OTIS S-71 ELECTRICS
Contents
1. 25 nti rsono issis iias 6 INTRODUCTION N E A T 6 SERTATANUMBER A AEE sate vg laka EA 6 OTIS S 71 ELECTRICAL i iiir 6 MOTOR hiiekas Aa aan 6 MOTORREMOVA D ae 7 MOTOR BRU SEES events eenia ae 8 DIRECTION 590 8 SPEED CONTROD 5 Vetemaa laula Saana 9 HIGH CURRENT SCHEMATIC i smsi aaa a 10 REVERSING SWITCH CONNEGCTIONS iriennevaneoonneoonnvonnoonneoonneonnsennoseneoo neo enne 11 Ee kodu 12 OTIS S 71 BATTERIES ahv aare a 13 BATTERY SPECIFICATIONS laiemalt 13 TROJAN BATTERY DATE CODES tsimmi 13 BATTERY MATIN TRIN AING 59 13 BATTERY LAYOUT AND WIRING 14 BUIGEINEHARGER saama kasakat 15 ADDED AGGESSORTES 16 EXTERNAL CHARGERINPUT secere 16 LIGHTS va 16 BATTERY STATE2. model 5 71 The most modern sophisticated Golf Cart ever Four wheel stability automotive steering hypoid rear axle heavy duty vinyl seats an exceptionally low profile and contemporary fiberglass body all make the new S 71 the epitome of the industry A vacuum formed plastic canopy is optional OTIS 5 71 GENERAL INFORMATION INTRODUCTION The Otis S 71 Golf Cart has a fiberglass body on a tubular steel frame and uses six 6 volt batteries to power a GE 36 volt series the field and armature are connected in series DC motor Speed is controlled by adding or removing resistance in series with the motor voltage The S 71 provides four speeds forward and reverse The S 71 weighs 740 pounds without batteries 1 and about 1100 pounds with batteries Top speed is 12 miles per hour 1 SERIAL NUMBER One Westcoaster S 71 reported to me has an adhesive serial number label on the lower dash between the steering wheel and the glove box OTIS S 71 ELECTRICAL MOTOR The motor is a General Electric DC Motor Model 5BC48JB517B rated on the nameplate for 55 amperes at 36 volts DC The nominal shaft horsepower rating is 2 0 The field and armature are connected in series The motor terminals may not be labeled I have arbitrarily labeled them 1 through 4 for correspondence with the diagrams on the following pages Terminals 1 and 2 go to the field winding Terminals 3 and 4 go through brushes to the armature Brushes are accessible by removing th
3. 3 8 ratchet drive and used for inspecting and adding gear oil see photo Standard 90 weight gear oil is suggested REAR WHEEL BEARINGS Each rear wheel uses a ball bearing wheel bearing located in the end of the axle housing For access jack up the rear axle and remove the rear wheel Remove the cotter pin and castle nut holding the hub and pull the hub straight off it is splined to the axle shaft The bearing will be visible at the end of the axle This bearing should be flooded with clean grease I have not removed one of these so cannot say further the exact procedure for bearing removal The bearing appears to be retained by a plate that bolts to the end of the axle housing with a large opening for the axle and through which the bearing may be viewed To replace the hub align the splines of the hub and rear axle and push on Replace the castle nut and tighten until it is tight then back off the nut until the cotter pin can be inserted through the castle nut and axle and locked in place Then replace the wheel The recommended wheel lug nut torque is unknown to me but I use a 3 8 hand ratchet and 34 inch deep well socket for this with good results FRONT WHEEL BEARINGS Each front wheel has an inner and an outer roller bearing that should be well greased For access jack up the front axle and remove the front wheel Remove the grease cover from the hub by prying it straight out Remove the cotter pin and castle nut holding the hub an
4. Allen screw to the forward end of the motor shaft The brake pedal is attached to a flexible cable the other end of which pulls on the shoe through a spring Pushing the brake pedal further engages a pawl that holds the brake ON as a parking brake The brake pedal is also interlocked with the accelerator pedal Simply pushing on the accelerator pedal will release the parking brake An adjusting nut and locking nut are provided where the brake cable attaches to the shoe The shoe should be adjusted so that the parking brake functions reliably The photo below is taken from the driver s side with the seats raised looking down on the motor MOTOR BRUSH ACCESS COVERS BRAKE ADJUSTMENT 17 REAR SUSPENSION Rear suspension on each side consists of a coil spring with a shock absorber inside each spring like a two piece strut and a swing arm that bolts to the rear axle and pivots at the frame attachment The two rear swing arms are of different construction The right passenger side is made of hollow steel pipe The left arm is of flat steel The reason for this is unknown to me at this writing The rear shock absorbers are stamped Monro Matic with the part number 1034 The date code is C10C71 The rear coil springs are pre loaded The spring must be compressed about an inch in order to safely bolt or unbolt the shock We jacked up the frame and set it on blocks located at the rear of the battery framework just
5. OF CHARGE METER gouda vokaal sinaka 16 MECHANICA TL kustutamata 17 WHEELSAND TIRES cister are e ETTET ENA 17 BRAKING R a E 17 REAR SUSPENSION o e iisen a a a a E E A ETA AT oE 18 FRONT SUSPENSION EA E EEE Ea EA ATT 18 STEERING E e E a a E EES 18 REAR AXLE AND DIFFERENTIAL isis scsscccscasscssnvissoeassabsescesvateaseaasaesasvdasbaadseuaaabeoes 19 REAR WHEEL BEARING 5 006 19 FERONT WHEEL BEARINGS 19 SEATS AND BATTERY ACCES Sao uraren tei 20 OPERATOR CONTROL PANEL scrii 20 REFERENCES peraire atn a r 21 INTERESTING WEBSITE S REER kd 21 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following people have generously provided information to me Stephen Showers Corporate Archivist Otis Elevator Company Five Farm Springs Road Farmington CT 06032 860 676 5577 historical archives otis com NOTE Steven Showers arranged for Otis Elevator Company to grant me formal written permission to use their copyright photo and text A signed contract to that effect is in my files Mark Eyestone Westcoaster Info Center 2306 Crystal Way Crystal Lake IL 60012 2221 815 455 2179 westcoasterinfocenter vy
6. at the forward edge of the rear trailing arms and then used a floor jack under the rear axle to raise the axle until the shocks could be fastened without tension The rubber bushings for the shocks may be replaced with HELP part number 31018 or Napa part number 650 1113 FRONT SUSPENSION Front suspension on each side consists of a flat single leaf spring and a flat half leaf and shock absorber The rear end of the leaf spring and half leaf are solidly bolted no pivot to the frame The forward end of the whole leaf spring is solidly bolted to the front axle The shock absorbers are located between the front axle and the frame The front shock absorbers are stamped MAECO with the part number A40099 The date code is C2D73 STEERING Steering is a conventional automotive type according to Otis I strongly suspect the S 71 uses the same components as were used for Otis gasoline powered products of higher power and speed The steering assembly has a total of six grease fittings three on each side as indicated by the arrows on the photos below 18 REAR AXLE AND DIFFERENTIAL The rear axle and differential are of the automotive type according to Otis The differential can provide power to either rear wheel I strongly suspect the S 71 uses the same components as were used for Otis gasoline powered products of higher power and speed The differential cover facing rear has an oil plug with a square hole for a
7. the 36 volt connections of the battery bank The charger connector is a standard 30 ampere female connector used for 240VAC electric clothes dryers The ground terminal is not used Any commercial 36 volt 20 ampere charger may be used for charging the batteries NOTE Modern automatic chargers may require at least 30 volts in the 6 battery string or they may not turn on and charge LIGHTS The front headlights and rear red taillights are all wired in parallel and use 12 volts from two of the 6 volt batteries as shown on the battery wiring diagram This wiring has a 5 ampere fuse for safety An SPST toggle switch on the dash controls the lights BATTERY STATE OF CHARGE METER This expanded voltmeter is widely available at golf cart shops for about 30 This fuel gauge is connected to the positive 36 volt battery post The negative lead goes to the key switch so the meter only works when the key is ON A 5 ampere fuse in the negative lead protects the wiring 16 OTIS 5 71 MECHANICAL WHEELS AND TIRES 5 71 has four wheels which use 18 x 8 50 8 standard golf cart tires widely available in many tread designs Normal tire pressure is 20 PSI I am using 10 PSI tire pressure for a smoother ride on gravel roads The S 71 is unique in using a five lug rim The current standard golf cart rim mounts with only four lugs BRAKING The brake pedal operates a single brake shoe that is pulled against a drum attached using a key and an
8. DC The solenoids are bolted to the metal box holding the accelerator switches but the nuts inside the box are not captive and will fall down inside the box if the bolts are removed Sheet metal screws may be used to re mount a solenoid NOTE THE S 71 MOTOR USES UP TO 55 AMPERES FOR SATISFACTORY OPERATION IT IS VERY IMPORTANT THAT ALL CONNECTIONS TO THE MOTOR BATTERIES RESISTORS AND REVERSING SWITCH BE CLEAN AND TIGHT HIGH CURRENT SCHEMATIC This schematic shows the high current connections between the batteries and the motor MOTOR 1 and MOTOR 2 are the field winding MOTOR 3 and MOTOR 4 are the armature winding Except as noted all wiring in this diagram is heavy gauge stranded copper wire AWG 6 or larger or copper strap rated for not less than 55 amperes The Forward Reverse switch swaps connections to the armature winding NOTE The resistors shown are a fraction of an Ohm each and will measure zero Ohms with the usual bench multimeter Small Red Wire From Internal Charger Positive Output LT LB MOTOR 2 Hi 36V BATTERY POSITIVE RB RM RT SOLENOID HIGH CURRENT CONTACTS ARE SHOWN AS FWD REV SWITCH ASSEMBLY 36V BATTERY MOTOR 3 NEGATIVE MOTOR 4 FORWARD MOTOR 1 MOTOR 1 TO MOTOR 3 AND MOTOR 4 TO BATTERY NEGATIVE REVERSE MOTOR 1 TO MOTOR 4 AND MOTOR 3 TO BATTERY NEGATIVE 10 REVERSING SWITCH CONNECTIONS Viewed from passenger side with control panel pulled forward The MOTOR 4
9. OTIS 5 71 GOLF CART TECHNICAL INFORMATION Jim Kaness Revised November 2015 OTIS GOLF CART 5 71 TECHNICAL INFORMATION This manual was written without the knowledge consent or participation of the Otis Elevator Company and it does NOT have their endorsement This manual is my own work on my own initiative and the responsibility for its content is mine alone Except for the sales brochure excerpt on page 5 the text drawings and photographs in this document are my own work from my own reverse engineering done on my own S 71 and comparison with other S 71 s available for inspection Despite 40 odd years of electronics engineering and construction technical writing and jack of all trades it is still possible for me to err I reserve the right to update and correct this document as new information becomes available Comments suggestions and corrections are welcomed Jim Kaness 4267 Varsity Street Ventura CA 93003 3803 805 644 3237 www jimkaness com For a free PDF download copy of this manual click on http www jimkaness com engineering s71 pdf This document was created using LibreOffice Writer with Linux Ubuntu 14 04 LTS 2015 by Jim Kaness TABLE CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS reei cesa eie nob vvie kaa 3 ACKNOWLEDGE MEIN US alaalia ama 4 OTIS S 71 HISTORY sella 5 55 71
10. Remove the caps and verify that the fluid level is above the lead plates If it is not slowly add DISTILLED WATER until it is over the plates DO NOT USE TAP WATER as the dissolved minerals in it will shorten the life of the batteries Periodically check the battery terminals and if any corrosion is observed clean the battery terminals Corrosion may be removed by using a solution of baking soda mixed with just enough tap water to make a wet paste Using an old toothbrush brush this paste over the corrosion let it stand a few minutes while the paste bubbles and then rinse the terminals with tap water Repeat as needed until the terminals are clean Once the terminals are clean and the connections are tight smear automotive grease over them to inhibit future corrosion 13 BATTERY LAYOUT AND WIRING Driver s side view looking down on the batteries with the seat raised Top of the page is the passenger side of the S 71 Left side of the page is toward the front of the S 71 a 12V to Lights GE 36 VOLT SERIES MOTOR 36V to LB 36V to Fwd 18V to All Solenoids Rev Switch EXTERNAL CHARGER INPUT E Viewed From Front 14 BUILT IN CHARGER The Otis S 71 originally came with a built in battery charger Many of these are no longer functioning and an external charger must be used The transformer and rectifiers are under the front hood behind the dash The 20 ampere ammeter timer and AC power cord connector are on th
11. ahoo com NOTE Mark Eyestone is the moderator of a Yahoo forum on all Otis and Westcoaster vehicles John Triolo Mountain Golf Cars Inc 9547 Highway 105 Banner Elk NC 28604 800 328 1953 fineit golfcarcatalog com http www golfcartcatalog com NOTE John Triolo of Mountain Golf Cars Inc generously provided me with a copy of the original Otis Model S 71 Parts and Service Manual and Operators Manual after my own manual was written It shows exploded drawings original part numbers and wiring diagrams I have scanned the manual and it is available from me as a PDF file on CD R at no cost to you The file is too large to email OTIS 5 71 HISTORY The Otis S 71 golf cart was produced between 1970 and 1976 by Westcoaster a subsidiary of Otis Elevator Company and may be branded either Otis or Westcoaster In 1970 Otis Elevator Company acquired West Coast Machinery Company of Stockton CA who manufactured a full line of electric and gasoline powered vehicles under the brand name Westcoaster for use off the public roads on airports factories farms ranches and golf courses In 1976 Otis sold the Westcoaster Otis product line to EVA Chloride who was then engaged in development of electric vehicles for highway use In 2015 many of these S 71 golf carts are still in use EXCERPT FROM WESTCOASTER SALES BROCHURE 1 The photo and text below are Copyright 1971 by Otis Elevator Company and are used by permission
12. com ev evhiste htm Otis Elevator Company www otis com Otis Elevator Company See listing at www econogics com ev evhisto htm Trojan Batteries www trojanbattery com Westcoaster No listing found Golf Cart Parts http www golfcarcatalog com Golf Cart Parts http www teetimegolfcars com 21
13. connection is at the top The dashed rectangles are the shorting bars on the reverse side of the switch assembly The four unused bolt connections are only there to help the shorting bars slide smoothly over them to the intended connections The two copper shorting bars MUST be insulated from the metal spring loaded carrier that moves them around COPPER SHORTING BARS SHOWN BELOW IN FORWARD POSITION MOTOR 4 BATTERY NEGATIVE TO SOLENOID CONTROL CIRCUIT low current schematic BATTERY MOTOR 1 NEGATIVE 36 VOLTS MOTOR 3 COPPER SHORTING BARS SHOWN BELOW IN REVERSE POSITION MOTOR 4 BATTERY NEGATIVE TO SOLENOID CONTROL CIRCUIT low current schematic BATTERY MOTOR 1 NEGATIVE 36 VOLTS MOTOR 3 11 LOW CURRENT SCHEMATIC This schematic is for the low current wiring showing the solenoid coils switches and fuses The accelerator switch progressively connects more solenoids as the pedal is pressed down With the accelerator resting none of the solenoids is energized The drawing shows the switch having energized LB and LT for the slowest of the four speeds The colored lines below indicate the wire color code in my S 71 PLUS 18 VOLTS From center of 36V battery bank ACCELERATOR SWITCH A 20A Inline Fuse MINUS 18 VOLTS AND MINUS 36 VOLTS From Fwd Rev Switch Two Micro Switches 20A x 4 Meter 20 Fuse Fwd Rev Switch Assembly Brown From Internal Char
14. d pull the hub straight off The roller bearings will lift out of the hub they are only secured by grease To replace the hub align the roller bearings with the axle and push the hub onto the axle Replace the castle nut and tighten until it is tight then back off the nut until the cotter pin can be inserted through the castle nut and axle and locked in place The hub should rotate freely and have no side or end play Then replace the wheel The recommended wheel lug nut torque is unknown to me but I use a 3 8 hand ratchet and inch deep well socket for this with good results 19 SEATS AND BATTERY ACCESS The two individual seats are bolted to a piece of 4 inch plywood covered with indoor outdoor carpet that is hinged at the front edge for access to the batteries A rod and rod holder for propping up this cover during battery maintenance are located on the battery side behind the driver s seat The passenger seat mounts with four bolts from the rear of this cover into tapped nuts in the seat The driver s seat mounts to adjustable tracks so it can be moved fore and aft to accommodate the driver The tracks have threaded studs that extend through the cover and are attached with washers and nuts The left rear nut also secures the rod and the right rear nut also secures the rod holder OPERATOR CONTROL PANEL The operator control panel mounts to the fiberglass body using a bolt nut and washer at the top end between the seats and usin
15. e operator control panel between the seats Behind this panel located on the Fwd Rev Switch Assembly is a 20 ampere fuse between the charger output and the batteries The built in charger uses a transformer and two silicon diodes in a standard full wave rectifier circuit The transformer has a tapped primary to accommodate varying AC line voltages The timer operates off the AC input and allows charging for the desired number of hours to prevent overcharging The ammeter confirms that charging is taking place The transformer and diodes may be accessed by removing the glove box in the dash The glove box mounts with two bolts and tapped L brackets that grip behind the dash To remove unscrew the two bolts about 8 turns each It should then be possible to wiggle the glove box free of the dash The transformer and diodes are just inside and to the left Mounted on Control Panel Brown Negative to 20A Fuse and Ammeter Mounted Behind Dash Transformer Red Positive to LB Ground to Chassis The recessed male AC power connector on the S 71 is a type no longer made I made a mating female connector from an L5 15R female connector by sawing the plastic connector body to lengthen the arc of the opening for the ground terminal 15 ADDED ACCESSORIES The Otis S 71 did not originally come with the following accessories Various owners have added them to my S 71 EXTERNAL CHARGER INPUT The external charger input is wired directly to
16. e rubber covers next to terminals 3 and 4 Brake Assembly Shaft from Differential 3 DC MOTOR 1O Top View 20 4 O NOTE Most electric motors have the field and armature connected in parallel When motors are used for propulsion as this one is the field and armature are usually connected in series as this provides maximum torque at low speed However a series connected motor MUST always have a load on it or its speed may rise to an unsafe value 2 This will not be a problem unless the motor is removed from the S 71 for bench testing MOTOR REMOVAL The motor mounts to the differential with two bolts and a splined shaft Remove all electric cables from the motor making sure that the terminal bolt does not rotate Use a thin 9 16 end wrench on the rear nut while removing the front nut and the cable Then remove the brake cable assembly from the brake Remove the two bolts at the outer perimeter of the rear motor housing from the differential end of the motor The motor armature has a splined socket that fits over a splined shaft coming out of the differential housing It is a tight squeeze but the motor may be pulled away from the differential and removed from the S71 In this condition the motor has no rear bearing so while the armature may rotate it will rub on the stators The motor rear housing with a rubber shaft seal is bolted to the differential with four bolts Remove the four bolts and tap ge
17. g either a bolt or sheet metal screw at the bottom edge near the floor Remove the upper bolt first Then remove the bottom fastener it screws into a captive Tinnerman U type self retaining speed nut on the inside lip behind the fiberglass When the bolts are removed lift up on the panel about inch so the bottom lip clears the fiberglass The panel may then be pulled forward a few inches for access to the components mounted on it The heavy battery cables and the studs on the reversing switch may hang up on the fiberglass but with a little patience and care the panel will come free for inspection and maintenance Bottom end of control panel lt Lip part of control panel Fastener gt lt speed nut lt Fiberglass body partial 20 REFERENCES 1 Westcoaster sales brochure entitled full line Otis Collection Item 2599 1971 by Otis Elevator Company Used by permission 2 Circuits and Machines in Electrical Engineering Volume Machines By John O Kraehenbuehl and Max A Fawcett Second Edition 1947 John Wiley amp Sons Inc New York Page 251 3 I C S Reference Library 4 volumes Volume Electric Railways Interior Wiring 1904 International Textbook Company Scranton Section 24 Page 16 INTERESTING WEBSITES SUBJECT WEBSITE LINK Electric Vehicle History www econogics com ev evhista htm EVA Chloride See listing at www econogics
18. ger Rectifier Negative Output 12 OTIS 5 71 BATTERIES BATTERY SPECIFICATIONS My S 71 uses six 6 volt Trojan batteries model T 105 rated at 185 ampere hours for 5 hours Each measures 7 1 8 wide by 10 3 8 long by 10 7 8 high The two 5 16 18 threaded post connections are at diagonal corners Other high quality deep cycle Golf Cart batteries may be used Each T 105 weighs 62 pounds Use a battery lifting strap rated for this weight when removing or installing batteries TROJAN BATTERY DATE CODES The Trojan date code is a letter number combination stamped on the negative post The code is MY with the Month being A January B February etc The Year is a single digit such that 3 2003 4 2004 etc Thus A3 indicates January 2003 WARNING WHILE 6 OR 36 VOLTS WILL NOT PRESENT A SHOCK HAZARD THE HIGH AMPERAGE AVAILABLE FROM THESE BATTERIES CAN MELT OR WELD JEWELRY AND TOOLS THAT MAY ACCIDENTALLY SHORT ONE OR MORE OF THESE BATTERIES TO ENSURE YOUR SAFETY WHEN WORKING ON OR NEAR THE BATTERIES REMOVE RINGS WATCHES AND OTHER METAL OBJECTS FROM YOUR HANDS AND ARMS AND WRAP ALL TOOL HANDLES WITH TAPE WARNING THESE BATTERIES CONTAIN SULFURIC ACID IF THIS ACID CONTACTS SKIN EYES OR OTHER BODY PARTS IMMEDIATELY FLUSH WITH LOTS OF WATER BATTERY MAINTENANCE Periodically check the fluid level in the batteries in all 18 cells Hot weather and the battery charging process will normally cause the batteries to lose water
19. he circuit Five solenoids and two resistors one with a tap offer four speeds This approach has been used in electric street railways for over a century 3 Solenoids LT and LB are both used to apply or remove power from the motor The S 71 uses these two solenoids with their contacts in series apparently to guarantee that power can be removed from the motor in the event the contacts on one of these solenoids should weld closed The other three solenoids RT RM and RB are used to short out various parts of the resistance for speed control Solenoid ON Accelerator Position LT Left Top A B C D LB Left Bottom A B C D RT Right Top B C D RM Right Middle C D RB Right Bottom D The accelerator as it is pressed offers OFF and positions sequentially labeled by me A slowest B C and D fastest With any one of the motor wires disconnected and key ON you can hear the solenoids turn ON as the accelerator is depressed through its range The pushrod between the accelerator pedal and the switches can be adjusted in length so that at rest NO switches are engaged and so just before the accelerator bottoms on the floorboard ALL switches are engaged The five solenoids are basically automotive starter solenoids with all four terminals isolated from the metal case and from each other The solenoid coils are rated at 12 VDC and show a measured DC resistance of 12 to 14 ohms In my S 71 they are each operated on 18 V
20. ntly on the differential side of the motor rear housing The housing will separate from the differential and come loose A paper gasket appears to be used between the differential and the motor rear housing The photo upper right shows the motor rear housing still attached to the differential just after the motor is pulled off The splined shaft from the differential is visible in the center of the housing The motor is keyed to this housing with a single small finger key which should point toward the top of the cart The photo to the right shows the rear of the motor with its rear housing missing just after the motor is pulled off the differential The splined socket is visible in the center of the armature The finger key may be seen as a dark spot on the outer case of the motor near the top of the photo MOTOR BRUSHES The motor has two replaceable carbon brushes Each brush is held in its holder by a spring that may be pulled back by the fingers for brush removal Each brush has a heavy stranded wire and lug that bolts brush terminal to a piece of flat steel which is spot welded to the motor armature terminal as shown in the photo below Brush Holder Brush Spring Brush Brush terminal Armature 4 terminal The armature terminal bolt is insulated from the motor housing by an inner round washer an outer sguare washer and a center bushing with a sguare inner hole to fit the sguare shank on the bolt and a sguare o
21. uter shape to fit the sguare hole in the motor housing One nut holds all this together and a second nut is used to attach the electrical motor cable have found two of these that were over torgued such that the center insulation between the washers was destroyed and the bolt could rotate in its hole bending the metal tab attached to it This could eventually lead to a short circuit Both the brush and the brush terminal screw should be readily accessible through the inspection hole as shown in the photo above If the brush terminal is not fully visible look for bent out of proper shape metal between the armature terminal and the brush terminal caused by rotation of the armature terminal bolt DIRECTION CONTROL AND INTERLOCK The Forward Reverse lever on the control panel directly operates the high current DC polarity reversing switch To prevent arcing a normally open microswitch closes when the lever is in the full Forward or full Reverse position allowing the solenoids to apply power to the motor SPEED CONTROL The accelerator pedal operates a pushrod connected to a series of switches inside the enclosed box under the seat on which the solenoids are mounted As the accelerator is pressed down power is applied to the motor through two solenoids and through resistors they look like coils of heavy wire mounted under the motor As the accelerator pedal is pressed further other solenoids reduce the amount of resistance in t
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