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1. cd Larval Pupel Egg Adult and slugs can be distinguished from one another because Slugs have shell and snails don t Slugs and snails feed mostly on insects Snails are a member of the mollusk group of animals slugs are not Snails have a shell and slugs don t ticks and spiders live on the ground and in ground in the water in organio debris All of the above 8 8 10 12 13 One of the organisms below has three body regions and six jointed legs ___ b Oe Sawflies Spider Mite Tick Ticks have a b d PA If you b 0 2 9 One of a b Cs d Sucking mouthparts Rasping mouthparts Chewing mouthparts Sponging mouthparts have trouble identifying an insect you should Apply a pesticide that is recommended for a similar pest Seek the help of an expert Ignore the problem as it will probably go away None of the above the following is not an insect relative Tioks Slugs Spiders Mites An insect changes its form when it develops from an egg to an adult change is called amp b ma Ge d Cyclical alteration Transmutation Metabolic growth Metamorphosis stage in which insects usually do the most damage 8 ___ b 0 de Pupa Larva or nymph Egg None of the above An insect s three body regio
2. The most important things to do before using a pesticide is to amp ___ 5 ____ Qe d Check and test all safety equipment Calibrate the spray equipment Read the pestioide label Clean the pesticide application equipment Active ingredients of pesticides may be called by different names a cunc D Qe d Common Chemical Trade Both a and b Using Exhibit 1 fill in the following The product name shown on this label is The common name for the active ingredient is o The chemical name e The pounds of active ingredients _____________ The name and address of the manufacturer are The ingredient statement on a label must oontain a wo mr De C The sarearrt OF inert ingredients The names of the inert ingredients The names of the active ingredient s and their percent a and above registration number on this label tells you The name of the factory that made the chemical That FDA has registered the product That EPA has registered the produot establishment number on a product The factory that made the produot That EPA has registered the product That the product can be legally sold 10 11 12 13 14 15 Match the following A CAUTION 1 Moderately toxic B WARNING 2 Highly toxic C DA
3. C DISCUSSION Here are some of the things you should know in order to choose the right pesticide and use it most effectively Pesticides are chemicals used to destroy prevent repel or control pests Seventeen of them are listed below They are used for the pests as indicated Insecticide Insects Miticide Mites Mites ticks and spiders Nematicide Nematodes Fungicide Fungi Bactericide Herbicide Plant Rodenticide Rodents Avicide Birds Piscicide Fish Molluscicide Mollusks such as slugs and snails Bacteria Predacide Vertebrate pests such as weasels foxes etc Repellent Keeps pests away Attractant Lures pest Plant growth regulator Stops speeds up or otherwise changes normal plant growth Defoliant Removes unwanted plant leaves without killing the whole plant immediately Desiccant Dries up plant leaves and stems and insects THE NATURE OF PESTICIDES Pesticides can be grouped according to their chemical nature and how they work Four groups of pesticides are reviewed in the following sections Chemical Nature Inorganic Pesticides These are made from minerals Minerals of past use are arsenic copper boron lead mercury sulfur tin and zinc Examples lead arsenate Bordeaux mixture and Paris green Synthetic Organic Pesticides These are often referred to as man made pesticides They contain carbon hydrogen and one or more other elements su
4. ____ b They bear live young c They are warm blooded d They have backbones Most pesticides are toxio only to the species being eontro led ____ True ____ b False One of the following is not a vertebrate animal ___ Bluegill fish b Coyote Rattlesnake Honey bee Co uu ds 4 The most fc ible control methods are those resulting in a Maximum effect on the problem speoies b Minimum reduction of none problem speoies Least negative impact on related natural systems d All of tbe above We should consider controlling wild animal when it poses a public health threat b causes serious economic losses becomes an unbearable nuisance d all of the above 8 Most fish problems have been caused by a Nature Birds carrying fish eggs __ People Many birds are protected by State and Federal laws and regulations a True ____ b False 11 8 10 Match the following a amo m o m i b d e T Avicide 1 Feeds on insects and animals Reptile 2 Place where an organism lives Habitat 3 Used to control birds Predator 4 Used for control of predator Predacide 5 Controls fish Piscicide 6 Snakes turtles and lizards When trying to identify a specific mammal that is causing damage you should know the animals that live in your area
5. a They are not as important as acute effects b Ve do not know how to study them c They are extremely difficult and expensive to perform People who work with pesticides have less information about the toxicity of the chemicals they work with than do workers in general industry a True b False The term LD 50 applies to both acute and chronic toxicity a True b False Thresholds are absolute values determined in animals that can be applied directly to man a True b False If a uo effect level of a chemical in food is determined to be 700 mg kg of food 700 ppm the amount permitted to be in human food would be no more than a 7 ppm b 1 ppm 100 ppm 2 2 d 700 pe Vue Chronie adverse effects of chemicals are a dose related b predictable c both a and b d only a e only b 2 27 The common connection among mutagenesis teratogenesis and carcinogenesis is 8 Cancer b Chemicals c Mutation Quite a few pesticides are known human carcinogens a True b False Only a small fraction of human cancers are due to exposure to environmental chemicals a True b False Few chemicals appear to cause cancer directly a True b False The existence of thresholds for carcinogens is a subject on which all soientists agree b A proven fact A subject that is much debate 2 28 N A chemical that is toxic under some conditions is not necessarily toxic under some
6. EPA TESTING The Environmental Proteotion Agency EPA regulates all industrial and environnental chemicals inoluding pesticides used in forestry The chemicals are given several kinds of tests One type of test is given for chronic toxicity Other tests are given to see if the chemioal may cause reproduction defects changes in genes cause cancer Chronic toxicity studies require long term or lifetime exposure of groups of animals to low levels of chemicals As with acute toxicity testing the lowest level of chemical exposure is one that will produce no detectable adverse effect in any of the 2 14 species The highest level of chemical exposure is one that will produce Significant adverse effects in some or animals all of the animals During the feeding period ard at the end of the experimert the animals are subjected to many examinations and tests NO EFFECT AND THRESHOLD EXPOSURES TO CHEMICALS There is no neat expression like the LD 50 for acute toxicity that can be applied to chronic toxicity Instead we use terms such as no effect level and threshold The no Effect level is that exposure level that produces no chronic effect in any of the test animals The units of the no effect level usually are parts of chemical per million parts of food water or air ppm The threshold is the turning point between no effect and effect levels Thresholds exist because our bodies can handle very small
7. They all attack a pest in the same way Examples include Sevin and carbofuran Furadan An individual who is certified to use or supervise the use of a restricted use pesticides covered by her his certification A scientific name forthe active ingredient in a pesticide that identifies the chemical its composition and or structure The adverse efeots from many many repeated exposures A simple name compared to the chemical name of a pesticide accepted by the Pesticide Regulation Division of EPA A pesticide with two or more brand names may have tho same common and chemical names Two or more pesticides are said to be compatible if they can be mixed and one does not affect the properties of the other To make impure or to pollute the addition of an unwanted material such as a pesticide where it is not wanted A substance that usually contains a strong acid or base which may burn the skin eyes and damage certain types of spray tanks and other equipment The spread of a pesticide over an area A plant that lives two or more years and loses its leaves during the winter A pesticide that causes the leaves of a plant to fall off without killing or immediately killing the plant Generally used to facilitate mechanical harvesting Compare to Desiccant The breakdown of a complex chemical into a less complex form this process can result from the action of microbes water air sunlight or other age
8. To check your answers refer to the glossary 1 g p m 2 8 1 3 Orifice g p a 5 Coverage 6 Swath 1 1 Ta Drift 8 Volatility 9 Inversion 10 Residual pesticide 11 Corrosive DRIFT Many factors affect the ability of a pesticide applicator to effectively place the pesticide on target with minimal movement of the spray or dry materials off target Drift is influenced by many factors of which the equipment and application methods are key factors Spray pressure nozzle and spray tip design and size directly influence drift Some of the other factors influencing drift are wind speed temperature humidity height of spray release volatility of the pesticide etc We would expect spray drift to increase as the size of the spray droplets decrease temperature increases wind speed increases and spray height increases APPLICATION EQUIPMENT The following sections discuss some of the things you should know when choosing using and oaring for application equipment Hand sprayers are used to apply pesticides for small jobs You can use them in areas where a power unit is not practical The advantages of hand sprayers include their low cost simple oonstruction and ease of use Hi P S vr These devices are often called hydraulic sprayers They are designed to deliver large volumes at a high pressure 50 psi They are generally used to spray fruits vegetables trees landsca
9. a b C A nozzle tip with a 82 degree angle of fan discharge A nozzle tip with a 63 degree angle of fan discharge delivering 0082 gallons nozzle tip with a 6 3 degree an le of fan discharge and delivering 82 gallons per minute d A nozzle tip with a 63 degree angle of fan discharge and delivering 0 082 gallons per minute 7 16 15 A nozzle with tip number 350150 a 150 degree angle of discharge b 35 degree angle of discharge and delivering 0 150 g p m 35 degree angle of discharge and delivering 15 g p m d 35 degree angle of discharge and delivering 1 5 g p m 16 mist blower produces lerge spray droplets so drift should not be of concern a True _____ b False 17 Which of the following will change pesticide application rates a Change sprayer pressure b Change in spray tip size c Change in applicator speed d All of the above 18 You ean double the output by a Cutting sprayer pressure in half _____ b Increasing sprayer pressure 2 times c Increasing sprayer pressure 4 times 19 A sprayer is calibrated to apply 15 gallons per acre gpa at a speed of Ho miles per hour What would be the application rate if the sprayer were slowed to 2 miles per hour a 7 5 gpa _____ b 30 gpa ____ 0 20 20 is calibrated apply 15 gallons per aore at pressure of 20 psi What 1s the pressure required to inorease th
10. a not be concerned for that is what it was designed to hold b wait until it has evaporated out then check for leaks c Remove the liquid and treat it as a pesticide then check the sump for possible leaks 19 An empty pesticide container that has held a liquid shall be a rinsed three times b rinsed two times rinsed one time 20 After exposure to an organophosate pesticide which affects the nervous system you would expect signs and symptoms to appear within _ 12 hours or less b 13 to 24 hours c 25 to 30 hours d 31 to 36 hours 21 Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides kill insects by Disrupting the growth hormone balance Disrupting chitin synthesis Inhibiting cholinesterase All of the above an 6 13 5 9 10 f b d a 6 14 11 a 12 b 13 c 18 15 a 16 b 17 b 18 19 a 20 gt 21 0 ATION INTRODUCTION The equipment you use is important to the success of any pest control job You must first select the right equipment Then you must use it correctly to suit your needs and take good care of it These rules apply whether you use hand earried tractor mounted or aircraft mounted equipment TERMS YOU NEED TO UNDERSTAND How well do you know some of the terms that are important in the use of pesticides Test your knowledge of them by writing down the definitions for the terms below
11. and orossbones symbol is used on all highly toxic materials along with the signal word DANGER and the word POISON Pay attention to the symbol on the label It is there to remind you of the contents Public laws require that all pesticide products meeting the criteria of Toxicity Category I shall bear on the front panel the signal word Danger In addition if the product was assigned to Toxicity Category I on the basis of its oral inhalation or dermal toxicity as distinct from skin and eye local effects the word Poison shall appear in red on a background of distinctly contrasting color and the skull and crossbones shall appear in immediate proximity to the word poison The Velpar L label is an example of a label that has DANGER on it but is not in Toxicity Category I Precautionary Statement Hazards to Humans and Domestic Animals This section of the label will tell you the ways in which the product may be dangerous to man and animals It will also indicate other special steps you should take to avoid injury such as the kind of protective equipment needed If the product is highly toxic this section will inform physicians of the proper treatment for possible injury Environmental Hazards Pesticides are useful tools However wrong or careless use can cause undesirable effects To help avoid these effects the label contains environmental precautions that you should read and follow Here are some e
12. gt Certification Training Applying Pesticides Correctly A Self Study Guide for USDA Forest Service Employees General Category Revised September 1985 Prepared by Max Williamson Regional Pesticide Specialist USDA Forest Service Forest Pest Management 1720 Peachtree Road NW Atlanta Georgia 30367 Phone 404 881 2229 FTS 257 2229 Alice Ottoboni Staff Toxicologist retired California Department of Health Services 5705 Hollis Street Emeryville California 94608 Paul A Mistretta supervisory Plant Pathologist USDA Forest Service Forest Pest Management 2500 Shreveport Highway Pinesville Louisiana 71360 William H Hoffard Entomologist USDA Forest Service Forest Pest Management 200 Weaver Boulevard Asheville North Carolina 28804 August 1985 Certification Training APPLYING PESTICIDES CORRECTLY INTRODUCTION This booklet was prepared for Forest Service employees in the Southern Region to provide information on pests and their management for persons wanting to become certified pesticide applicators This booklet will help toward that goal self study guide Safety Training for Forestry Herbicide Applicators should be studied before starting this training for a knowledge of the material in the applicator s handbook is required as a foundation for understanding the data in this booklet This is a self study guide that is a true false and multiple choice test follow
13. the kinds of places in which they live their habitat their signs such as tracks droppings toothmarks etc all of the above Increased predator control often leads to La toa a decreased rodent and rabbit problems 0 increased rodent and rabbit problems no affect on the rodent and rabbit problems 11 9 3 6 o 2 1 5 10 b 11 10 Many of tbe words defined here have additional meanings The definitions given here are related to pesticides pests and their control Absorption The process by which a pesticide is taken into a plant animal or the soil plant absorption is through the leaves stems or roots animals absorb through the skin mouth breathing organs stomach or intestines Compare this term to adsorption Acaricide A pesticide used to kill mites spiders and ticks Acute toxicity adverse effects from a one time exposure Adaptation The process whereby repeated exposures to small amounts of a chemical make the platn or animal tolerant of very much Adjuvant A substance added to a pesticide formulation or spray to make it work better Examples surfactant emulsifier penetrant spreader wetting agent drift agent Also called an additive Adsorption The process by which a material is held or bound to the surface of a soil particle or mineral Clay and highly organic soils have a tendency to adsorb pesticides Compare this term to
14. within 1 hour after you were exposed as soon as you complete the application immediately at your normal bathing time 5 Seleot the following signs and symptoms you would expect to be associated with organophosphate illness minc oit ERI b d e f blurred vision constriction of the pupil in the eye blisters secretions from mouth and nose flushed skin muscle twitohes 6 10 6 The signs and symptoms of most are similar to those of organophosphates but the injury can be corrected more easily by a physician 10 11 a organochlorines b fumigants c Pentachlorophenols d carbamates The best headgear to wear when applying pesticides is a Redman eap b Hard hat Cotton cap _____ d Summer straw hat Which of these materials would be good outerwear for pesticide work not involving concentrated highly toxic pesticides a Knit shirt ___ b Denim pants c Wool shirt d Cotton work clothes For most highly toxic pesticides gloves should be made from a neoprene rubber with ootton lining b cotton neoprene rubber without lining d any of the above To prevent a pesticide from getting into an applicator s gloves and boots shirt sleeves and trousers should be worn a outside each _____ b inside each either way The cartridge or canister on pesticide respirators should be changed as often
15. 20 Next determine how much pesticide to put into the tank to ads the correct rate of material Mere are two more facts you need to know How many gallons the noo wq i 2 pounds sprayer tank holds The amount of formulation to be used per acre or The amount of active ingredient per gallon of formulation and the amount of active ingredient to be applied per acre Example Ha _ The spray tank holds 200 gallons and you wish to apply 1 gallon of formulated product on each acre You have already determined that the sprayer applies 20 gallons per acre First find the number of aores one tank will spray Divide 200 gallons capacity of tank by 20 gallons per acre 20 gallons per acre 10 acres per tank Then find the total amount of formulated produot to be added to the tank by multiplying 1 gallon per acre times 10 acres per tank 10 gallons Example 1b Let s suppose the formulated product contains pounds active ingredient per gallon and you want to apply 2 pounds of uctive ingredient per acre Again a tankful covers 10 acres First determine how much formulated product is in 1 quart We know there de Y pounds of active ingredient in 1 gallon and 4 quarts in 1 gallon therefore there are Y pounds in Y quarts so there is 1 pound in each 1 gallon 4 quarts 1 quart 2 quarts 117 Because you want to apply 2 pounds of 72 MW6tive ingredi
16. But most species feed on or in the roots Nematodes usually do not kill plants but reduce growth and plant health They may weaken the plant and make it susceptible to other disease agents 9 4 All nematodes that are parasites on plants have a hollow feeding stylet specialized mouthparts They use it to puncture plant cell walls and feed on the cell contents Nematodes may develop and feed either inside or outside a plant Development of Plant Diseases A parasitic disease depends on the life cycle of the parasite The environment greatly affects this cycle Temperature and moisture are especially important They affect the activity of the parasite the ease with which a plant becomes diseased and the way the disease develops The disease process starts when the parasite arrives at a part of a plant where an infection can occur This step is called inoculation If environmental conditions are good the parasite will begin to develop This stage where the pathogen is aotive but the host is as yet unaffected is called incubation invasion is the process of attacking and penetrating living host material Infection occurs when a food based relationship is established between the host and pathogen Disease begins when the host responds adversely to infection The three main responses of a host to diseases are overdevelopment of tissue resulting in galls swellings or leaf curls underde
17. Use of tillage implements to mix the pesticide with the soil Soil injection Applied beneath the soil surface Accuracy Is Important The rate and time of application of pesticides are critical Pesticides work best when applied at specific times Using them before or after the correct time reduces or even eliminates their effectiveness Correct timing may help reduce damage to nontarget Species Because all these chemicals work in small amounts be careful to treat only the intended target and at the prescribed rate Avoid getting them on anything else as a result of drift or of residue in application equipment or the soil FACTORS AFFECTING PESTICIDE ACTIVITY 5031 Moisture and Rain Organic matter in soils may limit some pesticide activity Soils with a high organic matter content may need higher rates for good control The soil texture may also affect the way pesticides work Soils with fine particles silts and clays provide the most surface area They may need higher rates especially for the soil applied pesticide Coarser soils sands have less surface area Use lower rates on them Follow the label instructions Soil moisture and rain affect the way some pesticides work especially those applied to the soils soil active They also affect how long pesticides stay on the soil and plants Most pesticides work best with moderate soil moisture Excess rain can cause some soluble pesticides to leach more th
18. absorption Allelopathy The direct or indirect effect of one plant on another through the production of chemicals that affect the growth of the other plant Antagonism Two or more things acting together so that the effect is less than the sum of the individual effects Avicide A pesticide used to control pest birds Usually designed to only repel birds not kill Benign tumor harmless growth Bivaccumulation The storage of a chemical in some storage depot in the body e g body fat bone Biochemical A chemical that can be used by a living organism Bioconeentration The process in which a pesticide becomes concentrated in plants or animals The chemical inoreases in concentration at each succeeding link in the food chain Cancelled pesticide or use that is no longer registered as a legal use by the Environmental Protection Agency Remaining stooks can be used by order of the Administration EPA G 1 Carcinogen Carcinogenesis Carbamate Certified applicator Chemical name Chronic toxicity Common name Compatible Contaminate Corrosive Coverage Deciduous plant Defoliant Degradation Desiccant Er E erp ce ote es CUN ge orte A eR Ma ee a An agent that causes cancer To give rise to cancers A family of pesticides which are chemically similar
19. agrioulture and right of way work Helicopters Helicopter application costs are usually more than for airplanes However helicopters offer certain advantages They can operate without an airport are less affected by weather conditions offer less drift potential high accuracy in the placement of the chemical and work much faster than ground methods SPRAYER PARTS Tanks Tanks should have large openings for easy filling and cleaning The tank should be made of corrosion resistant material such as stainless steel or glass reinforced plastic The tank should have a good drain The outlets should be sized to the pump capacity All tanks should have a gauge to show the liquid level Flush out the tank pump lines and nozzles after each day s use and after each separate pesticide use If switching to another pesticide where contamination must be prevented wash out the tank with detergent and water two or three times and then flush with water Some herbicides such as 2 4 D are hard to remove After using them follow the speoial cleaning procedures noted on the pesticide label Spray tanks should be equipped with agitation mechanisms By pass agitation is usually sufficient for solutions soluable powders and emulsifiable concentrates For invert emulsions mechanical agitation is required Jet or mechanical agitation is needed for wettable powers Pumps The pump is the heart of a spraying Unit Pumps should resi
20. amp fines b jail terms 0 both a and b Match the following a DOT 1 The amount of pesticide residue b BPA allowed on farm products and 24 0 considered safe 6 tolerance 2 Seta residue tolerances ____ 6 USDA 3 Special local needs registrations ____ f FDA 4 Used when an emergency pest E Emergency exemption situation arises for which no from registration pesticide is registered h FAA 5 Monitors food and feed for pestioide RR RA tolerance violations 0 6 Monitors pesticide tolerances in animals and animal products 7 Regulates shipment of pesticides 8 Regulates aerial application It is Forest Service polioy that peaticides be used as directed on the label Lo True ___ b False 10 11 Training and testing for certification may be conducted by ____ State agencies b Federal agencies o Both of these M a u AAA USDA Forest Service employees who apply restricted use pesticides as part of their job are considered a private applicators b commercial applicators __ 0 noncommercial applicators Forest Service policy on the use of pesticides is in Forest Service Manual a 3450 b 1950 2150 A record of the application of restricted use pesticides shall be maintained for a one year b two years ___ three years The direct applicaiton of a pesticide to water is to be approved by a Regional For
21. back and becoming dormant in the fall and producing new growth in the spring They are generally classified as emergent emersed most of the plant extends above the water surface Examples are cattails bulrushes arrowheads and reeds floating all or part of the plant floats on the surface Examples are waterlilies duckweeds waterlettuce and waterhyacinth submergent submersed all of the plant grows beneath the water surface Examples are watermilfoil elodea naiads pondweeds and coontails Emergent and floating plants like some land plants have a thick outer layer on their leaves and stems which hinders herbicide absorption Submergent planta have a very bhin outer layer on their leaves and stems and so are very susceptible to herbicides lgae Algae are aquatic plants without true stems leaves or vascular systems For control purposes they may be classified as plankton algae microscopic plants floating in the water Many multiply rapidly and cause blooms in which the surface water appears soupy green brown or reddish brown filamentous algae long thin strands of plant growth that form floating mats or ong strings extending from rocks bottom sediment or other underwater surfaces a macroscopic freshwater algae large algae that look like vascular aquatic plants Many are attached to the bottom and grow up to 2 feet tall however they have no Lrue roots ste
22. bard liquor Thus anyone who drinks cocktails regularly will get a lethal dose of 2 21 To check your answers refer to alcohol with every thirteenth 2 ounce highball or martini For people with neither of these vices there are many many potentially harmful chemicals that occur naturally in our foods the course of a lifetime we eat or drink many lethal doses of many chemicals There is no way we can avoid these exposures However they do us no harm because we do not receive all these exposures in one dose Not only do small amounts of most chenicals do us no harm very tiny amounts may actually be beneficial The scientist who first wrote about this revolutionary notion Dr Henry Smyth called the concept Sufficient Challenge Dr Smyth put into writing What toxicologists have noted in their research the very smallest doses of foreign chemicals fed to animals often produced healthier longer lived animals than the control animals The tiny dose stimulated the body s defense mechanisms In turn the body became stronger The concept of sufficient challenge should not encourage anyone to be careless with chemicals However as Dr Smyth stated general recognition of this concept would do much to alleviate the emotional revulsion which the thought of chemicals in daily life so often evokes TRANS SCIENCE Some people expect science to find answers to all questions that can be asked Unfortunately this
23. for the terms below To check your answers refer to the glossary 1 Label 2 Signal Words 3 Trade Name 4 Common Name Chemical Name 6 Volatility 7 Low Volatile pesticide C DISCUSSION Each time you buy a pesticide you also receive instructions to tell you how to use it Those instructions are the labeling What is labeling What is a label These words seem alike but they do not mean the same thing Labeling is all the information that you receive from the company or its agent about the product Labeling includes such things as The label on the product Brochures Flyers and Other information handed out by the suppliers The label is the information printed on or attached to the container of pesticides This label does many things To the manufacturer the label is a license to sell To the State or Federal Government the label is a way to control the distribution storage sale use and disposal of the product To the buyer or user the label is a main source of faots on how to use the product correctly and legally The label is a way to tell users about special safety measures needed Some labels are easy to understand Others are complicated But al labels will tell you how to use the product correctly The section below will explain most of the items that must be on a label PARTS OF THE LABEL Brand Name Trade name Each company has brand
24. fumigant Soil incorporation This method is used to apply low volatity fumigants The fumigant usually is sprayed onto the soil surface The area is immediately cultivated usually to a depth of 5 inches or less Highly volatile fumigants These chemicals remain as liquids only when placed under pressure Effective application of highly volatile fumigants depends on tightly sealing the soil with tarps plastic film or similar covers There are two major methods of using vapor proof tarps Tarp supported off the ground and sealed around the edges a fumigant is put under the tarp Tarp applied to the soil by the injection chisel applicator immediately after the fumigant is injected Highly volatile fumigants must be handled in closed pressurized containers or tanks and extreme care must be taken during application to ensure safety for the workers SEED TREATERS seed treaters are used to coat seeds with a pesticide The three basic types of commercial seed treaters are 1 Dust treaters e Slurry treaters 3 Liquid treaters CALIBRATION Calibration is the process of measuring and adjusting your equipment to apply tbe desired rate of pesticide Proper culibration iz necessary but too often is neglected or done in haste If too much pesticide is applied the labeled amount may be exceeded The result is excessive costs illegal residues possible danger to the workers and the environment and lawsui
25. groups of chemicals has only become evident in recent years Therefore much of the early data on cancer causing chemicals does not reveal the group in which a chemical belongs true carcinogen procarcinogin or cocarcinogen CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS SAFE LEVELS Safe levels are probably one of the most debated subjects among the experts Many toxicologists consider that the cancer causing ability of a chemical is one aspect of its toxicity and not some special effect that is separate and apart from its toxicity Thus they accept the idea of thresholds for cancerous effects just as there are thresholds for toxic effects Other scientists maintain that there are no thresholds for cancerous effects of chemicals and that one molecule of a carcinogen could start a cancer No 2 20 experimental methods are available to prove or disprove absolutely either claim Despite the controversy about safe levels of exposure to carcinogens no one argues with the fact that there are practical thresholds for carcinogens The incicence of cancer caused by chemical is dose related For example the exposure may be so small as to reduce the incidence to one person in a trillion In that case what practioal significance would that exposure have in a world with a population of less than a trillion The length of time needed for a cancer to develop after exposure the induction period is also dose related For example the ex
26. have been traditionally used but such traps are nonselective and often injure nontarget animals Traps which by design or location quickly kill only target pests are more desirable Traps should always be checked daily Barriers Barriers are designed to prevent pests from passing through Examples include fences screens and other barriers that cover openings stop tunneling and prevent gnawing Materials used are sheet metal hardware cloth concrete expanded netal etc This approach is often effeotive in oontrel of rodents bats and birds in structures Gunning Shooting Gunning though selective is expensive and time consuming It works best in combination with other methods Gunning will often take larger predators not controlled by traps or toxic devices Attractants Techniques such as light and sound are used to attract pests to a trap Predatur calling is sometimes a part of gunning efforts against larger predators Repellents These materials include a variety of devices designed to keep pests from doing damage Automatic exploders noise makers recordings of scare calls moving objects and lights are some of the repellents used Another category of repellants is the nontoxic chemicals These produce an undesirable taste odor feel or smell These may be applied to forest seedlings and other crops to poorest from vertebrate pests 11 5 Us e peraits S tat Removing sources o
27. is not possible In the words of Dr Alvin Weinberg I propose the term trans scientific for some questions since although they can be stated in the language of science they are unanswerable by science they transcend science For example one may ask will chronic exposure to small amounts of some foreign chemical be harmful to me The answer cannot be given with a definite yes or no The fact that toxicology cannot provide absolute answers to such questions should not be cause for alarm Toxicologists judge the possibilities and probabilities of harm resulting from exposure to chemicals These judgments combined with suitable margins of safety have been proven to protect our health BIOACCUMULATION The idea that we store foreign chemicals in our bodies and accumulate them indefinitely upon every exposure to them is very frightening and totally false Our bodies are not inert objects like stones They function in a state called dynamic equilibrium This state be likened to a of marble from which some marbles are constantly being removed while at the same time an 2 22 equal rumber of marbles are being added There is no change in the total number of marbles but the marbles present in the box at any one time may not be the same ones that were present earlier or that will be present later So it is with our bodies Atoms and molecules constantly move in and out of the cells and
28. names or trade names for its products The brand or trade name is the one used in advertisements The brand name shows up plainly on the front panel of the label It is the most identifiable name for the product Common Names Chemioal Names Many pestioides have complex chemical names Some pesticides have been given another name to make them easier to identify These are called common names For instance carbaryl is the common name for 1 naphthyl N methylcarbamate chemical name The same pesticide may be formulated or distributed by more than one company and sold under several brand names The same common or chemical name appearing on all of then Tyne of Formulation Different types of pesticide formulations such as liquids wettable powders and dusts require different methods of handling The label will tell you what type of formulation the package contains The same pesticide may be available in more that one formulatien Inaredient Statement Every pesticide label must list what is in the product The amount of each active ingredient is given as a percentage by weight or as pounds per gallon of concentrate The active ingredient can be listed by either its chemical name or its eommon name The inert ingredients need net be named but the label must show their pereent ef the contents _Santanta The net eentents number tells yeu how much is in the oentainer This ean be expressed in gallens quarts
29. those above Remember the higher the number the more chemical required to injure or kill the victim The lower the number the less chemical required to injure or kill 2 11 Although a chemical may be legally nontoxic it could be harmful under some conditions Treat all chemicals with care Remember we do not know the LD 50 or LC 50 of any chemical for humans These values are based on data from tests on animals Obviously such experiments may not be performed on humans Instead average lethal doses ALD for humans are estimated from data on animals and human experience The smallest LD 50 obtained by animal tests is multiplied by the weight of the human in kilograms kg A chemical with an oral LD 50 of 10 mg kg would be caleulated to have an oral ALD of 100 mg for a 10 kg 22 pound child and 700 mg for a 70 kg 154 pound adult Although ALDs are of some value in estimating actual toxicity in humans our real interest is in what might be an LD 0 total dose for no people for humans We do not want to permit exposures that will kill any humans much less half of them Fortunately in almost all cases of mild acute poisoning and even in many cases of severe poisoning if the person survives the first 24 to 48 hours recovery is complete and health restored INTRODUCTION Chronic toxicity is the ability of a chemical to harm to a person plant or animal upon repeated exposure These exposures take pl
30. when the temperature decreases with elevation During an inversion the air does not rise or rises very slowly from the earth s surface The water is dispersed in the oil rather than the oil in the water Example is salad dressing A unit of weight in the metric system equal to about 2 2 pounds 1 kg equals 1 000 000 mgs Printed technical information about a pesticide that is attached to or printed on the pesticide container A young growing insect in the stage of its life that starts when it hatches from an egg and ends when it develops into a pupa In this early stage the immature insect is wormlike or grublike and usually does not look like an adult Many insects cause most or all of their damage as larvae An expression of acute inhalation toxicity It means lethal dose for 50 percent of animals tested An expression of acute oral and dermal toxicity It means lethal dose for 50 percent of animals tested The movement of a substance downward or out of the soil as the result of water movement C 4 Liter Low volatile pesticide Malignant tumor Mammals Metamorphosis Meter Milligram mg Miticide Molluscicide Mutagen Mutagenesis Natural chemcial Nematicide Neoprene No offect level Nymph One hundred fold margin of safety Organic A unit of volume in the metric system equal to a little more than one quart A pesticide that does n
31. writing down the definitions for the terms below To check your answers refer to the glossary 1 Larva 2 Pupa 3 Nymph 4 Metamorphosis lnsectieldo 3 Acaricide Miticide Molluscicide Threshold C DISCUSSION INSECTS THORAX Insects thrive in more environments than any other group of animals They live on the earth s surface within the soil and in water They survive in deserts rain forests hot springs snow fields and dark caves Many types of insects affect crops They cause damage in a variety of ways They may feed on leaves tunnel or bore in stems feed on and tunnel in roots feed on and in seeds and nuts Suck the sap from leaves stems roots fruits and flowers and Garry plant disease agents Ihe plants can be damaged weakened or killed This causes reduced yields and lowered quality Even after harvest insects may continue their damage in the stored or processed products Insects also feed on and in man and other animals Some of these pests spread diseases which have killed millions of people and animals Not all insects are pests Some help us by doing such things as pollinating plants or feeding on other insects that are pests Common Features of Insects Insects have two things in common they have Six jointed legs and three body regions head thorax and abdomen How can you tell one insect from another The most i
32. 8 Pesticides also may reach water indirectly This happens because of erosion runoff and leaching Benefits of Careful Use Pesticides can help the environment when used correctly Most importantly they can help produce better quality and higher yields of food fiber and timber Weigh carefully the advantages and disadvantages of each pesticide use Choose the pesticide that will do the least damage while giving good control Plan each part of the job carefully from beginning to end SAFE USE PRECAUTIONS Read study and complete the Forest Service Self Study Guide for Safety Training of on the ground Herbicide Applicators Read the sections on Labelling and Registration Mixing and Applying Transportation Storage and Spills SELF TEST AND ANSWERS LESSON _6_ SELF TEST 1 A pesticide applicator has a chance of getting more of most pesticides into his her body through a b Skin Mouth Nose 2 Restricted use pesticides require a General applicators b Applicators who have 10 hours of pesticide training Certified applicators 3 If someone is taken to a physician because of possible injury by a pesticide the pesticide label should accompany her him a true b false __ doesn t matter 4 If you spill a concentrated pesticide on your skin you should wash the exposed a b d area with soap and water
33. Every pesticide that is bought sold or used in the United States must by law be registered by EPA EPA approves not only the product itself but also each separate use for which the product is intended as well as the product label You are responsible for applying only those pesticides that are registered You may encounter three major types of registration Federal registration Special local needs registration emergency exemptions from registration are the most familiar Most pesticide uses are Look for the official EPA registration number which must appear on the label to be sure you are buying an approved product registered this way known as SLN or 24 c registrations are becoming more common They allow a State under some oonditions to register additional uses for a Federally registered pestioide These registrations often inolude additional applioation sites or pests as well as alternate control techniques beyond those listed on the Federaly registered label The manufacturer must provide supplemental labeling for each 24 c registration Users must have a copy of the 24 c label in their possession in order to legally apply the pesticide for the purpose shown on that label These registrations are legal only in the State or local area specified in the labeling are used when an emergenoy pest situation arises for which no pesticide is registered If both Federal and 24 0 regist
34. Minnesota 55888 EPA EST NO 00475 EPA REGISTRATION NO 1357 42 NET CONTENTS ONE GALLON DIRECTIONS FOR USE CONTINUED ALFALFA Weevil Laras Egyptian Alfelfa Weevil Larvae Pes Aphid and in New York stete tor Snout Beste comrol Appi the emount of De Pesto indicated in the chart when feeding is noticed or when insects appear Aduk Apply 1 2 pints par acre when insects appear Lygus Bugs 2 pine per acre prior to bloom Observe the indicated number of days after ap plication before cutting or grazing Do not apply more than once per mason Apply oniy to fields plented to pure stands of Alfalfa Pints of Do Not Cut De Paseo or Graze Per Acre Within 7 days 1 14 days 2 28 days REO CLOVER sedi kj asdf 7 ned ikj asdf ikj awf ikj asdf 71k sxi asdf asdf kj aed aif Pikj 710 2804 amd ikj asdf 7ikj asdf ikj asdf ik aed asdf exif kj wtf aed asdf Pikj asdf 7ikj asdf aso andf ikj Ikj asdf 71k asd MINIMUM GALLONAGE REQUIRE MENT Ten gations of finished per acre with ground equipment two per acre with aircraft FIELD CORN Corn Rootworms Use 1 pints of De per 13 000 lin ear fest 1 acre wah 40 inch spacing Apoty at planting as 7 inch band Owar the row or inject on sach ade of the row by mixing with water or tiq uid fertiliz
35. NGER 3 Low order of toxicity Every pesticide label must contain the word s amp CAUTION __ b DANGER POISON o KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN d WARNING eg A label may have DANGER printed on it without the skull and crossbones and have a low order of toxioity a True b False According to Exhibit 1 DEPESTO has which order of toxicity 8 Low ____ b Moderate High Assume that you or someone you re working with is suspected of having been injured by a pesticide The first source of information and instruotions for first aid should come from 8 county agent _____ b The pesticide label ____ A reference book on poisons _____ d The looal pesticide dealer For everyone s safety and to keep in line with regulations you should handle pesticides ____ As instructed by your salesperson at the time of purchase b In the same way your friend or co worker does _____ In the same way that has always worked for you 222 4 According to the labeling restrioted use pestioide oan only be legally used by ___ a A certified applicator or someone he she is supervising _____ b A professional pest control operator Either of the above The most important information you can give a physician when a person is suspected of having been injured by a pestioide is a How long the person has been exposed b What first aid you have applied o The label and the safety data shee
36. _____ b Sprays _____ Flowables 4 8 10 amp Match the following a Baits b Dusts c Granules eee d Soluble powders e Wettable powders f Surfactant 8 Synergistic 2 3 5 6 7 Dry formulation that dissolves in water Forms a suspension in water Attracts pests Coarse particles Fine powders applied dry When two pesticides are mixed together their activity is greater than the sum of the two Aids in mixing oil and water Most dust and granular formulations are to be mixed with water prior to application a True _____ b False 4 9 9a 3 5 5 o Y d 1 e 2 Tet 6 10 4 10 A INTRODUCTION Without pesticides we would not have the food fiber and the quality of life we have come to expect Because pesticides oan be dangerous if used improperly Congress has passed laws affecting pesticide use These laws try to balance the need for pesticides against the need to protect people and the environment from their misuse You as a Forest Service employee need to be familiar with these laws and regulations as well as Forest Service policy regarding pesticide use TERMS YOU NEED TO UNDERSTAND How well do you know some of the terms that are important in the use of pesticides Test your knowledge of them by writing down the definitions for the terms below To check your answers refer to the glossary 1 Restricted use Pesticid
37. ace over long periods perhaps even a lifetime As with acute toxicity the victim is harmed at a place other than the point of contact TERMS YOU NEED TO UNDERSTAND How well do you know some of the terms that are important in the understanding and use of pesticides Test your knowledge of them by writing down the definitions for the terms below To check your answers refer to the glossary 1 No effect Level 2 Threshold 3 100 14 Margin of Safety 2 13 Very little is known about the chronic toxicity of most of the chemicals we work with except for those that somehow get into our foods Tests on chronic toxicity take amp long time and are expensive FDA TESTING The Food and Drug Administration FDA requires testing of chemicals that may come in contact with foods These chemicals must be given extensive tests for chronic oral toxicity Three main groups of chemicals are involved First are the additives food colorings preservatives emulsifiers etc The second group consists of the pesticides The third group involves chemicals that are not intended to be in contact with food but which might get on some food For example the oil in machines used to handle foods might get on some of the food Such oils would be subject to testing for chronic oral toxicity Because of these tests those of use who use pesticides in our work know more about their safety than do industrial workers who handle chemicals
38. al chronic inhalation or chronic dermal toxicity Every chemical has six kinds of toxicity SPECIES A great deal is known about how toxicity varies with the kind of animal exposed Most of this information comes from experiments on animals All kinds of animals have been used in toxicity experiments rats mice hamsters guinea pigs rabbits dogs cats chickens miniature pigs monkeys ete The list of chemicals that have different toxicities for different species is very long And the ranking of species for their susceptibility to chemicals varies with chemicals There is no one species for which all chemicals are most toxic second most toxic and so forth down to least toxic If there were chemicals could be tested more easily Humans would then always fit at the same points in the list Tests would Involve only one animal species that was more susceptible than humans to the toxic effects of chemicals Instead we must study each chemical in different species to obtain data that can be translated to humans In the translation we always assume that humans are more susceptible than animals which is not generally true AGE Animal tests and our experience shows us that some chemicals are more toxic to infants than to adults Conversely some chemicals are less toxio to infants than to adults These differences probably result from the way the liver processes chemicals Babies have immature livers A baby s liver
39. and man made chemicals are bad However plants and animals are not harmed or helped on the basis of the chemical s origin nature or the laboratory The laws and principles of toxicology and pharmacology apply equally to all chemicals whether they are natural or synthetic biochemical or foreign They USAGE OF CHEMICALS THE BASIS OF REGULATION Under our laws chemicals are categorized by use not their toxicity Chemicals associated with foods are regulated by food laws chemicals used as drugs by drug laws chemicals used as cosmetics by cosmetic laws etc For example boric acid is regulated as a drug when used as an antiseptic eye wash as a household product when used in laundry detergents as an insecticide when used to kill roaches as a herbicide when used to kill weeds and as a flame retardart when used to fireproof fabrics The toxicity of a chemical is totally independent of the category in which it is placed Most of these chemicals evoke a positive feeling about their use because they enhance soothe clean or serve another nondestructive purpose In contrast chemicals used as pesticides are more likely to be feared by the public Fear probably arises because these chemicals are used to kill their target insects rodents weeds etc Moreover the news media give a tremendous amount of attention to the and misuse of pesticides Some people mistakenly believe that all pesticices a
40. as the manufacturer recommends or when the applicator smells the chemical a True ___ b False 6 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 When applying a pesticide in an area where oxygen is low or where fumigants are used which of these devices can best protect the wearer Cartridge Respirator a b The respirator you use should be approved for that pesticide by a MESA b NIOSH c either or both of these agencies Respirators should be fitted so that a fresh air leaks in around the mask so the face shield will not fog up b a finger can fit between the face and the edge of the mask to indicate 1t 1s not too tight there is a tight seal between the mask and the face If you have any cuts and skin abrasions protect them during application or do not apply pesticides __ true b false should be of no concern Pesticides should not be transported inside open truck beds or open trailers ____ b passenger vehicles c either a or b If an employee spills a large amount of a pesticide on himself you should Immediately rush the person to physician Immediately remove the contaminated olothing and wash off the pesticide begin flushing out the eyes take the person to the physician Not be concerned Lr pa 6 12 18 If the sump inside a pesticide storage building contains a liquid you should
41. ating or smoking because a clean hands look better than dirty ones b we might inhale any dirt that may be on them c we might contaminate our food or cigarettes The poorest barrier to the entry of chemicals into the body 15 offered by ____ the intestines b the lungs C the skin Every chemical has kind s of acute toxicity two b three C four d six When two chemicals tn combination are more harmful than the sum of the individual toxicities the effect 15 known as a a additive b synergism antagonism 2 25 Toxic chemicals cause damage at the point where they touch the body whereas corrosive chemicals do damage at a site removed from the point of contact a True b False Chronic toxicity is much easier to study in the laboratory than is acute toxicity a True b False An oral LD 50 tells us something about how toxic a chemical is when inhaled b absorbed by the skin c taken in food or drink The greater the LD 50 the greater the acute toxicity a True b False A chemical with an oral LD 50 of 20 ng kg would probably have an average lethal dose for a 100 kg man of a 20 mg b 200 mg c 2 000 mg d 20 000 mg If a person suffers a mild accidental poisoning the chances are that he will never fully recover a True b False 2 26 We know less about adverse effects of chemicals than we do about acute effects because
42. ay other than as directed on the label can injure plants and animals leave illegal residues and damage the environment in many other ways Pesticides can cause harm if not chosen and used with care Here are some ways damage can occur Direct Kill of NonTarget Organisms Do not let a pesticide contact anything except the target area Drift from herbicides can kill nearby crops and landscape plants You may kil bees and other pollinators with insecticides if you treat a crop while they are working in a field you could kill parasites and predators that help control harmful insects 6 7 Ate Ae a ims Runoff from sprayed fields especially those treated with inseoticides can kill fish n a nearby stream or pond Life in streams can be harmed by careless tank filling draining and improper container disposal In addition to harming the environment these misuses can result in lawsuits fines and loss of certification If more than one pesticide will control your target pest choose the one that is the least hazardous to the environment and most useful for your situation Persistence Not all pesticides act the same after you apply them Most are in one of these two groups Pesticides that break down quickly remain on the target or in the environment only a short time before being changed into harmless products Pesticides that break down slowly may stay in the e
43. ber or plastic hoses that have a burst strength greater that the peak operating pressures of the pumping system being used The hose must be able to resist damage from solvents present in pesticides Suction hoses must resist collapse they should be larger than pressure hoses Replace hoses at the first sign of wear Hose Pressure Regulators The pressure regulator should have a working range that is about the same as the range of pressure you plan to use Pressure Gauge These gauges serve as the pressure monitor for the spraying job They must be accurate and should be designed to funetion over only the range needed for your work Check frequently for accuracy nasi Pressure Gage NOZZLES Types of Nozzles The nozzle is one of the most important parts of a sprayer The nozzle helps control the rate droplet size uniformity coverage and safety of the pesticide application Nozzle performance is the key to effective and efficient performance of the entire Sprayer system Eight kinds of nozvles are discussed in the following sections 2 ni q gt b gt 7 Iw Ew These nozzles are used in handguns to spray a distant target They are also used to treat cracks and orevioes in buildings Other uses include thinline basal application and soil active herbicide spot application Flat Fan There are three types of flat fan nozzles The regular flat fan nozzle
44. cannot detoxify the chemical efficiently or at all For example if the adult liver converts a chemical to a less toxic form then this chemical would be more toxic to infants because the immature baby Jiver cannot make the chemical less toxic The opposite would be true if the adult liver converted the chemical to a more toxic form We know little about the effect of age on toxicity of chemicals Therefore we always assume that infants and the elderly are more susceptible than most adults to the adverse effects of chemicals SEX Animal tests show that some chemicals have different toxicities for males and females Some chemicals are more toxic to males and some are more toxic to females We know almost nothing about whether this difference occurs in humans NUTRITION Research indicates that nutrition plays an important role in whether or not chemicals will be harmful A diet adequate in proteins and vitamins protects against the harmful effects of some chemicals STATE OF HEALTH As with nutrition physical and emotional good health appear to protect us either directly or indirectly against the harmful effects of chemicals However we need more research on this subject At this time one s state of health has little practical application in the field of toxicclogy INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY Some studies show that certain inherited traits affect one s response to chemicals For example a person may suffer mo
45. ch as chlorine phosphorus and nitrogen Examples 2 4 D atrazine captan parathion and malathion Plant Derived Organic Pesticides This eategory of chemicals is extracted or derived from plants or plant parts Examples rotenone red squill pyrethrins strychnine and nicotine These include bacteria fungi animals and birds None of these are manufactured They are organisms that can be manipulated HOW PESTICIDES WORK Pesticides can also be grouped according to what they do Read the label to find out what each pesticide will do The major groups are Protectants Applied to plants animals structures and products to prevent entry or damage by a pest Make pests unable to Pest Sterilants produce offspring Contacts Kill pests by contact Systemics Substance circulated in an animal s blood system or translocated within a plant Translocated herbicides Kill plants when absorbed by leaves stems or roots they move throughout the plant Fumigants Gases that kill when they are inhaled or otherwise absorbed by the pest Anticoagulants Prevent normal clotting of blood Selective More toxic to some kinds of plants or animals than to others Nonselective Toxic to most plants or animals Pheromones Affect pests by changing their behavior Stomach toxicant Kills when eaten or swallowed USING PESTICIDES Pesticide labels contain many terms that describe when and how to us
46. chronic exposures of some potentially harmful chemicals The body may eliminate the chemicals or convert them to a less harmful form before any harm occurs As the exposure increases the body s ability to handle the chemicals becomes overwhelmed Adverse effects then begin to appear Finally at high enough concentration severe illness or death occurs The threshold concept shows the potential harm or safety of our exposure to trace amounts of industrial or environmental chemicals If there were no thresholds levels below which chemicals would not be harmful we could not tell what risks if any we faced when we used a chemical Despite the importance of the threshold concept thresholds are not absolute values They vary from species to and even among individuals within a species Even though this is true we may still use thresholds with a fair of confidence Dose Response Curve mew ly No effect Range of increasing effect with increasing dose effect range Increasing Dose MARGIN OF SAFETY Does a chronic toxicity test on an animal have the same results on a human Rather than take a chance we provide a 100 fold margin of safety This margin assumes that we are 10 times more sensitive than animals to the chemical in question For further safety young old and ill people are 2 15 assumed to be 10 times more sensitive healthy adults Thus i
47. der bites are dangerous to humans SNALLS AND SLUGS Common Features Snails have a hard shell slugs have no shell Snails and slugs have rasping mouthparts Snails and slugs are members of a large group of animals called mollusks They are among the most familiar invertebrate animals They live in a large variety of habitats They have invaded marine water fresh water and land habitats They serve as food for many other animals including humans Some land snails and slugs do extensive damage to crops and ornamental plants Slugs attack both the aerial and underground portions of plants They are pests in lawns landscape plantings and greenhouses SELF TEST AND ANSWERS 1 2 4 LESION 8 Self Test Adult mites ticks and spiders have 5 bu Ce Oe Three pair of wings Four body regions Eight jointed legs None of the above Insects differ from other animals in the following characteristic n CP b 8 Sucking chewing or biting mouthparts Six jointed legs Two body sections Two wings The more important common features to look at when identifying an insect are the _ A b 0 d Legs and antennae Coloration and mouthparts Antennae and size Wings and outward mouthparts Insects grow the most during which stage of their life cycle b Co d Snails _ 8 e 7 gt ___ d Mites aus 8
48. des of different acidity or alkalinity Drift retardants thickeners reduce drift by increasing the droplet size They can also help reduce foaming Emulsifiers allow petroleum based pesticides to mix with water to form emulsifiable concentrates EC s Invert emulsifiers allow water based pesticides to mix with petroleum carriers to form a mixture containing a water soluble pesticide dispersed in oil Penetrants help get a pesticide through the outer surface to the inside of a target pest Softeners reduce phytotoxicity of a pesticide on a plant _____________________________________ a Stickers help keep pesticides on the treated area Spreaders help form uniformly coated layers over the treated area and Surfactants increase the emulsifying dispersing spreading and wetting properties of a pesticide product Enhances the combining of liquids with different properties such as water and oil Wetting agents reduce the surface tension of pesticide mixtures to increase surface spread They are also used in mixing wettable powders with water to increase their adherance to a treated surface An adjuvant usually contains more than one of the above additives COMPATIBILITY Mix two or more pesticides together only if they are compatible one does not affect the properties of the other Some different pesticides are formulated together by the manufacturer Also some pesticide labels list other p
49. disagree about how many chemicals may cause cancer in humans The experts also disagree on the percent of human cancers that are due to exposures to chemicals Neither do they agree on the mechanism by which chemicals cause cancer There is debate over whether or not there are safe levels of exposure to chemicals that may cause cancer Mutagenesis is considered to be a basic step in the development of a cancer some fairly simple tests use single celled organisms to determine whether a chemical could cause mutations Many chemicals have been shown to be mutagenic in these tests Regulatory agencies consider ihese chemicals to be possible causes of cancer in humans Studies with animals are required to provide more firm evidence of the cancerous properties of these mutagens Chemicals that are shown to czuse cancer in animals are considered to be probable causes of human cancer This rule is appled even if the chemical causes cancer in only one species of animal Further regulatory gencie do not distinguish between be ign tumors and cancers that might be by ehemicals Some scientist claim that the distinction between Lenign end 2 19 malignant cancerous tumors is not clear enough to judge whether a benign tumor will sometime become cancerous Few known human cancer agents exist compared to the large number of suspected agents Very conservative criteria are used by regulatory agencies in classing chemica
50. e 2 Certified applicator 3 Residue 4 Tolerance 5 Suspended 6 Cancelled The FEDERAL INSECTICIDE FUNGICIDE AND RODENTICIDE ACT FIFRA as amended is the law that regulates the registration manufacture transportation and use of pestioides FIFRA was substantially amended in 1974 and 1978 The law affects the user in many ways Most importantly FIFRA provides that all pesticides must be used only as directed on the label all pesticide uses must be classified as restricted or general persons who buy or use restrioted use pesticides must be certified as competent pesticide applicators or must be direotly supervised by a certified applicator persons who do not obey the law will be subject to penalties fines and jail terms The Environmental Protection Agency EPA administers FIFRA and by regulation has set minimum standards of competenoe for users of restrioted use pesticides The Forest Service in certain oategories and the States have developed their own plans for certification of oompetenoy that meets EPA s standards A person who wishes to beoome oertified by a Federal or State agency should know the information in the following seotions Use Inconsistent with the Label A pesticide may not be used in any manner which is not permitted by the labeling You must use the pesticide only on the plants animals or sites specified in the directions for use You may not use higher do
51. e Some fumigants are gases that become liquid you directions for use when placed under pressure The pressure in the container may be either high or low 4 3 depending on the produot Some nematicides insecticides fungicides and rodenticides are formulated this way These formulations are applied by injecting them directly into the soil releasing them under tarps or releasing them into a structure such as a greenhouse Some other active ingredients remain liquid in an ordinary container but turn into a gas as they are applied Dust D Most dust formulations are ready to use and contain an active ingredient plus a very fine or powdered dry inert substanoe such as talo clay nut hulls or volcanic ash The amount of active ingredient usually ranges from 1 to 10 percent All the ingredients are ground into fine uniform particles Dust always must be used dry A dust can easily drift into nontarget areas Granules 0 Granular formulations are made by applying a liquid formulation of the active ingredient to coarse particles granules of some porous material Granules are much larger than dust particles The pesticide may be adsorbed to the granule or only coat the outside or both Granular formulations are safer to apply than EC s or dusts Granular formulations like dusts should always be used dry not mixed with water Wettable Powders WP or W These formulations a
52. e output to 30 gallons per acre without a ohange in speed or spray tip size a 40 psi _____ be 10 psi c 80 psi 21 The spray directions required 8 gallons of a herbicide for a 200 gallon spray solution If you only wanted to mix 50 gallons of the spray solution how many gallons of the herbicide would be needed a 2 gallons ____ b 3 gallons c 4 gallons 22 You want to apply 1 1 2 gallons of a pesticide per acre in 25 gallons of water How many gallons of the pesticide would you need for 30 acres a 50 gallons ____ 45 gallons ___ 0 15 gallons 23 The spray rate is 3 gpm the spray width is 40 feet and the sprayer travels 200 feet in 2 minutes What is the spray rate in gallons per acre 10 b 20 33 D 7 18 222 S ANS 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 14 15 16 WO 7 19 A INTRODUCTION The most important step in solving any problem is to understand the cause So the first step in your job is to recognize the invertebrate pest you need to control There are hundreds of thousands of different kinds of insects mites spiders ticks snails and slugs but only about 100 species that do much damage Identification aids pictures and publications help to identify these pests TERMS YOU NEED TO UNDERSTAND How well do you know some of the terms that are important in the use of pesticides Test your knowledge of them by
53. e same kind of illness The effects may be mild or severe depending on the pesticide and the amount absorbed However the pattern of illness caused by one type of pesticide is generally consistent Of course every one who has some of these signs and symptoms has not always been injured by a pesticide Other kinds of sickness may cause similar signs and symptoms Headache and a feeling of being unwell for example may signal the start of many kinds of illness The pattern of symptoms will make it possible to tell one kind of illness from another Get medical advice quickly if you or any of your fellow workers have unusual or unexplained symptoms If you suspect a person has signs or symptoms of a pesticide illness do not leave that person alone Do not let yourself or anyone else get dangerously sick before going to a physician Take the container or the label of the pesticide to the physician along with the safety data sheet if available SYNTHETIC ORGANIC PESTICIDES Organophosphates These pesticides injure the nervous system The signs and symptoms go through stages They usually occur in this order Mild Symptoms fatigue headache dizziness blurred vision too much sweating and salivation nausea and vomiting stomach cramps or diarrhea Moderate Symptoms unable to walk weakness chest discomfort muscle twitches pupil of the eye becomes smaller earlier symptoms that become
54. e the pesticide You should know and understand these terms They will help you get the best results from your pesticide without harming you or the environment When To Use Terms that tell you when to use the pesticide product Preemergence Used before orops or weeds emerge Preplant Used before the crop is planted Postemergence Used after the crop or weeds have emerged Dormant spray Used while the plant host is dormant i How To Use Terms that tell you how to use the pesticide product Band Applied to a restricted strip over or along a crop row or on or around a structure Basal Applied to stems or trunks at or just above the ground Broadcast Uniform application over the entire treated area Crack and crevice Applied in structures to cracks and crevices where pest may live Dip Complete or partial immersion of a plant animal or object in diluted pesticide Spot Applied to a small area such as over an individual plant Directed Aiming the pesticide at a specific plant or a portion of a plant animal or structure Band 1 4 Directed Foliar Applied to the leaves of plants In furrow Applied to or in the furrow in which a plant is growing Over the top Applied from above the growing crop compare to sidedress and others Soil Application Applied to the soil rather than to plants Soil Incorporation Soil incorporation
55. e user before they are applied TERMS YOU NEED TO KNOW AND UNDERSTAND How well do you know some of the terms that are important in the use of pecticides Test your knowledge of them by writing down the definitions for the terms below To check your answers refer to the glossary 1 Formulation 2 Adjuvant 3 Surfactant 2 Solution 4 1 5 Suspension 6 Synergism 7 Emulsion 8 Invert emulsion 9 Absorption 10 Adsorption 11 Compatible C DISCUSSION TYPES OF FORMULATION Pesticides are often sold in several different kinds of formulations You should choose the formulation that will be best for each use In making your choice consider the plant animal or area to be treated o ppilcation equipment available and best X s ited for the job hazard of drift or runoff safety to applicator and other humans and pets likely to be exposed habits or growth patterns of the pest costs and type of environment in which the application is to be made The most common types of liquid and dry formulations are desoribed in the following seotions The abbreviations are included because the labels and labeling may refer to the formulations in this way Flowables F or L Emulsifiable Conoentrates Some active ingredients can be made only as EC or E a solid or a semi solid These ingredients are finely ground and put into An emulsifiable concentrate can be mixed a
56. eby making the body stronger An adjuvant used to improve the emulsifying dispersing and spreading properties of a pasticide A pesticide that is no longer legal the remaining stocks cannot be used Compare to Cancelled which is less severe Also to describes particles that are dispersed or held but not dissolved in a liquid very finely divided Compare to Emulsion A pesticide formulation consistiug o solid particles dispersed in liquid and Solution The width of ground covered by sprayer when it makes one trip across a field or other treated area When tne combined action of two or more pesticides is greater than the sum of their individual activity A chemical made in the laboratory or industrial plant A pesticide that is taken up by one part of a plant or animal and moved to another section where it acts against a pest Fxample systemic insecticide can be applied to the soii be taken up by a plant s roots move into the leaves and then contro insects when they feed the leaves An agent that produces malformed of fiiprings To give rise to malformed babies monsters The highest no effect level of a chemical The dividing Jine between no effect and effect levels of a chemical G 8 ________________________________________________ ____ The maximum amount of pesticide that may remain in or on raw agricultural products at the time of sale Also the ability of an organi
57. el directs The canister has longer lasting absorbing material and filters than does a cartridge respirator Gas masks usually protect the face better than cartridge types of masks Neither kind will protect you during fumigation or when the oxygen supply is low Supplied Air Respirator Supplied Air Respirator You may use this kind of respirator when mixing or applying highly toxic pesticides when the oxygen supply is low when you are exposed in enolosed areas as in fumigation or when tho label directs the use of this equipment Clean air is pumped through a hose to the face mask Self contained Breathing Apparatus Self Contained Breathing Apparatus You should wear this kind of respirator d under the same conditions as the supplied air respirator It does about the same thing The differenoes is that you carry 1 of air or oxygen with you usually on your back This lets you move more freely and over a wider area than you can with a supplied air respirator Selection and Maintenance Specific types of cartridges and canisters protect against specific gasses and vapors Be sure you choose one made for the pesticide you are using Use only those approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH or the Mining Enforcement and Safety Adminisration MESA The respirator must fit the face well Long sideburns a beard or glasses may prevent a good sea
58. ent 2 quarts per acre T Multiply 2 quarts times 10 acres per 2 quarts x 10 acres per tankful 20 quarts or 5 gallons per tankful to achieve 2 pounds of active ingredients per acre In this example if the 2 pounds of active ingredient were a 50 percent wettable powder then you wouid have to double 4 pounds the product to apply 2 pounds of active ingredient per acre Changing the Delivery Rate If the sprayer delivers more or less than the desired rate per acre you can change the rate by basically three methods Change the pump pressure Lower pressure of course means less spray volume and higher pressure means more spray delivered This method will change the spray tip pattern which includes the spray width The pressure must be increased 4 times to double the output or decreased 4 times to cut the output n half Example If the pressure inoreased from 20 psi to 80 psi the spray volume 7 11 can increase from 20 gpa to 40 gpa Change the speed of the sprayer A slower speed means more spray will be delivered faster speed means less spray will be delivered If the speed is doubled the spray rate per acre is cut in half or if the speed is decreased by one half the rate per acre will be doubled Example Tractor speed decreases from mph to 2 mph so the rate per acre can be increased from 20 gpa to 40 gpa Change the nozzle spray tips The larger the hole in the tip the m
59. ers When De vend with liquid fertilizers mix in the for flowing wey making sure that the mix ture is physically compatible Premi 1 part of De esto with 2 parts of water this premx to tha tank of fertilizer along with rinsings from the premixing compiner Meintain agita tion in the tenk after mixing and dur ing application Oo not mix unta feady to una SWEET CORN asdf 76 at Piki asdf eect 7ik and 7iky aedf ik amit 7ikj tk 2601 asdf 7tkj asdf ikj asdf 7ik estf SUGARCANE Sugere are Borer Appiy 1 1 pints De Pasto per acre using ground or mrii equipmem Check supercars fiekis weekly beginning in June and continuing through August first spplic ation tw visible joints form and 5 or more of the piante are infested with yourg larvas feeding in or under the Heath and which have not bored into the whenever checks indicate the infestation coats 5 Do not apply wahin 17 days of hervest Do ot um m pM MEME ee LIGIHXS SELF TEST AND ANSWERS 3 7 1 When you buy a pestioide you will reoeive instructions on how it should be used These instruotions will be found on The label attached to the container Brochures and flyers put out by the manufacturer Printed information handed out by your dealer All of the above
60. ester b Forest Supervisor ____ Forest Pesticide coordinator When a pesticide treated area is posted the sign should indicate a the name and address of the manufacturer b the name of the pesticide only the name of the pesticide date of application and who to contact for additional information 1a b Q d 3 da b 4 h UD 42 c ofA 5 10 B INTRODUCTION There are many reasons for using pesticides safely but the primary ones are to protect yourself and other people from injury and to avoid harming the environment Most pesticide accidents result from careless practices or lack of knowledge about handling and applying pesticides safely TERMS XOU NEED TO UNDERSTAND How well do you know some of the terms that are important in the use of pesticides Test your knowledge of them by writing down the definitions for the terms below To check your answers refer to the glossary Penetration Ingested Contaminate Organophosphates Carbamates Organochlorines 6 1 Protecting People HOW PESTICIDES CAN HARM US Pesticides can cause injury They are toxic especially the insecticides and rodenticides Manufacturers find out how toxic a pesticide is by testing it on animals The product s hazard the danger that it will injure someone depends on the toxicity of the active ingredient plus the degree of exp
61. esticides with which they are compatible Other labels may state that you should not mix the product with certain pesticides It is very important not to indiscriminately mix pesticides The material should always be mixed for specific use reasons and only then when compatibility has been determined It is also important to check for compatibility of the pesticide with the spray tank and application components A pesticide may react with incompatible application equipment causing excessive corrosion dangerous gases etc SELF TEST AND ANSWERS o 6 Which of these pesticide formulations would form a true solution when mixed with water a Wettable Powders _____b Emulsifiable concentrates Solutions When two or more pesticides can be mixed together and one does not affect the properties of the other they are said to be Lo Synergistic b Complimentary ____ C Phytotoxic d Compatible Match the following 8 Suspension 1 The ingredients will not ___ b Solution settle out e Emulsion 2 Suspension of water in oil d Invert emulsion 3 Suspension of oil in water Y Particles mixed dispersed in amp liquid Dusts drift less than granular formulations a True uu b False Adjuvants a somotimes added to pesticides to a Reduce fcaming ____ b Reduce drift Aid in penetration d All of these Liquefied gases are used as a Fumigants
62. f food and shelter can help to suppress some vertebrate pests Sanitation techniques are more often used to oontrol rodents in and around homes institutions restaurants food processing facilities and other related areas Chemical Control Pesticides for rodent pest control usually are formulated in baits The chemicals can be toxic in sufficient amounts to humans livestock and other animals Therefore correct bait placement is important to control the pest while protecting nontarget species Thorough knowledge of the pest s habits is important Few pesticides are available for nonrodent vertebrate pest control and many require special local The pesticides that are registered for this purpose are usually used as bait applications It is possible to use a broad spectrum pesticide a pesticide having an effect on several species selectively however knowledge of the chemical area s vertebrate species along with their habits is necessary The program should also be carefully supervised The chemicals used to control vertebrate pests include rodenticides piscicides fish avicides birds and predacides predators An integrated pest management approach is usually necessary for vertebrate pest control SELF TEST AND ANSWERS 11 7 ab o 2 3 LESSON 11 SELF TEST Check a single feature that distinguishes or separates alJ vertebrates a They lay eggs A were
63. f the no effect level of a pesticide was found to be 100 ppm the maximum amount of residue that could result in human food would be 1 ppm Chronic adverse effects are dose related the greater the dose the greater the effect The adverse effects of chemicals are not random They do not cause one set of symptoms in one person and an entirely different set in another They may cause different sets of symptoms in different species but within a species their effects are predictable INTRODUCTION Mutagenesis teratogenesis and carcinogenesis are grouped together in this lesson because the latter two are related at least in some instances to the former Genesis means to give rise to muta means change terato means monster and carcino means crab Thus mutagenesis means to give rise to changes mutations in the genetic material of cells Teratogenesis means to give rise to monsters deformed fetuses Carcinogenesis means to give rise to cancer All three subjects are much too complex to cover in detail here This lesson gives a brief overview of the relationship between chemicals and the gens ER 0 O TA How well do you know some of the terms that are important in the understanding and use of pesticides Test your knowledge of them by writing down the definitions for the terms below To check your answers refer to the glossary 1 Mutagenesis 2 Mutagen 3 Teratogenesis 1 Teratogen 5 Carcin
64. f these nozzles would be used in overlapping groups for broadcast spraying a even flat fan full cone b regular flat fan ___ d solid stream Lass 7 14 9 Match the following Evan flat fan Hollow cone Broadcast a 1 2 4 4 Solid stream 5 6 1 Aer Regular flat fan Solid cone Flooding nozzle fe Al ucc 8 Gx 7 15 10 There are several types of flat fan nozzles The regular flat fan nozzle makes a flat oval pattern with light edges 11 12 13 14 Which picture shows this regular rias pattern a Which nozzle type would be more accurate for aiming at distant targets a b choosing nozzie materiai a b d Solid stream Flat fan Cone Abrasion Corrosion Cost All of the above Match these Brass Stainless steel Plastic Aluminum Tungston carbide and ceramic 1 you consider Can sweli when exposed to some solvents Best lan for extensive resists abrasion Best for limited usc sich as forestry applications br some fertilizers Exp easive Nozzle tip numbers are fairly standard among the different manufacturers The first two numbers refer to the angle of spray diceharge The last numberys refer to the gallons per minute that can Flos th the nozzle tip at NO psi A nozzle tip with this number 630082 means Ac min caa ara PA
65. ge of them by writing down the definitions for the terms below Te check your answers refer to the glossary 1 Deciduous 2 Vascular Plant 3 Germination 4 Herbicide 10 1 EE NGA MEM UEM NR al I ELDER INE RIEN ON ERE PUPA 5 Silvicide 6 Translocated 7 Defoliant Desiccant 9 Allelopathy 10 2 DEVELOPMENT STAGES All plants have four stages of development seedling small vulnerable plantlets vegetative rapid growth production of stems roots and foliage Water and nutrient uptake and movement is rapid mature little or no energy produetion or movement of water and nutrients seed production energy directed toward production of seed Uptake of water and nutrients is slow and is direoted mainly to flower fruit and seed structures SOME COMMON FEATURES OF WEEDS To control weeds you need to know something about how they grow An important feature 1s the of their life cycle Annuals Plants with a 1 year life cycle are annuals They grow from seed mature and produce seed for the next generation in 1 year or less 10 3 La 4 are sy 4 a 1 UM 5 Summer annuals are plants that result from seeds that sprout in the spring They grow mature produce seed and die before winter Winter annuals are plants that grow from seeds that sprout in the fall They grow mature and die before summer P
66. he storage site becomes saturated Then the amount of circulating chemical becomes greater than the body can tolerate and harm results SELF TEST ANSWERS 2 23 Toxicology is the science that studies the a medicinal effects of chemicals b harmful effects of chemicals beneficial effects of chenicals Living organisms can distinguish between natural and synthetic chemicals a True b False The laws of toxicology apply only to natural chemicals a True b False Pesticide as a class are more toxic than many of the other chemicals we encounter in our daily lives a True b False The toxicity of a chemical bears no relation to how it is used a True h False The most important component of chemical hazard is it is used and stored b how it is named c the warning statement on the label 2 24 2 3 5 MEE P ee aaa aaa aaa Of the many factors that determine whether a chemical will be toxic the most important 1s a age b state of health d individual susceptibility C how much exposure and how often If a chemical fs acutely toxic it will also be chronically toxic a True b False The most common routes of exposure for people who work with numerous chemicals ares a oral and dermal b dermal and inhalation inhalation and oral After handl iag chemicals yeu should always wash yeur hands before e
67. hich these insects grow the most and often do the most damage When full grown the larva chunges into a pupa During this resting clage il changes into the adult The adult stage usually has wings Here are the insect groups that inolude many of the insects that humans consider pests You should study the characteristics of each group Grasshoppers crickets and cockroaches Some have wings some do not have fully developed wings The top pair et O A of wings is leathery Chewing mouthparts Young and adults look alike but the young lack developed wings Grasshoppers usually feed on plant leaves and stems Crickets are found in the field or indoors They eat almost anything made from plants Cockroaches often live in restaurants houses stores and offices They eat the same foods as people True Bugs 8 3 Some have wings some do not The top pair of wings is part leathery and part transparent Piercing sucking mouthparts Young and adults look alike but the young lack developed wings Suck the juice from plants and blood from man and animals Reduce the vitality and yield of plants and animals and may carry plant and animal disease agents Ls uem 4 Swarming termites have four wings of equal size and shape other termite are white and have no wings Chewing mouthparts Young and adults look alike Usually feed on wood products
68. hlorine as compared to carbamates or organophosphates include chlordane lindane and DDT They are generally very persistent Examples A family of pesticides which are chemically similar they all contain phosphorous They are generally less persistent than the ohlorinated hydrocarbon family They act by inhibiting a blood chemical called cholinesterase Examples inelude malathion Diazinon and parathion The opening in a nozzle tip through which a liquid is forced out as a stream or broken into a spray Any disease producing organlsm Moat pathogens are parasites The ability to get through leaf stem etc the process of entering A plant that normally lives for more than 2 years Examples Shrubs and trees A chemical substance compound or other agent used to control destroy or prevent damage by or protect something from a pest A measurement scale used to express the acidity or alkalinity of a solution Examples a pH of 7 the value for pure distilled water is regarded as neutral a pH of 1 to 7 is in the acid range and a pH of 7 to 14 is in the alkaline range Harmful injurious to plants A pesticide used to kill fish A chemical that is aoutely toxic in very small quantities LD 50 of 50 mg kg or iess Water that is suitable and intended for human consumption A pesticide used tc cortroi vertebrate predator pests An insect or other animal that attacks feeds on and destroys other insects or an
69. icide d Predacide 1 2 3 4 Controls nematodes Controls predators or other pest animals Controls fish Controls birds 4 A pesticide most likely to be used to kill crawling insects would be a contact pesticide _____ b A stomach poison c None of the above 5 translocated herbicide None of the above 6 Match these a Attractant ee et b Repellant Defoliant d Plant growth regulator a Stays in one part of the plant b Moves throughout the plant T The activity of a pesticide may be affected a Moisture humidity b Texture of soil ____ Temperature _____ d All of the above 1 8 Used to remove leaves from stems Changes the rate of plant growth Keeps pests away Lures pests by 8 Match these a Contact pesticide Makes pest unable to produce _____ b Stomach toxicant offspring _____ Translocated herbicides 2 Is absorbed on plant leaves _____ d Fumigants and travels to other parts _____ Sterilants 3 Gasses that kill 4 Must be eaten to kill 5 Kills when pest touches it 9 Match the following ____ Band 1 Applied to the leaves _____ b Directed of plants _ _ In furrow 2 Applied in the furrow in _____ d Foliar which a plant is growing ____ Basal 3 Applied to a stem of a _____ f Spot treatment plant at or around the ground line j Applied to a small area 5 Applied in a strip 6 Aimed at part
70. icture Viruses Viruses are nonliving compounds Even though they are nonliving they are infectious Once within the host they produce more viral structures They are so small that they cannot be seen with the unaided eye or even with an ordinary microscope They are generally recognized by their effects on plants Many viruses that cause plant disease are vectored by inseots usually aphids or leafhoppers Viruses are easily oarried along in bulbs roots outtings and seeds Some viruses are transmitted when machines or workers touch healthy plants after touching diseased plants A few are transmitted in pollen or by nematodes and at least one by a fungus Mycoplasma like Organisms These living organisms are intermediate in size between bacteria and viruses It has been discovered recently that they cause many plant diseases formerly thought to be viruses These organisms are vectored by insects THY ROOT SYSTEM NEMATODES 4 PENETRATE a ROCTS LARVAE ADIN 15 ATTACK ROOTS YOUNG ROOTS 4 DAMAGED AND KILLED IP EGGS AID IN SOIL ds d REDUCED ROOT SYSTEM LESIONS LESION NEMATODE DISEASE CYCLE Nematodes Nematodes are small usually microscopic roundworms also called eelworms Many nematodes are harmless Others may attack crops and ornamental plants Some species attack the above ground plant parts such as leaves stems and seeds
71. if someone is injured badly enough to go to a hospital or c if damage is more than 50 000 DOT must be contacted if there is spill during shipment State and local laws may require additional precautions for the transport of pesticide products Aerial Application Application of pesticides from airplanes is regulated by the Federal Aviation Administration FAA and may also be regulated by your State FAA judges both the flying ability of pilots and the safety of the airoraft FAA rules say that an aerial applicator may not apply any pesticide except as the label directs Forest Service Polloy In addition to the laws and regulations that you or a pesticide applicator have to abide by there is Forest Service policy that must be followed The policy is contained in Forest Service Manual 2150 FSM 2150 Pesticide Use Management and Coordination You should now review the section of the Forest Service Manual SELF TEST AND ANSWERS 5 7 3 4 SELF TEST Matoh the following Residue 1 Can use or supervise the use of _ b Cancelled pesticide restrioted use pestioides Certified applicator 2 Pesticide left on crop d Suspended pesticide 3 No longer legal to use Y No longer registered for use All pesticides must be classified and labeled by the manufacturer for a general use ____ 0 restricted use either Applicators who violate FIFRA may be subject to
72. ill help to explain these conditions ROUTE OF EXPOSURE The route of exposure refers to the place through which a chemical enters the body After the dose time relationship the route of exposure is the most important factor in determining whether or not a chemical Will be harmful Chemicals enter the body via three major places mouth oral lungs inhalation and skin dermal Chemical can also be injected in the Skin or into a vein These routes are only used by physicians or in cases of drug abuse They are not usual pathways of exposure for the average person Thus they will not be considered here The toxicity of amp chemical can vary amp reatly depending upon its pathway of entry into the body Chemicals are absorbed to different degrees at the different routes if a chemical can t get into the body it can t do any harm Exposure by Mouth We may consume chemicals with our food or drink This is called the oral or ingestion route People who work with chemicals may mistakenly believe that ingestion is not important they do not eat the chemicals However when people do not wash their hands after handling a chemical and before smoking or eating lunch the chances are good that they will ingest some of the chemical Ingested chemicals are absorbed primarily through the intestines The intestines are designed to absorb foods and sometimes cannot distinguish between foods and nonfoods Only the lungs pe
73. imals The resting stage of many insects Many pupae spend this period in cocoons from which they emerge as adults G 6 Registered pesticides Reptiles Residual pesticide Residue Restricted use pesticide Rhizome Rodent Rodenticide RPAR Sensitization Signal words Silvicide Solution A pesticide that is approved by the U S Environmental Protection Agency for use as stated on the label of the container Vertebrate animals that are cold blooded and possess scaly skin Examples snakes turtles and lizards A pesticide remaining in the environment for a fairly long time the pesticide may continue to be effective for days weeks or months The amount of pesticide that remains on or in a crop or animal or on a surface after treatment Residues are usually measured in ppm parts per million A pesticide that has been classified under provisions of FIFRA Amended for use only by an appropriately certified applicator root like underground stem Any anival the order Rodentia Examples rats mice squirrels beavers woodchucks and gophers A pesticide used to kill or repel rodents Rebuttable Presumption Against Registration A process used by EPA to identify pesticides that present unreasonable adverse effects on the environment The process by which a person becomes allergic to something Words that must appear on pestioide label
74. impose stricter standards than those required by FIFRA EPA requires each State and Federal agencies with certification plan to maintain a program to assure that certified applicators have current certification This oertification is not like a doctor s or plumber s lioense that is good for the holder s entire career A certified applicator 5 3 must be recertified at set periods Check with your State or Agency to determine the requirements you need to meet Many adjoining States have developed agreements to allow certification in one State to be accepted in the nearby States or throughout a region The Forest Service has developed reciprocal agreements with many States Certified pesticide applicators fall into two groups private applicators and commercial applicators The differences are discussed in the following sections PRIVATE APPLICATORS Private applicators are persons who use or supervise the use of restrioted use peaticides in producing an agricultural commodity on property owned or rented by themselves or their employer or on the property of another person with whom they trade services Examples of private applicators are farmers ranohers florioulturists and orchardists Private applicators are trained or tested in the safe use and handling of pesticides and pest control practices assooiated with agricultural operations COMMERCIAL APPLICATORS Commeroial applicators are persons who use reatrioted
75. inst entry of liquids and solids If this were not true when we go swimming we would fill up with water like a sponge As a general rule liquids penetrate the skin more easily than solids and oily liquids or oil soluble liquids penetrate the skin more easily than watery ones MOVEMENT FROM POINT OF EXPOSURE The previous section presented the routes of exposure that affect toxicity Toxicity also depends on the pathway a chemical takes after it enters the body Most chemicals that reach the intestines are carried on to the liver before going to the rest of the body In contrast chemicals that enter through the lungs or the skin go directly to all parts of the body before eventually going to the liver The liver is the great processing plant of the body It chemically changes many chemicals that enter it If the chemical change converts the chemical into one that is less toxic passage through the liver protects the body In this case the chemical would be less toxic by the oral route than by the dermal or inhalation routes We can assume that the degree of absorption is the same for all three routes If the chemical changes in the liver to a more toxic form passage through the liver would be harmful this case the oral toxicity would be greater than the dermal or inhalation toxicities In summary the toxicity of chemicals can vary with the route of exposure acute oral acute inhalation acute dermal chronic or
76. ions for the terms below To check your answers refer to the glossary Toxicology 2 Natural Chemical 3 Synthetic Chemical Biochemical 5 Foreign Chemical 6 Sensitization 2 1 CHEMICALS EVERYTHING Everything in our world is chemical All matter everything is composed of eJements An element may be representative of a single atom or of many of the same kind of atoms About 90 kinds of stable elements are found in nature and only about 15 other mostly unstable ones exist The natural elements are the basic building blocks for substances we come in contact with during everyday life NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS All chemicals fall into two major categories natural made by natural processes and synthetic made by man Many chemicals fall into both groups they are found in nature and they can be made synthesized in the laboratory or factory However some chemicals have not been made in the laboratory Also some synthetic chemicals are not found in nature Chemicals that come from plants or animals are called biochemicals may also be produced in the lab or factory and are then called synthetic chemical that is biochemiBl benefiting one group of organisms may be foreign not benefiting or deadly to another group For example strychnine is a beneficial chemical in certain plants and a foreign and deadly chemical for animals Some people think that natural chemicals are good
77. ir uses are described in spray equipment catalogs Nozzle Materials You can get nozzles in many materials All the materials should resist abrasion and corrosion for planned applications The main features of five materials are discussed in the following sections Brass Inexpensive Wears quickly from abrasion Probably the best material for limited use Works well for most forest pesticide uses Stainless steel Fairly expensive Will not corrode Resists abrasions especially if it is hardened Plastic lnexpensive Resists corrosion and abrasion Can swell when exposed to some peoticide solvents Aluminum Resists some corrosive materials ls easily corroded by some fertilizers Wears rather quickly from abrasion Tungston carbide and ceramic Highly resistant to abrasion and corrosion Expensive Nozzles must be kept in good working condition for accurate application OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE Always read and follow the operator s manuals for all spray equipment The manuals will tell you exactly how to use and care for each piece of the equipment After each use clean and rinse out the entire system Clean the nozzle tips and strainers Wear appropriate protective clothing and use suitable materials while cleaning or making repairs OTHER TYPES OF EQUIPMENT Foggers mist blowers and aerosol generators These devices break the pesticide liquid into very small drople
78. iver or kidneys or they might upset some processes in your body such as those that produce blood cells Some chemicals are only corrosive some are only toxic and a few others are both corrosive and toxic ERMS YO TO UNDERSTA How well do you know the terms that are important in the understanding and use of pesticides Test your knowledge of them by writing down the definitions for the terms below To check your answers refer to the glossary 1 LD 50 2 LC 50 3 Poison ub 11 mg 2 9 Kilogram kg Meter Liter DISCUSSION A great deal is known about the acute toxicity of chemicals because this type of harm is fairly easy to study in the laboratory We also unfortunately know a lot about acute toxicity in humans from accidental exposures and from suicides ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY The aeute oral toxicity of chemicals is found by giving several groups of animals inoreasing doses of the chemical Ideally the smallest dose will kill none of the animals and the largest dose will kill all of the animals The animals are observed for 14 days during which time deaths are recorded At the end of the test the dose that would kill 50 percent of the animals is caleulated This dose is known as the LD 50 LD means lethal dose and the 50 pertains to 50 percent of the animals tested ACUTE DERMAL AND INHALATION TOXICITIES Acute dermal and inhalation toxicities are determined in a manner much li
79. ke that for acute oral toxicity However the chemical doses are applied to the animals skin or inhaled by them in special chambers In this manner LD 50 is obtained for acute dermal the 2 10 toxicity The amount of chemical fumes inhaled is measured as a lethal concentration LC The acute LC 50 corresponds to the acute LD 50 Acute dermal and inhalation toxicities of chemicals are much more important to you than are oral toxicities You are more likely to get chemicals on your skin or inhale the vapors or dusts than to be exposed to them in your food or drinks Acute Dose Mortality Curve CRITICAL MEASUREMENTS Oral and dermal LD 50 are measured in milligrams mg of chemical per kilogrem kg of body weight of an animal mg kg Three ways are used to expres inhalation LC 50 mg of chemical per cubic meter m3 of air mg m mg of chemical per liter L of air mg L parts of chemical per million parts of air ppm Highly Ioxic Oral LD 50 50 mg kg or less Dermal LD 50 200 mg kg or less Inhalation LC 50 2 mg L of dust Inhalation LC 50 200 ppm of gas or vapor Chemicals in all four groups above must carry a poison warning on the label Oral LD 50 50 to 5 000 mg kg Dermal LD 50 200 to 2000 mg kg Inhalation LC 50 2 to 200 mg L of dust Inhalation LC 50 20 000 of ppm of gas or vapor Nontoxic All LD 50 and LC 50 readings higher than
80. l Read the manufacturer s instructions on the use and care of any respirator and its parts before you use it When applying pesticides change filters cartridges and canisters if you have trouble breathing or if you smell pesticides Remove and discard filters Tom o mam 2 M cartridges and canisters after use Then wash the face piece with detergent and water rinse it and dry it with a clean cloth Store it in a clean dry place away from pesticides The useful life of a cartridge or canister depends on the amount of absorbent materials the concentration of contaminants in the air the breathing rate of the wearer and the temperature and humidity Follow the manufacturers recommendation If you have trouble breathing while wearing a respiratory device see your physician to find out whether you have a respiratory problem PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT The environment is our surroundings and its many forms of life Water air soil plants and wildlife are important parts of our environment Because pesticides can be pollutants you must use them correctly to prevent harm to the environment You should be aware of how pesticide contamination can affect our natural resources By knowing and following good application practices the applicator and the environment can be protected How Pesticides Harm the Environment Using pesticides in a w
81. lant a parasitic agent and an environment favorable for parasites to develop ADULT EUROPEAN ELM BARK BEETLE SPREADS FUNGUS SPORES INTO FEEDING SCARS ON ELM TWIGS 2 TU FUNGUS SPREADS THROUGH WATER CONDUCTING SYSTEM AND KILLS TREE EMERGING BEETLE PICKS UP FUNGAL SPORES BARK BEETLE EGGS S gt LAID IN DEAD 2 OR DYING ELM WOOD DUTCH ELM DISEASE DISEASE CYCLE Fungi Fungi are plants that lack green color chlorophyll They cannot make their own food they get food by living on other organisms Not all are harmful many are helpful All are microscopic but many produce large fruiting structures such as mushrooms Most fungi reproduce by spores which function much like seeds Fungi may attack a plant both above and below the soil surface Some fungi cause problems through wood rot or discoloration Root rot and stem galls are other examples of fungus diseases f 1 AM P FIRE BIIGHT CANKER FIRE BLIGHT SHOWING SYMPTOM DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWING SPREAD OF BACTERIA FROM BLOSSOM TO Bacteria Bacteria are microscopic one celled plants They usually reproduce by simply dividing in half Each half becomes a fully developed bacterium Bacteria can reproduce at a fast rate under ideal conditions Some can divide every 30 minutes Often witches brooms stem galls or leaf spots are caused by bacteria VIRUS PARTICLES Leaf Spot P
82. lants with a 2 year life cyole are biennials They grow from seed and develop a heavy root and compact cluster of leaves the first year In the second year they mature produce seed and die Plants that live more than 2 years and may live indefinitely are perennials During the winter they may lose their foliage and the stems of others may die back to the ground Some grow from seed More often reproducing by tubers bulbs rhizomes below ground rootlike stems or stolons above ground stems that produce roots Established perennial weeds are more difficult to control with herbicides because of the large reserves of stored energy in the root system that can support life after treatment rhizomes and stolons Simple perennials normally reproduce by seeds But root pieces may produce new plants Bulbous perennials may reproduce by seed bublets or 10 4 Terrestrial Plants Pest plants on land include grasses sedges broadleaves and woody plants Grasses Grass seedlings have only one leaf as they emerge from tbe seed Their leaves are generally narrow and upright with parallel veins Most grasses have fibrous root systems The growing point on seedling grasses is sheathed and located below the soil surface Some grass species are annuals others are perennials Sedges Sedges are similar to grasses except that they have triangular stems and leaves in whorls of three They are ofte
83. liquid along with other substances that with water to form an emulsion Diluted make the mixture form a suspension This EC s usually need a small amount of suspension is a flowable solid Flowables agitation in the spray tank can be mixed with water They seldom clog spray nozzles They need only moderate agitation in the spray tank Solutions S Formulations of these pesticides contain the active ingredient and one or more additives When mixed with water the Aerosols A pesticide formulation forms a solution that will not settle out or separate Solutions may be used in about any type of sprayer Aerosols or bug bombs are usually pressurized cans that contain a small amount of pesticide that is driven through amp small nozzle under pressure from an inert gas Aerosols are often used as household pesticides Aerosols can pose a hazard when transported during hot weather wee Ultra Low Volume ULV Concentrates ULV concentrate solutions contain 8 or more pounds of active ingredient per gallon The solution may be close to 100 percent active ingredient ULV concentrates are designed to be used as is or to be diluted with only small quantities of specified solvents Low Volume LV Concentrates These formulations usually contain less than 2 pounds of active ingredient per gallon Many of them are solutions in Liquified Gas highly refined oils Generally no further diiution is needed The label will giv
84. ls as agents of cancer These criteria place too many chemicals in the list of cancer agents according to many toxicologists HUMAN CANCERS THAT ARE DUE TO CHEMICALS About 15 years ago a lot of publicity was given to a report that 80 to 90 percent of human cancers were due to environmental chemicals This erroneous report was the result of a misinterpretation of ideas presented by Dr John Higginson His highly regarded thoughts proposed that 80 to 90 percent of cancers are due to environmental factors These factors include smoking habits use of alcohol exposure to sunlight diet natural radiation and medical treatment Dr Higginson estimates that perhaps 2 to 6 percent of cancers are due to occupational exposures to chemicals The most notable exposure involves asbestos HOW DO CHEMICALS CAUSE CANCER We know too little about how chemicals cause cancer Chemicals vary greatly in their interactions with living organisms A few chemicals appear to be able to cause cancer directly They are called true carcinogens The majority of chemical carcinogens seem to require some sort of chemical change before they can cause cancer These chemicals are procarcinogens Some chemicals cannot cause cancer themselves or be converted to cancer agents However they are able to increase the cancer causing ability of other chemicals by some means These chemicals are called cocarcinogens The distinction among these three
85. makes a narrow oval pattern with lighter edges This nozzle is used for broadeast spraying usually with an overlap of 30 to 50 percent for even distribution 92 5 SES Aa 5 e 5 47 y The even flat fan nozzle produces a uniform pattern across its width This nozzle is used for band spraying and treating other surfaces URN Np flooding nozzle makes a wide angle flat spray pattern This nozzle works at lower pressures than the other flat fan nozzles The flooding nozzle has a fairly uniform pattern across its width Hollow Cone There are two types of hollow cone nozzles The core and disk and the whirl chamber The spray pattern is circular with tapered edges and little or no spray in the center The hollow cone nozzle is used mostly for spraying foliage This nozzle produces a ciroular pattern The spray is fairly well distributed throughout the pattern The solid oone nozzle is also used for spraying foliage This nozzle forms a wide flat fan pattern Broadcast nozzles are used on boomless sprayers and to extend tbe effective swath width when attached to the end of a boom Atomizing Nozzle This nozzle oreates a fine mist from liquid pesticides Atomizing nozzles are used indoors in special situations Fine spray droplets are created so drift can easily become a problem Cluster Nozzles are used either with a boom or at the end of booms to extend the effec
86. more severe Severe Symptoms unconsciousness pupil of the eye becomes very small muscle twitches secretions of mouth and nose breathing difficulty death if not treated Illness may be delayed for a few hours However if the signs or symptoms start more than 12 hours after you were exposed to the pesticide you probably have some other illness Check with your physician to be sure Carbamates The only carbamates likely to make you 411 on the job act almost like the organo phosphates They produce the same signs and symptoms However the injury they cause can be corrected more easily by a physician For this reason most oarbamates are safer than organophosphates The label will warn you of the danger Organochlorines Not many organochlorines chlorinated hydrocarbons have injured the user Early signs and symptoms of poisoning include headache nausea vomiting general discomfort and dizziness With more severe illnesses convulsions follow They may even appear without the warning symptoms A coma may follow the convulsions The person also may be unusually excited or irritable Nitrophenols and Pentachlorophenol The signs and symptoms of skin exposure include redness burning and blisters Other signs and symptoms of poisoning include headache nausea stomach ache restlessness hot feeling flushed skin sweating deep a
87. mportant parts to look at are the wings and mouth Some insects have no wings Others have two op four The wings vary in shape size thickness and structure Insects with chewing mouth parts have toothed jaws that bite and tear the food Insects with piercing sucking mouth parts have a long beak which they force into a plant or animal to suck out fluids or blood The marks left by insect feeding and the resulting damage to plants and animals often provide reliable clues that help identify the pest A specialist in this field should be consulted if you need help to identify an insect or insect related problem You may be able to secure this assistance from your Region s Forest Pest Management FPM staff State Forester s FPM staff extension or Farm Bureau specialists colleges etc Almost all insects change in shape form and size during their lives change is called metamorphosis This Some insects change only in size as they develop The adult lays eggs which develop into nymphs A nymph which looks like a tiny adult hatches from the egg and goes wingless through several molts before becoming an adult Some insects change form slightly Their nymphs which have no wings go through several growing stages They then change into winged adults Other insects change completely They go through four stages The larva hatches from an egg It a worm caterpillar grub or maggot This is the stage in w
88. mpt washing may prevent sickness even when the spill is very large Don t forget your hair and fingernails Water wettable powders or suspensions are easy to remove with plain water So are most emulsifiable concentrates and emulsions Solutions of pesticides in petroleum oil or other solvents are harder to remove without soap or a detergent Detergents work better than soap If you inhale a pesticide get to fresh air immediately If you splash a pesticide into your mouth or swallow it 6 4 Rinse your mouth with plenty of water Go or be taken to a physician especially if you swallowed the pesticide It is sometimes dangerous to cause vomiting follow label directions If a pesticide is splashed into the eyes wash it out immediately with an eyewash bottle for about 10 to 15 minutes See the application label and safety data sheet for more information PROTECTING YOUR BODY Pesticides can enter the body in many ways The main ones are getting the pesticide on your skin inhaling it and swallowing it To prevent this contact you must wear the recommended protective clothing and equipment The pesticide label will tell you the kind of protection you need Remember to bathe when you finish working with pesticides or pesticide contaminated equipment Any time you spill a pesticide on yourself wash immediately PROTECTIVE CLOTHING Body Covering Any time you handle pesticides yo
89. ms or leaves 10 6 SELF TEST AND ANSWERS 10 7 1 LESSON 10 SELF TEST Match the following ____ Lives for several years 1 Biennial _____ b Sprouts the spring 2 Perennial and lives for 1 growing season 3 Summer annual Lives for 2 years 4 Winter annual d Sprouts in the fall and lives for 1 growing season Plants that often reproduce from tubers bulbs rhizomes or stolons are called ____ Annuals b Biennials __ Perennials d Summer annuals A pesticide used to control brush and trees ____ a Avicide ___ b Piscicide ____ Silvicide As a rule perennial weeds are more difficult to control with herbicides than annual weeds because a Annual weeds start growth earlier in the spring than do perennial weeds b Perennial weeds are not sensitive to most pestioides c Perennial weeds have large reserves of stored energy that can support life for a while after treatment Seedlings that have only one leaf as they emerge from the seed a Broadleaves ts b Grasses ____ Woody plants Plants that grow from seed mature and produce seed for a new generation in 1 year or less are _ __ Perennial _____ b Annual c Both of the above vam 10 8 7 The direct or indirect effect of one plant on another through the productae chemical that affect the growth of the other plant is called Allelop thy b Cambral gro
90. n clothing daily If your clothes get wet with spray change ttem right 6 5 If they get wet with highly toxic pesticides destroy them They are difficult to get clean by normal methods Do not store or wash contaminated clothing with the family laundry Wash hats gloves and boots daily inside and out Hang them to dry Test gloves for leak by filling them with water and gently squeezing Wash your goggles and face shields at least once a day Elastic fabric headbands often absorb pesticides and are difficult to clean RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES The respiratory tract the lungs and other parts of the breathing system is much more absorbent than the skin You must wear an approved respirator when the label directs you to do so Cartridge Respirator You should wear this kind of respirator when you are exposed to an intermittent concentration of highly toxic pesticides or as recommended by the label The inhaled air comes through both a filter pad and a cartridge made to absorb pesticide vapors Most harmful vapors gases and particles are removed These half face masks cover the mouth and nose cover the eyes also use a mask that is combined with goggles or wear separate goggles Canister Respirator Chemical Canister Respirator Gas Mask You should wear this kind of respirator when you are exposed to a continous concentration of highly toxic pesticides or as the lab
91. n for long periods of time as in residues n foods There are many combinations of how much and how often A person may be exposed only once to a fairly large amount of pesticide at one extreme Another person may have a lifetime exposure to very tiny amounts at the other extreme No one ean study every possible combination of dose and time so toxicologists study the effects that occur at the two extremes Then they judge what might happen with all the intermediate combinations of dose and time Of all of the factors that influence toxicity the dose time on whether or not a chemical will be harmful Because of the influence of how much and how often we must distinquish between acute and chronic toxicity Acute toxicity refers to the effects from a one time exposure Chronio toxicity refers to the effects from long term exposure Acute toxicity and chronic toxicity are the subjects of later parts in this study guide As we will see some chemicals may be acutely toxic and chronically nontoxic And some chemicals are just 2 6 the opposite acutely nontoxic and chronically toxic However most chemicals have some degree of both acute and chronic toxicities Regardless of which group a chemical fits it is extremely important to remember the exposure conditions Every chemical is harmless under some exposure conditions Conversely under some conditions the chemical is harmful Later lessons w
92. n listed under grasses on the pesticide label Some herbicides control grasses are weak on sedges Broadleaves Broadleaf seedlings have two leaves as they emerge from the seed Their leaves are generally broad with netlike veins Broadleaves usually have a taproot and a fairly coarse root system All actively growing broadleaf plants have exposed growing points at the end of each stem and in each leaf axil Perennial broadleaf plants may also have growing points on roots and stems above and below the surface of the soil Broadleaves can be speoies with annual blenntal end perennia Life Woody plants Includes handwood and conifer species Handwood species are usually broad leaf and deciduous The plants are normally dormant during the winter although root growth may begin before the leaves appear in the Spring Root growth may also continue past leaf drop in the fall Conifers have needle or scale like leaves and are usually evergreen with foliage persisting for 2 or more years Active growth photosynthesis can occur during mild periods throughout the winter months Cambial growth lays down a new layer of woody material each 10 5 year in both hardwood and conifer speoies Aquatic Plants Aquatic plant pests include vascular plants and algae Vascular Plants Many aquatie plants are similar to land plants having stems leaves flowers and roots Most aot as perennial plants dying
93. nd fast breathing fast heart beat fever ashen color collapse and coma Severe poisoning usually runs a rapid course One usually dies or is almost well within 24 to 48 hours Fumigants and Solvents Too much exposure to these compounds may make a person seem drunk The signs and symptoms are poor coordination Slurring words confusion and sleepiness Repeated exposure to the fumigant methyl bromide has caused permanert internal injury without early sign or symptoms of poisoning You can absorb a fatal dose of it before symptoms appear INORGANIC PESTICIDES Large single doses of most inorganic pesticides that are taken in either by mouth or through the skin cause vomiting and stomach pain The signs and symptoms depend on the mineral from which the pesticide is made PLANT DERIVED PESTICIDES Some plant derived pesticides are very toxic Technical undiluted pyrethrum may cause allergic reactions Some rotenone dusts irritate the respiratory tract Nicotine is a very fast acting toxic substance Some other plant derived pesticides are strychnine rotenone and red squill FIRST AID PROCEDURES Read the directions in the Statement of Practical Treatment on each label These instructions can save your life and the lives of fellow employees T If you get a pesticide on your skin remove the pesticide as quickly as possible Remove all contaminated clothing Pro
94. nous Mites ticks and spiders are closely related to insects The main differences are that the adults have eight jointed legs instead of six and have two body regions They do not have wings The two body regions of spiders are separated by a slender stalk unlike ticks Adults and nymphs have eight legs larvae have six Very small about the size of the period at the end of this sentence No wings Injury they cause usually is noticed before the mites are found Sucking mouthparts Soft bodied Some mites make thin webs on plants When present on plants in large numbers their feeding turns foliage and buds whitish reddish or brown Some may scar fruit On animals they cause severe skin irritation redness scabs scaliness Chiggers also called red bugs are mites that attack humans Ticks Adults and nymphs have eight legs larvae have six Leathery or soft body sometimes colored without a distinct head Plercing sucking mouthparts with which they firmly attach themselves to the host animal Parasitic on animals including humans Must have blood to complete their life cycle Some carry disease agents to humans and animals Spiders Eight legs Biting mouthparts Vary in length from a fraction of an inch to 5 or 6 inches Useful because they eat inseots but their webs and exoretions may be a nuisance Blaok widow and brown recluse spi
95. ns are a b d Head thorax and antennae Head wings and legs Head wings and abdomen Head thorax and abdomen 8 9 This 14 The larval stage for moths and butterflies is called 15 ___ Caterpillars ___ b Clusters ___ Flyers ___ d Nymphs Match the following a Acaricide Metamorphosis ____ d Pupa 1 Insect looks like an adult but the wings are not fully developed 2 Stage between the larvae and adult 3 Used to kill mites and ticks 4 An insect change in shape form and size 3 10 5 8 11 11 12 13 14 15a b d uU INTRODUCTION A plant disease is a condition in which a plant host and a disease causing agent interact over time to the detriment of the host This process may kill the plant the plant may survive in a diseased condition or the plant may recover Biological agents pathogens that cause plant disease are of primary interest to pesticide applicators because these agents often can be controlled with pesticides Pathogens include fungi bacteria viruses and mycoplasmas and nematodes Parasitic seed plants are sometimes considered pathogens because of the type of injurious response they evoke from the host plant TERMS YOU NEED TO UNDERSTAND How well do you know some of the terms that are important in the use of pesticides Test your knowledge of them by writing down the definitions f
96. nts A pesticide that promotes removal of moisture from plants or insects Desiccants are used mainly for preharvest drying of actively growing plants G 2 Dosage Dose time relationship Drift Economic threshold Ecosystem Emulsion Environment EPA registration number Food chain Foreign chemioal Formulation Fungicide GPA g p a zd GPM g p m Germination Refers to the rate for a given area in pesticide application Also used as a consistent measure in testing to determine acute and chronic toxicities Dosage is usually expressed in milligrams per kilogram mg kg or parts per million ppm The combination of how much chemical one is exposed to and how often the exposure occurs The movement of a pesticide spray or dust particles by wind and air currents from the target area to an area not intended for treatment It is a point in pest infestation where the application of control measures would return more money than the cost of the control Ihe interaction of the living organisms of an area and their nonliving environment A mixture in which one liquid is suspended mixed up as minute droplets in another liquid Example oil in water Compare to invert emulsion Our surroundings including water air land plants people and other animals and the interrelationships that exist among them A number assigned by EPA to a pesticide when i
97. nvironment without change for a long time These are called persistent pesticides Most of them are not broken down easily by micro organisms and ere only slightly soluble in water some persistent herbicides can injure future crops planted during the next year However these pesticides seem to be of little hazard to the environment beyond the treated soil Pesticide Movement the Environment Pesticides become a problem when they move off target Problems may arise when a pesticide drifts out of the target area as a mist or dust moves onto the soil through runoff or erosion leaches through the soil is carried off as residues in erops and livestock or evaporates and moves with air currents Persistent pesticides may limit future planting You can plant only crops which the pesticide will not kill or contaminate Even pesticides directed at plants or animals can move to the soil They may be washed or brushed off They may be worked into the soil with dead plant parts Air and Pesticides Mists and fine sprays should be avoided as they may drift onto nontarget areas Water and Pesticides Water can be polluted if you use the wrong pesticide or apply it carelessly resulting in possible damage to fish and aquatic life Pesticides also can reach water directly as amp result of drifts spills application to waterways ditches and streams and incorrect disposal methods 6
98. odent Rodenticide Piscicide Ecosystem 11 2 C DISCUSSION Most vertebrate animals are not pests Many are a necessary and an enjoyable part of our environment A few vertebrate animals can be pests in some situations Some such as birds rodents raccoons and deer may eat or injure forest trees crops and ornamental plants Birds and small mammals may eat newly planted seeds Birds and rodents consume stored food but often contaminate and ruin even more than they eat Birds and mammals such as foxes and coyotes prey on Jivestock and poultry In forestry reforestation activities clipping and browsing of regeneration seedlings by rabbits pocket gophers deer and elk are often serious problems Je FISH People have caused most fish problems by putting some species where they normally would not have been We consider some fish to be undesirable because they are not useful for sport or food Moreover some undesirable fish compete with more desirable species Some fish are intermediate hosts for parasites of man 11 3 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS Reptiles snakes lizards turtles and amp alligators and amphibians frogs toads and salamanders may cause local problems Although they may cause little damage many people dislike or fear them Snakes and turtles can create many problems in fish hatcheries or waterfowl production areas BIRDS Bird damage is usually quite varied I
99. of plant or animal 10 Mateh the following 11 12 13 ___ Preplant Use after orops and weeds have __ Db Pre emergence emerged Post emergence 2 Use before crops or weeds have emerged 3 Use before crop has been planted Injury to plants as a result of a pesticide application is called eee T a b d Morphosis Phytotoxicity Spondylitis Photolysis Soils with fine particles such as silts and clays may need ___ rates especially when soil active pesticides are used ERE D b higher lower ___ same Match the following ___ 8 Adsorption b Absorption c Organic 1 Chemicals held on the surface of soil particle 2 Contains carbon 3 Chemical taken into plants or animals _ 1 9 3a Ce d 5 b d 00 gt 42 New 4 T 8 5 b 4 c 2 d 3 e 1 9a 5 b 6 c 2 d 1 e 3 f 4 10a 3 b 2 1 INTRODUCTION Toxicology is the science that studies the harmful effects of chemicals It is a young science compared to its parent discipline pharmacology the science that studies all effects of chemicals with particular emphasis on medicinal effects E 0 0 RST How well do you know some of the terms that are important in the understanding and use of pesticides Test your knowledge of them by writing down the definit
100. ogenesis 2 17 Carcinogen Benign tumor Malignant tumor DISCUSSION MUTAGENESIS All living cells contain a chemical called DNA DNA carries a code that contains all of the messages that each cell needs to reproduce itself exactly The DNA tells the cell that it is a rat cell a dog cell a human cell a male or female cell a kidney cell a liver cell etc Mutations are changes in one or more messages in the DNA structure Physical or chemical agents that give rise to mutations are called mutagens mutation may be so minor as to make almost no difference to the cell The cell still funetions and reproduces as it was designed to do At the other extreme the mutation may be so severe that the cell dies and disappears Some mutations are severe enough to change a cell s identity but do not kill the cell Such cells might grow and proliferate as a tumor In this event a cancer may result A mutation may occur in a cell in the Skin kidney liver etc Mutations ean also occur in reproductive cells eggs or sperm A mutation in a body cell may cause a tumor but it cannot be inherited mutation in a reproductive cell can be inherited if that cell unites with a counterpart and 2 18 develops into a new individual In that case the mutation will be inherited by all future progency Depending upon the severity of the mutation it may not be detected or a malformed baby might result The malformation may no
101. open tiara DIRECTIONS FOR USE it isa violetion of Federal law to uss this product a manner inconsistent with its labeling RE ENTRY STATEMENT Do not enter area within tive days after applicat on CATEGORY OF APPLICATOR For use onty by agriculture pest control applicators STORAGE AND DISPOSAL STORAGE Store in original container Do net store next to food water or fend or other articles intended for consumo tion by humans or animada DISPOSAL Destroy by burying in a wfe piace Contact Local State or Regional Federal Authorities for restrictions on die poe RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE FOR RETAIL SALE TO AND APPLICATION ONLY BY CERTIFIED APPLICATORS OR PERSONS UNDER THEIR DIRECT SUPERVISION INSECTICIDE EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE ACTIVE INGREDIENT Pestott 2 5 dichlorocarbamate 43 8 STATEMENT OF PRACTICAL TREATMENT IF SWALLOWED Induce vomiting by giving tablespoonfut of sait in a glass of warm wster Repeat until vomitus is ciee a physician immediately IF INHALED Remove to fresh sr a physician immediately IF IN EYES Flush with plenty of water for at laast 15 minutes Calla physician immediately IF ON SKIN in case of contact remove contaminated clothing and immediate y wash skin with soap Bnd water SEE SIDE PANEL FOR ADDITIONAL PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS 2 Chemicals inc Chemcity
102. or Use The instructions on how to use the pesticides are the best way you can find out the right way to apply the product The use instructions will tell you the pests for which the product is registered to control Labels use common names for pests Knowing the names of the pests will aid in choosing the correct pesticide The crop animal or other item on which the product can be used Whether the product is for general or restricted use In what form the product is to be applied How much to use where the pesticide should be applied and wben it should be applied Misuse Statement This section of the label will remind you that it is a violation of Federal law ____________ ____________________________________________ to use a product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling Do not use the produet on a site which is not listed on the label Do not use it at more than the recommended rate Re entry Statement An area that has been treated with one of the more toxic pesticides may have a set period of time after treatment before allowing re entry If required for the product this section of the pesticide label will tell you how much time must pass before the treated area is safe for entry by a person without protective clothing Category of Applicator If required for the product this section of the label will limit use to certain categories of commercial applicato
103. or ether units of measure Nana and Address of Manufacturer The name and address of the maker or distributor must appear on the label Anyone oan then contact the manufacturer E os or distributor if they have a question or want more information on the product Regiatration and Establishment Numbers A registration number must be on every pesticide label This number shows that the product has been registered with the Federal Government The number usually appears on the front panel of the label and will be written as EPA Registration No 0000 The establishment number tells what factory made the chemical This number does not have to be on the label but will be somewhere each container Signal Words and Symbols To de their job most pesticides must control the target pest whether it be insect plant animal etc By their nature pesticides are toxic by varying degrees to one or more pests Therefore some may also be hazardous to people You can secure information on the toxioity of a product by reading the signal word and looking at the symbol on the label Signel Words Signal Words Toxioity Oral LD 50 Ranges DANGER Highly toxio Category I 0 50 mg kg WARNING Mederately texie Category II 50 500 mg kg CAUTION Lew toxieity Category III 500 5000 mg kg All products must bear the statenent Keep out of reach of children Symbol Symbols are good ways to catch a person s eye This is why a skull
104. or the terms below To check your answers refer to the glossary 1 Pathogen 2 Infection 3 Fungicide 4 Fungicide 5 Host 6 Nematicide 7 Vector Waye tn Which Diseases Affect Plante 9 2 DISCUSSION COMMON FEATURES OF PLANT DISEASES Plant diseases are often divided into two groups nonparasitic and parasitic based on their cause Nonparasitic Plant Diseases These diseases are caused by non living agents One time damage lighting may injure a tree Although such damage is not a real disease injuries of this type are included here Other examples include nutrient deficiency extreme cold or heat toxic chemicals air pollutants some pesticides salts too much fertilizer mechanical injury and lack of or too much water These diseases cannot be passed from one plant to another Parasitic Plant Diseases Pathogens that cause plant diseases are parasitic they live and feed on or in host plants deriving nourishment and often protection from the host plant They can move or be moved from one plant to another The most common causes of parasitic diseases are fungi bacteria viruses mycoplasmas and nematodes Insects can cause symptons similar to those of a prasitic disease as can a few seed producing plants and some microbes 9 3 Three things are required before a parasitic disease can develop a susceptible host p
105. ore spray delivered and of course the smaller the hole less spray delivered the Calibrate a granular applicator with the same procedure but weigh the granules SELF TEST AND ANSWERS 7 13 1 SON _1_ Self Test You would expect spray drift to be greater when which condition exists a The wind speed increases and spray droplet size increases b The wind speed decreases and spray droplet size increases The wind speed increases and spray droplet size decreases d The wind spped decreases and spray droplet size decreases The higher the sprayer pressure a The larger the droplet size b The smaller the droplet size c Droplet size remains the same d Output is reduced apne 3 In terms of drift oontrol nozzle tips are as important as the spraying pressure a True __ b False 4 When selecting a pump you should consider The ability of the pump to resist corrosion and excess wear b The range of operating pressure for your work c The capacity in gallons per minute or per hour d All of the above 5 Match these a Piston pump 1 Moderate volume at low to b Roller pump moderate pressure Centrifugal pump 2 High volume at low pressure 3 Migh pressure 6 The pressure guage maintains the required pressure in a system a False b True 7T The heart of a spraying unit is a pump ____ b nozzle 0 regulator ___ 4 In line strainer 8 Which o
106. osure to the product during use Most pesticides can cause injury if misused However every registered pesticide can be used safely with proper eare Children under 10 are the victims of at least half of the accidental pesticide related deaths in this country If pesticides were always stored and used correctly children and adults should never be injured Many pesticides can enter the body through the skin You may get more into your body this way than you would by accidentally swallowing or inhaling while working You can help prevent accidents with pesticides by using and storing pesticides away row children and other untrained persons Always take care to follow directions when using a pesticide Products for restricted use need specia care They should be handled only 0 certified applicators label is your guide SYMPTOMS OF PESTICIDE POISONING You should know what kind of sickness can be caused by the pesticides You also should know the conditions under which each pesticide may make you sick Look for two kinds of clues to pesticide illness Some clues are feelings that only the person who has been injured can notice such as nausea or headache These feelings are signs that are as important as any visible clue You should know what your own feelings might mean and what signs to look for in your co workers and others who may have been exposed All pesticides in the same chemical group cause th
107. ot evaporate quickly at normal temperatures cancer Warm blooded animals that nourish their young with milk their skin is more or less covered with hair A change in the shape form or structure and size of an insect from the egg through the larvae and pupa to the adult A unit of length in the metric system equal to about 39 37 inches A unit of weight in the metrio system about 28 500 mg equals one ounce 1 000 000 mgs equal 1 kg A pesticide used to kill mites A pesticide used to kill and control slugs and snails An agent that changes the DNA structure To give rise to changes mutations chemical made by natural processes Most often a soil fumigant used to kill nematodes A synthetic rubber often used to make gloves and boots that offer protection against most pesticides also used for spray hoses Any level of chronic exposure to a chemical that produces no observable adverse effect in test animals The early stage in the development of those insects that do not have a larvae stage The safety factor given humans when translating animal data to humans Compounds containing carbon G 5 Organochlorines Organophosphates Orifice Pathogen Penetration Perennial Pesticide pH Phytotoxicity Pisciciue Poison Potable water Predacide Predator Pupe A family of pesticides which are chemically similar they all contain c
108. other conditions a True b False Because of sufficient challenge the theory that trace amounts of foreign chemicals may be beneficial we de not have to be very careful to protect ourselves when we handle potentially toxic chemicals True b False Science is capable of a answering any question that can be asked of it b Giving a definite yes or to any question asked of it answering some questions and making judgments about others If a chemical 18 stored in your body it stays there for the rest of your life a True b False This lesson has been based on the book The Dose Makes the Poison by M Alice Ottoboni Ph D You will expand your knowledge and Increase your understanding of this lessen by reading her beok 2 29 N zr 2 30 B LESSON _3_ Pesticide labels have been called the most expensive literature printed The research and development that lead to the wording on a label cost millions of dollars and require years of testing The combined knowledge of many scientists including toxicologists chemists pathologists pharmacologists and others in industry universities and government has been used to develop information found on each pesticide label TERMS XOU NEBD TO UNDERSIAND How well do you know some of the terms that are important in the use of pesticides Test your knowledge of them by writing down the definitions
109. pe plants and livestock Applications usually are made at a high volume 100 or more gallons per acre The high pressure reduces the droplet size resulting in increased drift possibilities These sprayers are designed to deliver low to moderate volumes at 15 to 50 psi Most of them are used on fields forest areas pastures and fence rows The low pressure can reduce drift possibilities by producing large spray droplets These units use a high speed fan driven airstream to break the nozzle output into fine drops which move with the airstream to the target The air is directed to either one or both sides as the sprayer moves forward These sprayers are used on landscape plants fruits vegetables and seed orchards 7 3 Ultra Low Yolume ULV Sprayers These sprayers deliver undiluted pesticides to the target Drift can be a problem because the droplets are usually very smali Aerial Sprayers Airplanes Over 7 000 airplanes are used to apply pesticides in the United States each year Aerial application is fast convenient and fairly economical Airplanes can be used over areas that cannot be traversed by ground equipment However airplanes usually cannot efficiently treat small areas and are limited by power lines highly populated areas and adverse weather conditions Some of the pesticides released from aircraft may drift which can pose a problem in or near populated areas The larger uses are in
110. posure may be so small as to inorease the induction period to 200 years that case what practical significance would that period have when our average life span is less than 100 years A INTRODUCTION Many factors govern whether a chemical will produce adverse effects Because of these factors the toxicity of chemicals is a complicated subject As one might expect a number of wrong ideas have arisen about the toxic actions of chemicals and the science that studies them These misconceptions will be discussed briefly in this part of the lesson t LI TERMS YOU NEED TO UNDERSTAND How well do you know some of the terms that are important in the understanding and use of pesticides Test your knowledge of them by writing down the definitions for the terms below the glossary 1 Sufficient Challenge 2 Bioaccumulation DISCUSSION SUFFICIENT CHALLENGE Some people mistakenly think that if a chemical causes harm in any quantity it will cause harm in every quantity The reason why this is net so is explained in lesson 2 Part 2 Refer to Part 2 if you have any questions about the importance of the dose time relationship in determining whether or not a chemical will be toxic To illustrate A lethal dose of caffeine is present in about 100 cups of strong coffee Thus anyone who drinks several cups of coffee a day will get a lethal dose of caffeine every month A lethal dose of alcohol is present in a fifth of
111. rations would take too long to issue an emergency registration can be used known as Section 18 exemptions Strict controls and record keeping are required for all these emergency uses The agency that has granted the emergency exemption will supply you with the necessary rates safety precautions and other vital information RESIDUES AND TOLERANCES The pesticide that remains in or on food or feed is called a residue Residues that remain in food or feed at harvest or slaughter are oarefully monitored to avoid hazards to people and domestio animals that will eat these produots EPA sets residue tolerances in parts per million ppm for all crop and animal products intended for food or feed A tolerance is the maximum amount of pesticide residue that may remain on or in treated orops and animals that are to be sold for food or feed These toleranoes are determined by extensive testing To ensure safety the levels usually are set at least 100 times lower than the amount known to be harzardous If the residue exceeds the tolerence the food or feed may not be marketed or sold The Food and Drug Administration FDA monitors food and feed for toleranoe violations FDA sets tolerances for residues resulting from pesticides applied to food or feed after harvest This agency may condemn and seize any products exceeding the tolerances and may prosecute violators The Meat Inspection Division of the U S Department of Agricultu
112. re USDA monitors pesticide tolerances in animals and animal produots The 1958 Food Additives Amendment to the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act includes a part oalled the Delaney Clause This clause requires that chemicals used as food additives be considered as human carcinogens if they produce cancer in any animal species at any level of exposure It must be stressed that the Delaney Clause applies only to food additives During these past 25 years it has never been extended to any of the many other chemicals in our environment primarily because of objections from the scientific oommunity With few exceptions toxicologists rejeot the concept of the Delaney Clause because it excludes the exercise of soientifio judgment in the evaluation of research data OTHER REGULATIONS Transportation Shipment of pesticides and other dangerous substanoes across State lines is regulated by the U S Department of Transportation DOT DOT issues the rules for hauling these materials 5755 Anyone who ships pestioides between States must know that The pesticides must be in their original packages Each package must meet DOT standards The vehicle must have a correct sign Manufacturers must put the correct warning signs on each package The pesticides may not be shipped in the same vehicle with food produots DOT must be contacted immediately if the vehicle is involved in an accident 8 if someone is killed b
113. re adverse effects than do other people from certain chemicals or classes of chemicals That person s chemical genetics were responsible Even among people who are apparently average individual differences do exist For this reason the amounts of chemicals that oould be toxic are given as averages rather than absolute values CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS Sometimes chemicals in combination are more or less harmful than either chemical alone When they are more toxic the effect is called synergism When they are less toxic the effect is called antagonism Perhaps the best known synergistic effect is the great increase in the toxicity of some tranquilizers when taken with alcohol Otherwise little is known about these effects ADAPTATION Adaptation involves repeated exposures to smell amounts of a chemical A person becomes tolerant to larger quantities of the chemical over a period of time Otherwise the chemical would be harmful INTRODUCTION Acute toxicity is the ability of a chemical to harm a person animal or plant after only one short exposure The harm that is done occurs someplace else than at the point of contact with the chemical This distant or nearby site of damage distinguishes toxic from corrosive effects of chemicals Corrosive chemicals will damage structures and tissues that they actually touch In contrast toxic chemicals do damage somewhere else in the body They might damage an organ such as the l
114. re dry finely ground and look like a dust But unlike dusts WP s are made to mix with water Most wettable powders are much more concentrated than dusts Wettable powders form suspension rather than a true solution when added to water Continuous agitation is needed in the spray tank to maintain the suspension Soluble Powders SP Soluble powders also are dry formulations But when they are added to water the SP forms a true solution Agitation in the spray tank may be needed to get them to fully dissolve After that no more agitation is needed Baits B A bait is a formulation that attracts pests Pesticide incorporated in the bait kills the pest which eats the formulation Baits are generally used to control rodent and insect pests The amount of active ingredient in most bait formulations is quite low usually less than 5 percent ADJUVANTS ADDITIVES An adjuvant is a substance added to a pesticide formulation or tank mixture to increase the effectiveness of the active ingredient Most pesticide formulations contain additives Some product labels recommend that adjuvants not be used Caution must be taken indiscriminatly adding adjuvants may decrease the effectiveness of the pesticide Some common adjuvants and their effects on pesticide formulations are Anti foaming agents which reduce the foaming of spray mixtures that may result from vigorous agitation Buffers are used when mixing pestici
115. re very highly toxic chemicals The faot is that many pesticides are no more toxic than some other chemicals that we use every day A number of chemicals that are used as pesticides are also used for other purposes such as drugs or industrial chemicals Boric acid is an example as mentioned earlier ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS Chemicals may harm us in a number of different ways Some may explode ignite destroy tissue if they are corrosive or they may injure tissue because of their irritant properties Some chemicals cause sensitization allergic reactions Other chemicals may have harmful toxic properties Some chemicals possess only one harmful property and others two or more HAZARDS AND TOXICITY The word hazard is commonly misused to mean toxicity A hazard is much more complex it refers to the chance that a chemical will be harmful A hazard is made up of two components 1 the basic ability of a chemical to do harm and 2 the ease with which it may come in eontact with the object of concern e g people trees wildlife 2 3 The toxicity of a chemical refers to its ability to do systemic damage this kind of damage takes place somewhere else in the body or a plant other than the point of contact For example when some chemicals are absorbed through the lungs damage to the kidneys will result If the chemical is eaten damage to the liver may result The toxicity of chemicals is the s
116. rmit greater absorption of some chemicals than the intestines Exposure via Lungs Some chemicals may get into our bodies through the lungs We breathe in the chenical if it is mixed in the air around us This is called the inhalation route As a general rule chemicals are absorbed to the greatest degree through the lungs We are most likely to inhale volatile chemicals those which vaporize readily or chemicals that create fine dust particles because they must be in the air to be breathed into the lungs Lung surfaces are very very thin membranes that offer a poor barrier against the entry of chemicals into the body These membranes allow for easy passage of oxygen into the body They also serve as an exit for carbon dioxide from the body These membranes permit easy passage of most gases and vapors You should be aware of one exception pesticides of low volatility Because of this low volatility most forestry used pesticides or the low amount of fine particles in the dry formulations and the way our pesticides are applied dermal exposure is a greater risk than inhalation Exposure via the Skin Some chemicals can be absorbed through the skin This pathway is called the dermal route The skin is the best barrier against the entry of chemicals into the body One of the functions of the skin is to keep us from drying out Because the skin forms a barrier against loss of liquids and solids it also forms a barrier aga
117. rough the soil Moderate rain is good when pre emergence pesticides are applied to the surface They are the carried into the soil to the pests However rain during or soon after over the top or foliar applications may wash pestioides off the leaves Humidity and temperature also affect the way pesticides work Most herbicides work best when plants are growing fast High relative humidity and optimum temperatures usually contribute to this fast growth High temperatures may reduce the activity of some pesticides Low temperatures may rr Rt a also slow down or stop the activity of some pesticides Check the label Light also affects the activity of some pesticides Some effects on the target species may be sooner during sunlight others sunlight may begin to break down the pesticide from exposed surfaces reducing activity Pesticide Resistance The ability of a pest to resist poisioning called pesticide resistance Consider this factor when planning pest control programs Rarely does any pesticide kill all the target pests Each time a pesticide is used it selectively kills the most sensitive individuals some avoid the pesticide others are able to withstand its effects Pests that are not destroyed pass along to their offspring the trait that allowed them to survive When we use one pesticide repeatedly in the same place the insects there sometimes build up their resistance Some pests have become practically imm
118. rs Storage and Disposal Directions Every pesticide should be stored and disposed of correctly This section of the label will tell you how to store and dispose of the product and empty containers See the self study guide for safety training of on the ground herbicide applicators for further discussion on this topic 9 PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS HAZARDS TO HUMANS DANGER Poisonous by swallowing or inhalation Do not bresthe spray mist Do not get in Avoid contact with skin Weer s mask or respirator of type pemed by the Mining Enforcement Safety Adminis tration and the National inetitute for Oc aspational Safety A Health for De Pesto protection For emergency assistance 000 000 0000 TO PHYSICIAN De Posto la a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor Oo not use Oximes such ae 2 Give Atropine 2mg intravenously or subcuteneousiy if in eye one drop of Homatraphina ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS The product toxic to fih birde and ether Birds feading on trested areas may bo killed Keep out of body of water Do not apply where run otf is likely to occur Do not appty when weather conditions favor drift trom arees tested Oo not contaminate water by cleaning of equipment or dispose of wastes This product is toxic to bess and should not be applied when bees are ac tively visiting the ares PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL HAZARDS Pliermnmablel Keep from hest or
119. rts of adults are piercing sucking but may be slightly modified for sponging rasping or cuttin Young except mosquitoes are maggot Head of young usually not well defined mouthparts are small dark and hooklike Young nosquitoes live in water They have a well developed head with mouth parts Maggots usually feed on plant seedlings and roots in organic matter in water and in other damp places Some maggots feed on animals Some adults carry disease agents Moths and Butterflies Most adults have four large wings with many scales that rub off easily Most moths are dull brown butterflies are brightly colored Mouthparts of some adults are lacking or are a coiled tube used for sucking Larvae are caterpillars usually with six joined legs and 10 soft fleshy parts that look like fat legs Larvae have chewing mouth parts Larval stages may damage leaves stems tubers fruit and cloth MITES TICKS and SPIDERS C e Mites ticks and spiders rival the insects in number of species and in the variety of places they live They live on the ground terrestrial in the water aquatic in the soil and in organic debris where they usually outnumber other arthropods Many mites and ticks are parasitic at least during part of their lives others are free living They are annoying pests and some transmit diseases Spiders rarely bite people but a few are very poiso
120. s Trees e Lesson 11 Vertebrate Pests e 4 Clonsary e iti INTRODUCTION Pesticides are chemical substances or biological organisms used to control pests They are useful and necessary tools to maintain the standards of quality we have come to expeot within our sooiety They help the farmer to produce abundant high quality products help to control diseases that have a direct influence on our health and help protect our homes lawns and gardens Forest owners and managers must oope with many insects and diseases weeds and other plants that compete with desirable trees for food water and sunlight These pests are an ever present problem from a tree s seedling stage through maturity Yet pesticides are not without disadvantages They are expensive and must be used with care to assure the safety of the user and the environment Pesticides inolude Chemicals used to kill pests including plants chemicals used to attract or repel pests and ohemioals used to regulate plant growth or to remove the leaves TERMS XOU NEED TO UMDERSTAND How well do you know some of the terms that are important in the use of pesticides Test your knowledge of them by writing down the definitions for the terms below To oheck your answers refer to the glossary 1 Pestioide 2 Inorganio 3 Organio 4 Systemic 1 1 5 Phytotoxicity 6 Adsorption
121. s each lesson Answers to the test questions are provided immediately following each test By taking the test after reading each lesson and tben checking the answer you will be reinforcing your knowledge of the text material These tests will not be graded Their purpose is to help you learn therefore there are not trick questions You should however read each question carefully and select an answer with the same care to find the best answer At the beginning of each lesson is a list of terms you need to understand The definitions of these terms are not provided there but must be found in the glossary This is another way to help you learn If you write in your definition in pencil then check the glossary and make any necessary corrections you will be strengthening you understanding of these important words Without a thorough understanding of these terms you cannot fully comprehend the material in the rest of the lesson Be sure you have mastered each lesson before you go on to the next one If you are doubtful about any points go back and re read the parts in question Underline or make notes in the margins to help you find important facts This is your workbook Use it to your advantage to become a more knowledgeable safer and a more efficient user of pesticides This guide along with classroom instruction will give you the factual material you need to know to use pesticides correctly and to earn your certification as a restricted
122. s to show how toxic the pesticide is The signal words are Danger Poison for highly toxic Warning for moderately toxic and Caution for low order toxicity The symbol of the kull and crossbones must appear on the labels of highly toxic pesticides along with the words Danger Poison A pesticide used to kill unwanted brush and trees A combiration of one or more substances with a liquid in which the ingredients are completely dissolved without changing their chemical characteristics These will not settle out or separate in normal use Example sugar dissolved in water Compare with Emulsion and Suspension 6 7 Stage of development otolon stylet ufficient challenge surfactant pded Susp Suspension Swath synergism Synthetic chemical Systemic Teratogen Teratogenesis Threshold Time period during the growth from neuborn or egg to adulthood Example An insect goes through many changes in its growth from and egg to an adult the periods between stages of development A horizontal branch from the base of a plant stolon produces new plants from buds at its tip also called a runner A small stiff hyperdermic like structure used by nematodes to pierce plant or animal tissue for the purpose of feeding The theory that exposure to very small amounts of foreign chemcials may stimulate the body s dereuss mechanisms ther
123. sages higher concentrations or more frequent applications than specified You must follow directions for use safety mixing diluting storage and disposal well as restrictions on re entry and days to harvest slaughter and grazing same product are not The law does allow you to apply a pesticide against any target pest not listed on the labeling if the application is to a crop animal or site that is listed use any equipment or method of application that is not prohibited by the labeling m x a pesticide or pesticides with a fertilizer if the mixture is not prohibited by the labeling mix two or more compatable pesticides if all the dosages are at or below the recommended rate Classification of Pesticide Uses EPA directs that pesticides will be classified as restricted or general Many times all the uses of a particular formulation are olassified as restricted or all of them are classified as general Sometimes however oertain uses of a formulation amp re restricted and other uses of the For example TORDON 101 is restricted TORDON 101R is not restricted In these cases the direotions for use for the two classifications must be olearly separate from one another A pesticide or some of its uses will be classified as general use if it is not likely to harm humans or the environment when used as directed on the label A pesticide or some of its uses will be clas
124. sified as restricted use if it could cause human injury or environmental damage if not applied by competent persons certified applicators who have demonstrated the ability through testing to use these pesticides safely and effectively Classification of pesticides and pesticide uses may be based on the potential for injury of humans the type of formulation the way the pesticide is used the place in which the pesticide is used and the potential for harm in the environment When a pesticide is restricted the label will read Restricted Use Pesticide on a prominent part of the front panel When amp pestioide is olassified for general use the words General Classification will appear immediately below the heading Directions for Use NOTE Although EPA has olassified many pesticide products and uses a few pestioides have not yet been classified In these instances you should pay close attention to the signal words and human and environmental hazard statements on each product Certification of Applicators Persons who are not certified pesticide applicators may not purchase or use restricted use pesticides unless they are directly supervised by a certified applicator Certification requires training and testing for competency in the safe and effective handling and use of these pesticides The State or Federal agency may conduct the training and tests for certification The State may
125. sm to withstand unfavorable conditions Such as pest attacks extreme weather or pesticides Toxicology The science that studies the harmful effects of chemicals Trade name Same as brand name The name given to a pesticide by the manufacturer to identify the product Translocated pesticide One that moves within a plant or animal after it has entered by some path Systemic pesticides are translocated Vascular plant A plant that has specialized conducting cells xylem and phloem that convey water and food Vector A carrier such as an insect that transmits a pathogen Vertebrate n anima with a bony spinal oolumn Examples mammals fish birds snakes frogs or toads Volatile Evaporates at ordinary temperatures when exposed to air Volatility Describe how quickly and easily liquid or solid evaporates at ordinary temperatures when exposed to air C 9
126. st corrosion and abrasion Three kinds of pumps are most often used with sprayers and are described below Centrifugal Pump These pumps provide a high volume of spray at a low pressure They are not often self priming Some newer models Claim priming ability Centrifugal Pump Roller Pump Roller and gear pumps provide a moderate volume of spray at a low to moderate pressure They are self priming in most equipment Powder formulations should not be used in gear pumps Roller Pump Piston Pump These pumps provide low to moderate volumes of spray at a high pressure They are self priming If you need high pressures piston pumps are more likely than other pumps to do consistant work over a long period of time Piston Pump CAUTION DO NOT OPERATE PUMPS WHEN TANK IS DRY Strainers Filters Proper filtering of the pesticide protects the working parts of the spray unit and prevents clogging of spray tips Clean strainers after each use Replace them if they show signs of wear Strainers are your best defense against nozzle or pump wear and nozzle clogging Use nozzle screens as large as the nozzle sizes permit Screen openings should be less than nozzle openings Strainer Control Valves These valves should be chosen in a size that does not restrict flow They should be easy for you to reach On off action should be quick and positive Control Valves Hoses Select synthetic rub
127. such as fence posts timbers and flooring Damage to the wood in homes and other struetures is common Bees Wasps Ants and Sawflies Most adults have a narrow waist sawflies are an exception Some have four wings some have none Chewing mouthparts Most young are wormlike with no legs The young of sawflies look like caterpillars Young are usually found in nests made of soil mud paper or wax Painful stings from many adults make some of these a pest Others may damage wood products Beetles Adults have two top wings that are usually hard and shiny the bottom wings are transparent Chewing mouthparts Young are grubs or worms Some young have no legs others have six Young and adults are found on plants in soil and in wood buildings Both the adult and larval stages may damage stored food products plants and in some cases animals and animal products Aphids Leafhoppers Spittlebugs and Scale Insects Some have wings some do not Piercing sucking mouthparts Young of aphids leafhoppers and spittlebugs look like the adults Adult scale insects are scale covered and stay in one place on the plant Nymphs may damage leaves stems roots fruit and cloth Suck the juices from plants Reduce the vitality and yield of plants Some carry plant disease agents Flies and Mosquitoes Adults have only two wings other winged insects have four Mouthpa
128. t includes structural damage by woodpeckers destruction of feed fruit nut grain timber and vegetable crops by seed and fruit eating birds hazards to animal and human health caused by diseases spread by birds such as pigeons and parakeets annoyance caused by birds roosting in Or near dwellings Control of bird pests requires highly specialized knowledge and techniques Many birds are proteoted by State and Federal laws and regulations Contact your county agent before you undertake any bird control program MAMMALS Damage by mammals is rather varied Some cause serious health problems to livestock and humans Diseased mammals may transmit to humans diseases such as rabies plague food poisoning and tularemia Killing of mammals is costly and in some instances controversial Some damage fruit vegetables nut grain range and tree crops The damage they do to dams and ditches can be very costly Mice and rats cost millions of dollars in damage each year How do you tell what mammal caused the damage You can eliminate some suspects if you know which animals are found in your part of the country what kinds of places they live in and what their habits are Animal signs tracks droppings toothmarks diggings burrows hair and scent plus the type of damage will give you more clues CONTROLLING VERTEBRATES The objective of any animal damage control program should be to con
129. t interfere with the ability of the baby to live or it may kill it before it is born Mutations are considered to an essential step leading to cancer Mutations probably cause a small percent of fetal malformations Ionizing radiations of natural origin are probably the single most important cause of mutations TERATOGENESIS Physical cr chemical agents that cause fetal malformations are called teratogens Teratogens may or may not be mutagens they can also aot in other ways to produce a malformed fetus We do not know what percent of spontaneous abortions stillbirths and fetal abnormalities are due to teratogens But because of the following considerations we assume they are minor problems Probably one of the major causes of fetal abnormalities is disease of the mother Other recognized causes are heredity diet drug or alcohol abuse smoking ege of the mother and natural radiation and x rays Very few chemicals are known to be teratogenic for humans To cause a malformation a teratogen must reach the developing embryo during the critical stage of organ development For the human this period starts 2 weeks after conception and lasts about 10 to 12 weeks The kind of malformation that results depends upon what stage of development the embryo is in when it is exposed CARCINOGENESIS Cancer is a much feared and debated subject There is no dispute about whether chemicals can cause cancers but experts
130. t is registered All pesticide labels must display this number A phrase that describes how all living organisms are linked together and depend on each other for food Example Plant eaters plant and meat eaters or meat eaters A chemical that cannot be used by a living organism The pesticide product which may contain one or more active ingredients a carrier and other additives required to make it ready for sale A pesticide used to kill fungi Gallons per acre Gallons per minute Beginning of growth as the beginning of growth from a seed G 3 Habitat Herbicide Host Ingest Infection Inorganic nrieel Insecticide Inversion Invert Emulsion Kilogram kg Label Larva LC 50 LD 50 Leaching Ihe physical place where an organism lives A pesticide used to kill or inhibit unwanted plants The plant affected by a pathogen in a disease To eat swallow drink or in some other way take into the digestive system The precesses involved in the establishment of a disease in a host organisn Those compounds that do not contain carbon nma foverLobrate animi with three body and six jointed legs may have two four or no wings A pesticide used to prevent or destroy insects A condition resulting when the te perature increases with elevation from the earth s surface A normal condition without an inversion is
131. t of the suspected pesticide a Neg Low WES S n Dow Mis IET ES et s D ZEE TE CIE 1 2 4 Product name is Depesto Common name is Pestoff Chemical name is trisalioylic 2 5 dichlorooarbemate Pounds of Aotive Ingredients 1s Y Name and Address of manufacturer 5 6 D EL GER Jue P A du M eem Eee e NEC SRN REA YAT a ee CR E is AZ chemicals Ino Chemcity Minnesota 55885 4 b 9 10 11 12 14 15 E 3 e pn eG er ate P A n mtd Etc md MARA SAO LESSON _4 INTRODUCTION The active ingredients in a pesticide are the chemicals that control the target pest Pesticides are rarely made up only of active ingredients Usually a pesticide is diluted in water or a petroleum solvent with other chemicals being added before the product is offered for sale These other chemicals may include surfactants wetting agents spreaders stickers extenders diluents etc They usually make the product safer easier to apply more convenient to handle and more accurate to measure This combination of active and inert inactive ingredients is called a pesticide formulation Some formulations are ready to apply Others must be further diluted with water or a petroleum solvent by th
132. then you would get by trying to measure for only 1 minute Divide the gallons collected or used to refill the tank by 5 minutes to determine the pumping rate Example 20 gallons gallons per 5 minutes minute You may also determine the rate for each spray trip by following the above method Field Sprayer Calibration If you know the pumping rate speed and width of the spray equipment then the rate per acre is easily determined One method of calibration is shown below but there are many others The facts you must know for this method 1 aere 43 560 square feet 1 minute at an established speed The width of the spray The rate of the spray Example 1 Suppose the width of the spray is 20 feet and the distance covered is 440 feet in 1 minute and the spray rate is 4 gallons each minute Figure the area the sprayer covered in 1 minute distance x spray width 440 feet per minute x 20 feet 8 800 square feet per minute Then calculate how many minutes it would take to spray 1 acre Divide 43 560 square feet per acre by 8 800 square feet per minute 43 560 square feet per acre _ 8 800 square feet per minute about 5 minutes per acre Then figure the amount of spray per acre 4 gallons per minute x 5 minutes per acre 20 gallons per acre Determine how much to put e the tank You know now how many arose per acre your equipment can apply
133. tissues of our bodies Although they are constantly moving in and out the total numbers remain the same within normal limits If a chemical can be stored in our fat liver or bones it will inorease only to a level that brings it into equilibrium with the level of exposure At this point the amount zoing into storage equals the amount coming out of storage The number of marbles going in equals the number coming out When the exposure level increases the number of molecules going into storage increases over the number that are coming out of storage In this case the level of storage increases until a new equilibrium is reached When the exposure level decreases the number of molecules going into storage is less than the number coming out this case the level of storage decreases until a new equilibrium is reached If exposure terminates all of the stored chemical is eliminated from the body The time needed to reach equilibrium and the level of storage at equilibrium are different for each chemical Storage is considered to be a defense mechanism of the body A storage depot serves as a buffer During periods of inereased exposure the chemical is removed from circulation into the storage depot where it does no harm When exposure ceases the chemical moves out of the depot and is eliminated from the body The depot can be used for future storage if necessary Only when exposure is too high or prolonged with t
134. tive swath width One type is simply a large flooding deflector nozzle that will spread spray droplets over a wide swath Cluster nozzles are a combination of a center discharge and two or more off center discharge fan nozzles The spray droplets vary in size from very small to very large so drifting can be a problem Some of these nozzles use only off center tips which produce rather large droplets so drift problems are less 7 7 p e A ee Offset These nozzles lack the uniformity of the flat fan but can provide reasonably uniform coverage over wide areas They are often used to control weeds along roadsides ditchbanks and in some forestry ground sprayers There are many specialized spray nozzles and tips For aerial applications there are the Raindrop Microfoil Flow Through Valve nozzles etc About Nozzle Tip Numbers Nozzle tip numbers are somewhat uniform among the various manufacturers Generally the first two numbers refer to the angle of spray discharge for flat tips The last number refer to the gallons per minute of the nozzle tip at 40 psi For example nozzle tip number fee a nozzle tip with a 75 degrees angle discharge and delivering of 0 058 gpm at 40 psi The decimal point is placed by counting three figures from the left to the right i e a Tee Jet 6005 tip delivers 0 5 gpm One exception to the above is for angles 100 degrees or more Other nozzles and the
135. trol the damage and should be limited to offending pests or particular groups not to the species as a whole Exceptions to this general rule are made for rats and mice which are usually overwhelmingly detrimental Wild mammal and bird populations are an important part of our natural ecosystem but at times individuals a certain can trespass on human interests When a rabbit damages garden crops shrubs or trees it becomes a pest When a coyote or domestic dog kills sheep it beoomes a liability We nhould kecp in mind that any control directed at one segment of the ecosystem can have effects on other components For exanple intensive predator control may lead tc increased rabbit and rodent problems The selective control of problem pests or preventing damage by nonlethe1 means tends to minimize effects on the total eoosystem of State and local laws may prohibit the trapping and killing of some animals such as birds coyotes muskrats and beavers unless you have a special permit Always check with local authorities before beginning a control program Methods of vertebrate pest control include mechanical control sanitation and chemical control These methods are reviewed in the following sections Mechanical Control Mechanical control methods include traps barriers gunning attractants and repellents Traps Traps are often used in vertebrate pest 11 4 control Leg hold traps
136. ts The large number of particles is visible as a cloud of fog Extreme caution must be taken as 2 aerosols mists and fogs easily drift from target areas often for miles Granule applicators This equipment applies coarse dry uniform particles This equipment is hand to soil or water available in three types ground or aerial applicators Low volume air sprayers These Sprayers are often called mist blowers They are characterized by high velocities and a somewhat lower water volume than conventional air blast sprayers Extreme caution must be taken to avoid drift Ultra Low volume aprayera This equipment applies the chemical concentrate directly Extreme caution must be taken to avoid drift Some other equipment includes wiper applicators roller applicators etc These types of equipment are continually increasing in use as viable application methods SOIL FUMIGATION EQUIPMENT The equipment needed for applying soil fumigants depends on the kind of fumigant being used There are two kinds of fumigants Low pressure low volatility liquid fumigants These fumigants usually use the soil itself or water to keep the fumigant from vaporizing and moving off target too quickly Some of the methods used are Soil injection This method uses a variety of devices to insert the fumigant into the soil usually 6 inches deep or more The device then covers the area with soil again to seal in the
137. ts or fines At the other extreme too little pesticide can result in inadequate control and the added cost of having to re do the job Only by correct calibration can you safely and consistently get the best results Before you begin any calibration procedures carefully check all the equipment to be sure all components are 7 9 22 2 Q_ Qz _ _ _ Qz___ gt _ gt A A lt lt lt _E_ _ gt 535__QG 6 arn C AS Fm RR clean and in good working conditior There are many kinds of application equipment all differing in details of operation However if you understand the basics of calibration you can apply this knowledge in any situation Also always read the equipment manufacturer s instructions before beginning calibration Calibration is not a difficult process Almost everyone can do the simple arithmetic without any problems You can do the job even faster if you have a pocket calculator Pumping Rate To determine the pumping rate of your sprayer fill the tank to a known level with water Set the spray pressure at the desired level and allow the unit to spray for a few minutes to remove all air from the system Then check the pressure again while the unit is spraying Collect the spray ina bucket or drum for about 5 minutes or refill the tank to the original level measuring the gallons required The reason for timing this step at 5 minutes or more is to get a more exact measurement
138. u should wear at least long sleeved shirt and long legged trousers or a long sleeved coverall type garment This clothing should be made of closely woven fabric When handling very toxic materials you also should wear a liquid proof raincoat or apron Wear trousers outside of the boots to keep pesticides from getting inside Gloves When you handle highly toxic pesticides wear liquid proof neoprene gloves Always read the label for specific instructions However be aware that some fumigants are readily absorbed by neoprene The label should teli you when and what kinds of gloves to use They should be long enough to protect the wrist Gloves should not be lined with a fabric Sleeves should be outside of the gloves to keep pesticides from running down the sleeves and into the gloves Hats Wear something to protect your head Headgear should not have a cloth or leather sweatband These sweatbands are difficult to clean if chemicals get on them Plastic hard hats with plastic sweatbands are good Boots For highly toxic materials wear unlined neoprene boots However some fumigants are readily absorbed by neoprene boots Follow the label instructions Goggles or Face Shield Wear goggles or a face shield when the label recommends that you do so or if there is a chance of getting pesticides in your eyes Your eyes will absorb some pesticides Follow the labe instructions Care of Clothing Wear clea
139. ubject of this part of the study guide R IO All effects of chemicals whether they be beneficial neutral or harmful depend on a number of conditions For example how much chemical one is exposed to how often the exposure occurs how the chemical gets into the body by mouth skin lungs etc the kind species of animal or plant that is exposed its age sex state of health and nutrition and whether or not other chemicals are present that might alter the effect R 0 TO T How well do you know some of the terms that are important in the understanding and use of pesticides Test your knowledge of them by writing down the definitions for the terms below To check your answers refer to the glossary 1 Dose Time Relationship 2 Acute Toxicity 3 Chronic Toxicity Y Antagonism 5 Adaptation 2 5 HOW MUCH HOW OFTEN Ihis combination of how much and how often is known as the dose time relationship The dose is the quantity of a chemical that a living creature gets at one exposure Time refers to how often the exposure occurs The anount of chemical dose may be very large such an when a chemical accidentally spills during transportation or during a work accident The amount of ohemioal dose could also be very small such as exposures to trace amount of pesticide residues that may be in foods Sometimes the exposure is only once such as an accident The exposure could also be repeated over and over agai
140. une to certain insecticides however most pesticide failure is not caused by pest resistance Make sure you have used the correct pesticide used the correct dosage and applied the pesticide correctly PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS DESICCANTS DEFOLIANTS AND ANTITRANSPIRANTS Plant growth regulators desiccants defoliants and antitranspirants change normal plant processes How They Work Plant Growth Regulators A11 plant parts are made up of tiny cells that continually multiply and grow Plant growth regulators speed up slow down or otherwise affect cell growth and reproduction Desiccants and Defoliants Both materials are used to get rid of leaves stems and weeds They are used on a limited basis to pretreat areas that are to be burned Defoliated Cotton SELF TEST AND ANSWERS 1 7 LESSON 1 SELF TEST 1 Pesticides are chemicals used to control pests Because of government regulations which of the following are olassed as pesticides e All of the above amp Chemicals used to attract or repel pests b Chemicals used to regulate plant growth c Chemicals used to remove plant leaves d Chemicals used to coat plant leaves 2 If you wanted to speed up or slow down the growth of seedlings you would use a Plant growth regulator b Desiccant or defoliant c Both of these ceo d 3 Match the following a Avicide b Nematicide Pisc
141. use pesticide applicator Remember that you must exercise good judgement as well as possess factual information to work with pesticides safely and effectively Remember too that you are a public servant using your abilities to foster good forest management for the benefit of all citizens Courtesy toward all members of the public and a sincere effort toward understanding their needs and wishes are as important as technical competence No matter what your position to the public you are the Forest Service As you continue to study you will be continuing a proud tradition of service to your community and to your Nation EA rr Certification Training APPLYING PESTICIDES CORRECTLY a CONTENTS PAGE Preface s d 5 Oe dee we 7 Lesson 1 Introduction to Pesticides e gt I Lesson 2 Toxicology Parts 1 6 2 3 Lesson 3 The Pesticide Label 5 dl ue 3 1 Lesson Y Pesticide Formulations and Adjuvants 4 1 Lesson 5 Pesticide Laws Repulations and Forest Service Policy V ood Ue Ee n7 p a a a 5 1 Lesson 6 Using Pesticides Safely 2 1 Lesson 7 Pesticide Application Equipment and Calibration o o Lesson 8 Invertebrate Pests Bugs Snails and Slugs 2 1 Lesson 9 Plant Disease 0 9 1 Lesson 10 Weed
142. use pestioides for hire on property other than their own and government workers For example Forest Service employees who apply pesticides on their jobs Commercial applicators are trained and tested in the general areas of safe use and handling of pesticides They then receive training and testing in one or more specific uses inoluding agricultural pest control plant or animal forest pest control ornamental and turf pest control right of way pest control Beed treatment aquatic pest control industrial institutional structural and health related pest control regulatory pest control and demonstration and research pest control Several States have different or additional categories for commercial applicators These categories include for example aerial application or wood preservation It is illegal to apply a restrioted use pesticide in a category in whioh you are not certified PENALTIES If you violate the law or regulations enacted under FIFRA you are subject to civil penalties The fine can be as much as 5 000 for each offense 1 000 for private applicators Some violations of the law may also subject you to eriminal penalties These oan be as much as 25 000 or 1 year in prison or both for commercial applicators Therefore to use a pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling is a violation of federal law state law and Forest Service policy REGISTRATION
143. velopment of tissue resulting in stunting lack of chlorophyll incomplete development of organs etc and death of tissue as in blights leaf spots wilting and cankers Identifying Plant Diseases We cannot always tell one plant disease from another by looking at the symptoms on the plant Because many diseases produce similar symptoms we need other evidence Identifying the cause is the best way to identify the disease A microscope is needed to see such things as fungal spores nematodes or their eggs and bacteria SELF TEST AND ANSWERS __ _ ___ __________ _ ______ _________ gt LESSON 9 SELF TEST 1 A nonparasitio plant disease is 9 disease that can be passed from one plant to another D a disease that cannot be passed from one plant to another a disease caused by fungi bacteria Which of the following cause parasitic plant diseases nematodes 222 D fungi ____ 0 Viruses ____ d all of the above 3 Fungi are plants that a have chlorophyll b live on other organisms _____ 0 reproduce mostly by seeds Which of these are required before a parasitic disease can develop a a susceptible host b a parasitic agent c a favorable environment d all of the above rm ial emo eee Nematodes ____ are all harmful b are easily diagnosed usually kill plants ean reduce plant gro
144. wth c Germination d Translocation 9 Similar to grasses except that they have triangular stems and three whorled leaves _ parasitic plants algae _ sedges 9 Seedlings that have two leaves as they emerge from the seed a Broadleaf b Grasses Sedges n v _ 10 Match the following on aquatic plants ___ All or part of the plant floats 1 Submergent ___ b Grows beneath the water surface 2 Floaters ____ C Aquatic plant without a vascular system 3 Emergent _ d Most of plant extends above water surface 4 Algae amp 10 9 GI 1 b d a Uy 10 10 10a 2 b 1 Y d 3 A LESSON 11 VERTEBRATE PESTS INTRODUCTION All vertebrate animals have a jointed backbone They include fish snakes turtles alligators lizards frogs toads salamanders birds and mammals Vertebrate pests are simply animals whose presence or activities conflict with human interests and well being What may be a pest animal in some situations may be a highly desirable animal in others TERMS YOU NEED TO UNDERSTAND How well do you know some of the terms that are important in the use of pesticides Test your knowledge of them by writing down the definitions for the terms below To check your answers refer to the glossary 1 Vertebrate 2 Predacide 3 Habitat Predator 5 Mammals 6 Avicide 11 1 T Reptiles R
145. wth and health 6 Temperature and moisture are not key factors in the development of parasitic diseases a True Lnd b False nematode is ____ nonparasitio disease b a one celled plant _____ small roundworm or eelworm 8 Some plant diseases may be carried by insects such as aphids a True ____ b False 9 8 9 Plant diseases pass through three stages ____ Inoculation incubation and induction ____ D Incubation invasion and completion ____ Inoculation incubation and invasion 10 Pathogens include 8 ma 0 6 d Nematodes Fungi Bacteria All of the above T 8 4 10 d 9 10 E v 2 x gt 52 sgh n cb gs iS Ld as n LE EEE INTRODUCTION A weed is plant inmeluding a tree growing where it not wanted Weeds reduce crop yields increase oests of production and reduce the quality ef crop and livesteok preduots addition some weeds cause skin irritation and hay fever and some are poisonous to livestock and man Weeds harm desirable plants by competing for water nutrients light and space contaminating the product at harvest and harboring pest insects mites vertebrates or plant disease agents releasing toxic substances How well do you know some of the terms that are important in the use of pesticides Test your knowled
146. xamples This product is toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or to residues on crops Do not contaminate water when Cleaning equipment or when disposing of wastes Do not apply where runoff is likely to ocour Labels may also oontain broader warnings against harming birds fish and wildlife Physioal and Chemical Hazards This section of the label will tell you of any speoial fire explosion or chemical hazards of the product Statement of Practical Treatment The label will tell you emergency first aid measures It will also tell you what types of exposure require medical attention The pesticide label and safety data sheet are the most important information you can take to the physician when you think someone may have been injured by a pesticide Statement of Use Classification Every pesticide label must show whether the contents are for general use or restricted use General use pesticides are very unlikely to harm the applicator or the environment when used as directed on the label Restricted use pesticides carry the potential to harm the applicator and the environment even when directed on the label The label on these SS 27 produets will say Restricted use pesticide for retail sale to and application only by certified applicators or persons under their direct supervision The restricted use statement must be at the top of the front panel of the label Direotions f

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