Model 266 Photomultiplier Base Operating and Service Manual
Contents
1. 4 1 TIMING WITH PHOTOMULTIPLIERS 2 42 TIMING APPLIGATIONS 4 3 SCINTILLATION 5 0 0 00 5 MAINTENANCE aa SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS AND SYMBOLS This manual contains up to three levels of safety instructions that must be observed in order to avoid personal injury and or damage to equipment or other property These are DANGER Indicates a hazard that could result in death or serious bodily harm if the safety instruction is not observed WARNING Indicates a hazard that could result in bodily harm if the safety instruction is not observed CAUTION Indicates a hazard that could result in property damage if the safety instruction is not observed Please read all safety instructions carefully and make sure you understand them fully before attempting to use this product In addition the following symbol may appear on the product ATTENTION Refer to Manual DANGER High Voltage Please read all safety instructions carefully and make sure you understand them fully before attempting to use this product SAFETY WARNINGS AND CLEANING INSTRUCTIONS DANGER Opening the cover of this instrument is likely to expose dangerous voltages Disconnect the instrument from all voltage sources while it is being opened WARNING Using this instrument in a manner not specified by the manufactu2. o
3. TIMING SINGLE CHANNEL ANALYZER MULTICHANNEL SHAPING Fig 4 1 Typical Fast Slow Coincidence System Using Scintillators PHOSPHOR PM TUBE PREAMP POSSIBLE ALTERNATE FOR 414A FAST COINCIDENCE UNIT From SCA s To SCALER SINGLE CHANNEL ANALYZER TIME TO PULSE HEIGHT CONVERTER SINGLE CHANNEL ANALYZER SHAPING AMP FAST SCALER SINGLE CHANNEL ANALYZER SHAPING AMP Fig 4 2 Conventional Crossover Pickoff Coincidence System Gel Li ORIFTED 0277 DETECTOR source 477 SCINTILLATOR 266 260 TIME PICKOFF 200189 Energy Preferred Connection Unipolar Power SHAPING SINGLE LINEAR PREAMP CHANNEL DELAY ANALYZER Time Alternate Connection 260 403A TIME TIME PICKOFF PICKOFF CONTROL PULSE GENERATOR l LINEAR GATE 430A SINGLE Stop TIME TO TIME PICKOFF DELAY PULSE HEIGHT CHANNEL CONTROL CONVERTER ANALYZER Analyze Time or Energy Power TIMING SCINC SHAPING SINGLE MULTICHANNEL PREAMP AMP CHANNEL ANALYZER ANALYZER Fig 4 3 Gamma Gamma Coincidence System Using Ge Li Detector Gamma Gamma Coincidence System for the Germanium Li Drifted Detector Shown in Fig 4 3 is a block diagram of an experimental setup that is quite versatile for studying d
4. P 1000 to 1005 XP 1031 through 1033 EMI 9656K 9708K and 9709K CBS 7817 7818 7819 and CL 1004 to 1012 Dumont 6292 6363 6364 The 266 is also compatible with other tubes not listed above Compatibility may be inferred by comparison with those listed 2 SPECIFICATIONS Note All photomultiplier specifications are given by the manufacturer High Voltage Positive 2 5 maximum Bleeder Resistance 1 5 total Controls Focus Electrode Voltage Adjust available externally Signals Anode negative Z 1 1 MQ capacitively coupled Dynode 10 positive Z 1 1 MQ capacitively coupled Connectors BNC High Voltage Connector SHV 3 INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS 3 1 DETECTOR MOUNTING Normally with 10 stage photomultipliers the amount of signal current pulled through the tube is small therefore it is quite practical to run positive high voltage on the tube i e run the cathode at ground potential This means that when the detector is mounted to the photocathode very little attention need be paid to the probability of leakage currents being created across the glass envelope since the voltage potential should be zero In many cases where the 266 is used the detector will be mounted to the photomultiplier in an integral package When this is the case the photomultiplier tube can simply be plugged into the 266 and a positive high voltage of the desired value applied 3 2 INITIAL ADJUSTMENTS The only adjustm
5. Printed in U S A Model 266 Photomultiplier Base Operating and Service Manual ORTEC Part No 733120 Manual Revision B 1202 Advanced Measurement Technology Inc a k a ORTEC a subsidiary of AMETEK Inc WARRANTY ORTEC warrants that the items will be delivered free from defects in material or workmanship ORTEC makes no other warranties express or implied and specifically NO WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ORTEC s exclusive liability is limited to repairing or replacing at ORTEC s option items found by ORTEC to be defective in workmanship or materials within one year from the date of delivery ORTEC s liability on any claim of any kind including negligence loss or damages arising out of connected with or from the performance or breach thereof or from the manufacture sale delivery resale repair or use of any item or services covered by this agreement or purchase order shall in no case exceed the price allocable to the item or service furnished or any part thereof that gives rise to the claim In the event ORTEC fails to manufacture or deliver items called for in this agreement or purchase order ORTEC s exclusive liability and buyer s exclusive remedy shall be release of the buyer from the obligation to pay the purchase price In no event shall ORTEC be liable for special or consequential damages Quality Control Before being approved for shipment each ORTEC instrument must
6. ecay schemes and transitional levels by means of coincidence between a lithium drifted germanium detector and a scintillation detector With this block diagram the experimenter may study either energy information or time information associated with the coincidence events 4 3 SCINTILLATION SPECTROSCOPY Scintillation spectroscopy implies the measurement of energy by the direct conversion of energy to light in a scintillator and the detection thereof by the photomultiplier The system to perform this function is one of the most simple i e it requires only the phosphor the photomultiplier a base structure for MULTICHANNEL ANALYZER ENN source Fig 4 4 Scintillation Spectroscopy System PHOSPHOR 2600104 same a preamplifier and a linear amplifier with some type of measuring device such as a multichannel analyzer Such a block diagram is shown in Fig 4 4 With this one may study directly the energy released in the phosphor by some incident radiation 5 MAINTENANCE Since the ORTEC 266 is composed only of passive components very little maintenance is expected entailing only such things as replacement of components that have failed with age Table 6 1 lists the approximate dynode voltages for comparative purposes In such a case almost all failures of the dynode string may be isolated by removing the PM tube and making these measurements Table 6 1 Typical dc Voltages HV 2000V
7. ent with this unit is that of the focus electrode which optimizes the photocathode first dynode geometry Once the photomultiplier is plugged into the socket and the tube detector assembly is made light tight high voltage should be applied in accordance with the specifications of the particular tube involved and in line with the gain desired from the photomultiplier tube Then the focus adjustment potentiometer should be adjusted to that value which produces the maximum output signal as monitored with an oscilloscope either directly or after a linear amplifier Note When either the anode or dynode output is not being utilized it should be terminated in a low impedance e g 100 Q terminator 3 3 CONNECTING INTO A SYSTEM Either the dynode or anode signal may be coupled by way of an ORTEC 113 preamplifier into a linear amplifier for pulse preparation when scintillation spectrometry is to be performed When a time signal is desired either the dynode or anode signal may be utilized for this purpose The output signal should be transmitted over high quality coaxial cable that is terminated at the receiving end into the timing electronics the latter will usually be some type of fast amplifier and discriminator combination such as the ORTEC 260 etc 4 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS Once the steps outlined in Section 3 of this manual are performed the unit is ready for use High voltage may be applied and adjusted for the appropriate gai
8. ll scintillators with a corresponding loss in efficiency and average energy deposition For a complete discussion of timing with photomultipliers the reader is referred to some of the excellent literature available on the subject 4 2 TIMING APPLICATIONS The various applications for the ORTEC 266 are essentially limitless but since the unit is designed for timing is well as spectroscopy two of the most often used coincidence systems are discussed and block diagrams given From these two block diagrams other applications may be formulated by extension Typical Fast Slow Coincidence System Using The block diagram of Fig 4 1 outlines a fast slow coincidence system The words fast slow mean that these are essentially two channels of information retrieval operating in parallel The fast channel sets the ultimate resolving time of the coincidence circuitry and the slow channel selects the pulse height range to be accepted from each detector By means of a slower coincidence requirement the slow channel requirement is combined with the fast coincidence requirement to yield information having the criteria of the fast Schwarzschild NuoL tnstr Methods 21 1 1963 2G Present et al Instr Methods 31 71 1964 Gatti and Svelto Nucl Instr Methods 30 213 1964 t The Single Photon Technique for Measuring Light Intensity and Decay Characteristics ORTEC Application Note 35 1971 resolvi
9. n associated with the specific experiment The gain will vary by a factor of 2 for each high voltage change of 100 V Note It is advisable to operate the high voltage at the minimum practical value when high count rates are to be experienced since count rate tolerance is direct function of the photomultiplier gain 4 1 TIMING WITH PHOTOMULTIPLIERS Timing with photomultipliers implies some type of coincidence measurement This measurement may be performed with standard coincidence circuits such as those of the pulse overlap type which are essentially single channel time analyzers or with time to pulse height converters which are differential or multichannel time analyzers The response of the coincidence system to a Prompt cascade always has a finite width that comes from a variety of sources The most important of these are as follows 1 variation of time of interaction of radiation with the scintillator and the amount of energy deposited therein 2 finite decay time of light emitting states in the phosphor and variation of times of photon arrival at the multiplier cathode 3 variation of transit time of photoetectrons in the photomultiplier due to different path lengths and to variation of initial energy and angle of the secondary electrons 4 jitter and uncertainties of times of triggering of the associated electronics The variation in the time of interaction can be minimized by appropriate geometry and sma
10. ng time of the fast channel and the energy selection of the slow channel simultaneously In the fast channel the amplifiers indicated may be a combination of fast amplifier fast discriminator e g the ORTEC 260 Time Pickoff Unit with the 403A Time Pickoff Control as a means of extracting fast timing information As shown in Fig 4 1 the time spectrum from the time to pulse height converter is analyzed as the information channel Of course the output of the time to pulse height converter could be fed to the single channel analyzer to form the ultimate a fast coincidence channel which could then feed the coincidence circuit and allow pulse height analysis of either detector channel as desired Figure 4 2 outlines a simple conventional crossover pick off coincidence system This is probably the easiest and most versatile method of doing coincidence where the resolving time desired is not the ultimate This method is very easy to use however it results in a 2T coincidence resolving time which is theoretically a factor of 12 worse than achieved by leading edge timing such as was indicated in Fig 4 1 TIMING SINGLE ae SHAPING CHANNEL PREAMP Anode 266 PM BASE 22 source AMPLIFIER PM TUBE 100 MHz DISCRIMINATOR AMPLIFIER Oynade SCINC ame ANALYZER 100 MHz OISCRIMINATOR TIME PULSE HEIGHT CONVERTER LINEAR GATE
11. pass a stringent set of quality control tests designed to expose any flaws in materials or workmanship Permanent records of these tests are maintained for use in warranty repair and as a source of statistical information for design improvements Repair Service If it becomes necessary to return this instrument for repair it is essential that Customer Services be contacted in advance of its return so that a Return Authorization Number can be assigned to the unit Also ORTEC must be informed either in writing by telephone 865 482 4411 or by facsimile transmission 865 483 2133 of the nature of the fault of the instrument being returned and of the model serial and revision on rear panel numbers Failure to do so may cause unnecessary delays in getting the unit repaired The ORTEC standard procedure requires that instruments returned for repair pass the same quality control tests that are used for new production instruments Instruments that are returned should be packed so that they will withstand normal transit handling and must be shipped PREPAID via Air Parcel Post or United Parcel Service to the designated ORTEC repair center The address label and the package should include the Return Authorization Number assigned Instruments being returned that are damaged in transit due to inadequate packing will be repaired at the sender s expense and it will be the sender s responsibility to make claim with the shipper Instruments not in war
12. ranty should follow the same procedure and ORTEC will provide a quotation Damage in Transit Shipments should be examined immediately upon receipt for evidence of external or concealed damage The carrier making delivery should be notified immediately of any such damage since the carrier is normally liable for damage in shipment Packing materials waybills and other such documentation should be preserved in order to establish claims After such notification to the carrier please notify ORTEC of the circumstances so that assistance can be provided in making damage claims and in providing replacement equipment if necessary Copyright 2002 Advanced Measurement Technology Inc All rights reserved is a registered trademark of Advanced Measurement Technology Inc All other trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners CONTENTS WARRANTY SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS AND SYMBOLS SAFETY WARNINGS AND CLEANING INSTRUCTIONS 2 ee eee 1 DESCRIPTION cides ehh ee ee eee ee eee PT GENE RA cet cao at at leek a ia both aol bade lath ello as ats 25 SPECIFICATIONS zis So es ca acs ach 3 INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS nents 3 1 MOUNTING ee ee Ue ok 3 2 INITIALZADSUSTMEN TS Clad Colada carl dust chal des 3 3 CONNECTING INTO A SYSTEM eee ee 4 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
13. rer may impair the protection provided by the instrument Cleaning Instructions To clean the instrument exterior Unplug the instrument from the ac power supply Remove loose dust on the outside of the instrument with a lint free cloth Remove remaining dirt with a lint free cloth dampened in a general purpose detergent and water solution Do not use abrasive cleaners CAUTION To prevent moisture inside of the instrument during external cleaning use only enough liquid to dampen the cloth or applicator Allow the instrument dry completely before reconnecting it to the power source ORTEC MODEL 266 PHOTOMULTIPLIER BASE 1 DESCRIPTION 1 1 GENERAL The ORTEC 266 Photomultiplier Base is designed to provide a voltage distribution to essentially all 10 stage photomultiplier tubes that fit the standard 14 pin tube socket This unit provides output signals capacitively coupled from the anode and the 10th dynode for use in coincidence timing or linear pulse height analysis The access to both the last dynode and the anode allows a selection of signal polarity without the need of an inverting amplifier Signal quality is such that these outputs may feed 500 terminated coaxial cables or linear preamplifiers such as the ORTEC 113 Scintillation Preamplifier Some of The photomultiplier tubes with which this PM base is compatible are as follows RCA 8053 8054 8055 7326 6655A 6342A Philips X
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