1.1 Nota Editorial.pmd
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1. in the case of buffaloes the monospecific infestation by A cajennense was observed There were differences in the ectoparasite infestation rates in the three F1 Commercial zebu Buffalypso 2 5 1 5 Quantity ofticks 0 5 Sampling Figure 1 Infestation dynamics of ticks in the different genotypes 80 1 6 1 4 1 2 0 8 0 6 0 4 0 2 Tick count F1 Commercial zebu Pastos y Forrajes Vol 36 No 1 January March 77 81 2013 Buffalypso Genotype Means with different superscripts differ for P lt 0 05 Duncan 1955 Figure 2 Average tick count per animal genotype genotypes and the buffaloes were the least infested although in general infestation was low BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES lvarez J L 2005 Manual de tecnolog as agropecuarias ACPA La Habana p 19 Barriga O 1994 Veterinary parasitology The Ohio State University USA 297 p Cabrera J Guti rrez V Castellanos S amp Villase or A 2003 Identificaci n taxon mica de garrapatas del ganado bovino en la regi n de Tierra Caliente Michoac n Disponible en http bibliotecavirtual dgb umich mx 15 05 2011 Centro Nacional de Parasitolog a 2002 Programa para el Control de las Garrapatas de Importancia Veteri naria Instituto de Medicina Veterinaria 13 p Cordov s C O amp Vitorte E 1989 Ecolog a y control de las garrapatas en la Rep blica de Cuba FAO Animal Production and Healt2. A cajennense and to become implanted it must overcome some barriers of the host such as hair type skin thickness capillarization and density of the sweat and sebaceous glands which offer resistance These characteristics are stressed in buffaloes and create a physiological barrier to the ectoparasite implantation of R microplus Obreg n et al 2010 In addition to the above mentioned factors buffaloes use to roll over and over and cover themselves with mud in the wallowing places created in the resting areas Garcia Planas Lopez and Rodriguez 2010 express that buffaloes are very resistant to parasitic diseases and that this behavior helps to eliminate ectoparasites Another possible phenomenon is related to the natural resistance of the animals against ticks from the genetic point of view Holstein cattle has in its genome a reduced number of tick resistance carrier alleles for which their hereditary transmission is low as compared with other animal breeds Porto Jonson and Barendse 2011 In addition in studies conducted by Villar 2006 the ectoparasite resistance of the Zebu cattle has proven to be highly heritable 80 which constitutes a possible cause of the presence of low infestation rates in this genotype Figure shows the infestation dynamics of Ixodidae in the three studied genotypes The infestation rate in the three groups was low because it did not exceed three ticks per animal 79 The highest peak
3. of ectoparasite infestation was reached in December when the mean temperature records were 17 1 C and the relative humidity was 79 Since that moment the temperatures had a slight increase and the quantity of recovered ticks was stabilized until the end of the study These results differ from the ones reported by Guglielmone et al 1990 who stated that the ideal temperature for tick survival is 27 39 C and the relative humidity 60 80 Figure 2 shows the average tick count in the ani mal genotypes In general the infestation rates were low independently from the genotype Besides the influence exerted by the genetic resistance of the different genotypes Cordov s and Vitorte 1989 reported that the season remarkably influences the dynamics of tick infestation because in the rainy season RS the larvae survive longer in the pasture than during the DS The highest incidence of these Ixodidae was observed in F and Commercial Zebu In Buffalypso the ectoparasite infestation was lower and significant differences were found P lt 0 05 between its rates and those of cattle According to Garcia Planas Lopez and Rodriguez 2010 Buffalypso is very resistant to parasite diseases In addition it is important to emphasize that the wallowing places they create help to eliminate ectoparasites R microplus and A cajennense were the species with incidence on the studied genotypes of large ruminants with predominance of the latter 75
4. veterinary importance provincia Velasco del Departamento de Santa Cruz Agriculture Handbook United States Departament Trabajo de diploma en opci n al t tulo de M dico of Agriculture Washington D C 122 p Veterinario Zootecnista Disponible en http Villar C 2006 Los cruzamientos gen ticos una alter www fev uagrm edu bo sistemabibliotecario nativa para el control de la garrapata com n del doc_tesis Tesis 20Zenteno 20101028 110410 pdf ganado Boophilus microplus en Sudam rica 10 04 2011 Received June 28 2012 Accepted December 29 2012 ESTACI N EXPERIMENTAL DE PASTOS Y FORRAJES INDIO HATUE Y PROGRAMA DE MAESTR A EN PASTOS Y FORRAJES Resumen de Tesis ED A T tulo Estudio de la descomposici n del follaje de Leucaena leucocephala como abono verde en el cultivo de la morera Morus alba Autor Ing Fidel Ruz Su rez Se realizaron dos experimentos con el objetivo de determinar la velocidad de descomposici n del follaje de L leucocephala como abono verde y la relaci n de este proceso con algunos de los factores bi ticos y abi ticos presentes en una plantaci n mixta de morera y leucaena La morera se pod con una frecuencia de 90 d as a una altura de 30 cm mientras que la leucaena se cort a una altura de 2 m Se retir la biomasa le osa del sistema y se deposit el follaje sobre el suelo con una frecuencia de aplicaci n de tres meses en la poca de lluvia y seis meses en la poca poco lluviosa
5. Los resultados mostraron que el momento de depositar el follaje de leucaena influy significativamente en su descomposici n Este proceso estuvo regulado por los factores bi ticos fauna del suelo y los abi ticos especialmente las precipitaciones La composici n taxon mica de la macrofauna asociada al proceso de descomposici n del follaje de leucaena incluy cuatro phylum seis clases y siete rdenes con el 97 de organismos detr tivoros y el 3 de depredadores La composici n taxon mica de las comunidades de la macrofauna ed fica incluy un total de 1 540 individuos agrupados en cuatro phylum cinco clases y seis rdenes que representaron un 71 87 de organismos ep geos y un 28 12 de end geos Los valores de densidad y biomasa de individuos el predominio de los oligoquetos as como los ndices de diversidad riqueza y uniformidad en el sistema indicaron que la alternativa de utilizar el follaje de la leucaena como abono verde permiti potenciar la actividad biol gica del suelo mantener niveles aceptables de nutrientes y garantizar la estabilidad del sistema
6. Matanzas province Cuba from November 2010 to March 2011 Climate and soil The mean temperature of the experimental period was 26 01 C relative humidity 78 cumulative rainfall 243 3 mm and evaporation 155 5 mm The soil is classified as lixiviated Ferralitic Red Hern ndez et al 1999 of plain topography According to Mesa and Su rez 1986 it is latosolic with good drainage and moderate fertility Animals Thirty animals were used 10 F Holstein x Zebu 10 Commercial Zebu and 10 Buffalypso water buffalo 20 months old as average and with a weight of 259 6 kg 280 3 kg and 298 3 kg for each genotype respectively They showed good health status and were not immunized with GAVAC Grazing system The silvopastoral system used had been under exploitation for 20 years and was composed by Leucaena leucocephala cv Cunningham with an average density of 400 trees ha and by Panicum maximum cv Likoni as base pasture The stocking rate was 1 8 AU ha as average Pruning was applied in a gradual way in the dry season DS at a height of 150 cm Measurements The left side of the animal was meticulously examined through the inspection and feeling method Centro Nacional de Parasitologia 2002 The ticks were counted every 15 days and 100 were collected whose size exceeded 4 mm which coincides with the methodology used by Obregon Rodriguez Roque and Aleman 2010 For their classification the taxonomic elements describ
7. Pastos y Forrajes Vol 36 No 1 January March 77 81 2013 77 Behavior of ticks in different genotypes of large ruminants under silvopastoral system conditions Technical Note Kirenia Hern ndez J Arece L Sim n L Hern ndez y O Vald s Estaci n Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes Indio Hatuey Universidad de Matanzas Camilo Cienfuegos Ministerio de Educaci n Superior Central Espa a Republicana CP 44280 Matanzas Cuba E mail kirenia hernandez indio atenas inf cu ABSTRACT In order to characterize the behavior of the ticks which affect different genotypes of large ruminants in a silvopastoral system a study was conducted at the Experimental Station of Pastures and Forages Indio Hatuey from October 2010 to March 2011 Animals of the genotypes F Holstein x Zebu Commercial Zebu and Buffalypso water buffalo were used managed as a unique herd Ticks were collected from the different genotypes and counted every 15 days and they were identified by their morphology to the species level The prevalence extension infestation intensity and its dynamics by genotype and by sampling month were determined In the three genotypes the infestation by Amblyomma cajennense prevailed In the case of the buffaloes Rhipicephalus Boophilus microplus was not found and in cattle this parasite did not exceed 29 The infestation rate was low because it did not exceed three ticks per animal although the peak of ectoparas
8. ed by Soulsby 1988 the size of the hypostome the shape of the spiracles the size of the palpi and the presence of festoons adanal plaques and eyes were taken into consideration Pastos y Forrajes Vol 36 No 1 January March 77 81 2013 Statistical analysis The relative appearance prevalence of ticks in the animals of each genotype was determined and a comparison of proportions was made to determine the differences in this indicator The differences among means were established through the multiple range comparison test by Duncan 1955 and any value of P lt 0 05 was considered significant The statistical pack SPSS version 15 0 for Windows was used RESULTS AND DISCUSSION When classifying the ticks they were determined to correspond to the species A cajennense and R microplus in agreement with the morphological characteristics described by Soulsby 1988 In the three genotypes there was predominance of infestation by A cajennense In the buffaloes R microplus was not found and in the cattle this parasite did not exceed 29 Such results differ from the ones reported by Obreg n et al 2010 who found that 100 of the specimens collected in buffaloes belonged to the species R microplus The two Ixodidae species found in the genotypes are in correspondence with the ones with higher economic importance in production systems of large ruminants in Cuba Centro Nacional de Parasitologia 2002 Table 1 shows the pre
9. entina Vet Parasitol 54 389 Mesa A amp Su rez O 1986 Los suelos ganaderos de Cuba En Los pastos en Cuba Producci n Tomo I EDICA La Habana p 48 Nari A 1995 Strategies for the control of one host ticks relationship with tick borne diseases in South America Vet Parasitol 57 153 Obreg n D Rodr guez J Roque E amp Alem n Y 2010 Rhipicephalus Boophilus microplus Acari Ixodidae en b falo Bubalus bubalis en Cuba Rev Salud Anim 32 2 32 P rez J M 2010 Efecto de diferentes medios biol gi cos en el control de las garrapatas de bovinos Tesis en opci n al t tulo de Master en Pastos y Forrajes EEPF Indio Hatuey Matanzas Cuba 80 p Porto L Jonson N amp Barendse W 2011 Molecular genetic approaches for identifying the basis of variation in resistance to tick infestation in cattle Vet Parasitol 180 65 Rodr guez R ef al 2006 Manual t cnico para el con trol de garrapatas en el ganado bovino INIFAP M xico 28 p Pastos y Forrajes Vol 36 No 1 January March 77 81 2013 81 Soulsby E J L 1988 Parasitolog a y enfermedades de Disponible en http www produccion los animales dom sticos 7a ed Nueva Editorial animal com ar 18 05 2011 Interamericana 823 p Zenteno Marina Morales L Ribera C amp Barba G Strickland R K Gerrish R R Hourrigan J L amp 2000 Identificaci n de ix didos en bovinos de la Schubert G O 1976 Ticks of
10. h Paper Vol 75 FAO Roma 322 p Duncan D B 1955 Multiple ranges and multiple F test Biometrics 11 1 Garc a S Planas Teresa L pez E amp Rodr guez J 2010 B falos animales multiprop sitos Disponi ble en http biblioteca ihatuey cu links veterina ria b falos pdf 10 04 2011 Guglielmone A A Mangold A J Aguirre D H amp Gaido A B 1990 Ecological aspects of four species of ticks found on cattle in Salta northwest Argen tina Vet Parasitol 35 93 Horak I G Golezardy H amp Uys A C 2006 The host status of African buffaloes Syncerus caffer for Rhipicephalus Boophilus decoloratus Onderstepoort J Vet Res 73 3 193 Hern ndez A et al 1999 Nueva versi n de clasifica ci n gen tica de los suelos de Cuba Instituto de Suelos Ciudad de La Habana 64 p Jonsson N N Mayer D G amp Green P E 2000 Possible risk factors on Queens dairy farms for acaricide resistance in cattle tick Boophilus microplus Vet Parasitol 88 79 Junquera P 2007 Garrapatas Boophilus en el ganado bovino biolog a prevenci n y control Disponible en http parasitipedia net index php option com_content amp view article amp id 26 amp Itemid 47 1 01 04 2011 Mangold A J Aguirre D H Gaido A B amp Guglielmone A A 1994 Seasonal variation of ticks Ixodidae in Bos taurus x Bos indicus cattle under rotational grazing in forested and deforested habitats in northwestern Arg
11. ite infestation was reached in December when the mean temperature records were 17 1 C and the relative humidity 79 It is concluded that R microplus and A cajennense had incidence on the large ruminant genotypes studied with predominance of the latter although the ectoparasite infestation was low The buffaloes were the least infested with prevalence of the species A cajennense Key words large ruminants Ixodidae silvopastoral system INTRODUCTION according to the climate conditions and the presence of hosts that facilitate their establishment because they are generally parasites of the wild fauna Nari 1995 The utilization of breeds or crossings more resistant to ticks is one of the methods that reduce these populations in the animals The Zebu cattle and some autochthonous African and American breeds are naturally immune to ticks Junquera 2007 contrary to the European cattle Bos taurus for which the best way to avoid such problem is to promote breeds with this immunity nevertheless due to productivity demands the trend in many regions goes in the inverse direction Junquera 2007 The population dynamics of ticks in silvopastoral The main objective of animal production systems is to maximize the productive efficiency of livestock to obtain a higher economic benefit Nevertheless cattle exploitation is limited by different factors such as management feeding genetics health status and climate effects they are
12. related among themselves and the limitations or affectations of one of them prevents good production Zenteno Morales Rivera and Barba 2000 In addition in the case of grazing animals parasite infestations also constitute one of the most common factors which limit productions Alvarez 2005 In tropical and subtropical countries one of the main economic problems in cattle production are ticks due to the parasite action they exert on the host the diseases they transmit Horak Golezardy and Uys 2006 Rodriguez et al 2006 and the problems caused by their chemical control Jonsson Mayer and Green 2000 In this sense in America there is a wide distribution of different tick species which vary systems has not been deeply studied It is said that their microclimate conditions could favor the survival of Ixodidae and directly influence their reproduction and survival Guglielmone Mangold Aguirre and Gaido 1990 In other studies this type of systems has been compared to natural pastures and no differences have been found in the population peaks of ticks Mangold Aguirre Gaido and Guglielmone 1994 That is why 78 the objective of this work was to characterize the behavior of ticks which affect different genotypes of large ruminants in a silvopastoral system MATERIALS ANDMETHODS Location The research was conducted in the silvopastoral system of the Experimental Station of Pastures and Forages Indio Hatuey in
13. valence of infestation per animal genotype P rez 2010 found similar results when reporting a predominance of R microplus 92 3 over A cajennense 7 7 in grazing dairy cows at the Experimental Station of Pastures and Forages Indio Hatuey Also in Mexico Cabrera et al 2003 found higher incidence of R microplus ticks in cattle as compared with A cajennense The absolute presence of A cajennense in the buffaloes could be related to the influence of several factors among which the predominance and adaptability plasticity of this ixode to several conditions and hosts stand out because it has been reported in different species such as sheep horses and pigs mainly within the ears and in other natural cavities but also in the flanks the withers the horsehair and the tail Strickland Gerrish Hourrigan and Schubert 1976 In addition it can parasite man by being fixed between the legs or on the abdomen Barriga 1994 Table 1 Prevalence of tick infestation by genotype R microplus A cajennense Total Genotype Quantity Prevalence Quantity Prevalence F 15 27 2 40 72 8 55 Commercial Zebu 10 28 5 25 71 5 35 Bufalypso 10 100 10 Total 25 25 75 75 100 Pastos y Forrajes Vol 36 No 1 January March 77 81 2013 The hypostome organ in charge of fixating and feeding constitutes a decisive element in the ectoparasitism of Ixodidae Rodr guez et al 2006 R microplus has a shorter hypostome than
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