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第 6 章 物理探査 - JICA報告書PDF版(JICA Report PDF)

Contents

1. 1 Tendaho 2 Ayrobera MT MT NW SE TDO97
2. Dll l Priority S C4 XR U E RRL RSS CBUEDHAZE 231880 5 Tv C HA L TEUCE 10 2 2015 4E4 A HAD Vea PY VT PRASE ED BUR HA FEIKAE EL SEU EUH PITH BCE ELE Vx M TS RET A h 2 Tendaho 2 Ayrobera Boseti 2014 Butajira Ead 3
3. Nazareth 2 000m NNE SSW HA L TEICE Tes 2015 44 A JA EIUS LED BUR HA KC C GAYE RA TD RET A a 7 A FH Ze 4 HH ea EU ele HAN H EF 8 V 9 J Ji 500 1000 1500 2000 500 3000 H 1111 1 amu aq a i LIL 1 VATER DN jim mi vV10t 1S8 ILL LA 2z25 g2799 z pug ER CUm rape ie 8 7000 s A v90 1S8 MF bhp 5 RERO 44nn LER sss 5 sua Bow vSOE 1 Sg i BEL oars 4 FF Ias 254545 ld LIE LI PP PSO 44 4 CN 244455956 2 8 ATI hd 55 655 B A N TK 4r H
4. EEGeD ToR 9 2 1 EEGeD TOR EEGeD Rationale for EEGeD Vision and Mission Situation analysis Assessment of human physical and financial resources Business model Value chain mapping and ownership structure Human Resource Development Organization and staffing Legal and regulatory framework Geothermal resource development Financial plan Steam Sales Agreement SSA 10 EEGeD
5. 2 Boseti MT 500m NNE SSW HA L TEXUCE 6 5 2015 44 A HAT Da PY VT IAF ED BUR HA IEDKAA EL o EUH AI IAE SEBHAE TRO TI RET A eZ h 6 Danab Ayrobera osais HG j A E Meo
6. 100m 10m HA L TEICE 7 11 2015 44 A JA EIUS LED BUR HA KC CE RE T E PJM SE BI TRO TI RET A eZ h hf 8 8 1 G BASE GSE QG BASE Oracle7 8TM GSE
7. 1 200m 500m 25Qm 0m 63Qm 0m AN US 1 000m 500m 250m 500m NNE SSW NNE SSW 2 TEM MT
8. TDO97 6 4 2 Boseti 1 MT BST S01
9. 6 4 3 MT 4 2 2 TEM 2 MT 2 64 5 Boseti MT 3 000m
10. 4 000m HA L TEIUCE Tel 2015 44 A HAD eV a PY VT PRASE LED BUR HA KC ea EU I EAE EPET RET FAU REZO 7 h 99 3 240 290 C HF Tendaho 3 Dubti TD 2 1 8t h 13kg s 220 C DAmore et al 1997 Sohm m 100m 500m HF Tendaho 3 Dubti S0m 4J 350m 2 2
11. G BASE ITOUGH 2 8 2 G BASB G BASE 8 2 1 8 2 1 G BASE Z X Y MT X Y Z
12. 9 1 9 1 1 2 Tendaho 2 Ayrobera Boseti Butajira 120 km Butajira Portfolio Approach Butajira 2014 5 200m GSE
13. MT TEM MT d a Tendaho 2 Ayrobera Boseti 4 Tendaho 2 Ayrobera 2014 10 16 H 2014 11 H 8 H Boseti 2014 11 10 H 2014 4E 12 A 11 Tendaho 2 Ayrobera 24 Mille Boseti 30 Koka CRE MT 3 Hx Hy Hz 2 Ex Ey 1 14 TEM 1 HzZy AL BIRAZE 6 1 2015 4 A HAD V7 Y VM TPA EBD AUR IEIRA EE ZG ET PSJ SE BIA TRO OTD RET A Z h ph MT 320Hz 0 00034Hz 80 TEM 237 SHz 62 5Hz 23 0Hz D 3 6 4 MT TEM 6 4 1 6 4
14. d 1 4 200 MW 806 20 2 100 MW 10 800 MW Inferred Geothermal resource Indicated Measured 2 Be 9
15. Type 2 7 5 2 1 Tendaho 2 Ayrobera 0 50m OK iE HHS PALO AK HERD 72 C Ha vd v HR TREES CX DUR E BA 2 Tendaho 1 Dubt 500 BOP 2 Boseti
16. 7 3 3 R 7 3 4 7 3 3 7 3 4 7 3 3 GR Zi Je T UI ed BS 3 7 3 4 SHES ee EF st ts re Fy REDE NNE SSW NNE SSW NNE SSW Fb 2 Fb 2 Fb 1 S 30 E S30 E S30 E 1 840 m 1 840 m 1 840 m SLT ER 600 m Suse EE 600 m Suse ER 600 m m 1 000 m 1 840 m a s T US XJ 250 300 C XJ 250 300 C KJ 250 300 C EET lur e a HHE 2 000 m 2 000 m 2 000 m KOP Kick Off Point s KIARA a 90915 4 amp 4 H
17. TD 1 TD 2 6 5 2 HA L TEXUCE 6 11 2015 4E4 A HHP eV TY UV TERRE FE ED BUR HA KXCEML CES EU EE EJMI BE BIA TRO TS RET A x h Dubti MT 5 ohm m 530 m 580 m 450 m 600m CBSLPWiLEE 245 250 C V Tendaho 5 ohm m 6 5 2 Dubti Tendaho 1 Eo A E de vs G 1 150 C 50 100 C 150 C 50 100 C 95 m 50 m 2 EIEN AKILA A EIEN AKILA A BP gt 5ohmm 250 C E LN mem 245 C RB MS 9 250 300 C 250 300 C 5 ohm m 150 C 250 C ei EA lt 5 ohm m 150 C 245 C TIMER 100 250 C 100 250 C 580 m 600 m 530 m
18. 3 6 Type 1 Type 2 Type 2 Type 3 7 5 1 5 5 87 6 1 4 All coring Spot Coring Directional Drilling Applicable Applicable Testing Temperature Eum cation Applicable Applicable Applicable Applicable Applicable Applicable Logging Applicable Applicable AA L TEXUCE 7 10 2015 44 A HAD Va KY VT PARE LED AUR PA FADKAE EE CES EU EE ASI gu XE BE BIA TRO OTS RET A Z h pf Use for Production Well Applicable Purpose of drilling Geological Reservoir evaluation by evaluation production test N 78 5mm H 98 2mm N A Not Applicable 3 Ayrobera Boset
19. 5 2 12 7 5 7 5 1 1 7 5 1 HA L TEICE 7 9 2015 4E4 A JA EIUS LED BUR HA KC iB Up IAE EPJ ETRA Z FA REZO XYI Z h Fra FDL eae 1 2 3 1 2 a di fay Ha BEAL 4 E HEOR i 7 5 1 2
20. 1 4 Tendaho 1 Dubt 500m TOAZ EDD HUANA eL BOP HA L TEXCE 9 2 2015 44 A HAD Vea PY VT PRASE ED BUR HA FEIKAE EL CES EU I PIT B XE BE BIA TRO TS RET A x Z h h 9 1 1 ja csmmw Butajira Survey Items Ayrobera Boseti if additionally requested Capacity Building Equipment Micro seismici T C y Survey equipment T C i isting dat DUET Survey equipment D Analysis Survey equipment T C Survey MT TEM Survey rmm o 2m Depth Temperature Survey Geophysists Reservoir engineers Survey equipment T C NE T C Survey materials Geologist Labo analysis T C Geochemist Survey materials survey T C Preliminry ESIA y out sourcing ers cage i At one or two promising site s Drilling service Drilling machine Drilling managers Supporting T C Geologists equipment Drilling Drilling consumables Test Wells At the most promising site R Reservoir engineers crew Note TG wells Temperature gradient wells T C Technical cooperation Source JICA Project Team ESIA Environmental So
21. Tendaho 2 MT 5 000m i CD ae ee 200m 160m ilhid 30m 0m 200m ra 700m NW SE 16 0m 6Qm 400m 1 500m 700m
22. Priority S A B C D 2014 2018 Priority S OK 600 MW 2019 2025 Priority A B 2 400 MWC TC 3 000 MW 026 2037 Priority C D 1 100 MW 4 100 MW yar AA L TECE 10 1 2015 44 A JA EIUS LED BUR HA KC CES EU EE AI S E BE BI TRO OTS RET A h 2 4 Priority A B Priority A Tendaho 2 Ayrobera Priority B Boseti Meteka 3 3 5 EEPCo 2018 1 200 MW Priority A B
23. 6 Priority A G Priority A B Gi 7
24. GSE GSE G BASE HK LATE 8 4 2015 4E4 A HAS Da Ye DERAHE EB AUR HA IEDKAA EL CES EU I PLAT B XE BE BIA TRO TS REZO XYI Z h f SBIR 22
25. 83 6C 210C 250C 9 1 2 Butajira Butajira GRME Butajira GRMF Eol 2015 3 H EARRACH Eol OR AKG HA L TEICE 9 1 2015 4 A JA EIUS LED BUR HA KC SES EU EI BAHU SE BIA UA M TD RUE T FO eZ h GSE Butajira 2015 3 GSE Eol GRMF GRMF Eol Butajira JICA B
26. DR S Prioritr B Meteka AL d oe EEGeD 7 BC RCRA SUO BANAL CU SS PE AA LETIK AXZXIL 10 3 2015 44 A JI dA T Va KY Ve TRASH ED AVR PIESE AFE I CF PERE RA J F I RETA YI Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Appendix 5 EIRR Appendix 6 Appendix 7 Appendix 8 Appendix 9 F
27. TEM 1 1 MT MT MT 2 TEM 1 Boseti HA L TEICE 6 4 2015
28. MT TEM Ayrobera Butajira MT TEM f amp 3 2 m Butajira 1 2 2 GSE 300m
29. 6 5 1a 65 1 BLOM 6 5 1 dx 6 5 1 AE lt gt NIN 10 ohmm s SEER gt ohm m eras lt i VE A RAUA tie gt ohm m RIEA TAIT b RIVA CEDAR 2010 ALTERATION RESISTIVITY TEMPERATURE Thermal alteration starts Saline Fresh Pore fluid water conduction Boiling Thermal alteration prominent tawai eure Mineral x conduction Smectite Zeolites Dominant Surface md pore fluid conduction Ret unaltered Smeclite zeolite zone fea Mixed layer clay zone DJ Chiorite zone B Chiorite epidote zone Chlorite Epidote Dominant
30. GSE EEP Enterprise IN EEGeD Ethiopia Enterprise for Geothermal Energy Development EEGeD EEGeD 8 Priority A BOW Priority A Tendaho 2 Ayrobera Priority B Boseti Meteka 3 Tendaho 2 Ayrobera Boseti
31. MT TEM VES de Em TZ HLA JEJ WIJE a 8 3 2015 4 A epu pue nr ISIN BCE BE BIA Ux M OTS RET A x 7 h JICA GSE GBASE 2 3 E 8 3 1 Aluto 2 A 3 A 8 4 GSE
32. HA L TEICE 6 12 2015 44 A JA EIUS LED BUR HA KC GEB 375m Saltic Volcanic rocks and Alluvial Sediments with salt accumulation on ground 200m Elev GL 175m Argillized Argillized Zone less than Om Elev 5ohm m more than 100 C GL 375m Argillized one between gillized to Chrolite Epidote Zone boundary 5ohm m Approx 250 C 700m Elev GL 1075m e b a M M 0 Ep Zone Fi Reservoir between 40 60 GL2875m eile ohm m More than 250 C 6 5 2 Ayrobera Tendaho 2 GUKIGHERARMME 000 6 18 205 44 H HAZ V7 Ye IRAE ED ETIAM DALF EJM SE BIA TRO TS REZOV I h a M 7 e c wu 5 8 8 5 8 8 e e e e e Argillized Elevation m 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 sooo 6000 7000 BOOO 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 Distance m 6 5 3 Ayrobera Tendaho 2 6 5 2 Boseti 2 1 200m 500m Om 500m 1
33. HA L TEXUCE 6 16 2015 44 A HEA A FY VT PKA E ED BUR HA IEDKAA EL SEU EUH AE SE BIA RZ OTD RET A Z h ph 7 7 1 Tendaho 2 Ayrobera Boset 2 7 2 Tendaho 2 Ayrobera 7 2 1 Ayrobera MT TEM 7 2 1 7 2 1 a Manda Harraro WETA Pliocene Pleistocene Afar Stratoid WAME Pleistocene Recent basalt Ayrobera 12km Tendaho 3 Dubti 6
34. LE UR PA FDKAE EL This Proclamation prescribes that no person shall commence any new development activity under any category listed in any directive issued pursuant to this Defining the Environmental Protection Authority requirement of fulfilling EIA requirements by licensing agencies before issuing an investment permit is prescribed This Proclamation consists of 22 articles divided into 6 Parts Preliminary 1 Control of pollution 2 Environmental standards 3 Environmental inspectors 4 Offences and penalties 5 Miscellaneous provisions 6 providing various environmental standard The proclamation provides the responsibility and roles of the Environmental Protection Authority at central level Sectoral Environmental Unit at each competent agency and Regional Environmental Agencies at local level This Proclamation grants the power to specified local public bodies to expropriate rural or urban landholdings for public purpose The Proclamation sets out the procedure of expropriation and provides with respect to compensation which shall be paid in advance and appeals Displacement compensation based on average annual income from land shall be paid to rural landholders that are permanently or temporarily expropriated Substitute land may be made available This Proclamation provides for a new system of administration for rural land management and use and for sustainable rural land use planning based on
35. 5 ohm m 7 2 2 Tendaho 2 Ayrobera 7 2 2 7 2 1 7 2 2 7 2 2 MINIT ULaJ61334i0HzuxA dg cv BS alc Rl SIV OME CWS i 5 6km EE UN LL ke zT iiis 7 2 1 Tendaho 2 Ayrobera HAKLETEIUS Eo 2015 4E4 A HAZ Da KY VU ZT PKA EB AUR IDKAA EL SEU EET PIJA ELIE Vx M OTS REZO XYZ h SW
36. t QER ME S G BASE ID 8 2 2 ID Tendaho Aluto Tendaho 1 3 3 Aluto 1 3 3 Tendaho Aluto ID G BASE 8 2 1 G BASE HA L HTEXUCE 8 1 2015 4E4 A WE ET UA fae ED BUR HA KC EFJ ETE PSIMA SE BIA TARO OTD REZO XYI Z h 2
37. LAw5BSDFcHu WEW 50m 350m Wels CAA TD 1 Very low 270 C 880 900m 1190 1265m 7km TD 4 StH Cla TREE 2 000m A eee NW SE id aU 2323 EE LC S SW s MT TEM NW SE 700m 2 500m Tite Yohannes L 2007 TD 4 MT TEM
38. 10m 4000 m 50m 630m HA L TEXUCE 6 3 2015 44 A HAD YD PTY VT ERAH ED BUR HA IEDKAA EL GE Er BI RISUS ERRERA T FREZA eZ h RTA ME 250Qm X 1 200m Berecha WNW ESE 500m N S NNE SSW 40m 3Qm 1 200m Te Om 500m Cah SAVE HK EEC HRT AS TA ICH DIVO AS EERO
39. 3 8 2 1 TA RID DO GSE 8 2 2 G BASE ID 1 2 Tendaho 3 Tendaho Allalobeda tendaho 21 Tendaho 1 Tendaho Dubti 22 Tendaho 2 Tendaho Ayrobera teo 5 Teo 6 Danab 14 Aluto 2 Aluto Finkilo aluto 15 Aluto 3 Aluto Bobesa 20 Aluto 1 Aluto Langano 16 Abaya fantale 17 Fantale A File Edit Query Block Recode Field Window Help GeoBase Input System Table Dats Table Polygon Information _PROJECT_DEFAULTS WELL HDR Faut DIST JREG HDR SELECT Information Table POLYGON HDR Strata Information NODES VECT_HDR E FORMATION DAIAJNFE MARK_HDR SELECT Lu MEER STATI ON DATA HDR Station Information DATA_INF Task Table PROJECT HDR STATION HDR DRIFT_HDR ER Password Host ID Select Table BINARY DATA SELECT EXIT
40. 3 Tendaho 2 Ayrobera Boseti Meteka Tendaho 2 Ayrobera Boseti GSE Meteka GSE GSE 2 5 5 Bi IFC
41. HA L TEICE 9 3 2015 44 A JA EIUS LED BUR HA KC CES EU EE ISI lE BE BIA TRO OTS RET A h EEGeD e EEGeD 9 2 2 EEGeD EEGeD EEGeD 9 2 3 EEGeD
42. B T Wetlands rivers and lakes mE D Fauna and flora and C Pollution Water contamination Water use amp Water contamination bil Wastes Ro e UA Noise and vibration Odor Accidents D NO ES Mo Source JICA Study Team Rating A Serious impact is expected if any measure is not implemented to the impact B Some impact is expected if any measure is not implemented to the impact C Extent of impact is unknown Examination is needed Impact may become clear as study progresses D No impact is expected A4 Remarkable effect is expected due to the project implementation itself and environmental improvement caused by the project B Some effect is expected due to the project implementation itself and environmental improvement caused by the project HA L HTEXCE A 4 25 2015 4E4 A AME EV IAM LED BUR AIESEC AFE LFF ETIE ISIN ZA PIETRA 7 FREZA XZ h Appendix 4 8 A 4 7 Name of offices and Personnel Visited for Baseline Data Collection and Stakeholder Consultation Responsibility Profession Health office Human Resource Head Berhale Erbati Boseti Amin Homo Desta Fisha Demissie Shibiru Mitiku Basie Lubaba Yimer Adem Nur Degu M Mariam Tegegne Biftu Hizquiel G Kidan Alemayehu Siyoum Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Planning Head Health Expert Health Admin
43. A 4 2 Gaps between Relevant Regulations in Ethiopia JICA Guidelines and Appendix 4 3 World Bank Safeguard Policies Environmental Impact Assessment EIA TFA 90 all Aspect JICA Guidelines for Environmental World Bank OP4 10 Government Laws Gaps between JICA Mechanisms to Bridge and Social consideration April 2010 Guidelines and Gaps Government Laws Objective To ensure transparency predictability Environmental Assessment EA of The purpose of the environmental impact No significant gaps were S and accountability in its support for an projects proposed is required for assessment serves is to bring about identified examination of environmental and social Bank financing to help ensure that administrative transparency and considerations they are environmentally sound and accountability as well as to involve the sustainable and thus to improve public and in particular communities in the decision making planning of and decision taking on developments which may affect them and its environment Section 15 also specifies public participation and access to the EIA report and ensures to solicit comments on it Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation 2002 299 Procedur JICA supports and examines appropriate EA evaluates a project s potential The law states that environmental impact No significant gaps were None eof EA environmental and social considerations environmental risks and impacts for assessment
44. Action Plan for Formation of EEGeD HA L TEICE 9 4 2015 44 A HAD eV a PY VT PRASE LED BUR HA KC CES EU I PLETE BE BIA TRO TS REZO XYI Z h 10 Tili 22 5 CO
45. i s gt JL d 7 a ti ae co tis Bi MT VIS gt Narhi ciii Nazareth Boku sa TIP aedemsa cns Ho 6 4 1 HA L TEXUCE 6 6 2015 44 A HAD Va Y VT PARE FED AYR IEIRA EE o EUH PJM GEASS KO TOD RET OXYZ h IFA 41 5 E 41 10 E S N zZz 4oo oe Q D TDH 211 y yg 4 TDH 112 TDH 210 vods l iniu i JPH 209 QUU i TDO9514 TDO9914 DH 208 a AA Jor 207 Tor oe TDO9816 P 4 1509511 TDH 206 150910 A TDO9815 a7 TDD9510 TDH 205 TDH 106 TDO9509 Ey TDO9417 melo TD09705 09416 TDO9714 S 09906 TDo941 TDO9713 3905 1009414 TDO9704 DO9712 JD TDO9413 A 1D09807 AN RAAE DO9711 DO9412 i pico TpO9710 T O9411 TDo9501 oe a DO9609 99 100990 9804 TDO9805 TROSS 21008410 fa TDO9708 02805 1609409 r X ROSIN TDO9607 AD TDO9606 TDO9408 Tpo98o1 lt TDO9605 T O9407 PO9604 TDo9406 TDO9603 D TDO9405 z TDH 101 2011 2012 2013 6 4 2 Ayrobera LAL STKAE EE 6 7 2015 4 A HAZ V7 Ye IRAE ED ETIAM o EUH PIG HIBUE SE BIA TRO TS RET A eZ h BST 501 BS T500 BST 400 BST 401 BST 301 BST 302 _ BST 303 BST 201 B
46. 7 4 1 Tendaho 2 Ayrobera Boseh 3 7 4 1 7 4 2 7 4 1 Tendaho 2 Ayrobera um 40 0 12 5 37 5 48 6 3 5 7 4 2 80 MW RSE MW 20 MW Tendaho 2 Ayrobera 120 47 180 100 330 230 175 160 265 320 490 800 3 5 3 5 Tendaho 2 Ayrobera 80MW Boseti 55 MW 7 4 2 3 4
47. 82 1 G BASE Ac HA L TEIXUCEL 8 2 2015 44 A HAZY VAT Y UTAH ED BUR HA KC PP ge E PJM ELIE TRO TD RET A eZ h AAI eee G BASE GSE GSB 2 3 G BASE GSE HABIT SUSHI A 8 3 G BASE JICA GSB 8 3 1 QG BASE 8 3 1 G BASE HA L TEIXUCEL MALVY ZERA IER AY A ADKAA EL EAE EUN
48. NNE SSW NNE SSW 800m 2 300m NNE SSW Fb 2 Korme et al 1997 Boseti 2 000m el D G Cornwell et al 2006 NNE SSW 170 220 FJ FAC Sohm m 800m 900m 7 3 2 Boseti 7 3 2 7 94 259 4 O33 CS yes R 7 3 2 NNE SSW
49. 40 ohm m HA L TEXUCE 6 14 2015 44 A HEA A FY VT PKA E ED BUR HA IEDKAA EL iB Up EJMI BE BIA TRO TS RET A Z h 1300m E Fb 2 50m depth from surface Lava and Volcanic Deposits with hydrothermal alteration 1200m Elev GL 100m op of Argillized Zone under 5 ohm m approx 100 C 500m Elev GL 800m Argillized Middle of Argillized Zone ition Zone between Argillized to Chrolite Epidote Zone boundary 5 ohm m Approx 250 C ohm m 500m Elev GL 1800m FEp Alteration Zone as Reservoir between 25 40 ohm m 1000m Elev GL 2300m Chl Ep Alteration Zone as Reservoir between 25 40 ohm m ret d AP pee 6 5 4 Boseti HA L TEXUCE 6 15 2015 44 A HAV Va KY VT PASH ED ETIAM o EUH ABISNEUSSEBIDE TRO TD GET XZ h Z4 3000 4 30 2500 Ax a 2000 Ed 2000 un e 1500 1500 1000 1000 Argillized Sm LI m Chl Ep UJ 500 E 1000 1000 1500 A500 2000 3000 2500 2500 3000 i 3000 1096 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Distance m 6 5 5 Boseti Boseti
50. 450 m 350 m 280 m B HL 3 Aquator 1994 Aquator 1995 6 5 3 3 NW SE 3 5 ohm m 300m 1200m 6 5 3 6 5 3 Ayrobera Tendaho 2 EE GL m EN name 3 5 ohm m 1 200 m 250 300 C amp dre amen 300 1200m RE O ooe O
51. Methods for Regional Assessment of Geothermal Resources Great Britain Geothermics Vol 7 pp 53 89 Pergamon Press Ltd 1978 Muffler L J P Editor Assessment of Geothermal Resources of the United States 1978 Geological Survey Circular 790 USA USGS 1978 P lmason G Johsen G V Torfaxon H Semundsson Ragnars K Haraldson G I and Halld rsson G K Mat Jar varma Islands Assessment of Icelandic Geothermal Resources in Icelandic Report OS 85076 JHD 10 Reykjavik Iceland Orkustofnun Jar hitadeild Iceland Energy Authority Geothermal Division 1985 Sanyal S Success and the Leaning Curve Effect in Geothermal WEII Drilling a Worldwide Survey Proceedings of the 37th Workshop in Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford CA USA Stanford University 2012 Sarmiento Z F Bjormsson G Reliability of early modeling studies fr high temperature resevoirs in Iceland ad The Philippienes Proceedings 32nd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford CA US Stanford University 2007 Subir Sanyal K Sarmiento Zosimo Booking Geothermal Energy Reserves GRC Transactiions vol 29 2005 Wiliams C F Development of Revised Techniques for Assessing Geothermal Resources Stanford California USA Proceedings 29th Workshop on Geothermal Reservior Engineering Stanford Univ 2002 Williams Colin F Marshall J Reed and Robert H Mariner A Review of Methods Apllied by the U S Geological Su
52. NW SE 700m 2 500m 700m 1 500m NW SE NC NO UL D PE TUE HALERE AFE 6 2 2015 44 A JA EIUS LED BUR HA KC Ino pU PJM SE BIA TRO TS RET A eZ h hf Sum 700m TDO97 NW SE Tendaho 2 K 6 4 1 Tendaho 2 Ayrobera NW SE 700m
53. Q hdd t LL am vroe 1sg MPH E LESE SS E a eT v x EHE Aoo um LE S E 44an p 44gm m LLLI x P Vive sa Ar UN TIR Ee SIL Q WC LL ON 8 ws Ss LL EEE EE m Q un vmi Mt ER syi mT P 4000 Distance m X 7 3 2 Boseti vCOE 158 2000 VIOE 5S 1000 gt Z v00O 1S8 99 peg 1 vr T BOR E B B 8 8 8 B8 B 8 B Wi uog o 3 2015 4E4 A HHA VV FY VT PEASE FE WRT FARA EL Zy FETC ws HK SEU EUH ABE SE BIA TARO OTD RET A Z h ph 7 3 3 NNW SSE Wo Fb 2 Boseti Boseti noii 2 000m
54. The scope of environmental grasslands and other national Guidelines 2003 per the JICA Guidelines reviews for Category B projects may habitats are less adverse than those vary from project to project but it is of Category A projects The findings More specifically Schedule 1 of the narrower than that of Category A and results of Category B EA are guidelines has the list of projects that require projects JICA discloses the following described in the project full EA Schedule 2 for the list of projects 1 EIA reports and environmental permit documentation Project Appraisal require a preliminary environmental impact certifications 2 RAPs for projects and Document and Project Information study and Schedule 3 for the lists of projects 3 IPPs for projects that will require Document that may not require environmental impact measures for indigenous people when assessment these documents are submitted by project Category C A proposed project is Environmental Impact Assessment proponents etc classified as Category C if itis likely Proclamation 2002 299 EIA Procedural to have minimal or no adverse Guidelines 2003 Category C For projects in this category environmental impacts Beyond environmental review will not proceed screening no further EA action is after categorization required for a Category C project HA L TEICE A 4 6 2015 4E 4 Hj HHA VAT Y HT TIER ED BUR HA KC SEO E T EI AISIEAX EB TRO TDD R
55. a b Gylfi et al 2012 6 5 1 6 5 1 Tendaho 2 Ayrobera 2 200m 0m 700m 1 500m 2 500m Bd 6 5 2 Ed 6 5 3 6 5 2 200 m 0 m 10 ohm m 700m NW SE NW SE Tendaho Graben 13km Dubti Tendaho 1 1994 1998 6
56. e Gas emission e Water pollution e Change in land use e Water use competition Social Natural e Gas emission e Water pollution e Change in land use Social None Natural e Gas emission e Water pollution e Change in land use 2015 4F 4 7 Meteka Afar depression Arabi Afar depression E EP E AIEIIN ZU EJERE TF REZ OY Z h Site Rift locality Region Afar Afar depression Afar Afar depression Afar Somali HA LEA Leaion d EB Mc n EULVIAfOuE U LE UREA FDKAE EL Natural and geological conditions Harsh environment Arid and dry land with erratic rain fall pattern Rain fall 200 300mm Exposed rock surface with shrub and grass Located at central Afar depression Hot spring No natural and historical points Harsh environment Arid and dry land with erratic rain fall pattern Rain fall 200 300mm Exposed rock surface with shrub and grass Located at central Afar depression Located in the nearby salt flat No natural and historical points Harsh environment Arid and dry land with erratic rain fall pattern Rain fall 200 300mm Low altitude with relatively plain topography Exposed sand soil surface with scattered shrub and grass Perennial swamps cover some portion of Meteka Sensitive wet land Hot spring for use of bathing washing cloths cars No natural and historical points Good environment Upper Kola climatic conditio
57. 2 6 4 3 6 4 1 Tendaho 2 Ayrobera 1 MT EE Ix 6 4 2 MT 2 MT 6 8 2 Bd 6 4 4
58. 4 01 normally applies to emergency operations processed under OP BP 8 00 Rapid Response to Crises and Emergencies The Bank requires at a minimum that a the extent to which the emergency was precipitated or exacerbated by inappropriate environmental practices be determined as part of the preparation of such projects b any necessary corrective measures be built into either the emergency operation or a future lending Guidelines 2003 A 4 8 The guidelines state that an Environmental Not applicable Agency has responsibility to make sure that appropriate support is made available to build capacity and create awareness on EA etc Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation 2002 299 EIA Procedural Mut 90 Gaps between JICA Mechanisms to Bridge Guidelines and Gaps Government Laws Not applicable 2015 4E 4 H SEO E T EI Bem TOM PES Le EJM ESB TRO TDI RET ALD eZ h PrAatremR Aspect JICA Guidelines for Environmental World Bank OP4 10 Government Laws and Social consideration April 2010 Gaps between JICA Mechanisms to Bridge Guidelines and Gaps Government Laws includes components to strengthen that capacity Public Project proponents etc consult with local For all Category A and B projects Section 5 2 1 suggests the project proponent Public consultation is Since JICA emphasizes proposed for IBRD or IDA financing to conduct pre screening consultation to emphasized in the law p
59. 4E4 A JA EIUS LED BUR HA KC Ino pU PIECE BE BIA vx M TS RET A h hf 6 4 2 Boseti 3 000m 1ohm m 600ohm m NNE SSW 500m Berecha 1 200m WNW ESE 6 43
60. AURA FAKAE SL be hindered or lost must be sufficiently and monitoring of resettlement action plans appropriate Provide them opportunities World Bank OP4 10 Government Laws nongovernmental organizations as to participate in the planning implementation and monitoring of the resettlement program especially in the process of developing and implementing the procedures for determining eligibility for compensation benefits and development assistance as documented in a resettlement plan and for establishing appropriate and accessible grievance mechanisms Pay particular attention to the needs of vulnerable groups among those displaces especially those below the poverty line the landless the elderly women and children Indigenous Peoples ethnic minorities or other displaced persons who may not be protected through national land compensation legislation To the extent possible the existing Not mentioned in the govt law social and cultural institutions of resettlers and any host communities are preserved and resettlers preferences with respect to relocating in pre existing communities and groups are honoured 1 those who have formal legal rights Not mentioned in the govt law though landholders are defined Proclamation 455 2005 to land including customary and traditional rights recognized under the A 4 16 Gaps Between JICA Guidelinesand Government Laws law though the land acquisition procedu
61. LFF ETIE PMAR EJE RZ TD AREZ O Va F Kebeke Chair Woreda Chair Woreda Head Woreda Head Grievance Handling Head Deputy Woreda Head School Head Woreda Council Grievance Handling Head Deputy Grievance Handling Committee Grievance Handling A 4 9 Names of Representatives in Community Consultation Age Afar Tendaho Dallol Religious leader Woman Youth Elderly Elderly OumarAbhab 66 Religious leader Community leader 60 Religious leader Youth Woman Community leader Meteka Oromia Aluto 2 Aluto 3 GeredaAbo 66 Religious leader Youth 60 Woman Youth Woman Youth Resident Ali Hamad Elderly Abato Humad Resident Elderly Woman Youth Resident Elderly Religious leader Genet Melka Woman Youth Edir Chair Religious leader Elderly Boseti HA LETTER A 4 27 2015 4F 4 H Eon VEI Y VM DRRR ER EFRBIHAE EE UT LFF ETIE PSIMA EET RAAZ T RE T B XV ZR MezgebuaBabsa 28 Womn Gedemsa DanseJelila 46 Community leader DadiShre 38 Womn O Girma Aboye 24 Yoth Belete Meojne 42 Resident TA UNES Arabi AhmodAwo 55 Peacecommitee ShiekAbdu 70 Religiousleader Adelsulewe 55 Edely pega venus 45 Woman AhmodBerh 23 Youth HA L TEICE A 4 28 2015 amp F 4 H HHA Va FY UT PKAS SA
62. NE 7 2 2 Tendaho 2 Ayrobera 7 2 3 AWA ii er HE DO 3L PRC JE P8 F8 3877 T OO mm k CN O28XE SNS ril ox Did SP DP Je tr 2 000m 7 2 3 7 2 4 7 2 3 7 2 4 7 2 3 BR grs sos e ISR Seen Sein NW SE NW SE NW SE N 57 E 2 000 m 2 000 m 1 840 m StF tare 600 m m dnd a 250 300 C 250 300 C 250 300 C KP 800m j O SUFFER EE 2 000 m 2 000 m 2 000 m KOP Kick Off Point HAKLE TEIUS 7 3 2015 4 A JM AE Va KY VM TRASH ED AVR A IDKAE EL Hg gp m PSIMA SE BIA VU
63. Regional State Afar ae Imagery and Route Map L4 Surveyed Route Fumarole Hot Spring Other Geological Feature Center Coord WGS84 Lat N 11 46 51 44 Lon E41 08 11 00 Surveyed Date Google zw I2 April 2014 wean by Google Earth Pro http www google com earth General Geology The site is geologically located at the center of Manda Hararo Graven The site is covered by alluvial sediments supplied by Awash River Geological Structure Fault and Others No geological structure is found at the site however mud pools are aligned the direction of NW SE which is concordant with the main spreading axis of the Graven Five 5 test wells were drilled in 1990s Manifestation More than ten 10 mud pools are aligned at the alluvial plain The gas with muddy water is continuously bubbled at the mud pools Some fumaroles are found at around mud pools Alteration No alteration was observed c mem Others Remote sensing result shows no indication of alteration because of alluvial plain Sampling from test well GUKISGHERAML 0 AQLM o 205 A HIATT Y TPA EE ED BUR HA FEDKAA EL DUCUM DU PLETE BE BI TRO OTS RET A h Site No 22 Site Name Tendaho 2 Tendaho Ayrobera Regional State Afar Surveyed Route Fumarole Hot Spring Other Geological Feature Lat N 11 53 26 28 Lon E 41 05 37 76 Surveyed Dat
64. alteration at the volcano inside the caldera however alteration was not found HA L TEXUCE HAZ V Y VT PRA L EBD AW IEIRA EE Photos A 2 6 s Surveyed Route Q Fumarole Hot Spring Other Geological Feature Center Coord WGS84 Lat N 8 21 11 14 Lon E 39 10 41 46 oc c PANT S S gt DG 5 ed MISS S AU D 2d MD EY GR 2 let 7 Weak fumarole from western caldera rim Um Hot Spring Gergedi Hippo Pool se yr 2015 44 A BF Up SEA BE BIA TRO TS RET A 7 h f Site No 14 Site Name Finkilo Aluto 2 Regional State Oromia Satellite Imagery and Route Map Surveyed Route Fumarole Hot Spring Other Geological Feature Center Coord WGS84 Lat N 7 47 38 91 Lon E 38 46 26 72 Surveyed Date esu 21 January 2014 ER tc x by Google Earth Pro http www google com earth General Geology Photos The site is located in Aluto volcanic complex and at the west of Aluto Langano Geothermal site The area is composed of Quaternary rhyolite lavas and pyroclastic rocks of Aluto Volcanics Geological Structure Fault and Others The site is located at slope and terrace area inside the volcanic complex No faults are visible at the site Small crater with fumaroles and outflown obsidian lava was observed at the northern part of the site Manifestation Many fumaroles are ob
65. and accessible to the groups being consulted For a Category A project the borrower provides for the initial consultation a summary of the proposed project s objectives description and potential impacts In addition for a Category A project the borrower makes the draft EA report available at a public place accessible to project affected groups and local NGOs Any separate Category B report for a project proposed for IDA financing is made available to project affected groups and local NGOs Government Laws Section 15 Public participation describes that 1 The Authority or the relevant regional environmental agency shall make any environmental impact study report accessible to the public and solicit comments on it Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation 2002 299 EIA Procedural Guidelines 2003 Section 4 3 describe that the consulting firm needs to ensure that Interested and Affected Parties are provided with all means and facilities e g notice assembly holes reasonable time understandable language fair representation etc enabling them to adequately air their views and concerns Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation 2002 299 EIA Procedural Guidelines 2003 A 4 10 Gaps between JICA Guidelines and Government Laws Public disclosure of the EIA is not specified in the government law or guidelines though the law requires the EIA report needs to be accessible to interested a
66. approximation shown above As mentioned before such explanation that the cut off temperature is included in the equation to exclude fluid of no economic value from the already defined reservoir seems to be illogical and unexplainable The inevitable possibility that drilling wells may fail to produce useful fluid from the reservoir shall be dealt with the recovery factor or probabilistic approaches In addition the cut off temperature Zer in the prevailing method is commented by M A Grant 2014 in such a context that the different approaches also implies unrecognized assumptions about the physical process controlling reservoir depletion The different approaches here means the ones that assign a cut off temperature to 7ep that are derived from the Icelandic practice Our observation on the unrecognized assumptions is that such physical process controlling reservoir depletion seems not to be a matter of T to be expressed in the thermodynamic equation If the temperature of a part of the reservoir is expected to fall down below the cut off temperature during operation period it seems to be logical to reduce the value of either the reservoir volume or the recovery factor or the plant life time for an extreme case 6 2 2 Is the second constant 157 the reference temperature for the power generation cycle a On the other hand from a thermodynamics point of view the equation 33 could possibly be interpreted in such a way that the powe
67. equation 33 in connection with the prevailing method a The approximation constant 157 in equation 33 appears to be the one that is sometimes named as cut off temperature However this has to be named as the plant minimum operation temperature at which the fluid no longer flashes in separator of the assumed separator temperature 151 8 C as described in the previous section 3 2 3 The plant minimum operation temperature is rather a plant related temperature that shall be differentiated from the cut off temperature The cut off temperature is defined as the temperature below which there is no economic value in the fluid the temperature at which wells cease to flow or it becomes uneconomic to pump them This defines the outer limits of the resource M A Grant et al 2011 p 47 Thus the cut off temperature is a reservoir related temperature The plant minimum operation temperature shall not be larger or preferably sufficiently lower than the reservoir related cut off temperature to ensure fluid to flash in the separator From this point the approximation constant 157 in the equation 33 shall not be replaced with reservoir related cut off temperature that has to be separately decided from field observations If the separator temperature should be designed at 180 C for an instance then the second constant in the equation 33 will be 180 however the first constant has to be changed in accordance to the calculation and
68. file Report 2008 1296 describes that the recovery factor R for fracture dominated reservoirs is estimated to range from 0 08 to 0 2 with a uniform probability over the entire range For sediment hosted reservoirs this range is increased from 0 1 to 0 25 S K Garg and J Combs 2010 describes Prior to geothermal energy well drilling and testing it will not in general be possible to obtain any reliable estimates of reservoir thickness and thermal recovery factor Since it may eventually prove impossible to produce fluid from a geothermal energy reservoir the possibility of the thermal recovery factor being zero cannot be discounted during the exploration phase therefore the proper range for thermal recovery factor is from 0 to 0 20 the latter value is believed to be the maximum credible value based on world wide experience with production from liquid dominated reservoirs AGEA compiled by J Lawless 2010 describes In fracture dominated reservoirs where there is insufficient information to accurately characterize the fracture spacing adopt the mean USGS value of 14 or 8 to 20 with a uniform probability over the entire range when used in probabilistic estimates In sedimentary reservoirs or porous volcanic hosted reservoirs of moderate porosity less than 7 on average adopt the mean USGS value of 17 5 or 10 to 25 with a uniform probability over the entire range when used in probabilistic estimate In the case o
69. in the govt law Gaps Between JICA Guidelinesand Government Laws Screening is not recognized by the govt law as a step of resettlement planning Not applicable RP framework are not required by the govt law M uU MRS eR Mechanisms to Bridge Gaps Not applicable In practice it should be done as per the JICA guidelines since the screening format needs to be submitted to JICA when the government requests JICA s assistance The project proponent needs to follow the categorization of JICA Guidelines The project proponent needs to prepare a respective RP for the project which involves resettlement or physical or economic displacement according to the requirements of the JICA guidelines 2015 4E 4 H aO HM E UC AISISEA SB TRO TDI RET A Z A Aspect JICA Guidelinesfor Environmental and Social Consideration April 2010 Alternatives Involuntary resettlement and loss of means of livelihood are to be avoided when feasible by exploring all viable alternatives Social The impacts to be assessed with regard to assessment environmental and social considerations These also include social impacts including migration of population and involuntary resettlement local economy such as employment and livelihood utilization of land and local resources social institutions such as social capital and local decision making institutions existing social infrastructures and services vulnerable social groups
70. of not only underground related parameters R pC V cut off temperature but also aboveground related parameters Tep Tsp Tea with considerations on relations with others as if some of those would be functions of others such considerations however may sometimes not be necessary if the parameters used should be well defined ii Instead we have introduced the equation 11 with clear definitions of the aboveground related key parameters including the flashing process with the typical condenser conditions The proposed method could allow us to examine the underground related parameters rationally being independent from considerations of relations with aboveground related parameters The proposed method will also allow us to avoid possible misleading that may be caused by the prevailing method in the form of the equation 33 iii In any cases it is of paramount importance to use the volumetric method with very careful and prudent examinations and considerations together with clear definitions on the underground related parameters 7 CONCLUSION The USGS method is theoretical but practice with the equations together with Monte Carlo method seems to be laborious the prevailing method is somewhat questionable from theoretical point of view We have herein proposed a rational and practical calculation method for volumetric method for a specific but typical case We would like to recommend to use the equation 25 because the proposed method enab
71. scarp Andesite lava and pyroclastic rocks of Afar Stratoid are observed at the fault scarp Western side is a swampy area where Awash River is flown to the north Geological Structure Fault and Others The site is located along NE SW steep but unclear fault height of fault scarp is approx 200m Quaternary volcanoes of Wonji Group are located at approx 9km east northeast of the manifestation Manifestation Many hot springs are found at the foot of fault scarp distributed within 2km showing Hot sp spring at roadside relationship between the faults and m manifestations Alteration Amorphous quartz Calcite in amygdule and gypsum vain are observed in andesite indicating low hydrothermal alteration Others Remote sensing result indicated the alteration zone at the Quaternary volcanoes however the area is dangerous and difficult to reath them TEREST NEES in mm HA L TEXUCE AJ 2015 4 A HAD Va Y VT PARE EBD AW IEIRA EE Ip pU EJMI BE BI TRO OTS RET A h Zaf FLL h Site No 9 Site Name Dofan Regional State Afar Satellite Imagery and Route Map Surveyed Route Fumarole Hot Spring Other Geological Feature Center Coord WGS84 Lat N 9 22 14 19 Lon E40907 26 81 L i i i Surveyed Date COGE 07 April 2014 i 3 by Google Earth Pro General Geology The site is geologically located at the center of rift valley composing the volcanic mountain Basalt and ande
72. such as Sulfur Potash No natural and historical points Arid and dry land Rain fall 200 300mm Plain topography Exposed sand soil surface Hot springs with relatively big volume of water used for and grazing natural and drinking animals livestock No historical points Located at the top of mountain at higher altitude as compared to Dallol Arid and dry land Very hot environment Rain fall 300 500mm Rugged topography No natural and historical points Harsh environment Arid and dry land with erratic rain fall pattern Rain fall 200 300mm Exposed rock surface with shrub and grass Afar and central natural Located at depression No historical points Socioeconomic conditions Not residential area and no social services Farming or grazing Availability of water resources Pond water 25 30km distance No water resources nearby scarcity all year not safe water shortage of water Not residential area and no social services Availability of resources River Dam Dubti electric Dam water 0 5 2 km distance water availability high not safe water Far from main road Tribal minority conflicts A few unidentified stone tombs are observed Not residential area and no social services Availability of water resources Rain pond water 15km 25km distance April June scarcity not safe water shortage of water water Not residential area and no social services Avai
73. such as poor and indigenous peoples equality of benefits and losses and equality in the development process gender children s rights cultural heritage local conflicts of interest infectious diseases such as HIV AIDS and working conditions including occupational safety Involvement of Appropriate participation by affected stakeholders people and their communities must be HA LE TEICER MALVIYA TRAE ED BUR HA IEDKAA EL World Bank OP4 10 provided assistance during relocation provided with residential housing or housing sites or as required agricultural sites offered transitional support provided with development assistance in addition to compensation Assess all viable alternative project designs to avoid where feasible or minimize involuntary resettlement Through census and socio economic surveys of the affected population identify assess and address the potential economic and social impacts of the project that are caused by involuntary taking of land e g relocation or loss of shelter loss of assets or access to assets loss of income sources or means of livelihood whether or not the affected person must move to another location or involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas Consult project affected persons host communities and local A 4 15 ATA Rest S Government Laws Gaps Between JICA Guidelinesand Mechanisms to Bridge Gaps Government L
74. 000m 6 5 4 WNW SBES 6 3 3 100 ohm m 500m 5 ohm m 0m N S NNE SSW 6 5 5 NNBE SSW 500m 1 000m NM i GL 900m 400m 500m K 6 5 4 pele 6 5 4 Boseti 5 ohm m BLU 800 900m 250 300 C 25
75. 334 Mt Fuel cost AI Benefit av ordeble cost Ine estrene cost 7 Fuel cost 2360 2320 2300 230 230 0 Ki 1 zac 2300 2360 230 0 O amp M cost wt 32 13 1 124 21 12a 1 Aa 242 1 D 2421 242 1 737 242 242 1 242 1 234 9 229 9 299 i 375 2 5 2421 5 2325 BU dE LA Eu ur x A S HE EE EE qu AE AAL LL EL WE FRMNR LED DANY R L Era N7 T EREM PA wet 234 AZ Ww H mx H LK S V H t SIOZ g ojn y ANIH JO uog no e PSV x ureaT 199 OJ VOIL sornog Aluto 5 Babesa Project Geothermal Plan Installed ewpaaty Pimit factor 90 a Stafion use 9 Me Economic life 30 year Generated energy 394 GWh Sales energy 359 GWh Plait construct on 603 1207 Suppl emerial drilling 96 0 0 OT 0 0 00 96 qo oo 0 0 123 0 0 0 0 00 DO 9 6 Do 0 0 0 0 0 0 GO 123 oo LU 00 O00 2 6 603 1207 E 0 0 945 an oo 0 0 0 0 96 00 on DO Do 123 0 0 0 6 0 0 oA 9 Do 0 0 0 0 0 0 vg 123 0 0 0 0 o0 0 0 9 6 641 MW Plant factor 67 Station use 4 Econorme life 15 years Generated energy 373 7 GWh Sales energy 358 7 GWh Unt construction cost 300 SEY Construction cost 509 M3 i207 350 1 603 1207 DI Benefit avoidable cost Investment cost 745 Fud cost OAM ost Total 76 382 5 1 et benefit A527 4825 43136 IEIRR real term 30 7 5 32 51 YEER AULRE EL E xx BE VEYA lt BU dE WE FRMNR LED DAN
76. 424A SEO E T EI AISIEAX EB TRO TDD RET OXYZ A Aspect JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social consideration April 2010 must be dealt with immediately such as restoration after natural disasters or post conflict restoration when it is clear that there is no time to follow the procedures of environmental and social considerations mentioned in the guidelines JICA reports at an early stage to the Advisory Committee for Environmental and Social Considerations on categorization judgment of emergency and procedures to follow and discloses a result JICA Institutio JICA provides support for and nal examinations of the environmental and Capacity social considerations that project proponents etc implement in accordance with Sections 2 and 3 of the guidelines depending on the nature of cooperation projects 1 5 AK LZA HAZ VET Y DRAHE ED ETIRBIAE EXC When the borrower has inadequate legal or technical capacity to carry out key EA related functions such as review of EA environmental monitoring inspections or management of mitigatory measures for a proposed project the project World Bank OP4 10 Government Laws adequacy of country environmental requirements relevant to the project and the proposed EA arrangements for subprojects including the mechanisms and responsibilities for environmental screening and review of EA results Emergency Operations under OP 00 The policy set out in OP
77. 4A SEO E T EI AMIDE RY TF RETESZ h A JICA Guidelines for Environmental World Bank OP4 10 Government Laws Gaps between JICA Mechanisms to Bridge and Social consideration April 2010 Guidelines and Gaps Government Laws conduct its own investigations JICA discloses the results of monitoring conducted by project proponents etc on its website to the extent that they are made public in project proponents etc 3 2 2 2 T Source JICA 2010 Japan International Cooperation Agency JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations World Bank 2012 Operational Policies Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 2002 Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation Environmental Protection Agency 2003 EIA Procedural Guidelines HA LE TEICER A 4 12 2015 4E 4 H 0 ED BUR HA KC SEO E T EI PEJA EE BEA TRO TDD RET OXYZ A Avoid involuntary resettlement Minimize involuntary resettlement Mitigate adverse social impacts AA TL BTKASEE A 4 3 Gaps between Relevant Regulations in Ethiopia JICA Guidelines and World Bank Safeguard Policies Involuntary Resettlement JICA Guidelinesfor Environmental and Social Consideration April 2010 Involuntary resettlement and loss of means of livelihood are to be avoided when feasible by exploring all viable alternatives When after such an examination avoidance is proved unfeasible effective measures to mini
78. 5 R PCV 0 33127 51 911 FL E 0 3312 0 77 0 05 R pCV T 157 FL E 0 26 0 02 R PCV T 157 FL KW 33 The equation 33 shows that the equation 11 of the proposed method has eventually become the same equation form as the equation 6 of the prevailing method Note that the second constant 157 should be the 7 151 8 C as shown in the previous section 3 2 3 the constant 157 here is the one that resulted from the linear approximation shown in the equation 31 6 2 Discussions on the Approximation Equation of the Proposed Method in connection with the prevailing method As the conclusion two constants of the equation 33 are mere the products of the linear approximation therefore any discussions on the equation 33 relating with resource estimations would appear to be meaningless or misleading However step by step discussions would be helpful to reach this conclusion for future possible discussions that may be instigated thereafter we will discuss on possible reasons of the differences between the prevailing method and the USGS method S Takahashi and S Yoshida Nippon Koei Co Ltd Tokyo 6 2 1 Is the second constant 157 the cut off temperature A number of constants have been proposed for the equation 6 of the prevailing method in various references The constants in the equation 33 might be considered to be a variety of the equation 6 of the prevailing method Here are our observations on the
79. A OTD RET A Z h I1 MEE ecm GL 1800m F ohm m 1585 3 1000 631 398 251 158 100 63 40 25 16 Alluvial plam Basaltic rock Fault es m Test Well Drilling Pad NO Co ROC SW NE 7 2 4 Tendaho 2 Ayrobera HAKLETEIUS Ted 2015 4E4 A Jtr v Va Y VT PRAFE ED BU PA FDKAE EE CES EU I EJMI BE BIA TRO M UTMVEREZSMIXZS 7 3 Boseti 7 3 1 Boseti MT TEM 7 3 1 7 3 1 Nazareth E Boseti Bosei Boseti kK Nazareth Wonji eke
80. AR AKIBSBHAH 0000000000000 20158 4H MEAT Y DFY Y TRECERE CE ih FW FERRI FL APPENDIX 1 o EUH BREE SAP TI RET A FZ BR AERO P 4x E pe m lol Exact Place ety 1 T uA Dallol A 1 1 Dallol Boina ASTER HA L TEXUCE A l 1 2015 4E4 A Jin V Y y DIERA IER AW IEIRA FE saae E BIRR EMR CAPL TF RETADE h A TB r A m AD im NE NENNEN GUKISGHERIMEO 0 AL2 205 amp 4 H HAZ V7 Ye IRAE LFA ES E PERAERE CAP TI ARIEL EPR ATE A 1 3 Tendaho Teo Damali Meteka ASTER HA L TEXUCE A 1 3 2015 4E4 A Jin V Y y DIERA IER AW IEIRA FE saae E E A EZR A TK HA L TEXUCE A 1 4 2015 4E4 A Jin V Y y DIERA IER AW IEIRA FE EFFET A BLUE EIER A TIS REZE E2 A A 1 5 ASTER HA L TEXUCE HAZ V Y VT PRA L EBD AW IEIRA EE A 1 5 ia AoA TI a Pp 2015 44 A Ip pU AEIEIMB n XE BE BI TRO OTS REZO XIZ h ar E Cea test Est Fima A 1 6 Dallol Boina PALSAR HH HA L TEXUCE A 1 6 2015 4E4 A MRE ET YSZ AR IE
81. CES EU I EJMI BE BIA TRO TS RET A x h f 6 6 1 MT MT TEM 6 2 22 2 GSE MT TEM 2 5 Tendaho 2 Ayrobera Boseti K 3 2 12 6 3 MT TEM
82. Category B projects JICA encourages project proponents etc to consult with local stakeholders when necessary 2 4 Information about the environmental and social considerations of their projects JICA encourages project proponents etc to disclose and present information about environmental and social considerations to local stakeholders Project proponents etc disclose information well in advance when they have meetings with local stakeholders in cooperation with JICA On these occasions JICA supports project proponents etc in the preparation of documents in an official or widely used language and in a form understandable by local people 2 1 1 6 7 For Category A project JICA publishes the status of host countries submission of major documents on environmental and social considerations on its website Prior to its environmental review JICA also discloses EIA reports and environmental permit certifications 120 days prior to concluding agreement documents JICA discloses a translated version of EIA reports subject to approval by project proponents etc HA L TEICE Haan Va SY TRAE ED BUR BIEI AFE World Bank OP4 10 For meaningful consultations between the borrower and project affected groups and local NGOs on all Category A and B projects proposed for IBRD or IDA financing the borrower provides relevant material in a timely manner prior to consultation and in a form and language that are understandable
83. ED BUR HA FEIKAS EL APPENDIX 5 EIRR LE FHE HMA sz Yr NMA nu sz EM ZT e H ERAL H HU 1 S V T oyepua HAIA Jo uonepjnope psv H t STOT ureaT ofolg VOIL sornog Tendahe 1 Dubtt Projet Geuthermal Plant Installed capacit Pact tsetor Station use Economic ht Generated eftergy Sales erg Conzrudion cost O amp M oos Plar consrodion Supplemental dnlims Plant isctor Station wit Econome hfe Generated energy Sales anergy Un comstuchor cost Cometra ction cost Fuel cost Cox Investment OAM Total Benefit 20 oidahle cad The trent ed Fite cost O amp M cost Tolal Wet benef Annual henL real term st 20 2 price milhon 5 289 MW SO 94 o 30 years 3 206 WE 2 009 Wh 10 Mf 326 3 326 5 351 MW 6 I 4 4 15 yews 20293 GWh 2 000 OWh 300 KW 29882 M1 0171 Wi 0009 SW 3579 138 425 15 285 376 4137443649263 3535 3578 33198 we 88 3767 3767 3670 3644 36 0 0 96 225 35348 3573 wo 13 4052 3767 3956 367 0 357 8 LX 3161 364 4 3570 ies 3167 367 0 A Eu ue KA EYE EHS du 28 AAL LL EL BU dE LE FHE HMA sz Ww Yr DENS Lus HE at Era N7 CH EREM LV 234 AZ Ww H Er LK COV c oj y ANIH JO uog no e TSV x H t STOT ureaT ololg VOIL sornog Aino CF ink Ho Project Geothermal Plaut _ Ins
84. ET OXYZ A Aspect JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social consideration April 2010 Category FI JICA examines the related financial intermediary or executing agency to see whether appropriate environmental and social considerations as stated in the guidelines are ensured for projects in this category EA for Category FI projects JICA examines Special the related financial intermediary or Project executing agency to see whether Types appropriate environmental and social considerations as stated in the guidelines are ensured for projects in this category JICA also examines institutional capacity in order to confirm environmental and social asks advice from the Advisory Committee when it is necessary considerations of the financial intermediary or executing agency and if necessary requires that adequate measures be taken to strengthen capacity The financial intermediary or executing agency examines the potential positive and negative environmental impacts of sub projects and takes the necessary measures to avoid minimize mitigate or compensate for potential negative impacts as well as measures to promote positive impacts if any such measures are available 3 2 1 4 Measures Taken in an Emergency In an emergency which means a case that ARAL ARABSL MALAVI YAPRAK FEL UA SERRA FE World Bank OP4 10 Category FI A proposed is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank funds through a
85. HAD VAT VSPA LED BUR HA KC Hg gp m IS EAE SE BIA VUA OTD RET A Z h Lr ohm m 1585 1000 631 398 251 158 100 63 Lecencd Aliuvial par Basati rock Faut aia dmm s a s 25 16 Test Well Drilling Pad Nw GS 7 3 3 Boseti WNW ESE BST 300A BST 301A BST 302A UJ i T BST 303A UJ BS T 305A BST 306A BST 307A 8 5 m E d a a 7 i p 0d E sm 3 E a E E wem nl AT REPRE xu z uc S 2 als e n Pe E MES I La 1 es T ni T x a cy casui n3 Y in a gt L 0 M SS r ee ee y i Lcx r2 549 Ed 76 4 HI REEL 1 i T Map dk ow ou am dg aro X Ur 9 su eee uw C A E a E lt F I saad PAPC RPSL vcr TZIII NF E 0 1000 2300 3000 4000 5000 8000 7000 8000 Distance m 7 3 4 Boseti HAKLETEIUS 7 8 2015 4E4 A Jtr v Va Y VT PRAFE EB AUR IDKAA EL CES EU EE EJMI EVIE TRO TDS RET A h 7 4
86. Information For projects that will result in large scale Disclose draft resettlement plans Not mentioned in the govt law Information disclosure The project proponent disclosure involuntary resettlement resettlement including documentation of the is not specified in the should follow their own action plans must be prepared and made consultation process in a timely govt law guidelines to ensure full available to the public In preparing a manner before appraisal formally implementation of actions resettlement action plan consultations begin in an accessible place and in a related to information must be held with the affected people and form and language that are disclosure which is required their communities based on sufficient understandable to key stakeholders by the JICA Guidelines information made available to them in advance Monitoring After projects begin project proponents The borrower is responsible for Not mentioned in the govt law Monitoring is not The project proponent etc monitor whether any unforeseeable adequate monitoring amp evaluation of specified in the govt should follow monitoring situations occur and whether the the activities set forth in the law requirements of the JICA performance and effectiveness of resettlement instrument Guidelines such as mitigation measures are consistent with the internal external assessment s prediction They then take monitoring as well as appropriate measures based on the re
87. R 0 05 0 2 or R 0 10 0 25 or R 2 5 times the porosity to a maximum 50 proposed by AGEA 2010 or R 0 03 0 17 0 10 in average proposed by M A Grant 2014 We may adopt different constants for the available thermal energy function and use a different value of 77 when it should become necessary to change separator temperature and or condenser temperature The calculation procedures are given herein the above Once the equations are given in a spreadsheet we can examine as many cases as possible about underground related factors together with the Monte Carlo method 6 DISCUSSIONS Having summarized the proposed calculation method above we continue this paper to examine the relationship between the prevailing method and the proposed method We regard the USGS method the proposed method in the following discussions since the theoretical background of the proposed method is almost same and the both produce similar calculation results 6 1 Deriving of Approximation Equations of the Proposed Method Under the conditions of 7T 2151 8 C and T 40 C Figure 3 implies that the variable term C 7 T in the equation 11 will be a near liner relation with T thus this liner relation is approximated as GT T 0 33127 51 911 liner approximation C 31 With the equation 31 the equation 11 becomes E n R PCV 0 3312 51 911 FL KW 32 This is further reduced as E 0 77 0 0
88. R dwy 4 2 qwa Myy hwa hrg kJ G Wa myy gi ho To Gui 50 kJ or kW 4 for a geothermal reservoir temperature gt 150 C E Wn FL kJ s or kW 5 Where q is reservoir geothermal energy qwr 1s geothermal energy recovered at wellhead T is reservoir temperature 7 is reference temperature To is rejection temperature Kelvin mwy is mass of geothermal fluid produced at wellhead hwy is specific enthalpy of geothermal fluid produced at wellhead er is specific enthalpy of geothermal fluid at reference temperature hy is specific enthalpy of fluid at final state swr 1s specific entropy of fluid at wellhead s is specific entropy of fluid at final state pC is volumetric specific heat of reservoir V is reservoir volume Rg is recovery factor W is available work exergy E is power plant capacity 7 1s utilization factor that includes energy ratio of steam fraction separated from the fluid and exergy efficiency F is power plant capacity factor and L is power plant life While it is said that this is a good approach from theoretical perspectives it includes issues to be discussed when used for liquid dominant geothermal fluid recovered at wellhead S K Garg et al 2011 pointed out that the available work of USGS methodology is a strong function of the reference temperature and that the utilization factor i e ratio of electric energy generated to available work depends on both power g
89. R BUR HA FEDKAA EL Ip pU AE R E BE BI TRO OTS RET A Z h armas Lint Report A 1 7 Danab Arabi PALSAR HH HA L TEXUCE AE7 2015 4E4 A MRE ET YSZ AR IER BUR HA FEDKAA EL Ip pU PJM XE BE BIA TRO OTS REZO XIZ h Fr mh n fg bi r mlah Aube be Hia Cena Tends Fimp rt A 1 8 Tendaho Teo Damali Meteka PALSAR HH HA L TEXUCE A 1 8 2015 4E4 A MRE ET YSZ AR IER BUR HA FEDKAA EL f BF Up PLETE XE BE BIA TRO TS RET A Z h 17 Pike J Bam im Ars carl LIL F rsrareih oki M id Grrirm sz LE Tala EE ES Tb 2015 44 A AA TL BTKABSE MAT VEI YV 2RR LE UR PAFDKAE EL Ip pU PLETE BE BIA TRO OTS REZO XYI Z h LE Mame hh Bei A 1 10 PALSAR HH HA L TEXUCE A 1 10 2015 4E4 A MRE ET YSZ AR IER BUR HA FEDKAA EL APPENDIX 2 LFA ES E PRERAERE CAP TI ARIEL EPR AAT Site Name Tendaho 3 Tendaho Allalobeda Regional State Afar Satellite Imagery and Route Map Legend Surveyed Route Fumarole Hot Spring Oth
90. ST 202 BS720p BST 203 6 4 3 HA L TEXUCE HAZ V Y VT PRA L FED AYR IEIRA EE 39 31E 39 32 E 39 33 E 39 34 E 8 41 N BST 502 BST 503 lt T 504 1506 BST 505 8 40 N BST 402 BST 403 BST 404 _ BST 406 BST 405 8 39 N BST 305 BST 306 BST 205 amp X BST 206 ev BST 204 BST 207 8 38 N BST 208 8 37N 8 36N Boseti 2015 4E4 A EFFET A PIRJE ETHIE FRO 7 FREZE X2 h 700m Elev 1500m Elev 2500m Elev 6 4 4 Ayrobera HA L TEXUCE 6 9 2015 4E4 A HEUTE PBUBESUHEADE IAA TRETT E OOOO TB 50m depth from surface atr d zr ur 500m Elev pE gt FA Om Elev 500m Elev GUKIGHERARRHO 60 205 HE H HAZ V7 Ye IRAE Ino pU AI ll XE BE BI TRO TS RET A h hf 6 5 MT TEM 3
91. V A US USGS 1978 DiPippo Ronald Geothermal Power Plants Principles Applications Case Studies and Environmental Impact 2nd edition Oxford UK Elsevier 2008 ENAA Engineering Advncement Association of Japan Study on Small Scale Geothermal Power Generation and Cascade Use of Geothermal Energy in Japanese Tokyo Japan Japan Oil Gas and Metals Nationla Corporation 2013 ESMAP Energy Sectore Management Assistance Program World Bank Geothermal handbook Planning and Financing Power Generation Washington USA International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 2012 Garg Sabodh K Appropriate Use of USGS Volumetric Heat in Place Method and Monte Carlo Calculations Stanford CA U S Proceedings Thirty Fourth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University 2010 Garg Sabodh K and Jim Combs A Reexamination of USGS Volumetric Heat in Place Method Stanford CA USA Proceedings 36th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University 2011 GeothermEx New Geothermal Site Identification and Qualification California California Energy Commission Public Interest Energy Reserch Program 2004 Grant M A and P F Bixley Geothermal Reservoir Engineering second Edition Oxford UK 359p ELSEVIER 2011 Grant M A Stored heat assessments a review in the light of field experience Geothe Energy Sci 2 49 54 2014 Germany Geothermal Energy Science 2014 Muffler P Cataldi R
92. Wonji faults NNE SSW faults are commonly run through outside of caldera Wonji Basalt was erupted and filled in both calderas some of them Manifestation Very weak fumarole is found at the inside of Kone caldera Alteration No alteration was observed at the host rock Others Remote sensing result shows some clay and chlorite type alterations at surrounded area however alteration zone was not found by survey AC pr 5 a Tra E e VOLO Y Fumarole in Caldera HA L TEXUCE A 2 4 2015 4E4 A Jin V Y y DIERA IER AW IEIRA FE LFA ES E PRERAERR TAP TI ARIEL RP RAB Site No 11 Site Name Nazreth Boku Sodole Regional State Oromia Satellite Imagery and Route Map Other Geological Feature Center Coord WGS84 Lat N 8 26 46 13 Lon E 39 19 39 66 Surveyed Date COIS 27 January 2014 rp ck A by Google Earth Pro General Geology The site is located at the south of Nazreth Adama Rhyolitic volcanic rocks of Priocene are mainly distributed The crescent shape ridge Boko scarp ridge is located at Boko may indicate remnant of caldera structure Geological Structure Fault and Others Wonji faults NNE SSW faults are commonly run through outside of caldera The eastern part of Boko ridge Wonji Basalt is erupted with forming volcanic cones Manifestation Sodole hot spring and Boko fumarole is famous however other manifestation is not common Boko is l
93. Y R L Era NA A M RE PA eS 234 AZ AH mx H LAK H S S V c OdeDuaL HAIA Jo uOeInole S S V H t STOT ureaT ofolg VOIL sornog Economic life Generated energy Sales energy Construction cost Plant construction Supplemental drilling 12077 Abs 402 1307 231 3 402 Economic life Generated energy Sales energy Unit construction cost Construction cost Fud cost 241 3 241 5 Benefit ayoidable cost Investment cost 5 736 Fud cost M3 726 97 A 1007 4 108 A 305 0 0 0 0 00 34 40 1213 BA 1278 123 2 13 1 00 UY 105 13 o0 O00 103 10 5 00 10 5 21 4 6 4 127 8 1173 0 0 oo 0 0 0 0 0 0 121 4 6 4 127 8 127 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1214 64 127 8 1275 10 5 10 5 GQ pa 0 0 0 0 13 1 13 1 0 0 0 0 0c 0 0 0 0 0 0 Do 0 0 10 5 10 5 13 1 13 1 0 0 13 1 1214 64 1278 114 7 06 0 0 6 0 p a 0 0 121 4 6 4 12778 127 8 00 6 0 10 5 10 5 no 00 on 134 U 13 0 0 9 0 9 0 0 0 10 5 10 3 on 0 0 Y 4 HEX EL amp XA SHY EVES AAL LL EL BU dE
94. a regulation prescribes some incentives on the foreign investment such as tax exemption etc including 18 articles in A 4 1 2015 4F 4A cu EB PMAR EE BEA RA I TF AREZ AE Xx h pf No Title No Description Date of Issue Investment Incentives total and Investment Areas Reserved for Domestic Investors The FDRE This law provides the detail procedure such as expropriation Proclamation Payment process and compensation standard are prescribed in the of Compensation for Expropriation of Landholding for Public Purposes and Payment Property Situated on of Compensation Proclamation Proclamation No 455 2005 Landholdins Expropriated for Public Purposes 13 Council of Ministers 135 This regulation provides further detail standard such as Regulation Payment of Y2007 compensation standard for the each expropriating asset Compensation for This prescribes that land expropriation is implemented by local Property Situated on government Woreda or Urban administration exclusively for the Landholdins public purpose and it should be adequately compensated to Expropriated for Public PAPs As the principle of the compensation transferring cost for the asset on the land is compensated for the residential land and 10 times of the annual income which is averaged the incomes in last 5 years is compensated for the farm land The one of the 5 preferable way the regulation prescribes tha
95. all the recovered heat is sent to the separator 20 C for the USGS method 150 C or 180 C for the prevailing method To 40 C for the USGS method condenser temperature Conversion factor 77 0 13 for the prevailing method Utilization factor 77 0 45 for the USGS method Exergy efficiency 7 0 77 for the proposed method The results are given in Figure 3 It shows that the proposed method is in good agreement with the USGS method In addition it gives similar results to the power density the main sequence presented by wilmarth et al 2014 A deviation from the USGS method is Observed at lower side of reservoir temperature This is because that the USGS method adopts a fixed utilization factor whereas the 6 S Takahashi and S Yoshida Nippon Koei Co Ltd Tokyo proposed method adopts the available thermal energy function that is a function of T as shown in Figure 2 This suggests that the utilization factor may have to be smaller than 0 45 when reservoir temperature is lower though its impact will be negligible On the other hand the Figure 3 shows that the prevailing method is considerably different from both of the proposed method and USGS method We calculated the electric capacity by the proposed method for the four cases of recovery factors of R 0 08 0 12 0 15 and 0 20 The other parameters remain same as above The results are shown in Figure 4 It demonstrates that selection of the reco
96. an established by the urban administration to hear grievances related to urban landholdings and c The organ referred to in Sub Article 2 of this Article shall examine the compliant and give its decision within such short period as specified by directives issued by the region and communicate its decision to the parties in writing d A party dissatisfied with a decision rendered in accordance with Sub Article T and 3 of this Article may appeal as may be appropriate to the regular appellate court or municipal appellate court within 30 days from the date of the decision The decision of the Gaps Between JICA Guidelinesand Government Laws Grievance redness mechanism at the project level i e field and headquarters levels is not specified ATA TA es wal S Mechanisms to Bridge Gaps JICA Guidelines WB OP 4 12 The project proponent needs to establish the grievance redress mechanism within the project especially at the field level and headquarters levels as per the international practice which is also required by the JICA Guidelines 2015 4E 4 fH SEO E T EI Bem TOM PES AIBIIBEUX EYE XA M TDI RET AD eZ h ZFA TA bR R Aspect JICA Guidelinesfor World Bank OP4 10 Government Laws Gaps Between JICA Mechanisms to Bridge Environmental and Social Guidelinesand Gaps Government Laws Consideration April 2010 court shall be final Proclamation 455 2005
97. aws Not mentioned in the govt law Alternative The project proponent considerations are not needs to consider required by the govt alternatives to minimize law the scale of the impact according to requirements of the JICA guidelines The project proponent Not mentioned in the govt law Social assessment is not required by the govt needs to conduct the social assessment for the RP of the project which involves resettlement or law for land acquisition physical or economic displacement according to requirements of the JICA guidelines Not mentioned in the govt law Public consultation is The project proponent not required by the govt needs to conduct adequate 2015 4E 4 H aO HM E UC AISISEA SB TRO TDI RET A Z A JICA Guidelinesfor Environmental and Social Consideration April 2010 promoted in the planning implementation Aspect and measures to prevent the loss of their means of livelihood Existing social The impacts to be assessed with regard to and cultural environmental and social considerations institutions These also include social impacts including social institutions such as social capital and local decision making institutions existing social infrastructures and services vulnerable social groups such as poor and indigenous peoples Definition of People who must be resettled involuntarily displaced and people whose means of livelihood will persons ARAL ARABSL Mcr VAT Y TRAE FED
98. by JICA must be supplied by project proponents etc by appropriate means including in writing When necessary JICA may also HA L TEICER HAD Va KY Ve TRASH EBD AURA FETKAA EL World Bank OP4 10 The borrower reports on a compliance with measures agreed with the Bank on the basis of the findings and results of the EA including implementation of any EMP b the status of mitigatory measures and c the findings of monitoring programs The Bank bases measures set out in the legal agreements any EMP and other project documents Government Laws Gaps between JICA Guidelines and Government Laws Section 8 I Environmental Impact Study Details of monitoring Report requires 1 procedures of self requirements are not auditing and monitoring during discussed in the law or implementation and operation guidelines Section 12 Implementation Monitoring states that the Authority or the relevant regional environmental agency shall monitor the implementation of an authorized project in order to evaluate compliance with all commitments made by and obligations imposed on the proponent during authorization Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation 2002 299 EIA Procedural Guidelines 2003 A 4 11 Mut 90 Mechanisms to Bridge Gaps Since JICA needs to disclose the monitoring results of Category A project at JICA s Website this needs to be complied by the project proponent 2015 42
99. cial Impact Assessment Geological and Geochemical 3 9 2 EEGeD 9 2 1 Ethiopian Enterprise for Geothermal Energy Development EEGeD EEGeD e x at xX D E A 4 YN V EEGeD EEGeD
100. clude informal occupants Special The project proponent resettlement rehabilitati needs to provide additional on assistance for the assistance to the vulnerable vulnerables is not groups as per the JICA described in the govt Guidelines law No significant gap is Not applicable observed Capacity building is not The project proponent mentioned in the govt needs to pay attention to law capacity building of the person in charge of involuntary resettlement as proposed in the RAP which is required by the 2015 4E 4 fH ARRETE PPTA GFE FAP ZI REZE xZ h Aspect JICA Guidelinesfor World Bank OP4 10 Environmental and Social Consideration April 2010 Grievance Appropriate and accessible grievance A grievance redress mechanisms for procedures mechanisms must be established for the simplicity accessibility affordability affected people and their communities and accountability AALER A 4 18 ER EFIRBIDE I TU T Government Laws Section 11 Complaints and Appeals in Relation states a rural areas and in an urban center where an administrative organ to hear grievances related to urban landholding is not yet established a complaint relating to the amount of compensation shall be submitted to the regular court having jurisdiction b Where the holder of an expropriated urban landholding is dissatisfied with the amount of compensation he may lodge his complaint to the administrative org
101. d only at the fumaroles points indicates very low alteration Others Remote sensing result matched the fumaroles area in Bobesa Fumaroles from the fractures HA L TEXUCE A 2 8 2015 4E4 A Jin V Y y DIERA IER AW IEIRA FE Ip pU PJM XE BE BIA TRO TS RET A Z h Site No 18 Site Name Boseti Regional State Oromia Satellite Imagery and Route Map Surveyed Route Fumarole Hot Spring Other Geological Feature Center Coord WGS84 Lat N 11 38 34 29 Lon E41900 58 70 Surveyed Date Google zu 12 April 2014 WA ea 1 by Google Earth Pro General Geology Photos The site is located at the north of Boseti mountain Boseti bericha The area was consisted of basaltic lavas of Wonji Basalt which was covered by obsidian lava flows outpoured by Boseti Geological Structure Fault and Others Wonj Fault NNE SSW faults are commonly developed the area forming sharp scarps Boseti mountains coincide with NNE SSW faults and some obsidian lavas outpoured through the open faults Manifestation Some fumaroles are observed along Wonji Fault in northern part Kintano of Boseti Bericha mountain Overview 2 4 Alteration Altered clay was observed only at the fumaroles points indicates very low alteration Others Remote sensing result shows some clay and chlorite type alterations at the eastern foot of the mountain however no alteration was found by sur
102. dam HAD A TY TRABE LE UREA IDK EL Tututi Boku Gedemsa Natural and geological conditions Good environment Arid and dry land with erratic rain fall pattern Rain fall 200 300 mm Closer to Awash River Relatively flat plain topography Surrounded by intensively cultivated land and state farm Sulfur deposits are reported in the area No natural and historical points Good environment Lower to Kola climatic condition Rain fall 500 900 mm Flat plain topography Constantly increasing water covers large surface area of the prospect site Beseka lake Intensively cultivated land and sugar factories Hot spring for bathing No natural and historical points Good environment Hot spring for healing No natural and historical points Good environment Moist Wena Dega climatic conditions More than 900 mm rain fall Flat topography Dense shrub land and intensively cultivated land Suitable soil for agriculture Water body called Koka lake is available in the surrounding No natural and historical points Socioeconomic conditions Relatively a few people settled but no social Services Availability of water resources River water 0 5 km distance water availability high not safe water History of tribal minority conflict Not residential area and no social services Far from villages the surrounding area is used for common grazing Availability of water resources lake water 0 5 1 km di
103. dition of 7 in this context it is clear that the utilization factor 7 was intended to include the steam energy ratio against the recovered energy and the exergy efficiency On the other hand it appears not to be clear what efficiencies are included in the conversion factor 7 because inclusion of the T of much higher temperature in the equation 6 makes the thermodynamic implication of the equation ambiguous Thus we consider that the prevailing method might be an empirical method based on field wisdom that attempts to assess electric capacity of geothermal reservoir that produces liquid dominate fluid at wellhead by modifying the concept of the USGS method This is further discussed in the section 6 of this paper Instead we herein propose a rational and practical method that defines the aboveground related key parameters that reflects the steam liquid separation process in the calculations that can be used with the Monte Carlo method also The proposed method enables us to select a reference temperature a recovery factor and a conversion utilization factor rationally and independently and separately from consideration of the steam liquid separation process that results in clearer understanding of the resource estimation 2 INTRODUCTION OF AVAILABLE THERMAL ENERGY FUNCTION c We begin our explanation with turbine side because our primary interest lies on electrical power generation and for that reason here includes the key point of thi
104. ds Risks infectious disease such as Topography and geographic features a oe E 2 ITendaho 3 Allalobeda WwW W 3 Bom S J 4 Damai J j Spo tw Ff 1 reis Besas E Bpi kekk a aeaa Source JICA Study Team Note The possible impacts rated as B are counted HA L TEIUCE A 4 24 2015 4 A HAZ Da PVT PRA E ED BUR HA FIEDKAA EL EPET E ASIE ETHIE V AE I IRET A of Appendix 4 7 A4 6 Potential Impact at Activities at Project Phase Construction Operation Phase No Planning Designing Phase Likely Impacts e en e S gt E O o o e power plant o c S l sug E 8 O oN Change of land use for Well drilling and testing Land Clearing Facility construction e D m A 5 op O lt Social Environment resettlement Living and Livelihood ee 3 Land and Ss suum local B Lee B B resources rn The poor indigenous EA and ethnic people Local conflicts JRA interests Water usage or water rights and rights of em Hazards Risks t Lm D infectious disease such as HIV AIDS Torang Conditions Natural Environment geographic i B
105. e Crea e cant 14 April 2014 9 by Google Earth Pro General Geology Photos The site 1s located at the center of Manda Hararo Graven and the north of Dubti Layered basalt and andesite lava pyroclastic rocks and volcanic sediments of Afar Stratoid are observed 1 4Ma by V Accolela et al 2008 Geological Structure Fault and Others The site is located at the side between basalt hills and alluvial plain NW SE faults are commonly developed in basalt hills Manifestation Ten 10 or more fumaroles are found along NW SE direction Fumaroles are spout out SuSE oe a a directly from the ground In alluvial plain fumaroles points originate many mounds Alteration No alteration was found Others Remote sensing result shows no indication of alteration AA L TEXUCE AD 12 2015 4 A HHA VV a NS TT ES IR EKIDH APPENDIX 3 PROCEEDINGS Thirty Ninth Workshop on Geothermal energy Reservoir Engineering Stanford University Stanford California January 26 28 2015 SGP TR 204 A Rational and Practical Calculation Approach for Volumetric Method Shinya Takahashi Satoshi Yoshida Nippon Koei Co Ltd 5 4 Kojimachi Chiyoda ku Tokyo 102 8539 Japan TAKAHASHI SH n koei jp YOSHIDA ST G n koei jp Keywords volumetric method typical power cycle process steam liquid separation process adiabatic heat drop
106. e pC 0 9 C p 9C pp kJ kg C 12 Where C is specific heat of reservoir rock matrix C is specific heat of reservoir fluid p is density of reservoir rock matrix and py is density of reservoir fluid E Tex dtb dtb a n Separator z Ra n T T 3 Isp Steam a 5 EEEE Turbine D O Condenser Gr pCV T Tief Reservoir Figure 1 Simplified single flash power plant schematic The available thermal energy function in the equation 11 exclusively includes the thermal energy of the steam fraction only that is used for power generation By introducing the available thermal energy function c to the volumetric method calculation we can limit our considerations about utilization factor or conversion factor to turbine generator related matters and we can also limit our considerations about recovery factor to underground phenomenon Thereby the proposed method enables a rational assessment of electrical capacity of a geothermal reservoir by rationally defined parameters of the equations of the volumetric method 3 INTRODUCTION OF READILY CALCULABLE EQUATIONS FOR In this section we will describe the procedure of how we obtain calculable equations of the available thermal energy function C and thereafter we will introduce approximation equations of the available thermal energy function C for practical uses as direct functions of a reservoir temperature T 3 1 Assumptions We assume
107. enerating system and reference temperature On the other hand the AGEG Geothermal energy Lexicon compiled by J Lawless 2010 described that recovery factor of the USGS method rejects both the fraction of heat below commercially useful temperature and fraction of unrecoverable heat when used for liquid dominant geothermal fluid These and other relevant references we reviewed suggest that we should examine utilization factor and or recovery factor in connection with both of liquid steam separation process and reference temperature when we use the USGS method for a flash type power cycle using liquid dominant geothermal fluid The determination of these parameters with considerations on the relations among these will require proper and deep understandings of geothermal generation system In addition we observe that the equation 1 to 4 appear to be imbalancing because the equations 1 to 3 include two reference related parameters Tef Aref whereas the exergy equation 4 does not include reference related parameters in the square bracket We also observe that the calculations using the USGS equations that include variable T dependent parameters hwy Suw with S Takahashi and S Yoshida Nippon Koei Co Ltd Tokyo Monte Carlo simulations would be laborious Thus we consider that the USGS method would not be easily applicable for assessment of electric capacity of a geothermal reservoir with Monte Carlo simulations In place of the USGS m
108. eothermal liquid produced at wellhead 3 2 2 Thermal energy at the inlet of the turbine qipa The thermal energy at turbine inlet should be the thermal energy of dry steam separated at separator from fluid recovered at wellhead The following equations give the mass of the steam fraction separated at separator and to be sent to turbine Msps Q sps Wig 1 kg 14 Apy T wn hy s E hy L 15 Where m is mass of steam fraction separated at separator a s is ratio of steam mass fraction separated at separator hsp is specific enthalpy of liquid fraction separated at separator and Asp sis specific enthalpy of steam fraction separated at separator From the above the thermal energy at turbine inlet is given by dibin MN sp 5 hs A sps MH 7 hs kJ 16 3 2 3 Thermal energy immediately after the turbine g ec The dry steam in turbine is losing its thermal energy and becomes wet steam when exhausted from turbine The adiabatic heat drop concepts explains this process The following equation gives the dryness quality of the wet steam immediately after turbine xX Or Se Sea ug 17 Where y is quality of steam dryness of steam S s is entropy of steam fraction at separator 5 is entropy of liquid fraction at condenser and Sq s is entropy of steam fraction at condenser Then the enthalpy of the wet steam is given by h tbout SL hoa us hax kJ kg 18 Where hpou st ls Spec
109. er Thereby we obtained the following approximation equation Ney 0 163897 In T j Tg 0 001766 0 05 23 Where Tp n is temperature of turbine inlet and T q is temperature of condenser The graphical scatter plot showed large variations we therefore added a distribution range of 0 05 This is because the actual efficiencies of turbine generator system depend on many factors that include the efficiency of basic power plant design resource temperature concentrations of dissolved gases in the reservoir fluid the condition of plant maintenance and so on Nevertheless and for that reason the approximation equation 22 reflects actual conditions and therefore applicable for the calculation of the volumetric method S Takahashi and S Yoshida Nippon Koei Co Ltd Tokyo For our case of 7 151 8 C T 4 40 C Ne 9 77 0 05 24 3 3 About Recovery Factor R There are a number of references that discussed on the recovery factor M A Grant 2014 recently pointed out that the past values of recovery factor have been in all cases high in comparison with actual performance We herein refer to some of the papers we examined GeothermEx 2004 describes Based on our assessment of more than 100 geothermal energy sites around the world we have found it more realistic to apply a recovery factor in the range of 0 05 Min to 0 2 Max without application of a most likely value C F Williams et al USGS open
110. er Geological Feature Center Coord WGS84 Lat N 11 38 34 29 Lon E41 00 58 70 Surveyed Date KONGE 12 April 2014 39 by Google Earth Pro General Geology The site is located at the western edge of Manda Hallaro Graven Layered basalt and andesite lava of Afar Stratoid are observed 1 4Ma by V Accolela et al 2008 Geological Structure Fault and Others The site is located along NW SE marginal fault of Manda Halaro Graven associated with minor faults The height of fault scarp is approx 200m Manifestation More than 20 hot springs and geysers are found along NW SE marginal fault within 1 km diameter showing definite relationship between the faults and manifestations Whitish gray amorphous silica is deposited around the springs Alteration No alteration was observed at the host rock Others Remote sensing result shows no indication of alteration due to no alteration minerals were found HA L TEXUCE AQ 2015 4 A HAD Va Y VT PARE EBD AW IEIRA EE bs bo AE SE BIA TARO OTD RET A Z h Site No 7 Site Name Meteka Regional State Afar Satellite Imagery and Route Map Surveyed Route Fumarole Hot Spring Other Geological Feature Center Coord WGS84 Lat N 9559 18 78 Lon E40 32 56 33 Surveyed Date Wesitgs 08 09 April 2014 i fee by Google Earth Pro General Geology Photos The site is located at the steep fault
111. es and found that the mean success rate was 68 At early stages of exploitation the rate varies in a range from 20 to 60 approximately If the average drilling success rate should be considered for a resource estimation the resultant recovery factor would be R 0 12 x 68 0 08 with this R 0 08 the USGS method will come close to the prevailing method of 752150 C as shown in Figure 4 M A Grant 2014 strongly pointed out the past values of R have been all cases too high an average value of R 0 10 should be used ui On the other hand the prevailing method even with R 0 25 is reported to be in good agreement with actual performance Sarmiento et al 2007 Thus it may allow localized non productive zones to be included within the reservoir by adopting amended constants to the places of the first and second constants of the equation 33 to calibrate the results to the actual performance However again it shall not be the constants of the equation 33 but the underground related parameters such as R V and or others that shall be examined In other words the calculation form of the equation 33 may have falsely diverted our attentions from the underground related parameters to the aboveground related parameters or the approximation constants in the approximation equations 6 4 Closing discussion i All those may be resultants from usage of ambiguously defined parameters which may has allowed practitioners to adopt various values
112. ethod the different method is being used by many prevailing references for geothermal resource estimations We name this different method the prevailing method The equation of the prevailing method is given as follows E Rone PCV T Te CFL kJ s or kW 6 Where y 1s named as conversion factor The core term pCV T T ef in the equation 6 is exactly the same as the equation 1 of the USGS method The theoretical concept however appears to be quite different The prevailing method adopts much higher temperatures such as 150 C 180 C or others to the reference temperature 7 5 while the USGS method defines that the reference temperature 7 for all cycles is chosen as 15 C i e the average ambient temperature of the USA and the rejection temperature as 75240 C i e a typical condenser temperature in the calculation of available work W of the equation 4 The reference temperature in the prevailing method is sometimes named as the abandonment temperature The prevailing method is said to be derived from P lmason G et al 1985 in Icelandic There seems however to have been variations in slecting the temperature AGEG 2010 refers to various cases It is explained sometimes in such a way that it adopts a separator temperature to the reference temperature to exclude the geothermal energy to be abandoned as liquid form that is separated from fluid at separator Here a question arises on how the equatio
113. exergy efficiency available thermal energy function ABSTRACT The USGS volumetric method together with Monte Carlo simulations is widely used for assessing the electrical capacity of a geothermal reservoir However the USGS method appears not to be easily usable with the probabilistic method On the other hand some of prevailing references practice the volumetric method calculations differently from the USGS method in many cases rational explanations are not necessarily provided Instead we herein propose a rational and practical calculation method by reflecting both the steam liquid separation process at separator and the adiabatic heat drop process at turbine together with a rational temperature at condenser that can be used with Monte Carlo method also The proposed method enables us to assess electrical capacity by clearly and rationally defined parameters for the equations resulting in clearer understandings of the electrical capacity estimation of a geothermal reservoir The proposed method shows an approximate agreement with the USGS method but gives larger estimation results than the ones given by the prevailing calculation method This might be attributed to how underground related parameters should be estimated 1 INTRODUCTION USGS Muffler L J P Editor 1978 introduced the stored heat method for assessing the electrical capacity of a geothermal reservoir The equations for the methods are as follows q pCV Gr T K 1
114. f sedimentary or porous volcanic hosted reservoir of exceptionally high average porosity over 7 adopt the empirical criterion of recovery factor 2 5 times the porosity to a maximum of 50 M A Grant 2014 pointed out that there are a wide range of recovery factors 3 17 96 covers the entire range of observed results This indicates that any result is subject to an error of at least a factor of 2 or alternatively 7096 One conclusion is immediate past recovery factors have been too high and comparison with actual performance show that an average value of 10 should be used The decision on what values should be chosen is left to professionals in charge that depends on the site conditions past experiences and or degrees of diagnostic confidence Note that the proposed method enables that the recovery factor can be determined independently from both the liquid steam separation process and conversion process of thermal energy to electric energy 4 EXAMINATIONS OF THE RESULTS We calculated electric powers per km power density by three different methods of the USGS method the proposed method and the prevailing method for a comparison purpose with the following parameters C 1 0 kJ kg C p 2750 kg m C 5 0 KJ kg C p 790 kg m V m km Reservoir thickness 2 k m F 09 H L 30 years to be converted to second when applied R 0 12 H T ref 0 01 C h 0 kJ kg for the proposed method assuming
115. financial intermediary in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental impacts Sector Investment Lending SIL During the preparation of each proposed subproject the project coordinating entity or implementing institution carries out appropriate EA according to country requirements and the requirements of this policy The Bank s judging criteria are as follows a screen subprojects b obtain the necessary expertise to carry out EA c review all findings and results of EA for individual subprojects d ensure implementation of mitigation measures including where applicable an EMP e monitor environmental conditions during project implementation of Financial Intermediary Lending FI The Bank requires that each FI screen proposed subprojects and ensure that subborrowers carry out appropriate EA for each subproject In appraising a proposed FI operation the Bank reviews the Government Laws Gaps between JICA Guidelines and Government Laws Category FI is not mentioned but the EA for the FI is not emergency operations are categorized described under Schedule 3 of the list of projects does not require the EIA Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation 2002 299 EIA Procedural Guidelines 2003 A 4 7 Mut 90 Mechanisms to Bridge Gaps For Category FI projects the sub project developer should adhere to the policies of the lending agencies and usually requires the EIA framework 2015
116. hey are not included in the sectors characteristic or areas on the list Sensitive Characteristics 1 Large scale involuntary resettlement Resettlement For projects that will result in large scale plan involuntary resettlement resettlement action plans must be prepared and made available to the public In preparing a resettlement action plan consultations must be held with the affected people and their communities based on sufficient information made available to them in advance HA LETEICER HAV SFIS TL ED BUR HA KC World Bank OP4 10 Government Laws with this Proclamation and provide them with rehabilitation support to the extent possible Proclamation 455 2005 The Bank also requires early screening in resettlement planning The Bank classifies the proposed project into one of four environmental categories A B C and FI depending on the type location sensitivity and scale of the project as well as the nature and magnitude of its potential impacts To cover the direct social and economic impacts that that are caused by the involuntary taking of land and or the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas the borrower will prepare a resettlement plan RP or resettlement policy framework The RP or framework will include measures to ensure that the displaced persons are A 4 14 Not mentioned in the govt law Not mentioned in the govt law Not mentioned
117. i and S Yoshida Nippon Koei Co Ltd Tokyo 120 C 140 C 160 C and 180 C then electric energy produced at turbine generator system will be E 0 95 E 1 00 E 0 98 and E 0 88 respectively R Dipippo 2008 shows similar results We assume typical values for the other factors as follows Condenser temperature 7T 40 0 C a typical temperature of condenser The results are shown in Figure 2 It confirms that the can be expressed as functions of the reservoir temperate T The form of the approximation equation is given below C 0 000000012777 0 00001249007 0 00465438067T 0 4591082158 21 The curve of the equation 21 is shown in the Figure 2 It shows the available heat function will be zero when the reservoir temperature equals to the separator temperature T 151 8 C At this state the recovered fluid no longer flashes in the separator This temperature shall be the plant minimum operation temperature for a flash type system that 1s defined only by separator temperature Note this should be differentiated from cut off temperature that should define the spatial outer limits of the reservoir C7 do in 5 tb out dx 18 single flash 16 1496 1296 4 10 4 8 6 4 z 2 0 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 Reservoir Temperature C Figure 2 Calculation results of against various reservo
118. ific enthalpy of wet steam immediately after turbine 1 is specific enthalpy of liquid fraction at condenser and h q sis specific enthalpy of steam fraction at condenser Since the same mass as that of the dry steam is exhausted out of turbine the thermal energy immediately after turbine is given by m kJ 19 dibout Msp hibou E asp WH Pibo 3 2 3 The available thermal enerey function Replacing the variables of the equation 9 with the equations 13 16 and 19 gives the following equation G zz Asp hs Pp hyve s 20 With the equation above we can obtain specific values of the by giving the enthalpies 3 2 3 Introduction of approximation equations of G for practical uses Calculation using the variables in the equation 20 for each reservoir temperature is laborious and not readily usable with the Monte Carlo Method We will then introduce approximation equations of the 6 from the calculation results of the five typical reservoir temperatures i e 180 C 200 C 250 C 300 C and 340 C For the calculation we assume that the separator pressure is 5 bar 151 8 C because the produced electrical power would be maximum when the separator pressure is around 4 bar to 5 bar Let us assume the power generation is E 1 00 when the separator temperature is 150 C A simplified calculation for various separator temperatures gives the following results i e when the separator temperature is 4 S Takahash
119. ir temperatures 3 3 Selection of Conversion Factor Turbine generator efficiency Exergy Efficiency 7 We have started the electric capacity calculation with the equation 7 The coefficient 7 should therefore be defined as Mex VECFL my ibin Mrbou 22 Note that this coefficient yey is the functional exergy efficiency DiPippo 2008 p 240 that is different from both the utilization factor 5 defined in the equation 5 of the USGS method and the conversion factor 7 in the equation 6 of the prevailing method the utilization factor will include the energy ratio of steam separated from the fluid and exergy efficiency the conversion factor may include the energy ratio of steam separated from the fluid Carnot efficiency and exergy efficiency the conversion factor of the prevailing method is not necessarily clearly defined because the method appears not to be explainable from thermodynamic point of view For the parameters in the right side of the equation 22 we examined the 189 existing geothermal power stations all over the world which are listed in the booklet ENAA 2013 in Japanese thereafter we calculated each exergy efficiency defined by the equation 22 In the calculation steam dryness was also considered immediately after the turbine After the calculation we examined the correlation between the exergy efficiencies and the temperature drops 7 7 between turbine inlet and condens
120. is used to predict and manage the identified undertaken by project proponents etc to preventive measures over mitigatory environmental effects which a proposed avoid or minimize development projects or compensatory measures whenever development activity as a result of its design impacts on the environment and local feasible sitting construction operation or an ongoing communities and to prevent the one as a result of its modification or occurrence of unacceptable adverse termination entails and thus helps to bring impacts 1 4 about intended development and assessment of possible impacts on the environment prior to the approval of a public instrument provides an effective means of harmonizing and integrating environmental economic cultural and social considerations into a decision making process in a manner that promotes sustainable development Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation 2002 299 HA L TEICER A 4 4 2015 4E 4 H HA Da TY MT CEA ED BUR HA FEDKAA EL SEO E T EI AEM AE ULVHEHTRA ddl i CR Aspect JICA Guidelines for Environmental World Bank OP4 10 Government Laws Gaps between JICA Mechanisms to Bridge and Social consideration April 2010 Guidelines and Gaps Government Laws Criteria Environmental and social EA takes into account the natural Section 2 Definitions specify that Impact Less focus on social The project proponent of EA considerations means considering environment air wa
121. istrator Health Expert Disease Prevention Expert MSH Head Health Expert Nurse Boseti Boseti Alolbeda Dulech Gedemsa Arabi Boku Boku Boku Zeway Nurse MCH Expert Disease Prevention Expert Tegegne Biftu Fassika Terefe Mohamod Ali Abdela Oliso Biruk Fekede Anwar Awol Kedir Awol Aychew Gedefa Family Health Expert Zeway Metehara Bahri Asayta Family Health Expert Rur Water amp Sanitation Expert Water amp Energy Head Irrigation Expert Gewane Culture and Tourism Office Abdulwad Kasim Hamid Wolo Tadele Gemechu Elias Tirkiso Jafar Jemal Commu And Info officer Commu Desk Head Tourism Culture Rese Officer Zeway Dubti Gewane Dulecha Nazreth Cul Tour Commu Head Project Plan Head Education Office Abdurahman Arin Hassan Bereken Arabi Arabi Nazreth Nazreth Boseti Exoert Desk Head Expert Project Plan Head Human Resource Head Bati Girma Jafar Jemal Jemal Gededa Birhanu Yimer Boseti Bahri Zeway Human Resource Head Educ Quality Head Expert Mulugeta Tulu Gemechu Jemo Draro Expert Zeway Shugete Gunechu Tibebe Qumbi Guro Gobe Biruk Nigussie Expert Zeway Expert Educ Officer Head Educ Expert Zeway Zeway Gewane Finance Economy and Divt Office Finance and Eco Expert Animal Market Officer Finance Officer Gri Input Expert Crop production Expert Extension Worker HA LE TESZ A 4 26 2015 4F 4 H HAS eV aT Y TRALEE ER AREIA HL
122. lability of resources safe water water River water not A 4 20 Accessibility Road Accessible 7km sandy road construction required Accessible About 12km sandy road construction required Poor accessibility About 40km rugged rocky and sandy require construction of road Far from main electrical grid Difficult to access Far main electrical grid from Status of geothermal development Technical studies or scientific investigation at pre feasibility level Surface exploration level is lower No practical activities are currently observed on the sites The site is used for salt production Technical studies or scientific investigation at pre feasibility level Surface exploration level is lower WB plans development The site is either bared or used for grazing Technical studies or scientific investigation at pre feasibility level Surface exploration level is lower No practical activities are currently observed on the sites The site 1s either bared or used for grazing Technical studies or scientific investigation at pre feasibility level Surface exploration level is lower No practical activities are currently observed on the sites The site 1s either bared or used for grazing PRA Tp Appendix 4 5 Potential Impact Social Natural e Gas emission H5S e Water pollution e Change in land use Social e Dispossession of grazing land Natural
123. les us to assess electrical capacity by clearly and rationally defined parameters for the equations thereby we could examine the underground related parameters resulting in clearer understandings of the electrical capacity estimation of a geothermal reservoir Once clearer assessment with the specific but typical conditions of the aboveground parameters has been made one could extend assessments with other conditions of the aboveground parameters for comparisons If the aboveground related parameters 7 and or Yu should be changed to suit a particular field condition we could modify the constants of the available energy function We have also derived the simplified equation 33 that appears to be the same form of the prevailing method and provides us with a simple calculation procedure It however masks its theoretical background completely which may hinder us from proper and deeper understanding of underground related parameters to be used for the volumetric estimation This may mislead us to unnecessary considerations and or discussions on the virtual conversion factor and or virtual reference temperature of the virtual power plant virtualized by the equation 33 We therefore would like to recommend to avoid using this equation 33 Finally very careful and prudent examinations and considerations shall be required for determination of underground related factors in particular R and or V If estimation results by the proposed method sh
124. mal energy function enables us to include the steam liquid separation process in the yi S Takahashi and S Yoshida Nippon Koei Co Ltd Tokyo calculation equations rationally which further enables us to examine the underground related parameters separately and independently from the aboveground related parameters i e the recovery factor and turbine generator efficiency exergy efficiency can be selected independently without consideration on steam liquid separation process thereby the proposed method realizes rational and practical calculations of geothermal resources of liquid dominant geothermal field that can used with the Monte Carlo method We hereunder summarize the proposed method for a practical use Assuming saturated single phase geothermal liquid of temperature T C at wellhead 7 151 8 C and 7 40 C the following equations for the volumetric method will give an estimation result of electricity capacity of a liquid dominant geothermal reservoir if the underground related parameters are properly selected E n GR CV T T CFL kW 25 where pC 0 9 C p PC Ps kJ m C 26 C 0 00000001277 0 0000124900T 0 00465438067 0 4591082158 27 T 0 01 C 28 n 0 77 0 05 29 R 0 05 0 2 proposed by GeothermEx 2004 30 or R 0 08 0 2 or R 0 1 0 25 proposed by C F Williams 2008 or R 0 0 2 proposed by S K Garg et al 2010 or
125. mize impact and to compensate for losses must be agreed upon with the people who will be affected People who must be resettled involuntarily and people whose means of livelihood will be hindered or lost must be sufficiently compensated and supported by project proponents etc in a timely manner HAD Va Y MT RARE FAEERE EXCEL World Bank OP4 10 Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible Minimize involuntary resettlement by exploring all viable alternative project designs Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement resettlement activities should be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons displaced by the project to share in project benefits A 4 13 Government Laws Not mentioned in the govt law though in Ethiopia land belongs to the State and people can only own usufruct rights over land FDRE Constitution Not mentioned in the govt law though in Ethiopia land belongs to the State and people can only own usufruct rights over land FDRE Constitution Article 44 No 2 of FDRE Constitution states that All persons who have been displaced or whose livelihoods have been adversely affected as a result of state programs have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of compensation including relocation with adequate state assistance Article 44 No 2 of FDRE Constitution Section 13 Re
126. n distinguishes the steam and the liquid both separated in the separator at the same temperature thereafter the liquid is to be abandoned whereas the steam to be used Another application is that a cut off temperature is sometimes selected It would be conceived that the cut off temperature is included in the equations to exclude non economically valuable fluid produced from the reservoir that has already been delineated by practitioners where the cut off temperature is understood as the one that defines the outer limit of the reservoir Here another question arises on why the cut off temperature should be included in the equation if the outer limit of the reservoir has already been defined by the cut off temperature to exclude non economically valuable fluid Both cases above seem to be illogical The other different point is that the prevailing method adopts the conversion factor ye ranging from 0 13 to 0 16 approximately while the USGS method recommends 0 4 0 45 to the utilization factor 7 defined by the equation 5 Obiter the equation 6 appears to be nothing but expressing a thermodynamic process the term R pCV T Tef T 20 C and T 20 C are assumed here is the recovered heat energy that is made available when the temperature of fluid changes from T fo T e the fluid that conveys the heat from the reservoir The term R pCV T T e in the equation 1 of the USGS method expresses the heat energy available at the temperature con
127. nd affected persons Mut 90 Mechanisms to Bridge Gaps JICA discloses the EIA report of category A projects at JICA s website at least for 120 days before signing the LA which needs to be complied by the Project Proponent 2015 424A SEO E T EI AISIEAX EB TRO TDD RET OXYZ A Aspect JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social consideration April 2010 For Category B project JICA discloses EIA reports and environmental permit certifications when these documents are submitted by project proponents etc Sec 3 3 2 3 2 1 1 2 Monito JICA confirms with project proponents ring etc the results of monitoring the items Implem that have significant environmental entatio impacts This is done in order to n confirm that project proponents etc are undertaking environmental and social considerations for projects that fall under Categories A B and FI The information necessary for monitoring confirmation by JICA must be supplied by project proponents etc by appropriate means including in writing When necessary JICA may also conduct its own investigations JICA discloses the results of monitoring conducted by project proponents etc on its website to the extent that they are made public in project proponents etc 3 2 2 1 2 7 undertaking environmental and social considerations for projects that fall under Categories A B and FI The information necessary for monitoring confirmation
128. nmental and social factors appropriately and effectively at all times HA LE TEICER HAV SFIS TL ED BUR HA KC World Bank OP4 10 laws of the country 2 those who do not have formal legal rights to land at the time the census begins but have a claim to such land or assets provided that such claims are recognized under the laws of the country or become recognized through a process identified in the resettlement plan and 3 those who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying Particular attention must be paid to the needs of the vulnerable groups among those displaced especially those below the poverty line landless elderly women and children ethnic minorities etc The methodology to be used in valuing losses to determine their replacement cost Financing of technical assistance to strengthen the capacities of agencies responsible for resettlement or of affected people to participate more effectively in resettlement operations A 4 17 Government Laws Not mentioned in the govt law Section 7 Basis and Amount of Compensation states that the amount of compensation for property is calculated on the basis of replacement cost of the property Proclamation 455 2005 Not mentioned in the govt law ATA Rest S Gaps Between JICA Mechanisms to Bridge Guidelinesand Gaps Government Laws not clear whether the used by the project entitled displaced proponent persons in
129. ns Flat plain topography Bushed exposed surface with scattered grass vegetation Big River called Arabi is found along side of the site An industrial input mineral called Diatomite Earth is identified in the area Hot spring No natural and historical points Socioeconomic conditions Not residential area and no social services Availability of water resources River water scarcity all year not safe water Not residential area and no social services Availability of water resources River water scarcity all year not safe water Located within the village of Meteka Kebele Residential area with a number of social services Availability of water resources Borehole River water 0 5km distance water availability high safe water Orthodox church St Mary Church located Tribal minority conflicts Not residential area and no social services about 4km away from residential area of Arabi Kebele Availability of water resources Borehole River water 0 5km _ distance water availability high safe water A 4 21 Accessibility Road Difficult to access Far from main electrical grid Difficult to access Far from main electrical grid Easy access Difficult to access About 35km rugged sandy and rivers require construction of road Status of geothermal development Technical studies or scientific investigation at pre feasibility level Surface exploration level is l
130. ocated at the foot of Wonji Fault fumaroles are coming from fractures Alteration Amorphous silica agate with clay minerals are found in pyroclastic rock in Boko it may indicate low grade alteration or hydrothermal alteration Others Remote sensing result shows no indication of s z alteration ES lt rA s AZ da Hot Spring Sodole GUKIGHERAMME 0000 A245 0 HA ED ETIRPRAE EXC ZF PET ES PTMI BETRA TF REZE VEZ h AP ATI OP Site No 12 Site Name Gedemsa Regional State Oromia Satellite Imagery and Route Map General Geology The site is located at the southwest of Nazreth town and east of Lake Koka The site composed of large caldera 12km x 10km in Nazret Group and volcanoes inside the caldera Geological Structure Fault and Others Wonji faults NNE SSW faults are commonly developed at outside of caldera Wonji Basalt was erupted at north and south of caldera Some of Wanji fault continues inside the caldera Manifestation No manifestation was found inside the caldera only weak fumaroles are found at the western caldera rim Hot springs and some fumaroles are found at the outside of caldera that coincide distribution of Wonji fault Alteration Amorphous quartz agate was found at welded tuff outcropped at caldera rim however there is no or few relation with geothermal alteration Others Remote sensing result shows clay
131. onmental Impact appropriate management plan EMP Assessment Proclamation 2002 299 EIA HA LE TEICER A 4 5 2015 4E 4 Hj ED FIWA BIEI AFE SEO E T EI 7 PSIMA SE BIA TRO EUDVEAREXUIxZN Aspect JICA Guidelines for Environmental World Bank OP4 10 Government Laws and Social consideration April 2010 Gaps between JICA Mechanisms to Bridge Guidelines and Gaps Government Laws PreedwalGuideims2003 o Environ Category A Project proponents etc must Category A A proposed project is Section 5 Projects Requiring Environmental The preparing of a Differences exist in the mental submit EIA reports JICA publishes the classified as Category A if it is likely Impact Assessment specified that 1 Every Resettlement Action Plan screening process Screenin status of host countries submission of to have significant adverse project which falls in any category listed in RAP and an IPP is not namely the government g major documents on environmental and environmental impacts that are any directive issued pursuant to this mentioned uses project types and social considerations on its website Prior sensitive diverse or unprecedented Proclamation shall be subject to some thresholds to to its environmental review JICA also For a Category A project the environmental impact assessment In the governmental law determine the type of the discloses the foll
132. osed method has been used for resource estimations although the USGS method gives larger results than the ones of the prevailing method when the same underground related parameters are given to the both methods as shown in Figure 3 Our observations are as follows S Takahashi and S Yoshida Nippon Koei Co Ltd Tokyo 1 We have defined the aboveground related parameters for the proposed method the USGS method thus the discrepancy may possibly be due to differences of interpretations on underground related parameters i e for the resource estimation of the same geothermal field the practitioners of the prevailing method would propose the R pCV evaiting as their underground related parameters whereas the other practitioners of the USGS method the proposed method would propose the different parameters R pCV usas RCV prevailing F RCV uses iu The USGS method appears to assume that the all the heat energy relating to R oCV usgs should be extracted at the ground surface because the method when R 0 12 in Figure 3 gives similar results to the main sequence of the power density Wilmarth et al 2014 the analysis of the power density does not include the information of failed wells In other words possibility of well failures may not be included in the USGS method Geothermal wells however are not always successful to produce useful fluid Sanyal S K et al 2012 analyzed 2 528 geothermal wells in 52 field in 14 countri
133. ould not be in accordance with other more precise estimation methods or field monitoring results the underground related parameters have to be examined Well drilling success rate could be in cooperated when we determine R and or V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to express our greatest appreciation to Tsuneo Ishido Daisuke Fukuda Mineyuki Hanano Katsuya Kuge and Mayumi Hayashi for helpful discussions and suggestions Steinar Por Gu laugsson Helga Tulinius and Benedikt Steingr msson for their 10 S Takahashi and S Yoshida Nippon Koei Co Ltd Tokyo comprehensive comments on a drafted paper and following eminent professionals Jim Lawless Sabodh K Garg and Hirofumi Muraoka for kind e mail communications We also would like to express our gratitude to our colleagues working together for helpful discussions as well as Nippon Koei Co Ltd for supporting us to complete this work REFERENCES AGEG Australian Geothermal Energy Group Geothermal Code Committee Geothermal Lexicon For Resources and Reserves Definition and Reporting Edition 2 compiled by J Lawless Australia AGRCC The Australian Geothermal Reporting Code Committee November 2010 Brook C A Mariner R H Mabey D R Swanson J R Guffanti M and Muffler L J P Hydrothermal Conversion Systems with Reservoir Temperature gt 90 C in Assessment of Geothermal Resources of the United States 1978 L J P Muffler editor U S Geological Survey Circular Arlington
134. ower No practical activities are currently observed on the sites The site 1s either bared or used for grazing Technical studies or scientific investigation at pre feasibility level Surface exploration level is lower No practical activities are currently observed on the sites The site 1s either bared or used for grazing Technical studies or scientific investigation at pre feasibility level Surface exploration level is lower No practical activities are currently observed on the sites The site is on nearby settlement area Technical studies or scientific investigation at pre feasibility level No practical activities are currently observed on the sites The site is used for agriculture and grazing PRA T p ap Potential Impact Social Natural e Gas emission e Water pollution e Change in land use Social Natural e Gas emission e Water pollution e Change in land use Social e Dislocation of people dispossession of grazing land and social services Natural e Interference with ecologically sensitive aquatic Swampy area Regional conservation area Gas emission Water pollution Change in land use Social e Dispossession of grazing land Natural e Gas emission e Water pollution e Change in land use 2015 4F 4 E EP E ABI ZU BERJER ZTF REZO Z h No Site Rift locality Region HA LEA Oromia Oromia Leaion Fentale Adam A
135. owing 1 EIA reports borrower is responsible for preparing 2 Any directive provided under Sub Article there is no equivalent EA report required Since and environmental permit certifications a report normally an EIA or suitably 1 of this Article shall among other things category to JICA s there is a possible problem 2 RAPs for projects that will resultin comprehensive regional or sectoral determine categories of Category FI that the government does large scale involuntary resettlement and EA a projects not likely to have negative not require a full EIA due 3 IPPs for projects that address issues impacts and so do not require environmental to the project type but the of indigenous people Specifically JICA Category B A proposed project is impact assessment JICA considers the scale discloses EIA reports 120 days prior to classified as Category B if its b Projects likely to have negative impacts of impact is significant concluding agreement documents JICA potential adverse environmental and thus require environmental impact and categorizes the project undertakes its environmental reviews impacts on human populations or assessment A such as rural roads and based on the EIA and other documents environmentally important areas Environmental Impact Assessment manufacturing screening submitted by project proponents etc including wetlands forests Proclamation 2002 299 EIA Procedural also needs to be done as Category B
136. r capacity E calculated is an energy fraction converted from the recovered heat energy when the temperature changes from T to 157 C with adjustment by the multiplier 0 26 0 02 and the divisor FL In this context the approximation constant 157 in the equation 33 is the one that is named as reference temperature rejection temperature base temperature or the like the temperature in the equation 33 shall be defined as the temperature of the final state of the fluid at a point of a power plant However this corresponds to the rejection temperature at the separator not the final state temperature of the whole power generation cycle as seen above This constant shall not be regarded as the final state temperature of the power cycle At the same time the first constant 0 26 0 02 shall not be defined as a kind of a logically derived efficiency though it looks seemingly to be a meaningful coefficient 6 2 3 What are the fist and the second constants in the equation 33 Consequently we have to come back to the equation 33 whereat we recall that the both constants 157 and 0 26 0 02 were the mere resultants of the linear approximation They were derived as the impartible combination under the specific assumptions T 151 8 C and 7 7240 C Any of these two constants shall not be examined independently or shall not be changed separately Those two approximation constants as it were are the virtual reference tempe
137. rature and the virtual conversion factor of the virtual geothermal power plant that is virtualized on the basis of the approximation equation 33 that has been derived through the series of calculations that does not represent the thermodynamic process of any actual power plant Thus discussions on these approximation constants will probably be meaningless and possibly be misleading or even harmful when geothermal resource is estimated by the volumetric method Discussions on the Relation between the Prevailing Method and the USGS Method the Proposed Method Nevertheless the equation 33 is simple in form not many variables included and thus easy to use with Monte Carlo simulation The prevailing method appears to have been used by adopting approximate a half value of the first approximation constant 0 26 0 02 and a cut off temperature similar to the second approximation constant 157 to suit field conditions Although these constants shall not be allowed to use from the thermodynamic point of view estimations by the prevailing method have been reported to be in accordance with other more precise estimation methods or field observations Sarmiento et al 2007 which practices the prevailing method but appears to have referred to Muffler P et al 1978 of the USGS method as the methodological base Similar undistinguishing quotations are seen in other references At the same time and on the other hand the USGS method the prop
138. re includes issuing some notifications to landholders Only compensation for land and assets are mentioned in the govt law The definition of displaced persons is not clear Especially it is ATA Rest S Mechanisms to Bridge Gaps public consultation for the RP of the project which involves resettlement or physical or economic displacement according to requirements of the JICA guidelines The project proponent needs to pay attention to ensure the affected persons will not lose existing social and cultural institutions according to the JICA guidelines The definition of the displaced persons as per the JICA Guidelines needs to be 2015 4E 4 H aO HM E UC AISISEA SB TRO TDI RET A Z A Aspect JICA Guidelinesfor Environmental and Social Consideration April 2010 compensated and supported by project proponents etc in a timely manner Vulnerable Appropriate consideration must be given to group vulnerable social groups such as women children the elderly the poor and ethnic minorities all members of which are susceptible to environmental and social impacts and may have little access to decision making processes within society Replacement Prior compensation at full replacement costs cost must be provided as much as possible Capacity JICA makes efforts to enhance the building comprehensive capacity of organizations and operations in order for project proponents etc to have consideration for enviro
139. rvey in the Assessment of Identified Geothermal Resources USA Open FileReport 2008 1296 U S DEpartment of the Interior U S Geological Survey 2008 Wilmarth Maxwell and James Stimac Worldwide Power Density Stanford CA USA Proceedings Thirth Ninth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford Unversity 2014 EoD 11 APPENDIX 4 f NN HE 4K mm Jpn CI Itt EE SE BA Ux TS VE5EAEZRMIXZR Sra FILLER pf Appendix 4 1 A 4 1 Major Regulations Guidelines and Proclamations Applicable to the Geothermal Energy Development Project Title No Description Date of Issue Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation 2 Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation 3 Environmental Protection Organs Establishment Proclamation Expropriation of Landholdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation Proclamation 4 5 Rural Land Administration and land Use Proclamation Proclamation Ethiopian Water Resource Management Proclamation 7 Solid Waste Management Proclamation Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guideline Series 1 Draft EMP for the Identified Sectoral Developments in the Ethiopian Sustainable Development amp Poverty Reduction ESDPRP 10 Investment Proclamation 280 11 Council of Ministers 64 Regulations on 07 Feb 2003 HALE IKI L 299 3 De 2002 Nov 2003 01 May 2004
140. s paper We calculate electric energy by using the adiabatic heat drop concept or exergy concept at turbine This is widely used for design of turbine generator system In Figure 1 we illustrated the conceptual model of geothermal generation system we assumed The electric capacity produced at turbine generator system is written as E Nex Min y 3 haus FL kW 7 Or E Nex das Ibon FL kW 8 Where Ney is exergy efficiency Mp in is mass of steam at inlet of turbine hp 1s specific enthalpy at inlet of turbine hp ou 18 specific enthalpy at outlet of turbine qm mis thermal energy at inlet of turbine gp 01S thermal energy immediately after turbine Here we introduce the available thermal energy function defined by the following equation C diba dis dw E 9 S Takahashi and S Yoshida Nippon Koei Co Ltd Tokyo Where C isthe available thermal energy function The available thermal energy function 9 we introduced represents the ratio of the heat drop at turbine against thermal energy available at wellhead In other word it represents the ratio of available thermal energy for electrical power generation against thermal energy available at wellhead Combined with the available thermal energy function 9 the equation 8 is rewritten as E neCdwn FL kW 10 Further combined with the equations 1 and 2 the equation 10 is rewritten as E 74 GR PCV CT Ty CFL kW 11 wher
141. served at the valley at the southern part Alteration Altered clay was observed only at the fumaroles points indicates very low alteration Others Remote sensing result shows clay alteration in some parts low altered pumice tuffs are distributed the valley AA L TEXUCE A7 2015 4E4 A Jin V Y y DIERA IER AW IEIRA FE TAX ET PHURNGEEHEEROAZOTTVERETUTYM RO 00000 Site No 15 Site Name Bobesa Aluto 3 Regional State Oromia Satellite Imagery and Route Map an rigat i i i i i i i Surveyed Route Q Fumarole Hot Spring Other Geological Feature Center Coord WGS84 Lat N 7 47 29 14 Lon E 38 49 16 38 Surveyed Date Google See 19 20 January 2014 nas General Geology Photos The site is located in Aluto volcanic complex and at the east of Aluto Langano Geothermal site The area is composed of Quaternary rhyolite lavas and pyroclastic rocks of Aluto Volcanics Geological Structure Fault and Others The site is located at the eastern part and outside of the volcanic complex No faults are visible at the site however the distribution of fumaroles may indicate subsurface faults of NNE SSW Manifestation Mainly two fumaroles are observed 1 Active fumaroles area approx 6km east of Power Plant Bobesa 2 Active fumaroles in the valley outside the mountain Gebiba Alteration Altered clay was observe
142. sibility level Surface exploration level is lower No practical activities are currently observed on the sites The site is used for agriculture and grazing PRA T p ap Potential Impact Social e Displacement of _ people dispossession of agricultural Natural e Gas emission e Water pollution e Change in land use e Biologically ecologically no significant impacts Social e Displacement of people dispossession of agricultural Natural e Gas emission e Water pollution e Change in land use e Biologically ecologically no significant impacts Social e Dispossession of agriculture and grazing land e Limitation of relocation sites suitable Natural e Gas emission e Water pollution e Change in land use e Biologically ecologically no significant impacts 2015 4F 4 If IEEE EB VAL TFS RET AS 27 f Appendix 4 6 A 4 5 Potential Impact at each prospect project site Social Environment Natural Environment Pollution Living and Livelihood Local conflicts of interests Working Conditions 5 ister EN Land subsidence Soil erosion Wetlands rivers and lakes Ground water Air pollution Water contamination Noise and vibration Accidents Involuntary resettlement Fauna and flora and biodiversity RRR oe ee Land use and utilization of local resources The poor indigenous and ethnic people Water usage or water rights and rights of Hazar
143. site lava of Quaternary Dofan Basalt is observed Geological Structure Fault and Others Wonji faults NNE SSW faults are commonly run through volcanic mountain Wonji Basalt was erupted and covers Dofan basalt in some area Manifestation Many fumaroles are observed at the center of the volcanic mountain associated with white clay and sulfur Large hot springs are observed at the northern foot of the mountain Alteration White clay with sulfur is observed around fumaroles indicates acidic alteration by H5S in fumaroles gas The alteration zone is distributed by circle in ground indicates that piped shape Others The alteration zone matched the result of remote sensing results Hot Spring HA L TEXUCE A 2 3 2015 4 A HEA A FY VT PKA E ED BUR HA FEDKAA EL BF Up ELE HABE BE BIA FRO MT RET OXYZ h Satellite Imagery and Route Map Surveyed Route Fumarole Hot Spring Other Geological Feature Center Coord WGS84 Lat N 8 50 51 57 Lon E 39 41 57 15 QUK le earth 28 by Google Earth Pro General Geology The site is geologically located at the center of rift valley mainly rhyolitic welded tuffs of Wonji Group are distributed at the area Geological Structure Fault and Others Distinctive two calderas are observed Larger caldera is called Kone caldera 6km x 4km small caldera is called Korke caldera 2km x 1km Outflow of caldera is not found
144. sponsibilities of Woreda and Urban Administrations include pay or cause the payment of compensation to holders of expropriated land in accordance Gaps Between JICA Guidelinesand Government Laws The first effort to avoid involuntary resettlement is not described The initial effort to minimize involuntary resettlement is not described Mitigation measures for adverse social impacts are required by the govt law ATA Aes Appendix 4 4 Mechanisms to Bridge Gaps The project proponent should make an effort to avoid involuntary resettlement where feasible as per the JICA s Guidelines The project proponent should make an effort to minimize involuntary resettlement where feasible as per the JICA s Guidelines Not applicable 2015 424A aO HM E UC AISISEA SB TRO TDI RET A Z A Aspect JICA Guidelinesfor Environmental and Social Consideration April 2010 Screening JICA classifies projects into four categories i e A B C and FI according to the extent of environmental and social impacts taking into account an outline of project scale site condition etc JICA requests that Project proponents etc fill in the screening form found in Appendix 4 the information in this form will be a reference for the categorization of proposed projects Categorization Projects that are likely to have a significant adverse impact on the environment and society are categorized as Category A even if t
145. stance water availability high not safe water A few residential huts around Hot springs located in the farming plots Religious Church Availability of water resources Birka River water 0 5 km distance safe water Orthodox church located Not residential area and no social services Surrounded by farming plot Availability of water resources River water 7 km distance scarcity summer time not safe water A 4 22 Accessibility Road Difficult to access more than 35 km rugged sandy and river requires road construction Easy to access 1 5 km sandy road requires construction Easy access Accessible nearly 10 km rugged Current sandy and rocky earth road requires construction of road Status of geothermal development Technical studies or scientific investigation at pre feasibility level No practical activities are currently observed on the sites The site is either bared or for gazing Technical studies or scientific investigation at pre feasibility level Surface exploration level is lower No practical activities are currently observed on the sites The site is either bared or used for grazing Surface exploration level is lower Technical studies or scientific investigation at pre feasibility level Surface exploration level is lower No practical activities are currently observed on the sites The site is used for agriculture and grazing PRA T p ap Poten
146. stitutional capabilities related to the However resettlement relocation of people and plans on the environment and local environment and social aspects and and animals is also considered as a project communities 2 6 2 obligations of the country pertaining which requires the full EIA JICA confirms that projects do not to project activities under relevant Schedule of 1 Environmental Impact deviate significantly from the World international environmental treaties Assessment Proclamation 2002 299 EIA Bank s Safeguard Policies and refers as and agreements Procedural Guidelines 2003 a benchmark to the standards of international financial organizations to internationally recognized standards or international standards treaties and declarations etc and to the good practices etc of developed nations including Japan when appropriate 2 6 3 EA JICA conducts an environmental review A range of instruments can be Preliminary environmental impact study or No significant gaps were Not applicable Instrume in accordance with the project category environmental impact assessment IEE full environmental impact study report identified nts and refers to the corresponding EIA regional or sectoral EA Trans Regional Impact Assessment SEA environmental checklists for each sector environmental audit hazard or risk Environmental Management Plan are when conducting that review as assessment and environmental mentioned Envir
147. sults regular monitoring during of such monitoring implementation of land acquisition and resettlement post resettlement evaluation as per the international practices which are required by the JICA Guidelines Source JICA 2010 Japan International Cooperation Agency JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations World Bank 2012 Operational Policies Democratic Republic of Ethiopia FDRE Constitution Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 2005 Expropriation of Landholdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation Proclamation Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 2007 Council of Ministers Regulations on the Payment of Compensation for Property Situated on Landholdings Expropriated for Public Purposes HA LE TEICER A 4 19 2015 4E 4 0 ED BUR HA KC ar E MA E E EA SE IIE TR A TF A 4 Summary of Prospective Geothermal Energy Development Sites Leaion Site Rift locality Region Wareda Kebele Afar Berhale Ahamed Ela Afar depression Dallol 2 Tendaho 3 Allelobe da Afar depression Afar depression Afar depression HAALEAA HAE IwIAAYUVATERAM ED BUR HA KC NB ARET AS AF Natural and geological conditions Arid and dry land Harsh climatic condition Located at lowest depression Exposed rock surface and sandy soil Huge deposits of solid salt and salty water bodies Rich also in other mineral resources
148. t provision of the alternative land which enable to be utilized equal to the previous land Oromya Regional Regional regulation on the compensation at expropriation Administration Council Y2003 process for the public project Directives Payment of Compensation for Property Situated on Landholdins Expropriated for Public Purposes 15 Investment Amendment 73 This proclamation amended previous Investment Proclamation Proclamation 28 Oct 2003 2002 This consists of 6 articles including description of investment permit HA L TEIUE AeA 2015 4 amp F 4 H MAES aF 2 ED BUR HA KC 7 NS PRAT IVa Appendix 4 2 PL HIBUE BEA TRO TDI REZE XY Z h No No IC ck AAR 77 OS X Oct v CA 2 7 CA 2 CA IA TIC EIA EIR CA AFI IW PP CA 7 W D C EIR Environmental Impact Report Environmental Impact Guideline Document Source Assessment PP 2000 A 4 1 EIA A 4 3 2015 44 AKL ARASH Hil aT TRAE LE ERI IKE EL aO HM E UC PEJA EB TRO TDD RET OXYZ A
149. tallec capacity Tisri Aror S 34 StaLior use 9 Eccaonme life 10 years Generated energy as CWh Sales energy 789 Wh Construction cast 43370 MS 42 MEN Annual nvenment rea term at 2012 Piant construchion Supplemental drilling inssslle 140 MW Piert factor 61 5 Station use au Eeononuc life 15 years Generates energy 22 GWh Sales energy 789 GWh Unit cor ructon cost Coanariiction cost 920 SRW L121 MS 06171 5wn Oca Ir yestrsent O amp M Total Banefil nvadeble soe Investment cost Sue cost D amp M cast To Isg 6840 Wat benifit wE million 2 11 3 A 1413 A 1732 A 32 5 405 74 143 0 133 3 1406 da HED 148 0 A LL ue x A EB ELAS qu RAE LAA LLL BU dE yee HE LH AEU il A TNE t lt K3 234 AZ Ww FV HE F Yr DENS Lus HE at Era N7 CS V Z oqepuaL MAIA JO uone no E SV H t STOT ureaT pololg VOIL sornog Tendabo 2 Ayrobera Project G thermal Plant Installed capacity 120 MW Pant Bc 0 4 Staion use 9 Economic life 30 years Generated energy Sales energy Cor stz32152 cos O amp M cost 2 MYve Annus nvetment real ten at 2217 price million 9 Plant oonsrudazn Supplemental drilling nstalled pacity Plant fsctor Station use 4 sonore life LS years Generated ener zy 1 343 GWh Sales anergy 1 251 347 Drot construction sost 890 SIEW Cotstrastis om 1
150. ter and land means any change to the environment or to considerations especially should adhere to the environmental impacts including air human health and safety social its component that may affect human health involuntary resettlement policies of the financial water soil ecosystem flora and fauna aspects involuntary resettlement or safety flora fauna soil air water and indigenous peoples institutions and consider as well as social impacts including indigenous peoples and physical climate natural or cultural heritage other both environmental and involuntary resettlement respect for the cultural resources and physical structure or in general social factors human rights of indigenous people and transboundary and global subsequently alter environmental social so on 1 3 1 environmental aspects EA considers economic or cultural conditions JICA confirms that projects comply with natural and social aspects in an Additionally Section 6 Trans Regional the laws or standards related to the integrated way It also takes into Impact Assessment specifies the environment and local communities in account environmental action plans transboundary aspect of the EIA the central and local governments of host the country s overall policy Environmental Impact Assessment countries it also confirms that projects framework national legislation and Proclamation 2002 299 conform to those governments policies in
151. that geothermal energy is recovered as saturated and single phase liquid This is not only for a simplification of calculation but also for a reason that S K Sanyal et al 2005 pointed out that the explicit consideration of the two phase volume in reservoir estimation is not critical We also assume a single flash power cycle with a separator of a typical pressure Dry steam is assumed at inlet of turbine wet steam is then assumed immediately after turbine to obtain near realistic power output We will assign a typical temperature to condenser too S Takahashi and S Yoshida Nippon Koei Co Ltd Tokyo 3 2 Determination of available thermal energy function 3 2 1 Geothermal energy recovered at the wellhead v The geothermal energy recovered at wellhead is defined by the equation 3 when the final state of the fluid is the one under the ambient condition However since we assume a geothermal power plant of single flash type the final state of the fluid contributing power generation should be under the condenser condition We will assume at a later part of this paper the condenser temperature Thus at this step of calculation we assume that all the recovered heat at the well head will be sent from the wellhead to the separator dwu MwH wg kJ 13 Where gwy is geothermal energy recovered as liquid phase at wellhead my z is mass of single phase geothermal liquid produced at wellhead hwy is specific enthalpy of single phase g
152. the different agro ecological zones of the country necessary for the conservation and development of natural resources This Proclamation aims to ensure that all surface and ground waters of Ethiopia are properly protected and managed The text consists of 33 articles divided into 9 Parts General provisions 1 Supervising body 2 Inventory of water resources and registry of actions 3 Permits and professional licenses 4 Fees and water charges 5 Servitude 6 Water banks and harmful effect of water 7 Association of water users 8 Transitory provisions 9 All water resources of Ethiopia are declared common property art 5 Article 6 sets out the fundamental principles of water management and administration This Proclamation makes provision for the management of solid waste and for designation and implementation of solid waste management action plans at the lowest administrative units of urban administrations so as to ensure community participation This is a guideline prepared by Environmental Protection Authority to provide detail procedure for the EIA process in the country This is a draft guideline prepared by Environmental Protection Authority aiming to provides EMP framework for different sectors This proclamation prescribes detail scheme of foreign investment to enhance the country s development consisting of 42 articles This defining the condition and administration for the foreign investment This is
153. these groups at least twice when reviewing the EIA a shortly after environmental Environmental Impact Assessment particular attention to directly affected people in order to have meaningful screening and before the terms of Proclamation 2002 299 EIA Procedural reference for the EA are finalized Guidelines 2003 and b once a draft EA report is meetings In the case of Category A projects JICA encourages project proponents etc to prepared In addition the borrower consult with local stakeholders about their understanding of development consults with such groups throughout project implementation as necessary to address EA related issues that affect them needs the likely adverse impacts on the environment and society and the analysis of alternatives at an early stage of the project and assists project proponents as needed 2 4 Consultations with relevant stakeholders such as local residents should take place if necessary throughout the preparation and implementation stages of a project Holding consultations is highly desirable especially when the items to be considered in the EIA are being selected HA L TEICER A 4 9 2015 4E 4 Hj HHA uIAAYUWwWAZfIUCAE ED FIWA BIEI AFE aO HM E UC AISIEAX EB TRO TDD RET OXYZ A Aspect Disclosur e JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social consideration April 2010 and when the draft report is being prepared Appendix 2 In the case of
154. tial Impact Social e Dispossession of grazing land Natural e Gas emission e Water pollution e Change in land use e Disturbance to surrounding wild life lion species Social e Dispossession of grazing land Natural e nterference with ecologically sensitive aquatic Swampy area Awash N Park e Gas emission e Water pollution e Change in land use Social Dispossession of agriculture Natural e Gas emission e Water pollution e Change in land use e Biologically ecologically no significant impacts e Social Dispossession of agriculture Natural e Gas emission e Water pollution e Change in land use e Biologically ecologically no significant impacts 2015 4F 4 Be Aluto 2 Altu Fin kilo 18 o E sages PJM FAJE Aluto 3 Aluto B obessa Boseti SEJRA TKO TT Location Rift locality a ata Wareda Kebele HAALEAA MALAZES VA LIRARE ED BUR HA KC Aluto Geri AREF AS Ae A Natural and geological conditions Good environment Dry Wena Dega climatic conditions Below 700 mm rain fall Gentle slope topography Open wooded land amp wooded grass land Closer to two water bodies Lake Zeway 8 Km south and Lake Langano 10Km north Suitable soil for agriculture No natural and historical points Good environment Dry Wena Dega climatic conditions Below 700 mm rain fall Gentle slope topography Open wooded land amp
155. ublic consultation during the EA process the borrower discuss how best to proceed with the EA and guidelines however meetings for stakeholders Consulta stakeholders through means that induce tion broad public participation to a reasonable extent in order to take into consideration consults project affected groups and between the project proponent and respective the detailed requirements including local nongovernmental organizations environmental or sectoral agencies are not specified the indirectly directly affected NGOs about the project s However the details are not given preliminary screening persons at the scoping environmental aspects and takes their consultation is not a stage and draft final report the environmental and social factors in a way that is most suitable to local Situations and in order to reach an appropriate consensus views into account Section 5 2 6 also describes that a summary mandatory and the stage specifically these JICA encourages project proponents etc The borrower initiates such of evaluation is made available to the public public consultation at the need to be complied by the to publicize in advance that they plan to consultations as early as possible For and reasons for decision and conditions of later stage is not clearly project proponent consult with local stakeholders with Category A projects the borrower approval are made public are considered specified consults
156. utajira JICA 9 1 3 2 jt 300m FREE 9 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 MT TEM 2 6 2 m BSIA Tendaho 2 Ayrobera Cli ARGeo MT TEM 3D ICA THD ORR MT TEM 3D Boseti
157. very factor will give a significant impact on the calculation results of electric capacity estimation by the volumetric method Similarly the other underground related factors pC T and or V will have similar impacts on the calculation which must be emphasized From the above and since we have defined the aboveground related key parameters the significant differences between the prevailing method and the proposed method shown in Figure 3 may be attributed to the definition differences of the underground related parameters This is further discussed in the section 6 Discussion of this paper Comparison of the Three Methods e Proposed Method Rg 0 12 Prevailing To 150 C Rg 0 12 n 0 13 e e eUSGS Rg 0 12 n 0 45 Power Density Wilmarth 2014 260 280 300 320 Reservoir Temperature C Figure 3 A Comparison of calculated electric power among three methods Single Flash Power Cycle Effects of Revovery Factor on Calculated Electric Power eee Proposed method Rg 0 20 Proposed method Rg 0 15 Proposed Method Rg 0 12 Proposed Method Rg 0 08 240 260 280 300 Reservoir Temperature C Figure 4 Effects of Recovery Factor on Calculated Electric Power Single Flash Power Cycle S SUMMARY We proposed herein a rational and practical calculation approach of the volumetric method by introducing the available thermal energy function The introduction of the available ther
158. vey sampling of fumaroles at fault scarp HA L TEXUCE A 2 9 2015 4E4 A Jin V Y y DIERA IER AW IEIRA FE BF Up SIE BE BIA FRO MT RET OXYZ h f Site No 20 Site Name Aluto Langano Aluto1 Regional State Oromia Satellite Imagery and Route Map Surveyed Route Fumarole Hot Spring Other Geological Feature Center Coord WGS84 Lat N 7 47 38 57 Lon E 38947 46 97 Surveyed Date 19 January 2014 General Geology The site is located mostly at the center in Aluto volcanic complex The area is composed of Quaternary rhyolite lavas and pyroclastic rocks of Aluto Volcanics Geological Structure Fault and Others Total nine 9 geothermal wells were drilled in the area where subsurface faults are expected Three 3 wells are used for productive well while one 1 well is used for injection well NNE SSW fault scarps are observed beside LA 6 and LA 8 Manifestation n Few fumaroles are found besides NNE SSW fault Fumarole near the power plant m scarps at the south of Power Plant M ux E ea ee Alteration Altered clay was observed only at the fumaroles points indicates very low alteration Others Remote sensing result shows no alteration rock at the surface Gas Sampling from LA 6 GUKIGHERAMLD O A210 0 201544 H HAZ V7 Ye IRAE ED ETIRPRAE EXC cT ET JBUERURENDHR AG TF RUE PZB TTI Site No 21 Site Name Tendaho 1 Dubti
159. wooded grass land Closer to two water bodies Lake Zeway 8 Km south and Lake Langano 10Km north Suitable soil for agriculture No natural and historical points Good environment Moist Wena Dega climatic conditions Above 900 mm ran fall Flat topography Dense shrub land and intensively cultivated land Suitable soil for agriculture Forest green area Hot spring for healing No natural and historical points Socioeconomic conditions Relatively few settled but no services Availability of water resources Lake River water 7 km distance not safe water Adjacent to Aluto Langano Geothermal project site people social Relatively few settled but no services Availability of water resources Lake River water 7 km distance not safe water Adjacent to Aluto Langano Geothermal project site people social Farming land small residential area Availability of water resources Pipe pond water 2 km distance scarcity Jan May safe water A 4 23 Accessibility Road Easy access Easy access Easy access 1 5 km earth road and 12km gravel road upgrading Status of geothermal development Techno economic feasibility studies are currently July 2014 studied for existing pilot plant WB ICEADA plans MT Techno economic feasibility studies are currently July 2014 studied for existing pilot plant WB ICEADA plans MT Technical studies or scientific investigation at pre fea

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