Hydraulics BTP Hydraulics
Contents
1. The key to understanding complex schematics is to break them down into their individual circuits If you are troubleshooting a lift lower problem you don t need to be looking at the cutting drive or steering circuits This schematic is from the Reelmaster 5200 5400 D Service Manual As you can see in the Service Manual we provide a information on where the flows and pressures are in different modes of operation to make the schematic easier to understand There is also usually a written explanation of the circuit operation in the Manual 18 Hydraulic Systems Hydrostatic Transmissions There are three distinct types of hydrostatic drive systems currently used in turf mowing equipment To begin to understand hydrostatic drive units lets start by looking at the various types and configurations of hydrostatic transmissions Pump with Remote Wheel Motors Hydrostatic System with remote mounted pump The first type is a hydrostatic system which consists of a hydrostatic pump with a remotely mounted motors In this type of hydrostatic system the hydrostatic pump is mounted by and driven by the units engine The pump is connected to the drive motor by hoses or steel lines These motors can be mounted directly to the wheels or to a drive axle A different type of hydrostatic drive system is an inline pump and motor system In this system the motor and pump are constructed as a single unit this eliminates the necessity of hi2. 21 O Ring Kit Relative Size of Particles RELATIVE SIZES LINEAR EQUIVALENTS The most important rule of hydraulic system maintenance is KEEP EVERYTHING CLEAN After Repair or Replacement O ring Kit O ring face seal connections on Toro equipment require the use of special 90 Durometer O rings Toro recommends that the O rings need to be re placed whenever a connection is loosened An O ring kit is available containing quantities of O rings for both face seal and port seal connections used in Toro equipment O ring Kit P N 16 3799 Removing Hydraulic System Components 1 Thoroughly clean the machine before disconnecting removing or disassembling any hydraulic components Always keep in mind the need for cleanliness when working on hydraulic equipment 2 Put caps or plugs on any hydraulic lines or fitting left open or exposed 3 Put labels on disconnected hydraulic lines and hoses for proper installation after repairs are completed After Repair or Replacement of Components 1 Check oil level in hydraulic reservoir and add correct oil if necessary IMPORTANT Drain and refill hydraulic system reservoir and change oil filter if component failure was severe or system is contaminated If there is a severe failure in a closed loop system flush all lines and components in the system 2 After repairs check the control linkage for proper adjustment binding or broken parts 3 After disconnecting or replaci
3. return flow FORWARD TRACTION Center Section Tilted Swash Plate SS Motor Group Fixed Swash Plate Piston Group m Low pressure return flow a High pressure Hydraulic Systems On a remote hydrostatic motor type system the hydrostatic motors can be a gear motor gerotor motor or a piston type motor as shown here On some designs a single motor is used to drive a differential transaxle Another design uses individual motors for each wheel either driving the wheels directly or through a planetary gear drive When the motor is built as part of the complete assembly like an inline or U type system the motor is a piston type motor very similar the piston pump except that the swash plate is usually a fixed swash plate Being fixed the stroke of the pistons remain constant The motor s speed of rotation can not be changed except by changing the volume of oil that it receives from the pump Remember that a given column of oil will cause the motor to turn at a given speed More oil will in crease the motor speed Less oil will slow it down Overall Operation As the engine turns the pump rotating group the pistons run on the swash plate which is in the neutral position With the swash plate in neutral there is no movement of the pistons so no oil is being pumped As the operator moves the traction control pedal the swash plate angle increases and the pump pistons begin to displace oil This oil is directed to the pump
4. section and the unit moves Hydraulic Systems 23 REVERSE TRACTION Center Section Tilted Swash Plate yy Motor Group i Fixed Swash Plate Piston Group Low pressure return flow wa High pressure Drive Circuit Schematic Charge Circuit Charge relief valves Charge check valves When the operator needs to change directions the traction pedal is moved back to the neutral position and than moved to the reverse position In the reverse position the swash plate moves in the opposite direction as it did in the forward direction In this position the oil is pumped to the opposite side of the motor and the unit moves in reverse Here is the closed loop circuit of an inline hydrostatic transmission shown in a schematic view Directional charge checks Directional charge check valves are incorporated into the charge circuit to direct the charge pump output to the low pressure side of the drive circuit The oil will flow into the low pressure side to replace the oil lost through normal leakage The oil in the high pressure side closes the remaining charge check valve so that no high pressure oil can bleed off into the charge circuit 24 Hydraulic Systems Here is a view of the closed loop main circuit and Charge Flow GM300 charge circuit within the inline hydrostatic transmission from a Groundsmaster 300 Series The hydrostatic transmission will provide trouble free Simple items often overlook
5. a burnt odor Is the oil cooler plugged or lines caked with dirt Look for bent or collapsed fluid lines Check for leaks loose fasteners cracked welds binding pivot points damaged linkage etc 5 List possible causes Note what was reported by the operator and verified by you List what you found during your inspection Remember that there may be more than one cause leading to the failure or malfunction 6 Determine which cause is most likely the problem Look at your list of most possible causes and determine which are the most likely Use the troubleshooting charts in the Service Manual 7 Test your findings Operate the machine with a hydraulic tester connected to the suspected malfunctioning circuit It may be necessary to replace or adjust a component to verify your findings Hydraulic Systems 29 Before Performing Hydraulic Tests ALL OBVIOUS AREAS SUCH AS OIL SUPPLY FILTERS IMPROPER ADJUSTMENT BINDING LINKAGE OR LOOSE FASTENERS MUST BE CHECKED BEFORE ASSUMING THAT A HYDRAULIC COMPONENT IS THE SOURCE OF THE PROBLEM BEING EXPERIENCED Thoroughly clean the machine before disconnecting or disassembling any hydraulic components Always keep in mind the need for cleanliness when working on hydraulic equipment Cleaning Put caps or plugs on any hydraulic lines left open or exposed during testing or removal of components The engine must be in good operating condition Verify Engine RPM Always use a tachom
6. is hydraulic leverage Basic Hydraulic System Although hydraulic circuit layouts may vary significantly in different applications many of the components are similar in design or function The principle behind most hydraulic systems is similar to that of the basic hydraulic jack Oil from the reservoir is drawn past a check ball into the piston type pump during the piston s up stroke When the piston in the pump is pushed downward oil will be directed past a second check ball into the cylinder As the pump is actuated up and down the incoming oil will cause the cylinder ram to extend The lift cylinder will hold its extended position because the check ball is being seated by the pressure against it from the load side of the cylinder Because the pump displacement is usually much smaller than the cylinder each stroke of the pump will move the cylinder a very small amount If the cylinder is required to move at a faster rate the surface area of the pump piston must be increased and or the rate which the pump is actuated must be increased Oil FLOW gives the cylinder ram its SPEED of movement and oil PRESSURE is the work force that lifts the load GEAR PUMP Oil Drawn in From Reservoir Oil Forced Out s Low pressure return flow a High pressure Hydraulic Systems Reservoir Here is an example of a reservoir one of the four basic requirements to make a hydraulic system This particular reservoir is made of molded
7. oil will flow If the pump is reversible or is designed to pump in either direction it will have two triangles in it and they will point opposite of each other indicating that oil may flow in both directions An arrow through the pump shows that it is a variable displacement pump Hydraulic Motors Hydraulic motor symbols are circles with triangles but opposite of a hydraulic pump the triangle points inward to show the oil flows in to the motor One triangle is used for a non reversible motor and two triangles are used for a reversible motor An arrow through a motor shows that it is a variable speed motor 14 Check Valves and Relief Valves Control Valves Hydraulic Systems Check Valves A check valve is shown as a ball ina V seat When oil pressure is applied to the left side of the ball the ball is forced into the V and no oil can flow When oil pressure is applied to the right side of the ball the ball moves away from the seat and oil can flow past it A by pass check is a one way valve with a spring on the ball end of the symbol This shows that pressurized oil must overcome the spring pressure before the ball will unseat Relief Valves A relief valve is shown as a normally closed valve with one port connected to the pressure line and the other line connected to the reservoir The flow direction arrow points away from the pressure line and toward the reservoir When pressure in the system overcomes the valve spr
8. plastic and is from a Greensmaster riding mower Pump We can improve the efficiency and increase the versatility of a basic circuit by adding some more sophisticated components and changing the circuit layout By incorporating a gear pump in place of a hand piston pump we increase oil flow to the cylinder which will increase the actuation rate of the ram The image to the right shows a cutaway view of a three section gear pump We can see the gear sets for all three sections and the input drive shaft A gear pump is a positive displacement pump meaning that whenever the pump is turning the pump must pump oil If pump flow is totally blocked sudden failure of the pump or other component will occur As the gears in the pump rotate suction is created at the inlet port of the pump The fluid is drawn in to the pump and is carried in the spaces between the gear teeth to the discharge port of the pump At the discharge side of the pump the gear teeth mesh together and the oil is discharged from the pump Click on the Play button in the animated illustration to see the pump in operation Note that the pump creates flow The pump by itself does not create pressure Pressure results only when there is resistance to flow You cannot have pressure without flow or potential flow Hydraulic Systems wy ba 4 a h a C am i Return Port To Reservoir Inlet Port From the Pump Output Port To the Cylinder Or the Motor
9. the O ring is installed and properly seated in the groove It is recommended that the O ring be replaced any time the connection is opened Lubricate the O ring with a light coating of oil SAE Straight thread O ring Port Fittings Non Adjustable 1 Make sure both threads and sealing surfaces are free of burrs nicks scratches or any foreign material 2 Always replace the O ring seal when this type of fitting shows signs of leakage 3 Lubricate the O ring with a light coating of oil 4 Install the fitting into the port and tighten it down until finger tight 5 Tighten the fitting to the correct torque SAE Straight thread O ring Port Fittings Adjustable 1 Make sure both threads and sealing surfaces are free of burrs nicks scratches or nay foreign material 2 Always replace the O ring seal when this type of fitting shows signs of leakage 3 Lubricate the O ring with a light coating of oil 4 Turn back the jam nut as far as possible Make sure the back up washer is not loose and is pushed up as far as possible step 1 5 Install the fitting into the port and tighten finger tight until the washer contacts the face of the port step 2 6 To put the fitting in the desired position unscrew it by the required amount but no more than one full turn step 3 7 Hold the fitting in the desired position with a wrench and turn the jam nut with another wrench to the correct torque step 4 Hydraulic Systems
10. the valve is in the neutral position and all the flow from the pump is directed back to the reservoir If the spool is moved upward the oil flow from the pump is directed through the spool to one end of the lift cylinder The oil in the opposite end of the cylinder is pushed out as the ram extends and will pass through the valve and return to the reservoir Since the fluid from a positive displacement pump must flow continuously whenever the pump is running it must have some where to go if not being used by the actuators If the load on the cylinder becomes too great or if the ram bottoms out the flow from the pump will be directed past the relief valve returning to the reservoir The flow diagram in the previous two illustrations shows the piston barrel end of the cylinder being pressurized to lift the load Some lift circuits on Toro equipment pressurize the rod ram end of the cylinder to lift the load e g Reelmaster 5000 series Hydraulic Systems GEAR MOTOR Oil Forced in eg 2 mA he Motor Return Oil By Pump Low pressure returnflow High pressure SPOOL VALVE MOVED DOWNWARD A PORT OPEN TO DRIVE MOTOR IN REVERSE Reservoir Gear Pump mm Low pressure return flow a High pressure Motor Substituting the lift cylinder with a gear motor we can now utilize our basic circuit to create rotational movement to drive attachments The adjacent photo shows a hydraulic motor used to drive the reel o
11. BTP Hydraulics www iranfluidpower com Hydraulics Circuits Components Schematics Hydrostatic Drives and Test Equipment PART NO 09169SL This page is intentionally blank Hydraulic Systems Table of Contents CIRCUITS ANG COMPONENTS sessies RiR A AAEE ARRETE 2 SCEMI C aaea A NEN 11 Hydrostatic krans MISSIONS sarren ea AEAEE EE EEA ETE TEEN EER 18 Hyaraullcs OSCS ANG FINOS cerier 25 PAY ONAUNG TOSTMG ie sarren E E 28 POSTING EKANDA sedtoennded A EE EO 36 2 Hydraulic Systems Hydraulic Circuits and Components This study guide will discuss basic hydraulic systems We will look at fundamental principles and how they pertain to hydraulic systems We will also learn about various hydraulic components and their function A hydraulic circuit whether it is simple or complex uses the basic hydraulic principles discussed on the following pages A liquid can assume any shape and be bidirectional Fluid is able to flow in any and all directions within a container LIQUID ASSUMES SHAPE OF TUBE Pascal s Law REACTION Pascal s law states that when a confined fluid is placed under pressure the pressure is transmitted equally in all directions and on all faces of the container This is the principle used to extend the ram on a hydraulic cylinder By applying a force to move the piston on one end the piston on the other end will move the same distance with same amount of force DOWNWARD FORCE OF PISTON CAUSES O
12. IL MOVEMENT OR FLOW IN THE TUBE Hydraulic Systems i Piston Raised f 10 Lb Load 1 Inch Piston Area 10 Sq Inches Piston Area 10 Inches 1 Sq Inches With 1 Lb Force Piston moved Downward ADVANTAGE IN WORK FORCE Hydraulic Jack Reservoir Check Ball amp Cylinder Check Ball m Low pressure return flow a High pressure All hydraulic circuits are essentially the same regardless of the application There are four basic components required a reservoir to hold the fluid a pump to force the fluid through the system valves to control the flow and an actuator to convert the fluid energy into mechanical force to do the work Hydraulic Leverage If we take the concept discussed on the previous slide and use containers or cylinders of different sizes we Can increase the mechanical advantage to lift a heavier load This is the principle that allows you to jack up a very heavy object while exerting a small amount of force on the handle of a hydraulic jack The animated illustration shows that 1 lb of force exerted on a 1 sq in piston moved 10 in will lift 10 los a distance of 1 in with a 10 sq in piston Click on the Play button in the illustration to see a demonstration The larger piston will move a shorter distance but provides the mechanical advantage to lift a much heavier load The mechanical workforce advantage in hydraulics can be thought of as leverage but it
13. Output Port To the Cylinder Or the Motor SPOOL VALVE Control Valve The flow from the pump to the cylinder is controlled by a sliding spool valve which can be actuated a hand or foot operated lever or an electric solenoid The image to the right shows a cutaway of an actual hydraulic control valve The valve shown in the illustration is a open center valve meaning that the oil flow is returned to the reservoir when the valve is in the neutral position The spool valve has the capability to direct fluid flow to either end of the actuator As the spool is moved fluid is redirected to one end or the other of the actuator while fluid being pushed out the other end of the actuator is directed back to reservoir through the valve This is that same spool valve assembled with multiple sections to make a valve bank or assembly This example is from a Greensmaster riding mower In this example the valve bank would control all of the hydraulic functions on the machine and would be actuated by foot or hand operated levers Hydraulic Systems SPOOL VALVE MOVED UPWARD B PORT OPEN TO RAISE CYLINDER Reservoir Gear Pump amp Low pressure return flow mm High pressure LIFT CYLINDER BOTTOMED AGAINST STOP RELIEF VALVE OPEN Reservoir Gear Pump A m Low pressure return flow gm High pressure Lift Cylinder 4 Basic Hydraulic System Here we have a spool valve in our simple hydraulic system You can see that
14. ed operation if it is serviced and maintained properly ee There are however a few simple items that are often Linkag overlooked when poor performance is evident 1 The no load engine RPM setting is too slow 2 Worn loose or misadjusted linkage is not posi tioning the swash plate actuating arm far enough even though the traction control pedal or hand lever is fully pushed 3 The tow or bypass valve is partially open letting i ht oil bypass in the main system Te a T K 4 The hydraulic oil filter or inlet line is not tightened sufficiently air is being drawn in past the filter seal into the charge pump and then into the main circuit Air in the hydraulic system will cause cavitation and damage the rotating components IMPORTANT The tow valve is not to be used for towing long distances but should be used only to get the machine out of the way or onto a trailer Towing over a distance will cause the traction circuit to run out of oil because charge pump is not running Hydraulic Systems 25 Hydraulic Hoses and Fittings Hydraulic Hoses peters nee Hydraulic hoses are subject to extreme conditions such as pressure differentials during operation and exposure to weather sun chemicals high temperature operating conditions or mishandling during operation or storage Hoses that move during operation are more susceptible to these conditions than others Before disconnecting or performing any work ona hydraul
15. eter when doing a hydraulic test ENGINE SPEED WILL AFFECT THE ACCURACY OF THE TESTER READINGS 30 Hydraulic Systems Flow Tester Install in Series To prevent damage to the tester or components the with Circuit Being Tested inlet and outlet hoses must be properly connected and not reversed tester with pressure and flow capabilities al Make Sure Restrictor Valve is Open To minimize the possibility of damaging the Before Starting the Engine components completely open the load valve by turning it counter clockwise tester with pressure and flow capabilities This is an example of a pump flow test This test is Pump Flow Test also known as a pump efficiency test Note how the tester is connected in series between the outlet of the pump and the inlet of control valve The pump is a positive displacement gear pump and the tester is installed before the relief valve so we must make certain the restrictor valve is open before starting the engine Hydraulic Systems 31 IMPORTANT Pumps used on Toro equipment are of Positive Displacement Pump a positive displacement type If a tester is installed in a portion of the circuit not protected by a relief valve pa and the pumps output flow is completely restricted or A positive displacement pump stopped damage to the pump or other components Must Pump Oil could occur e Fully restricting oil can damage pump i foe Install fittings finger tight far enough t
16. f Valve eee he Gear Pump h m Low pressure return flow oe High pressure Accurate diagrams of hydraulic circuits are essential to the technician who must diagnose and repair possible problems The diagram shows how the components will interact It shows the technician how it works what each component should be doing and where the oil should be going so that he can diagnose and repair the system There are two types of circuit diagrams Cutaway Circuit Diagrams show the internal construction of the components as well as the oil flow paths By using colors shades or various patterns in the lines and passages they are able to show many different conditions of pressure and flow The other type of diagram is the Schematic Circuit Diagram Schematic Circuit Diagrams are usually preferred for troubleshooting because of their ability to show current and potential system functions A schematic diagram is made up of consistent geometric symbols for the components and their controls and connections Schematic symbol systems I S O International Standards Organization A N S I American National Standards Institute A S A American Standards Association J I C Joint Industry Conference A combination of these symbols are shown in this manual There are difference between the systems but there is enough similarity so that if you understand the symbols in this manual you will be able to interpret other symbols as wel
17. gh pressure drive lines between the pump and the motor This unit is normally mounted to a drive axle or transaxle Hydraulic Systems 19 ina ote A similar version is the U type transmission In this U type Transmission type of system the pump and motor are constructed as a common component with the pump usually located above the motor All three systems work well in their designed applications The remote motor design works well when there is no transmission or transaxle or when the location of the engine and the drive system call for such a configuration The U type hydrostatic system is more compact while the inline hydrostatic system is usually easier to repair and maintain We will be using the inline hydrostatic pump and motor system in this session for illustration purposes A hydrostatic drive consists of a hydrostatic pump which pumps oil to a drive motor The most significant feature of a hydrostatic system is the dicta pump The pump is a variable displacement pump This means that the output of the pump can be varied and is not controlled only by the engine RPM like a fixed displacement pump This requires that the pump be a piston pump 20 Hydraulic Systems Components Let s look at the components that make up a complete hydrostatic drive system Piston Group Assembly PISTON SLIPPER Swash Plate THRUST WASHER PISTON 0 GROUP PISTON PUMP DETAIL SWASH PLATE AND PISTON GROUP FUNCTION Ne
18. ic system all pressure in the system must be Inspecting Hoses relieved by stopping the engine and lowering or supporting the implement Inspect hoses frequently for signs of deterioration or damage Check hoses for leakage and replace when leaks are found Keep body and hands away from pin hole leaks or nozzles that eject hydraulic fluid under pressure Use paper or cardboard not hands to search for leaks Hydraulic fluid escaping under pressure can have sufficient force to penetrate the skin and do serious damage If fluid is injected into the skin it must be surgically removed within a few hours by a doctor familiar with this type of injury or gangrene may result When replacing a hydraulic hose be sure that the Hose Book hose is straight not twisted before tightening the fittings This can be done by observing the imprint on the hose Using two wrenches hold the hose straight with one wrench and use the other wrench to tighten the hose swivel nut to the fitting Use procedures Hydraulic tHe shown in the Toro Hydraulic Hose Servicing Manual Servicing Part No 94813SL amp 26 Hydraulic Systems Hydraulic Fittings O ring Face Seal ORFS SAE O ring Port Adjustable Step 1 a Back up Washer D 3 Misa O Ring Step 2 Step 4 Lock nut O ring Face Seal ORFS Fittings Make sure both threads and sealing surfaces are free of burrs nicks scratches or any foreign material Make sure
19. ing pressure is directed through the valve to the reservoir Control Valves A control valve has envelopes squares that represent the valve spool positions There is a separate envelope for each valve position and within these envelopes there are arrows showing the flow paths then the valve is shifted to that position All the port connections are drawn to the envelope that shows the neutral position of the valve We can mentally visualize the function of the valve in any position A valve that has parallel lines drawn outside of the valve envelopes shows that this valve is capable of infinite positioning This valve usually operated between the positions shown An example of this type of valve would be a flow priority valve ora pressure regulating valve Valve actuators The valve spools can be controlled a variety of ways The top picture A shows the symbol for a lever control The middle picture B shows the symbol for a pedal control foot operated The lower control C is an electric solenoid Hydraulic Systems 15 Cylinders Miscellaneous Hydraulic Cylinders A cylinder symbol is a simple rectangle representing the barrel The rod and piston are represented by a tee that is inserted into the rectangle The symbol can be drawn in any position Filters and Coolers Filters strainers and heat exchangers coolers are shown as squares that are turned 45 degrees and have port connections at the corners A do
20. l Hydraulic Reservoirs Reservoirs are pictured as either an open square meaning it is a vented reservoir or a closed reservoir meaning that it is a pressurized reservoir Every system reservoir has at least two lines connected to it and some have many more Often the components that are connected to it are spread all over the schematic Rather than having a lot of confusing lines all over the schematic it is customary to draw individual reservoir symbols close to the component Similar to the ground symbol in some wiring schematics The reservoir is usually the only component to be pictured more than once Hydraulic Systems Hydraulic Lines Pumps Hydraulic Motors 13 Lines A hydraulic line tube hose or any conductor that carries the liquid between components is shown as a line Some lines have arrows to show direction of oil flow and lines may be shown as dashed lines to show certain types of oil flow There are lines that cross other lines but are not connected there are several ways to show lines that are not connected Lines that are connected are shown with a dot or sometime just as two lines crossing If the schematic shows a specific symbol to show lines that are not connected then anything else is connected Hydraulic Pumps There are many basic pump designs A simple fixed displacement pump is shown as a circle witha triangle that is pointing outward The triangle points in the direction that the
21. l from the No 4 section of the pump passes through the fitting in the No 4 spool valve into the valve The traction lever when located in the No 1 position moves the spool so oil is directed to flow into the No 5 metering valve section When the traction pedal is pushed forward oil flows out the lines at the rear of the metering valve section to each motor to drive the motors Low pressure oil returns through the valve and the main return line through the filter to the reservoir The more sophisticated a hydraulic system becomes the greater the importance of separating the system into individual circuits when diagnosing a hydraulic problem Hydraulic Systems 11 Hydraulic Schematics Accurate diagrams of hydraulic circuits are essential to the technician who must repair it If you don t understand how the system operates it is very difficult to diagnose possible hydraulic problems HYDRAUUC MANIFOLD BLOCK me ee Se 4 ro ro P x ne ul 7 L k SUNDER FLOW CONTROL WALWE j 2000 7 Low Nma REA LIFT CYLINDER AH REAR LIFT TRANSMISSION CYUNDER LH INPUT SHAFT CCW ROTAT ON rie i FRONT LIFT PEERING m nikal ie H LINDER i CYLINDER LHI This looks very complicated To make it easier to understand we are going to learn how to look at individual circuits e g steering lift mow instead of the entire system 12 Hydraulic Systems SPOOL VALVE MOVED UPWARD E PORT OPEN TO RAISE CYLINDER Relie
22. ly and then carefully unscrew the valve body The O rings and seals should be replaced whenever a valve body is removed or replaced The electric solenoid valve operates by supplying electrical current to a coil magnet the magnetic field moves a valve spool and this directs the oil The thing to remember is that the only difference between a hydraulic electric valve and a manually actuated hydraulic valve is the way that the spool is moved Hydraulic Systems 9 SPOOL VALVE MOVED UFWARD E PORT OPEN TO RAISE CYLINDER SPOOL VALVE MOVED DOWNWARD PORT OPEN TO DRIVE MOTOR IN REVERSE a Gear Pump yt m Low pressure return flow a High pressure Understanding the basic hydraulic systems and components can be of great value when troubleshooting and testing hydraulic equipment The upper illustration would be a circuit used to raise a cutting unit with a hydraulic cylinder The lower illustration would be a circuit that uses a hydraulic motor to drive a cutting unit reel Most hydraulic circuits will be similar to one of these two basic circuits Hydraulic Systems PRESSURE m INTERNAL RETURN errr SUCTION HEEE MAIN RETURN tet 00o This illustration shows the traction drive circuit for a Greensmaster riding mower This circuit and components are used to drive the unit in the No 1 traction position When the engine is started the pump draws oil from the reservoir through the suction lines Oi
23. na cutting unit Note that there are three hydraulic lines connected to the motor shown in the photo Many hydraulic motors will have two larger hoses for the pressure and return lines and a small case drain hose The smaller case drain hose carries fluid from internal motor leakage back to the reservoir A small amount of internal leakage is designed in to these motors to lubricate and cool motor components This illustration shows the basic circuit and components necessary to drive the cutting unit reels With the spool in the upward position the oil flow is directed through the spool valve to the lower port driving the motor in the forward direction Actuating the spool to the down position the flow of oil from the pump is directed to the opposite port of the motor The motor then rotates in the reverse direction such as when back lapping the cutting unit MAGNETIC FORCES psi ao h eo i Ty et ee id E Low pressure return flow E High pressure Hydraulic Systems Electric Hydraulic Control Valves The valve system may consist of several spool valves threaded into a machined valve body This valve body contains the internal porting to direct the fluid flow The outer ports on the valve block are threaded to allow hoses and lines to be connected to it Solenoid Valve The solenoid valves consist of the valve cartridge and the solenoid coil To disassemble the valve remove the coil assemb
24. ng components operate the machine functions slowly until the air is out of the system 4 Check for hydraulic leaks Shut off the engine and correct leaks if necessary Check oil level in the reservoir and add the correct oil if necessary 28 Hydraulic Systems Hydraulic Testing Hydraulic Troubleshooting Know the system Talk to the operator Operate the machine Inspect the machine List possible causes Determine most likely cause Test your findings When troubleshooting a hydraulic problem 1 Know the hydraulic system for the machine Study the schematics Operators Manual and Service Manual Know how the system works and what the relief valve setting and the pump output should be 2 Talk to the operator How did the machine act just as it started to malfunction Was any do it yourself service performed or did anyone else attempt to repair the machine How was the machine used and when was maintenance last performed 3 Operate the machine Operate the machine in conditions simulating when the malfunction occurred Verify what the operator described Are the gauges and warning lights operating correctly Do the controls feel spongy or stick Check for any unusual sounds smells or smoke At what speed or operating cycles does this occur 4 Inspect the machine Check the hydraulic fluid level and condition Is the fluid dirty or filters plugged Check for overheating Does the oil have
25. o insure that Tighten Fittings they are not cross threaded before tightening them with a wrench Position the tester hoses so that rotating machine parts will not make contact with them and result in hose damage Aa hoe j Dt ip ay C he wis fal Ps b 32 Hydraulic Systems Check the oil level in the reservoir Check Oil Level Before Testing Check the control linkage for improper adjustment binding or broken parts All hydraulic test should be made with the hydraulic system at normal operating temperature Check for soft or collapsed suction hose Hydraulic Systems 33 Nobody Plans for an Injury INJURY _4 SCHEDULED FOR TODAY FIGHT AFTER You FAIL To i PAY ATTENTION 1996 Ted Goff Pressure Testing Kit TOR47009 Always keep safety in mind while performing tests Keep bystanders away from the equipment Hydraulic test equipment allows you to observe the amount of oil pressure and oil flow in a circuit under various conditions Hydraulic testers may vary significantly in size construction accuracy and cost The decision as to which tester to purchase should be influenced by what type of tests will be performed on all the hydraulically powered equipment in the shop High And Low Pressure Test Gauges Low pressure gauge 1000 PSI high pressure gauges 5000 PSI and 10000 PSI and associated hoses and fittings Use gauges of proper pressure ratings when perfo
26. peed changes Hydraulic Systems 21 Charge pump Charge Pump While the transmission is in operation there is a constant loss of oil by design within the components of the pump and motor For example holes in the end of each piston allow a small amount of oil to form a cushion between the slipper s face and the thrust washer This oil must be continuously replenished Built in to the system is pump called a charge pump This pump can be a gear pump or a WYN Ne gerotor pump Both of these pumps are fixed a displacement Fixed displacement means that the GEAR PUMP GEROTOR PUMP pump s output is fixed by the RPM of the engine It cannot be varied except by increasing or decreasing the speed of the engine Excessive oil not required by the drive circuit opens the charge relief valve and flows back to the reservoir Charge Circuit Oil is lost during use through designed in leakage areas e Replenishes lost oil used for e Cooling e Lubrication One piston is shown here illustrate the principle that Hydrostatic Lubrication the drive pressure increases so does the lubrication pressure for the piston slipper and swash plate e As the drive pressure increases so does surface the lubrication pressure Drive Lubrication Pressure 22 Motors Piston Motor Gear Motor Gerotor Motor NO TRACTION Center Section Neutral Swash Plate i Motor Group Fixed Swash Plate Piston Group s Low pressure
27. rming hydraulic tests Find the specified pressure for the circuit being tested then select a gauge that will measure the pressure in the middle part of its range This will give the most accurate reading and prevent possible damage to the gauge 34 Hydraulic Systems Flow Tester Hydraulic Tester With Pressure and Flow TOR214678 Capabilities 1 INLET HOSE Hose connected from the system circuit to the inlet side of the tester 2 LOAD VALVE If required upon turning the valve to restrict flow a simulated working load is created in the circuit 3 LOW PRESSURE GAUGE Low range gauge to provide accurate readings at low pressure 0 1000 PSI This gauge has a protector valve which cuts out when pressure is about to exceed the normal range for the gauge The cutout pressure is adjustable 4 HIGH PRESSURE GAUGE High range gauge to accommodate pressure beyond the capacity of the low pressure gauge 0 5000 PSI 5 FLOW METER This meter measures actual oil flow in the operating circuit The reading is given in gallons per minute GPM with a gauge rated at 15 GPM 6 OUTLET HOSE Hose from the outlet side of the hydraulic tester to be connected the hydraulic circuit Higher capacity flow meters are also available from Optional Flow Tester various sources This particular one has 600 and 5000 PSI pressure gauges a 10 GPM flow meter and a temperature gauge Hydraulic Systems 35 Test Fitting Kit This fitting kit allows
28. t have a case drain hose we would use the same hook up and perform TEST B detailed next Hydraulic Systems Reservoir Relief Valve k 7 i Gear Pump amp 3g m Low pressure return flow mm High pressure TESTER HOOK UP NO 1 TEST B Motor Efficiency motor with no case drain Here we have put a stick into the cutting reel to prevent the reel motor from turning 37 If the specified flow and working pressure in TEST A is ok we can lock the motor to prevent rotation There should be no flow through the motor and this should be indicated by the flow meter If there is flow and it is above an acceptable level this indicates leakage through the motor 38 Hydraulic Systems Reservoir Gear Motor Gear Pump No bs 5 Low pressure return flow a High pressure TESTER HOOK UP NO 2 Pump Flow Test also known as Pump Efficiency Connect the tester in series between the pump outlet and control valve With the valve in the neutral off position we can measure the pump output to ensure that the working pressure and flow is adequate to drive the motor at the desired speed Use extreme caution when using this procedure there is no relief valve between the pump and the restrictor valve when tested in this manner Be absolutely sure the flow meter is open when starting the engine If the reading from Test Hook Up No 1 is below specification and for this test Hook Up 2 the reading is ok we can then s
29. tted line 90 degrees to the oil flow indicates a filter or a strainer A solid line 90 degrees to the oil flow with 2 triangles pointing out indicates a cooler The symbol for a heater is like that of a cooler except the triangles point inward Flow Controls The basic flow control is a representation of a restrictor If the restrictor is adjustable a slanted arrow will be drawn across the symbol Valve Enclosures When you see an enclosure outline that indicates that there are several symbols that make up a component assembly such as a valve body or valve stack The enclosure outline appears like a box and is broken with dashes on all sides 16 Hydraulic Systems Complete Hydraulic Schematic Here we have a simple hydraulic schematic using the symbols that we discussed and how they are used in a complete schematic You can see that we have a hydraulic pump which gets it s fluid from the reservoir pulls the fluid through the filter than sends it to the valve The valve directs the oil to the hydraulic cylinder Hydraulic Systems 17 b b HYDRAULIC MANIFOLD BLOCK Y a i bhasa A FRONT aoe LIET 2 a CYLINDER FLOW CONTRO Dist AH VALV aa FLOW CONTROL VALVE fee ee wees eed ipc e ty REAR LIFT a CYUNDER RH y TRANSMISSION Ol NPUT SHAFT CCW ROTATION FRONT LIFT CYLINDER REAR LIFT CEN CYLINDER LH STRAINER A IN TANK FRONT LIFT ye CYLINDER LH
30. uspect the relief valve or control valve as being the problem Hydraulic Systems 39 Case drain hose Gear Motor a Gear Pump e Sa mm Low pressure return flow a High pressure TESTER HOOK UP NO 3 Motor Efficiency motor with case drain With the control valve in the run position and the flow meter in series between the outlet side of the motor and the valve we can measure motor efficiency Disconnect the small diameter case drain hose Use the restrictor valve on the flow tester to restrict flow coming out of the motor then measure the flow coming out of the case drain hose into a graduated container Oil must be at operating temperature for a valid test Measure how much oil goes into the container for 15 seconds then multiply that result by 4 to get a flow measurement in Gallons per minute or Liters per minute Too high a flow indicates an inefficient worn or damaged motor 40 Notes Hydraulic Systems www iranfluidoower com
31. utral Position Piston Returns Swash Plate Input Shaft Slipper Piston Displaces Oil m Low pressure return flow gg High pressure The pump consists of the following components Piston group assembly This rotating piston group is mounted to the input shaft and is driven by the engine It consists of a piston block with numerous precision machined bores which house the pump pistons The small pump pistons consist of the piston and the piston slipper The slipper is usually a brass or aluminum component which is connected to the piston and moves the pistons when the pump is operating Swash plate The piston slippers pivot and slide against a hardened washer called a thrust washer The thrust washer is located in the swash plate The swash plate pivots on two support pins and controls the pump output As the operator moved the traction control pedal to increase travel speed the swash plate angle increases Piston Group Operation As the piston group spins the pistons are moved in and out of their bores and they pump oil As we saw in the previous slides the quantity of the oil being pumped is controlled by the angle of the swash plate As long as the swash plate is kept in the neutral position no oil will be pumped As the operator moves the traction control pedal the angle of the swash plate increases this in turn increases the piston travel As the piston travel increases the amount of oil pumped increases and the travel s
32. you to adapt the pressure TOR4079 gauges and flow meter to the hydraulic systems of various Toro equipment Toro Test Fitting Kit TOR4079 Fitting Too Number ur mae Measuring Cylinder This measuring cylinder is used to measure flow on TORAO77 very low flow circuits An example is measuring the flow from the case drain line of a hydraulic motor to test for motor efficiency 36 Hydraulic Systems Testing Examples Relief Valve 7 j Gear Pump I Low pressure return flow a High pressure TESTER HOOK UP NO 1 TEST A Flow to Motor It is best to perform hydraulic tests at the location where the work is being done In this example the complaint may be cutting unit running slowly With the control valve in the run position and the flow meter in series between the control valve and the motor we can put a load on the circuit by closing the restrictor valve until a specified pressure is reached lf this flow reading is low or the specified pressure cannot be reached it is likely the motor is ok and the problem is the pump or valve We would then perform a pump flow test which will be covered in HOOK up NO 2 shown on the following pages If the flow reading and working pressure is ok we should suspect the motor is worn or damaged If the motor has a case drain hose we would need to use a different hook up which will be covered in HOOK up NO 3 on the following pages If the motor does no
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