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Recovery and Battle Damage Assessment and Repair

1. Estimate the repair time by crew and by MST Estimate the number and type of repair personnel needed and the associated risk Ensure command approval to perform repairs Determine what materials are required Determine what the vehicle limitations will be after repairing using BDAR or standard repair Determine the recovery status self like dedicated 6 16 Based on METT TC the CRT MST MT uses the assessment check information to Determine if the current risk repair level assigned is appropriate for the required repairs for the CRT MST MT Conduct tests with maintenance test equipment if required Perform additional vehicle operational tests if necessary Determine what must be repaired or replaced Estimate repair times for each repair task Determine the sequence and priority of the repair action Determine the repair location and if other than on site arrange for recovery of the vehicle to the repair site 6 17 The following safety checks are performed to identify any obvious hazards Is there a round of ammunition in the gun tube Is any ammunition in a critical state due to shock fire or physical damage Have any combustibles such as fuel hydraulic fluid or oil accumulated Does wiring appear to be safe Could an arc occur to stored ammunition or leaking combustibles Is the fire extinguishing system operational If not station a crewmember in the vehicle prepared either to use a handheld fire extingui
2. Lever Classification 2 41 The location of the fulcrum with relation to effort and resistance determines if it is a first class or second class lever 2 10 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Principles of Recovery First Class Lever 2 42 The fulcrum is located between the effort and the resistance figure 2 7 A crowbar is a good example of a first class lever FULCRUM RESISTANCE Figure 2 7 First class lever Second Class Lever 2 43 The point of resistance is between the fulcrum and the effort figure 2 8 A wheelbarrow is a good example of a second class lever Fulcrum Fulcrum Figure 2 8 Second class lever Tackle Systems 2 44 Tackle is a combination of cables and blocks used to gain an MA or to change the direction of pull and are classified as either simple or compound Simple Tackle System 2 45 Simple tackle is one cable with one or more blocks Compound Tackle System 2 46 Compound tackle is a series of two or more simple tackles figure 2 9 The output of one simple tackle is used as the effort for the other Because a winch has only one cable simple tackle will be used during most recovery operations 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 2 11 Principles of Recovery 2 12 ANCHOR Figure 2 9 Compound tackle system FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Chapter 3 Rigging Rigging is applying wire rope in various tackle combinations to raise or move loads Rigging involves installing the neces
3. PETER J SCHOOMAKER General United States Army Chief of Staff Official JOYCE E MORROW Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army 0624101 T D WALDHAUSER Brigadier General U S Marine Corps Deputy Commanding General Marine Corps Combat Development Command DISTRIBUTION Active Army Army National Guard and US Army Reserve To be distributed according to the initial distribution number IDN 115173 requirements for FM 4 30 31 This page intentionally left blank PIN 083548 000
4. QTY STATUS DATE NUM DUE REC DATE COMP PRI 0001 0002 NIIN OODTR 96 1 OORUORS S I FAULT 0D01 0002 Silo FAULT STATUS FAULT DESCRIPTION ITEM NUM FAULT DATE Wart San Fanbelt Broken 27 Apr 28 Apr Engine Idles at 809 RPH R Batter Cable Repalred Z Linkbeltin stalled 0001 7 t By 2L APR 2 APR A 10 30 Apr Adjusted Idle Figure 6 4 Example of a ULLS generated DA Form 5988 E 6 39 When reporting a BDAR action all details must be annotated on a DA Form 2404 DA Form 5988 E and forwarded to Survivability Vulnerability Information Analysis Center SURVIAC ATTN AF FDL FES CDIC Wright Patterson AFB OH 45433 6 40 A second copy must be forwarded to TRADOC Executive Agency BDAR and Recovery 5046 Havre de Grace Street Aberdeen Proving Ground MD 21005 Comments and BDAR action forms can also uploaded to the Ordnance Mechanical Maintenance University OMMU web site at https ommu army mil or http ommu army mil web site Users must have an AKO account to access the OMMU website Comments questions and completed forms can be emailed to bdarfeedback apg army mil 6 41 These documents will serve as examples that can be tested to prove principle and may be included in future publications of this FM Ensure all information provided is as accurate and detailed as possible Note The procedures in paragraphs 6 39 through 6 41 do not apply to USMC USMC observes chain of command reporting pr
5. Towing Principle A key towing principle is to keep as much weight as possible on the front wheels of the towing vehicle Do this by keeping the towed vehicle as close as possible to the towing vehicle without causing damage to either vehicle Note For M936 and M1089 wreckers raising the boom slightly one of three holes not extending the boom or only extending it as little as possible and keeping the tow bar as short as possible will all help keep the weight on the front axle of the towing vehicle This only applies to the M936 and M1089 wreckers because they lose weight and steering ability as the load on the boom or lift device increases Note Use extreme care when lift towing or flat towing disabled vehicles Check the disabled vehicle s technical manual for vehicle preparation precautions that must be taken and maximum vehicle speed TOWING OPERATIONS ON GRADES 4 36 Towing a disabled vehicle is never easy but towing up or down a grade can be even more difficult and dangerous While towing a disabled vehicle do not attempt to negotiate a grade either up or down greater than 25 percent unless there is express permission from the commander 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 4 13 Recovery Operations CAUTION Under NO circumstances will a slope that is greater than 30 percent ever be negotiated while towing a vehicle 4 37 To know which grades to avoid an operator must know how grades are classified Grades are define
6. FM 21 26 Map Reading and Land Navigation 18 January 2005 FM 5 170 Engineer Reconnaissance 5 May 1998 will be revised as FM 3 34 212 FM 5 125 Rigging Techniques Procedures and Applications 3 October 1995 will be revised as FM 3 34 311 FM 3 100 4 MCRP 4 11B Environmental Considerations in Military Operations 15 June 2000 will be revised as FM 4 04 4 FM 55 30 Army Motor Transport Units and Operations 27 June 1997 will be revised as FM 4 01 40 FM 4 30 3 FM 9 43 1 Maintenance Operations and Procedures 28 July 2004 FM 100 14 Risk Management 23 April 1998 will be revised as FM 5 19 FM 7 0 FM 25 100 Training the Force 22 October 2002 FM 21 305 Manual for the Wheeled Vehicle Driver 27 August 1993 TB 43 0142 Safety Inspection and Testing of Lifting Devices 28 February 1997 TB 43 0209 Color Marking and Camouflage Painting of Military Vehicles Construction Equipment and Materials Handling Equipment 31 October 1990 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 References 1 References TB 43 0239 Maintenance in the Desert 1 May 2004 TB 385 101 Safe Use of Cranes Crane Shovels Draglines and Similar Equipment Near Electric Power Lines 2 December 1987 TB 600 1 Procedures for Selection Training Testing and Qualifying Operators of Equipment Systems Excluding Selected Watercraft and Aircraft Managed Support by US Army Troop Support and Aviation Materiel Readiness Command 25 July 1977 TC 9 237 O
7. If possible he will provide sufficient information to enable the CRT to bring any required repair parts special tools or recovery assets to the site 6 27 Maintenance personnel will assess the equipment to verify the operator s crew s damage assessment for accuracy or reconsideration of repair methods Based on the maintenance assessment the decision will be made to either attempt an on site repair or request recovery assets to move the vehicle to a UMCP METT TC will determine if on site repair or evacuation 1s necessary 6 28 The CRT and MST will perform BDAR using the BDAR kits and any other field expedient material on hand Because standard maintenance repairs usually offer the best repair maintenance personnel will strive to perform standard repairs if METT TC permits 6 29 Equipment that is damaged but mobile may be used to move disabled equipment If recovery vehicles are not available and as the tactical situation permits like or heavier classed vehicles may be used to recover disabled equipment 6 30 If all critical repairs can be done with the skills tools and equipment on hand the CRT assisted by the crew will proceed with the on site repair If the damage exceeds the repair capability of the CRT and time is available for an MST on site repair the CRT will call the MST 6 31 Sometimes there is not enough time available for an MST on site repair If the vehicle is reparable the CRT will recover the vehicle to a
8. extending the arm to shoulder level in the direction other Place both arms back and in the same plane that the operator must traverse as the body For the signal to UNBUTTON give the button up signal then separate the hands moving them slighty to each side in a slicing motion Repeat Figure C 6 Signals for swing the boom right or left and button up unbutton C 4 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Hand and Arm Signals The signal to STOP any action that is being performed is given by clasping the hands together with palms facing each other at chin level Figure C 7 Signal for stop Note Refer to FM 21 60 for more information on hand and arm signals and using flashlights during night operations 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 C 5 This page intentionally left blank Appendix D Recovery Guidelines for Operators Leaders Mission success on the battlefield may be linked to a unit s ability to perform vehicle recovery to return immobilized equipment to operation and to continue with the mission Commanders must take aggressive actions to retrieve damaged equipment and return it to use However for a recovery operation to be successful operators and leaders at all levels must be trained on recovery operations OPERATOR AND CREW D 1 When the operator crew detects disabled equipment the damage is assessed and actions are initiated based on analysis results and the tactical situation The crew operator informs the chain of co
9. figure 4 12 and or set the emergency brake After attaching the tow bar to a disabled vehicle remove the chocks and or release the emergency brake before moving 4 12 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Recovery Operations a WOODEN BLOCK WOODEN BLOCKS HOOKING UP TO A CARRIER Before hooking up the tow bar or disconnecting the drive between the differential and final drive chock the vehicle with blocks so that it cannot move Place a block of wood or other suitable object between the track guides and the two sets of road wheels or one in front of and one in the rear of the track Make sure the object extends the full width of both road wheels UNHOOKING FROM A CARRIER Before unhooking the tow bar or hooking up the drive between the differential and final drive chock the vehicle with blocks so that it cannot move Place a block of wood or other suitable object between the track guides and the two sets of road wheels or one in front of and one in the rear of the track Make sure the object extends the full width of both road wheels CAUTION Failure to remove the blocks could result in damage to the vehicle Figure 4 12 Chocking blocking tracked vehicles 4 35 Refer to the disabled vehicle s TM for proper towing procedures for example automatic versus standard transmission Ensure that the proper pin assemblies are in the clevis holes and always be sure the quick release pins which snap automatically are properly secured
10. on one side and road wheels on the other side As a result the towed vehicle will pull in the direction of the side lacking the track Compensate for this pull by properly attaching the towing cables Check the TM 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 4 27 Recovery Operations pertaining to the towed vehicle to determine the necessary preparations and precautions to be used to prevent further damage Never exceed the towing speed stated in the TM 4 94 If the disabled vehicle has defective brakes or its universal joints are disconnected use another similar vehicle for holding figure 4 29 Use crossed cables between the holding and disabled vehicles when available With vehicles that are issued only one tow cable the vehicles will be connected with crossed cables between the towing vehicle and the disabled vehicle Connect a single tow cable between the disabled vehicle and the holding vehicle HOLDING VEHICLE DISABLED VEHICLE TOWING VEHICLE Figure 4 29 Towing with vehicles issued one tow cable Note Use crossed tow cables between the holding and disabled vehicles when enough cables are available MARINE RECOVERY 4 95 Many vehicles can now swim or ford Some of these vehicles will fail while waterborne and will need recovery Situations may be as simple as stalled floating vehicles or as complex as submerged vehicles The same methods of recovery apply to these situations but with a few unique considerations 4 96 In the case of floa
11. tow cable 4 86 When a vehicle with a main gun cannon tube is recovered or towed rotate or elevate the gun tube This prevents serious damage if the rigging fails or the towed vehicle rams the towing vehicle 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 4 25 Recovery Operations 4 87 When using two tow cables between two vehicles make sure the cables are crossed figure 4 25 If a greater working distance between the pulling vehicle and the mired vehicle is required join the tow cables together with tow hooks Wet Or So Figure 4 25 Recovery of a mired tank using one like vehicle 4 88 If two vehicles are required for an operation one tow cable is enough because the strength of one tow cable is slightly greater than the pulling effort of the second pulling vehicle However use two tow cables when available to maintain alignment and equalize the pulling effort When using two vehicles turn the gun tube of the center vehicle to the side to prevent contact and possible damage RECOVERING A NOSED TRACKED VEHICLE WITH LIKE VEHICLES 4 89 As many as three like vehicles may be needed to recover a nosed tracked vehicle figure 4 26 This depends on the degree to which the vehicle is nosed and the terrain conditions on which the pulling vehicles must operate In extreme instances another resource may be required to lift the front of the nosed vehicle e Position the lifting vehicle to face the nosed vehicle Connect the cables of the pul
12. 18 C calculation of estimated load resistance 2 7 line forces 3 3 load resistance 2 7 mechanical advantage 2 10 sling leg forces 3 5 tackle resistance 2 7 cannibalization 6 6 6 10 chains utility 4 20 chemical biological radiological and nuclear 6 11 B 2 and recovery teams 1 3 2 1 classified materials B 3 collapsed flexible fuel line repairing a 6 14 combat engineer vehicle towing of 4 22 combat repair team 6 6 and assessment check 6 3 constant pull winch on M88A2 2 9 controlled exchange 6 10 conventional blocks fixed 2 4 floating 2 4 running 2 4 cracked low pressure oil or fuel line repairing 6 13 crane wheel mounted FM 4 30 31 towing of 4 22 cross country towing 4 9 crossed cables 4 2 4 11 4 28 D dedicated recovery 1 1 1 2 defective differential 6 18 depleted uranium 1 4 6 2 preventive measures 1 4 dual wheel vehicles winching of 5 2 E electrical components and repair 6 14 electronic voice C 1 environmental elements 4 30 6 2 6 16 estimated winch variable capacities 2 9 expedient repairs 6 1 6 6 expedients 2 2 F fan belt repair 6 17 substitution for 6 17 fifth wheel towing device safety considerations 4 16 fleet angles right and left 3 2 fluid line components repairing 6 11 fording vehicle 4 28 forklifts towing of 4 21 G grade resistance 2 5 ground guide 4 2 C 1 restrictions C 1 ground guides and
13. 2 11 Figure 2 9 Compound tackle Systemerne e A a A a a 2 12 Figure 3 1 Terminology of simple tackle cccccccecccecseeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeesaeeeeeseeeeeesaeeeeeas 3 1 Fig re s z FleetanglE ssia a E E 3 2 Figure 3 3 WINCHIN E S y MA is cones suet aeaa a dues a AES aaa o E A AS EC 3 3 Figuro AeA T MAn a a a a E 3 5 Figure 3 5 Backup method Of riQQing cccccsssceccssseeeceseeeceesseeceeseeeceageeessageessagseesseeseeseas 3 6 Figure 3 6 Lead method Of NOGING asinen a a A es ae ee 3 6 Figure 3 7 Sling arrangement gassinstoicctes sn cecetiateacd on laieocdenacc etme adaendeundcsebuancedteadeesontene 3 7 Figure 3 8 Floating block attachment ccceecccseeeeceeeeeceeeeeseeeeeseeesseeeeseeeeseeeeeseeeeesneeeas 3 8 Figure 3 9 TOW cable attachment isc icisens en caueentd cane oi a e ania 3 8 PIQUE S210 TOW Dar MENO arieni en Gait E scien d ged autba canada wis a eaten eanadl 3 9 Figure S 1 Ts 3 tO 1 VIA TOWING MOUNOGsiivedi fevers Matwis eaeeteti casos dedvininetaelindl osent adecwinievees 3 9 Foures 12 AAGCNOF SYIMDO litsyisnetcdy a sciaalantatea ie ad talavereaenated ta veahalinagllvein actdiesaetees atin onan 3 9 PIQUIS 3213 LOG deddman sca nits 2sathdausaduatindauhitusiudiadsacoainleuaheiddcs talinnds 2uathtlyahdinhledtaanbtns A 3 10 Figure 3 14 Combination picket Noldfast cccccecceccsseeeeeeeeseeeseeeeesaeeeeeseeeeeesseeeesaaeeees 3 11 Figure 3 15 Sand parachute 6st cc cieincsorelacasnitcd
14. KIT A 1 The crew operator BDAR kit figure A 1 enables the crew to perform timely repairs The recommended basis of issue BOI is one kit per crewed vehicle for example M1 Tank M2 Bradley M113 Personnel Carrier M109 Howitzer M9 ACE M10 Stryker and so forth The crew operator BDAR kit can be requisitioned with NSN 5180 01 502 9504 MAINTAINER S BDAR KIT A 2 The maintainer s BDAR kit figure A 2 supports operating forces The recommended BOI is one kit per recovery contact maintenance truck and forward repair system for example M88 M936 M984 and M113 The maintainer s BDAR kit can be requisitioned with NSN 5180 01 502 9507 Note Each BDAR kit contains a current and complete component listing with NSNs to allow for inventory stock and replenishment 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 A 1 Appendix A Figure A 1 Crew operator BDAR kit KIT BDAR MAINTAINER 5180 01 502 9507 Sl Figure A 2 Maintainer s BDAR kit A 2 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Appendix B Combined and Multinational Recovery and BDAR Operations Today s military missions increasingly call for combined and multinational recovery and BDAR operations to be part of a multinational force For BDAR managers and operators there are many opportunities and requirements to recover combined and multinational vehicles This appendix provides guidance for coordinating and executing such operations It also briefly discusses BDAR operations co
15. PUBLICATIONS Note The Army has a new numbering system for field manuals If an FM has been published with the new number the bibliography lists the new number followed by the old number in parentheses If the FM has not yet been published with its new number it is listed under the old number AR 200 2 Environmental Effects of Army Actions 23 December 1988 AR 25 52 Authorized Abbreviations Brevity Codes and Acronyms 4 January 2005 AR 385 10 The Army Safety Program 29 February 2000 AR 750 1 Army Materiel Maintenance Policy 15 July 2005 DA Form 2028 Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms DA Form 2404 Equipment Inspection and Maintenance Worksheet DA Form 2406 Materiel Condition Status Report DA Form 2407 Maintenance Request DA Form 5988 E Equipment Inspection Maintenance Worksheet EGA DA Pamphlet 310 17 Joint Interest List of Technical Manuals JIL 01 October 1994 DA Pamphlet 750 8 The Army Maintenance Management System TAMMS Users Manual 22 August 2005 DD Form 1577 Unserviceable Condemned Tag Materiel FM 1 02 FM 101 5 1 Operational Terms and Graphics 21 September 2004 FM 3 3 Chemical and Biological Contamination Avoidance 16 November 1992 FM 3 5 NBC Decontamination 28 July 2000 will be revised as FM 3 11 5 FM 3 7 NBC Field Handbook 29 September 1994 will be revised as FM 3 11 7 FM 21 60 Visual Signals 30 September 1987 will be revised as FM 3 21 60 FM 3 25 26
16. The team that the combat repair team calls when equipment damages exceed combat repair teams repair capability Normally maintenance support teams have more capabilities than those found in combat repair teams or maintenance teams Also called MST Battle damage assessment and repair that may lead to further damage of equipment EXAMPLE Bypassing a starter relay will allow the equipment to start but may cause excessive heat The vehicle cannot move under its own power but does not meet the criteria for cannibalization The act of letting out or feeding cable or rope from its source The vehicle can move under its own power and 1s able to clear the battlefield under its own power A unit maintenance collection point located behind the forward line of own troops It is the focal point of the unit battalion maintenance effort established by the battalion maintenance technician and is near the unit s combat train At this spot he organizes maintenance personnel recovery vehicles tool trucks and POL assets to support the battle Work at this location 1s designed to return critical weapon systems to the battle Equipment not repaired or repairable at the unit maintenance collection point is evacuated to a maintenance location where it can be repaired within acceptable time limits Also called UMCP FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 References SOURCES USED The following lists the sources quoted or paraphrased in this publication ARMY
17. crew maintenance teams MTs maintenance support teams MSTs combat repair teams CRTs or recovery teams may perform BDAR PEACETIME BATTLE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT AND REPAIR APPLICATIONS AND TRAINING 1 8 Army Regulation AR 750 1 Army Maintenance Management Policy paragraph 8 8 and USMC s TM 4700 15 1 require unit commanders to conduct nondestructive peacetime BDAR training Soldiers must become familiar with the components in the BDAR kits that enable many repairs which otherwise would not be possible Each crewmember should know how to perform battle damage assessment BDA for assigned equipment 1 9 Maintenance standards are based on TMs and preventive maintenance checks and services Low risk nondestructive BDAR can be applied as training during a ROMO The goal of training is to simulate combat conditions as closely as possible Commanders can direct the employment of BDAR for normal maintenance failures to evaluate training or validate new procedures Unit commanders should develop sustainment training in which vehicle crews and field maintenance mechanics conduct BDAR and recovery operations Skills required to perform BDAR are found in individual and collective training tasks Unit commanders should know which military occupational specialties require knowledge of BDAR Company and battalion Army Training and Evaluation Program tasks especially in combat service support units require some knowledge of BDAR Military qualification s
18. hub Figure 5 8 Moving a vehicle with both tracks broken 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 5 5 Field Expedient Recovery MOVING A VEHICLE ONTO A TRACK 5 14 Align the vehicle with the track and position a plank type ramp on the end of the track figure 5 9 When a ramp is not available dig a shallow ditch where the end of the track can lie Figure 5 9 Moving a vehicle onto a track INSTALLING A TRACK 5 15 To install a track e Align the track with the road wheels so that the center guide s will pass between the road wheels when the vehicle 1s moved figure 5 10 Stop the vehicle when the rear road wheel is resting forward far enough for the entire track to pass over the sprocket Figure 5 10 Installing a track e Tie arope to the center of the track pin on the rear track link e Pass the rope over the center guide groove of the sprocket hub around and between the rear support roller wheels and back around the sprocket hub making two turns 5 16 As power is applied to the sprocket and the free end of the rope is held taut the end of the track is pulled up to the sprocket Once the sprocket has engaged a minimum of three track links 5 6 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Field Expedient Recovery Stop the sprocket lock the brakes and shut off the vehicle engine Remove the rope from the sprocket hub and extend it forward over the compensating idler wheel Restart the vehicle and move forward When t
19. is a 25 percent slope and so forth 4 40 Another method is the eyesight and pace method figure 4 15 The Soldier needs to know his height and the length of his stride If a Soldier is 6 feet tall and his step is 2 feet long He stands at the bottom of the hill and picks a spot on the hill that is the same height as his head He then walks to that spot counting his steps 4 14 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Recovery Operations Once he reaches that spot he multiples his steps by his stride 2 feet and then divides his height 6 feet by that number multiplied by 100 and adds 1 Vertical Rise v 6 ft Horizontal Run h 25 steps X 2 ft step 50 ft vh X 100 1 Grade 6 50 X 100 1 13 Figure 4 15 Eyesight and pace method 4 41 The following items must be considered while performing terrain analysis Trails grades with sharp curves mean additional control is needed during ascending and descending There is no safety zone in case of a runaway load e Dry and dusty soil or wet and muddy soil can cause a loss in traction Pay close attention to the soil conditions that may alter as weather conditions change Note Inclement weather rain snow ice will naturally affect the road conditions making loss of traction more probable 4 42 If the operator has to shift into first gear to climb a grade there is a good chance that it is too steep to descend with a towed load Measure the downhill grade before atte
20. laws do not exist U S forces will follow the laws of the United States See appendix B for information on combined and multinational BDAR operations 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 1 5 This page intentionally left blank Chapter 2 Principles of Recovery Recovery assets are normally centrally managed This chapter provides direction permits better management and promotes quicker responses to task organization workload and the tactical situation In combat units the recovery manager is designated at battalion level and is normally the battalion maintenance officer BMO Army or battalion motor transport officer MTO USMC Some combat arms battalions for example nondivisional defense battalions engineer battalions and so forth have company sized units that operate without a BMO or battalion maintenance team In these types of units the senior maintenance supervisor manages these assets GENERAL 2 1 Recovery is performed to Retrieve damaged or mired equipment for repair and return to use Retrieve abandoned equipment for further use e Prevent enemy capture of equipment 2 2 The type and quantity of supported equipment as well as the tactical situation may require tailoring of recovery assets Only the minimum number of required recovery assets should be deployed for each mission The BMO or other designated individual coordinates recovery operations with overall repair efforts to support the commander s prio
21. may be added to further reinforce the repair 6 57 Polymers are also available in both BDAR kits to perform this repair Polymers can be applied over the patch to provide additional reinforcement or be included in the process before applying aluminum tape to ensure a better seal Polymers do not require air to cure so the tape can be applied immediately after applying polymers 6 12 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Procedures Position Split Opposite of Line Rupture Figure 6 8 Low pressure line repair Note If polymer is used before applying aluminum tape the tape must be applied before the polymer is allowed to fully cure Failure to quickly apply the tape will result in irregular surfaces and create a poor bonding surface for the aluminum tape COLLAPSED FLEXIBLE FUEL LINE 6 58 To repair a collapsed flexible fuel line Make a support for the inside of the fuel line by wrapping a thin wire around a pencil or another object slightly smaller than the flexible line inside diameter Slide the coiled wire off the pencil and place it into the flexible line Fuel will be able to flow and the fuel line will not collapse 6 59 Applying external structure support may also repair a collapsed flexible line If the line collapses during flow but regains shape when flow stops the following method may be used Clean the exterior of the line with Elastomer conditioner included in the BDAR kit
22. not have to be constructed is a natural anchor Examples are trees tree stumps and large rocks or other vehicles Avoid dead or rotten trees or tree stumps and examine rocks and trees carefully to make sure they are large enough and embedded firmly in the ground MECHANICAL ANCHORS 3 24 There are several types of mechanical anchors The anchor type used constructed depends on holding ability requirements the type of soil required the availability of material and the situation Log Deadman 3 25 A log deadman figure 3 13 is one of the best types of anchors for heavy loads The deadman consists of a log buried in the ground with the dead line connected to its center When constructing a deadman e Place the deadman where the direction of pull is as horizontal as possible Take advantage of sharp banks or crests to increase the holding power with less digging e Dig a trench large enough for the deadman and as deep as necessary for good bearing When digging slant the trench in the direction of the pull at an angle of approximately 15 degrees from the vertical To strengthen the anchor drive stakes in front of the deadman at each end Dig a narrow inclined trench for the dead line at the center of the deadman Tie the dead line to the center of the deadman so that the main or standing part of the line leads from the bottom of the deadman This prevents the deadman from rotating out of the trench If the dead line has a tendency to c
23. part of a tackle system ropes blocks and pulleys used to raise and lower loads and or apply tension it can also be used as required based on the situation A snatch block is constructed so the shell can be opened to admit a cable without reeving Winch cables have attachment like hooks or sockets on their free ends and can be reeved through a block 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 2 3 Principles of Recovery CONVENTIONAL BLOCK SNATCH BLOCK Figure 2 2 Block configurations Conventional Block 2 13 A conventional block figure 2 2 is generally used where it will remain as part of a rigging system On recovery equipment it is used with rope To form a tackle with conventional blocks lay out the blocks and thread or reeve the wire rope through the blocks 2 14 Blocks have the following applications figure 2 3 e A fixed block is a block attached to a stationary anchor The sheave of a fixed block permits the rope to change direction A fixed block provides only a mechanical advantage during self recovery operations A running block is an attached block that moves the load A floating block is a block used with a tow cable allowing the cable when pulled to align with the power source The pull can be distributed equally to both tow hooks of the disabled vehicle and does not produce a mechanical advantage Figure 2 3 Block classifications 2 4 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Principles of Recovery Chains 2 15 Refe
24. procedure has resulted in a degraded operating capability Mark this tag BDAR and note its specific limitations or cautions 6 37 When a component is cannibalized from a reparable vehicle attach a tag in the space created by the missing part and near the master power switch This will readily alert maintenance personnel that the part has been removed 6 38 When a vehicle is recovered evacuated for standard or normal repairs a DA Form 2404 Equipment Inspection and Maintenance Worksheet figure 6 3 is used Also a Unit Level Logistics System ULLS generated Form 5988 E Equipment Inspection and Maintenance Worksheet Automated figure 6 4 is used as the electronic version of the DA Form 2404 Add the notation BDAR in the parts requested maintenance faults section 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 6 7 Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Procedures TMH 9 1320 3 91 10 EQUIPMENT INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE WORKSHEET For use of Oc form see DA PAM ed ROR WRC ATORE tnt ih Seas 1 ORGANIZATION HMC 65 Fy7Neint AK i LMTV FN OPBAN tect Sh at MAL NOW LES ROUND IA mar s p TM DATE COLUMN a Enter TM item number COLUMN d Show corrective action for deficiency or COLUMN b Enter the applicatie condition status symbol ming listed in Columa c cr shoetco ol IM COLUMN c Enter deficiencies and shortcomings poe sat t athe L aben wok apena Mig completal corrective STATUS
25. than total resistance proceed to step 5 If it is less return to step 3 and add MA STEP 5 Verify solution e Compute line forces to compare with the winch and dead line capacities Divide the total load resistance step 4 by the MA step 3 The result is the fall line force The fall line force must be less than the capacity of AE Therefore this step of the recovery procedure is the key step to solving the problem Note When verifying the solution if the computed fall line force is greater than the effort the MA must be increased Note that no physical work has occurred up to this point As a result no time is lost moving equipment or having to re erect rigging equipment e Compute the dead line force determine the required strength of equipment capacity and choose the correct equipment to use as dead lines STEP 6 Erect rigging e Orient the crew instruct them on how to assemble the tackle and then move to a safe location e Advise the crewmembers of the plan direct them to erect the tackle and assign specific tasks for desired MA Crewmembers that have finished their tasks should assist those who are having difficulty The crewmembers can save time by having a thorough knowledge of the tackle to be erected and by helping each other e Observe all safety precautions STEP 7 Recheck rigging e Make sure that the tackle is rigged for proper and safe operation e Direct the operator to remove most of the slack from the li
26. the A frame to the vehicle 5 8 A nosed wheeled vehicle s winch and an A frame can supply the lifting and pulling forces needed to recover the vehicle Rig the winch cable for a 2 to 1 MA e Secure the end of the cable to the apex of the A frame As the winch is wound in the A frame lifts and pulls the truck forward Suspend the truck over the ditch or hole Fill the ditch with rocks dirt or other material so the vehicle can be driven forward or backward CAUTION Do not wrap chains around the bumper or vehicle frame Attach chains to the vehicle by lifting shackles only REMOBILIZING TRACKED VEHICLES ANCHORING TRACKS 5 9 Vehicles often become bellied high centered on stumps rocks dry ridges or mire When this occurs they become immobilized due to lack of traction 5 10 To recover a bellied vehicle obtain a log long enough to span the width of the vehicle and of sufficient diameter to support the vehicle weight figure 5 6 e Place the log against both tracks e Place a tow cable so that one end of the cable goes under the log and through the tracks from the inside e Place the other end of the tow cable underneath the log and connect the ends of the cable together with a tow hook on the outside of the track to make disconnecting easier Figure 5 6 A log used to anchor tracks 5 11 Follow the same procedure to attach the log to the track on the opposite side of the vehicle Take up the slack in the to
27. to the load and the distance between the wrecker and mired vehicle Mired trucks may have a resistance greater than the winch capacity of the wrecker Also the wrecker may not be able to align itself with the truck because of the terrain If so use a 2 to 1 MA and a change of direction block figure 4 5 Figure 4 5 Winching using a 2 to 1 MA and a change of direction block Wheeled Towing 4 17 Recovered vehicles must often be towed to a repair shop The towing method depends on the terrain and the mechanical condition of the disabled vehicle A wrecker is capable of towing vehicles in the following ways Highway Tow 4 18 To use a highway tow e Attach the tow bar to the disabled vehicle s lifting eyes and the wrecker s tow pintle figure 4 6 All wheels of the towed vehicle are on the ground A driver is not required in the towed vehicle e Determine terrain features prior to travel If the hill is steep enough to require using brakes to reduce speed shift into the next lower gear at the crest of the hill and use the engine compression as a brake Take extreme care to prevent excessive engine speed while descending a hill Determine the suitable gear and shift if necessary at the crest of the hill before speed has increased from downhill movement Ordinarily the gear required to ascend a hill is proper to use to descend it Refer to the vehicle operator s manual for additional information 19 September 2006 FM 4
28. tow vehicle When towing cross country under extreme conditions use crossed cables for the towing and braking or use a holdback vehicle as described in paragraph 4 31 Highway Tow 4 29 For highway tows 4 10 Attach the recovery vehicle s tow bar to the tow lugs of the disabled vehicle FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Recovery Operations e Place the lunette of the tow bar in the recovery vehicle s tow pintle This could be done using a small block and tackle attaching one part to the tow bar and the other to a place on the recovery vehicle higher than the tow pintle This will allow a single Soldier to raise the tow bar to the pintle without getting between the two vehicles Secure the pintle in the closed position Note A driver is not required in the towed vehicle 4 30 If the recovery vehicle is lighter than the disabled vehicle a holdback vehicle of the same weight class as the disabled vehicle and cross tow cables are required so the towed vehicle will not overrun the recovery vehicle Figure 4 10 shows the holdback vehicle positions HIGHWAY TOW Figure 4 10 Tracked towing with holdback vehicle Cross Country Tow 4 31 Only in extreme cases or as a backup will crossed tow cables be used as a method of towing cross country figure 4 11 Use crossed tow cables between the recovery vehicle and the disabled vehicle when towing similar vehicles A holdback vehicle is required so the towed vehicle will not o
29. tracked vehicle recovery C 1 H hand and arm signals C 1 with flashlights C 6 heater hose repair 6 16 hitches and knots and FM 5 125 3 10 Index 1 Index holdback vehicle 3 9 4 3 4 10 4 11 4 15 when towing disable tracked vehicles 4 27 hooks 2 3 4 3 4 4 4 21 4 23 howitzer uprighting of 4 21 hull and metal component repair 6 11 L leaking low pressure line fitting repairing 6 11 leverage principle 2 10 levers 2 10 first class 2 11 second class 2 11 lifting 2 2 4 7 4 19 nosed vehicles 4 23 lift tow procedure 4 8 like recovery 1 1 1 2 like vehicle recovery and AKERR 1 2 log deadman construction of a 3 10 M9 armored combat earthmover towing of 4 22 maintenance support team and assessment check 6 3 maintenance team and assessment check 6 3 marine recovery 4 28 fording vehicle 4 28 submerged vehicles 4 29 swimming vehicles 4 28 mechanical advantage 2 10 of tackle 3 2 mechanical anchors 3 10 log deadman 3 10 picket holdfast 3 10 sand parachute 3 11 scotch anchor 3 12 vehicle 3 13 mine plow and mine roller towing of 4 22 mire resistance 2 6 mired truck 4 24 mires fender depth 2 6 turret or cab 2 6 wheel depth 2 6 Index 2 N nosed tracked vehicle 4 22 nosed truck 4 19 4 20 recovery of 4 19 O overturned tracked vehicle 4 21 4 26 recovery of 4 26 overturned truck 4 20 uprighting 4 20 overturning resista
30. vehicle shoot move and communicate Can the vehicle be repaired to shoot move and communicate Can the vehicle be self recovered towed or transported Check engine transmission fuel system electrical system wheels and suspension hydraulic system armor ammunition storage armament fire control and communications to see if they can be repaired or recovered and identify any limitations Identify expendables parts and tools and National Stock Number NSN if applicable Estimate the time and personnel needed Hull Damage Assessment and Repair Record applicable NSN for exchanged and cannibalized parts Check engine system for example starter oil tank air induction system air cleaner oil filter drain valve accessory drive shaft low oil pressure Check transmission and final drive systems for faults for example transmission will not shift broken linkage vehicle will not steer final drive locked transmission leaks parking and service brake serviceability and oil cooler Check fuel systems for example fuel tanks fuel lines fuel filters fuel pumps Check electrical systems for example wiring harness slip ring batteries circuit breakers and power distribution box Check track and suspension systems for example compensating idlers track adjusting link road wheel arms road wheels support rollers sprockets shock absorbers torsion bars and track assembly Check hydraulic systems lines a
31. winch drum until sufficient cable 1s removed to obtain maximum winch capacity 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 3 5 Rigging MOVE RECOVERY VEHICLE TO WITHIN 20 25 FEET OF DISABLED VEHICLE BACK RECOVERY VEHICLE AWAY TO OBTAIN MAXIMUM WINCH CAPACITY SEES COS Figure 3 5 Backup method of rigging Lead Method 3 13 The lead method figure 3 6 is used when terrain conditions do not permit close access to the disabled vehicle Use the boom winch or auxiliary winch cable to pay out the main winch rigging to the disabled vehicle Since the boom or auxiliary winch cable weighs less than the main winch cable it can easily be carried to the disabled vehicle BOOM WINCH WIRE ROPE TOW WINCH a a a a ll WIRE ROPE Figure 3 6 Lead method of rigging 3 14 To rig for the lead method assemble the main winch tackle just in front of the recovery vehicle as in preparation for the backup method Then do the following Attach the boom and crane or auxiliary winch cable to the main winch snatch block e Manually pull out the loop formed by the boom and the crane or auxiliary winch cable and place it into a snatch block attached to the disabled vehicle e Lastly attach the cable to the rigging By paying in the boom and the crane or auxiliary winch cable the main winch tackle will be pulled to the disabled vehicle METHODS OF ATTACHING TACKLE Wheeled Vehicles 3 15 In recovery operations rig the tackle to prevent damag
32. 00 Ib 84 800 Ib Estimated load resistance 127 200 Ib 2 33 In another example a tank weighing 106 000 pounds is mired at fender depth If the tank can be recovered in the opposite direction of its original travel and power can be applied to its tracks the estimated resistance twice the weight of the vehicle is 212 000 pounds less 50 percent 10 percent for opposite direction plus 40 percent for applying power to its tracks The estimated load resistance equals 106 000 pounds Vehicle weight 106 000 Ib Mired factor x2 Resistance 212 000 Ib Reduction factor x 50 Estimated reduction 106 000 Ib load 212 000 Ib 106 000 Ib 2 8 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Principles of Recovery Estimated load resistance 106 000 Ib 40 percent for applying power to track plus 10 percent recovering opposite direction to travel 50 percent Note Reduction factors do not apply to wheeled vehicles due to lack of traction However power applied to wheels may reduce resistance Reduction factors are only a guide and apply more to wheel depth than to either fender or turret depth mire situations SOURCE OF EFFORT 2 34 Like vehicles are the quickest most available sources of recovery effort On dry level hardstand in first gear or reverse the average vehicle exerts a force equal to its own weight Terrain conditions affect the towing capability of a vehicle These conditions may require two or more vehicles to exert the same for
33. 1 Estimated winch variable Capacity ccccccsecceceeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeseueesaeeeesseeeesaaees 2 9 Table 4 1 Prime movers for IF VV 6 Dis satin Hisacs na Siacetoasnees danoacaas acid va tnaesertecutacsca sei wesias oa 4 17 Fable 4 2 V Snicle WeIGis seisan a a a a ladle Magda inleadyits 4 18 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Preface This manual provides the authoritative doctrine guidance on using recovery and repair assets on the battlefield Practical methods of recovering or repairing equipment disabled or immobilized due to hazardous terrain mechanical failure or a hostile action are also addressed Field manual FM 4 30 31 is directed toward both the leader and the technician Tactically it provides an overview of how recovery and battle damage assessment and repair BDAR assets are employed on the battlefield Technically it provides principles of resistance and mechanical applications to overcome them Equipment rigging techniques and expedient repairs are summarized as a refresher for recovery trained military personnel and as general guidance for others The procedures and doctrine in this manual apply to both wartime operations and military operations other than war Normally BDAR should be used when and where standard maintenance practices are not practical because of the mission enemy terrain and weather troops and support available time available civil considerations METT TC or METT T space and logistics M
34. 30 31 4 7 Recovery Operations HIGHWAY TOW Figure 4 6 Highway towing CAUTION Safety chains must be used in addition to the tow bar Properly used safety chains will retain a towed vehicle should the tow bar fail or become disconnected Cross the chains under and around the tow bar Fasten it to the shackles of the towing vehicle around a structural member or the underside of the vehicle to be towed Leave sufficient slack for turns but not enough to encounter road surface Cross Country Tow 4 19 Over rough terrain a cross country tow figure 4 7 has better control of the towed vehicle To rig for the cross country tow e Attach a chain lifting sling or the hoisting bar between the truck s front lifting shackles e Attach a tow chain from the wrecker tow pintle to the disabled truck s lifting shackles e Place the hoist block hook in the lifting sling approximately 12 to 18 inches off the ground CROSS COUNTRY TOW Figure 4 7 Cross country towing 4 20 Extend the boom as little as possible to remove the slack from the tow chain to keep the towed vehicle from ramming into the rear of the wrecker truck Support the boom with the shipper braces to prevent impact loads on the crane mechanism Lift Tow 4 21 If the front end of the vehicle is damaged use the lift tow procedure even when the disabled vehicle is being towed on the highway e Attach the axle clamps to the front axle of the disabled vehicle e A
35. 4 7 4 8 4 10 4 11 4 16 4 19 4 21 4 22 4 28 25 percent grade 4 15 30 percent grade 4 14 armored vehicle launched bridge 4 21 combat 4 12 combat engineer vehicle 4 22 crane wheel mounted 4 22 cross country 4 11 disable tracked vehicles 4 27 forklifts 4 21 highway 4 11 in tandem 4 24 M9 armored combat earthmover 4 22 mine plow and mine roller 4 22 mired truck 4 24 nosed tracked vehicle 4 22 nosed vehicles 4 23 on grades 4 13 principle of 4 13 road grader 4 22 FM 4 30 31 Index scoop loader 4 22 source of effort 4 24 tow bar handling 4 12 tracked vehicle 3 8 using crossed cables 4 2 using observers when 4 10 with M88A1 4 10 with M88A2 4 11 tracked vehicle installing a track 5 6 remobilizing 5 4 repairing both tracks 5 5 TRADOC 6 9 Training and Doctrine Command and BDAR 1 5 U underwater recovery 4 29 4 30 unexploded ordnance 6 2 uprighting overturned tracked vehicle 4 21 V visual signals C 1 W water operations 4 30 water resistance 4 30 water resistance 2 7 winching 2 2 2 9 3 6 4 2 4 3 4 6 4 7 4 9 4 19 C 1 dual wheel 5 2 like vehicle 4 24 nosed tracked vehicle 4 22 nosed vehicles 4 23 onboard 4 16 source of effort 4 24 Index 3 This page intentionally left blank FM 4 30 31 MCRP 4 11 4A 19 September 2006 By order of the Secretary of the Army and by direction of the Commandant of the Marine Corps
36. 6 15 This will remove the tension from the torsion bar If a ditch is not available dig a trench Tie the road wheel arm up out of the way 6 18 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Procedures Figure 6 15 Suspending road wheel e Remove the torsion bar by removing its cap screw and end plug replacing the cap screw in the torsion bar and prying behind the cap screw head with a tanker s crowbar Reposition the vehicle on level ground Remove the road wheel Position a tanker s crowbar across two torsion bar support housings and using a rope from the vehicle tarpaulin tie the road wheel arm to the tanker s crowbar figure 6 16 Note Use this expedient method with intermediate road wheels only TANKER S CROW BAR Figure 6 16 Road wheel expedient technique DAMAGED SUSPENSION COMPONENTS 6 78 A tracked vehicle with a damaged track rear road wheel arm or idler wheel can be operated using the short track expedient method figure 6 17 However the hull must not interfere with the shortened track Note This method is not recommended for AVLB or M1 family of vehicles 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 6 19 Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Procedures 6 79 To apply this expedient repair remove the companion components to the damaged suspension parts such as the rear shock absorber track adjuster road wheel arm and torsion bar Before applying short track expedient meth
37. 9 4 27 and using levers 2 10 grade 2 5 in water 2 7 4 30 mire 2 6 overcoming 2 10 overturning 2 6 reduction factors 2 9 river bottom 4 29 tackle 2 7 turret cab 2 6 types of 2 5 resistance reducing factors 2 7 rigging backup method 3 5 definition of 3 1 lead method 3 6 manpower method 3 5 rigging between vehicles 4 4 rigging fundamentals dead line 3 1 fall line 3 1 fleet angle 3 2 19 September 2006 return line 3 1 rigging methods 3 5 3 6 4 6 lead 4 31 manpower 4 31 underwater 4 30 road grader towing 4 22 rules of assessment and vehicle commanders 6 6 booby traps 6 2 crew 6 6 perform an assessment 6 3 platoon leader 6 6 senior man present 6 3 think safety first 6 2 S safety chains and tow bars 4 8 safety checks for hazards 6 3 safety considerations with fifth wheel towing device 4 16 safety keys 4 4 4 5 sand parachute construction of a 3 11 scoop loader 4 22 self recovery 1 1 4 25 and Army doctrine 1 1 shackle pins 4 4 4 5 shear pin 6 21 shear pin substitute 6 21 short track expedient method 6 20 source of effort 2 9 4 23 submerged vehicles 4 29 19 September 2006 substitute jack timber 5 1 5 2 swimming vehicles 4 28 T tackle resistance 2 7 calculation of 2 7 determine 2 7 tackle systems compound 2 11 simple 2 11 tandem axle 6 18 tire repair 6 15 total load resistance 2 7 4 6 towing 2 2 4 5
38. CRP Marine Corps Reference Publication MCWP Marine Corps Warfighting Publication METT T mission enemy terrain and weather troops and support available time available METT TC mission enemy terrain and weather troops and support available time available civil considerations MOPP mission oriented protective posture maintenance support team maintenance team National Stock Number Ordnance Mechanical Maintenance University on vehicle equipment point of contact P petroleum oil and lubricants ROMO range of military operations standing operating procedure s U UX field wire parallel pair QSTAG Quadripartite Standardization Agreement Glossary 2 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Glossary SECTION Il TERMS Battle damage Battle damage assessment Battle damage indicators Battle damage indicator concept Battle damage repair Brigade support area Cannibalization Combat capable Combat emergency capable Combat repair team 19 September 2006 All modes of equipment failures that occur during operations in wartime and peacetime which prevents that equipment from completing its mission The timely and accurate estimate of damage resulting from the application of military force either lethal or nonlethal against a predetermined objective Battle damage assessment can be applied to the employment of all types of weapon systems air ground naval and special forces weapon systems througho
39. ETT TSL for USMC BDAR is not intended to replace standard maintenance practices but rather to supplement them under certain conditions Standard maintenance procedures provide the best most effective means of returning disabled equipment to the operational commander provided adequate time parts and tools are available High risk battle damage repairs involving possible danger to personnel or further damage to equipment are only permitted in emergencies normally in a battlefield environment and only when authorized by the unit commander or his designated representative The goal is to return a combat system to the battlefield in the least amount of time while minimizing danger to personnel and equipment BDAR techniques are not limited to simply restoring minimal functional combat capability If full mission capability can be restored expediently with a limited expenditure of time and assets it should be restored This decision is based on METT TC Some BDAR techniques if applied may result in shortened lifespan or further damage to components The commander must decide whether the risk of having one less piece of equipment outweighs the risk of applying a potentially destructive field expedient repair Each technique provides appropriate warnings and cautions which list the system s limitations caused by the action Personnel must use ground guides and extreme caution when operating recovery assets around or on an aircraft The propon
40. FM 4 30 31 FM 9 43 2 MCRP 4 11 4A FMFRP 4 34 Recovery and Battle Damage Assessment and Repair September 2006 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION Approved for public release distribution is unlimited Headquarters Department of the Army This publication is available at Army Knowledge Online www us army mil and General Dennis J Reimer Training and Doctrine Digital Library at www train army mil FM 4 30 31 FM 9 43 2 MCRP 4 11 4A FMFRP 4 34 Field Manual Headquarters No 4 30 31 Department of the Army United States Marine Corps Marine Corps Reference Publication Washington DC 19 September 2006 No 4 11 4A Recovery and Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Contents Page EA Croce Seance cs ets cine E AE cece setae eee V Chapter 1 Introduction to Recovery and Battle Damage Assessment and Repair 1 1 PRO COV GI sratine anced aumeaeiedatctes waicaaiy an aqasiimanaiani statin nen iaierecmauat el daouanad 1 1 Battle Damage Assessment and Repair cccccseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeceeeeeseeeeeseeeeseneeees 1 2 Chapter 2 Principles Of RECOVGENY orena naana a ce can net E A a E ROEA a 2 1 EIR Ee EEEN AE EEE EE E EE E E E A 2 1 Fundamental Methods of Recovery ccccccseeececeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeesaeeeesaaeeeeenaneees 2 1 Chapter 3 RIGGING aeia E E i 3 1 RIGON Fundamentals 4 axcaccecaasevack a O 3 1 Mechanical Advantage Of Tackle cccccccseeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeseeseeesaaeeeessaeeees 3 2 ANCROLS a2 sos tou
41. N 5 6 FM 4 30 31 iii Contents Figure 6 1 BDA guidelines cccccccccsseceseeceseseeceeseeceeseeceeeeseecensuseseseeesaseessaseeseaesenenesens 6 5 Figure 6 2 Example of a DD Form 1577 siccccccsccece ection dco ok Md ed 6 7 Figure 6 3 Example of a DA Form 2404 2 0 cecccccsescecceseeeceeseeeceeeseeessaueeessegsessessessssaseeeeas 6 8 Figure 6 4 Example of a ULLS generated DA Form 5988 E snsnnnnsnsnnrnnensrnrrresnrrresrrrnnee 6 9 Figure 6 5 Hull and metal component repair mMaterials ccccceeccceececeeeceeeeseeeeaeeeeeeeees 6 11 Figure 6 6 Fluid line repair items ccccceeeeeceeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeseeeeeseeeeeseeeesaeeeeseneeeseeeess 6 11 Figure 6 7 Low pressure line fitting repair eee ccccceeeceeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeaeeeeeseeeeeesaeeeesaeeeeesaaes 6 13 Figure 6 8 LOW preSSure line FePAll ccccescccssccceeccceeeceuceceueecueecaueeseeeeeueeseueecaueesseeesaees 6 14 Figure 6 9 Electrical repair MalenalS nesriscnarinie Nadav dat windidveen edie 6 15 Figure 6 10 Tire patch materials and tire plug Kit ce eccceeeeeseeeeseeeeeeeeeeseeeeseeeeesaaees 6 16 Figure 6 11 Environmental plugs radiator sealant and a link belt ce eeeeeeeeeeeeees 6 16 Figure 6 12 Tube type radiator core repalil ccccccssecccesececeececeseecesseeeeeseeseuseeneeeeenneens 6 17 Figure 6 13 Attaching tandem axle to fraMe cccccccccseeeeeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeaeeeeeeseaeeeesaa
42. ND BDAR 6 23 The operator crew prepares and provides the initial damage assessment and reports to the vehicle commander They describe inoperable conditions to include CBRN conditions and circumstances When the inoperable equipment is subject to or in danger of hostile fire another vehicle can be used to recover it to a secure location The operator crew assesses the situation and determines which type of maintenance support is required 6 24 If directed the crew shall proceed to make any field expedient repairs possible Usually these repairs will consist of restoring firepower communications and or vehicle mobility within the limit of their skills and the availability of materials and tools They must also consider repairing items to make the equipment self recovery capable If repairs are beyond crew capabilities they request assistance per the unit s standing operating procedure SOP 6 25 The vehicle commander will report the results of the crew operator damage assessment to the platoon leader He will name the major known causes of the vehicle s immobility and or lack of firepower and or communication failures If repairs by the crew are possible the vehicle commander will report the appropriate risk repair level a total estimated repair time and a list of functions that may be restored 6 26 The platoon leader will respond with directives and if required will call a CRT to the location of the damaged vehicle for assistance
43. S assets in unnecessary danger e Clearly establish recognition signals These signals include challenges and passwords as well as identifying vehicle markings Recognition markings are especially important in operations where combined and multinational units and enemy forces use the same type of vehicle or in the case where the enemy may be using U S vehicles Be aware of any special operational hazards such as the use of CBRN elements or minefields As necessary and where possible arrange for combined and multinational guides or provide guides to U S supporting elements e If possible provide combined and multinational units with U S BDAR kits for effecting BDAR on U S vehicles e If time and situation permit arrange for mutual training or orientation sessions with counterpart personnel e If translations are critical for ongoing BDAR operations arrange to have translators available A better arrangement would be to have a technical advisor available from the nation owning the equipment EXECUTION CONSIDERATIONS CHECKLIST B 2 The primary consideration is returning equipment to battle as quickly as possible while creating as little collateral damage as possible Equally important is surviving to complete the mission The following considerations involve approaching the site local security camouflage and actions taken on contact e Before beginning recovery or BDAR operations on combined and multinational vehicles ensure authoriz
44. TY KEYS AND SHACKLE PINS 4 11 Safety keys shackle pins should be in place on all tow hooks shackles or other items of equipment figure 4 4 Even though the safety key shackle pin supports no great load its absence can allow a pin to move which places excessive force on only a part of a connection Some shackles use a threaded type pin If the pin is not completely inserted into the shackle threads the shackle or pin can be bent or broken when force 1s applied FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Recovery Operations CORRECT INCORRECT Figure 4 4 Safety keys and shackle pins 4 12 When using shackle pins with safety keys such as the type used in tow bars all shackle pins in a vertical plane should have their heads pointing upward Should the safety key break or fall out the shackle pins will remain in position if the load shifts SPEED 4 13 Maintain the correct speed when towing vehicles Consider the terrain weather and road conditions when determining speed Never exceed the tow speeds listed in the operator s manuals for the towed or towing vehicle RECOVERY PROCEDURES 4 14 In any recovery operation use the following eight step method Reconnoiter area Estimate situation Calculate ratio Obtain resistance Verify solution Erect rigging Recheck rigging You are ready 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 4 5 Recovery Operations STEP 1 Reconnoiter area e Check the terrain for the best approach to the load t
45. Wrap the exterior of the line with wire but allow at least 1 8 inch between successive wraps Coat the entire affected area with Elastomer from the BDAR kit and allow it to cure The Elastomer will bond to the flexible line and to the wire coil and provide external support to prevent collapse without restricting internal flow 6 60 If the line does not regain shape when flow stops remove the line from the closest source to the collapse and insert an object such as a pencil inside the hose to expand the collapsed hose Then perform the repair listed in the above paragraph Remove the object from the hose once Elastomer cures and reattach the hose to its original connection ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS AND REPAIR 6 61 Electrical repair capabilities are in both crew and maintainer BDAR kits Electrical items and consumable materials can repair numerous electrical connections used in current equipment Simple electrical repairs can be done with electrical tape wire nut connectors 16 gauge or 22 gauge wire and wire ties figure 6 9 Pliers commonly found in most BII can act as cutters crimpers small bolt cutters and wire strippers CAUTION Vehicle power must be disconnected before working on any electrical wire 6 62 Silicone sealant included in the BDAR kits should be applied to the inside of wire nut connectors before installing them to seal the connection from moisture and corrosion 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 6 13 Battle Dama
46. adily adaptable to recovery operations on submerged vehicles In most 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 4 29 Recovery Operations situations the winch cables of the recovery vehicles are long enough to allow winching operations from water to land WATER OPERATIONS 4 102 Most vehicles currently in the inventory of the U S military have either a swim or fording capability Vehicles involved in fording swimming operations sometimes become disabled from mechanical or mobility malfunctions A vehicle that has swim capability will usually remain afloat even if the main engine fails This is possible because amphibious vehicles are usually equipped with an auxiliary engine and bilge pumps 4 103 If a vehicle is completely disabled during water operations it must have power restored using BDAR or any other means available Amphibious vehicles are at the mercy of the surf or river current when power is lost If left afloat without power vehicles are at risk of sinking causing further damage to the vehicle and serious water contamination If sinking does occur all practicable efforts should be made to avoid environmental contamination Contamination over gallon should be reported through the chain of command Should a vehicle become submerged out of sight qualified scuba personnel should be called to assist in locating and rigging the vehicle for recovery Resistance in Water 4 104 Water resistance occurs when submerged vehicles are pulled fr
47. air Procedures 6 79 To apply this expedient repair remove the companion components to the damaged suspension parts such as the rear shock absorber track adjuster road wheel arm and torsion bar Before applying short track expedient methods check the procedures outlined in the appropriate TM CAUTION This procedure is time consuming and may cause injury to personnel when performed 6 80 The short track method is designed to regain mobility after component failure or combat damage If the idler wheel and road arms number 5 and number 6 are damaged beyond repair it is possible to short track to the number 4 road wheel Whether damaged or not the number 5 road wheel road arm and torsion bars must be removed to allow short tracking to the number 4 road wheel If possible reinstall the number 6 road wheel to improve vehicle stability Sufficient track blocks must be removed to permit the track to be connected Note If both sides of vehicle must be short tracked remove all damaged road arms and idler wheels using the process described in paragraph 6 77 Figure 6 17 Short track expedient technique SHEAR PIN SUBSTITUTE 6 81 Make a substitute for a broken shear pin Punch out the remains of the broken shear pin cut the remains in half and insert the two shear pin halves with a short wooden dowel between them figure 6 18 e Wrap friction tape around the shaft to cover the shear pinhole and prevent the end of the subs
48. al and in the operator s manual for both the recovery vehicle and the recovered vehicle or equipment Maintaining an awareness of the following key factors and actions can help prevent damage to equipment and injury to personnel Be aware that winch cables can break and backlash into personnel Exercise extreme caution when towing Check the operator s manual for guidance and to validate repair procedures Establish minimum safe distances and clear all unnecessary personnel from the recovery site 2 6 Know recovery equipment capabilities and limitations Winches have tremendous power and if not properly secured to the disabled vehicle winches can rip off tow lugs bumpers and other attachments that often become projectiles injuring personnel and or damaging equipment Always follow the safe rigging guidelines in this manual Keep all but the minimum required personnel away from the recovery area Each recovery crewmember must know where other crewmembers are located at all times 2 7 Towed tracked vehicles and some wheeled vehicles will not have any braking effect The recovery vehicle must provide braking for the towed vehicle as well as itself Note Some tracked vehicles may also require a holdback vehicle during towing operations 2 8 Wrecker lift towing operations also require extreme caution The towed vehicle performs abnormally because the vehicle weight is not distributed on all wheels and the wrecker steering contr
49. alization is allowed by the HN HN agreements should outline which BDAR or other maintenance services can be provided and the procedures required for obtaining support BDAR TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 6 48 Special kits are available to support crew and maintainers to perform BDAR with access to BII and components of end items COEI These kits are allocated to the crew CRTs MTs MSTs and maintainers Appendix A provides general information about the BDAR kits and the NSN for both crew and maintainer kits BDAR kits allow repair in numerous areas such as fuel hydraulics cooling tires electrical systems and hull repair 6 49 When possible BDAR should first be performed by the crew using the crew operator BDAR kit BII COEI and AAL OVE Maintenance personnel will have access to the same items available to the crew operator as well as additional components 6 10 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Procedures HULL AND METAL COMPONENT REPAIR 6 50 It is critical to maintain hull integrity especially during fording operations and when faced with a CBRN threat Epoxies and polymers in the BDAR kit can be used to ensure hull integrity for small to medium sized holes figure 6 5 Other components in the crew and maintainer BDAR kits such as reinforcement tape and aluminum tape can assist in patching armor tiles vehicle fuel tanks vehicle hulls and any other metal surface or components on the vehicles Th
50. als and through one of the holes in the wheel disk Do not place the rope through a hole in the wheel disk where the valve stem is located Tie a knot in the end of the rope and slip it over the hub 5 2 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Field Expedient Recovery Tie a second rope in the same way to the dual wheels on the other end of the axle Place the vehicle in reverse gear The ropes will wind between the two duals and cause the vehicle to move rearward e lil all rI a SO ee A r A Figure 5 4 Wheels used as winches USING AN A FRAME 5 6 Frequently a truck will become nosed in a shallow hole narrow ditch or munitions crater where both lifting and pulling forces are required to make the recovery If the nosed wheeled vehicle is equipped with a winch use the winch to supply the pulling force and an A frame for the lifting force figure 5 5 Figure 5 5 Girth hitch and using an A frame in recovery operations CAUTION This method cannot be used on vehicles with aluminum front bumpers such as the Marine Corps MK 23 series trucks 5 7 To build an A frame use two long poles e Lash the poles together at the top using a figure eight or girth hitch 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 5 3 Field Expedient Recovery e Place the lower end of the poles in the ground 10 to 12 inches deep to prevent them from sliding when power is applied Lay the upper end of the A frame against the front of the vehicle Attach
51. also help to reduce vibration EXPEDIENT REPAIRS DEFECTIVE TANDEM AXLE 6 73 A tandem axle with a burned out bearing or damaged wheel can disable a vehicle or cause further damage if operation continues Move the wheel of the disabled axle onto a rock log or similar object to raise the wheel as high as possible While the wheel is raised tie the axle as tightly as possible to the frame using heavy wire ratchet strap or a tow chain figure 6 13 Do not let the chain strap or wire cause damage to the brake lines Ifthe wheel bearing is burned out or for some other reason the wheel does not turn remove the axle shaft from the axle housing e Stuff the hole in the hub with rags to keep out foreign matter This expedient method allows the other wheels to drive Reposition any cargo over good axles or transfer cargo to a second vehicle This procedure is to be used only with tandem zres i i ole ETN axle vehicles Only one axle shown for any T e LA Lii Figure 6 13 Attaching tandem axle to frame 6 74 Use the same technique on both ends of the axle if both wheels are defective Since both ends of the axle are tied up do not load the vehicle too heavily DEFECTIVE DIFFERENTIAL 6 75 Ifthe defect is in the differential of a 4 by 4 6 by 6 or 8 by 8 vehicle remove the propeller shaft and drive axles figure 6 14 For example if the front rear differential is defective and the rear propeller shaft is r
52. and using substitute fuels fluids and lubricants Bypassing or shortcutting components to restore operation of damaged mission essential elements m Allocating time in the unit training schedule to practice BDAR and recovery Using local materials from the DRMO or other available equipment such as vehicle hulls used as range targets for hull patching This will be helpful in familiarizing personnel with BDAR kits CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL RADIOLOGICAL AND NUCLEAR ENVIRONMENT 1 14 BDAR and recovery may be required in a chemically contaminated area or under adverse conditions with severe limitations involving personnel facilities equipment and materials It may be necessary to perform BDAR and recovery tasks while wearing protective gear If the situation does not allow a recovery team to recover the equipment personnel should keep BDAR to a minimum and then recover to a decontamination area Personnel can finish the BDAR or recovery task when decontamination procedures have been completed Note For decontamination procedures refer to FM 3 5 Marine Corps Warfighting Publication MCWP 3 37 3 1 15 Recovery teams must be trained in chemical biological radiological and nuclear CBRN defense procedures monitoring and detection techniques The teams should have additional decontamination equipment decontaminating agents and protective clothing Contaminated recovery equipment could spread an agent along the evacuation ro
53. at contains DU e Avoid environmental contamination by spills of fuel and oil All spills should be reported through the chain of command to the unit s logistical element such as the battalion S 4 BEWARE OF BOOBY TRAPS 6 9 Booby traps and improvised explosive devices present a unique challenge when recovering abandoned vehicles If equipment was abandoned or was unsupervised by friendly forces the possibility of booby traps exists To ensure the safety of BDAR recovery operations inspect equipment for tampering before attempting repairs RECOGNIZE BATTLE DAMAGE INDICATORS 6 10 Battle damage indicators BDI from an operator or crewman perspective include smoke fire unusual odor unusual mechanical noise leaking fluids fault warming lights and alarms and loss of mobility or system function Immediate recognition and attention by crewmembers is important because BDI may not be apparent once equipment stops functioning PERFORM AN ASSESSMENT 6 2 6 11 The senior man present decides when and if BDAR is performed during combat This decision is based on METT TC and the appropriate risk repair level 6 12 Do not attempt to operate systems or subsystems until the crew has performed an assessment to prevent further damage to equipment or personnel For example if all circuit breakers are tripped including the main circuit breaker the assessment process should lead to determining the best method or sequence required to restore p
54. ation has been given and obtain any necessary guidance e Attempt to locate a member of the crew or a technical representative to provide technical guidance e Before starting BDAR operations obtain applicable manuals to determine proper BDAR actions Even where language is a problem pictures and diagrams may prove useful e Do not begin any operation until technical information has been obtained Acting too quickly or prematurely might cause damage Report completion of the mission to the U S chain of command The U S chain of command will pass that information to the command and control at the liaison officer level SECURITY OF SENSITIVE ITEMS AND SALVAGE OF DAMAGED EQUIPMENT B 3 Only divisional or higher commanders have the authority to order the destruction of equipment With OPORDs this authority is usually delegated to subordinate commanders When a piece of equipment is destroyed 1t must be reported through proper command channels SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS B 4 Hazards that exist on the battlefield will also be present during the demolition of equipment for example toxic fumes and spilled fluids Safety is an important consideration BDAR personnel must become completely familiar with all aspects of the equipment being used Applicable equipment technical manuals provide necessary warnings cautions and hazards B 5 Classified documents notes and instructions of any kind are removed from the vehicle before demolition Classifi
55. ber band and stores up tremendous potential kinetic energy In fact a steel winch cable weighing 50 to 500 pounds has more spring to it than rubber 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 4 1 Recovery Operations CROSSED CABLES 4 3 Make sure the rigging lines are not crossing each other before the winching operation is continued Crossed rigging lines can rub against each other causing damage to the cable or an increased amount of tackle resistance Crossed cables are only recommended for towing a disabled vehicle when a tow bar is not available GROUND GUIDES 4 4 To safely control a recovery operation use two ground guides one ground guide in the front and one in the rear Only one ground guide gives the signals to the operator The ground guides should stand apart from other personnel at the recovery site and be in a position where the vehicle operators can easily observe the signals The vehicle operators must know the meaning of the signals and act only on those signals see appendix C UNSAFE AREAS Figure 4 1 Unsafe areas during an angle pull HOOK POSITIONS 4 5 For rigging position the hook with the open part throat upward figure 4 2 If the hook should straighten out from overload the rigging would be forced downward If the hook were positioned with the open part throat down the rigging would travel upward unrestricted and possibly cause injury to personnel or damage to vehicles FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Recove
56. cables will prevent the quick disconnect of the towing vehicle if the towed vehicle begins to submerge The axe that must be with the rope is used to cut the rope in an emergency Once the vehicle is close to the shore and the tow lugs are exposed move the tow cables to the tow lugs on both vehicles to pull the disabled vehicle ashore figure 4 31 Figure 4 31 Recovery to shore with tow hooks and cables attached to tow lugs Submerged Vehicles 4 100 Ifa vehicle is flooded and submerged determine the resistance on the river bottom in the same way as on land Consider the weight of the vehicle the cargo and the river bottom which may be sand gravel or mud In addition when pulling flooded vehicles from water to land consider the weight of the water when determining the resistance Water weight is estimated to be equal to the vehicle s weight For example a tracked vehicle weighing 52 000 pounds sank The vehicle is mired in the riverbed mud to fender depth The effort required to retrieve it is 156 000 pounds 2 x 52 000 pound mire factor 52 000 pound water weight 4 101 The first problem in underwater recovery is locating the disabled vehicle in deep water It may be easier to use dragging devices to locate the vehicle Divers can then determine the location of the vehicle s rigging and mark the location of the vehicle using lines and floats Special purpose vehicles such as wrecker trucks and recovery vehicles are re
57. ce that one vehicle normally could under ideal conditions A winch is used when the situation does not permit recovery by a like vehicle Most often the approach to the disabled vehicle does not provide good traction A winch is a more positive source of effort since its towing capability does not depend on terrain conditions WINCH VARIABLE CAPACITIES 2 35 A winch exerts its greatest force when it pulls by the first layer or the layer next to the bare winch drum As each successive layer of cable is wound onto the winch drum the diameter increases and winch capacity decreases 2 36 An exception is the constant pull winch found on the M88A2 where the force of pull remains constant regardless of the cable layer See table 2 1 for a listing of estimated winch variable capacities Refer to the equipment s operator s manual for specified capabilities Table 2 1 Estimated winch variable capacity Winch Cable Cable on Drum Capacity Type Layer Feet Tons 0 39 40 85 86 138 139 199 200 266 0 41 42 91 92 148 149 213 214 287 22 5 ton 0 42 43 93 94 153 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 2 9 Principles of Recovery 154 220 14 250 221 296 12 650 297 380 11 400 0 55 30 000 56 128 26 000 129 208 23 000 209 300 20 000 0 41 45 000 42 91 38 000 92 149 32 500 150 200 28 500 Note The 70 ton recovery vehicle has a constant capacity of 70 tons anywhere on
58. ck Stake Bridge Transporting M821 14 June 1985 TM 9 2320 272 10 Operator s Manual For Truck 5 Ton 6X6 M939 M939A1 and M939A2 Series Trucks Diesel Truck Cargo 5 TON 6X6 Drop side M923 2320 01 050 2084 EIC BRY M923A1 2320 01 206 4087 EIC BSS M923A2 2320 01 230 0307 EIC BS7 M925 2320 01 047 8769 EIC BRT M925A1 2320 01 206 4088 EIC BST M925A2 2320 01 230 0308 EIC BS8 6X6 M936 2320 01 047 8754 EIC BTF M936A1 2320 01 206 4078 EIC BS6 M936A2 2320 01 230 0304 EIC BTT 15 August 1996 TM 9 2350 276 BD Operator s Organizational Direct Support and General Support Maintenance Battlefield Damage Assessment and Repair for Combat Vehicles 10 February 1984 TM 9 2350 284 BD Battlefield Damage Assessment and Repair for Bradley Fighting Vehicles M2A2 NSN 2350 01 248 7619 M3A2 2350 01 248 7620 24 January 1992 TM 9 2350 292 10 Operator s Manual for Recovery Vehicle Heavy Full Tracked M88A2 NSN 2350 01 390 4683 EIC ACQ 1 January 2002 TM 9 2320 307 10 Operator s Manual for Model XM1117 Armored Security Vehicle NSN 2320 01 437 6957 1 April 2003 TM 9 2320 356 BD Operator s Organizational Direct Support and General Support Maintenance Battlefield Damage Assessment and Repair for Tactical Wheeled Vehicles 18 December 1987 References 2 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 References TM 9 2350 358 BD Operator s Unit and Direct Support Maintenance Battlefield Da
59. cker truck to prepare for towing OVERTURNED TRUCK 4 59 To upright an overturned truck figure 4 19 using the wrecker a sling method of attachment must be used because a pulling force applied to only one point of the frame may result in a bent frame OVERTURNED TRACK VEHICLE 7 Figure 4 19 Recovery of overturned vehicles 4 60 A sling attachment is made of two utility chains The sling ends are attached to the front and rear lifting shackles on the high side of the overturned truck Then the winch cable is attached to the center of the sling 4 61 A holding effort will be required to prevent the overturned vehicle from crashing onto its wheels The holding force could be another vehicle the wrecker boom or a rope block and tackle with manpower The attachment for the holding force is a holding sling attached to the same points on the overturned truck as the 4 20 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Recovery Operations pulling sling The holding sling is then attached to the holding force with cable rope or chain making sure the holding force is attached to the center of the sling If a holding vehicle is not available use the wrecker boom to hold the load 4 62 Apply power gradually to the winch until the overturned truck is past the vertical position Then lower the truck on its wheels with the hoist winch This method should make maximum use of the boom jacks and outriggers WARNING Because of the danger of igniting spi
60. cles must be positioned in this way to prevent damage to the cables fenders or lights of the overturned vehicle as it is uprighted 4 91 Drivers of the holding vehicles must shift to low range The pulling vehicle gradually applies power in reverse while the holding vehicles move forward only enough to keep their cables taut until the overturned vehicle passes through the point of balance As the overturned vehicle passes through the balance point the holding vehicles move forward slowly supporting the overturned vehicle and lowering it onto its suspension system PII lt ___ PULLING eed VEHICLE Figure 4 27 Recovering an overturned tracked vehicle with like vehicles TOWING DISABLED TRACKED VEHICLES 4 92 Tow a disabled tracked vehicle with a like vehicle of the same weight class or heavier weight class with a tow bar or two tow cables figure 4 28 When using a tow bar on vehicles lighter than the 70 ton class no holdback vehicle is required unless the terrain interferes A holdback vehicle will be used when Tow cables are used The towed vehicle is heavier than 70 tons e Terrain grades are more than 20 percent HOLDING VEHICLES DISABLED VEHICLES Figure 4 28 Towing a disabled tracked vehicle 4 93 Cross the tow cables to keep them from being tangled with the tracks When towing tracked vehicles with only one track there will be a difference in resistance and steering capability between a complete track
61. cutmlcad secmlcdd axe rod decent cence oetacasaaucaesuattedoumade 3 12 FOUS 3 16 S COLI ANG NON ia 2 tie ah a i desde a a 3 12 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Contents Figure 4 1 Unsafe areas during an angle Pull cc ccccccceseeceeceeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeesueeeeesaeeeeeeeaees 4 2 PIGUIG 442 HOOK POSINIONS tects wane csnincdds ai Rates a E dite eenaumo diene uate ima erancesiel 4 3 Figure 4 3 Chocking blocking wheeled vehicles cccccseeeceeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeseesseeeeeeeaees 4 4 Figure 4 4 Safety keys and Shackle PINS c cccccccceseecceesscecceseeeceeuseeceeseessaseeessageeessaaes 4 5 Figure 4 5 Winching using a 2 to 1 MA and a change of direction block cccseeeeeeee es 4 7 Figure 4 6 Highway towing ccccccccssscccsseceseseccsesecseseeceaseeseueeeceuecesseeesaeeeseseessaeeessueeeneaees 4 8 Figure 4 7 Cross country TOWING secret 2x Yentnsad ncauancaatpunda dee hesevesoxiedesaeiuetspanabeadteoentahuenuaadon tout 4 8 Figure 4 8 Winching with two recovery vehicles cccseccecseeeeceeeeeceeeeeseeeeeseessaueesaneeeseaees 4 9 PIGUre 4 20S MA nana a E N E A aera aa een ariaee 4 10 Figure 4 10 Tracked towing with holdback vehicle ccccsccccceeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeesaeeeeaeeeesees 4 11 Fgure4 11 Tracked AG WING niens a A A 4 12 Figure 4 12 Chocking blocking tracked VENICIES cccccseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeseeseeeeaeeeeeas 4 13 Figure4 13 Cl ssifying a gra
62. d in terms of percent or the amount of a grade s vertical height rise over its horizontal length run If a road gains 25 feet of height over 100 feet of length it 1s classified as a 25 percent grade figure 4 13 v Verticle Rise 25 ft h Horizontal Run 100 ft Grade v h 25 percent sf A AIi j pa h 100 ft Figure 4 13 Classifying a grade 4 38 The best way to classify a grade is with a surveying level figure 4 14 which is a BII on the M88A2 The operator stands at the top or bottom of the hill and chooses a point as close as possible to the bottom or top of the hill where he will be traveling The operator then looks through the sight of the level at the point he has chosen and turns the level knob until he sees the level bubble centered between the witness marks Then the operator reads the percent grade on the indicator 6675 00 641 3163 Level Surveying 63848 40 1750 Figure 4 14 Surveying level 4 39 An improvised or field expedient method uses a small level a 10 inch piece of flat wood and a ruler Lay the piece of wood on the steepest part of the grade with the length of wood running up and down hill e Put the level on the piece of wood and start to raise the downhill side of the wood up until the bubble in the level is between the witness marks Measure the distance between the road and the bottom of the wood If it is 3 inches there is a 30 percent slope if it is 2 5 inches there
63. d or not All wheels remaining on the ground of the towed vehicle should be serviceable to increase system stability and reduce the risk of further damage Never stand between the prime mover and FWTD when the prime mover is being backed up to the FWTD Serious injury or death may result Proper procedures must be followed and extreme caution used when backing to prevent damage to equipment and injury or death to personnel See operator s manual for additional cautions for the FWTD 4 49 Prime movers for the FWTD are listed in table 4 1 4 16 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Recovery Operations Table 4 1 Prime movers for FWTD i Gross Combination Authorized Towed Vehicles M915 A1 A2 M915s M818 M931 and M932 Models 105 000 Ib A3 A4 FMTV Series PLS Series 47 641 kg M916 A1 A2 M915s M916s M818 M931 and M932 120 000 Ib Models FMTV Series PLS Series 54 446 kg M920 M915s M916s M920 M931 and M932 120 000 Ib Models FMTV Series PLS Series 54 446 kg M931 M931 and M932 Models FMTV Series PLS Series 27 036 kg M931 and M932 Models FMTV Series PLS Series 27 106 kg M818 M931 and M932 Models M915 07 665 Ib FMTV Series 26 164 kg M931 and M932 Models FMTV Series PLS Series 36 649 kg M931 and M932 Models FMTV Series PLS Series 54 446 kg M931 and M932 Models M983 FMTV Series PLS Series 45 372 Note M1074 and M1075 PLS series can be transported only without a payload Prime Mover A3 All
64. d Repair Procedures NECESSARY REPAIRS 6 6 On the battlefield the objective is to return the system into battle with enough combat capability to get the mission accomplished Cosmetic repairs are not necessary and are a waste of time and resources If a broken item does not affect the ability to shoot move or communicate and does not pose a serious safety concern it should not be repaired until the equipment is returned to maintenance where standard repair procedures can be performed FLEXIBILITY 6 7 Priorities of repair a shortage of personnel parts and time a chaotic battlefield environment a change of mission the lack of a weapon systems crew and a host of unforeseen circumstances demand a flexible approach to BDAR If specific repair techniques are not in the manuals ingenuity can be the key to successful BDAR BASIC RULES OF ASSESSMENT THINK SAFETY FIRST 6 8 Personnel must be aware of live loaded ammunition damaged weapons or ammunition fuel oil spills and electrical cables and wiring e Look for unexploded ordnance UXO in the area before performing the assessment Do not move or otherwise disturb UXO or any ammunition that has been fixed armed ignited or involved in an accident until qualified UXO personnel have rendered it safe Check the area for chemical contamination to include depleted uranium DU when appropriate Use a radiac meter to determine if DU is present from damaged ammunition or from armor th
65. d uprighting procedures They must also be skilled in related tasks such as using the specialized BII on assigned equipment and operating in a tactical environment Recovery equipment operators are assigned to company maintenance teams and to the recovery support section of the maintenance platoon Personnel participating in recovery operations must be trained to check for and clear or disarm weapon systems of supported equipment Specific procedures for the disposition of contaminated equipment contingency plans and any special tactical or security considerations should be covered in the unit SOP 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 D 1 Appendix D D 6 Recovery personnel are mechanics who perform repairs when not engaged in recovery missions The following is a list of key items recovery personnel must know Oxygen and acetylene tank operations for welding Cutting torches 50 caliber machine gun Communications both radio and hand and arms signals Map reading compass use and global positioning system Chemical and biological agents D 7 Those conducting repair or recovery need to have a plan for recovery operations The unit SOP will contain detailed checklists to assist in preparing for on site support Preparation should include e A verification of location and the status of disabled equipment An update on the current tactical situation e A selection of primary and alternate routes The availability of communicat
66. des a a A e esis a N 4 14 FigureA tA Surveying leve hearer a a se ecsaiatl cased usenet 4 14 Figure 4 15 Eyesight and pace method ccccccccsecccssscesesececeseeeeeseeeseseeseaeeeseueeensesenees 4 15 Figure 4 16 Fifth wheel towing GeVICE ccceccceseeeceeseeeeeecaeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeaesesseeeeeeaeeeeeesaeeeeeas 4 16 Figure 4 17 Recovery with AKERR cccccccccssececeseesesececeseeeseseessseeseeeeesseeeseuetensuesenees 4 19 Figure 4 18 Recovery of a nosed cargo truck ccccccseeeceecaeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeesuaeeeeeaeeeeeseaeeeeeeas 4 20 Figure 4 19 Recovery of Overturned vehicles cccceecccecseeeeeeaeeeeeseeeeeesaeeeesaeeseeesaeeeeeas 4 20 Figure 4 20 A recovery vehicle winching a nosed tracked vehicle secceceeeeeeeeeeeees 4 23 Figure 4 2 1 Lifting OP ClAUOMN sesin E A a eeee 4 23 Figure 4 22 Recovering a mired cargo truck in tA ndeM ccccececceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesaneeesees 4 24 Figure 4 23 Winching with like or heavier class wheeled vehicle c sccceceeeeeeeeeeeees 4 25 Figure 4 24 Self recovery Operation ccccscccccsssececcesseecceeeeeessensecseuseecseseeesseseeessseeessegs 4 25 Figure 4 25 Recovery of a mired tank using one like vehicle ceeccceeseeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeens 4 26 Figure 4 26 Recovering a nosed tracked vehicle with like vehicles sceeeeeeeeeeeees 4 26 Figure 4 27 Recovering an overturned tracked vehicl
67. designated UMCP 6 32 If the vehicle is not reparable the CRT will provide Recovery to the UMCP for evacuation to the rear e On site cannibalization if approved by the commander and coordinated with support maintenance Other needed replacement parts 6 33 If the vehicle is contaminated the CRT will mark the vehicle with the appropriate contamination markers and arrange for recovery to a decontamination site RECORDING BDAR REPAIRS 6 6 6 34 Attach a DD Form 1577 Unserviceable Condemned Tag Material to all vehicle components figure 6 2 that are repaired using BDAR or other expedient techniques In an emergency it is not necessary to complete the tag The purpose of marking the component is to enable mechanics to recognize BDAR quickly when the equipment is subsequently returned for permanent repairs FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Procedures MUNSEAVICE ARLE CONDE MERELY TAG MATE RIAL fu Fhar eae Al Sat Q mavg B VAMP 460 DAIR a p a Aon Serger Bypassea Fuel Filter Duel fine Speed Figure 6 2 Example of a DD Form 1577 6 35 Because it is impractical to attach tags to some repairs located on the outside of the vehicle place the tag in the compartment normally reserved for the equipment record book folder or in an obvious place in the driver s compartment 6 36 Place a tag conspicuously in the vehicle in the driver s or commander s position when a BDAR
68. details about recovery tackle and how to use and maintain it The four methods of recovery include e Winching using winches on special purpose or cargo vehicles According to current Army doctrine an equipment self recovery winch can be used only to recover the equipment on which it is mounted Self recovery winches cannot be used to recover other mired equipment Lifting using the lifting capabilities of special purpose vehicles Towing using the towing capabilities of similar or special purpose vehicles Expedients used when other methods are not adaptable to the situation or when appropriate like vehicles or dedicated recovery vehicles are not available RECOVERY SAFETY 2 2 Note Heed all safety warnings found in the appropriate operator s manuals for all vehicles performing recovery operations in order to prevent injury or damage to equipment Ground chocks and spades have their limitations If overloaded the recovery vehicle can slide out of control Excessive speed for conditions is a major contributor for towing accidents Refer to the equipment operator s manual for safe towing speeds for various terrain conditions Place safety first during recovery operations 2 5 Recovery can be inherently dangerous unless safety is continually practiced Each of the recovery functions winching lifting towing and expedients must be performed with safety as the primary concern Always follow the safety warnings found within this manu
69. direct communication with the operator The observer s responsibilities are to verify the tow connection throughout towing operations and alert the driver of unsafe conditions of the towed vehicle including but not limited to disconnect and or jack knife This may require that the recovery vehicle halt occasionally for the observer to exit the vehicle and examine the condition of the rigging At no time will the observer ride on the exterior of the recovery vehicle or the towed vehicle during towing operations The observer must be positioned to use observation windows and rearview mirrors Towing with the M88A1 4 27 When towing an Abrams family of vehicles FOV or M88A1 series recovery vehicle always use another M88A1 or M1 series recovery vehicle as a holdback vehicle even when using a tow bar Never allow anyone to ride in or on an M1 while it is being towed Never make sharp turns in first gear make gradual wide turns Never make sudden stops e Take care to protect Soldiers from exhaust heat and from skin contact with hot tow bars when hooking and unhooking tow devices Towing with the M88A2 4 28 There are operational restrictions when towing an Abrams FOV e Use an M88A2 recovery vehicle or if dictated by the operational risk assessment use another Abrams FOV as the braking or holdback vehicle Use crossed tow cables as the method for attaching the braking or holdback vehicle Use the tow bar provided with the M88A2 for the
70. e center of the chain See figure 3 7 for proper angles and dimensions for Y slings The angle of the Y sling must be less than 30 degrees to reduce strain on the lifting shackles 4 83 If MA is required proceed as follows e Attach a snatch block to the center of the chain or apex of the Y sling and the winch cable routed through the snatch block back to the mired vehicle e Place the loop formed in the winch cable in the snatch block e Apply power to the winch to remove the slack from the cable If the anchor vehicle must be anchored by more than just its weight place wheel blocks chocks or natural material in front of the anchor vehicle s front wheels See chapter 3 SELF RECOVERY 4 84 A winch equipped mired vehicle can perform self recovery using an anchor figure 4 24 Attach the snatch block to a suitable anchor and attach the free end of the cable to a chain sling connected to both of the mired vehicle s front lifting shackles A fixed block can be used to gain MA when performing a self winching operation J fa Figure 4 24 Self recovery operation USE OF LIKE TYPE TRACKED VEHICLES FOR RECOVERY 4 85 The number of tracked vehicles required for a specific recovery depends on the resistance to be overcome the type of disablement and the terrain conditions To rig for recovery attach the tow cables to the tow hooks of both vehicles All main battle tanks carry two tow cables Light tracked vehicles carry one
71. e diverted for recovery METT TC METT T will be the determining factor for like vehicle recovery 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 4 23 Recovery Operations 4 79 Use like wheeled vehicles as the source of effort to perform recovery by towing and winching For vehicles not equipped with lifting shackles attach a tow chain to the main structural members Before towing or recovering a disabled vehicle check the vehicle s TM to ensure all physical and safety features are considered for example automatic transmissions fail safe braking systems and articulation This must be done so the disabled vehicle is not damaged further RECOVERING A MIRED TRUCK 4 80 To recover a mired truck by towing with a like vehicle use a tow chain cable or bar between the towing vehicle and the mired vehicle e Attach a tow chain cable or bar to one lifting shackle both if possible of the mired vehicle and the tow pintle on the towing vehicle If a greater working distance is required to enable the towing vehicle to get better traction use the towing chains or other device from both vehicles e Apply power slowly to prevent placing an impact load on the towing device and lifting shackles A chain unlike a cable will not stretch and can be broken easily by impact loading If one towing vehicle cannot attain sufficient towing effort to overcome the resistance use another towing vehicle in tandem with the first figure 4 22 WARNING Rigging should i
72. e to the vehicle or equipment For instance on disabled wheeled vehicles attach the rigging tackle to the bumper lifting shackles on both sides of the tow pintle If the pulling force is attached only to one frame member the truck frame could be pulled out of alignment 3 6 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Rigging CAUTION Even though the bumper lifting shackles can withstand force from a horizontal or vertical pull a sling attachment must be used to apply the effort equally to both shackles For vehicles not equipped with bumper lifting shackles effort should be applied to the main structural members not to the bumper or bumper brackets 3 16 On wheeled vehicles whether the pull is made from the front or rear apply the effort to both of the bumper lifting shackles figure 3 7 The force exerted on each leg of the sling is slightly greater than half of the resistance F hy rT Figure 3 7 Sling arrangement Tracked Vehicles 3 17 On tracked vehicles always attach rigging to the tow hook or lugs The lifting eyes are not designed to withstand the pulling force required for recovery Use an attachment that will distribute the applied force to each side of the vehicle 3 18 When a disabled tracked vehicle does not require towing or MA use the main winch snatch block with one tow cable to form a floating block hookup This hookup is easy to install and distributes the effort evenly to both tow hooks To rig a floating b
73. e with like vehicles 0ccc 4 27 Figure 4 28 Towing a disabled tracked VeNICIC ccccceccccseeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaueesseeesaeeessees 4 27 Figure 4 29 Towing with vehicles issued one tow cable ccceccceseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeseeeeesees 4 28 Figure 4 30 Marine recovery with tow hooks and ropes attached to lifting eyes 4 29 Figure 4 31 Recovery to shore with tow hooks and cables attached to tow lugs 4 29 Figure 5 1 Figure 5 2 Figure 5 3 Figure 5 4 Figure 5 5 Figure 5 6 Figure 5 7 Figure 5 8 Figure 5 9 Figure 5 10 19 September 2006 PD aR tE COVE ce E E era tee reare Gaara 5 1 Substitute jack front WNEEIS ec ccccccceeeeceeececeeeeeseeeeeseceeeeeeesseeeeseaeeesaeeesees 5 2 Substitute jack rear or tandem Wheels ccccceeccccseeeeeeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeseeeesaeeesaes 5 2 Wheels used aS WINCNES sis iris aie SieudesacSlaidedioiadesuchhawdi i asda aaa 5 3 Girth hitch and using an A frame in recovery operations ccecceeeeeeeeeeneeees 5 3 A log used toanchor tracks a e E a EE 5 4 Cables used to anchor tracks cccceeccccceeeeeecaeeeeeeeeeeeeesaeeeeesaeeeeeseseeessaeeeesaeeeees 5 5 Moving a vehicle with both tracks Droken ccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeesaeeeeeeeaaes 5 5 Moving a vehicle onto a track ccccecceceeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeeesseeeeseaeeeseeeeeseneeeseneess 5 6 Astalling a WICK oenn e EN E N O A
74. ed is half a mile at low speed not exceeding 5 miles per hour Refer to the operator s manual M9 ARMORED COMBAT EARTHMOVER 4 74 The M9 armored combat earthmover ACE must be towed from the rear and the final drives must be disconnected to prevent damage to the steering unit When turning with the ACE in tow turn in a wide arc to prevent undue strain on the suspension of the disabled vehicle and tow bar Make sure the disabled vehicle is in the SPRUNG position Refer to the operator s manual for additional towing information NOSED TRACKED VEHICLE 4 75 Various factors must be considered before recovering a tracked vehicle nosed in a deep trench or ravine If the terrain behind the nosed vehicle is level recover by towing If the terrain is not suitable for towing perform a winching operation figure 4 20 as follows Move the recovery vehicle to the opposite side of the trench or ravine to the front of the nosed vehicle Using the recovery vehicle s boom with its maximum MA rigging attach its hoist block to the front lifting eyes on the nosed tank with a V chain 4 22 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Recovery Operations Figure 4 20 A recovery vehicle winching a nosed tracked vehicle e Lift the vehicle to a horizontal position and pull it to the opposite side of the ditch where towing or winching can complete the recovery figure 4 21 Figure 4 21 Lifting operation Note Nosed vehicles may be recovered by towi
75. ed by terrain conditions They are grade overturning mire water and tackle Grade Resistance 2 21 Grade resistance occurs when a vehicle moves up a slope figure 2 4 Grade resistance including nosed in vehicles is estimated as equal to the weight of the vehicle plus cargo Even though actual grade resistance may be less than the weight of the vehicle the most resistance encountered on a grade is the weight of the disabled vehicle plus cargo Resistance is Equal to Vehicle Weight Plus Cargo Figure 2 4 Grade resistance 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 2 5 Principles of Recovery Overturning Resistance 2 22 Overturning resistance is that weight of the vehicle that acts against the force exerted to bring it back on its wheels or tracks figure 2 5 This force is approximately one half of the vehicle s weight Resistance is Equal to Vehicle Weight Figure 2 5 Overturning resistance Mire Resistance 2 23 Mire resistance is created when mud snow or sand becomes impacted around the wheels tracks axle gear housing or hull of the vehicle Mire resistance is described as wheel track fender or turret cab depth figure 2 6 2 24 Wheel depth mires occur when wheeled vehicles are mired up to the hub but not over the center Tracked vehicles are mired up to the road wheels but not over the top Estimate wheel depth resistance as equal to the weight of the vehicle plus cargo 2 25 Fender depth mires occur when
76. ed materials must be rendered completely useless to the enemy B 2 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Appendix C Hand and Arm Signals Visual signals are any means of communication that require sight and can be used to transmit prearranged messages rapidly over short distances This includes the devices and means used for recovery operations VOICE CONTROL C 1 Ground guides controlling all tracked vehicle recovery operations will use electronic voice means whenever available supplemented by minimal hand and arm signals as the primary means of ground control during recovery and lift operations Ground guides must also be familiar with recovery operations during hours of darkness using a flashlight to augment hand and arm signals Until a wireless system 1s developed units will use clear voice capture CVC cables to link the ground guide with the vehicle operator via the vehicle intercom system for operations within 30 feet of the recovery vehicle C 2 An alternative means especially for operations in excess of 30 feet of the recovery vehicle is to connect a TA 312 using an optional headset for hands free operation to the control box via WD 1 field telephone wire If voice means cannot be established hand and arm signals will continue to be used C 3 Restrictions for using hand and arm signals are as follows e Units must acquire extended CVC cables and or other items needed in BDAR operations e Units are responsible for conducting fami
77. eeeesaaees 6 18 Figure 6 14 Detective differential snurra ieee aves ieee ne eta een aia 6 19 Figure 6 15 Suspending road WNEEL cccccssececceeseecceesecceeuseecceageeecseseeessuseeessanseesseaes 6 20 Figure 6 16 Road wheel expedient technique cccccceeccceeeeceeeeeeeeseeeaeeesaeeesaeeeseueesaees 6 20 Figure 6 17 Short track expedient teChnique cccccsecccceececeececceeceseecesseeeeeeeeesaneessaeees 6 21 Figure 6 18 Shear pin SUDSTITUGE ison tcc te chew cies hte cline betes a n Side wien a a Gdlon lan aan deta 6 22 Figure A 1 Crew operator BDAR Kit cccccssececceeceeceeseeeceeseecseaseeessaueeessageeessegseessaseessas A 2 Figure A 2 Maintainer BDAR Kix aavieinnA aise ei aes A 2 Figure C 1 Signals for raise the hoist cable and lower the hoist cable c ccceceeeeeees C 2 Figure C 2 Signals for raise the boom and lower the DOOM ccccseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesaeeeeeens C 2 Figure C 3 Signals for raise the spade and lower the Spade secccecseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeens C 3 Figure C 4 Signals for inhaul the main winch cable and pay out the winch cable C 3 Figure C 5 Signals for extend the boom and retract the DOOM cccceecseeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeens C 4 Figure C 6 Signals for swing the boom right or left and button up unbutton 00 C 4 Figure C 7 Signal Tor SOP raters nanahee aan A E a Aa Ta C 5 Tables Table 2
78. emoved the vehicle can still be powered by the front wheels When the axle shafts are removed cover the openings securely to keep out dirt and foreign matter 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 6 17 Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Procedures REMOVE PROPELLER SHAFTS gt S DEFECTIVE DIFFERENTIAL Figure 6 14 Defective differential CAUTION Avoid unnecessary oil spills by applying materiel from the BDAR kit over the holes This also helps retain as much lubricating fluid as possible DAMAGED FRONT AXLE BRAKE SYSTEM 6 76 When damage has occurred to the front axle brake system close the line from the junction block to the axle If other damage to the air system exists remove or repair leaking lines install plugs where lines are removed bypass brake components or interconnect brake hoses to stop air loss This helps the driver maintain steering control while braking and allows pressure to buildup to make rear brakes functional CAUTION Report all corrective actions taken to stop air loss to maintenance personnel before disconnecting from the recovery vehicle DAMAGED ROAD WHEEL COMPONENTS 6 77 To repair a vehicle with a damaged road wheel spindle or road wheel arm Position the vehicle across a ditch Note The ditch should be narrow enough to permit the front and rear road wheels to support the weight of the vehicle and deep enough to permit the track to sag away from the defective road wheel figure
79. en in the most remote locations of the world HNS will usually have industrial resources and automotive repair capabilities and materiel suitable for recovery Procurement officers should be able to replenish BDAR kits and obtain other supplies and tools required to perform BDAR and or recovery operations Higher headquarters publishes command directives outlining HNS procurement procedures and sources of supply BDAR kit contents are selected and designed for replenishment from local sources Commanders and maintenance personnel must be prepared to avail themselves of this valuable resource 1 25 Host or hostile nation service stations industrial facilities and automotive service and supply centers are invaluable sources of supply The responsible field procurement officer must closely supervise the use of local sources Prompt payment of purchases and payment for rental space and facilities is crucial to maintaining friendly relations with the local population and retaining its support If using abandoned HN or hostile nation equipment suitable for BDAR and recovery operations personnel should gain command approval prior to use Procurement offices should be involved in the HNS decision 1 26 During operations in a HN such as ROMO missions U S forces will comply with all applicable regulations including status of forces agreements treaties and international agreements HN laws governing spills such as fuel and oil are important to BDAR If HN
80. ent 10 of the load resistance by the number of sheaves not blocks in the rigging For example in the following calculations the load resistance is 40 tons 80 000 pounds and two sheaves are used Load resistance vehicle cargo 80 000 Ib Number of sheaves 2 Tackle resistance 10 x 80 000 Ib x 2 16 000 Ib CAUTION Friction in tackle causes a loss in energy that must be overcome before the load resistance can be moved TOTAL LOAD RESISTANCE 2 29 Because tackle resistance must be overcome before the load resistance can be moved the load and tackle resistance are added This resistance is referred to as total resistance the total amount of resistance the available effort must overcome For example in the previous example of tackle resistance the load resistance of 80 000 pounds plus the tackle resistance of 16 000 pounds equals a total resistance of 96 000 pounds Load resistance vehicle cargo 80 000 Ib Tackle resistance 16 000 Ib Total load resistance 96 000 Ib RESISTANCE REDUCING FACTORS 2 30 Situation and mechanical resistance affect the load resistance of mired vehicles Resistance reducing factors do not apply to wheeled vehicles they are only to be used for tracked vehicles Direction of Travel for Recovery 2 31 When a mired vehicle is recovered in the opposite direction of its travel the tracks pass through ruts made by the vehicle when going into the mire This reduces estimated resista
81. ent of this publication is the United States Training and Doctrine Command Users of this manual are encouraged to submit suggestions changes or comments to improve this manual Comments with justifications should be keyed to the specific page paragraph and line of text prepared on Department of the Army DA DA Form 2028 Recommended Changes to Publications or Blank Forms and forwarded to Commander U S Army Combined Arms Support Command ATTN ATCL AO Fort Lee VA 23801 6000 The provisions of this publication are subject to international Quadripartite Standardization Agreement 171 This publication applies to the United States Marine Corps Active Army the Army National Guard Army National Guard of the United States and the U S Army Reserve unless otherwise stated This is a joint service manual Other Armed Forces should use their appropriate service forms in place of the DA forms listed herein All Department of Defense DD forms listed in this manual will be used by all Armed Forces Basic issue items BII and additional authorization list AAL are Army terms The Marine Corps equivalent of these terms is on vehicle equipment OVE 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 vV This page intentionally left blank Chapter 1 Introduction to Recovery and Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Recovery and battle damage assessment and repair BDAR are subsets of maintenance Both are the owning units responsibilities both have a f
82. er of the trench width place the log in the trench and move the vehicle forward until both front wheels are against the log e Attach both chain ends to the bumper lifting shackles and remove all slack from the chain Note As pressure is applied to the winch the front wheels are pulled onto the log making the chain taut and anchoring the vehicle Figure 3 16 Scotch anchor Using Two Tow Chains 3 29 If more than one tow chain is available a similar method may be used Lay two tow chains across the center of the trench width next to the inside of each front wheel Place the log in the trench and move the vehicle forward until both front wheels are against the log Wrap the chains through the bumper lifting shackles remove the slack from the chains and fasten them together using chain hooks 3 12 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Rigging Vehicle 3 30 A vehicle can be used as an anchor to assist in the recovery of a mired vehicle equipped with a winch The winch cable from the mired vehicle is payed out to the anchoring vehicle and the mired vehicle winches itself out The anchoring vehicle should not attempt to pull it is only an anchor 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 3 13 This page intentionally left blank Chapter 4 Recovery Operations A successful recovery operation is done quickly and safely Care must be exercised when erecting and using equipment to prevent damage to vehicles and equipment and to prevent in
83. et the brakes and chock the wheels 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 5 1 Field Expedient Recovery Sead nvunnererestienstllabdes Shae mu Figure 5 2 Substitute jack front wheels WARNING This method cannot be used with vehicles with aluminum front bumpers such as the USMC MK 23 If this method is used it will damage the front end of the vehicle and possibly cause injury to personnel 5 3 When an outside rear dual tire is flat and a jack is not available run the inside dual wheel up on a small log or rock figure 5 3 This takes the weight from the outside wheel which can then be removed for replacement 5 4 Another substitute jack is a piece of timber longer than the distance from the axle to the ground figure 5 3 Place one end of the timber against the axle at an angle and the other end in a shallow hole Drive the vehicle forward against the angled timber which will cause the timber to stand straight and lift the axle off the ground Set the brakes and block the vehicle securely el E u _ l ar s i PFE Pe The a MO A a AR 3 z L i pd Figure 5 3 Substitute jack rear or tandem wheels DUAL WHEEL WINCHING 5 5 With dual wheel vehicles not equipped with a winch use the rear wheels to aid in recovery figure 5 4 Fasten one end of the rope to the wheel hub and anchor the other end Run the end of the rope fastened to the wheel s hub between the du
84. ex ae deficienc in the that DI matenal defect ocher Indicates koae 2 foileleaoy equipmem that places Cx at Corrected 1 increase CRCLED v gies Jadicates a Spur ave Specie eis lem completely serviceable ees Wary yp von aga ITIAL IN BLACK BLUE K INK divested tu oe of as CA meena Ah action can be pan Aan i ni M ont iN U aA that a comi a eae E Saeed plement te AIRCRAFT Status symbols will be recorded in red it bs Pa arse tas not i __orar has net been accom ALL INSPECTIONS AN AND EQUIPMENT LUNDITIONS shew ON THIS FORM HAVE BEEN y DETERMINED O WN ACCORDANCE WTI ENAGNOSIIC PROCEDURES AND STANDARDS IN THE tdi Tun 6 MANHOUF REQUIRED By passed Fol Bilera amd rd Rapnived Braka i a e mad eden of 1 Jan 84 which wil be used Figure 6 3 Example of a DA Form 2404 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 DATE 20 APR WKIWRE Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Procedures EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION WORK SHEET Unit or rt mer erem rme mee remem ecm rcmemermee EQUIPMENT DATA lt 0 2 22 eer er errr erm erm e erm crevasse 040495 NGIA W ADAIIN NIM EQUIP MODEL EQUIP NOUN EQUIP NSN PUBLICATION R12 M996 TRK UTL CCO 1 25T 4X4 29208110771 82 NUMBER TM 9 220 280 10 EQUIP SERIAL NUM R UST TION NUM M O10S87 CHANCE NUMBER PUBLICATION TM9 PN i FECTION ae EADING SIGNATGURE John Doe A AATURE Ima Clerk TIME Oo eS oi 9 De ae ee mmm
85. for more details on AKERR DEDICATED RECOVERY 1 6 Dedicated recovery vehicles are used when self recovery or like vehicle recovery is not possible because of the severity of the situation safety considerations or the inability to use like vehicle assets employed in their primary mission Recovery managers and supervisors must ensure recovery vehicles are used only when absolutely necessary Dedicated recovery vehicles must be returned as quickly as possible to a central location to support the unit In addition to its recovery mission this equipment is often used for the heavy lifting required in maintenance operations Recovery managers and supervisors must use all available resources carefully to provide sustained support BATTLE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT AND REPAIR 1 7 BDAR is the procedure used to rapidly return disabled equipment to the operational commander by field expedient repair of components BDAR restores the minimum essential combat capabilities necessary to support a specific combat mission or to enable the equipment to self recover BDAR is accomplished by bypassing components or safety devices cannibalizing parts from like or lower priority equipment fabricating repair parts jury rigging taking shortcuts to standard maintenance and using substitute fluids materials or components Depending on the repairs required and the amount of time available repairs may or may not return the vehicle to a fully mission capable status Operators
86. ge Assessment and Repair Procedures LOOSE BATTERY CLAMP 6 63 When a battery cable clamp becomes loose and cannot be tightened Remove the clamp clean the post and the clamp as much as possible e Place the clamp on a flat surface and strike it with a hammer This will compress the lead and close the hole on the inside of the clamp Replace the clamp and tighten If the clamp is still loose use a nail or other metal object between the clamp and the post as a wedge to make contact between the battery post and the battery clamp Loosen the clamp insert the wedge between the battery posts and tighten the clamp If the clamp cannot be repaired use a universal replacement battery clamp provided in the BDAR kit The clamps in the kit are for positive battery posts but they can also close tight enough to fit a negative post WARNING When working around batteries and battery clamps take care to prevent tools and jewelry from arcing This could cause damage to vehicle electrical components and personnel injury DO NOT smoke or permit an open flame near the batteries because gas from battery acid is explosive Figure 6 9 Electrical repair materials TIRE REPAIR 6 64 There are two methods of tire repair Tire repair capabilities figure 6 10 are in both crew and maintainer BDAR kits Fast efficient tire repair is done with this kit if the hole is due to a nail or similar item causing small gashes The tire plug kit is used i
87. he end of the track has passed over the compensating idler connect the track 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 5 7 This page intentionally left blank Chapter 6 Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Procedures BDAR procedures apply to most operational levels from the crew through field level maintenance and depend on the extent of the damage time allowances available personnel with required skills and accessible parts tools and materials Maintenance personnel must act quickly to restore the vehicle to the combat ready condition required to continue the mission or allow the vehicle to self recover BDAR PRINCIPLES 6 1 To be effective BDAR should follow certain basic guiding principles Ensure standard maintenance practice is always the first consideration Base decisions of using BDAR versus standard maintenance on the METT TC Provide an accurate assessment Ensure economy of maintenance effort use maintenance personnel only when necessary Train multifunctional skills Repair only what is necessary to regain combat capability Remain flexible about repair priorities 6 2 Commanders should address using BDAR in the logistics section of their operation order OPORD This will provide the crews and maintainers with a clear understanding of when and at what risk level they can perform BDAR In wartime BDAR may have to be liberally applied at the discretion of the commander In military operations other than war local command
88. he index finger of the left same way but with the thumb of the right hand hand While pointing with the left hand extend the pointing downward right arm toward the operator with the arm bent upward at the elbow while clenching the fist and pointing the thumb upward Figure C 3 Signals for raise the spade and lower the spade The signal to INHAUL THE MAIN WINCH CABLE is The signal to PAY OUT THE WINCH CABLE is made made by pointing at the operator with the index with the arm bent bringing the hand in front of the finger and rotating the arm in acircular motion chest The hand is moved down and away from the body at belt level circling back to the chest The circular motion is continued until the signal to stop is given Figure C 4 Signals for inhaul the main winch cable and pay out the winch cable 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 C 3 Appendix C The signal to EXTEND THE BOOM is made with the The signal to RETRACT THE BOOM is made in the index and center fingers extended upward with the same way but with the palm of the hand facing the back of the hand facing the operator and the hand operator moved in toward and away from the chest by bending the elbow slowly ina pumping action Figure C 5 Signals for extend the boom and retract the boom For vehicles with a traversing boom the signal to For the signal to BUTTON UP place both hands on SWING THE BOOM RIGHT OR LEFT is made by top of the helmet palms down one on top of the
89. he prime mover cannot be uprighted upright the howitzer first FORKLIFTS 4 67 Forklifts can only be towed from the rear Towing forklifts forward poses a serious overturn risk if the forks make contact with the ground and dig in Refer to the equipment operator s manual for specific towing instructions To upright an overturned or mired forklift use the overturned vehicle recovery procedure or the mired vehicle procedure ARMORED VEHICLE LAUNCHED BRIDGE 4 68 When recovering the armored vehicle launched bridge AVLB the bridge has to be removed by another AVLB using a hydraulic slave procedure The bridge cannot be removed by the M88 hydraulic system because the couplings differ in design Once the AVLB is removed from the prime mover refer to the operator s manual for towing and hookup procedures 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 4 21 Recovery Operations COMBAT ENGINEER VEHICLE 4 69 Make sure the road wheels are chocked before disconnecting the final drives When a tow bar or cables are used a second vehicle is required when descending a grade of 20 degrees or more A second vehicle is also required when the road conditions dictate A combat engineer vehicle should be towed only from the rear and only when the blade has been removed from the front of the vehicle MINE PLOW AND MINE ROLLER 4 70 Vehicles with mine plows and mine rollers attached cannot be towed from the front until the mine rollers or mine plows have been rem
90. he strength of the first or front picket To reinforce it drive two or more pickets into the ground close to the front picket Tie all pickets in the front picket together using a clove hitch wrap the front picket to the second picket insert the stake and drive the stake into the ground Sand Parachute 3 27 A sand parachute figure 3 15 can be used in sandy areas when trees or other attachable devices are not available Construct a sand parachute as follows e Diga hole line the hole with a tarpaulin and fill the hole with sand removed from the hole e Lash the four corners of the tarpaulin together with rope and attach rigging to the rope Note Multiple sand parachutes can be used in tandem by attaching them to a chain or Y sling This will provide additional holding strength but the sand parachute has a limited holding ability A sand parachute should not be used when a major effort is required 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 3 11 Rigging Figure 3 15 Sand parachute Scotch Anchor Using One Tow Chain 3 28 A scotch anchor figure 3 16 is used to anchor a wheeled vehicle truck during winching operations when natural anchors are not available Select a log at least 6 inches in diameter and 2 feet longer than the width of the vehicle e Dig a shallow trench the length and width of the log and approximately 3 or 4 inches deep parallel to the front axle just ahead of the front wheels e Lay a tow chain across the cent
91. heavy armor tank is struck and breached by any munitions DU or non DU When a DU round hits and penetrates armor specifically DU armor fragments oxides and other particles are formed DU can be taken into the body through inhalation ingestion or wound contamination or as embedded fragments DU particles settle soon after a munitions strike reducing the risk of DU intake by inhalation Depleted Uranium Preventative Measures 1 19 If any munitions penetrate the crew compartment of an armored vehicle eventually the inside of the vehicle will have to be decontaminated to remove all possible hazards Such hazards could include DU contamination as well as contamination from burned plastics petroleum oils and lubricants POL products and tungsten When mission enemy terrain and weather troops and support available time available METT T permit decontaminate the crew compartment of the vehicle according to procedures in FM 3 5 MCWP 3 37 3 While decontaminating the crew compartment of a damaged vehicle DU contamination could be re suspended as well as contamination from burned plastics POL products and tungsten that had previously settled inside While performing these actions some type of respiratory protection such as a dust mask protective mask or other approved respirator should be worn Personnel should cover exposed skin An increase in MOPP is not required After leaving the vehicle and before removing the protective mas
92. hen determine the method of rigging and the availability of natural anchors A recovery crew must know the problem before making decisions e Conduct a complete ground survey of the area then select the best route of approach to the disabled vehicle to prevent possible disablement of the recovery vehicle When selecting the evacuation route ensure that the military route classification number will support the combination vehicle classification recovery plus towed vehicles Refer to FM 5 170 for further information STEP 2 Estimate situation e Estimate the resistance created by the load and determine the capacity of the AE For most recovery operations involving winching the AE would be the maximum capacity of the winch In some recovery operations the maximum distance between the winch and the disabled vehicle could be restricted making the AE as little as half of the winch capacity STEP 3 Calculate ratio e Compute an estimated MA for the rigging by dividing the resistance of the load step 2 by the AE the capacity of the winch STEP 4 Obtain resistance e Compute the tackle resistance and total load resistance Multiply the percent of the load resistance as determined in step 2 by the number of sheaves in the rigging The determined resistance of the tackle added to the load resistance equals the total resistance e Total effort available is winch capacity multiplied by the MA as computed in step 3 If effort available is more
93. ical or reinforcing tape Refill the radiator with coolant and leave the radiator cap loosened Operate the vehicle at a reduced speed until the hose can be replaced Polymers and radiator sealer are available in both BDAR kits to perform alternate methods of repair or reinforcement PUNCTURED TUBE TYPE RADIATOR CORE 6 67 Radiators are often punctured when vehicles are operating in wooded or combat areas When this occurs 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 6 15 Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Procedures Cut the cooling fins and push them away from the leaking tubes Cut the leaking tube in half and fold the ends of the tube back approximately three fourths of an inch figure 6 12 Close the tube ends by pressing them flat with pliers 6 68 Cooling system efficiency is reduced when several tubes are cut causing the engine to overheat When field expedient radiator repairs are made loosen the radiator cap This keeps the radiator pressure from building up and breaking the repair High strength polymer kits are included in the crew and maintainer kit to cover the damaged core tubes after bending them over Ensure the damaged area is very clean before applying polymer agents to ensure proper bonding When these products are properly applied and cured the radiator cap can be installed Radiator sealer should be added after any major repairs are made to ensure small holes are sealed Figure 6 12 Tube type radiator core repai
94. ied Kinetic Energy Recovery Rope 4 50 The AKERR kit consists of a multi strand woven nylon rope two large shackles four small shackles and a canvas bag The concept of operations behind the AKERR is that the stretch of the rope and its subsequent attempt to return to its normal length will provide a sudden snatch effect This effect provides additional recovery force 4 51 The AKERR is restricted to recovering full tracked full armored vehicles Only vehicles using the proper attaching equipment as listed in TM 9 4020 200 10 page 1 3 may participate in AKERR recoveries as either the recovering vehicle or the vehicle to be recovered 4 52 Any full track full armored vehicle can be recovered However maximum effectiveness will be achieved when the vehicle being recovered is within the same general weight range or lighter than the recovering vehicles Vehicles that are authorized by the technical manual to be the recovering vehicle are listed in table 4 2 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 4 17 Recovery Operations 4 18 Table 4 2 Vehicle weights M110A2 62 500 Ib 28 350 kg M109A2 M109A3 55 000 Ib 24 948 kg M2 M2A1 M3 M3Al 43 600 Ib 19 777 kg M992 57 500 Ib 26 082 kg M578 54 000 Ib 24 494 kg M551 M551A1 with 1 1 4 inch 36 000 Ib 16 330 kg tow cables Note Only M5511M551Al vehicles with 1 1 4 inch diameter tow cables are authorized to be recovering vehicles Those with 3 4 inch tow cables are not authorized to be
95. ies tank provides less resistance than expected This should allow most of the mired tanks to be recovered using a single line pull Recovery with two recovery vehicles figure 4 8 is used only when the load resistance of a mired tracked vehicle is so great that the calculated fall line force is more than the winch capacity of one recovery vehicle with a 3 to 1 MA Figure 4 8 Winching with two recovery vehicles 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 4 9 Recovery Operations 4 25 To take full advantage of their winch capacities the recovery vehicles are positioned side by side figure 4 8 The same length of winch cable can then be used Rig each recovery vehicle for a 2 to 1 MA figure 4 9 Attach each rigging snatch block to a tow lug on the mired vehicle To synchronize winch speeds both recovery vehicle operators should use the hand throttle to set the engine speed at the desired revolutions per minute RPMs and compensate with the winch control lever to maintain tension on cables Figure 4 9 2 to 1 MA Tracked Towing 4 26 Although towing can be done with similar vehicles it is often necessary for the recovery vehicle to tow a disabled vehicle to the UMCP where repairs can be made or evacuation effected The towing method used will depend on the type of terrain and available assets Note An observer will be used to assist the operator during towing operations The observer will be located on the recovery vehicle and will have
96. igging 10 000 LB Ps WINCH 4 ee ig lt gt Fa Rl AMen WO RCe SECOND DEAD LINE I lt FIRST V DEAD LINE Ill RETURN LINE 3 DEAD LINE I x _ __ EEE ee re cs 3 ANCHOR Figure 3 4 4 to 1 MA Note If field expedient slings are used as dead lines refer to FM 5 125 to determine sling leg forces Field expedient slings are considered slings that are constructed using materiel not part of the recovery vehicle s BII METHODS OF RIGGING 3 10 The rigging techniques used depend on terrain the type of vehicle and the distance between the recovery vehicle and the disabled vehicle Manpower backup and lead methods for rigging techniques are discussed below Manpower Method 3 11 The manpower method is used when the winch cable and other rigging equipment are lightweight and can be carried easily by the crewmembers to where they are needed This method depends completely on Soldier manpower Backup Method 3 12 The backup method is used when the recovery vehicle can be safely positioned within 20 to 25 feet of the disabled vehicle Figure 3 5 shows the recovery vehicle in position to perform the winching operation Pull out enough main winch cable to attach to the disabled vehicle e Place the main winch snatch block in the loop of the cable and attach the block to the disabled vehicle e Back up the recovery vehicle allowing the main winch cable to be spooled from the
97. igure 3 3 The lines can be attached directly or indirectly through a block 3 8 Placement of the block is critical to gaining MA The block must be attached to the movable load and effort applied in the opposite direction to divide the effort equally over the two lines The arc over the lines indicates lines that support the load figure 3 3 Note The 1 to 1 ratio shown has an arc over only one line indicating the block is simply changing the direction of effort No mechanical advantage is gained in this configuration FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Rigging 1 1 1 LINE SUPPORTS LOAD 2 2 LINES SUPPORT LOAD 3 1 3 LINES SUPPORT LOAD WANAAAS Figure 3 3 Winch line s MA DETERMINING LINE FORCES 3 9 The following example shows how to compute various line forces A disabled vehicle had a load resistance of 14 tons 28 000 pounds The AE is a winch with a maximum capacity of 5 tons 10 000 pounds What MA must be rigged to recover this vehicle What are the line forces STEP 1 Determine initial estimate LR Load resistance AE AE Required MA 28 000 _ 10 000 Required MA 3 1 STEP 2 Add tackle resistance and verify solution An MA of 3 requires 2 sheaves To determine the tackle resistance multiply 10 percent 10 of the load resistance by the number of sheaves 28 000 LR 10 000 AE 10 x 28 000 x 2 5600 Then add the tackle resistance to the load resistance for total load resis
98. ing with the proper fleet angle 3 5 Figure 3 2 displays the wire rope running from a fixed sheave over floating sheaves and then onto the surface of a smooth drum The fleet angle is defined as the included angle between two lines One line is drawn through the middle of the fixed sheave and the drum and perpendicular to the axis of the drum e A second line is drawn from the flange of the drum to the base of the groove in the fixed sheave DRUM FLEET ANGLE NO GREATER THAN 114 FLOATING SHEAVE Figure 3 2 Fleet angle 3 6 There are left and right fleet angles measured to the left and right of the centerline of the sheave The fleet angle should be restricted when wire rope passes over a fixed sheave and onto a drum For the most efficient method and best service the angle should not exceed 1 degrees for most vehicles Refer to the equipment operator s manual for specific information on fleet angles Note Although many vehicles have winches that can safely operate at higher fleet angles maximum stability and performance is achieved at lesser fleet angles MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE OF TACKLE 3 7 MA is needed whenever the load resistance is greater than the AE The amount of MA needed is estimated by dividing the load resistance by the AE The MA of any simple tackle system is equal to the number of winch lines supporting the load or the number of winch lines that become shorter as power is applied to the winch f
99. inimal functional combat capability requirements The vehicle meets the needs for a specific tactical maneuver or firing mission however all systems shoot move communicate are not fully functional A team that consists of field level mechanics that should be trained in battle damage assessment and repair procedures Also called CRT FM 4 30 31 Glossary 3 Glossary Fully mission capable High risk repair Low risk repair Maintenance support team Medium risk repair Non self recoverable capable Payed out Self recovery capable Unit maintenance collection point Glossary 4 The equipment can perform all its combat missions for which it was designed without endangering the life of the crew To be fully mission capable the equipment must be complete and fully operable with no faults listed in the equipment is not ready available if column of the operator s preventive maintenance checks and services 10 manual Battle damage assessment and repair that may lead to further damage to equipment and or injury to personnel EXAMPLE Emergency operation of an engine with inadequate lubrication may explode causing injury to personnel and cause further equipment damage Battle damage assessment and repair that may lead to minor equipment failures but has no chance of injuring personnel EXAMPLE Placing a plug in the face of a tire this is not likely to cause more damage to the equipment or injury to personnel
100. ions to include communications checks applicable call signs and primary and alternate frequencies Individual clothing and equipment with emphasis on CBRN equipment e A basic load of rations and ammunition to support a 24 hour continuous operation A selection of appropriate support equipment vehicles and personnel required for the mission D 8 Recovery teams need to be aware of classified communications devices and components and other classified materials This will assist with maintaining proper security and reducing chances of compromise LEADERS D 9 Platoon leaders and platoon sergeants have the responsibility for coordinating recovery assets and manpower requirements for disabled equipment This effort 1s performed simultaneously with the mission and if the recovery mission interferes with combat operations or in any way compromises security 1t must be coordinated with the tactical commander D 10 Leaders should be trained on the same tactical procedures as recovery personnel so they can periodically check the rigging and equipment for proper hookups and adjustments Special attention must be given to weight and clearance limitations when using bridges or underpasses The following is a list of factors that leaders should determine before supervising or requesting recovery support Equipment identification Alternate radio frequencies Location map coordinates if possible Alternate routes when possible The conditi
101. is capability allows military personnel to quickly reduce the effects of CBRN and other contaminants from entering their vehicle within minutes Hull patches do not provide any additional ballistic protection they are designed to maintain hull integrity air water tight Figure 6 5 Hull and metal component repair materials FLUID LINE COMPONENTS AND REPAIR 6 51 Fluid line repair items are in both kits Hose clamps duct tape aluminum tape and Belzona SR Elastomer can be used to repair low pressure rubber hoses figure 6 6 left Fittings needed for fluid line repair are found in the maintainer BDAR kit figure 6 6 right These fittings enable the maintainer to repair low to high pressure lines on most equipment Figure 6 6 Fluid line repair items LEAKING LOW PRESSURE LINE FITTING 6 52 To repair a leaking low pressure line fitting e Wind a string or rag tightly around the line behind the flare figure 6 7 Wind the string clockwise in the same direction the coupling nut 1s turned for tightening 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 6 11 Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Procedures Slide the coupling nut over the material screw it onto its connection and tighten it securely against the packing string with a wrench The string will act as a gasket and seal the leak 6 53 Anti seize tape is also available in the BDAR maintainer kit Anti seize tape prevents threads from seizing but multiple wraps of this tape can ser
102. is teaesieetosdeitienictadesisdsuensosnded ea teabetadosensede aada aa 6 10 BDAR Tools and IEQUIDIMGNG isceen eee iaioulelieeeahe Oe Goce ce aca aca 6 10 Expedient IRGDall Seccoxiccce Ne sce alate aera esaten ee otal lac eataieacenten coateedeadeatede 6 18 Appendix A Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Kits sceceseeeeeeneeseeeeeeeeeeees A 1 Appendix B Combined and Multinational Recovery and BDAR Operations B 1 Appendix C Hand and Arm SIQtnals cccceseeseeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeseeneeeeeeseeeeeeneesseeneensansesseaeneess C 1 Appendix D Recovery Guidelines for Operators Leadefrs cccccsceeeeeeeeeeeneeeeneeeeeeeeees D 1 GLOSSAR ciscosucssazossuirnuconeietaannencntseeatensonncusetennnuesnereesnananenwiasesreurneniaee Glossary 1 REFERENCES zarrena E odes enema mana tates References 1 INDEX ceran a r a Index 1 Figures Figure 2 1 Block components cccccesecceeseecceseeceeseeceuececsececeuececeseeesaseessaseessaetensueeenenesens 2 3 Figure 2 2 Block configurations srsti esisiini e a aa jane a a a seeks 2 4 Figure 2 9 BlOCkelasSieatoN Seain a a A 2 4 Figure 2 4 Grade TeSIStANCe a2 ai cotsuaen steele tetanic E E A A 2 5 Figure 2 5 Overturning resistance ccccceccccssseecccesseecceseeeceeseeecseueesseaseeessageeesseneeesseneeeess 2 6 Figure 2 6 Mireresistante sororia a a R a 2 6 Fige 2 7 Firstelass levei ensue ari 2 11 Figure 2 0 S6cond classS IOV CN ziar a a N candies slic E E a
103. jury to personnel CAUTION Think Safety Recovery is a big job Before any recovery operation calculate the resistance inspect tackle and keep rigging references handy A haphazard approach to recovery can lead to dismemberment death and or damaged equipment SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ACCELERATION IMPACT 4 Failure occurs when a weight is allowed to fall for a distance and is suddenly stopped A similar strong force occurs when power is engaged suddenly to recovery vehicles when connected to a towed or mired vehicle Do not apply loads suddenly shock load This puts excessive strain on the equipment and it may fail CAUTION A winch line makes a deadly slingshot If the dead line of a snatch block breaks a 200 pound snatch block can travel as far as 300 yards in the air All personnel observing should stand at least one cable length away from or the length designated by the recovery vehicle and opposite of the angle of pull figure 4 1 when the cable is under stress This will allow greater reaction time for personnel to move out of the path of flying objects if a cable or other attaching hardware breaks BACKLASH 4 2 Make every effort to stand clear of wire rope that is under tension The minimum safe distance is twice the length of the payed out cable When wire rope is drawn taut and then released suddenly by a break its recoil or backlash may cut a person into two pieces A winch line under load stretches like a rub
104. k personnel should dust off the uniform worn while performing the decontamination operations They must always observe standard field hygiene procedures to include washing their hands and face 1 20 Personnel must remain at least 50 meters from actively burning equipment involving DU Personnel should also treat all wounds involving DU in the same manner as any other wound and then notify medical personnel Additional training can be obtained by consulting the U S Chemical School Depleted Uranium Training at http www wood army mil 84chem HHC TTD Rad 20Lab du htm ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 1 21 Fuel oil and other mechanical fluids spilled on the ground during BDAR operations can cause damage to the environment As with many BDAR considerations the level of environmental protection will be mission dependent During periods of heightened conflict simple procedures can help to preserve and protect our fragile environment All practical efforts should be made to avoid environmental contamination Spills of more than one gallon should be reported through the chain of command to the unit s logistical element such as the battalion S 4 Local policy or state laws may require spills of even lesser amounts to be reported TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 1 22 The Training and Doctrine Command TRADOC Executive Agency for BDAR and Recovery has designed special BDAR kits for ground equipment These kits are use at the breakdown site to give the operator crew
105. liarization training stressing potential hazards for an extended cable or WD 1 wire to become snagged or severed during operations The ground guides must be careful that the cable or wire does not become wrapped or entangled while moving Therefore if movement of the components is required the wire or cable should be disconnected during such movements and reconnected when the ground guides are positioned safely The crew must be informed that if voice cannot be established or fails at any time they will return to hand and arm signals e The CVC cable assembly can be connected to any C 2298 box in a vehicle except for the driver s box When using either CVC cable or WD 1 wire with winching operations the length must be such that the ground guide can be located safely and sufficiently outside any hazard area as required e Voice communications between the operator and the ground guide will make for safer operations by removing the doubt associated with hand and arm signals These communications are particularly safer and more effective for limited visibility and night operations They also remove doubt as to who is controlling the operator HAND AND ARM SIGNALS C 4 All hand and arm signals are outlined in FM 21 60 and FM 21 305 which will be incorporated into the next release of FM 4 01 40 The most common types of visual signals are arm and hand flag pyrotechnic and ground to air signals Soldiers are not limited to the ty
106. ling vehicles in the same way as for recovering a mired vehicle e Apply power to all assisting vehicles at the same time The front of the nosed vehicle will rise and move toward the rear Slowly move the lifting vehicle forward Support the vehicle until it is recovered If any oil or fuel has spilled in the nosed vehicle do not run the engine until the spill 1s cleaned a 7 ae aertenreieters a h wre a p 2 P a a S aM O aa Figure 4 26 Recovering a nosed tracked vehicle with like vehicles RECOVERING AN OVERTURNED TRACKED VEHICLE WITH LIKE VEHICLES 4 90 An overturned tracked vehicle can be uprighted by using three like vehicles figure 4 27 Use one vehicle to pull the overturned vehicle upright Use the other two vehicles to hold and retard the fall of the overturned vehicle so it does not crash down on its suspension system 4 26 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Recovery Operations Connect tow cables together in pairs to allow a safe working distance Connect the cable used to upright the overturned vehicle to the nearest center road wheel arm support housing on the upper side of the overturned vehicle Never connect to any other part of the suspension system turret or the tie down eyes e Position the two vehicles used for holding at a 30 degree to 45 degree angle from the overturned tracked vehicle with their cables connected to the tow hooks on the high side of the overturned vehicle The holding vehi
107. lled fuel and oil smoking or open flames are not allowed near the overturned vehicle OVERTURNED TRACKED VEHICLE 4 63 To upright an overturned tracked vehicle with a recovery vehicle position the recovery vehicle so it is facing the bottom of the overturned vehicle It should be at a distance equal to the width of the overturned vehicle plus 2 feet for safety 4 64 For the holding source of power rig the boom with its maximum MA rigging and attach its hoist block to two tow cables to form a sling Pass the opposite ends of the sling under the track Attach them to the front and rear tow hooks on the high side of the overturned vehicle 4 65 For the uprighting source of power e Use a utility chain to attach the main winch cable to the center road wheel arm support housing on the high side e Apply power to the main winch until the vehicle pulls past its point of balance and is supported by the hoist rigging Lower the hoist winch rigging slowly to lower the overturned vehicle onto its suspension system HOWITZER 4 66 When uprighting a howitzer follow procedures similar to uprighting a wheeled vehicle e Attach the tow cable or chain to the lifting loops on the shoulder of the howitzer Ensure a holdback vehicle is used to slowly lower the howitzer to the ground Note If the prime mover is also overturned disconnect the howitzer from the vehicle and upright the vehicle first If the howitzer is positioned so that t
108. lock e Attach the ends of the tow cable to the two tow hooks e Place the snatch block in the loop formed by the tow cable Attach the winch cable to the snatch block e Ensure that cables and attachments can withstand forces as shown in figure 3 8 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 3 7 Rigging Figure 3 8 Floating block attachment 3 19 When a disabled tracked vehicle requires a 2 to 1 MA rigging and towing over rough terrain after winching use two tow cables to make the attachment The attachment shown in figure 3 9 is the quickest to rig i Ny TA nat oe EA KS gt gt gt a w o fm io Figure 3 9 Tow cable attachment 3 20 When towing a tracked vehicle over relatively level terrain or on highways use the tow bar method of attachment figure 3 10 Attach the tow bar to the tow lugs of the disabled vehicle and attach the winch rigging to the lunette of the tow bar After winching disassemble the rigging and place the tow bar lunette in the recovery vehicle s tow pintle 3 8 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Rigging Figure 3 10 Tow bar method 3 21 If a 3 to 1 MA is required attach the running block to one of the tow lugs of the disabled tracked vehicle attach the change of direction block to the tow lug on the recovery vehicle and attach the end of the winch cable to the other tow lug on the disabled tracked vehicle This method can be used in the absence of tow cables bu
109. mage Assessment and Repair for Howitzer Medium Self Propelled 155 mm M109A6 NSN 2350 01 305 0028 EIC 3FC 25 March 1994 TM 9 2320 387 10 Operator s Manual for Truck Utility S250 Shelter Carrier 4X4 M1113 NSN 2320 01 412 0143 EIC B6B Truck Utility UP Armored Carrier 4X4 M1114 2320 01 413 3739 EIC B6C 17 October 1997 TM 9 2610 200 14 Operator s Unit Direct Support and General Support Maintenance Manual for Care Maintenance Repair and Inspection of Pneumatic Tires and Inner Tubes 1 September 2000 TM 9 4020 200 10 Operator s Manual for Allied Kinetic Energy Recovery Rope AKERR kit NSN 4020 01 211 8382 31 January 1989 TM 38 410 Storage and Handling of Hazardous Materials 13 January 1999 OTHER REFERENCES GTA 05 08 002 Environmental Related Risk Assessment 1 October 1999 GTA 05 08 003 Hazardous Material Spill Procedures 1 April 1998 GTA 05 08 017 The Environment and Deployment Tactical Risk and Spill Reaction Procedures 1 January 2003 STANAG 2113 Denial of a Unit s Military Equipment and Supplies to an Enemy 10 October 1995 STANAG 2399 Battle Recovery and Evacuation Operations 6 April 1992 STANAG 2400 Battlefield Vehicle Recovery User Handbook AEP 17 16 July 1996 STANAG 4101 Towing Attachments 21 February 2000 DOCUMENTS NEEDED These documents must be available to the intended users of this publication None READINGS RECOMMENDED These readings contain rele
110. mmand of the status of the disabled equipment Unit SOPs should prescribe notification procedures since these vary based on the type of unit equipment communications and location of equipment D 2 The operator crew will be trained to perform self recovery and like recovery on assigned equipment This training will be practiced during garrison field training exercises as prescribed in the unit s SOP D 3 The operator crew normally remains with the disabled equipment to provide local security and until assistance arrives When the maintenance personnel arrive the operator crew assists with the repair or recovery and stays with the vehicle until it reaches support maintenance Note When the maintenance personnel arrive the operator crew assists with the repair or recovery and stays with the vehicle until it reaches support maintenance D 4 The following is a list of key items the operator crew should know before requesting recovery from support elements e Location map coordinates and type of terrain Nature of the disability Tactical situation Can BDAR be applied Has BDAR been applied Repair parts required 1f known Alternate radio frequencies RECOVERY PERSONNEL D 5 Recovery equipment operators are usually highly trained mechanics and very familiar with the mechanical functions of equipment they must recover These personnel must be skilled in the technical aspects of recovery such as equipment rigging towing an
111. mpting to descend any hill that required first gear to climb Other options may include e Using a braking or holdback vehicle behind the towed load Winching the disabled vehicle downhill if possible 4 43 If a way can be found to detour the steep grades use it If not notify the commander Inform him of the grade percentage of the road weather visibility and road conditions wet dry muddy pavement The recovery vehicle driver s experience and the type of load being towed will play an important role in the commander s decision If the driver does not feel confident in negotiating the grade he must inform the commander The best course of action may be to get the most experienced wrecker recovery vehicle operator on the site to handle the mission 4 44 In summary ensure a good route reconnaissance is conducted on the way to the disabled vehicle s site When possible avoid all hills or roads with a grade of 25 percent or greater while towing a load If not notify your commander and take proper precautions Ensure that no one rides in a towed vehicle RECOVERY AND TOWING WITH THE FIFTH WHEEL TOWING DEVICE 4 45 The fifth wheel towing device FWTD is a heavy duty under lift towing device that uses the fifth wheel coupling as a pivotal connection between the pulling tractor and the truck in tow figure 4 16 The weight of the towed vehicle is transferred evenly to all axles of the towing tractor The front axle of the towing
112. n a collision this might occur on a nosed or overturned tank maintenance support personnel should always check the gun tube before firing 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 4 3 Recovery Operations RIGGING BETWEEN VEHICLES 4 10 While rigging is being erected between vehicles turn off the engines and apply the brakes This prevents possible injury to recovery personnel and or damage to the vehicles When riggings are erected using a recovery vehicle that must have its engine running to operate the equipment position the spade or chocks wheeled vehicle and apply the brakes to prevent movement figure 4 3 The driver remains in position HOOKING UP TO A VEHICLE Before hooking up to the tow bar or before disconnecting the drive or parking brake chock the vehicle wheels with blocks so that it cannot move Place a block of wood or other suitable object between the rear tires or in the front of and in back of one tire Make sure the chock extends the full width of the tire UNHOOKING FROM A VEHICLE Before unhooking the tow bar or before hooking up the drive or parking brake chock the vehicle wheels with blocks so that it cannot move Place a block of wood or other suitable object between the rear tires or in the front of and in back of one tire Make sure the chock extends the full width of the tire CAUTION Failure to remove the blocks could result in damage to the vehicle Figure 4 3 Chocking blocking wheeled vehicles SAFE
113. n tank would be calculated to weigh approximately 79 tons plus any mire encountered The mire factor in this case is figured using 79 tons 4 106 During underwater recovery operations air bags can be placed inside the submerged vehicle and inflated to provide buoyancy and decrease resistance To employ air bags in this type of situation qualified divers are recommended The air bags or 55 gallon drums need to be placed inside the vehicle in a location where they will not escape the vehicle or cause additional damage Once the air bags are in position inflate to the recommended capacity Methods Of Rigging 4 30 4 107 The rigging methods for underwater recovery are normally restricted to the manpower and or lead methods Towing from water is recommended only if the disabled vehicle is located in very shallow water The method of rigging depends on the distance from the disabled vehicle the type of disabled vehicle the type of recovery vehicle available the equipment available floats air bags tackle and the condition of the disabled vehicle FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Recovery Operations Lead Method 4 108 The lead method of rigging is performed the same in water as on land If in deep water a boat or an amphibious vehicle can transport tackle to the disabled vehicle If the water is shallow the tackle can be manually carried to the disabled vehicle Manpower Method 4 109 The manpower method is much the same regardless
114. n this case If the tire damage is from shrapnel the Belzona SR Elastomer 2311 and reinforcement tape is used to patch the larger damage Tire damage larger than 4 inches cannot be patched with this kit Tire repairs can be made while mounted on the vehicle however the tire should not be under air pressure while patching 6 14 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Procedures Figure 6 10 Tire patch materials and tire plug kit COOLING SYSTEMS 6 65 Large holes in radiator reservoirs fuel tanks and oil reservoirs may be repaired using the environmental plugs shown in figure 6 11 These plugs serve to slow down leakage until a metal plug and other patching material are applied to the damaged area The link belt V belt included in the BDAR kit is used as a replacement for fan alternator air compressor and other belt driven engine components Radiator sealant can be used to seal small pinholes or seam leaks by pouring the sealant into the leaking radiator and replacing the radiator cap Unit personnel are encouraged to add other items they feel are needed in their unit s BDAR kit TTT a e M M GT Nal Te D ieee Figure 6 11 Environmental plugs radiator sealant and a link belt LEAKING RADIATOR OR HEATER HOSES 6 66 To repair a leaking radiator or heater hose e Allow the engine to cool so the hoses can be safely handled Patch the leak by wrapping it with standard issue electr
115. nce 2 6 P picket holdfasts construction of 3 10 platoon leader and damage assessment 6 6 polymer and aluminum tape 6 14 polymers and radiator sealer 6 16 pry bar 5 1 R radiator core repair 6 16 radiator repair 6 16 ratio 1 to 1 3 2 2 to 1 3 8 4 7 4 10 5 4 3 to 1 3 9 4 9 4 to 1 3 5 recovery 2 1 and safety 2 2 definition of 1 1 direction of travel for 2 7 equipment 2 2 methods of 2 2 of bellied tracked vehicle 5 4 purpose of 1 1 questions 2 1 types of 1 1 recovery equipment 2 3 allied kinetic energy recovery rope 2 5 and CBRN 1 4 blocks 2 3 chains 2 5 hooks 2 5 wire ropes 2 3 recovery management principles of 2 1 recovery manager 2 1 recovery methods FM 4 30 31 special purpose vehicles 4 recovery personnel 4 4 4 7 and leaders D 2 key items for D 2 recovery procedures 1 1 recovery safety 2 2 repair broken fan belt 6 17 broken fan blade 6 18 collapsed flexible fuel line 6 14 cracked low pressure oil or fuel line 6 13 damaged front axle brake system 6 19 damaged road wheel components 6 19 damaged track 6 20 differential 6 18 expedient 6 18 fluid line components 6 11 fuel tanks and oil reservoirs 6 16 heater hose 6 16 hull and metal component 6 11 leaking low pressure line fitting 6 11 radiator 6 16 shear pin 6 21 suspension components 6 20 tandem axle 6 18 tire 6 15 resistance 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 4 2 4 5 4 6 4 7 4
116. nce approximately 10 percent and is the preferred method of recovery For example a tank weighing 106 000 pounds is mired at wheel depth and can be recovered in the opposite direction of travel Estimate resistance as 106 000 pounds and subtract 10 percent for recovery in the opposite direction of travel The load resistance equals 95 400 pounds 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 2 7 Principles of Recovery Vehicle weight 106 000 Ib Reduction factor x 10 Estimated reduction 10 600 Ib 106 000 Ib 10 600 Ib Estimated load resistance 95 400 Ib Power Applied to Tracks 2 32 When power is applied to the tracks of a mired vehicle the movement of the tracks helps to break the suction of mud against the belly of the vehicle This reduces estimated resistance by approximately 40 percent Before computing the 40 percent reduction make sure the mire is not deep enough to prevent the operation of the vehicle s engine that is check the air intake and exhaust For example a tank weighing 106 000 pounds is mired at fender depth It cannot be recovered in the opposite direction of its original travel but it can apply power to its tracks Estimated resistance twice the weight of the vehicle is 212 000 pounds minus 40 percent The load resistance equals 127 200 pounds Vehicle weight 106 000 Ib Mired factor fender depth x 2 Resistance 212 000 Ib Reduction factor 40 for power to track Estimated reduction 84 800 Ib x 40 212 0
117. ncerning captured or abandoned enemy equipment COORDINATION CONSIDERATIONS CHECKLIST B 1 When participating in an operation in which U S assets may be used to support combined and multinational assets or vice versa check the existing standardization agreement STANAG and SOP Make contact with the affected combined and multinational unit to exchange information Although coordination at initial phases of a combined and multinational operation will start at the highest level as the relationship matures coordination or information exchanges should routinely occur at tactical unit levels This should be encouraged until continuous information exchange happens at the lowest level possible The questions listed will become mission detractors if not clearly resolved before initiating BDAR missions The following critical information should be exchanged understood and established during combined and multinational operations Clearly establish command and control Does a U S element revert to combined and multinational command and control for the duration of support to that combined and multinational unit or does the U S parent organization retain command and control Identify who establishes priorities for BDAR assets in an area where more than one command exists Determine where recovery assets should be towed and by whom Potential combined and multinational supporting units need the U S maintenance collection point MCP locations U S f
118. nclude a chain or Y sling attached to both lifting shackles whenever possible to minimize damage and create an even pull effort The risk of tearing off lifting shackles bending the rear cross member or distorting the frame of a mired vehicle is even greater if a second vehicle is used in tandem Figure 4 22 Recovering a mired cargo truck in tandem PROPER HOOKUP WITH A LIKE VEHICLE 4 81 To recover a mired cargo truck use a truck of an equal or heavier vehicle class as an anchor vehicle figure 4 23 Use the winch if equipped mounted on the mired vehicle to perform the winching operation A mired 2 2 ton cargo truck may be winched with either a 2 2 ton or a 5 ton vehicle only under emergency conditions and a snatch block must be used in the rigging All winch equipped trucks are authorized a single sheave snatch block and one tow chain for rigging 4 24 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Recovery Operations Figure 4 23 Winching with like or heavier class wheeled vehicle 4 82 Determine if the resistance of the mired truck is greater than the winch capacity If it does not exceed the winch capability MA is not required Proceed as follows Position the anchor vehicle in line with the mired vehicle so the correct fleet angle is obtained Free spool the winch cable from the drum e Attach a Y sling or chain to both front lifting shackles of the anchor vehicle and attach the winch cable clevis to the apex of the sling or th
119. nd fluids driver controls and instruments Communications Damage Assessment and Repair Record applicable NSN for exchanged and cannibalized parts Check serviceability of intercommunications receiver transmitter antennas cables and security Turret Damage Assessment and Repair Record applicable NSN for exchanged and cannibalized parts Check electrical system for example turret power slip ring circuit breaker and wiring harness Check armament for example bore evacuator gun tube breech group and main gun mount Check fire control system for example commander control handle and weapon sight gunner primary and auxiliary sight range finder crosswind sensor wiring system gunner control handle stabilization system manual traverse and elevation and loader s panel Check hydraulic system for example auxiliary hydraulic pump hydraulic fluid and hydraulic reservoir Figure 6 1 BDA guidelines 6 21 BDAR may enable the equipment to either self recover or continue the mission The BDA will provide the commander with necessary information to make efficient decisions concerning whether to continue the fight or recover the equipment to the appropriate maintenance location 6 22 Always report battle damage as soon as possible Ensure that the damage is reported according to the local SOP and this manual 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 6 5 Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Procedures MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES A
120. nes and to inspect for correct assembly If any corrections must be made direct the crewmembers to make them e Explain the details of the operations to the operators of the recovery vehicle and the other vehicles involved Direct operators to watch for signals and be prepared to act on them Then move to a safe location where signals can be observed by all vehicle operators STEP 8 You are ready e Signal the operators to apply winch power and recover the load Be alert make sure that nothing obstructs the operations of the equipment and that all personnel on the ground remain at a safe location RECOVERY METHODS USING WHEELED RECOVERY VEHICLES Types and Usage 4 15 Trained recovery personnel must perform recovery operations see appendix D Trained recovery personnel use special purpose vehicles for recovery when methods used by the operator crew or platoon do not fit the situation or when their efforts have had no success The methods of recovery performed with special purpose vehicles are winching lifting and towing 4 6 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Recovery Operations Note This section summarizes winch lift and tow procedures For more in depth information refer to the equipment operator s manual which relates to the operation of the equipment and its specific capabilities Winching 4 16 During the recovery of a mired truck using a wrecker consider the following factors the resistance of the load the approach
121. ng winching or lifting operations If the tow hooks are accessible on the nosed vehicle use rigging to attach them to the winch Recover the nosed vehicle with a combination of winching and hoisting Control the weight and movement of the disabled vehicle during the entire recovery operation by coordinating the hoist winch and the main winch SELF RECOVERY AND LIKE VEHICLE RECOVERY SOURCE OF EFFORT 4 76 The amount and type of equipment used as the source of effort during any recovery operation depends on the level of recovery Drivers and crews should evaluate the situation and determine if the crew can recover the vehicle before calling on support from a higher level During combat it may be imperative that cargo reach its destination at a definite time that the personnel or cargo be picked up at a given time or that a combat vehicle be at a given place at a specific time 4 77 Using like vehicles is usually the quickest method of recovery because they are readily available Call for recovery support only when self recovery or like vehicle recovery techniques cannot support the recovery operation A mired vehicle with no winch may be freed by using recovery expedient measures discussed previously 4 78 Combat vehicles which need fuel ammunition or repairs not related to mobility for example a fire control malfunction can tow disabled vehicles to the refuel rearm or maintenance site However engaged combat vehicles should never b
122. ocedures SPECIAL OPERATING ENVIRONMENTS 19 September 2006 6 42 BDAR techniques may be more difficult in certain environments such as extremely hot or cold climates For example certain molecular compounds polymers may take longer to cure in a cold environment but may cure very rapidly in hot environments The instructions for these compounds are provided in the BDAR kits FM 4 30 31 Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Procedures 6 43 The BDA will be used to determine the time required to repair the system and whether repairs can be performed on site or if recovery is necessary Whenever possible standard maintenance repairs should be attempted If that is not possible then BDAR should be attempted to allow equipment to self recover or continue the mission even though it may be at a reduced level of capability Upon completing the mission and at the first practical opportunity more complete standard repairs should be performed to return the equipment to FULLY MISSION CAPABLE status Whether to use cannibalization or controlled exchange is a decision rendered by the unit commander to whom the equipment belongs CANNIBALIZATION 6 44 Cannibalization is the authorized removal of serviceable and unserviceable parts components and assemblies from material authorized for disposal Another possible source of cannibalization is captured or abandoned enemy equipment 6 45 Supervised cannibalization and controlled exchange may be emplo
123. ods check the procedures outlined in the appropriate TM CAUTION This procedure is time consuming and may cause injury to personnel when performed 6 80 The short track method is designed to regain mobility after component failure or combat damage If the idler wheel and road arms number 5 and number 6 are damaged beyond repair it is possible to short track to the number 4 road wheel Whether damaged or not the number 5 road wheel road arm and torsion bars must be removed to allow short tracking to the number 4 road wheel If possible reinstall the number 6 road wheel to improve vehicle stability Sufficient track blocks must be removed to permit the track to be connected Note If both sides of vehicle must be short tracked remove all damaged road arms and idler wheels using the process described in paragraph 6 77 Figure 6 17 Short track expedient technique SHEAR PIN SUBSTITUTE 6 81 Make a substitute for a broken shear pin Punch out the remains of the broken shear pin cut the remains in half and insert the two shear pin halves with a short wooden dowel between them figure 6 18 e Wrap friction tape around the shaft to cover the shear pinhole and prevent the end of the substitute shear pin from dropping out Note Do not use a steel bolt spike nail or screwdriver blade as a substitute shear pin because it could damage the winch and cable 6 20 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Battle Damage Assessment and Rep
124. of whether on water or land However flotation devices can be attached to cable every few feet or to snatch blocks and other tackle to aid in getting the recovery equipment to the disabled vehicle Note Underwater recovery is usually limited to the manpower or lead methods 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 4 31 This page intentionally left blank Chapter 5 Field Expedient Recovery An expedient measure is any method by which a task is done using on hand materials For example vehicles may be required to operate in remote areas where assistance in recovery operations is not readily available Under these conditions the operator or crew must attempt self recovery by using methods similar to those described previously in this manual RECOVERY EXPEDIENTS PRY BAR 5 1 A pole can be used to pry a lightweight truck out of a ditch figure 5 1 by e Using the pole to lift the front end of the truck e Applying power to the truck while in reverse gear Figure 5 1 Pry bar recovery SUBSTITUTE JACKS TO REMOVE FRONT AND REAR WHEELS 5 2 To raise the front wheel of a cargo truck Locate a timber approximately 5 feet long to use as a pry bar e Place the bottom of the timber in a shallow hole Secure the timber to the front bumper at an angle with a chain or rope Move the vehicle forward until the timber is in a vertical position and the wheel clears the ground This substitute jack is shown in figure 5 2 S
125. ol is degraded because of reduced weight on the front wheels 2 9 Other recovery lifting actions also require extreme caution to prevent injury to personnel and or damage to equipment Suspended loads can drop or slide If the crane has a remote control use it to keep away from the action Using the remote control will allow the operator to observe equipment movement and recovery actions and to locate other assisting crewmembers that are not visible from the fixed control station Never exceed the limitations of the crane or its outriggers FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Principles of Recovery RECOVERY EQUIPMENT Wire Rope 2 10 Refer to FM 5 125 for detailed information about wire ropes This FM provides procedures for the care use and maintenance of wire ropes CAUTION Always wear leather gloves when handling wire rope Small frays in wire strands can cause severe lacerations to hands Never slide the wire rope through hands even when wearing leather gloves Use the hand over hand method when inspecting or handling wire ropes Kinked frayed or unlayed wire ropes are unserviceable and will not be used Blocks 2 11 Blocks consist of a shell or frame with one or more grooved wheels called sheaves figure 2 1 The military uses two basic constructions snatch and conventional blocks Sheave Figure 2 1 Block components Snatch Block 2 12 A snatch block figure 2 2 is used when the block will not be a permanent
126. om water to land Water resistance is estimated as additional resistance equal to the vehicle weight Therefore a vehicle weighing 25 tons including cargo would require 50 tons of effort to winch it from the water In the same situation resistance would increase if the vehicle went down in the surf and the sand was partially covering the vehicle Vehicles completely submerged even for a short period will usually be in a mired condition from sand if in the ocean or mud if in a river If in doubt rig for the greater resistance 4 105 Whether the vehicle is upright or overturned will also be a factor in determining the total resistance Again qualified divers should be used to locate and rig a vehicle for recovery They will also be able to recommend direction of recovery depending on obstacles Following are some examples of resistance encountered when recovering floating type vehicles e Amphibious vehicle afloat minimal 1 64th of vehicle weight e Amphibious vehicles completely submerged equal to the weight of the vehicle If the vehicle is mired on a river or ocean bottom calculate the additional resistance the same as for land mire e Amphibious vehicles completely submerged and filled with water the submerged vehicle weight is the vehicle weight times two e Fording type vehicles that have become disabled must also be considered for weight of water but only an additional 1 8th of the vehicle weight that is a 70 to
127. on of the disabled vehicle On site repair capability Repair parts required The organic recovery capability Tactical situation and security requirements and risk level Cargo road and movement restrictions D 11 The recovery manager and leader must be alert to new situations and changing requirements Planning and prior preparation are needed for continued effective recovery support D 12 Specific leader mechanic and operator BDAR training should encompass the following Risk assessment procedures see FM 100 14 e BDAR assessment procedures see chapter 6 e BDAR TM familiarization e BDAR kit familiarization see appendix A D 2 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Recovery Guidelines for Operators Leaders Group equipment Suspension systems short tracking see chapter 5 Electrical systems bypassing components wire repair see chapter 6 Cooling systems radiator bypass and repair see chapter 6 Fuel systems patching holes replacing or making lines sections see chapter 6 Hydraulic oil systems repair high pressure lines repair oil lines see chapter 6 Tire and track repair see chapters 5 and 6 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 D 3 This page intentionally left blank Glossary SECTION I ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Bor tate damage indicators O a ies Mo Por tsisorisue SSS a ameter SSCS pw eparinentofDetense O ond SOS MCP zz 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 Glossary 1 Glossary M
128. or maintenance personnel the capability to perform BDAR without access to special tools parts and equipment Maintainer kits are normally kept with the maintenance team CRT or the MST A smaller lighter less expensive crew level kit is for the operator crew to use aboard vehicles BDAR is not limited to what can be performed with these kits but they do provide the crew and maintenance personnel with materiel and tools on hand specifically designed for BDAR Vehicle BII organizational tools and tools found with the contact teams are to be used with the BDAR kits FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Introduction to Recovery and Battle Damage Assessment and Repair 1 23 Each unit is expected and encouraged to modify its kits to suit its special operational needs and geographical environment See appendix A for additional information on BDAR kits Note Host nation support HNS may be used to offset problems encountered by units deployed overseas 1 24 Units deployed overseas find themselves at the end of a long line of communications In addition Soldiers operate in harsh terrain and less than desirable climatic conditions Units may expend their basic load of supplies quickly and may face a long wait for replenishment Deployment flow may not allow delivery of recovery assets until late in the deployment sequence To offset these problems HNS can be used to replenish contents of BDAR kits and provide recovery assets materiel and equipment Ev
129. orces need the MCP locations or other collection points established according to the supported combined and multinational unit Identify the point of contact POC for questions and guidance One POC is established for combined and multinational forces and one for U S forces U S elements need to contact these POCs Establish the extent to which BDAR can be applied to combined and multinational units Identify specifics regarding the primary vehicles that each nation might recover for the other Exchange technical information regarding towing preferred hookup locations for winching or overturned vehicles and any other information that would assist in avoiding unsafe or dangerous BDAR operations Exchange information regarding special actions required to secure sensitive items such as radios maps signal operating instructions or high cost or scarce components Determine what the combined and multinational unit doctrine is concerning the use of the disabled crew on site Combined and multinational doctrine may be different from U S doctrine which requires crews to assist in BDAR operations as well as provide local security Ascertain which type of coordination will be required concerning the passage of lines if required Clearly established POCs must be contacted for such passages 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 B 1 Appendix B e Exchange operational plans and graphics to preclude inadvertent distracters to combat operations or placing U
130. oved These vehicles can be towed from the rear provided the terrain and situation permit Once it is determined how the vehicle will be towed refer to the operator s manual for towing and hookup procedures CRANE WHEEL MOUNTED 4 71 This vehicle can be towed but information on road conditions and possible restrictions along the route must be obtained Use a vehicle with an air brake system capable of producing 120 psi in the system e Place the boom over the front which is the most stable position for towing e If towing more than one fourth of a mile disconnect the propeller shafts from the front and rear axles Caution must be used when turning and traveling through towns For information on safely using cranes and similar equipment refer to TB 385 101 ROAD GRADER 4 72 When towing the road grader for distances greater than half a mile maintenance personnel must remove the tandem drive chains If the distance is less than half a mile it is not necessary to remove the tandem drive chains but the speed must be kept below 5 miles per hour When maintenance personnel are not available to remove the tandem drive chains and the distance is more than half a mile trailers must be used to recover the road grader SCOOP LOADER 4 73 This vehicle should not be pushed or towed A flatbed trailer must move this vehicle In the event of an emergency where the scoop loader must be towed the maximum distance the loader may be towed or push
131. ower to the vehicle This could be done by initially resetting the main circuit breaker followed by resetting the remaining circuit breakers one at a time FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Procedures 6 13 In the forward battle area the crew must attempt to move the vehicle to a covered or concealed position to prevent additional damage The best rule of thumb is to move the vehicle at least one terrain feature or one kilometer away from enemy contact 6 14 If the vehicle is non self recoverable use any like or heavier class vehicle to recover the vehicle or to conceal it If this is not possible turn the turret if the vehicle is equipped in the direction of engaging fire to limit damage and provide return fire capability 6 15 To enable a systematic assessment crews and maintenance personnel should use the 11 basic steps to BDA The 11 basic steps in this manual include Visually inspect interior and exterior for damaged parts and systems Visually determine if vehicle main systems appear to be operable Perform equipment self test function using a built in test built in test equipment and a function test Assess system performance exercise each system if engine can be safely started Determine which subsystems are affected Determine if crewmembers can repair the damage Are enough crewmembers with the required skills available and does METT TC allow repairs at the current location
132. perator s Circular Welding Theory and Application 7 May 1993 TC 24 20 Tactical Wire and Cable Techniques 3 October 1988 TC 43 35 Recovery Training 3 October 1995 TM 9 1025 211 10 Operator s Manual Crew for Howitzer Medium Towed 155 mm M198 NSN 1025 01 026 6648 EIC 3EL 14 January 1991 TM 9 2350 200 BD 1 Operator s Unit and Direct Support Maintenance for Tank Combat Full Tracked 105 mm Gun M1 NSN 2350 01 061 2445 Tank Combat Full Tracked 105 mm Gun IPM1 2350 01 136 8738 and Tank Combat Full Tracked 120 mm Gun M1A1 2350 01 087 1095 General Abrams Hull 11 September 1991 TM 9 2350 238 10 Operator s Manual for Recovery Vehicle Full Tracked Light Armored M578 NSN 2350 00 439 6242 EIC 3LA 27 April 1990 TM 9 2350 252 BD Battlefield Damage Assessment and Repair of Bradley Fighting Vehicles Fighting Vehicle Infantry M2 NSN 2350 01 048 5920 M2A1 2350 01 179 1027 and Fighting Vehicle Cavalry M3 2350 01 049 2695 M3A1 2350 01 179 1028 11 September 1990 TM 9 2350 256 10 Operator s Manual for Recovery Vehicle Full Tracked Medium M88A1 NSN 2350 00 122 6826 31 March 1998 TM 9 2320 260 10 Operator s Manual for Truck 5 Ton 6X6 M809 Series Diesel Truck Cargo M813 M813A1 and M814 Truck Bolster Logging M815 Truck Wrecker Medium M816 Truck Dump M817 Truck Tractor M818 Truck Tractor Wrecker M819 Truck Van Expansible M820 M820A1 and M820A2 and Tru
133. pes of signals discussed and may use whatever mean is available Chemical light sticks flashlights and other items can be used provided their use is standardized within a unit and understood by all Soldiers and units working in the area Some common arm and hand signals that might be used for BDAR operations are shown in figures C 1 through C 7 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 C 1 Appendix C The signal to RAISE THE HOIST CABLE is made The signal to LOWER THE HOIST CABLE is made with the arm extended to the side and bent upward with the arm held downward and out slightly from at the elbow with the index finger extended from a the side with the index finger extended from a fist fist and the hand rotated slowly and the hand rotated slightly This signal may be made with either hand with rotation made in either direction Figure C 1 Signals for raise the hoist cable and lower the hoist cable The signal to RAISE THE BOOM is made by The signal to LOWER THE BOOM is made by extending the arm toward the operator with the fist extending the arm and clenching the fist in the same clenched and the thumb pointing upward way but with the thumb pointing downward This signal may be made with either hand Figure C 2 Signals for raise the boom and lower the boom C 2 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Hand and Arm Signals The signal to RAISE THE SPADE is given by first The signal to LOWER THE SPADE is made in the pointing at the spade with t
134. policy will direct the degree of BDAR to apply and when to use standard maintenance However commanders at all levels must ensure that both crews and maintainers perform annual BDAR training BDA ACCURACY 6 3 BDA is the necessary first step and starts the moment a crewmember recognizes battle damage The assessment determines the extent of damage to include the subsystems and components damaged the level of repair and the risk involved The assessment will also include an estimate of personnel time and materials required to perform expedient repairs If not handled correctly time man hours parts and resources will be wasted and opportunities to get back in the fight will be missed ECONOMY OF MAINTENANCE EFFORT 6 4 Maintenance assets will be heavily taxed on the battlefield Because resources are limited personnel tools and parts it is imperative that maintenance resources are not wasted Crewmembers must do repairs within their capabilities immediately rather than requesting maintenance personnel to do simple mechanical tasks MULTIFUNCTIONAL SKILLS 6 5 Personnel shortages and battlefield casualties mandate that maintenance team members have some knowledge of other skills needed to achieve critical repairs A lack of key repairmen must not deter a team from doing battle repairs Whenever possible on the job training or cross training of personnel should be done 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 6 1 Battle Damage Assessment an
135. r BROKEN FAN BELTS 6 69 When a fan belt breaks and a replacement is not available mend or substitute it To mend a broken fan belt e Punch holes in both ends of the broken belt and put a small gauge wire or bootlace through each hole Secure the wire or laces Replace the belt with just enough tension to drive the vehicle accessories 6 70 To substitute for the broken fan belt e Use fiber rope from the vehicle tarpaulin or a piece of field telephone wire Loop the wire or rope around the pulleys several times pull as taut as possible and tie with a square knot 6 71 In both cases operate the engine at low speed This will prevent breakage or loss of the substitute belt Both BDAR kits contain a link belt to temporarily replace a broken belt Add or remove links from the belt to achieve the desired length 6 16 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Procedures BROKEN FAN BLADES 6 72 A broken fan blade will cause the engine to vibrate and make it dangerous to operate e On fans with an equal number of blades equally spaced remove the remainder of the broken blade and then remove the blade located opposite the removed broken blade The vehicle can then operate but be careful that it does not overheat e On fans with unequally spaced blades the entire fan can operate under the light load for short periods of time Trimming a small amount of fan blades opposite of the broken blade may
136. r to FM 5 125 Rigging Techniques Procedures and Applications for detailed information about chains This FM also provides procedures for the care use and maintenance of chains Hooks 2 16 Refer to FM 5 125 for detailed information about hooks This FM also provides procedures for the care use and maintenance of hooks Allied Kinetic Energy Recovery Rope 2 17 The AKERR is a multi strand woven nylon rope used for like vehicle recovery The rope is connected between the mired vehicle and the towing vehicle The towing vehicle accelerates stretching the rope which creates potential energy When the rope is fully stretched it transfers the energy to the mired vehicle giving it a strong sudden pull Refer to TM 9 4030 200 10 for use and care of the AKERR RESISTANCE 2 18 Resistance is defined as opposition to movement In recovery operations resistance is caused most often by terrain features such as mud sand water or the recovery tackle itself This section will focus on vehicles disabled by terrain conditions 2 19 Two factors that can be applied during recovery operations to help reduce resistance are direction of travel of recovery and power applied to tracks Applied reduction factors discussed in the following paragraphs do not apply to wheeled vehicles Once load resistance is determined apply effort to affect recovery Types of Resistance 2 20 Five types of resistance may occur when recovering vehicles are disabl
137. recovering vehicles CAUTION The AKERR may fail during use If metal attachments fail or the rope breaks while the rope is under tension personnel may be injured or killed All personnel must either remain inside vehicles with hatches closed or stay to the side at least 100 125 feet away from the vehicles during recovery 4 53 To use the AKERR the towing vehicle travels in reverse as closely as possible to the mired vehicle The rope is connected and snaked to allow tangle free deployment For situations where it is not possible to get close to the mired vehicle extension cables may be used Rigging for individual vehicles is shown in TM 9 4020 200 10 The AKERR must be connected directly to the vehicle Note The gears are engaged in the mired vehicle to allow for travel in the same direction 4 54 On a prearranged signal the recovery vehicle will accelerate at maximum speed At the same time the mired vehicle if possible will accelerate to assist the recovery effort Maximum acceleration is continued until the recovery vehicle is stopped or the mired vehicle is recovered figure 4 17 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Recovery Operations Figure 4 17 Recovery with AKERR 4 55 After acceleration the recovering vehicle will slow or halt its kinetic energy is converted into potential energy as the rope stretches The rope transfers the energy into the mired vehicle After a slight pause the mired vehicle rises free If the
138. rities and tactical situation most effectively The following general principles apply to recovery management e Using units are responsible for their own equipment The crew of using units should first attempt self recovery efforts followed by unit supported like vehicle recovery If necessary limited backup support is available from the next higher level of maintenance Using units are responsible for security during the entire recovery mission Recovery operations are coordinated with the maintenance effort Recovery vehicles of the correct weight class must be used to ensure safety Recovery vehicle winches and or towing capabilities must be greater than those of the disabled or mired vehicle Recovery vehicles should not return equipment farther than the UMCP This keeps recovery assets forward e Recovery teams must use CBRN contamination avoidance principles to avoid contamination and minimize targeting Recovery teams must take all practical steps to avoid spills and other environmental contamination FUNDAMENTAL METHODS OF RECOVERY 2 3 A Soldier must answer the following questions when attempting a recovery task What must be done Which equipment must be used Which techniques must be used 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 2 1 Principles of Recovery WINCHING LIFTING TOWING AND EXPEDIENTS 2 4 This chapter will answer these questions beginning with a summary of the four methods of recovery It will provide
139. ry Operations ie aa r m CORRECT INCORRECT Figure 4 2 Hook positions HOLDBACK VEHICLES 4 6 Towing tracked vehicles may require using a holdback vehicle A holdback vehicle or braking vehicle is mandatory when using tow cables e When using tow bars a holdback vehicle or braking vehicle may be necessary if the recovery vehicle is lighter than the disabled vehicle CAUTION Inspect rigging thoroughly at every connection to ensure that safety pins are installed correctly and that proper shackles pins and hooks are used Ensure that tow cables are not crossed and are reeved correctly in the snatch block INSPECTING RIGGING 4 7 Inspect equipment thoroughly before the recovery operation starts Direct the recovery vehicle operator to apply power to the winch to remove the slack from the rigging and then stop the operation so the rigging can be inspected without endangering personnel When inspecting the rigging never place the hands or body between cables under tension OPERATOR DRIVER SAFETY 4 8 Operators and other personnel in both the recovery and disabled tracked vehicles must keep their hatches closed during winching and AKERR operations Operators should use their periscopes to view hand and arm signals POSITIONING GUN TUBES 4 9 During tank or tracked howitzer recovery position the main gun tube so it will not be damaged If the gun tube of a disabled tank or tracked howitzer is involved i
140. s Geeta e E a teas seein te eatce ease ast eees 3 9 Chapter 4 RECOVElY OPEral ONS iiron e bed tereaseavec cease eiwedceenccetyizesii 4 1 saalel Precautions cosa ic ates cis sadedaon steno ad i ab au bet a ad a 4 1 FRECOVElY PROCCOULCS osain a ice udp testuniuatanandatvont duatetunde Goveetes 4 5 Special Recovery SITUAlONS sistant ede ion deine AER 4 19 Self Recovery and Like Vehicle RECOVETPY cccccceseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeaeaees 4 23 Chapter 5 Field Expedient RECOVELY 2 eee ee eee 5 1 Recovery EXpedients cccccescccssseeceeseecseseeceeececseceneueeeeaseeesaeeeseesessueteneeeeens 5 1 Remobilizing Tracked Vehicles cccccsscccesececeseeeseseesseeceeeeesseeeneueeenenesens 5 4 Chapter 6 Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Procedures scccesseeeeeeeeees 6 1 BDAR Principles otis cate cote lacie oe Gate So eure te ees 6 1 Basic Rules of ASSESSMENH cccccccceecccceeeeeceeceseeeeesseeeeseaeeseaeeeseseeseeeesageeees 6 2 BOA GMAO Sea tee mene eee See ee ee eee ene ene ene ene creer mee 6 4 Distribution Restriction Approved for public release distribution is unlimited This publication supersedes FM 9 43 2 FMFRP 4 34 TO 36 1 181 3 October 1995 Contents Maintenance Procedures and BDAR ccccccseeeeeeeeeeeneeeesaeeeesaeeeeaeeeesaneeesaaees 6 6 Special Operating Environments cccccecccceeceeceeceeeeeeeeseeceseeeeseeeeseeeesseeeetes 6 9 BDAR in Joint PORATION s
141. sary equipment to use the AE and it may or may not produce MA RIGGING FUNDAMENTALS FALL LINE 3 1 The fall line is the winch line that runs from the source of effort to the first block in the tackle There is only one fall line in a simple tackle system figure 3 1 The amount of force that must be exerted on the fall line relative to the AE must be considered in every problem The fall line force must be less than the capacity of the effort to accomplish the recovery See the examples in paragraph 3 9 steps 1 through 4 To determine the fall line force divide the total resistance by the MA of the tackle total resistance fall line force MA of the tackle FALL LINE DEAD LINE RETURN LINE ANCHOR Figure 3 1 Terminology of simple tackle RETURN LINE 3 2 A return line is a winch line rigged between the block or the winch line from the sheave of a block to the point where the end of the line is attached This force is always the same as the fall line force figure 3 1 DEAD LINE 3 3 A dead line is a line used to attach blocks or other equipment to the load or to an anchor To determine the dead line force multiply the fall line force by the highest number of winch lines supported by the dead line figure 3 1 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 3 1 Rigging FLEET ANGLE 3 4 Achieving even winding of the winch cable on the drum is important for wire rope life and winch operations This is best accomplished by work
142. sher or to operate the onboard fire extinguishing system manually Station a second crewmember outside the vehicle with an additional fire extinguisher For systems with built in self test procedures has a functional operator test been performed on those systems that appear undamaged 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 6 3 Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Procedures BDA GUIDELINES 6 18 This section gives guidelines for BDA Use these guidelines to rapidly assess battle damaged equipment and systematically determine which subsystems are affected to include the time personnel and materials required for repair 6 19 These guidelines will also assist in performing equipment triage Equipment triage is the process used to decide the order that battle damaged equipment will receive repairs This determination is based on combat or combat support equipment time urgency materials and personnel required to do the required repairs 6 20 Units can develop locally produced forms or checklists that best support authorized equipment and unit maintenance structure and that list personnel authorized by the command to approve BDAR actions based on the BDA Consider the following guidelines figure 6 1 when assessing battle damage These guidelines can be tailored to fit your specific vehicle 6 4 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Procedures System Assessment Summary Determine vehicle status Can the
143. t a holdback vehicle is required This is a time consuming method in the absence of a holdback vehicle because only one vehicle will move at a time When the recovery vehicle is moved the disabled tracked vehicle will have to be chocked to prevent it from moving Figure 3 11 shows the 3 to 1 MA towing method Figure 3 11 3 to 1 MA towing method ANCHORS USE OF ANCHORS 3 22 Anchors are used to create a solid point of attachment for connecting rigging during recovery operations Multiple anchors provide additional points of attachment for rigging mechanical advantage add resistance to the effort and prevent vehicle slide when recovering on a slope Frequently wheeled and tracked vehicles must have some anchoring means when winching heavy loads with tackle figure 3 12 shows the anchor symbol An anchor can assist in holding a recovery vehicle improvising a change of direction pull or supporting part of the load during a winching operation Most existing recovery vehicles have ground chocks or spades to provide resistance while performing recovery however additional anchoring may be required if the recovery vehicle continues to slide when the winch is operated Figure 3 12 Anchor symbol 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 3 9 Rigging Note Trees tree stumps large rocks or other vehicles may be used as anchors in recovery operations Refer to FM 5 125 for additional information on anchors NATURAL ANCHORS 3 23 An anchor that does
144. tance 9600 28000 33 600 33 600 3 36 10 000 33 600 LR 10 000 AE Required MA 4 1 This is not equal to the answer in step 1 therefore the answer must be re verified STEP 3 Re verify solution An MA of 4 requires 3 sheaves Therefore 3 x 10 10 per sheave or 30 30 must be added to the load resistance 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 3 3 Rigging 10 x 28 000 x 3 8400 8400 28 000 36 400 36 400 10 000 Required MA 4 1 This is equal to the answer in step 2 therefore a solution has been achieved 36 400 LR 10 000 AE STEP 4 Determine line forces see figure 3 4 From the previous step the total resistance is equal to 36 400 pounds and the MA needed is 4 1 Total resistance LR MA Fall line force 36 400 36 400 4 fall line force A 9 100 Ib Note Double check The fall line force is less than the winch capacity Return line force Fall line force Fall line force 9 100 Ib Return lines 1 2 and 3 9 100 Ib each The dead line force equals the number of support winch lines times the fall line force See figure 3 4 Lines 1 2 3 and fall line 9 100 Ib Dead line 4x 9 100 Ib 36 400 Ib Dead line II 2 x 9 100 Ib 18 200 Ib Dead line Ill 1 x 9 100 Ib 9 100 Ib Note Ensure Y slings used for dead lines in this rigging operation are rated to withstand the force applied at the point of attachment FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 R
145. tandards also require ordnance officers of all grade levels to have awareness of BDAR policy and doctrine incorporated in developmental training 1 10 Peacetime BDAR training is necessary for Soldiers to perform these vital tasks on the battlefield Recent military operations have highlighted how U S forces can be deployed almost overnight into situations where combat is expected and normal logistical arrangements are underdeveloped or unavailable 1 11 Mechanics should master BDAR techniques very quickly since they have already received maintenance and mechanical training Vehicle crewmembers should be familiar with BDAR techniques for their specific equipment Cross training of mechanics is also necessary Crewmembers and mechanics that can change a fan belt or fuel filter can easily learn to perform BDAR for these same items Experience in live fire tests at Aberdeen Proving Ground MD and Meppen Germany has shown that Soldiers can learn BDAR procedures with minimal training With the adoption of the U S Army Tank automotive and Armaments Command ground FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Introduction to Recovery and Battle Damage Assessment and Repair equipment BDAR kits and easy to use instructions the commander s task of training will be much simpler In addition the BDAR training techniques outlined in BDAR TMs are straightforward tasks with easy to comprehend illustrations 1 12 Training BDAR does not require expensive or complicated
146. the cable OVERCOMING RESISTANCE 2 37 Applying effort to overcome resistance has always been a challenge Modern machinery makes this evident Energy released by burning small amounts of fuel in a modern engine provides the effort to move vehicles weighing thousands of pounds The vehicle engine with various mechanical devices can move the vehicle from a standstill through a wide range of speeds Mechanical Advantage 2 38 Mechanical advantage MA is a small amount of force applied over a long distance to move a heavy load a short distance MA is needed whenever the load resistance is greater than the capacity of the available effort AE 2 39 To determine the amount of MA necessary in a recovery operation divide the load resistance LR by the AE and round any fraction to the next whole number Rounding is required because only whole numbers can be rigged LR 106 000 Ib load AE 90 000 Ib winch Round the fraction off to the next whole number 2 Required MA 2 1 Leverage Principle 2 40 Using levers is the most basic means to overcome resistance A wrench handle and the gears of a truck overcome resistance by applying the principles of leverage The simplest form of a lever is a rigid bar free to turn on a fixed pivot called a fulcrum When effort is exerted on one end of the bar the bar rotates around the fulcrum MA is increased by extending the distance between the point where effort is applied and the fulcrum
147. ting vehicles swiftly moving current can carry the vehicle and crew downstream Water safety must be stressed to both vehicle and recovery crews engaged in these operations Current and stream bottom conditions interact effectively to bury a vehicle thereby increasing resistance When operating on beaches or rivers with soft bottoms time is critical Recover the vehicle as quickly and safely as possible Fording Vehicle 4 97 Vehicles become mired nosed and overturned during fording operations just as they do during land operations As a result estimate resistance in the same way by considering vehicle weight and type of disablement Swimming Vehicles 4 28 4 98 A mechanically disabled swimming vehicle offers little resistance while floating Compared with its rolling resistance on land it can be recovered with little effort The same rigging is applied in floating vehicle recovery as in land recovery The only exception is that the attachments are made to the lifting eyes instead of the tow lugs This prevents the crew from having to work in the water figure 4 30 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Recovery Operations Figure 4 30 Marine recovery with tow hooks and ropes attached to lifting eyes 4 99 For example if a like vehicle is used for this operation Attach its tow hooks to the lifting eyes before entering the water Cross the towropes and attach to the lifting eyes until the disabled vehicle is towed to shore Using
148. titute shear pin from dropping out Note Do not use a steel bolt spike nail or screwdriver blade as a substitute shear pin because it could damage the winch and cable 6 20 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Procedures WOOD DOWEL Figure 6 18 Shear pin substitute 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 6 21 This page intentionally left blank Appendix A Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Kits BDAR kits were developed by military personnel for use by military personnel It is imperative that Soldiers and Marines provide feedback to the TRADOC Executive Agency to upgrade the capabilities of the BDAR kits Provide feedback by e mailing comments to the following address bdarfeedback apg army mil BDAR kits consist of essential material and capability items that enable efficient repair of common types of damage and random failures that occur during a mission Each unit is expected and encouraged to modify its BDAR kit to fit specific operational needs and the unit s geographical environment This appendix discusses the two primary types of BDAR kits Note Additional information regarding BDAR kits and training can be found on the Ordnance Mechanical Maintenance University Web site at https ommu army mil Visitors are required to have an AKO username and password to access portions of this Web site If you experience problems accessing this Web site contact ommuadmin apg army mil CREW OPERATOR BDAR
149. tractor actually gains weight as the towed vehicle is lifted 4 46 The 30 000 pounds lift capacity allows the FWTD to be used in recovering mired vehicles The boom assemblies can be extended under the mired vehicle and the mast raised to allow for rigging attachments This helps reduce the mired condition of a vehicle while transferring some of the weight to the recovery tractor 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 4 15 Recovery Operations 4 47 The FWTD is equipped with an onboard winch to aide in coupling the disabled vehicle to the FWTD Once the disabled vehicle is coupled to the FWTD the system functions are similar to a semi trailer The FWTD transports wheeled vehicles on highways unimproved roads graded level and cross country CAUTION The winch on the FWITD is not designed to recover vehicles in mired conditions It is to be used only to assist in loading a disabled vehicle Figure 4 16 Fifth wheel towing device 4 48 Remember these important safety considerations when using the FWTD to transport or recover disabled vehicles Towing a single vehicle with nonfunctioning brakes must be limited to not more than 25 mph on the highway and 15 mph off road Stopping distances greatly increase when the towed vehicle has nonfunctioning brakes Towing of vehicle combinations tractor with trailer with nonfunctioning brakes is prohibited Visibility from the prime mover is significantly reduced when backing whether the FWTD is loade
150. training aids During field exercises low risk BDAR repairs can be applied to a unit s equipment until standard maintenance procedures can be performed if required Service members must use BDAR TMs and kits to become proficient in their use and assessment procedures If more sophisticated or difficult tasks are to be trained unserviceable radiators fuel tanks hydraulic lines and condition code H equipment may be acquired through the local Defense Reutilization and Marketing Office DRMO to support such training Supervisors at all levels should use the low medium and high risk classifications when performing such training to minimize accidents and or damage to equipment The unit commander decides whether to use low risk peacetime BDAR during training 1 13 To summarize a unit BDAR training program should incorporate the following key training parameters Orient crews and maintainers on current BDAR doctrine and policy Train personnel in using BDAR TMs Train both crews and maintainers in using the crew and maintainer BDAR kits Periodically review BDAR training films Train personnel to identify BDAR repairs that can restore equipment to a mission capable status after a breakdown This restoration includes the following Installing components from other equipment that can be modified to fit or interchange with components to restore basic functional capability Fabricating parts performing field expedient repairs
151. ttach the tow bar to the axle clamps e Be careful not to damage the brake lines 4 8 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Recovery Operations Note Procedures are the same as cross country towing except that a tow bar is used in place of the chain WARNING Extreme caution should be exercised to avoid damage to the towed vehicle If possible use the lift tow procedure before using cross country tow or highway tow procedures Refer to the equipment operator s manual for lift tow restrictions vehicle preparation precautions that must be taken and vehicle speed when performing lift tow operations RECOVERY METHODS USING TRACKED RECOVERY VEHICLES Winching 4 22 One recovery vehicle is used for recovering most mired tracked vehicles To prepare for winching position the recovery vehicle in line as much as possible with the mired vehicle Variable Winch 4 23 When recovering a mired tracked vehicle with a recovery vehicle that has a variable type winch the maximum winching capacity is gained when the cable is almost fully payed out or has less than three wraps remaining on the drum Always refer to the operator s manual for guidance on achieving maximum winch effectiveness Constant Pull Winch 4 24 Vehicles with constant pull winches can be positioned as close as practicable to the mired vehicle Always allow distance for the mired vehicle to get on solid ground Testing has shown that the flat smooth hull of the Abrams ser
152. undamental purpose of returning combat assets to the battlefield as soon as possible The purpose of recovery is to rapidly remove disabled or mired equipment from the battlefield while the purpose of BDAR is to rapidly repair the equipment to continue the mission or allow self recovery Recovery vehicles both wheeled and tracked should carry a minimum of one BDAR kit to assist in recovery operations RECOVERY 1 1 Recovery is retrieving that is freeing immobile inoperative or abandoned equipment from its current position and returning it to operation or to a maintenance site for repair These actions typically involve towing lifting or winching Towing is usually limited to moving equipment to the nearest unit maintenance collection point UMCP Recovery consists of Self recovery Actions require using only the equipment s assets Like recovery Actions involve assistance from a second like or heavier class vehicle Dedicated recovery Actions require assistance from a vehicle specifically designed and dedicated to recovery operations 1 2 Unless specifically mentioned recovery tactics techniques and procedures and doctrine organization training materiel leadership and education personnel and facilities considerations apply to both combat and noncombat range of military operations ROMO SELF RECOVERY 1 3 Self recovery starts at the location where the equipment becomes mired or disabled The operator cre
153. ut the range of military operations Battle damage assessment is primarily an intelligence responsibility with required inputs and coordination from the operators Battle damage assessment is composed of physical damage assessment functional damage assessment and target system assessment Also called BDA A measurable phenomenon either quantitative or qualitative that can be used to indicate the damage change of a target JP 2 01 Also called BDI The battle damage indicator concept can be related closely to equipment damage from the perspective of a crewmember Battle damage indicators from a crewman s perspective include smoke fire unusual odor unusual mechanical noise leaking fluids faulty warning lights and alarms loss of mobility or system function Any indication of trouble must be noted immediately because it may not be apparent once equipment stops functioning Essential repair which may be improvised carried out rapidly in a battle environment in order to return damaged or disabled equipment to temporary service Also called BDR A designated area in which the battalion field trains and combat service support elements from the division support command provide logistical support for a brigade The authorized removal of serviceable and unserviceable assemblies and serviceable repair parts from unserviceable uneconomically reparable or excess end items of equipment authorized for local disposal The equipment meets m
154. ut into the ground place a small log under the line at the outlet of the trench The strength of the deadman depends on the strength of the log and the holding power of the earth Note The procedures that follow in this chapter require an understanding of specific hitches and knots Refer to FM 5 125 chapter 2 for further explanations and illustrations of hitches and knots oe YN NIN ZN NN NY NSS SS Figure 3 13 Log deadman Picket Holdfasts 3 26 A picket holdfast figure 3 14 is constructed by using two or more sound wooden pickets at least 3 inches in diameter and 5 feet long 3 10 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Rigging e Drive the pickets approximately 3 feet into the ground 3 to 6 feet apart and in line with the dead line Tie a pair of pickets together With fiber rope tie one end of the rope to the top of the front picket with a clove hitch Then make four to six wraps of the rope from the top of the first picket to the bottom of the second picket ending with a clove hitch to the bottom of the second picket Insert a stake between the rope wraps midway between the pickets Tighten the rope by twisting it with the stake Drive the stake into the ground Repeat this procedure for each successive pair of pickets 7 hw W VEL A SF Uy ALI Ul Nadel Uf SU TLF OU Uf 4 BW vB Figure 3 14 Combination picket holdfast Note The strength of the holdfast depends on t
155. ute and pose a hazard to uncontaminated units and equipment Commanders should keep in mind that equipment used to recover contaminated equipment will also be contaminated Contaminated equipment should not be evacuated to uncontaminated areas until it is fully decontaminated The sooner the contamination is removed the sooner mission oriented protective posture MOPP levels can be reduced and restoration of combat power can begin 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 1 3 Introduction to Recovery and Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Depleted Uranium 1 16 A complete assessment must be performed before entering or attempting to repair any damage Damaged ammunition that has depleted uranium DU as a component material includes the risk of radioactivity 1 17 DU is a dense slightly radioactive metal used by the United States and other forces in munitions armor and other applications DU has properties similar to the more familiar heavy metals such as lead and tungsten Under certain conditions Soldiers could inhale or ingest DU dust or sustain injuries that could result in DU intake exceeding U S safety standards Following the precautions outlined in this section will help protect personnel against DU and other heavy metal contaminants 1 18 Personnel could receive a dose or intake of DU that exceeds U S safety standards if personnel are in on or near an armored combat vehicle when it is struck by DU munitions or when an MIA1 A2
156. vant supplemental information None 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 References 3 This page intentionally left blank A acceleration impact 4 1 A frame building an 5 3 use of an 5 3 allied kinetic energy recovery rope 4 3 caution 4 18 cleaning of 4 19 kit 4 17 anchors 3 9 4 6 mechanical 3 10 natural 3 10 using multiple 3 9 armored vehicle launched bridge towing of 4 21 attaching tackle 3 6 to tracked vehicles 3 7 to wheeled vehicles 3 6 available effort 2 7 2 10 B backlash 2 2 4 1 battalion maintenance officer 2 1 battle damage reporting 6 5 battle damage assessment accuracy 6 1 basic steps 6 3 guidelines 6 4 special operating environments 6 10 battle damage assessment and repair 1 2 6 2 A 1 B 1 and CBRN 1 3 and clear voice capture C 1 and environmental protection 1 4 and host nation support 1 3 1 5 and maintenance procedures 6 6 and mechanics 1 3 component listing A 1 in joint operations 6 10 kit 6 11 6 13 6 15 A 1 mission detractors B 1 peacetime 1 2 principles 6 1 purpose of 1 1 recording of 6 6 19 September 2006 Index reporting action 6 9 safety B 2 special operating environments 6 9 tag 6 7 tools and equipment 1 5 6 10 training 1 3 training for leaders mechanics and operators D 2 unit training program 1 3 battle damage indicators 6 2 blocks types of 2 3 2 4 booby traps 6 2 broken fan blades 6
157. ve as packing to seal damaged flared fittings and help seal threaded fittings Polymers included in BDAR kits may also be used to repair leaking or damaged fittings because of their ability to flow into small spaces that caused the leak STRING WRAPPED TIGHT COUPLING NUT IN DIRECTION SHOWN FLARED PIPE Figure 6 7 Low pressure line fitting repair CRACKED LOW PRESSURE OIL OR FUEL LINES 6 54 Cracked low pressure oil or fuel lines are usually caused by vibration or defective metal If this occurs stop the leak by wrapping the line tightly with friction tape held in place by wire The wire helps the tape withstand pressure and usually stops the leak until a permanent repair can be performed 6 55 Aluminum or electrical tape may also work if the surface can be cleaned to allow adhesion e Clean the surface of the line and cover just the crack with a couple wraps of rubber electrical tape Follow up with multiple wraps of aluminum tape Wrap wire around the tube or use hose clamps over the aluminum tape to reinforce the repair figure 6 8 6 56 Another quick method to repair a cracked line is with a small piece of hose e Use apiece of reinforced hose with an inside diameter equal to the outside diameter of the tube Split the hose lengthwise Coat the inside of the hose with sealant if available Install the hose over the leak with the split opposite the leak Secure over the leaking area with hose clamps figure 6 8 Additional clamps
158. vehicle is not freed by the first attempt the process should be repeated After recovery is complete remove the AKERR wash it with low pressure water and allow it to dry before stowage SPECIAL RECOVERY SITUATIONS NOSED TRUCK 4 56 The recovery of a nosed truck using a wrecker may require only a towing operation However some situations may require using all three of the wrecker s capabilities winching lifting and towing to complete the recovery 4 57 Figure 4 18 shows an example of a 2 2 ton cargo truck that is nosed off of a narrow road and mechanically disabled Although the apparent fleet angle of the winch cable in the figure is greater than 1 degrees the wrecker winch has a level winding device which offsets the difference Not all vehicles with winches have this device When possible position the wrecker at the least possible fleet angle and on the most solid surface to improve stability 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 4 19 Recovery Operations Figure 4 18 Recovery of a nosed cargo truck 4 58 To perform the recovery e Position the wrecker truck on the road so the front end of the nosed truck when pulled back up on the road will be in line with the rear of the wrecker truck Make a change of direction pull using the wrecker s rear winch to pull the truck onto the road Lift the front of the truck with the wrecker s outriggers in place and turn the crane to place the truck directly behind the wre
159. verrun the recovery vehicle 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 4 11 Recovery Operations CROSS COUNTRY TOW _ a pe af Hi Figure 4 11 Tracked towing Combat Tow 4 32 Use a combat tow to make a towing connection under small arms fire to provide the least possible exposure of personnel figure 4 11 e Attach the lifting V chain to the recovery vehicle s tow pintle before moving it to the disabled vehicle Move the recovery vehicle into the danger area Back it up until contact is made with the front of the disabled vehicle If possible a crewmember in the disabled vehicle can connect the V chain legs to the front tow hooks of the disabled vehicle Move out the recovery vehicle towing the disabled vehicle Note METT TC METT T is a key factor in determining combat towing distances Do not use combat tow for distances greater than one fourth of a mile during peacetime operations If conditions permit change the towing procedure after that distance TOW BAR HANDLING 4 33 Before attempting to tow a disabled vehicle be familiar with the location features and operation of all components of the tow bar Some tow bars have operator s instruction decals mounted on them Ensure the proper tow bar is used for the equipment being towed Tow bars can be used to tow any vehicle up to the gross weight of the tow bar s towing capacity 4 34 Before attaching a tow bar to a disabled vehicle chock the wheels tracks
160. w uses the BII and AAL or OVE items to perform self recovery 1 4 When the equipment has a mechanical failure the operator crew will use the equipment s technical manual TM to perform troubleshooting procedures with the tools available in the BII and AAL or OVE When self recovery fails the operator crew can request assistance from available like vehicles Note According to current Army doctrine an equipment self recovery winch can be used only to recover the equipment on which it is mounted Self recovery winches should not be used to recover other mired equipment Self recovery winches can be used to assist in a recovery effort by providing stabilizing or holdback capabilities Refer to the equipment operator s manual for like vehicle recovery procedures and limitations This does not apply to the United States Marine Corps USMC LIKE RECOVERY 1 5 Like vehicle recovery is used when self vehicle recovery fails The principle is to use another piece of equipment of the same weight class or heavier to extract or tow the mired equipment by using tow bars 19 September 2006 FM 4 30 31 1 1 Introduction to Recovery and Battle Damage Assessment and Repair chains tow cables and or allied kinetic energy recovery rope AKERR When self recovery and like recovery are not practical or are unavailable use dedicated recovery assets Note AKERR is used to extract mired equipment it is not designed as a towing device see chapter 4
161. w cable by gradually applying power to the tracks This pulls the log underneath the tracks until it comes into contact with the obstacle thereby anchoring the tracks and causing the vehicle to move 5 4 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Field Expedient Recovery CAUTION To prevent damage to the fenders and tow cables stop the vehicle before the log reaches the fenders or the cable reaches the drive sprocket 5 12 For a bellied disablement other than mire anchor the tracks by using two tow cables figure 5 7 Connect the tow cables together with a tow hook and attach the cables to both tracks by passing the ends of the cables through the tracks from the outside and attaching them to the standing parts of the cables with tow hooks When power is applied to the tracks the cable will contact the obstacle and anchor the tracks TID ma I iam j me JD mm Figure 5 7 Cables used to anchor tracks MOVING A VEHICLE WITH BOTH TRACKS BROKEN 5 13 When both tracks are thrown they may need to be separated before the vehicle can be moved to remount the tracks figure 5 8 e Break one track and attach a cable from the drive sprocket hub to an anchor This will support the vehicle so that the other track can be separated Chock the vehicle to keep it from rolling out of control Apply engine and steering power to the drive sprocket attached to the cable When this 1s done the vehicle will move by the winching action of the drive sprocket
162. wheeled vehicles are mired over the top of the hub but not over the fender Tracked vehicles are mired over the top of the road wheels but not over the fender Estimate fender depth mire resistance as twice the total weight of the vehicle plus cargo 2 26 Turret or cab depth mires occur when vehicles are mired over the top of the fender Estimate turret cab depth mire resistance as three times the total vehicle weight plus cargo WHEEL DEPTH MIRE FENDER DEPTH MIRE TURRET OR CAB DEPTH MIRE Figure 2 6 Mire resistance 2 6 FM 4 30 31 19 September 2006 Principles of Recovery Water Resistance 2 27 Water resistance occurs when submerged vehicles are pulled from water to land Estimate the amount of resistance met in the same way as for land recovery In some instances the resistance to overcome is less than the rolling resistance of the same vehicle on land See chapter 4 paragraph 4 112 for more information Tackle Resistance 2 28 Tackle resistance is that part of total resistance added to the recovery by friction in tackle Tackle resistance is friction created by a sheave rotating in its pin the rope flexing around the sheave or the rope scuffing in the groove of the sheave causing a loss in energy as the rope passes around the sheave This loss is resistance and must be overcome before the load resistance can be overcome Each sheave in the rigging will create resistance To determine tackle resistance multiply 10 perc
163. yed when parts are not available Conditions for cannibalization are usually controlled by local policy and will be employed when addressed in an OPORD by higher headquarters CONTROLLED EXCHANGE 6 46 Controlled exchange is the removal of serviceable parts components and assemblies from unserviceable economically reparable equipment These parts are for immediate use to restore a similar item of equipment to a combat capable or serviceable condition Note Cannibalization and controlled exchange can be performed only when authorized by the commander BDAR IN JOINT OPERATIONS 6 47 Military units can expect to deploy as a component of a joint force Maintenance personnel should work closely with other services to make collective use of tools and capabilities to perform BDAR Despite differences in equipment and doctrine the services have much in common that can be shared Navy Seabees Air Force maintenance activities and most Navy ships have a machine shop and fabrication capabilities that would prove useful in supporting BDAR Prior joint service agreements should be further developed to use this capability between services The same cooperation can be developed with allied nations Most armies have a BDAR program Many of the allied tools materials and techniques are similar to those of the United States In addition some foreign armies use our equipment especially vehicles and are a possible source for repair parts but only if cannib

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