DEXTER AXLE
Contents
1. Step 2 Determine the method of attachment you wish to use For structural tube type frame rails refer to Figure A for the recommended attachment For channel or beam type frame refer to Figure B Step 3 Once the method of attachment is decided the axle s must be carefully aligned on the trailer frame The axle s centerline must be perpendicular to the longitudinal centerline of the trailer See Figure C NOTE Misalignment of the axle s can cause poor tracking and accelerated tire wear Attachment To Structural Tube Type Frames 1 Dexter Axle recommends the use of side mounting hangers when mounting axles to tubular type frames These hangers provide a convenient means for bolting the axles in place All of the necessary components are included in the Side Mount AP kits listed in Chart 1 2 Refer to Chart 2 to find the mounting bracket dimensions of your axles This chart shows the dimensions from the wheel center to the bolt holes of the brackets 3 The preferred way to use the side mount hanger is to pre assemble the hangers to the axle using the hardware provided in the AP kit Make sure the hangers are clamped firmly against the top surface of the axle brackets and the bolts are tightened to the torque specifications shown in Chart 1 Position the axle assembly on the frame rails in the desired location and weld the side mount hangers to the frame 4 Axle bracket position is the distance as measured over the outboard edg2. 00 Ibs limited by the capacity of the springs Hitch Weight The portion of the weight of a trailer that is carried on the towing vehicle through the connection point GCWR Gross Combined Weight Rating For motorized vehicles the manufacturer rates the vehicle for towing capability by defining the Gross Vehicle Weight of the vehicle and combining that with the GVW of the vehicle to be towed Definition Of Terms GVWR Gross Vebicle Weight Rating The value specified by the manufacturer as the loaded weight of a single vehicle Dog Tracking The behavior a vehicle will exhibit when the body of the vehicle is skewed relative to the line of travel during operation This happens when the axles have been mounted to the frame incorrectly that is not perpendicular to the centerline of the vehicle When the unit is towed the running gear will align itself to the line of travel but the wheel track will be offset from the track of the tow vehicle and the body or frame will appear to be tracking out of line J Polar Inertia The property that can cause a trailer to swing from side to side during operation One of the causes of this phenomenon can be demonstrated with the following example A large travel trailer has the kitchen located at the rear of the coach The owner has loaded supplies and personal belongings in the rear of the unit Side forces suc
3. APPLIGATIONS MANUAL DEXTER AXLE www dexteraxle com Introduction This information is intended as a guide for the proper specification and application of Dexter Axle running gear associated components and accessories We have attempted to define some of the terms commonly used in the transportation industry as well as providing descriptions of the various systems used in building a wide variety of trailers Dexter offers a full line of trailer axles that can be used in many different applications When specifying any pre engineered components such as axles it is the responsibility of the trailer designer to insure compatibility with the vehicle and all of its sub systems Important Information The information presented is meant to assist trailer manufacturers in the specification of their running gear components Dexter Axle does not warrant that the information given constitutes an approved trailer design or application Dynamic loading travel requirements unique to the trailer design unusual service conditions trailer configurations unequal load distribution hitch or coupler arrangements and towing vehicle suspension characteristics can significantly affect the performance of any trailer axle and or suspension systems It remains the responsibility of the trailer manufacturer to evaluate specify and test their trailer running gear combination before production and to certify it as such While the information presented at the t
4. UBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE AXLE www dexteraxle com 2900 Industrial Parkway East Elkhart IN 46516 Fax 574 295 8666 Ph 574 295 7888 11 06 Dexter Axle 2006 LIT 008 00
5. at supplies brake fluid pressure to the trailer s hydraulic brakes The actuator output pressure is proportional to the brake control signal received from a suitable electronic brake controller Vacuum boost hydraulic actuators Used to control hydraulic brakes this type actuator operates a hydraulic master cylinder with a vacuum chamber synchronized to the towing vehicle brake system These systems are typically used on tag axles for motor homes and equipment trailers where the tow vehicle is not equipped with air brakes Air boost hydraulic actuators Systems of this type are used for equipment and utility type trailers towed by air brake equipped vehicles The booster is an air cylinder which operates the master cylinder Braking force is modulated by controlling the air pressure to the booster Hydraulic surge coupler A surge coupler serves a dual function by providing the means for connecting the trailer to the tow vehicle as well as actuating the trailer brakes A master cylinder is built into the coupler and is operated by the over running force of the trailer against the tow vehicle Hitches Ball and coupler Classified by SAE for trailers divided into gross weight categories this hitch type uses a ball attached to the tow vehicle and a corresponding socket or coupler affixed to the tongue of the trailer Class 1 trailers up to 2000 lbs GVW Class 2 trailers over 2000 Ibs up to 3500 Ibs GVW Class 3 trailers over 3500 Ibs
6. bottom flanges of the frame rails Make sure the hole pattern matches the mounting brackets of your axles and is properly oriented to allow proper alignment of the axle s 3 An alternate method for determining hole location is to position the axle assembly on the frame rails align it perpendicular to the trailer centerline clamp in place and transfer the holes directly from the brackets 4 Drill the holes through the frame rails and attach the axle using the hardware provided in the AP kit Tighten the bolts to the torque specified in Chart 1 Installation Suggestions When bolting to structural shapes that have tapered flanges bevel washers must be used to prevent uneven clamping and bending of the fasteners Figure B Top Mount Installation C channel frames should be L reinforced in the area over the axle s Use bevel washers when bolting to structural steel channel and beam type frame sections should be reinforced in the area over the axle mounting brackets It is recommended that the vertical leg of the axle bracket be positioned directly under the vertical segment or reinforcement of the frame member Bracket Dimensions Chart 2 Torflex amp Mounting Hole To Wheel Center Dim X Inches Mounting Axle E Hole Size Start Angle Of Trailing Arm Spacing Top Side 10 56 Full zseow wow Eie no D
7. de of cast iron and has integrally cast fins to help dissipate heat The braking force comes from a clamshell like structure called the brake caliper which is attached to the axle The caliper is positioned to straddle the rotating disc When hydraulic fluid extends the piston the caliper grips the rotor to generate the braking effort Caliper Pistons Corrosion Resistant Bolts Brake Shoes Disc Rotor The axle capacity is usually determined by subtracting the hitch load from the Gross Vehicle Weight The remainder will be the load to be carried by the axle s When making this calculation be sure to consider the final load distribution If the weight is shifted off center laterally the load imposed on the wheel s on the side closest to the load center will be greater The load on the heavier side must not exceed one half the rated capacity of the axle s Torflex axles should be specified in such a way that will position the vertical section of their mounting brackets directly under the most rigid section of the frame members This will help to ensure proper support of the axle brackets see illustrations in the Torflex Installation section For applications requiring lower floor or frame heights drop spindle axles as well as underslung springs on straight spindle axles can be used to achieve the desired height When Torflex axles are called for the starting angle of the torsion arm can be specified to be above the hor
8. ded to the underside of the frame rails to provide the attaching points for the leaf springs and their associated parts The attaching parts are normally provided in kits which contain all the necessary hardware to properly install the running gear In the case of multiple axle installations devices called equalizers are often used to help transfer load from one axle to the other s as the vehicle travels over uneven terrain Not all combinations of equalizers and hangers are suitable If the equalizer hangers are too short the spring eye may contact the frame during articulation of the suspension and may result in overloading of the spring Brake Types Electric and hydraulic shoe drum Electric brakes are similar to the hydraulic drum brakes used on automobiles and trucks While those brakes are actuated by hydraulic pressure generated by the master cylinder to expand the wheel cylinder electric brakes function by the action of an electromagnet inside the brake drum When a voltage is sent by the brake controller to the electromagnets they are attracted to the rotating armature surface of the drum The sliding friction of the magnets against the armature surface actuates a lever which in turn expands the brake shoes out against the drum surface This is much like the action that occurs within a hydraulic brake when the wheel cylinder expands The braking effort is modulated by varying the amount of voltage supplied to the magnets whe
9. e e e T a s sr ze Lm pepe pep pep p o Lm pepe pee se fea ve por eo pen e Lom z so pee ss por pos po m ze oe pepe oe e Installation Suggestions E Fender Clearance Allow 3 over the tire at full load Side Holes D Top Holes WHEEL CENTER lt FRONT Frames Types The following illustrations show some of the more common frame types and the preferred method of attachment for Torflex axles Figures 1 through 4 deal with side mounted axles while Figures 5 through 7 show the top mounted type Although Torflex axles are normally specified by the dimension at the outside or outboard edges of the brackets to match the outside dimension of the frame some situations may dictate aligning the vertical leg of the bracket with the web or side of the frame member Designers should consider the attachment of the running gear carefully when making decisions about frame types The reliability and structural integrity of the running gear as well as the frame members can be degraded if axles are mounted to the frame in ways that result in excessive flexing of the components Side mount hangers can add support to the frame while providing a convenient method for running gear attachment Re enforcing plates may also b
10. e added in the areas where the axles are mounted to provide additional support see illustrations Installation Suggestions Figure 1 SIDE MOUNTED LOW PROFILE Figure 2 REINFORCEMENT RECOMMENDED E SIDE MOUNTED LOW PROFILE Figure 3 REINFORCEMENT RECOMMENDED SIDE MOUNTED LOW PROFILE SIDE MOUNTED HIGH PROFILE REINFORCEMENT RECOMMENDED SIDE MOUNTED HIGH PROFILE REINFORCEMENT P RECOMMENDED d SIDE MOUNTED HIGH PROFILE Installation Suggestions E Figure 4 REINFORCEMENT REINFORCEMENT RECOMMENDED RECOMMENDED SIDE MOUNTED SIDE MOUNTED LOW PROFILE HIGH PROFILE REINFORCEMENT REINFORCEMENT RECOMMENDED RECOMMENDED TOP MOUNTED TOP MOUNTED LOW PROFILE HIGH PROFILE Figure 6 REINFORCEMENT REINFORCEMENT RECOMMENDED RECOMMENDED TOP MOUNTED TOP MOUNTED LOW PROFILE HIGH PROFILE Installation Suggestions Figure 7 REINFORCEMENT RECOMMENDED REINFORCEMENT RECOMMENDED TOP MOUNTED TOP MOUNTED LOW PROFILE HIGH PROFILE Designers should consider the attachment of the running gear carefully when maki
11. ear The sequence that the components are installed is not so important as long as it suits your particular production flow However it is essential that these components be attached to the vehicle frame in the proper manner to ensure trouble free performance Spring eyes and equalizers must be free to rotate Binding can lead to unsatisfactory ride performance and possible spring failure Installation Suggestions Over tightening the nuts can lead to fastener failure The torque specification for the 20 hex nut used on shouldered shackle bolts is 30 to 50 Ibs ft The nut should not be used to pull the shackle bolt into the hanger Instead the bolt should be driven into place to allow the serrations to grip the hanger Using an impact wrench without some type of torque limiting device can damage the threads and the serrations Shackle bolts that are free to rotate will severely limit the service life of the hangers Spring eyes and equalizers must be free to rotate Binding can lead to unsatisfactory ride performance and possible spring failure Torflex amp Axle Installation Procedure The following instructions describe methods that can be used to attach your Torflex amp axles to the vehicle frame Step 1 The user must first decide where to place the axle s on the trailer The position of the wheel center relative to the CG center of gravity will determine the final axle loading as well as the hitch load
12. ect ride if the natural frequency of the vehicle s structure matches the frequency of the suspension Once the flex of the frame is in phase with the suspension s vertical movement the dynamic load input to the suspension will cause it to deflect more than it would under static load conditions This greater loading of the suspension results in greater rebound which causes greater frame flexing Now the larger degree of frame flexure is imposed on the suspension which causes an even greater vertical travel and so on If this condition exists damage to the vehicle s structure can occur Either the structure should be stiffened or the suspension characteristics should be altered to prevent this in phase behavior Uneven side to side loading of a trailer can cause dog tracking For double eyed leaf spring and single slipper type springs the front end of the spring is anchored to the vehicle frame As the load increases the spring arch flattens resulting in a lengthening of the spring Since the axle is attached near the mid point of the spring it will move rearward as the spring deflects If the springs are unevenly loaded the axle will be skewed relative to the vehicle centerline and may cause tracking problems Atrailer designed to carry a load with a high center of gravity should have a wide enough axle track to prevent or diminish the tendency for the vehicle to tip over on curves or turns with little or no banking of the road surface Trai
13. es so the above exclusion or limitation may not apply to you Inquiries regarding these warranties should be sent to Dexter Axle P O Box 250 Elkhart Indiana 46515 Qenuine Dexter axles and components are available nationwide from our plant locations listed below or through our network of distributors Check our website for the distributor nearest you Visit us online at www dexteraxle com Dexter Axle Dexter Axle 222 Collins Rd Fax 574 295 8094 Ph 574 295 1900 Dexter Axle 2700 S Yates Ave Los Angeles CA 90040 Fax 323 724 8193 e Ph 323 726 3157 Dexter Axle 500 S E 27th St EI Reno OK 73036 Fax 405 262 9089 Ph 405 262 6700 11870 N 650 East N Manchester IN 46962 Albion IN 46701 Fax 260 982 7511 Elkhart IN 46516 260 982 4047 Dexter Axle 1 Municipal Dr Carrollton MO 64633 Fax 660 542 1133 Ph 660 542 2232 Dexter Axle Road 75 East Fax 260 636 3030 Ph 260 636 2195 Dexter Axle West Pearl St Fremont IN 46737 Fax 260 495 1701 Ph 260 495 5100 Dexter Axle Perimeter Rd Monticello GA 31064 Fax 706 468 2966 Ph 706 468 6495 Company Headquarters 2900 Industrial Parkway East Elkhart IN 46516 Fax 574 295 8666 Ph 574 295 7888 DEXTER AXLE NO PART OF THIS CATALOG MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT DEXTER AXLE S PERMISSION ALL PART NUMBERS DIMENSIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS IN THIS CATALOG ARE S
14. es of the brackets This dimension is usually matched to the outside measurement of the frame members but depending on the type of frame may not always be suitable The preferred arrangement should place the longest vertical section of the axle bracket directly under the most rigid section of the frame member Installation Suggestions Figure Side Mount Installation OUTSIDE FRAME L OUTSIDE BRACKET DIMENSION Washer s must be placed against the slotted hole in the axle bracket L NOTE Low profile brackets have plain round holes Side mount hangers should be welded to frame with three 3 14 fillet welds 21 2 long on each side of the hanger and a fillet weld on each end Welds should meet the quality standards of the American Welding Society D1 1 Structural Welding Code Attaching Parts Kits Torque Specifications Chart 1 ms mm e Tam Mem se tt mm Am Side mount hangers and fasteners for mounting axle provided in AP attaching parts kit shown in Chart 1 Torque fasteners to levels specified in Chart 1 Attachment to Channel or Beam Type Frames 1 Refer to Chart 2 to find the mounting bracket dimensions of your axles This chart shows the dimensions from the wheel center to the bolt holes of the brackets 2 Lay out the bolt hole locations on the
15. eserves the right to fully satisfy its obligations under the Limited Warranties by refunding the then current list price of the defective axle or if the axle has been discontinued of the most nearly comparable current product 2 Dexter Axle reserves the right to furnish a substitute or replacement component or product in the event an axle or any component of the axle is discontinued or is otherwise unavailable 3 These warranties are nontransferable GENERAL THE FOREGOING WARRANTIES ARE EXCLUSIVE AND IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES EXCEPT THAT OF TITLE WHETHER WRITTEN ORAL OR IMPLIED IN FACT OR IN LAW INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE These warranties give you specific legal rights and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state THE DURATION OF ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES INCLUDING THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE LIMITED TO THE DURATION OF THE EXPRESS WARRANTIES HEREIN DEXTER AXLE HEREBY EXCLUDES INCIDENTAL AND CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES INCLUDING LOSS OF TIME INCONVENIENCE LOSS OF USE TOWING FEES TELEPHONE CALLS OR COST OF MEALS FOR ANY BREACH OF ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY INCLUDING THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE Some states do not allow limitations on how long an implied warranty lasts or the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damag
16. h as high winds or the bow wave from a passing vehicle may start the swaying As the rear end swings to the right the trailer pivots on its running gear and the front end swings to the left causing the rear end of the tow vehicle to be pulled left If the driver overcompensates by steering left the front of the trailer will be forced right which reverses the direction of the trailers rear end Too much mass at the ends of the trailer will accentuate the swing of the vehicle and may set up the conditions for side to side sway that gets greater and greater as the driver attempts to get control of the vehicle Toe Angle The plane of rotation of a wheel relative to the centerline of the vehicle 27 po S _ Trailer Design Considerations Trailer design is an extremely broad subject Covering all the guidelines for the design of every towable vehicle is beyond the scope of this manual Instead we have attempted to present some of the more common rules of thumb that will in most cases provide a reasonable result when employed in a trailer design The following list describes many of the typical designs grouped according to their intended use Recreational Vebicles Fold Down Camper Travel Trailer Fifth Wheel Trailer Utility Trailers Snowmobile Trailer Livestock Trailer Portable Equipment Trailer Water Craft Trailer Ma
17. ime of this writing is current it is subject to change as designs and components evolve over time Disclaimer Of Warranty And Limitation Of Liability All users of this product catalog acknowledge that the information presented is significantly affected by factors within the exclusive knowledge of the user including among other things service conditions trailer configurations load distributions hitch and coupler arrangements and tow vehicle suspension characteristics that the users have independently investigated these factors and have solely relied on those investigations when using this catalog and that it is the responsibility of the user to adequately specify evaluate and test its trailer running gear combinations DEXTER AXLE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WHETHER WRITTEN ORAL OR IMPLIED IN FACT OR IN LAW INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF THE CATALOG AND WITH ANY INFORMATION PRESENTED BY THIS CATALOG Dexter Axle shall not be liable in damages whether compensatory punitive direct indirect special incidental or consequential to any user of this catalog under contract tort strict liability or any other theory of liability and any user agrees to indemnify and hold Dexter Axle harmless from any and all claims actions or other proceedings including attorney fees and court costs arising out of the use of this catalog to the extent said claims actions or other pr
18. inverted coupler attached to the tow vehicle Both methods are used and offer the weight bearing advantage of the fifth wheel type hitch Installation Suggestions Dexter Axle offers a variety of suspension types and associated components to be used for the attachment of trailer running gear It is of vital importance that the installer be familiar with the axles features and characteristics so that they may be oriented correctly at installation All Dexter axles are directional by nature that is they must be installed with the front of the axle facing forward and the top facing upward Attention to this important detail will ensure optimum performance from both the brake and suspension systems Hanger Welding Specifications For Leaf Spring Axles TOP FRAME FRAME HANGER HANGER C REAR HANGER FOR SINGLE AXLE APPLICATION Fig 1 a POINTS FRAME MMMM lt M S Si HANGER 5 4 1 2 3 4 M STARTING AND STOPPING OF THE WELD AT THE WELD IN THIS AREA CORNERS IS NOT RECOMMENDED OPTIONAL 1 CAUTION 1 FRAME Undercutting can result in weakened 1 4 components and lead to premature failure HANGER 1 47 FILLET SIZE Installation procedures for leaf spring axles Most trailer manufacturers have developed their own techniques for the installation of running g
19. izontal plane to accomplish the same results Leaf spring type axles must have sufficient clearance to the frame to operate properly see Bump Clearance definition If the spring hangers are too short the axle may contact the frame during articulation of the suspension and result in overloading of the axle and possible damage If the spring hangers are too long and provide too much clearance the springs may be damaged if excessive loads are encountered and the axle is allowed to move too much If this condition exists bump stops should be used to prevent over travel Other Trailer Components E Brake Actuation Systems Electric brake controllers These devices are used to supply a variable voltage to the electric brakes The inertial type controller relies on a pendulum or an accelerometer to sense deceleration of the vehicle when the stop light circuit is activated Hydraulic electric controllers are tapped into the tow vehicles hydraulic brake lines and sense the pressure in the system when the brakes are applied A third method of electric brake actuation is the electronic controller that employs a timing device Triggered by the stop light circuit when the brakes are applied the controller begins sending a pre programmed voltage to the trailer brakes The output can be tailored to ramp up over a prescribed time period and must be synchronized to the rate of deceleration desired Electric hydraulic actuator Hydraulic brake system actuator th
20. lamping with properly matched cone nuts The cone angle of the nut MUST match the cone angle around the bolt hole Failure to properly match these components will result in catastrophic wheel loss Running Gear Systems Axle Types Torflex The Torflex axle is designed as a completely self contained axle and suspension system This trailing arm type torsion axle employs natural rubber cords supporting heat treated inner bars of solid medium carbon steel Press fitted and welded to the ends of these independently floating bars are the high strength steel torsion arm spindle assemblies These arms can be specified to a range of starting angles which allow the designer to tailor the running height of the vehicle Leaf spring These axles utilize high strength steel spindles welded to high strength tubing to form an axle beam The spindles are usually available in either a straight or drop design to help designers establish the desired frame height or ground clearance Leaf springs are attached to the axle using u bolts and can be positioned either under or over the tube Use under mounted springs underslung to lower the frame height and over mounted springs overslung to raise the frame The designer can chose stamped steel hangers of varying heights to allow additional control of the vehicle height Axle Attacbment Systems Hangers and attaching parts Most hangers are channel shaped steel stampings designed to be wel
21. lers equipped with Torflex amp axles must be towed in a level attitude to insure even loading of the axles Out of level towing results in higher loads being imposed on the axle at the low portion of the frame and less load on the axle s at the high end This uneven load distribution may cause excessive stress concentrations on the frame structure Uneven loading of non equalized suspensions can also affect the ride characteristics by altering the natural frequency of the structure The wheel and tire diameter should be large enough to provide sufficient ground clearance when used with drop spindle type axles Insufficient clearance may result in the axle components dragging the ground in the event of a flat tire Axles should be spaced to allow at least one 1 inch of clearance between the tires under any loading condition To determine the proper spacing find the manufacturers maximum diameter for the tire and add one inch or more The result will be the axle center to center dimension If tire chain clearance is desired additional clearance may be necessary When designing the attachment system for Torflex amp axles on aluminum trailer frames it is important to understand the compressive stresses imposed by the fasteners against the aluminum surfaces Yielding in these areas can lead to loosening of the axles and could result in fatigue failure of the axle bracket and tube structure and or the frame members If non metallic materials are
22. momentary overload in a tandem set however it is not reasonable to expect one axle to carry the load of three or more axles even in a momentary situation Torflex amp axle ride performance is at its best when the torsion arm is at or nearest to horizontal when the vehicle is at its rated load This is due to the geometric relationship of the arm to the direction of loading Torsion arms operating above the horizontal tend to exhibit a stiffer ride As an example for a 3000 Ib wheel load acting perpendicular to a 6 long arm the torque input to the suspension system is 18 000 inch pounds For the same wheel load imposed on a 6 long arm at 45 degrees the torque input to the suspension drops to 12 727 inch pounds Torque 6 707 x 3000 since the sine of 45 is 707 Axle capacity will be reduced by at least 5096 when used without a suspension system axles or stubs attached directly to vehicle frame This is NOT a recommended configuration as it transfers load directly to the frame rails and is a very harsh ride Oil lubrication systems for wheel bearings should not be used in applications in cases where the vehicle will be stationary for long periods of time The oil will drain down to the bottom of the cavity and leave the exposed parts of the bearings subject to corrosion Dual wheels cannot be used as singles unless they are used on hubs that have been specifically designed for that application The large offset of a dual wheel shif
23. ng decisions about frame types The reliability and structural integrity of the running gear as well as the frame members can be degraded if axles are mounted to the frame in ways that result in excessive flexing of the components Side mount hangers can add support to the frame while providing a convenient method for running gear attachment Re enforcing plates may also be added in the areas where the axles are mounted to provide additional support see illustrations Axle Alignment Figure C 9 90 To insure proper tracking the axle must be placed on the frame perpendicular to the centerline of the vehicle The accuracy must be within plus or minus one half degree For multiple axle applications each axle must be parallel with the others within one sixteenth of an inch when measured at the wheel centers NOTE When laying out the position for the axle s measuring from the front cross member should only be done if the cross member has been checked for squareness to the frame centerline Any error in the cross member will be transferred to the axle and can result in poor tracking and excessive tire wear Dexter Axle Limited Warranty E WHAT PRODUCTS ARE COVERED All Dexter trailer axles suspensions and brake control systems excluding Dexter 6000 series Manufactured Housing Axle
24. nufactured Housing N Single Width Home Double Width Half Unit Park Model Home Modular Carrier Trailer Design Considerations E Things To Consider When Designing Your Trailer The load distribution between the hitch and the running gear is determined by placement of the axles in relation to the center of gravity The hitch weight for conventional bumper type hitches should be 1096 to 1496 of the gross weight of the vehicle The remaining 86 to 90 of the load will be carried on the running gear so make sure that the axles wheels and tires are properly matched and have sufficient capacity rating to support this load The hitch weight for fifth wheel and gooseneck type hitches should be 1596 to 2096 of the gross weight of the vehicle The remaining 8096 to 8596 of the load will be carried on the running gear so make sure that the axles wheels and tires are properly matched and have sufficient capacity rating to support this load Trailer handling may be adversely affected if the load s are concentrated at the ends of the vehicle This condition can occur even when the hitch weight is within the recommended proportion of vehicle weight Probable causes for this phenomenon may be excessive frame flexure and or polar inertia Polar inertia and frame flex can impose dynamic loading on the axles and suspension system which may exceed the design loads and result in bending or fatigue failure Excessive frame flexure can aff
25. oceedings do not arise out of the sole and exclusive negligence of Dexter Axle Load Ratings The maximum load carrying capacity of any assembly is limited to the lowest load rating of any individual component selected For instance the load rating of a pair of wheels may be lower than other axle components selected If this is the case the load carrying capacity of the axle assembly is reduced accordingly As a specific example if a pair of wheels is rated at 1500 pounds each and is used with other components rated at 4000 pounds per axle the maximum load capacity is limited to 3000 pounds If two tires are rated at 1400 pounds each and are used on this assembly the maximum load carrying capacity is limited to 2800 pounds Table Of Contents E IMMOGUCHON SR 2 Definition OF Sd Ss 3 l 8 KEEPS 3 Trailer Design Considerations 14x43 0323004 h den 4 e2 Bohs Sake RED EET 5 Running Gear Systems bd REESE REPE REESE 9 Speciying AXIBS a icici t Le oe d ER ERE SHIRE ES ERE RS I nodes C e acide 10 Other Trailer Components 126422308 Cad RE 162 RR ALEX EO shes OR IIS ode 11 Installation Sugg stl onS xm du LI ITS ICS ALL RIT ng ERES REOR CREDE x 12 Limited Warranty PPRTT 20 Definition Of Terms Bump Clearance Bump is the upward displacement of a wheel center relative to the t
26. r any trailer design would be to use brakes on all axles The use of trailer brakes can help prolong the life of the tow vehicle brakes as well as provide for safer operation Wheels And Tzres The wheels and tires should be matched in capacity to the axle whenever possible The Gross Axle Weight Rating of the running gear will be based on the lowest rated component Tires are designed to be mounted on specific rim sizes and contours as defined by The Tire and Rim Association Mismatching of these vital components is dangerous and can result in serious injuries catastrophic failure or poor performance and reduced service life Tires of greater capacity should never be mounted on wheels of a lower capacity since most end users will inflate and load them to the rating embossed in the tire This practice can result in dangerous failure of the wheel which may lead to an accident Wheels must also be matched to the particular hub and mounting system being used Wheels are designed to be either hub piloted or stud piloted Hub piloted wheels have the center hole machined to a close tolerance and are intended to mate with a hub having a properly sized pilot The bolt holes will be bored or stamped straight through the center disc which is designed to be fastened with either flanged nuts or a clamp ring using cone nuts Stud piloted wheels have a center hole which provides clearance to the hub nose The bolt holes feature a tapered seat designed for c
27. railer frame sprung mass Clearance is the amount of trailer frame to axle clearance necessary to allow the axle to clear or NOT contact the trailer frame Camber The angular relationship of the wheel to the road surface in the vertical plane Axles are typically built with a pre determined bend in the tube that compensates for the expected deflection under load Ideally the tire footprint will contact the road evenly across the width of the tread Center Of Gravity The point at which the entire weight of a body vehicle may be considered to be concentrated so that if the vehicle were supported at that point it would remain in equilibrium For any vehicle both the longitudinal and transverse center of gravity must be considered when placing the running gear to establish proper weight distribution Ride Performance The term ride is a general one referring to the vehicle motions of the sprung and unsprung masses caused by the longitudinal road profile l GAWR Gross Axle Weight Rating The value specified by the vehicle manufacturer as the load carrying capacity of the axles in a system as measured at the tire ground interfaces This includes the wheels and tires For example An axle beam may be rated for 6000 Ibs the springs rated for 2500 105 each the wheels rated for 3500 1 each and the tires rated for 3042 Ibs each The GAWR for this example will be 50
28. reas hydraulic brakes are controlled by the output pressure of the master cylinder Retractor Spring Primary Shoe Secondary Shoe Actuating Lever Shoe Hold Down Spring Front of Brake Adjuster Magner Adjuster Spring Anchor Post Hydraulic Wheel Retractor 2N Springs Z gt Cylinder Backing Plate Actuating Pin SS QS ISS y W Iw Hold Down Spring Secondary Shoe Primary Shoe Adjuster Spring Adjuster Assembly Runninq Gear Systems MD Air brakes drum type This type of brake operates by rotating an s shaped cam between the non anchored ends of the brake shoes causing them to expand outward and exert pressure against the drum surface The rotation of the cam shaft is accomplished using an air cylinder called a brake chamber acting on a lever the slack adjuster which also provides a means of adjusting the clearance between the brake shoes and the drum surface This adjustment compensates for wear and can be done manually or automatically Cam Shaft Bushing Automatic Slack Adjuster gt Standard Air Chamber Mounting Brackets Service Air Chambers Hi Performance Truck Type Brake Blocks Forged Spider Anchor Pins Specifying Axles Disc brakes Disc brakes employ a component called a rotor which takes the place of the drum in a shoe drum brake The rotor or disc as it is sometimes called is generally machined from a special gra
29. s LIMITED 2 YEAR WARRANTY Dexter Axle warrants to the original purchaser that its axles suspension systems and E H hydraulic brake actuators shall be free from defects in material and workmanship for a period of two 2 years from the date of first sale of the trailer incorporating such components LIMITED 5 YEAR WARRANTY Dexter Axle warrants to the original purchaser that its Nev R Lube bearings and the suspension components only of its Torflex amp Axles shall be free from defects in material and workmanship for a period of five 5 years from the date of first sale of the trailer incorporating such components LIMITED 7 YEAR WARRANTY Dexter Axle warrants to the original purchaser that its Predator Series electric brake controllers shall be free from defects in material and workmanship for a period of seven 7 years from the date of purchase EXCLUSIVE REMEDY Dexter Axle will at its option repair or replace the affected components of any defective axle repair or replace the entire defective axle or refund the then current list price of the axle In all cases a reasonable time period must be allowed for warranty repairs to be completed Allowance will only be made for installation costs specifically approved by Dexter Axle WHAT YOU MUST DO In order to make a claim under these warranties 1 You must be the original purchaser of the vehicle in which the Spring Suspension Axles or Torflex amp Axles were originall
30. to be used between the mating surfaces to prevent galvanic corrosion the designer must consider the stability of these materials under the high clamp loads Extrusion of these materials under load may also lead to loosening of the axle attachment Trailer Design Considerations E Spread axle mounting will lend added support to frame structures but will result in more tire wear and impose higher stresses on the axle components and axle mountings Increased tire wear usually results from the added side scrubbing that occurs when negotiating sharp turns or corners Wide spread Torflex amp axles will be subjected to higher stresses at the bracket tube interfaces as a result of frame racking Racking occurs when the vehicle travels over uneven surfaces and the loads imposed at each wheel are substantially different If the torsional stiffness of the vehicle structure is relatively low the areas where the cross members are joined to the main frame rails and the axle bracket tube welds must withstand the twisting that occurs in these critical regions Excessive flexing may result in fatigue failures To reduce the potential for problems due to racking position the axles closer together Torflex amp axles should not be used in situations requiring more than two axles These axles are non equalized and may experience momentary overload when traversing uneven operating surfaces such as driveway entries or speed bumps Torflex amp axles can take this
31. ts the load line too far from the hub face or intended load line of most hubs This condition will result in a serious degradation of the bearing life Dexter recommends that all axles be equipped with brakes For trailers used in commerce the trailer axle s must be equipped with brakes unless the GAWR of the trailer axle is less than 3000 pounds and the hitch load imposed on the towing vehicle does not exceed 40 of the towing vehicles GVWR For other details concerning commercial applications refer to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations published by the U S Department of Transportation Trailer Design Considerations Determining Dimensional Requirements N 4 Center of Gravity B Center of Axle Set Note Center of Axle on a Torflex axle is defined as the center of spindle 1 Measure the distance from the center of the hitch to the center of gravity dim A 2 Divide this value by the percentage of the load to be carried by the running gear 3 The result will be the distance from the center of the hitch back to the center of the axle set dim B Brake Requirements Commercial trailers must comply with the requirements of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations as prescribed by the U S Department of Transportation which calls for brakes on each wheel for most applications Consult the regulations that pertain to the type of trailer being built The recommended practice fo
32. up to 5000 Ibs GVW Class 4 trailers over 5000 Ibs up to 10 000 GVW Pintle hook and lunette eye A pintle hook is a device which incorporates a latching mechanism to prevent unwanted disconnection of the trailer The hook shaped part of the system is attached to the towing vehicle and the trailer tongue is fitted with a ring sometimes called a tow bar eye or lunette eye SAE lists two Application types of these devices Application Type used where the vertical hitch load does not exceed 5 of the towed vehicle weight Application Type Il used for vertical hitch loads greater than 5 but not exceeding 20 of the towed vehicle weight Fifth wheel hitch For this type of hitch the tractor or tow vehicle will be outfitted with a mechanism called the fifth wheel The mating component affixed to the trailer is called the king pin The load bearing capability of the fifth wheel hitch is normally higher than the ball type hitch Because the hitch point is located over or slightly forward of the tow vehicles rear axle the system can carry a greater portion of the trailer weight Gooseneck hitch Similar in nature to the fifth wheel hitch this type connects to the tow vehicle using a modified form of the ball and coupler concept The ball portion may be mounted on a plate attached to the tow vehicle and the coupler on the gooseneck of the trailer or these two components can be reversed with the ball on the gooseneck and the
33. y installed 2 You must promptly notify us within the warranty period of any defect and provide us with the axle serial number and any substantiation which may include but is not limited to the return of part s that we may reasonably request 3 The axles or suspensions must have been installed and maintained in accordance with good industry practice and any specific Dexter Axle recommendations including those specified in Dexter Axle s publication Operation Maintenance Service Manual EXCLUSIONS These warranties do not extend to or do not cover defects caused by 1 The connecting of brake wiring to the trailer wiring or trailer wiring to the towing vehicle wiring The attachment of the running gear to the frame Hub imbalance or any damage caused thereby Parts not supplied by Dexter Axle Any damage whatever caused by or related to any alteration of the axle including welding supplemental brackets to the axle akon 20 6 Use of an axle on a unit other than the unit to which it was originally mounted Normal wear and tear Alignment Improper installation 0 Unreasonable use including failure to provide reasonable and necessary maintenance as specified in Dexter Axle s publication Operation Maintenance Service Manual including required maintenance after Prolonged Storage 11 Improper wheel nut torque 12 Cosmetic finish or corrosion 2 00H LIMITATIONS 1 In all cases Dexter Axle r
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