequency range method for distance to fault For distance to fault measurements separate calibrations need to be performed for each frequency range mode Performing a Distance to Fault Measurement Set the analyzer to the Stimulus Response mode Press Mode
143. g if the battery is not fully charged or still shows more than a 10 Fuel Gauge Error reading repeat the recalibrating procedure If the second recalibrating does not restore a full charge and an error reading of 10 or less the battery needs replacement This error will affect all of the displayed battery charge indicators Recalibrating with the External Battery Charger 1 Insert a battery into the external battery charger Only one of the two battery bays is capable of recalibrating the battery 2 If fuel gauge recalibration is recommended by the charger LED flashing red press the button on the front of the external battery charger to initiate a recalibration cycle The charger will charge the battery fully discharge it completely then recharge it fully again The entire process can take up to 10 hours 3 Install the battery into the analyzer 4 On the System Statistics Battery screen verify that the battery is fully charged and recalibrated 186 Chapter 10 WARNING Working with Batteries Battery Care Battery Care Lithium Ion and lithium polymer cells and battery packs may get hot explode or ignite and cause serious injury if exposed to abuse conditions Be sure to follow these safety warnings Do not install the battery backward so the polarity is reversed Do not connect the positive terminal and negative terminal of the battery to each other with any metal object such as wire Do not carry or s
144. gger 1 Video Triggering Video triggering controls the sweep time based on the detected envelope signal to steady the signal on the display Video triggering triggers the measurement at the point at which the rising signal crosses the trigger level horizontal green line on the display Press Meas Setup Trigger Video 30 dBm 2 External Triggering In the event that you have an external trigger available that can be used to synchronize with the signal of interest connect the trigger signal to the rear of the Agilent CSA using the EXT TRIGGER IN connector You can change the slope of the external trigger signal on which you want the analyzer to trigger using the Trigger Slope feature Press Meas Setup Trigger External 3 RF Burst Triggering RF burst triggering occurs in the IF circuitry chain as opposed to after the video detection circuitry with video triggering In the event video triggering is used the detection filters are limited to the maximum width of the resolution bandwidth filters The RF burst signal level can be set using the Trigger Level feature Press Meas Setup Trigger RF Burst Trigger Delay Trigger delay can be used to move the sweep trigger point arbitrarily to allow closer examination of waveform patterns Press Trigger Trigger Delay and enter a delay time 196 Chapter 11 Figure 11 2 Concepts AM and FM Demodulation Concepts AM and FM Demodulation Concepts Demodulating an AM Signal Usi
145. gies on page 229 40 Chapter 2 Options and Accessories Options Options Each option is described below in alpha numeric order according to option number Option Number Name Description 0950 5023 External AC DC Power Supply External power supply 16 VDC 150 W The Service guide describes assembly level troubleshooting OBW Service Documentation procedures provides a parts list and documents post repair procedures Includes rack mount flanges and hardware Used to rack mount 1CM Rack Mount Kit oc analyzers without front handles available as P N N1996 60028 er Includes the parts necessary to rack mount an analyzer with front IGR Rack Mount Kit with Handles andies attached available as P N N1996 60029 Includes handles Provides a display with a history of the spectrum You can use it to 271 Spectrogram e Locate intermittent signals e Track signal levels over time 503 100 kHz to 3 GHz Spectrum Analyzer Frequency Range 100 kHz to 3 GHz 506 100 kHz to 6 GHz Spectrum Analyzer Frequency Range 100 kHz to 6 GHz An English language printed copy of the standard Measurement Guide in addition to the standard documentation on the Manual Set on CD ROM shipped with the analyzer For additional information on the contents of the Documentation CD ROM refer to Manual Set on CD ROM on page 45 ABA Measurement Guide Provides details on how to measure various signals and how to use catalogs and files
146. gram measurement using the Chapter 5 111 fn o N Pa S l lt p Q D a NM Figure 5 31 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Spectrum Analyzer Using the Spectrogram View Requires Option 271 Spectrum Analyzer mode Occupied Bandwidth OBW measurement Performing a Spectrogram Measurement Connect the RF Output of the signal generator to the analyzer RF Input as shown in Figure 5 31 Setup for OBW Measurement SPECTRUM ANALYZER SIGNAL GENERATOR 00 00000 000 Baap 29 o o 8000 9000 csa pl792b Set a GSM signal on the signal generator with a frequency of 950 MHz a nd the amplitude set to 10 dBm Select the spectrum analyzer mode Press Mode Spectrum Analyzer Preset the analyzer Press Mode Preset Set the center frequency and span Press FREQ Channel Center Frequency 950 MHz Press SPAN X Scale Span 1 MHz Set the number of averages to 25 and turn on averaging Press Meas Setup Avg Number 25 Enter Press Trace Detector Trace Average Select Spectrum Analyzer Occupied BW measurement Press Meas Occupied BW A marker pair will appear on the trace and the occupied bandwidth value and the integrated power in the OBW are displayed in the data window below the trace graticule See Figure 5 32 112 Chapter5 Spectrum Analyzer Using the Spectrogram View Requires Option 271 Figure 5 32 OBW Measurement Results Normal
147. gured only on the first viOpenDefaultRM per process Therefore if viOpenDefaultRMis called without devices connected and then called again when devices are connected the devices will not be recognized You must close ALL resource manager sessions and re open with all devices connected and in working condition Device Sessions There are two parts to opening a communications session with a specific device First you must open a session to the default resource manager with the viOpenDefaultRM function The first call to this function initializes the default resource manager and returns a session to that resource manager session You only need to open the default manager session once However subsequent calls to viOpenDefaultRM returns a session to a unique session to the same default resource manager resource Next you open a session with a specific device with the viOpen function This function uses the session returned from viOpenDefaultRM and returns its own session to identify the device session The following shows the function syntax viOpenDefaultRM sesn viOpen sesn rsrcName accessMode timeout vi Chapter 12 215 n Q 2 E a x A On E E E a Of Ca a Programming Examples Programming in C Using the VISA The session returned from viOpenDefaultRM must be used in the sesn parameter of the viOpen function The viOpen function then uses that session and the device address speci
148. he ViSession is a VISA data type Each object that will establish a communication channel must be defined as ViSession viOpenDefaultRM You must first open a session with the default resource viOpen viPrintf viScanf viClose Chapter 12 manager with the viOpenDefaultRM function This function will initialize the default resource manager and return a pointer to that resource manager session This function establishes a communication channel with the device specified A session identifier that can be used with other VISA functions is returned This call must be made for each device you will be using These are the VISA formatted I O functions that are patterned after those used in the C programming language For example the viPrintf call sends the IEEE 488 2 RST command to the instrument to put it in a known state The viPrintf call is used again to query for the device identification IDN The viScanf call is then used to read the results This function must be used to close each session When you close a device session all data structures that had been allocated for the session will be de allocated When you close the default manager session all sessions opened using the default manager session will be closed 211 og r9 D Z z 5 ga Spl x D z 2 wn n Q 2 E a x A On E E E a Of Ca a Programming Examples Programming in C Using the VISA Linking to VISA Librari
149. he point of safe recovery The charge cycle will be terminated and the battery pack needs to be replaced If the battery does recover from a shutdown mode the fuel gauge accuracy will be reduced Complete a battery recalibration as soon as possible to calibrate the fuel gauge Initial Charge Cycle New batteries must be rapid charged typically to 80 then trickle charged slowly charged to 100 for 24 hours before their first use and for the first two or three uses Because the batteries you receive for use with the N1996A are new they have a minimal charge when you receive them All batteries require a break in period so do not be alarmed if a battery doesn t hold a full charge right away A new battery commonly will show a false full charge voltage as indicated on the analyzer or charger and may not power up the analyzer upon first use Before using a new battery leave it charging for 24 hours Batteries are not standard on the N1996A but they can be ordered with a new analyzer or later as an upgrade kit Lithium Ion Battery Disposal When you notice a large decrease in charge capacity after proper recharging it is probably time to replace the battery Li Ion batteries need to be disposed of properly Contact your local waste management facility for information regarding environmentally sound collection recycling and disposal of the batteries Regulations vary for different countries Dispose of in accordance with
150. his is displayed at the top right corner of the measurement screen The Displayed Distance refers to that part of the entire Measured Distance that you choose to display on your measurement screen You set the Displayed Distance manually by pressing the Start Distance and the Stop Distance menu keys on the Freq Dist Calibrate menu To help isolate faults over the length of interest you can set a displayed distance less than the measured distance The displayed distance is set using the Start Distance and the Stop Distance menu keys on the Freq Dist Calibrate menu Keep in mind that there are 256 512 or 1024 measurement points across the measured distance The exact number of measurement points is set using the FFT Size key on the Meas Setup menu Therefore the measurement points across the chosen displayed distance will be a ratio of displayed distance to measured distance times the number of points you have specified The higher the number of data points the greater the measurement resolution In most cases the default resolution using 256 data points will be adequate to locate the faults but if more resolution is needed you can increase the span between the start and stop frequencies which will decrease the measured distance or use the other approach automatic frequency range If the measurement distance is not long enough for the cable you are testing reduce the span between the start and stop frequencies which will increase the
151. ided on the back of the instrument For detailed analyzer specifications see the Specifications guide In addition to operating the analyzer on AC power using the external AD DC converter you can operate it using internal batteries For information on the installation and use of those batteries refer to Chapter 10 Working with Batteries on page 179 AC Power Requirements Description Specifications Voltage 90 to 132 Vrms 47 to 440 Hz Voltage 195 to 250 Vrms 47 to 66 Hz Power Consumption On lt 115 W Power Consumption Standby lt 7W AC Power Cord The analyzer is equipped with a three wire power cord in accordance with international safety standards This cord connects to the external power supply adapter and grounds the external power supply when connected to an appropriate power line outlet The cord appropriate to the original shipping location is included with the analyzer Chapter 1 27 p 5 Dn mal 2 S T S 5 2 5 a an sa T Installation and Setup Power Requirements Various AC power cables are available that are unique to specific geographic areas You can order additional AC power cables for use in different areas AC Power Cords on page 29 lists the available AC power cables illustrates the plug configurations and identifies the geographic area in which each cable is appropriate a z Q 7 3 s amp a Dn 2
152. idth may also be defined as the 6 dB or impulse bandwidth of the filter Generally to resolve two signals of equal amplitude the resolution bandwidth must be less than or equal to the frequency separation of the two signals If the bandwidth is equal to the separation and the video bandwidth is less than the resolution bandwidth a dip of approximately 3 dB is seen between the peaks of the two equal signals and it is clear that more than one signal is present When the Agilent CSA spectrum analyzer span is gt 0 Hz the sweep time is set automatically to keep the analyzer measurement calibrated When the resolution bandwidth is lt 1 kHz there will be large increases in the sweep time as you decrease the RBW in a 1 3 10 sequence Fortunately the Agilent CSA allows you to also set the RBW to discrete values thereby allowing you greater flexibility in trading off sweep time and resolution For the shortest measurement times use the widest resolution bandwidth that still permits discrimination of all desired signals For example in a 10 MHz span the sweep time with a 300 Hz RBW is 1 23 s and the sweep time with a 100 Hz RBW is 9 01 s If the 300 Hz RBW does not provide sufficient resolution and the sweep time with a 100 Hz RBW is too long you could try the 200 Hz RBW The sweep time with a 200 Hz RBW is 2 52 s over 3 times faster than the sweep time with a 100 Hz RBW Resolving Small Signals Hidden by Large Signals When dealing
153. ignal Using the CSA Requires Option N8996A 1FP AM Numerical Results ESG AM Signal with 80 Modulation Index Xi Agilost Technologies Modulation Analyzer AM 14 47 01 Dec 22 2006 Rev 2 0 Auto Range Preamp Off Atten 0 00 dB Ext Gain 0 0 dB Min Current Max AM Index Peak 80 21 80 21 80 21 Carrier Power 9 51dBm 9 51dBm Modulation Rate 1 kHz 1 kHz Distortion 0 56 0 56 SINAD 45 10dB 45 10dB Screen Image capture in progress CENPPT ENT PE TE NT Te Step 10 To adjust the measurement settings press Meas Setup then 1 Avg Number To set the averaging On or Off switch the Avg Number key between On and Off When averaging is On enter the number of results used in the averaging calculations The default average setting is Off and the default number is 10 when averaging is On If your input signal changes during the average period wait until the averaging has completed or the next averaging period has started When the Avg Number is On the column title Current in Numerical Results view will change to Avg Avg Mode To change the average mode press the Avg Mode key and select Exponential or Repeat The default average mode is Repeat Demod To change the demodulation settings press the Demod menu key then To change detector press AM Detector to select a detector Peak Peak Peak 2 or RMS Peak is typically used when analyzing stationary signals like CW or sinusoids but is not go
154. international federal and local environmental laws Waste disposal Always consult and obey all international federal provincial state and local hazardous waste disposal laws Some jurisdictions require recycling of this spent product Handling procedures and equipment Store in a cool dry place away from sparks and flame Keep below 125 Keep above 60 Charge between 0 and 45 Use only approved charging equipment Do not disassemble battery or battery pack Do not puncture crush or dispose of in fire a z v Nn oj a n Storage requirements Store at room temperature for best results Special Shipping Information Not regulated This product is made from materials with no detectable mercury Equivalent lithium content as per Section 38 3 2 of the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria ST SG AC 10 11 27 Add 2 Equivalent grams of lithium is equal to 0 3 times the rated Amp hour capacity of the individual cell regardless of cell size 1 8 Ah 0 54 g 2 0 Ah 0 60 g 2 2 Ah 0 66g 2 4 Ah 0 72 g SECTION 8 FIRST AID MEASURES Skin Not a health hazard Eyes Not an eye hazard Inhalation Not an inhalation hazard Ingestion If swallowed seek emergency medical aid If patient choking and can partially breathe encourage patient to cough Do not strike patient s back This may lodge cell further in throat If patient is not
155. ion of the Library If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system which is implemented by public license practices Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system it is up to the author donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License 12 If the distribution and or use of the Library is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces the original copyright holder who places the Library under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded In such case this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License 13 The Free Software Foundati
156. is provides performance verification and calibration software In addition you will need to purchase a license for each Agilent CSA with which you will use the software Calling Agilent Technologies Agilent Technologies has offices around the world to provide you with complete support for your analyzer For help with product selection and configuration technical and application assistance consulting and integration services rental and leasing options refurbished equipment product purchases education and training and obtaining servicing information including order replacement parts repair or calibration contact the nearest Agilent Technologies office by going to http www agilent com find assist or refer to the numbers listed in Table 14 2 on page 230 Q n S J lt In any correspondence or telephone conversations refer to your analyzer by its product number full serial number and firmware revision To obtain the serial number firmware revision Host identification information and IP address press Mode and view the information displayed on the screen A serial number label is also attached to the rear panel of the analyzer Chapter 14 229 gt Lei Q 2 Ss iS Table 14 2 In Case of Difficulty Before Calling Agilent Technologies Contacting Agilent Technologies Online assistance http www agilent com find assist Americas
157. isplay points Values will be 25 kHz 50 kHz 75 kHz etc For narrow signals TDMA PDC etc you will need to zoom in on the signal to get a reasonably accurate Occupied BW result For a 100 kHz span the OBW resolution will be 250 Hz 100 kHz divided by 400 display points The occupied bandwidth measurement can be made in single or continuous sweep mode The center frequency and reference level may be set by you Zero span is disabled in OBW measurement Chapter 5 107 un Ss fe Las al 5 5 gt 4 N Spectrum Analyzer Occupied Bandwidth OBW Measurement fom ovo N gt a lt 5 fn Q v a A 108 Chapter5 NOTE Figure 5 29 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Spectrum Analyzer Occupied Bandwidth OBW Measurement Making a Basic Occupied BW Measurement For accurate OBW measurements it is recommended that you use the sample or average trace detectors The default detector type is sample In addition you should use Exponential Average or Repeat Average with 100 or more averages The following example shows how to make an OBW measurement on a GSM signal broadcasting at 950 MHz Connect the RF Output of the signal generator to the analyzer RF Input as shown in Figure 5 29 Setup for OBW Measurement SPECTRUM ANALYZER SIGNAL GENERATOR 00 Babe os oo 8o00 0000 csa pl792b Set a GSM signal on the signal generator
158. it under Section 2 in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following a Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine readable source code which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange or b Accompany it with a written offer valid for at least three years to give any third party for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution a complete machine readable copy of the corresponding source code to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange or c Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer in accord with Subsection b above The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it For an executable work complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains plus any associated interface definition files plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable However as a special exception the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed in either source o
159. ivates depending on the power source battery or external DC power supply 1 Press System Controls Display Settings 2 Ifthe power source is battery press Screen Save Battery using the up down arrow navigation keys or the knob to highlight the delay time before the screen saver activates press Select 3 Ifthe power source is eternal DC power supply press Screen Save Ext DC using the up down arrow navigation keys or the knob to highlight the delay time before the screen saver activates press Select The screen will turn to black after the time delay you set Also a status massage at the bottom of the display Back light turning off in 4 seconds will be shown when the residual time is 4 seconds and after the screen saver activates you can press any front panel key to turn on the back light Setting the Brightness There are six brightness level to choose 6 is the brightest level 1 Press System Controls Adjust Brightness 2 Select the desired brightness level Chapter 9 171 ies Be un lt Dn al 5 o ss S T n Dn S z v a o vo w Nn lt a 2 a 3 aa NOTE Basic System Operations Saving Recalling and Deleting Instrument States Saving Recalling and Deleting Instrument States You can save the current configuration and settings for recall at a later time You can also save a customized power up state which the analyzer wil
160. l battery charger The hard transit case will survive commercial transportation This rugged case has two wheels and an extendible handle for easy Hard Transit Case HTC transport The case can also accommodate two battery packs and AC adapters To order the option HTC which requires the soft carrying case option SCC for filling the space in the hard transit case The documentation CD ROM contains the standard documentation set Manual Seron CD ROM Only DEA as well as Adobe Acrobat Reader with Search An English language printed copy of the standard Measurement Guide in addition to the standard documentation in the Manual Set on CD ROM shipped with the analyzer For additional information on the contents of the Documentation CD ROM refer to Manual Set on CD ROM on page 45 Measurement Guide ABA Provides details on how to measure various signals and how to use catalogs and files In addition this manual covers unpacking and setting up the analyzer analyzer features and how to make a basic measurement Includes information on options and accessories and what to do if you have a problem Chapter 2 43 T 5 Dn o 5 a gt e for DR Dn 5 z Dn Nn eo m S n N d Q 9 lt 5 n Options and Accessories Option Descriptions Option Ee Name Number Description Measurement Guide A Simplified Chinese language version o
161. l use each subsequent time it is powered on This enables you to configure common usage and power on states to make measurements quickly Saving the State 1 Configure all measurement settings you want to save Make sure you are viewing the screen you want to recall later 2 Press Save Name Filename Ask 3 Press Return the front panel key located below the screen window Location Internal or USB 4 Press Save Type State Save Now 5 Enter your preferred state name for example Remote base station 6 Press OK The message State was saved successfully C lt filename gt is displayed Press OK again to return to the Save key menu Saving the Power Up State 1 Configure all measurement settings you want to save Make sure you are viewing the screen you want to recall later 2 Press Save Name Filename Ask 3 Press Return the front panel key located below the screen window Location Internal or USB 4 Press Save Type State Save Now 5 Enter Powerup as the state name the analyzer is case sensitive so be sure to capitalize the P This is the name the analyzer uses to identify the power up state It is also the state loaded by User Preset 6 Press Ok This process is easier for firmware revision A 02 00 or greater After configuring the measurement settings press User Preset Save User Preset Recalling the State 1 Press Recall Type State 2 Select the location fro
162. layed measurement 50 Chapter 3 Front and Rear Panel Features Front Panel Overview Item Description Name 5 Utility Keys Access features used with all analyzer modes and affects the state of the entire spectrum analyzer See your User s Guide for more details System functions affect the state of the entire analyzer Various setup and adjustment routines are accessed with the System key The Mode Preset and User Preset keys reset the analyzer to a known state The Save and Recall keys enable you to save and to recall measurement results traces states and screens The Print key saves the currently displayed screen to a file 6 PROBE PWR Supplies power for external high frequency probes and accessories 7 Earphone Jack Jacks for earphone 8 USB Jacks Jacks for connecting USB devices For example an external memory device 9 Battery LEDs indicate the status of batteries 1 and 2 Indicators 10 RF INPUT 509 Input for an external signal Make sure that the total power of all signals at the analyzer input does not exceed 33 dBm 2 watts 11 Data Controls Change the numeric value of an active function Entries appear in the active function area of the display Also see Entering Data on page 69 12 Cancel Esc Pressing this key when operating remotely will put the analyzer in local mode 13 Navigation Moves cursor between fields on the display Keys Increments an
163. le on page 165 Also you can save a screen image or measurement results by pressing Save and Save Now for detail instructions refer to Saving Data on page 166 p lt n ek 2 2 z 5 2 5 a NM Chapter 1 35 a 5 m o 7 3 s amp E Dn WARNING Installation and Setup Protecting Against Electrostatic Discharge Protecting Against Electrostatic Discharge Electrostatic discharge ESD can damage or destroy electronic components the possibility of unseen damage caused by ESD is present whenever components are transported stored or used Test Equipment and ESD To help reduce ESD damage that can occur while using test equipment e Before connecting any coaxial cable to an analyzer connector for the first time each day momentarily short the center and outer conductors of the cable together e Personnel should be grounded with a 1 MQ resistor isolated wrist strap before touching the center pin of any connector and before removing any assembly from the analyzer e Be sure that all instruments are properly earth grounded to prevent build up of static charge Do not use these first three techniques above when working on circuitry with a voltage potential greater than 500 volts e Perform work on all components or assemblies at a static safe workstation e Keep static generating materials at least one meter away from all components e Store or
164. ligibly small beyond a certain frequency offset from the carrier so the spectrum of a real world FM signal is not infinite sydoouo Chapter 11 203 Kel 2 D 2 I Equation 11 4 Concepts Modulation Distortion Measurement Concepts Modulation Distortion Measurement Concepts Purpose This measurement is used to measure the amount of modulation distortion contained in the Modulated signal by determining the ratio of harmonic and noise power to fundamental power This measurement verifies the modulation quality of the signal from the UUT Measurement Technique Modulation Distortion is defined as Passes 9 _ total signal 0 N io ntationDistortio P x 100 total where P ota the power of the total signal Pyional the power of the wanted modulating signal and Protal Psignai total unwanted signal which includes harmonic distortion and noise First the received signal is demodulated and filtered to remove DC Then the filtered signal is transformed by an FFT into frequency domain Next total power in the total filter band is measured as Pota the peak power of the modulated signal is computed as Psignar the square root of the ratio of Protal Psignal tO Ptotal 18 calculated The result is signal s modulation distortion It can be expressed as dB or 204 Chapter 11 Equation 11 5 Concepts Modulation SINAD Measurement Concepts Modulation SINAD Measurement Concepts Purpos
165. local regulations Chapter 10 189 5 5 a i ve o 5 a n n d fon d gt 3 Ra S gt 2p amp amp fom Working with Batteries Battery Specifications Battery Specifications The N1996A Agilent CSA Series Spectrum Analyzer uses the Inspired Energy NF2040HD24 Smart Battery which produces 10 8 volts DC at approximately 6 A The NF2040HD24 is a Lithium Ion battery pack which uses the System Management Bus SMBus interface to communicate with the analyzer and charger To charge the batteries use only the Agilent approved SMBus charger of Level II or higher or the N1996A e The battery is designed for approximately 300 full charge discharge cycles at room temperature and under normal rates of discharge e The NF2040HD24 uses electronically programmable read only memory EPROM to store key data regarding the battery cells and charge capacity Protection Electronics The NF2040HD24 SMBus battery uses several protection devices to prevent damage to the battery and analyzer The battery is internally protected against excessive current draws and reduced loads shorts excessive voltage and temperatures During charging and discharging the battery will monitor and report its voltage current and temperature If any of these monitored conditions exceeded their safety limits the battery will terminate any further charge or discharge until the error condition is corrected Analy
166. lution of the power distribution This view provides a history of the spectrum You can use it to Nn fe Las al 5 5 gt 4 N e locate intermittent signals e track signal levels over time You may set the following parameters for this view e Update Interval Allows you to set the update interval to 1 or more seconds Or you may set it to automatically determine the capture interval that provides the maximum data collection speed A data sample is taken every n trace for display on the spectrogram Increasing the capture time allows data capturing over a longer period of time in the spectrogram However it is a sampling technique that allows intermittent events which occur between samplings to be lost Therefore if you are searching for intermittent signals consider using Repeat Max Hold average type in conjunction with increasing the capture time e Frame Skip Allows you to set the number of frames you would like to skip when capturing data You may set this value from skip 0 to 2 147 483 647 frames Increasing the frame skip value causes the display to redraw the spectrum every n trace and a block of lines are shown at once instead of a single line at a time Higher frame skip values are for use with fast measurements e Palette Allows you to set the display to full color or grayscale A Spectrogram Measurement Using the OBW Measurement The following procedure is an example of a Spectro
167. ly to make the product dangerous Intentional interruption is prohibited Failure to ground the analyzer properly when using the external power supply can result in personal injury Before turning on the analyzer you must connect its protective earth terminals to the protective conductor of the main power cable Only insert the main power cable plug into a socket outlet that has a protective earth contact DO NOT defeat the earth grounding protection by using an extension cable power cable or autotransformer without a protective ground conductor If this analyzer is to be energized via an autotransformer for voltage reduction make sure the common terminal is connected to the earth terminal of the power source If this product is not used as specified the protection provided by the equipment could be impaired This product must be used only in a normal condition in which all means for protection are intact Wherever it is likely that the protection has been impaired the analyzer must be made inoperative and be secured against any unintended operation To prevent electrical shock disconnect the Agilent Technologies spectrum analyzer from mains before cleaning Use a dry cloth or one slightly dampened with water to clean the external case parts Do not attempt to clean internally When operating from an AC power source always use the three prong ac power cord supplied with this product Failure to ensure adequate earth grounding by
168. m which you want to recall the file by pressing Location and press Internal or USB 172 Chapter 9 7 Basic System Operations Saving Recalling and Deleting Instrument States This step must only be performed prior to the first time you recall a file or if you want to change the file recall location If you have selected USB as the recall location connect the USB mass storage device If necessary select how you want the state files sorted by pressing Sort and then press By Date By Name By Extension By Size or Order Press Recall Now Select from the file list the state file you want to recall using the knob or up and down arrow buttons All states in addition to two supplied in the analyzer listed below are displayed e Powerup The default power up state shipped with the analyzer or the power up state last saved with the analyzer e Factory Defaults The default power up state shipped with the analyzer You can always revert to it by selecting it in this procedure ies Le un lt n al 5 o ss S T n Press Select Returning the Power Up State to Factory Defaults 1 2 Press Recall Type State Select the location from which you want to recall the file by pressing Location and press Internal This step must only be performed prior to the first time you recall a file or if you want to change the file recall location If necessary select how you want the stat
169. measurement distance or use automatic frequency range nN v g fa 2 5 lt n Ss 3 g Z n 5 s o a amp E A 140 Chapter 7 NOTE Stimulus Response Measurements Requires N8995A Distance to Fault When testing cables attached to antennas test signals are radiated from the test antenna Verify that the signal used for the test and therefore being radiated from the test antenna cannot interfere with other radiated signals from other antennas Calibration Minimizing your Workload The Distance to Fault calibration is the same calibration as performed for the Return Loss and One Port Insertion Loss when it is performed with Frequency Range set to manual measurements If you have already calibrated for any of these three measurements the calibration will apply to the other two measurements and Calibrated together with the frequency range over which the calibration was performed will be displayed on top left of the screen indicating the user calibration data is used If you have not previously performed a calibration the word Factory Calibration appears at the top left of the measurement screen indicating the factory calibration data is used It is important that you keep the calibration frequency range as close as possible to the actual sweep frequencies you intend using for the measurement or measurements Calibrating over a large frequency range for example 1 GHz
170. minutes to neutralize the acidity and remove some fluoride Remove and destroy all contaminated clothing and permeable personal possessions Before re use impermeable possessions should be soaked in benzalkonium chloride after water washing Following flushing of the affected areas an iced aqueous solution of benzalkonium chloride or 2 5 calcium gluconate gel should be applied to react with the fluoride ion Compresses and wraps may be used for areas where immersion is not practical Medicated dressing should be changed every 2 minutes Exposure to hydrofluoric acid fumes sufficient to cause pain requires immediate hospitalization for monitoring for pulmonary edema a 5 Q 7 g s a n Page 6 of 6 26 Chapter 1 WARNING NOTE NOTE NOTE Table 1 1 Installation and Setup Power Requirements Power Requirements Typically the only physical installation of your Agilent spectrum analyzer is a connection to a power source Before operating or connecting this analyzer to an external power source please read and understand safety information in Safety Information on page 14 and the safety considerations and all safety warnings in Safety Considerations For This Analyzer on page 16 Line voltage does not need to be selected This analyzer does not contain customer serviceable fuses If your test system requires a common ground use the grounding lug prov
171. n arrow buttons to select a letter and the buttons on the left to change cursor position c For each character entered press Enter or Select d Press Ok Chapter 9 167 Dn S z v a o vo w Nn lt a v Dn 3 aa Basic System Operations File Naming Options 4 If you have previously saved a file of the same type or name press If File Exists 5 Press action Overwrite Append Prompt Auto Incr or Timestamp Overwrite overwrites existing file data with new file data Append appends the new data to the end of the existing file data Type Measurement Results only Prompt prompts you to input a new file name Auto Incr automatically adds the numeric characters to the filename or increments the existing numeric character to the next higher number Timestamp attaches a timestamp to the filename to distinguish it from the existing file Setting Up Asking For Filename You can choose to have the analyzer ask you to name the file you wish to save or print For every file you save you enter the filename you want 1 Press Save Name 2 On Filename select Ask Each time you press this softkey the selected option changes 168 Chapter 9 Basic System Operations Configuring for Network Connectivity Configuring for Network Connectivity The N1996A can operate as a device on any compatible network Therefore in order to be accessible on the network certain informatio
172. n must be entered so the analyzer can communicate with other devices Configuring the analyzer for network activity is performed by using the IP administrator located in the system utilities IP Administration Using DHCP Perform this procedure to allow your analyzer to be integrated into an existing network that uses DHCP to dynamically assign IP addresses This procedure requires that you have the Host Name available from your network administrator 1 Press System Controls IP Admin Host Name 2 Enter the name of the analyzer This is assigned by the network administrator 3 Press Ok 4 Press IP Config DHCP An IP address and other network information will automatically be assigned if the Host Name is recognized by the network 5 Press Save Yes Saves the current configuration DHCP will dynamically assign an IP address 6 Cycle the power of the analyzer to access the network and have valid network information assigned IP Administration Without DHCP Static IP Address Perform this procedure to allow your analyzer to be integrated into an existing network that uses a technique other than DHCP as its IP address assignments This procedure requires the following specific data from the network administrator e Host name e IP address e Net mask e Gateway 1 Press System Controls IP Admin Host Name 2 Enter the name of the analyzer This is assigned by the network administrator 3 Press Ok 4 Press IP Config S
173. n the peak of the distortion product beside the test signal using the Next Peak key Press Peak Search Marker Delta Peak Search Next Peak active marker should be on the other input signal Next Peak active marker should be on a distortion product Measure the other distortion product Press Next Peak see Figure 5 24 Chapter 5 99 Nn fe Las al 5 5 gt 4 N fm Q N gt a lt 5 fn m 9 ov a A Spectrum Analyzer Making Distortion Measurements Figure 5 24 Measuring the Distortion Product 21 59 06 Jan 25 2007 Rev 20 Marker A 1 MHz Avg Exponential 10 10 Preamp Off Atten 23 dB Ext Gain 0 0 dB Ref 6 5 dam Screen Image capture in progress e 100 Chapter 5 CAUTION Figure 5 25 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Spectrum Analyzer Using the Analyzer as a Fixed Tuned Receiver Using the Analyzer as a Fixed Tuned Receiver This section provides information on using the analyzer as an AM receiver to measure modulation parameters This section includes the following measurement Measuring the Modulation Rate of an AM Signal on page 101 Ensure that the total power of all signals at the analyzer input does not exceed 33 dBm 2 watts Basic Assumption The material in this section is presented with the assumption that you understand the front and rear panel layout and display annotations of your analyzer If you
174. n to a procedure that if not correctly performed or adhered to could result in damage to or destruction of the instrument Do not proceed beyond a caution sign until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met A Note calls out special information for the user s attention It provides operational information or additional instructions of which the user should be aware Safety Symbols and Product Markings The following safety symbols and product markings are located on the analyzer or the external power supply Familiarize yourself with the symbols and their 14 Chapter 1 Installation and Setup Safety Information meaning before operating this analyzer A nn ICES NMB 001 ISM GRP 1 CLASS A X Chapter 1 The instruction documentation symbol The product is marked with this symbol when it is necessary for the user to refer to the instructions in the documentation Indicates hazardous voltages Indicates earth ground terminal Indicates chassis ground terminal This symbol is used to mark the on position of the power line switch This symbol is used to mark the standby position of the power line switch p 5 n ek 2 S T 5 2 5 a n This symbol indicates that the input power required is AC The CE mark shows that the product complies with all relevant European legal Directives if accompanied by a year it signifies when the design was proven The CSA mark not to
175. n upgrade by contacting your Agilent sales representative 5 If the option to be installed is not listed there are two possible reasons The option to be installed requires a newer firmware revision than the revision that is currently installed For example Option AFM AM FM Tune and Listen requires firmware revision A 02 00 or later You have two alternatives in such a case Either upgrade the firmware to the firmware necessary to support the option and then license the option or use the Type Option feature press Cancel Type Option to license the option now and upgrade the firmware later Either way the new option will be available when it is licensed and the minimum firmware revision is installed e The option to be installed is no longer offered for sale with the current firmware revision For example N1996A Option TG3 and N1996A Option TG6 have been replaced by N8995A Option SR3 and N8995A Option SR6 respectively beginning with firmware revision A 02 00 or later You can 176 Chapter 9 Basic System Operati Using the Option Mana still install the TG3 or TG6 option using the Type Option feature press Cancel Type Option to license the option 6 If you want to cancel the installation process press Return to go back to the Option Manager key menu Viewing Installation Information Perform this procedure to view current manufacturing information about your analyzer that must be provided to Agilent to install a user inst
176. ng the Analyzer as a Fixed Tuned Receiver Time Domain The zero span mode can be used to recover amplitude modulation on a carrier signal The following functions establish a clear display of the waveform e Triggering stabilizes the waveform trace by triggering on the modulation envelope If the modulation of the signal is stable video trigger synchronizes the sweep with the demodulated waveform e Linear display mode should be used in amplitude modulation AM measurements to avoid distortion caused by the logarithmic amplifier when demodulating signals e Sweep time to view the rate of the AM signal e RBW is selected according to the signal bandwidth Demodulating an FM Signal Using the Analyzer as a Fixed Tuned Receiver Time Domain To recover the frequency modulated signal a spectrum analyzer can be used as a manually tuned receiver zero span However in contrast to AM the signal is not tuned into the passband center but to one slope of the filter curve as Figure 11 2 Determining FM Parameters using FM to AM Conversion Frequency Response of the IF Filter AM Signal Le 2Af Peak FM Signal Here the frequency variations of the FM signal are converted into amplitude variations FM to AM conversion The reason we want to measure the AM component is that the envelope detector responds only to AM variations There are no changes in amplitude if the frequency changes of the FM signal are limited to the flat
177. ng this cord can cause product damage CAUTION VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS When installing the product in a cabinet the convection into and out of the product must not be restricted The ambient temperature outside the cabinet must be less than the maximum operating temperature of the product by 4 C for every 100 watts dissipated in the cabinet If the total power dissipated in the cabinet is greater than 800 watts then forced convection must be used Lifting and Handling When lifting and handling the Agilent N1996A Spectrum Analyzer use ergonomically correct procedures If so equipped lift and carry the analyzer by the bail handle a 5 Q 7 3 s amp E Dn 18 Chapter 1 Installation and Setup Safety Information Battery Pack Product Safety Data Sheet INSPIRED ENERGY SOLUTIONS FOR PORTABLE POWER Product Safety Data Sheet PRODUCT NAME Inspired Energy Rechargeable Battery Pack Model NF2040A22 TRADE NAME NF2040 Volts 10 8 CHEMICAL SYSTEM Lithium lon Approximate Weight 340 g ni n S T f a n oO SECTION I MANUFACTURER INFORMATION Inspired Energy Inc Telephone 888 5 INSPIRE 888 546 7747 12705 N US Hwy 441 Alachua FL 32615 Date Prepared Jan 13th 2003 SECTION Il HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS Important Note The battery should not be opened or burned Exposure to the ingredients contained within or their combustion prod
178. ngs of the burst search press Burst Search then Press Sync to select None or RF Amptd If RF Amptd is chosen a burst search begins Press Burst Search Threshold to enter the burst searching power threshold The unit is dB because this threshold is defined as the logarithmic ratio of the power of idle data portion to the power of data portion Press Search Length to enter the searching time for the pulsed signal The setting of search length should be Search Length 2 x length of idle data portion length of data portion 5 Trigger To change the settings of trigger press Trigger then To select the trigger type press Free Run External or RF Burst If External is chosen the Trigger Slope and Trigger Delay are available If RF Burst is chosen the Trigger Level and Trigger Delay are available To set the trigger level press Trigger Level then enter the numeric data to set the absolute trigger level for the RF burst envelope Press Trigger Slope to control the trigger polarity Press Trigger Delay to set the wait time of the analyzer before the analyzer starts a sweep 6 Limits To change the limit settings press More 1 of 2 then press Limits Toggle Limits between On and Off to activate or deactivate the limits display When the setting is On the green word PASS or the red word FAIL at the Chapter 8 151 Demodulating AM FM Signals Requires Option N8996A 1FP Demodulating an AM Signal Using the CSA
179. not using this cord may cause personal injury and or product damage This product is designed for use in Installation Category II and Pollution Degree 3 per IEC 61010 and IEC 60664 respectively The front panel switch is a standby switch only it is not a LINE switch power disconnecting device Install the product so that the detachable power cord is readily identifiable 16 Chapter 1 WARNING WARNING WARNING WARNING CAUTION CAUTION CAUTION CAUTION Installation and Setup Safety Information and easily reached by the operator The detachable power cord is the product disconnecting device It disconnects the mains circuits from the mains supply before other parts of the product The front panel switch is only a standby switch and is not a LINE switch Alternatively an externally installed switch or circuit breaker which is readily identifiable and is easily reached by the operator may be used as a disconnecting device Danger of explosion if battery is incorrectly replaced Replace only with the same or equivalent type recommended Discard used batteries according to manufacturer s instructions This instrument has a recharge circuit Never install non rechargeable cells or batteries of a different type No operator serviceable parts inside Refer servicing to qualified personnel To prevent electrical shock do not remove covers p 5 n ek 2 S T 5 2 5
180. nt Panel Overview on page 50 The instrument requires lt 2 minutes to power on An information screen appears during the initialization process The information screen contains the analyzer product number and a URL for accessing product support information on the World Wide Web See Where to Find the Latest Information on page 3 It is important for you to Record the firmware revision and serial number and keep it for reference If you should ever need to call Agilent Technologies for service or with any questions regarding your analyzer it will be helpful to have this information readily available You can also obtain the firmware revision and serial number by pressing System System Stats Rev Info o Allow the spectrum analyzer to warm up for 30 minutes before making a calibrated measurement To meet its specifications the analyzer must meet operating temperature conditions Ensure protection of the input mixer by limiting the input level to 50 Vdc 33 dBm o If using non DHCP LAN set the IP address of the analyzer to an appropriate number for your network one that the network recognizes but that is not yet in 32 Chapter 1 NOTE NOTE Installation and Setup Turning on the Analyzer for the First Time use Press System Controls IP Admin and note the IP address This is the IP address that will be used if IP Config is set to Static To view the IP Address selected by DHCP press Mode
181. nty is located in the Specifications Guide If the analyzer is no longer under warranty or is not covered by an Agilent Technologies maintenance plan Agilent Technologies will notify you of the cost of the repair after examining the analyzer 226 Chapter 14 Table 14 1 In Case of Difficulty Types of Spectrum Analyzer Messages Types of Spectrum Analyzer Messages The analyzer can generate various messages that appear on the display during operation For a complete list of spectrum analyzer messages see the Instrument Messages and Functional Tests manual The following table describes the three types of spectrum analyzer messages Types of Messages Type of Message Location Notes Informational messages Bottom of the Messages will remain until the typically provide verification display in the message is cleared by pressing that an action has occurred In status line Esc or it is overwritten by general no user intervention is another message required Status messages indicate a Bottom of the Messages in the display status condition that may result in display in the line will remain until the erroneous data being displayed status line and or message is cleared by pressing Multiple status messages may in the SCPI Status Esc or it is overwritten by be displayed at the same time Register system another message User Error messages appear Bottom of the Messages in the display status when an attempt has been mad
182. od for displaying noise since it will not show the true randomness of the noise Peak 2 is the average of Peak and Peak RMS is best for measuring the power of signals To change the length of time over which your measurement is performed press Meas Time and use the numeric keypad to enter the measurement time 150 Chapter 8 Demodulating AM FM Signals Requires Option N8996A 1FP Demodulating an AM Signal Using the CSA Requires Option N8996A 1FP NOTE If a pulsed signal is being measured the Meas Time should be set less than or equal to the Search Length When the AM Detector is Peak or Peak you can access Peak Hold to switch between On and Off If Peak Hold is On the measurement result of the AM Index is the maximum when AM Detector is Peak or minimum when AM Detector is Peak value of these peaks over the whole measurement time If peak hold is Off the measurement result of the AM Index Peak or Peak mode is the average of these peaks over the whole measurement time FE 2 E S SE CE LD a oe S gt 22 oC Sz eN gt an LENE iz 5 37 Toggle the Meas Filter key to switch measurement filter between On and Off If IFBW is greatly larger than the AM rate a lot of noise will contaminate the normal signal In order to decrease the interference of noise you can select the Meas Filter to filter out the noise and improve the accuracy of measurement 4 Burst Search To change the setti
183. on Information on page 177 Testing System Functions on page 178 Testing Your Display on page 178 Testing Your Keyboard on page 178 y D n A fe un lt n et 3 5 2 5 n Chapter 9 161 Basic System Operations System Reference Introduction System Reference Introduction The N1996A Agilent CSA spectrum analyzers provide a system utility that allows you to perform non measurement activities and to configure the analyzer for e General operations e System status updates e Data manipulation e Basic system functions testing n S 3s a i Q a ie eo n n 9 n a 162 Chapter 9 Basic System Operations Setting System References Setting System References The Agilent CSA provides a utility to preconfigure the global settings for your analyzer Selecting a Frequency Timing Reference Perform this procedure to select a common frequency or timing reference to be used for all measurement tools when applicable 1 Press System Freq Time Reference 2 Using the knob or the up down arrow navigation keys to highlight the frequency timing reference you want 3 Press Select NOTE A frequency time reference indicator in the lower right of the screen shows both the selected reference and its status ies 22 2 un lt Dn al 5 o T S T Dn Reference indicators include Int Ref Even Sec Ext 1 0 MHz
184. on may publish revised and or new versions of the Lesser General Public License from time to time Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns Each version is given a distinguishing version number If the Library specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and any later version you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation If the Library does not specify a license version number you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation 14 If you wish to incorporate parts of the Library into other free programs whose distribution conditions are incompatible with these write to the author to ask for permission For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation write to the Free Software Foundation we sometimes make exceptions for this Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally NO WARRANTY 246 Chapter 15 Copyright Information 15 BECAUSE THE LIBRARY IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE LIBRARY TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE LIBRARY AS
185. on will now be identified as dmm when using other VISA functions The session returned from the resource manager is then used to open a session with the LAN device at IP Address 192 168 0 2 That session will now be identified as sa when using other VISA functions See the following section for information on addressing particular devices Addressing a Session As seen in the previous section the rsrcName parameter in the viOpen function is 216 Chapter 12 NOTE Programming Examples Programming in C Using the VISA used to identify a specific device This parameter is made up of the VISA interface name and the device address The interface name is determined when you run the VISA Configuration Utility This name is usually the interface type followed by a number The following table illustrates the format of the rsrcName for the different interface types a mi LE 5 z z 5 os S x el z wn Interface Syntax VXI VXI board VXI logical address INSTR GPIB VXI GPIB VXI board VXI logical address INSTR GPIB GPIB board primary address secondary address INSTR TCPIP TCPIP board host address LAN device name INSTR The following describes the parameters used above board This optional parameter is used if you have more than one interface of the same type The default value for board is 0 VSI logical address This is the logical address of the VX
186. ook for dirt nicks and other signs of damage or wear A bad connector can ruin the good connector instantly e Clean dirty connectors Dirt and foreign matter can cause poor electrical connections and may damage the connector e Minimize the number of times you bend cables e Never bend a cable at a sharp angle Do not bend cables near the connectors e If any of the cables will be flexed repeatedly buy a back up cable This will Chapter 13 221 v pi 3 Q 9 d S Q CAUTION Table 13 1 WARNING Connector Care Using Inspecting and Cleaning RF Connectors allow immediate replacement and will minimize your analyzer s down time Before Connecting the Cables to Any Device e Check all connectors for wear or dirt e When making the connection torque the connector to the proper value Proper Connector Torque e Provides more accurate measurements e Keeps moisture out the connectors e Eliminates radio frequency interference RFI from affecting your measurements The torque required depends on the type of connector Refer to Table 13 1 Do not overtighten the connector Never exceed the recommended torque when attaching cables Proper Connector Torque Connector Torque Torque Torque Wrench part cm kg N cm in Ibs number Type N 52 508 45 8710 1935 3 5 mm 9 2 90 8 8710 1765 SMA 5 7 56 5 8710 1582 Connector Wear and Damage Look for metal particles from th
187. opyright Information the Library the object code for the work may be a derivative work of the Library even though the source code is not Whether this is true is especially significant if the work can be linked without the Library or if the work is itself a library The threshold for this to be true is not precisely defined by law If such an object file uses only numerical parameters data structure layouts and accessories and small macros and small inline functions ten lines or less in length then the use of the object file is unrestricted regardless of whether it is legally a derivative work Executables containing this object code plus portions of the Library will still fall under Section 6 Otherwise if the work is a derivative of the Library you may distribute the object code for the work under the terms of Section 6 Any executables containing that work also fall under Section 6 whether or not they are linked directly with the Library itself 6 As an exception to the Sections above you may also combine or link a work that uses the Library with the Library to produce a work containing portions of the Library and distribute that work under terms of your choice provided that the terms permit modification of the work for the customer s own use and reverse engineering for debugging such modifications You must give prominent notice with each copy of the work that the Library is used in it and that the Library and its use a
188. or a screen image the format is Screen_YYYYMMDD_HHMMSS png For measurement results Screen is replaced by Data For State Screen is replaced by State For Trace Screen is replaced by Trace In this example the png extension is only for Data Type set to Screen Other Data Type have other extensions e Name each file individually and enter the name you want This is called User file naming e Have the analyzer ask you how you want to name each file for each file you save Setting Up Automatic File Naming ies Le un lt n al 5 o ss S T un You can choose to have the analyzer automatically assign a file name that includes the file type and a three digit number that the analyzer chooses to be the lowest number in the current sequence that does not conflict with an existing file name The format of the file name will be DataType_Y YY YMMDD_HHMMSS xxx the extension is different for different type of data 1 Press Save Name 2 On Filename select Auto Each time you press this softkey the selected option changes Setting Up User File Naming You can choose to have the analyzer use the file name you assign 1 Press Save Name 2 On Filename select User Each time you press this softkey the selected option changes 3 Setup file naming a Press User Filename b Ifthe filename does not exist spell out the name using the knob or up and dow
189. or this reason if you are doing Distance to Fault measurements using a frequency range that you 130 Chapter7 NOTE Step 1 Stimulus Response Measurements Requires N8995A One Port Insertion Loss have set manually as well as any type of Insertion Loss measurement Agilent recommends that you select your cable type before performing calibrations Press Mode Stimulus Response Meas Distance to Fault Meas Setup Cable Type to set the cable type The calibration remains valid until you do any one of the following e set the Distance to Fault frequency range to Auto Note that the calibration will become valid again as soon as you switch from Auto back to Manual Frequency Range e power off the analyzer e change the start frequency to a new value that lies below the start frequency of your previous calibration e change the stop frequency to a new value that lies above the stop frequency of your previous calibration e change the start or stop frequency when the calibration frequency step is greater than the factory calibration frequency step e change any of the cables that you used for the calibration e change any of the optional attenuators that might have been used for the calibration e change the type of cable specified under the Cable Type menu key Performing a One Port Insertion Loss Measurement DO NOT make the connection at this time You will be directed when to make the connections later in the procedure
190. ory information e Instrument Messages and Functional Tests Includes instrument messages and suggestions for troubleshooting them and manual functional tests Refer to the front of the CD ROM for installation information Service documentation is not included in the standard documentation set See Options on page 41 for information on ordering 50 Ohm Load The Agilent 909 series loads come in several models and options providing a variety of frequency ranges and VSWRs Also they are available in either 50 ohm or 75 Ohm Some examples include the 909A DC to 18 GHz 909C DC to 2 GHz 909D DC to 26 5 GHz 50 Ohm 75 Ohm Minimum Loss Pad The Agilent 11852B is alow VSWR minimum loss pad that allows you to make measurements on 75 Ohm devices using an analyzer with a 50 Ohm input It is effective over a frequency range of dc to 2 GHz Chapter 2 45 T 5 un Se 5 a gt e for RH n 5 z n N eo m S n N d Q 9 lt 5 n 2 Options and Accessories Accessories 75 Ohm Matching Transformer The Agilent 11694A allows you to make measurements in 75 Ohm systems using an analyzer with a 50 Ohm input It is effective over a frequency range of 3 to 500 MHz AC Probe The Agilent 85024A high frequency probe performs in circuit measurements without adversely loading the circuit under test The probe has an input capacitance of 0 7 pF shunted by 1 MQ of resist
191. ot a LINE switch disconnecting device the analyzer continues to draw power even when the line switch is in standby Use the detachable power cord to disconnect the analyzer from the mains supply NOTE The internal frequency reference is not powered when in standby mode 19 RF OUTPUT The output for the built in signal source This connector is present on all N1996A 50Q analyzers but the output is enabled only on analyzers with either N8995A N8995A SR3 or N8995A SR6 52 Chapter 3 Front and Rear Panel Features Front Panel Overview Display Annotations Spectrum Display For firmware revisions lt A 02 00 ver Range Aya Exponential 2 5 TRACE Alten 0 dB XS Agilent Technologies Tre DET Ext Gain 0 0 dB a I 1 850 GHz Center 2 100 GHz 2 350 GHz Res BW 5 MHz Span 500 MHz Sweep Time 83 32 msec 401 pts 80 0 Fare eI e OCI 9 G3 Paused press Continuous or Single to continue csa_annotate Item Description Associated Function Keys 1 Amplitude scale AMPTD Y Scale Scale Type or AMPTD Y Scale Scale Div 2 Reference level AMPTD Y Scale Ref Level 3 Auto Range On indicator AMPTD Y Scale Auto Range 4 Active function block Refer to the description of the activated function 5 Internal preamp status AMPTD Y Scale Internal Preamp 6 Marker Marker 7 RF attenuation AMPTD Y Scale Elec Atten Chapter 3 53 j 3
192. over which the calibration was performed will be displayed on top left of the screen indicating the user calibration data is used If you have not previously performed a calibration the word Factory Calibration appears at the top left of the measurement screen indicating the factory calibration data is used It is important that you keep the calibration frequency range as close as possible to the actual sweep frequencies you intend using for the measurement or measurements Calibrating over a large frequency range for example 1 GHz when you only intend measuring over a much smaller range a few MHz for example will induce inaccuracies in your results Furthermore even if the measurement frequency range is a subset of the calibration frequency range the calibration data can be disregarded if the calibration frequency step calibration frequency range 255 is greater than the factory calibration frequency step 2 926 MHz In such cases the factory calibration data will be used If you plan to perform a combination of One Port Insertion Loss measurement Return Loss measurement and Distance to Fault measurements using a frequency range that you will set manually you can perform one calibration for all three measurements as long as you calibrate over a frequency range that incorporates all three of your measurements your cables do not change and the calibration frequency step is not greater than that of the factory calibration F
193. own in the Demod Waveform view or the Demod Spectrum view are the current or the average measurement results in the Numerical Results view The Numerical Results view shown in gives the detailed measurement results for Carrier Frequency Offset Frequency Deviation Carrier Power Modulation Rate Distortion and SINAD including the minimum value for Frequency Deviation and maximum value for all the six parameters 155 be 2 E E n T T 5 Z Q0 N 7 esl 5 J 5 a A S ga gt 3 z n 5 2 n n E S 20 n lt op amp E E 3 Q A Requires Option N8996A 1FP Figure 8 9 Demodulating AM FM Signals Requires Option N8996A 1FP Demodulating an FM Signal Using the CSA Requires Option N8996A 1FP FM Numerical Results ESG FM Signal with 10 kHz Deviation 14 37 49 Dec 22 2006 Avg Exponential 10 10 Preamp Off Atten 0 00 dB Ext Gain 0 0 dB Avg Max Carrier Freq Offset 25 98 Hz 28 67 Hz Freq Dev Peak 10 03 kHz 10 04 kHz 10 06 kHz Carrier Power 11 21dBm 11 19dBm Modulation Rate 1 00 kHz 1 00 kHz Distortion 0 60 0 67 SINAD 44 49dB 45 67dB Screen Image capture in progress Step 11 To adjust the measurement settings press Meas Setup then 1 Averaging To set the averaging On or Off switch the Avg Number key between On and Off When averaging is On enter the number of results used in the averaging calculations The default av
194. page 184 Recalibrating Batteries on page 186 Battery Care on page 187 Battery Specifications on page 190 n d to d gt 5 po gt ep _ 5 180 Chapter 10 WARNING NOTE Working with Batteries Installing Batteries Installing Batteries 1 Open the battery door by turning the latch counterclockwise several times until loose Then pull the battery door open 2 Insert two batteries Both batteries must be installed for the instrument to operate properly 3 Close the battery door and turn the latch clockwise until tight to secure the battery door This instrument has a recharge circuit Never install non rechargeable cells or batteries of a different type When operating the analyzer on battery power batteries of different capacities will share current in proportion to individual battery capacity Therefore when purchasing and installing batteries ensure that both batteries have equivalent capacities Even batteries that appear physically identical can have different capacities It is recommended that batteries be purchased and installed in pairs 5 5 a gt ya 5 e eg os l n Chapter 10 181 Working with Batteries Viewing Battery Status Viewing Battery Status You can view information about battery status in four ways e Two battery LEDs on the analyzer front panel below the USB connectors refer to Front Panel Conn
195. pectrum Analyzer Using the Analyzer as a Fixed Tuned Receiver Make sure the delta markers above are placed on adjacent peaks See Figure 5 26 The frequency or the AM rate is 1 divided by the time between adjacent peaks AM Rate 1 1 0 ms 1 kHz Measuring Time Parameters KE Agilent Technologies Spectrum Analyzer 23 04 49 Jan 24 2007 Rey 2 0 Marker A 1 0125 ms lt 8 Smpl Pt Preamp Off Atten 0 dB Ext Gain 0 0 dB Ref 127 0 mV Nn Ss oO Las al 5 5 gt z lt N Sweep Time 5 Screen Image capture in progress rem You can also use the marker inverse time readout to calculate AM rate in Hz Press Marker More 1 of 2 Marker Readout Inverse Time Then put the markers properly on adjacent peaks Chapter 5 103 fom Q N gt a lt 5 fn 9 vo a A Figure 5 27 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Spectrum Analyzer Channel Power Channel Power Measuring Signals Using the Channel Power Measurement You may want to measure the total power of a signal that occupies some bandwidth The channel power measurement is used to measure the total channel power in a selected bandwidth However if you are not certain of the characteristics of the signal or if there are discrete spectral components in the band of interest you can use the channel power measurement This example uses the analyzer to measure channel power of standard
196. power of all signals at the analyzer input does not exceed 33 dBm 2 watts Nn fe Las al 5 5 gt S 4 N Basic Assumption The material in this chapter is presented with the assumption that you understand the front and rear panel layout and display annotations of your analyzer If you do not refer to the Measurement Guide Front and Rear Panel Features on page 49 Entering Data When setting measurement parameters there are several ways to enter or modify the value of the active function Knob Increments or decrements the current value Arrow Keys Increments or decrements the current value Numeric Keypad Enters a specific value Then press the desired terminator either a unit menu key or the Enter key Unit Menu Keys Terminate a value that requires a unit of measurement Enter Key Terminates an entry when either no unit of measure is needed or you want to use the default unit Using Menu Keys Menu Keys which appear along the right side of the display provide access to many analyzer functions Here are examples of menu key types Toggle Allows you to Toggles the selection underlined choice activate deactivate states each time you press the key Chapter 5 69 Spectrum Analyzer Making a Basic Measurement Example ScaleType Log Lin Submenu A submenu key allows you to view a new Displays a new menu of menu menu of menu keys related to the
197. r binary form with the major components compiler kernel and so on of the operating system on which the executable runs unless that component itself accompanies the executable If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code 4 You may not copy modify sublicense or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License Any attempt otherwise to copy modify sublicense or distribute the Program is void and will automatically terminate your rights under this License However parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance 5 You are not required to accept this License since you have not signed it However nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License Therefore by modifying or distributing the Program or any work based on the Program you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so and all its terms and conditions for copying distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it 6 Each time you redistribute the
198. raging to smooth the noise Press Meas Setup Avg Mode Exponential Press Avg Number 25 Enter Press Trace Detector Trace Average Chapter 5 83 fom Q N gt a lt 5 fn 9 Q a A Figure 5 11 Figure 5 12 Step 6 NOTE Spectrum Analyzer Measuring Multiple Signals Signal Resolution with a 100 KHz RBW 11 08 43 Feb 26 2007 Rey 20 Reduce the resolution bandwidth filter to view the smaller hidden signal Place a delta marker on the smaller signal Press BW 30 kHz Press Peak Search Marker Delta 450 kHz Note that the Agilent CSA 30 kHz filter shape factor of 8 4 has a bandwidth of 252 kHz at the 60 dB point however noise sidebands will make the 60 dB bandwidth appear wider The half bandwidth including effects of noise sidebands is narrower than 250 kHz so the input signals can be resolved Signal Resolution with a 30 kHz RBW 21 17 42 Jan 25 2007 Rev 2 0 Avg Exponential 25 25 Ext Gain 0 0 dB To determine the resolution capability for intermediate amplitude differences assume the filter skirts between the 3 dB and 60 dB points are parabolic like an ideal Gaussian filter The resolution capability is approximately 84 Chapter5 Spectrum Analyzer Measuring Multiple Signals ary 12 04 dBe where Af is the separation between the signals Nn oO Las al 5 5 gt S te N Chapter 5 85 fon Q N gt a l
199. re covered by this License You must supply a copy of this License If the work during execution displays copyright notices you must include the copyright notice for the Library among them as well as a reference directing the user to the copy of this License Also you must do one of these things a Accompany the work with the complete corresponding machine readable source code for the Library including whatever changes were used in the work which must be distributed under Sections and 2 above and if the work is an executable linked with the Library with the complete machine readable work that uses the Library as object code and or source code so that the user can modify the Library and then relink to produce a modified executable containing the modified Library It is understood that the user who changes the contents of definitions files in the Library will not necessarily be able to recompile the application to use the modified definitions b Use a suitable shared library mechanism for linking with the Library A suitable mechanism is one that 1 uses at run time a copy of the library already present on the user s computer system rather than copying library functions into the executable and 2 will operate properly with a modified version of the library if the user installs one as long as the modified version is interface compatible with the version that the work was made with c Accompany the work with a written offer
200. rements often result from improperly made connections or dirty or damaged connectors Worn out of tolerance or dirty connectors degrade the accuracy and repeatability of measurements Repeatability If you make two identical measurements with your analyzer the differences should be so small that they do not affect the value of the measurement Repeatability the amount of similarity from one measurement to another of the same type can be affected by e Dirty or damaged connectors Q z O us 5 O 5 e Connections that have been made without using proper torque techniques this applies primarily when connectors in the analyzer have been disconnected then reconnected This analyzer contains devices that are static sensitive Always take proper electrostatic precautions before touching the center conductor of any connector or the center conductor of any cable that is connected to the analyzer RF Cable and Connector Care Connectors are the most critical link in a precision measurement These devices are manufactured to extremely precise tolerances and must be used and maintained with care to protect the measurement accuracy and repeatability of your analyzer To Extend the Life of Your Cables or Connectors e Avoid repeated bending of cables a single sharp bend can ruin a cable instantly e Avoid repeated connection and disconnection of cable connectors e Inspect the connectors before connection l
201. ries Ordering Options and Accessories Options and accessories help you configure the analyzer for your specific applications Options see page 41 Unless specified otherwise all options are available when you order a spectrum analyzer some options are also available as kits that you can order and install after you receive the analyzer Order kits through your local Agilent Sales and Service Office At the time of analyzer purchase options can be ordered using your product number and the number of the option you are ordering For example if you are ordering Option SRK for an Agilent N1996A you would order N1996A SRK If you are ordering an option after the purchase of your analyzer you will need to add a K for kit to the product number and then specify which option you are ordering for example N1996AK SRK If you know the option you wish to order refer to Options on page 41 which is in ascending order by option number and type Complete option descriptions can be found in the following section listed in alphabetical order by option name under Option Descriptions on page 43 For the latest information on Agilent Spectrum Analyzer options and upgrade kits visit the following URL http www agilent com find sa_upgrades Accessories see page 45 Order accessories through your local Agilent Sales and Service Office For information on contacting Agilent Sales and Service refer to Calling Agilent Technolo
202. ry chemistry and in some cases cause a short circuit e Always charge batteries at temperatures between 0 and 45 degrees Celsius 32 to 113 degrees Fahrenheit An d fon d gt 3 Ra S gt 2p amp fom e Operate the analyzer on battery power between the temperatures of 0 and 50 degrees Celsius 32 to 122 degrees Fahrenheit Using the batteries at lower or higher temperatures can damage the batteries and reduce operating life Cold temperatures affect battery chemistry reducing charge capacity especially below 0 degrees Celsius 32 degrees Fahrenheit e Batteries are shipped with a minimum of 20 charge capacity to provide at least a 6 month shelf life at room temperature before the battery electronics go into shutdown mode When a battery has discharged down to 7 1 volts it goes into shutdown mode When this occurs the battery electronics self disconnect removing their electronic load from the cells This provides approximately 1 year of room temperature storage before the cells self discharge to the point beyond which they should not be recharged Once a battery has reached shutdown mode the battery will undergo a self test immediately upon being put 188 Chapter 10 NOTE Working with Batteries Battery Care into charge The charger will then attempt to pre charge the battery at a very low initial charge rate If the voltage does not recover the battery pack has been allowed to discharge beyond t
203. s Charging Status Green on Green flashing Blue flashing Blue Red flashing Red on Charging complete Charging Calibrating the accuracy of the battery s internal LCD charge gauge is being renewed Refer to Recalibrating Batteries on page 186 Calibration is complete Battery fuel gauge recalibration recommended Error Chapter 10 5 5 a gt ve Ka a a Dn 185 n d fon d gt 3 Ra S gt 2p amp amp fom NOTE Working with Batteries Recalibrating Batteries Recalibrating Batteries Each battery contains a microchip that monitors battery usage and tracks how much capacity is available This function can become less accurate because of temperature fluctuations aging self discharge repeated partial charging and other factors This inaccuracy is displayed on the System Statistics Battery screen as Fuel Gauge Error To ensure the accuracy of the battery s internal capacity tracking system occasionally you need to recalibrate the battery Recalibrating is done by fully charging the battery fully discharging it recharging it again and then verifying that the error has been corrected You can recalibrate a battery with the optional external charger The charger makes the process simpler Determining if a Battery Needs Recalibration To view the battery status press System System Stats Battery After recalibratin
204. s N8995A Distance to Fault display the maximum resolution for the portion of the cable you are testing The disadvantage is that the start and stop frequencies are automatically set and may limit the analyzer s ability to sweep through filters or lightning protectors This mode is best used for checking a cable that has no frequency limiting devices Example 1 If you set Start Distance to 0 m 0 ft and the Stop Distance to 60 m 197 ft and you specify 256 Data Points Meas Setup FFT Size 256 the instrument automatically selects a Start Freq of 10 MHz and a Stop Freq of 220 88 MHz Example 2 If you again set Start Distance to 0 m 0 ft and the Stop Distance to 60 m 197 ft but this time you specify 1024 Data Points Meas Setup FFT Size 1024 to give you greater resolution the instrument automatically selects a Start Freq of 10 MHz and a Stop Freq of 853 52 MHz e Manual Frequency Range When set to Manual you must specify the Start Frequency and the Stop Frequency and the measured distance is computed from these frequencies Generally the typical start and stop frequencies you use will result in a measured distance that will be larger than the distance over which you want to look for faults NOTE The Measured Distance and the Displayed Distance can be different The distance over which the instrument has made its measurements and which has been derived from the frequencies you specified is called the Measured Distance T
205. s connections of external devices such as an external memory device 4 USB Type B Allows connections of external devices such as a PC controller not implemented 5 Timing LAN A TCP IP Interface for connecting internal options to external devices not implemented 6 LAN A TCP IP Interface e For information on setting the IP address refer to Turning on the Analyzer for the First Time on page 32 e For information on using the analyzer remotely refer to the User s Programmer s Guide 7 REF OUT An output of the analyzer s internal 10 MHz frequency reference signal used to lock the 10 MHz frequency reference of the analyzer to other test equipment 8 EXT REF IN Input for an external frequency reference signal For additional information on using an external reference refer to Using an External Reference on page 33 9 EXT TRIGGER A TTL input that accepts the positive or negative edge selectable of an external voltage input INPUT that triggers the analyzer internal sweep source 10 Reserved for future use 5 w 5 a el S a so 2 j 5 g a Dn Chapter 3 61 Nn v 5 g v ey v S Aa g Q e4 S fo a Front and Rear Panel Features Rear Panel Features Item Description Name 11 Kensington lock Used in conjunction with Kensington Lock to secures analyzer to work space Slot
206. sseeeselaiebedeeiasd 198 PICO send not asasesesiioitesdatessods moskest teseet it ses 200 Pt CO hod Hepes bdd oinen ed is adsl did Sci een 202 Modulation Distortion Measurement Concepts 204 Modulation SINAD Measurement Concepts 424cs4ssscsssessvesses iress 205 Contents 12 Programinimg ESAmMples 6 a6 45005 ie cee ee Ghee 4is66 ie eee bee te Cie eerie se HEKes 207 Finding Examples and More Informant 4 24 4244 nas scores eae benee eeee eas deans 208 Programming Examples Information and Requirements 209 Peering nts Usne Me VISA ons eine denses his els iosso niesss esse 210 13 Connector Care ssisr sesisentaneunend the end tee en ENEA DES 219 Using Inspecting and Cleaning RF Connectors 4 uaserstsessteud sgaseaemsta 221 14 in Case of US nnd ads och beh eather ned escbeke ends edeheresecas cites 225 Types of Spectrum Analyzer Messages 6262424246 0s4d0 coon ey eeeeess ease s 227 Before Calling Agilent Technologies Li sosscassansicm asesses sib tasi ansikse 228 Returning an Analyzer Tor Servic evs 5 eh he esd ee i ERSTA bh oe eS eh a 231 15 CONTRE Iniormation sis arsenal EEEE a 235 5 oO o 2 io 5 e oO 5 Ta wn Contents SL EI LL 0e RE LA A 5 Dn e S S S Qa N T Installation and Setup Installation and Setup This chapter provides the following information that you may ne
207. ssible about the nature of the problem If you have recorded any error messages that appeared on the display have completed a functional test or have any other specific data on the performance of your analyzer please include a copy of this information Write a complete description of the failure and attach it to the system Include any specific performance details related to the problem The following information should be returned with the system e Type of service required e Date system was returned for repair e Description of the problem al Q n S J 8 lt Whether problem is constant or intermittent Whether system is temperature sensitive Whether system is vibration sensitive System settings required to reproduce the problem Error Code Performance data e Company Name and return address e Name and phone number of technical contact person e Model number of returned system e Full serial number of returned system e List of any accessories returned with the system Chapter 14 231 gt pe Q Dn Ss iS CAUTION In Case of Difficulty Returning an Analyzer for Service Packaging Cover electrical connectors to protect sensitive components from electrostatic damage Spectrum analyzer damage can result from using packaging materials other than the original materials Never use styrene pellets in any shape as packaging mat
208. st VISA library and is available at www agilent com find iolib Chapter 12 209 Programming Examples Programming in C Using the VISA Programming in C Using the VISA The C programming examples that are provided are written using the C programming language and the Agilent VISA library This section includes some basic information about programming in the C language Note that some of this information may not be relevant to your particular application For example if you are not using VXI instruments the VXI references will not be relevant n 2 E Ss gt x ea On E E E Ss on Ca a Refer to your C programming language documentation for more details The following topics are included Typical Example Program Contents on page 211 Linking to VISA Libraries on page 212 Compiling and Linking a VISA Program on page 212 Example Program on page 214 Including the VISA Declarations File on page 214 Opening a Session on page 215 Device Sessions on page 215 Addressing a Session on page 216 Closing a Session on page 218 210 Chapter 12 Programming Examples Programming in C Using the VISA Typical Example Program Contents The following is a summary of the VISA function calls used in the example programs visa h ViSession This file is included at the beginning of the file to provide the function prototypes and constants defined by VISA T
209. stration without DHCP 169 171 printing screens 165 saving data 166 saving screens 165 166 selecting a timing reference 163 setting real time clock 164 setting system references 163 164 using the option manager 176 viewing battery statistics 175 viewing system memory 175 viewing system release versions 175 viewing system statistics 175 T tab key 64 table navigation 64 test equipment 66 test set functionality 12 tests See functional tests third order intermodulation distortion example 98 timing frequency reference 163 torque 222 tracking generator normalization 199 stimulus response 198 transient limiter 46 tune and listen 117 turning on the analyzer for the first time 33 U unit menu keys using 69 URL sales and service 230 USB type A interface connector 61 USB type B interface connector 61 user preset 51 creating 71 description 71 disabling 71 using connectors 221 using the occupied BW measurement 107 V viewing battery statistics 175 VISA library 212 214 251 Index VTL compiling and linking C language 212 W warm up time 33 warranty 229 working with batteries 179 252
210. stribute the program under these conditions and telling the user how to view a copy of this License Exception if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves then this License and its terms do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it Thus it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you rather the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program In addition mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the 238 Chapter 15 Copyright Information Program or with a work based on the Program on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License 3 You may copy and distribute the Program or a work based on
211. sulphur compounds Approval OTHER INFORMATION The above information is believed to be correct but does not purport to be all inclusive and shall be used only as a guide Exact composition information is immediately available on a confidential basis to medical professionals treating exposure to cell components or combustion by products HYDROFLUORIC ACID EXPOSURE DURING FIRE FIGHTING This information is given for the use of professional fire fighters responding to a warehouse fire Page 5 of 6 Chapter 1 25 Installation and Setup Safety Information COBALT CELL MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET Feb 14 2003 FSSF00001AG FOR CUSTOMER DISTRIBUTION where fire from other materials may incinerate Molicels This section is provided solely in case of exposure during fire fighting to the combustion by products Hydrofluoric acid is not present in the product Contact with Molicels causes none of the following symptoms Hydrofluoric acid is extremely corrosive Contact with hydrogen fluoride fumes is to be avoided Permissible exposure limit is 3 ppm In case of contact with hydrogen fluoride fumes immediately leave the area and seek first aid and emergency medical attention Symptoms may have delayed onset Fluoride ions penetrate skin readily causing destruction of deep tissue layers and even bone Fluoride interferes with nerve impulse conduction causing severe pain or absence of sensations Immediately flush eyes or skin with water for at least 20
212. t 5 fn Q Q a A CAUTION Spectrum Analyzer Measuring a Low Level Signal Measuring a Low Level Signal This section provides information on measuring low level signals and distinguishing them from spectrum noise This section is divided into the following sub sections Reducing Input Attenuation on page 87 Decreasing the Resolution Bandwidth on page 89 Trace Averaging on page 91 Ensure that the total power of all signals at the analyzer input does not exceed 33 dBm 2 watts Basic Assumption The material in this section is presented with the assumption that you understand the front and rear panel layout and display annotations of your analyzer If you do not refer to the Measurement Guide Front and Rear Panel Features 86 Chapter5 CAUTION Figure 5 13 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Spectrum Analyzer Measuring a Low Level Signal Reducing Input Attenuation The ability to measure a low level signal is limited by internally generated noise in the spectrum analyzer The measurement setup can be changed in several ways to improve the analyzer sensitivity The input attenuator affects the level of a signal passing through the instrument If a signal is very close to the noise floor reducing input attenuation can bring the signal out of the noise Ensure that the total power of all input signals at the analyzer RF input does no
213. t exceed 33 dBm 2 watts Connect the RF Output of the signal generator to the analyzer RF Input as shown Le in Figure 5 7 2 S Setup for Obtaining One Signal 3 SPECTRUM 4 ANALYZER N SIGNAL GENERATOR pogga rga BBBBp fi o o 0000 0000 csa pl792b Set the frequency of the signal source to 295 MHz Set the source amplitude to 80 dBm Connect the source RF OUTPUT to the analyzer RF INPUT Select the spectrum analyzer mode Press Mode Spectrum Analyzer Preset the analyzer Press Mode Preset Set the center frequency span and reference level Press FREQ Channel Center Freq 295 MHz Press SPAN X Scale Span 1 MHz Press AMPTD Y Scale Ref Level 40 dBm Place the marker at the desired peak in this example 295 MHz Press Peak Search Activate averaging to smooth the noise Chapter 5 87 fom Q N gt a lt 5 fn 9 Q a A Figure 5 14 Figure 5 15 Step 8 Step 9 Spectrum Analyzer Measuring a Low Level Signal Press Meas Setup Avg Number 10 Enter Press Avg Mode Exponential Press Trace Detector Trace Average To see the signal more clearly set the attenuation to 0 dB Press AMPTD Y Scale Elect Atten 0 dB Figure 5 14 shows 0 dB input attenuation Measuring a Low Level Signal Using 0 dB Attenuation Elec Atten 0 dB Avg Exponential 10 10 Ext Gain 0 0 d8 Set the attenuation to 20 dB as shown in Figure 5 15 Press A
214. t is to reduce the Resolution Distance you can increase the number of points or you can reduce the measured distance e To reduce the resolution that is to increase the Resolution Distance you can reduce the number of points or you can increase the measured distance Although you can set your number of points to 256 512 or 1024 you will only ever be able to save 256 data points when you save trace data This is because only 256 points are ever used to display the trace regardless of how many points you have used to actually make the measurement You will not however be losing any resolution or reducing the quality of your data The results will still reflect the true number of data points that you specified Automatic and Manual Distance to Fault Measurements The analyzer provides two ways of measuring distance to fault e Automatic Frequency Range You select the measurement distance and the analyzer automatically selects the Start Frequency and the Stop Frequency The measurement distance is set using the Start Distance and the Stop Distance menu keys on the Freq Dist Calibrate menu In this mode the displayed and measured distances are the same There are always 256 measurement points across the distance you set so adjusting the distance settings allows you to Chapter 7 139 Dn a 5 Re 28 oO A Z Ss n ee a 5 oO 5 z Stimulus Response Measurements Require
215. ta entry field for the active function 5 Internal preamp status AMPTD Y Scale Internal Preamp 6 RF attenuation AMPTD Y Scale Elec Atten Chapter 3 57 j 3 5 w 5 a 7 5 a so 2 es oO 9 g 3 o Dn n v i 5 g v ey v S Aa g d e4 G fo a Front and Rear Panel Features Front Panel Overview Item Description Associated Function Keys 7 Over Range Indicates that the attenuation AMPTD Y Scale Elec Atten and preamp if installed settings are AMPTD Y Scale Internal Preamp supplying too much power to the detector AMPTD Y Scale Auto Range Distortion may result Set Auto Range On to clear or lt 8Smpl Pt Indicates that the current Trace Detector More Detector Average instrument settings have reduced the number of samples display point to fewer than 8 The most accurate averaged amplitude measurement will be made when you have at least 8 samples in each display point 8 Ext Gain AMPTD Y Scale Ext Gain 9 Color scale legend Provides a reference for the color scale 10 Elapsed time clock Provides an indicator of the data collection time interval of the displayed spectrogram 11 Time and date display System Time Date Location Date Time 12 Active marker Marker 13 Trace information Trace Detector Clear Write W Trace Average A Max Hold M Min Hold m Trace Detector Mor
216. ta portion Press Search Length to enter the searching time for the pulsed signal the setting of search length should be Search Length gt 2 x length of idle data portion length of data portion 5 Trigger To change the settings of trigger press Trigger then To select the trigger type press Free Run External or RF Burst If External is chosen the Trigger Slope and Trigger Delay are available If RF Burst is chosen the Trigger Level and Trigger Delay are available To set the trigger level press Trigger Level then enter the numeric data to set the absolute trigger level for the RF burst envelope Press Trigger Slope to control the trigger polarity Chapter 8 157 Demodulating AM FM Signals Requires Option N8996A 1FP Demodulating an FM Signal Using the CSA Requires Option N8996A 1FP Press Trigger Delay to set the wait time of the analyzer before the analyzer starts a sweep 6 Limits To change limit settings press More 1 of 2 then press Limits n E S 20 n lt op amp E E 3 Q A Requires Option N8996A 1FP Press Limits key between On and Off to activate or deactivate the limits display Press Carrier Power Upper to enter the maximum RF carrier power The color of the measured maximum value will be changed from green to red when the value exceeds the limit set here Press Freq Deviation Upper to enter the maximum frequency deviation to warn you when the measured maximum valu
217. tatic Now you must specify relevant network information for the analyzer to be recognized Contact your network administrator if you do not have this information 5 Press IP Address Chapter 9 169 ies Le un lt n al 5 o ss S T n Dn S z v a o vo w Nn lt a v Dn 3 aa NOTE Basic System Operations Configuring for Network Connectivity 10 1 En 12 13 14 Enter the IP address using the knob or the up and down arrows and menu keys on the left Press Ok Press Net Mask Enter the Net Mask using the knob or the up and down arrows and menu keys on the left Press Ok Press Gateway Enter the Gateway using the knob or the up and down arrows and menu keys on the left Press Save Yes Saves the current configuration Cycle the power of the analyzer to access the network and have valid network information assigned If you are not using a LAN connection you may want to set the IP Configuration to None to reduce the instrument power on time 170 Chapter 9 Basic System Operations Setting the Display Setting the Display You can activate the screen save function and the time delay before the screen saver activates Also you can set the brightness of the screen Setting the Screen Saver Active the screen saver function to save the power you can set the time delay to different values before the screen saver act
218. ted in order to recognize the LAN port Is the analyzer displaying an error message If so refer to the Instrument Messages and Functional Tests guide If the necessary equipment is available perform the functional tests in the Instrument Messages and Functional Tests guide for your analyzer You can get automatic electronic notification of new firmware releases and other product updates information by subscribing to the Agilent Technologies Test amp Measurement E Mail Notification Service for the Agilent CSA Series analyzers at http www agilent com find emailupdates 228 Chapter 14 In Case of Difficulty Before Calling Agilent Technologies Read the Warranty The warranty for your analyzer is in the front of your Specifications Guide Please read it and become familiar with its terms If your analyzer is covered by a separate maintenance agreement please be familiar with its terms Service Options Agilent Technologies offers several optional maintenance plans to service your analyzer after the warranty has expired Call your Agilent Technologies office for full details If you want to service the analyzer yourself after the warranty expires you can purchase the service documentation that provides all necessary test and maintenance information You can order the service documentation Option OBW assembly level troubleshooting through your Agilent Technologies office You can order calibration software N7813A Th
219. tel 1 800 829 4444 fax 1 800 829 4433 Canada tel 1 877 894 4414 fax 1 800 746 4866 Europe tel 31 0 20 547 2111 fax 31 0 20 547 2190 230 Japan tel 0120 421 345 fax 0120 421 678 Australia tel 1 800 629 485 fax 1 800 142 134 New Zealand tel 64 4 939 0636 fax 64 4 972 5364 Africa Middle East tel 32 0 2 404 9340 fax 32 0 2 404 9395 Chapter 14 NOTE NOTE In Case of Difficulty Returning an Analyzer for Service Returning an Analyzer for Service Please notify Agilent Technologies before returning your system for service Any special arrangements for the system can be discussed at this time This will help Agilent Technologies repair and return your system as quickly as possible For specific analyzer packing instructions refer to Preparing the Analyzer for Shipping on page 232 Adjustment Maintenance or Repair of the Analyzer Any adjustment maintenance or repair of the N1996A Series Analyzer must be performed by qualified personnel Contact your customer engineer through your local Agilent Technologies Service Center You may contact Agilent through the Internet or by telephone For contact information refer to Calling Agilent Technologies on page 229 Service Tag When you are returning an analyzer to Agilent Technologies for service fill out and attach one of the blue service tags provided at the end of this chapter Please be as specific as po
220. ter frequency value as other modes which also have the Global CF switched On This means when you want to switch between different modes you can keep the same CF For example if you set Use Global CF to On in Modulation Analyzer mode and also set Use Global CF to On in Spectrum Analyzer mode all measurements made in either mode will use the same center frequency Any change you make to center frequency in one measurement or mode will be applied across all measurements in either mode Set the IF bandwidth to Auto Press Meas Setup IFBW Auto For most measurements you can use the Auto setting of IF bandwidth If the AM depth is lower than 2 you need to set the IF bandwidth manually You should first calculate the minimum required bandwidth IFBW 2 x Modulation Rate Your IFBW must be greater than this minimum value Use the IFBW menu key to select a suitable IFBW The IFBW can be set to the following values 5 MHz 3 MHz 1 25 MHz 1 MHz 500 kHz 300 kHz 250 kHz 100 kHz 50 kHz 30 kHz 10 kHz 5 kHz 3 kHz Set the horizontal scaling Press SPAN X Scale Scale Div 500 us Set the vertical scaling Press AMPTD Y Scale Scale Div 40 Set your view to show the results in the best way for you Press View Display and then select Demod Waveform Demod Spectrum or Numerical Results Examples of these three views are shown below The Demod Waveform View of the measurement results is shown in Figure 8 2 148 Chap
221. ter 8 Figure 8 2 AM Demod Waveform ESG AM Signal with 80 Modulation Index Ajit Technologies Modulation Analyzer AM 14 42 42 Dec 22 2006 Rev 2 0 _ View Display Demod Aiten 400 dB Ext Gain 0 0 dB CF 300 MHz IF BW SO kHz FE 2 E S SE CE Ss 5 coe S gt 22 oC Sz eN gt an ONE 5 SE 1 5 2 2 5 3 5 4 Rate 1 00 KHz AM Index 80 22 Distortion 0 54 SINAD 45 42dB Screen Image capture in progress e0sseceeaeeneene The Demod Spectrum View of the measurement results is shown in Figure 8 3 AM Demod Spectrum ESG AM Signal with 80 Modulation Index L Agilgnt Technologies Modulation Analyzer AM 14 46 33 Dec 22 2006 Rev 2 0 Atten 3 00 dB Ext Gain 0 0 dB CF 300 MHz IF BW SO kHz Rate 1 00 kHz AM Index 80 24 Distortion 0 54 SINAD 45 29dB Screen Image capture in progress tessemmentensenssss The numeric results shown in the Demod Waveform view or the Demod Spectrum view are the current or the average measurement results in the Numerical Results view The Numerical Results view shown in gives the detailed measurement results for AM index Carrier Power Modulation Rate Distortion and SINAD including the minimum value for AM Index and maximum value for all five parameters 149 n E S 20 n lt op amp E E 3 Q A Requires Option N8996A 1FP Figure 8 4 Demodulating AM FM Signals Requires Option N8996A 1FP Demodulating an AM S
222. terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you accompany it with the complete corresponding machine readable source code which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange If distribution of object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place satisfies the requirement to distribute the source code even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code 5 A program that contains no derivative of any portion of the Library but is designed to work with the Library by being compiled or linked with it is called a work that uses the Library Such a work in isolation is not a derivative work of the Library and therefore falls outside the scope of this License However linking a work that uses the Library with the Library creates an executable that is a derivative of the Library because it contains portions of the Library rather than a work that uses the library The executable is therefore covered by this License Section 6 states terms for distribution of such executables When a work that uses the Library uses material from a header file that is part of Chapter 15 243 Q lt ve e p 5 5 er 5 F g fon On fn gt a iS C
223. the device causes an abnormal current to flow it may cause the battery to become hot explode or ignite and cause serious injury Maximizing Battery Life The Lithium Ion battery used in the N1996A has a life span of approximately 300 charge cycles at room temperature with normal charge and discharge rates You can maximize the number of charge cycles with reasonable battery care e Clean the battery contacts occasionally using a pencil eraser or alcohol and a cotton swab Make sure no residue from the eraser or cotton swab is left on the contact points e Cycle each battery through a full charge and full discharge on a regular basis preferably monthly Even if you use external power most of the time you will lengthen battery life by occasionally cycling through a full discharge recharge cycle e Do not leave a battery unused and fully charged for an extended period Batteries that sit idle eventually lose their ability to hold a charge e Store batteries in a cool dry location away from metal objects and corrosive gases To extend battery life during long term battery storage store the batteries with a 50 charge level Storage limits are 20 C to 60 C 80 RH e Extended exposure to high humidity or temperatures above 45 degrees Celsius 113 degrees Fahrenheit can impair battery performance and shorten battery life e Allow a battery to warm to room temperature before charging it Temperature shock can damage the batte
224. this manual Copyright 1999 The Apache Software Foundation All rights reserved The Apache Software License Version 1 1 Redistribution and use in source and binary forms with or without modification are permitted provided that the following conditions are met 1 Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice this list of conditions and the following disclaimer 2 Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and or other materials provided with the distribution 3 The end user documentation included with the redistribution if any must include the following acknowledgment This product includes software developed by the Apache Software Foundation http www apache org Alternately this acknowledgment may appear in the software itself if and wherever such third party acknowledgments normally appear 4 The names Xerces and Apache Software Foundation must not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without prior written permission For written permission please contact apache apache org 5 Products derived from this software may not be called Apache nor may Apache appear in their name without prior written permission of the Apache Software Foundation THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED AS IS AND ANY EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES INCLUD
225. ticipated Not anticipated Reproductive toxicity Synergistic Products Not anticipated None expected SECTION 7 PREVENTIVE MEASURES Personal protective equipment Gloves Eyewear Not required for handling No respirator required for normal Not required beyond individual cells Fabric handling SCBA required for fires employer policy gloves for warehouse container handling Clothing Footwear Standard industrial clothing in normal Wear steel toed footwear if large containers use Impervious suit in fires of cells are being handled Engineering controls Keep away from heat and open flames Store in a cool dry place Page 3 of 6 Chapter 1 23 Installation and Setup Safety Information COBALT CELL MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET Feb 14 2003 FSSF00001AG FOR CUSTOMER DISTRIBUTION Leak and spill procedure Evacuate area if fire present or likely Wear SCBA for fire related emergencies Using gloves pick up or sweep up fire damaged cells bag individually in plastic bags and place in closed metal containers 205 Litre lined steel drums are appropriate Cardboard boxes may be used for small quantities Avoid raising dust while sweeping Transport container outdoors Hold burned cells and fire cleanup solids for disposal as potential hazardous waste Unburned cells are not hazardous waste A fire with over 100 kg of cells burnt will likely require reporting to environment officials Always consult and obey all
226. tive marker Marker 13 Trace information Trace Detector Clear Write W Average A Max Hold M Min Hold m Trace Detector More Detector Peak P Sample S Negative Peak p Average A 14 Active marker frequency and amplitude Marker 15 Key menu title Dependent on menu selection 16 Key menu Menu key labels 17 Stop frequency or if in zero span stop time FREQ Channel Stop Freq 18 Reference frequency source indicator System Freq Time Reference 19 Battery 1 amp 2 status indicator System System Stats Battery 20 AC power indicator Indicates that the analyzer is currently powered by the external AC DC power converter 21 Spectrum display View Display Spectrogram Provides a Spectral display of the spectrum sampled to create the spectrogram 22 Start frequency or if in zero span 0 sec FREQ Channel Start Freq 23 Marker Marker 24 Display status line Displays informational and error messages see Types of Spectrum Analyzer Messages on page 227 25 Metrics Panel Displays measurement results data metrics 26 Revision indicator System System Stats Show System 60 Chapter 3 Front and Rear Panel Features Rear Panel Features Rear Panel Features csa_rear panel Item Description Name 1 Battery Location of the two batteries that provide DC power to the analyzer Compartment 2 DC Power The input for the dc power source Refer to Power Requirements on page 27 3 USB Type A Allow
227. to be licensed at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License d If a facility in the modified Library refers to a function or a table of data to be supplied by an application program that uses the facility other than as an argument passed when the facility is invoked then you must make a good faith effort to ensure that in the event an application does not supply such function or table the facility still operates and performs whatever part of its purpose remains meaningful For example a function in a library to compute square roots has a purpose that is entirely well defined independent of the application Therefore Subsection 2d requires that any application supplied function or table used by this function must be optional if the application does not supply it the square root function must still compute square roots 242 Chapter 15 Copyright Information These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Library and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves then this License and its terms do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Library the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole and thus to each and
228. tore the battery with necklaces hairpins or other metal objects Do not pierce the battery with nails strike the battery with a hammer step on the battery or otherwise subject it to strong impacts or shocks Do not solder directly onto the battery Do not expose the battery to water or salt water or allow the battery to get wet Do not disassemble or modify the battery The battery contains safety and protection devices which if damaged may cause the battery to generate heat explode or ignite Do not place the battery in or near fire on stoves or in other high temperature locations Do not place the battery in direct sunlight or use or store the battery inside cars in hot weather Doing so may cause the battery to generate heat explode or ignite Using the battery in this manner may also result in a loss of performance and a shortened life expectancy Danger of explosion if battery is incorrectly replaced Replace only with the same or equivalent type recommended Discard used batteries according to manufacturer s instructions X Do not throw batteries away but collect as small chemical waste Chapter 10 187 5 5 a i ve o 5 a Dn Working with Batteries Battery Care WARNING Do not discharge the battery using any device except the specified device When the battery is used in devices other than the specified device it may damage the battery or reduce its life expectancy If
229. ts Screen Image capture in progress NOTE For more information of each soft key under Meas Setup menu you can refer to spectrum analyzer section of User s and Programmer s Reference manual 116 Chapter5 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 NOTE Spectrum Analyzer Tune and Listen Requires Option AFM Tune and Listen Requires Option AFM AM FM Tune and Listen demodulates at the frequency of interest to permit audible detection of AM or FM modulated signals This example uses the analyzer to listen to a FM radio signal at 97 4 MHz Select the spectrum analyzer mode Press Mode Spectrum Analyzer Set the center frequency Press FREQ Channel Center Freq 97 4 MHz Set the span Press SPAN X Scale 10 MHz Set the demodulation type at marker place Nn Ss oO Las al 5 5 gt S 4 N Press Demod Demod at Marker Type FM Set the demodulation at marker Press Demod Demod at Marker On Set the demodulation time Press Demod Demod Time 50 s Set the demodulation time longer to listen to continuous voice material such as from a broadcast station Set the demodulation time shorter less than 5 seconds to listen to two way radio transmissions You can use the three keys below the screen in the front panel to mute decrease the volume or increase the volume Chapter 5 117 Spectrum Analyzer Tune and Listen Requires Option AFM fom
230. ts Legend If software is for use in the performance of a U S Government prime contract or subcontract Software is delivered and licensed as Commercial computer software as defined in DFAR 252 227 7014 June 1995 or as a commercial item as defined in FAR 2 101 a or as Restricted computer software as defined in FAR 52 227 19 June 1987 or any equivalent agency regulation or contract clause Use duplication or disclosure of Software is subject to Agilent Technologies standard commercial license terms and non DOD Departments and Agencies of the U S Government will receive no greater than Restricted Rights as defined in FAR 52 227 19 c 1 2 June 1987 U S Government users will receive no greater than Limited Rights as defined in FAR 52 227 14 June 1987 or DFAR 252 227 7015 b 2 November 1995 as applicable in any technical data Where to Find the Latest Information Documentation is updated periodically For the latest information about Agilent Technologies CSA spectrum analyzers including firmware upgrades and application information please visit the following URL http www agilent com find csa Microsoft is a U S registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation Contents 3 S S 3 1 Installation and crans teens esse 9 TOUR disais mesbonthadisasdhthatonianaseeseadar p R t s sas d anses 12 Initial sper acs 4sce6or sb 6s beds 664556945 995509 4564500945942 06 os eee 13
231. ture in progress enenenmenenenennunne nN v g fa 2 5 lt n Ss 3 g Z n 5 5 s o a amp E A 144 FE 2 E S SE CE Ss 5 a oe S gt 22 oS Sz eN gt an ONE 5 37 Demodulating AM FM Signals Requires Option N8996A 1FP 145 Demodulating AM FM Signals Requires Option N8996A 1FP This Chapter provides information making the following measurements Demodulating an AM Signal Using the CSA Requires Option N8996A 1FP on page 147 Demodulating an FM Signal Using the CSA Requires Option N8996A 1FP on page 153 N E S 20 n lt op amp E E 3 Q A Requires Option N8996A 1FP 146 Chapter 8 CAUTION Step 1 Figure 8 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Demodulating AM FM Signals Requires Option N8996A 1FP Demodulating an AM Signal Using the CSA Requires Option N8996A 1FP Demodulating an AM Signal Using the CSA Requires Option N8996A 1FP This section demonstrates how to demodulate an AM signal using the CSA built in AM demodulator with Option N8996A 1FP Using the CSA built in AM demodulator you can tune to an AM signal and view the results displayed in the time domain or the frequency domain refer to the concepts chapter in the Measurement Guide AM Concepts on page 200 Modulation Distortion Measurement Concepts on page 204 and Modulation SINAD Measurement Concepts
232. ucts could be harmful Material Safety Data Sheet Attached Review cell manufacturer s MSDS SECTION II OPERATING PARAMETERS Maximum Charge Voltage 12 6V Minimum Charge Voltage 7 5V Maximum Charge Current 3 0A Maximum Discharge Current 3 0A Recommended Charging Method Use an SMBus charger of level 2 or higher to provide a 3 0 A current limited constant voltage of 12 6 V The charging cycle shall terminate when the average current falls below 150mA The information contained within is provided for your information only This battery is an article pursuant to 29 CFR 1910 1200 and as such is not subject to the OSHA Hazard Communication standard requirement for preparation of a material safety data sheet The information and recommendations set forth herein are made in good faith and are believed to be accurate as of the date of preparation However INSPIRED ENERGY INC MAKES NO WARRANTY EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WITH RESPECT TO THIS INFORMATION AND DISCLAIMS ALL LIABILITY FROM RELIANCE ON IT Chapter 1 19 Installation and Setup Safety Information Battery Pack Declaration of Conformity INSPIRED ENERGY SOLUTIONS BOR PORTABLE POWER Declaration of Conformance PRODUCT Standard Battery for Inspired Energy Inspired Energy Part Number NF2040 SECTION I MANUFACTURER INFORMATION Inspired Energy Inc Telephone 1 386 462 3676 25440 NW 8 Place Newberry FL 32669 USA Date Prepared December 21 2004 SECTI
233. ug only The part number is for the complete cable assembly Chapter 1 29 Installation and Setup Power Requirements Clock Battery Information The analyzer uses a Poly carbonmonofluoride Lithium Coin battery to power the analyzer clock The battery is located on the CPU board NOTE If the analyzer s clock does not work the problem is probably the battery See Returning an Analyzer for Service on page 231 WARNING Danger of explosion if battery is incorrectly replaced Replace only with the same or equivalent type recommended Discard used batteries according to the manufacturer s instructions DO NOT THROW BATTERIES AWAY BUT COLLECT AS SMALL CHEMICAL WASTE sk780a a 5 Q 7 3 s amp a Dn 30 Chapter 1 Installation and Setup Physically Securing Your Analyzer Physically Securing Your Analyzer To prevent unauthorized removal of your analyzer you can use a Kensington Slim MicroSaver security cable to attach the analyzer to an immovable object Your analyzer has a Kensington Security Slot located on the back of the analyzer The Kensington Security Slot is identified on the analyzer with this logo 4 For more information visit http www microsaver com Basic Instructions for Using the Kensington Slim MicroSaver Step 1 Wrap the steel cable around an immovable object Step 2 Insert the lock into the Kensington Security Slot Step 3 Turn the k
234. valid for at least three years to give the same user the materials specified in Subsection 6a above for a charge no more than the cost of performing this distribution d If distribution of the work is made by offering access to copy from a designated place offer equivalent access to copy the above specified materials from the same place 244 Chapter 15 Copyright Information e Verify that the user has already received a copy of these materials or that you have already sent this user a copy For an executable the required form of the work that uses the Library must include any data and utility programs needed for reproducing the executable from it However as a special exception the materials to be distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed in either source or binary form with the major components compiler kernel and so on of the operating system on which the executable runs unless that component itself accompanies the executable It may happen that this requirement contradicts the license restrictions of other proprietary libraries that do not normally accompany the operating system Such a contradiction means you cannot use both them and the Library together in an executable that you distribute 7 You may place library facilities that are a work based on the Library side by side in a single library together with other library facilities not covered by this License and distribute such a combine
235. with a frequency of 950 MHz a nd the amplitude set to 10 dBm Select the spectrum analyzer mode Press Mode Spectrum Analyzer Preset the analyzer Press Mode Preset Set the center frequency and span Press FREQ Channel Center Frequency 950 MHz Press SPAN X Scale Span 1 MHz Select Spectrum Analyzer Occupied BW measurement Press Meas Occupied BW A marker pair will appear on the trace and the occupied bandwidth value and the integrated power in the OBW are displayed in the data window below the trace graticule See Figure 5 30 Chapter 5 109 DN Las al 5 5 gt z lt N Spectrum Analyzer Occupied Bandwidth OBW Measurement Figure 5 30 OBW Measurement Results 14 35 34 12 Jan 2007 Rev 2 0 Avg Exponential 25 25 Auto Range Preamp Off Ext Gain 0 0 dB VBW 1 kHz Occupied BW 247 5 kHz Occupied PWR 10 8 dBm Screen Image capture in progress Step 7 You can improve the repeatability of the measurements by setting the Average number to 100 or greater fom Q N gt a lt 5 fn 9 vo a A Press Meas Setup Avg Number 100 Enter Trace Detector Trace Average Step 8 You can change the percentage of power used for calculating the Occupied BW The default percentage is 99 Press Meas Setup Power 80 NOTE If you are measuring a narrow signal such as TDMA or PDC zoom in on the signal for a more accurate OBW results Press SP
236. with the resolution of signals that are close together and not equal in amplitude you must consider the shape of the IF filter of the analyzer as well as its 3 dB bandwidth See Resolving Signals of Equal Amplitude on page 194 for more information The shape of a filter is defined by the selectivity which is the 194 Chapter 11 Concepts Resolving Closely Spaced Signals ratio of the 60 dB bandwidth to the 3 dB bandwidth If a small signal is too close to a larger signal the smaller signal can be hidden by the skirt of the larger signal To view the smaller signal select a resolution bandwidth such that k is less than a see Figure 11 1 The separation between the two signals a must be greater than half the filter width of the larger signal k measured at the amplitude level of the smaller signal The digital filters in the Agilent CSA have filter widths about one half to one third as wide as typical analog RBW filters This enables you to resolve close signals with a wider RBW for a faster sweep time Figure 11 1 RBW Requirements for Resolving Small Signals sydoouo Chapter 11 195 Kel 2 2 I Concepts Trigger Concepts Trigger Concepts With firmware versions prior to A 02 00 the trigger functions are only available when the Agilent CSA is in zero span With firmware version A 02 00 and later the trigger functions are available in both zero span and non zero span Selecting a Tri
237. wo signals equal amplitude 80 194 resolving equal amplitude 194 return loss measurement 134 returning the test set for service 225 231 RF cable and connector care 221 RF connectors 221 RF limiters 46 RF OUT 50 ohm 52 RPG using 69 S safety considerations 15 safety symbols 15 saving data 166 saving displayed screen 51 saving screens 165 166 screen printing 165 screen annotation 53 57 screen information 33 screens saving 165 service returning the test set 225 231 shipping the test set 232 service options 229 setting real time clock 164 shipping packaging 232 packaging original 232 packaging other 232 shipping the test set 232 signals low level overview 87 off screen comparing 78 on screen comparing 76 resolving overview 194 separating overview 194 signals viewing 72 spectrogram measurement 111 spectrum analyzer occupied BW measurement 109 spectrogram measurement 111 spectrogram view 111 uses 107 splitters 47 state deleting 174 power up 172 recalling 172 returning power up to factory defaults 173 saving 172 static safety accessories 47 statistics system 175 viewing 175 stimulus response concepts 198 sweep time and sensitivity trade off 90 system memory 175 release versions 175 statistics 175 system II feet 47 System key 51 system operations configuring for network connectivity 169 171 IP administration using DHCP 169 171 IP admini
238. x Modulation Rate IFBW The IFBW can be set as the following values 5 MHz 3 MHz 1 25 MHz 1 MHz 500 kHz 300 kHz 250 kHz 100 kHz 50 kHz 30 kHz 10 kHz 5 kHz 3 kHz Set the horizontal scaling Press SPAN X Scale Scale Div 500 us Set the vertical scaling Press AMPTD Y Scale Scale Div 5 kHz Set your view to show the results in the best way for you Press View Display and then select Demod Waveform Demod Spectrum or Numerical Results Examples of these three views are shown below The Demod Waveform View of the measurement results is shown in Figure 8 7 154 Chapter 8 Figure 8 7 Figure 8 8 FM Demod Waveform ESG FM Signal with 10 kHz Deviation 14 36 48 Dec 22 2006 Rev 2 0 ___ View Display Avg Exponential 10 10 Demod Auto Range Preamp Off Atten 0 00 dB Ext Gain 0 0 dB CF 300 MHz IF BW 30 kHz Rate FM Deviation 10 04 kHz Distortion SINAD Screen Image capture in progress 4se4AxAAKKAAMHAKAAR The Demod Spectrum View of the measurement results is shown in FM Demod Spectrum ESG FM Signal with 10 kHz Deviation L Agilent Technologies Modulation Analyzer FM 14 37 19 Dec 22 2006 Rev 2 0 ey Avg Exponential 10 10 Auto Range Preamp Off Atten 0 00 dB Ext Gain 0 0 dB CF 300 MHz IF BW 30 kHz dbHarms 13 5 Rate 1 00 KHz FM Deviation 10 04 kHz Distortion 0 59 SINAD 44 53dB Screen Image capture in progress Aeremasmmasenesennnrs The numeric results sh
239. y software library or other program which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder or other authorized party saying it may be distributed under the terms of this Lesser General Public License also called this License Each licensee is addressed as you A library means a collection of software functions and or data prepared so as to be conveniently linked with application programs which use some of those Q lt ve e p 5 5 er 5 Chapter 15 241 F g fon On fn gt a iS Copyright Information functions and data to form executables The Library below refers to any such software library or work which has been distributed under these terms A work based on the Library means either the Library or any derivative work under copyright law that is to say a work containing the Library or a portion of it either verbatim or with modifications and or translated straightforwardly into another language Hereinafter translation is included without limitation in the term modification Source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it For a library complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains plus any associated interface definition files plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the library Activities other
240. ying distributing or modifying the Library or works based on it 10 Each time you redistribute the Library or any work based on the Library the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy distribute link with or modify the Library subject to these terms and conditions You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients exercise of the rights granted herein You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License _ 11 If as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason not limited to patent issues conditions are imposed on you Q lt ve e p 5 5 er 5 Chapter 15 245 F g fon On fn gt a iS Copyright Information whether by court order agreement or otherwise that contradict the conditions of this License they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations then as a consequence you may not distribute the Library at all For example if a patent license would not permit royalty free redistribution of the Library by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribut
241. ystem Release Versions Perform this procedure to view the current version of software and firmware for enabled features 1 Press System System Stats Rev Info and view version information for system firmware 2 Press Page Up or Page Down to scroll to next screen 3 Press Return to go back to the System Stats key menu Viewing System Memory Perform this procedure to view current allocation and usage statistics of the memory available 1 Press System System Stats Memory and view status of total used and available memory 2 Press Return to go back to the System Stats key menu Viewing Battery Statistics Perform this procedure to view current status and battery usage 1 Press System System Stats Battery and view the status of battery conditions For details see System Statistics Battery Screen on page 182 2 Press Return to go back to the System Stats key menu Viewing System Copyrights Perform this procedure to view current copyrights statistics 1 Press System System Stats Copyrights and view copyrights of Agilent Technologies Inc and the copyrights for software components from other manufactures used in the analyzer 2 Press Return to the System Stats key menu Viewing System Identification Perform this procedure to view current system identification 1 Press System System Stats Show System and view a list of instrument identification information 2 Press Return to go back to th
242. z Occupied PWR 10 8 dBm Screen Image capture in progress fm o N Pa S l lt p Q D a NM NOTE In the picture the elapsed time clock shows the amount of time shown on the graph and stops when the graph is full You can also place the markers the two vertical lines as shown to see the amplitude change of the specific frequency you care 114 Chapter5 Step 1 Figure 5 34 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 NOTE Step 7 Spectrum Analyzer Pulse Measurement Pulse Measurement In order to make better measurements of signals whose spectrum varies rapidly with time such as pulsed signals For firmware A 02 00 or greater you can have sweep time control in non zero spans This example uses the analyzer to measure the pulsed signal at 100 MHz with period of 20 us and width of 4 us Setup the pulsed signal using the signal generator Agilent ESG and connect the RF Output of the signal generator to the analyzer RF Input as shown in Figure 5 34 Setup for Pulse Measurement SPECTRUM ANALYZER SIGNAL GENERATOR 00 00000 000 Sooo 2o o o 8000 9000 un Ss Las al 5 5 gt z lt N csa pl792b Select the spectrum analyzer mode Press Mode Spectrum Analyzer Preset the analyzer Press Mode Preset Set the center frequency Press FREQ Channel Center Freq 100 MHz Set the spectrum analyzer to zero span Press SPAN X Scale Zero
243. zer on page 94 Identifying Analyzer Generated Distortion Example on page 94 Distortion from the Analyzer High level input signals may cause analyzer distortion products that could mask the real distortion measured on the input signal Using Trace 2 and the RF attenuator you can determine which signals if any are internally generated distortion products Identifying Analyzer Generated Distortion Example Using a signal from a signal generator determine whether the harmonic distortion products are generated by the analyzer Connect a signal generator to the analyzer INPUT Set the signal generator frequency to 200 MHz and the amplitude to 0 dBm On the analyzer perform a mode preset by pressing Mode Preset Set the center frequency of the analyzer to 400 MHz by pressing FREQ Channel Center Freq 400 MHz Set the span to 500 MHz by pressing SPAN X Scale Span 500 MHz Set the attenuation to 10 dB by pressing AMPTD Y Scale Elec Atten 10 dB The signal produces harmonic distortion products in the analyzer input mixer as shown in Figure 5 19 94 Chapter5 Figure 5 19 Figure 5 20 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 Step 10 Spectrum Analyzer Making Distortion Measurements Harmonic Distortion 22 02 48 Jan 24 2007 Rey 2 0 Ext Gain 0 0 dB Screen Image capture in progress Change the span to 50 MHz press SPAN X Scale Span 50 MHz Nn Ss oO Las al 5 5 gt 4 N
244. zer Operation Battery Current Drain in the Off Mode When the analyzer is operating from battery power it continues to draw current in the off mode When in off mode the analyzer draws lt 10 mA per hour or approximately 38 days to discharge Agilent recommends that if the analyzer is not going to be used for an extended period of time remove the batteries from your analyzer This will ensure you have sufficient battery capacity if you intend to operate the analyzer from battery power Battery and Charger Part Numbers Option BAT Description Part Number NF2040HD24 Battery quantity 2 1420 0891 Option BCG Description Part Number Dual Battery Charger 0950 4776 190 Chapter 10 NOTE NOTE Working with Batteries Battery Specifications Replace only with NF2040HD24 or equivalent Agilent approved battery Additional batteries are also available directly from Inspired Energy Inc To purchase additional or replacement batteries visit www inspired energy com or call toll free USA 1 888 5 INSPIRE 546 7747 When operating the analyzer on battery power batteries of different capacities will share current in proportion to individual battery capacity Therefore when purchasing and installing batteries ensure that both batteries have equivalent capacities Even batteries that appear physically identical can have different capacities It is recommended that batteries be purchased and installed in pairs 5 5

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