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「アニマルウェルフェアと乳牛生産方式」の新規章（二次案）（PDF：1061KB）

Contents

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5. Roche et al 2004 Roche et al 2009
6. ITZ AMEK o THEETHA KAIZANL kir Tha SHE Sprecher et al 1997 Flower and Weary 2006 Chapinal et al 2009 AHA HI OMIMI CBO SRA OIER ELA Ww We
7. AE ADHERE SOD ET AS a 1
8. 82 g h 4 6 4 7
9. 4 1 EWE n 87 0 D Larson et al 1998 Towns
10. l Wiepkema et al 1983 Moss 1992 Desire et al 2002 Appleby 2006 Mason and Latham 2004 Lawrence 2008 Chapinel et al 2009 HES REE ISATE OD AA BRAT FER
11. Barkema et al 1999 Breen et al 2009
12. FBR 69
13. ii ike Sutherland and Tucker 2011 iii RFID
14. i Laden et al 1985 Petrie et al 1996 Singh et al 2002 Sutherland et al 2002 Stafford et al 2003 Stafford and Mellor 2005
15. H HABER O Hon RENEAROMD ZFS ZAE 7 6 RINEN
16. 85 m HEE
17. KAURA TH 7 3 MNS Wa 7 5 7 6 AABP 2013 AVMA 2013
18. 81 e f Martin and Bateson 1986 Kondo et al 2003 ZRD amp OW BEB WA ROFROE OOS KEVERS AIL CRE SNSZbDETSA BMAD FOMBOTMROMM UL Ti OS FA E Boe and Faerevik 2003 Petherick and Phillips 2009
19. BIEL LOREAROSNSSDESTS 86
20. EWE WER 7 X 1 1 e 83 k
21. KPAH CODTHEROTRERAUERIC WHO Boe and Faerevik 2003 Jensen and kyhn 2000 von Keyserlingk et al 2008 KAURA PRUBFRORA ELA PMUAFREAORREFOR A RIS SRE ERITH SRRSARMAT YOBYMOERGA CkKDTEUS Grandin 1998 Grandin 2003 Grandin 2006 Kondo et al 2003 Manke et al 1999
22. Roche etal 2004 Roche et al 2009 CA 2004 CAC RCP 54 2004 Binder 2007 50
23. PRUE 70 7 X 5 7 X 4 1
24. q 7 X 5 1 g 1 g
25. 74 f Grandin 1980
26. 7 2 7 3 7 4 76 2
27. Newberry and Swanson 2008 Weary et al 2008 Roth etal 2009 HER
28. Stafford and Gregory 2008 77H CODE EAR THOR KARO WCR EAE Lawrence et al 2001 Lawrence et al 2004b Boissy and Le Neindre 1997 Dillon et al 2006 Boissy et al 2007 Jensen et al 2008 Veissier et al 2008 Macdonald et al 2008
29. Camiloti et al 2012 Jensen and Kyhn 2000 Boe and Faerevik 2003 1 e Seo etal 1998 Jemsem 2003 De Paula Vieira et al 2010 Ude et al 2011
30. 24 6 5 7 3 WCR HER FEE 48
31. C d Lawrence et al 2004a Cardot et al 2008 WEWE ECR FH CODA Le Neindre 1989 Sato et al 1993 Johannesson and Sorensen 2000 Boe and Faerevik 2003 Bouissou et al 2001 Kondo et al 2003
32. Arab et al 1995 Dahl et al 2000 Phillips et al 2000
33. 25 ppm 72 e OHI IS MSS 7D MBEAITKSESOEAWTCRAO FUE DRG IC FERT oe Boxter et al 1983 Boxter 1992 Moberg and Mench 2000 Bell and Huxley 2009 O Driscoll et al 2007 FI U FHOTN TOADS WRIT U AES Kondo et al 2003 Barrientos et al
34. FAWC UK 1993 Ott et al 1995 Anonymous 1997 Blecha 2000 EU SCAHAW 2001 Webster 2004 Mellor and Stafford 2004 Millman et al 2004 OIE 2005 Appleby 2006 Broom 2006 Gehring et al 2006 Fraser 2008 Blokhuis et al 2008 Mench 2008 Fraser 2009 Ortiz Pelawz et al 2008 FAWAC Ireland Hart 1987 Tizard 2008 Weary et al 2009 FAGAN EMO Y AY RAOFPCHU TI AEGRIZEFIT ESE OMB MRPO KBE AAO SEI UIAM L lt a 78
35. gono et al 1987 Kendall et al 2007 Blackshaw and Blackshaw 1994 SPR EWE WCR AoA 71 b C d 2 Manninen et al 2002 MMIC RRAPICBOA CE AMAL LEGIT Tarai BR
36. Hisher et al 2003 Zdanowicz et al 2004 Bell 2007 Bell and Huxley 2009 Fregonesi et al 2009 fal AUB U lt LA IST UU ARVO aT FUER RK LICR ICIS BA CR SZKEDREODCHSbOLTS Tucker et al 2003 Tucker et al 2004 Bell 2007 Cook et al 2008 Tucker et al 2009 Bernardi et al 2009 Anderson 2010 Fregonesi et al 2007 Rush
37. NS CHNITHEM RS BHM EDT BAT 4 8 FD EAR Proudfoot et al 2009
38. OIE VXI OWORE FLEFEGROXKY F EF E BA 77 EWP WCR KEDE PROMO BIE ii DUMBEST OER lt 0 DIT FA OPE REF ES Fi ORS SOIT HH MKMO ERICH S
39. Kondo et al 2003 FUN BBE OGAKRAO WASHES Cl ERAZO i MULOFSMNTEAICKITC ETOJ AV EMD TOBAMDS DeVries and Keyserlingk 2005 DeVries et al 2005 DeVries et al 2004 Endres et al 2005 75 g
40. a 1 West 2003 Bryant et al 2007 FOB
41. KAURA FCF RROCOAOKR FVA WIRE MRE MER Enemark 2008 Vermunt and Greenough 1994 2 1 Reece amp Hotchkiss 1987
42. iii BAA National Research Council 2001 79 VW KBM
43. Boissy A and P Le Neindre 1997 Behavioral cardiac and cortisol responses to brief peer separation and reunion in cattle Physiol Behav 61 693 699 Boissy A Manteuffel G Jensen M B Oppermann Moe R Spruijt B M Keeling L Winckler C Forkman B Dimitrov I Langbein J Bakken M Veissier I and Aubert A 2007 Assessment of positive emotions in animals to improve their welfare Physiol Behav 92 375 397 B e K E and G F revik 2003 Grouping and social preferences in calves heifers and cows App Anim Behav Sci 80 175 190 Bouissou M F Boissy A Le Neindre P and Veissier I 2001 The social behaviour of cattle In Keeling L Gonyou H editors Social behaviour in farm animals Wallingford UK CABI Publishing 2001 p 113 45 Breen J E M J Green A J Bradley 2009 Quarter and cow risk factors associated with the occurrence of clinical mastitis in dairy cows in the United Kingdom J Dairy Sci 92 6 2551 2561 Broom D M 2006 Behaviour and welfare in relation to pathology Applied Animal Behaviour Science 97 1 73 83 Bryant J R N L pez Villalobos J E Pryce C W Holmes D L Johnson 2007 Quantifying the effect of thermal environment on production traits in three breeds of dairy cattle in New Zealand New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 50 327 338 CA Codex Alimentarius 2004 CAC RCP 54 2004 Code of Practice on Good Animal Feeding http www codexal
44. high rates of dystocia retain lacenta metritis loss of fertility in breeding bulls 6 Physical appearance Physical appearance may be an indicator of animal health and animal welfare as well as the conditions of management Attributes of physical appearance that may indicate compromised welfare include presence of ectoparasites abnormal coat colour texture or hair loss excessive soiling with faeces mud or dirt cleanliness abnormal swellings injuries and lesions discharges e g from nose eyes reproductive tract feet abnormalities abnormal posture indicating pain e g rounded back head low emaciation and dehydration 7 Handling responses Improper handling can result in fear and distress in cattle Indicators could include evidence of poor human animal relationship such as excessive flight distance negative behaviour at milking time such as reluctance to enter the milking parlour kicking vocalisation Bereentage ef animals striking restraints or gates percentage of animals injured during handling such as bruising lacerations broken horns and fractured legs percentage of animals vocalising abnormally or excessively during restraint and handling disturbed behaviour in the chute or race such as reluctance to enter behaviour Bereentage ef animals slipping or falling 8 Complicati
45. 7 X 3 1 2 3 67 7 X 4
46. 10 24 41 Weary D M Huzzey J M von Keyserlingk A G 2009 Board Invited Review Using behavior to predict and identify ill health in animals J Anim Sci 87 770 777 Webster A J F Main D C J and Whay H R 2004 Welfare assessment Indices from clinical observation Anim Welfare 13 S93 S98 West J W 2003 Effects of heat stress on production in dairy cattle J Dairy Sci 86 2131 2144 Wiepkema P R Broom D M Duncan E J H and van Putten G 1983 Abnormal Behaviours in Farm Animals Report of the CEC Brussels Zdanowicz M J A Shelford C B Tucker D M Weary M A G von Keyserlingk 2004 Sand and sawdust bedding affect bacterial populations on teat ends of dairy cows housed in freestalls J Dairy Sci 87 1694 1701 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 66 2014 2 7 X 7 X 1 7 X 2
47. Mench 2008 Fraser 2009 Ortiz Pelawz et al 2008 FAWAC Ireland Hart 1987 Tizard 2008 Weary et al 2009 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 49 290 Annex XXXIV contd ii Cattle at higher risk of disease or distress will require more frequent inspection by animal handlers If animal handlers suspect the presence of a disease or are not able to correct the causes of disease or distress they should seek advice from those having training and experience such as veterinarians or other qualified advisers as appropriate inthe event of an_OlE isted_oisease being _suspected_ordiagnosed _the official veterinary Vaccinations and other treatments administered to cattle should be undertaken by people skilled in the procedures and on the basis of veterinary or other expert advice Animal handlers should be competent have experiense in managing chronically ill or injured cattle for instance in recognising and dealing with non ambulatory cattle especially those that have recently calved Veterinary advice should be sought as appropriate Non ambulatory cattle should have access to water at all times and be provided with feed at least once daily and milked as necessary They should be provided shade and protected from predators They should not be transported or moved unless absolutely necessary _exceptfor treatment or diagnosis Such movements should be done carefully using methods avoiding dr
48. Outcome based measurables behaviour especially depressive behaviour morbidity rate mortality rate changes in weight and body condition seere physical appearance changes in milk yield parasite burden growth rate curve Protection from predators Cattle should be protected as much as possible from predators Outcome based measurables mortality rate morbidity rate injury rate behaviour physical appearance Genetic selection Welfare and health considerations in addition to productivity should be taken into account when choosing a breed or subspecies for a particular location or production system Lawrence et al 2001 EE etal 2004b Boissy and Le Neindre 1997 Dillon et al 2006 Boissy et al 2007 Jensen et 2008 Veissier el al ze Macdonald et al 2008 DS of these include nutritional OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 52 293 Annex XXXIV contd In breeding programmes at least as much attention should be paid to criteria conducive to the improvement_of cattle welfare including health as to production criteria The conservation and development of genetic lines of dairy cattle which limit or reduce animal welfare problems should be encouraged Examples of such criteria_include nutritional maintenance requirement ectoparasite resistance and heat tolerance Individual animals within a breed should be selected to propagate offspring
49. number of lactating cows births animal movements in and out of the herd milk yield morbidities mortalities culling rate and medical treatments It should be kept up to date by the animal handler Regular monitoring of records aids management and quickly reveals problem areas for intervention At national or regional level there should be programmes to gather records and monitor diseases of importance for animal welfare For parasitic burdens e g endoparasites ectoparasites and protozoa a programme should be implemented to monitor control and treat as appropriate Lameness is a problem in dairy cattle herds Animal handlers should take measures to prevent lameness and monitor the state of feet and claws and maintain foot health Sprecher et al 1997 Flower and Weary 2006 Chapinal et al 2009 Those responsible for the care of cattle should be aware of early specific signs of disease or distress e g coughing ocular discharge changes in milk appearance changing locomotion score and non specific signs such as reduced feed and water intake reduction of milk production changes in weight and body condition changes in behaviour or abnormal physical appearance FAWC UK 1993 Ott et al 1995 Anonymous 1997 Blecha 2000 EU SCAHAW 2001 Webster 2004 Mellor and Stafford 2004 Millman et al 2004 OIE 2005 Appleby 2006 Broom 2006 Gehring et al 2006 Fraser 2008 Blokhuis et al 2008
50. 1993 Rushen and de Passille 1992 Barkema et al 1999 Drissler et al 2005 Fregonesi et al 2007 73 D
51. behaviour of dairy cows Applied Animal Behaviour Science 116 21 27 Hinterhofer C J C Ferguson V Apprich H Halder C Stanek 2006 Slatted floors and solid floors stress and strain on the bovine hoof capsule analyzed in finite element analysis J Dairy Sci 89 155 162 Huzzey J M M A G von Keyserlingk D M Weary 2005 Changes in feeding drinking and standing behavior of dairy cows during the transition period J Dairy Sci 88 2454 2461 Igono M O H D Johnson B J Steevens G F Krause M D Shanklin 1987 Physiological productive and economic benefits of shade spray and fan system versus shade for Holstein cows during summer heat J Dairy Sci 70 1069 1079 Ingvartsen K L and Andersen H R 1993 Space allowance and type of housing for growing cattle Acta Agric Scand Sect A Animal Sci 43 65 80 Jawor P J A Huzzey S J LeBlanc and M A G von Keyserlingk 2012 Associations of subclinical hypocalcemia at calving with milk yield and feeding drinking and standing behavior around parturition in Holstein cows J Dairy Sci 95 1240 1248 Jensen P Buitenhuis B Kjaer J Zanella A Mormede P and Pizzari T 2008 Genetics and genomics of animal behaviour and welfare Challenges and possibilities Applied Animal Behaviour Science 113 4 383 403 Jensen M B 2003 The effects of feeding method milk allowance and social factors on milk feeding behaviour and cross sucking in gr
52. dairy cattle As an alternative trimming of tail hair should be considered where maintenance of hygiene is a problem Sutherland and Tucker 2011 Identification Ear tagging ear notching tattooing freeze branding and radio frequency identification devices RFID are preferred methods of permanently identifying dairy cattle frerm arn animalwelfare standpoint The least invasive approach should be adopted whichever method is chosen e eg minimum number of ear tags per ear size of notch It should be accomplished quickly expertly and with proper equipment Ipn seme situations however hot iron branding may be required or be the only practical methed of permanentidentifying dairy cattle tf cattle are branded it should be accomplished_quickly _experthy and_with the proper equipment_tdentification _systems_should be established also according to Chapter 4 1 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 56 297 Annex XXXIV contd Freeze branding is thought to be less painful than branding with a hot iron Both methods should be avoided as alternative identification methods exist e g electronic identification or ear tags When branding is used operator should be trained and competent in procedures used and be able to recognise signs of complications Identification systems should be established also according to Chapter 4 1 Outcome based measurabl
53. ensure the health and welfare of both dam and calf at birth The sire has a highly heritable effect on final calf size and as such can have a significant impact on ease of calving Sire selection for embryo implantation insemination or natural mating should take into account the maturity and size of the female Pregnant cows and heifers should be managed during pregnancy so as to achieve an appropriate body condition range for the breed Excessive fatness increases the risk of dystocia and metabolic disorders during late pregnancy or after parturition Cows and heifers should be monitored when they are close to calving Animals observed to be having difficulty in calving should be assisted by a competent handler as soon as possible after they are detected Outcome based measurables morbidity rate rate of dystecia mortality rate cow and calf reproductive efficiency especially rate of dystocia retained placenta and metritis body condition seere New born calves see also 7 x 5 1e Calving aids should not be used to speed the birthing process only to assist in cases of dystocia and should not cause undue pain distress or further medical problems Newborn calves are susceptible to hypothermia The temperature and ventilation of the birthing area should consider the needs of the newborn calf Soft dry bedding and supplemental heat can help prevent cold stress OIE Terrestrial Animal Healt
54. information for key service providers ability to store water on farm access to water cartage services adequate on farm storage of feed and alternative feed supply Dairy_producers should have contingency_plans_to cover the _evacuation_of animals in case of Preventive measures for emergencies should be input based rather than outcome based Contingency plans should be documented and communicated to all responsible parties Alarms and back up systems should be checked regularly 2 Recommendations on stockmanship and animal management Good management and stockmanship are critical to providing an acceptable level of animal welfare Personnel involved in handling and caring for dairy cattle should be competent and receive up to date appropriate training to equip them with the necessary practical skills and knowledge of dairy cattle behaviour handling health biosecurity physiological needs and welfare There should be a sufficient number of animal handlers to ensure the health and welfare of the cattle a Biosecurity and animal health i Biosecurity and disease prevention Biosecurity means a set of measures designed to maintain a herd at a particular health status and to prevent the entry or spread of infectious agents Biosecurity plans should be designed and implemented and maintained commensurate with the best_possible desired herd health status available resources and _ infrastructure
55. maintained to provide cattle with a dry and comfortable place in which to lie Fisher et al 2003 Zdanowicz et al 2004 Bell 2007 Bell and Huxley 2009 Fregonesi et al 2009 The design of a standing or cubicle or free stall should be such that the animal can stand and lie comfortably on a solid surface e g length width and height should be appropriate for the size of the largest animal Tucker et al 2003 Tucker et al 2004 Bell 2007 Cook et al 2008 Tucker et al 2009 Bernardi et al 2009 Anderson 2010 There should be sufficient room for the animal to rest and to rise adopting normal postures to move its head freely as it stands up and to groom itself without difficulty Where_pessible this _ design _should allow for the animalte move tts head freely ast stands up Where individual spaces are provided for cows to rest there should be at least one space per cow Fregonesi et al 2007 Alleys and gates should be designed and operated to allow free movement of cattle Floors should be designed to_minimise slipping and falling promote foot health and reduce the risk of claw injuries Slippery surfaces_should be avoided e g_grooved concrete _metal grating not sharp rubber mats_or deep sand te minimise slipping _and falling Rushen and de Passil 2006 Haufe et al 2009 If a housing system includes areas of slatted floor cattle including replacement stock should h
56. that meets their physiological needs Feeding systems should be designed to minimise agonistic behaviour Where cattle are maintained in outdoor conditions short term exposure to climatic extremes may prevent access to nutrition that meets their daily physiological needs In such circumstances the animal handler should ensure that the period of reduced nutrition is not prolonged and that extra food and water supply are provided if welfare would otherwise be compromised OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 50 291 Annex XXXIV contd Animal handlers should have adequate knowledge of appropriate body condition seeres scoring systems for their cattle and should not allow body condition to go outside an acceptable range according to breed and physiological status Roche et al 2004 Roche et al 2009 Feedstuffs and feed ingredients should be of satisfactory quality to meet nutritional needs and stored to minimise contamination and deterioration CA 2004 CAC RCP 54 2004 Where appropriate feed and feed ingredients should be tested for the presence of substances that would adversely impact on animal health Binder 2007 The relative risk of digestive upset in cattle increases as the proportion of grain increases in the diet or if quality of silage is poor Therefore when grain is given to dairy cattle it should be introduced slowly and constitute no more than 50 of the daily diet Palatable fibr
57. three types of free stall surfaces on preferences and stall usage by dairy cows J Dairy Sci 86 521 529 Tucker C B D M Weary D Fraser 2004 Free stall dimensions effects on preference and usage J Dairy Sci 87 1208 1216 Tucker C B D M Weary M A G von Keyserlingk K A Beauchemin 2009 Cow comfort in tie stalls increased depth of shavings or straw bedding increases lying time J Dairy Sci 92 2684 2690 Ude G Georg H amp Schwalm A 2011 Reducing milk induced cross sucking of group housed calves by an environmentally enriched post feeding area Livestock Science 138 1 293 298 Veissier I Butterworth A Bock B and Roe E 2008 European approaches to ensure good animal welfare Applied Animal Behaviour Science 113 4 279 297 Vermunt J J and Greenough P R 1994 Predisposing factors of laminitis in cattle British Veterinary Journal 150 2 151 164 Vickers L A D M Weary D M Veira and M A G von Keyserlingk 2013 Feeding a higher forage diet prepartum decreases incidence of subclinical ketosis in transition dairy cows J Anim Sci 91 886 894 Von Keyserlingk M A G D Olenick D M Weary 2008 Acute behavioural effects of regrouping dairy cows J Dairy Sci 91 1011 1016 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 306 Annex XXXIV contd Weary D M Jasper J and Hotzel M J 2008 Understanding weaning distress Appl Anim Behav Sci
58. 2013 Chapinal et al 2013 Sepulveda Varas et al 7 X 5 1 2 i mgvartsen et al
59. Animal Welfare University of Davis CA pp 90 91 Lawrence A B Tolkamp B Cockram M S Ashworth C J Dwyer C M and Simm G 2004a Food water and malnutrition perspectives on nutrient requirements for health and welfare in farm animals In Proceedings of Global Conference on Animal Welfare An OIE Initiative OIE Paris pp 189 197 Lawrence A B Conington J and Simm G 2004b Breeding and animal welfare practical and theoretical advantages of multi trait selection Anim Welf 13 Suppl S191 S196 Lawrence A B 2008 Applied animal behaviour science Past present and future prospects Applied Animal Behaviour Science 115 1 2 1 24 Le Neindre P Influence of rearing conditions and breed on social behaviour and activity of cattle in novel environments Appl Anim Behav Sci 1989 23 129 40 Loberg J E Telezhenko C Bergsten L Lidfors 2004 Behaviour and claw health in tied dairy cows with varying access to exercise in an outdoor paddock Applied Animal Behaviour Science 89 1 16 Macdonald K G A Verkerk B S Thorrold J E Pryce J W Penno L R McNaughton L J Burton J Lancaster J H Williamson C W Holmes 2008 A comparison of three strains of Holstein Friesian grazed on pasture and managed under different feed allowances J Dairy Sci 91 1693 1707 Manninen E A M de Passill J Rushen M Norring H Saloniemi 2002 Preferences of dairy cows kept in unheated buildings for diffe
60. HHHHH Annex XXXIV DRAFT CHAPTER 7 X ANIMAL WELFARE AND DAIRY CATTLE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Article 7 X 1 Definition Dairy cattle production systems are defined as all commercial cattle production systems where the purpose of the operation includes some or all of the breeding rearing and management of cattle intended for production of milk Article 7 X 2 Scope This chapter addresses the welfare aspects of dairy cattle production systems Article 7 X 3 Commercial dairy cattle production systems Commercial dairy cattle production systems include 1 Housed oer confined These are systems where cattle are_kept housed in cenfinement and are fully dependent on humans to provide for basic animal needs such as food shelter and water en a dailty basis The type of the housing will depends on the environment climatic conditions and management_system The animals may be loose housed or tethered within this housing system 2 Pastured These are systems where cattle have the freedemto oam live outdoors and where the cattle have some autonomy over diet selection hrough grazing water consumption and access to shelter Pastured systems exclude any housing except that required for milking 3 Combination systems These are systems where cattle are managed in expesedte any combination of housed housing confinement or and_pasture husbandry methods production systems either simultaneously or varied accordi
61. RIS RO GB BES O HEEB Be OFB GENE Blecha 2000 Sprecher et al 1997 Roche et al 2004 EFSA 2012 FEL Be Od IK AE Moss 1992
62. Swanson 2008 Weary et al 2008 For the purposes of this chapter weaning means the change from a milk based diet to a fibrous diet and the weaned calf no longer receives milk in its diet This change should be made dene gradually and calves should be weaned only when their ruminant digestive system has developed sufficiently to enable them to maintain growth health and good welfare Roth et a 2009 Feeessary dDairy cattle producers should seek expert advice on the most appropriate time and method of weaning for their type of cattle and production system Outcome based measurables morbidity rate mortality rate behaviour after separation vocalisations activity of the cow and calf physical appearance changes in weight and body condition seere growth rate curve Rearing of replacement stock Young calves are at particular risk of thermal stress Special attention should be paid to management of the thermal environment e g provision of additional bedding nutrition or protection to maintain warmth and appropriate growth Camiloti et al 2012 Where possible replacement stock should be reared in groups Animals in groups should be of similar age and physical size Jensen and Kyhn 2000 B e and Feerevik 2003 Whether reared individually or in group pens Wher in pens each calf should have enough space to be able to turn around rest stand up and groom comfortably and see and touch other animals se
63. agging or excessive lifting Animal handlers_should also be competent in assessing fitness to transport as described in Chapter 7 3 In case of chronic disease or injury when treatment has failed or been attempted_and recovery deemedis unlikely e g cattle that are unable to stand up unaided or refuse to eat or drink the animal should be humanely killed AABP 2013 AVMA 2013 and in accordance to Chapter 7 5 or Chapter 7 6 as applicable Animals suffering from photosensitisation should be provided with effered shade and where possible the cause should be identified Outcome based measurables morbidity rate mortality rate reproductive efficiency depressive behaviour altered locomotory behaviour physical appearance and changes in weight and body condition seere changes in milk yield Emergency plans for disease outbreaks Emergency plans should cover the management of the farm in the face of an emergency disease outbreak consistent with national programmes and recommendations of Veterinary Services as appropriate Nutrition The nutrient requirements of dairy cattle have been well defined Energy protein mineral and vitamin content of the diet are major factors determining milk production and growth feed efficiency reproductive efficiency and body condition National Research Council 2001 Cattle should be provided with access to an appropriate quantity and quality of balanced nutrition
64. al 1987 Kendall et al 2007 Blackshaw and Blackshaw 1994 Outcome based measurables feed and water intake behaviour including especially respiratory rate and panting morbidity rate mortality rate changes in milk yield Cold stress Protection from extreme weather conditions should be provided when these conditions are likely to create a serious risk to the welfare of cattle particularly in neonates and young cattle and others that are physiologically compromised This could be provided by extra bedding and natural or man made shelters Manninen et al 2002 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 44 285 Annex XXXIV contd During extreme cold weather conditions animal handlers should institute an emergency action plan to provide cattle with shelter adequate feed and water Outcome based measurables mortality and morbidity rates physical appearance behaviour including especially abnormal postures shivering and huddling growth rate curve body condition and weight loss Lighting Confined Housed cattle that do not have sufficient access to natural light should be provided with supplementary lighting which follows natural periodicity sufficient for their health and welfare to facilitate natural behaviour patterns and to allow adequate and safe inspection of the cattle Arab et al 1995 Dahl et al 2000 Phillips et al 2000 The lighting should not cause discomfort to the anima
65. and current disease risk and for OIE listed diseases in accordance with relevant recommendations found in the Terrestrial Code OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 48 289 Annex XXXIV contd These biosecurity plans should address the control of the major sources and pathways for spread of pathogens cattle including introductions to the herd calves coming from different sources other domestic animals and wildlife_and pests people including sanitation practices equipment tools and facilities vehicles air water supply feed and bedding manure waste and dead stock disposal feed semen and embryos Outcome based measurables morbidity rate mortality rate reproductive efficiency changes in weight and body condition seere changes in milk yield Animal health management Animal health management means a system designed to optimise the physical and behavioural health and welfare of the dairy herd It includes the prevention treatment and control of diseases and conditions affecting the herd in particular mastitis lameness reproduction and metabolic diseases There should be an effective programme for the prevention and treatment of diseases and conditions formulated in consultation with a veterinarian where appropriate This programme should include the recording of production data e g
66. animal welfare in applied ethology Behav Process 60 165 180 DeVries T J M A von Keyserlingk 2005 Time of feed delivery affects the feeding and lying patterns of dairy cattle J Dairy Sci 88 625 631 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 60 301 Annex XXXIV contd DeVries T J M A von Keyserlingk K A Beauchemin 2005 Frequency of feed delivery affects the behaviour of lactating dairy cows J Dairy Sci 88 3553 3562 DeVries T J M A von Keyserlingk D M Weary 2004 Effect of feeding space on the inter cow distance aggression and feeding behavior of free stall housed lactating dairy cows J Dairy Sci 87 1432 1438 Dillon P D P R Berry D Evans F Buckley B Horan 2006 Consequences of genetic selection for increased milk production in European seasonal pasture based systems for milk production Livestock Sciences 99 141 158 Drackley J R 1999 Biology of dairy cows during the transition period The final frontier J Dairy Sci 82 2259 2273 Drissler M M Gaworski C B Tucker D M Weary 2005 Freestall maintenance effects on lying behavior of dairy cattle J Dairy Sci 88 7 2381 2387 EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare AHAW Scientific Opinion on the use of animal based measures to assess welfare of dairy cows EFSA Journal 2012 10 1 2554 Endres M I T J DeVries M A G von Keyserlingk D M Weary 2005 Effect of feed barrier design o
67. annually or with reference to key husbandry activities within the production cycle Changes in milk yield body weight and body condition In growing animals body weight gain_falture to achieve appropriate changes outside the expected growth rate curve especially excessive sudden loss maybe are anindicators of poor animalhealth_and animal welfare Future performance including milk yield and fertility of replacement heifers can be affected by under or over nutrition at different stages of rearing In lactating animals body condition seere outside an acceptable range significant body weight change and significant decrease in milk yield may be indicators of compromised welfare Roche et al 2004 Roche et al 2009 In non lactating animals including bulls body condition seere outside an acceptable range and significant body weight change may be indicators of compromised welfare Reproductive efficiency Reproductive efficiency can be an indicator of animal health and animal welfare status Poor reproductive performance compared with the expected_standard for that_particular breed can indicate animal welfare problems Examples may include anoestrus or extended post partum interval prolonged pest partum ancestrus low conception rates high abortion rates OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 42 283 Annex XXXIV contd
68. are p 1 Longman Scientific and Technical Essex UK National Research Council 2001 Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle National Academy Press Washington DC OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 304 Annex XXXIV contd Newberry R C and Swanson J C 2008 Implications of breaking mother yound social bonds 2008 Applied Animal Behaviour Science 110 1 2 3 23 Odde KG 1996 Reducing neonatal calf losses through selection nutrition and management Agri Practice 17 12 15 O Driscoll K L Boyle P French A Hanlon 2007 The effect of out wintering pad design on hoof health and locomotion score of dairy cows J Dairy Sci 91 544 553 OIE 2005 Terrestrial Animal Health Code 2005 World Organization for Animal Health OIE Paris France Ortiz Pelaez A Pritchard D G Pfeiffer D U Jones E Honeyman P and Mawdsley J J 2008 Calf mortality as a welfare indicator on British cattle farms The Veterinary Journal Volume 176 2 177 181 Ott S L Hillberg Seitzinger A and Hueston W D 1995 Measuring the national economic benefits of reducing livestock mortality Preventive Veterinary Medicine 24 3 203 211 Petrie N J Mellor D J Stafford K J Bruce R A and Ward R N 1996 cortisol responses of calves to two methods of disbudding used with or without local anaesthetic New Zealand Veterinary Journal 44 9 14 Petherick J C and Phillips J C 2009 Spac
69. ave access to a solid lying area The slat and gap widths should be appropriate to the hoof size of the cattle to prevent injuries Hinterhofer et a 2006 Telezhenko et al 2007 If cattle have to be tethered whether indoors or outdoors they should as a minimum be able to lie down and stand up maintain normal body posture and turn around unimpeded Cows kept in tie stall housing should be allowed sufficient untethered exercise to prevent welfare problems When tethered outdoors they should be able to walk Animal handlers should be aware of the higher risks of welfare problems where cattle are tethered Loberg et al 2004 Tucker et al 2009 Where breeding bulls are in housing systems care should be taken to ensure that they have sight of other cattle with sufficient space for resting and exercise If used for natural mating the floor should not be slatted or slippery OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 46 287 Annex XXXIV contd Outcome based measurables morbidity rates especially e g lameness and_injury rates e g hock and knee injuries and skin lesions pressure seres behaviour especially altered posture grooming and locomotory behaviour changes in weight and body condition scere physical appearance e g hair loss cleanliness score growth rate curve Location construction and equipment The impacts of climate and geograph
70. combinations of lignocaine ketoprofen xylazine and tolazoline on the acute cortisol response to dehorning in calves New Zealand Veterinary Journal 51 5 219 226 Stafford K J and Mellor D J 2005 Dehorning and disbudding distress and its alleviation in calves The Veterinary Journal 169 337 349 Stafford K J and Gregory N G 2008 Implications of intensification of pastoral animal production on animal welfare New Zealand Veterinary Journal 56 274 280 Sutherland M A Mellor D J Stafford K J Gregory N G Bruce R A and Ward R N 2002 Modification of cortisol responses to dehorning in calves using a 5 hour local anaesthetic regimen plus phenylbutazone ketoprofen or adrenocorticotropic hormone injected prior to dehorning Research in Veterinary Science 73 115 123 Sutherland MA and Tucker C 2011 The long and short of it a review of tail docking in farm animals Applied Animal Behaviour Science 135 179 191 Telezhenko E L Lidfors C Bergsten 2007 Dairy cow preferences for soft or hard flooring when standing or walking J Dairy Sci 90 3716 3724 Tizard I 2008 Sickness behavior its mechanisms and significance Anim Health Res Rev 9 1 87 99 Townsend H G 1994 Environmental factors and calving management practices that affect neonatal mortality in the beef calf The Veterinary clinics of North America Food animal practice 10 1 119 126 Tucker C B D M Weary D Fraser 2003 Effects of
71. d morbidity rate mortality rate growth rate curve vocalisation Stecking density Space allowance High stecking densities Insufficient and inadequate space allowance may increase the occurrence of injuries and have an adverse effect on growth curve rate feed efficiency and behaviour such as locomotion resting feeding and drinking Martin and Bateson 1986 Kondo et al 2003 Space allowance Stecking density should be managed taking into account different areas for lying standing and feeding suehthate Crowding should not dees_net adversely affect normal behaviour of cattle and durations of time spent lying B e and Feerevik 2003 ar ea eaa All cattle should be able to rest simultaneously and each animal te lie down freely stand up and move around freely without the tisk of injuries move freely around the pen_and access feed_and watertIn growing animals space allowance Stocking density should also be managed such that weight gain and duration oHime spentlying_is not adversely affected by erowding Petherick and Phillips 2009 If abnormal behaviour is seen corrective measures should be taken such as increasing space allowance reducing stocking density redefining the areas available for lying standing and feeding In pastured systems stocking density should depend on the available feed and water supply and pasture quality Stafford and Gregory 2008
72. d provided with fresh bedding between each animal group The time interval between first and last calving of cows kept in the same group calving pen should be minimised Outdoor calving pens and paddocks should be selected to provide the cow with a clean and comfortable environment See also 7 x 5 1 point 2 point i Floor management in housed production systems can have a significant impact on cattle welfare Ingvartsen et al 1993 Rushen and de Passill 1992 Barkema et al 1999 Drissler et al 2005 Areas that compromise welfare and are not suitable for resting e g places with excessive waterand faecal accumulation wet bedding Fregonesi et al 2007 should not be included in the determination calculation_of the area available for cattle to lie down Slopes of the pens should be maintainedte allow water to drain away from feed troughs and not pool excessivelyin the pens Facilities Elooring bedding resting surfaces and outdoor yards should be cleaned as conditions warrant to ensure good hygiene and minimise disease risk In pasture systems stock should be rotated between paddocks to ensure good hygiene and minimise disease risk Some form of bedding should be provided to all animals housed on concrete In straw sand or other bedding systems_such as rubber mats crumbled rubber filled mattresses and waterbeds the bedding should be_suitable e g hygienic non toxic and
73. design in regards to animal health and welfare should be sought e g Milk Development Council 2006 Many aspects of the environment can impact on the health and welfare of dairy cattle These include heat and cold air quality lighting noise etc a Thermal environment Although cattle can adapt to a wide range of thermal environments particularly if appropriate breeds are used for the anticipated conditions sudden fluctuations in weather can cause heat or cold stress i Heat stress The risk of heat stress for cattle is influenced by environmental factors including air temperature relative humidity aad wind speed animal density area and volume available per animal lack of sufficient shade and animal factors including breed age body condition metabolic rate_and stage of lactation and coat colour and density West 2003 Bryant et al 2007 Animal handlers should be aware of the risk that heat stress poses to cattle and of the thresholds in relation to heat and humidity that may require action As conditions change routine daily activities that require moving cattle should be amended appropriately If the risk of heat stress reaches very high levels the animal handlers should institute an emergency action plan that could include provision of shade fans easy access to additional drinking water reduction of animal density and provision of cooling systems as appropriate for the local conditions lgono et
74. e 20bedding pdf Bell NJ JN Huxley 2009 The use of rubber floor matting on dairy units a critical review Cattle Practice 17 2 142 147 Bernardi F J Fregonisi C Winckler C M Veira M A G von Keyserlingk and D M Weary 2009 The stall design paradox Neck rails increase lameness but improve udder and stall hygiene J Dairy Sci 92 7 3074 3080 Bertoni G E Trevisi X Han and M Bionaz 2008 Effects of inflammatory conditions on liver activity in puerperium period and consequences for performance in dairy cows J Dairy Sci 91 3300 3310 Binder E M 2007 Managing the risk of mycotoxins in modern feed production Animal Feed Science and Technology 133 1 2 149 166 Blackshaw J K A W Blackshaw 1994 Heat stress in cattle and the effect of shade on production and behaviour a review Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34 285 295 Blecha F 2000 Immune system response to stress In Moberg G P Mench J A Eds The Biology of Animal Stress Basic Principles and Implications for Animal Welfare CABI Publishing Wallingford UK pp 111 121 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 300 Annex XXXIV contd Blokhuis H J Keeling L J Gavinelli A and Serratosa J 2008 Animal welfare s impact on the food chain Trends in Food Science amp Technology 19 Supplement 1 S79 S87 Boadi D Price MA 1996 Canadian Journal of Animal Science 76 337 342
75. e allowances for confined livestock and their determination from allometric principles Applied Animal Behaviour Science 117 1 2 1 12 Phillips C J C D A Lomas S J Lockwood 2000 The locomotion of dairy cows in passageways with different light intensities Animal Welfare 9 421 41 Proudfoot K L J M Huzzey and M A G von Keyserlingk 2009 The effect of dystocia on dry matter intake and behavior of Holstein cows J Dairy Sci 92 4937 4944 Proudfoot K M Bak Jensen P M H Heegaard and M A G von Keyserlingk 2013 Effect of moving dairy cows at different stages of labor on behavior during parturition J Dairy Sci 96 1638 1646 Reece amp Hotchkiss 1987 Blood studies and performance among calves reared by different methods Journal of Dairy Science 70 1601 1611 Roche J R P G Dillon C R Stockdale L H Baumgard and M J VanBaale 2004 Relationships among international body scoring systems J Dairy Sci 87 3076 3079 Roche J R N C Friggens J Kay M W Fisher K J Stafford and D P Berry 2009 Invited review Body condition score and its association with dairy cow productivity health and welfare J Dairy Sci 92 5769 5801 Roth B A N M Keil L Gygax E Hillmann 2009 Influence of weaning method on health status and rumen development in dairy calves J Dairy Sci 92 645 656 Rushen J and de Passill A M 1992 The scientific assessment of the impact of housing on animal
76. e also 1e Replacement stock should be monitored for cross sucking and appropriate measures taken to prevent this occurring e g providesien ef sucking devices revise or modify feeding practices provide other environmental enrichments use of nese guards_or temporary separation Seo et al 1998 Jemsem 2003 De Paula Vieira et al 2010 Ude et al 2011 Particular attention should be paid to the nutrition including trace elements of growing replacement stock to ensure good health and that they achieve an appropriate growth curve for the breed and farming objectives OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 54 295 Annex XXXIV contd Outcome based measurables morbidity rate mortality rate behaviour especially cross sucking altered grooming and lying behaviours injuries physical appearance changes in weight and body condition seere growth rate curve_reproduction efficiency Milking management Milking whether by hand or machine should be carried out in a calm and considerate manner in order to avoid pain and distress Special attention should be paid to the hygiene of personnel the udder and milking equipment Barkema et al 1999 Breen et al 2009 All cows should be checked for abnormal milk at every milking Milking machines especially automated milking systems should be used and maintained in a manner which minimises injur
77. e appropriately formulated supplements where necessary All cattle including unweaned calves need an adequate supply and access to palatable water that meets their physiological requirements and is free from contaminants hazardous to cattle health Lawrence et al 2004a Cardot et al 2008 Outcome based measurables mortality rates morbidity rates behaviour _especially agonistic behaviour at the feeding area changes in weight and body condition seere reproductive efficiency changes in milk yield growth rate curve_vocalisation Social environment Management of cattle should take into account their social environment as it relates to animal welfare particularly in housed systems Le Neindre 1989 Sato et al 1993 J hannesson and S rensen 2000 B e and Feerevik 2003 Bouissou et al 2001 Kondo et al 2003 Problem areas include agonistic and oestrus activity mixing of heifers and cows feeding cattle of different size and age in the same pens high stocking density insufficient space at the feeder insufficient water access and mixing of bulls Management of cattle in all systems should take into account the social interactions of cattle within groups The animal handler should understand the dominance hierarchies that develop within different groups and focus on high risk animals such as very young very old small or large size for cohort group for evidence of agonistic behaviour bullying and excessi
78. easurables human animal relationship morbidity rate mortality rate behaviour reproductive efficiency changes in weight and body condition seere changes in milk yield OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 57 298 Annex XXXIV contd Disaster management Plans should be in place to minimise and mitigate the effect of disasters e g earthquake flooding fire hurricane Such plans may include evacuation procedures identifying high ground maintaining emergency food and water stores destocking and humane killing when necessary Plans should bein place to minimise _and mitigate There should also be plans to address the effects of natural disasters_or extreme climatic conditions such as heatstress drought blizzard and flooding Humaneding procedures _for_sick_or injured cattle should be part of the emergencsy action pian In times of drought animal management decisions should be made as early as possible and these should include a consideration of reducing cattle numbers Humane killing procedures for sick or injured cattle should be part of the disaster management plan Reference to emergency plans can also be found in points 1 g and 2a iii of Article 7 X 5 Humane killing For sick and injured cattle a prompt diagnosis should be made to determine whether the animal should be treated or humanely killed The decision to kill an animal humanely and the procedure i
79. en and de Passile 2006 Haufe et al 2009 RIC TO CHENG EN COSAAICIL RMESAMT AMED H Hinterhofer et al 2006 Telezhenko et al 2007 Loberg et al 2004 Tucker et al 2009
80. end 1994 Boadi and Price 1996 Mee 2008 Odde 1996 Proudfoot K et al 2013 KARARIR RATER ORCI AKRAM ES WEAK 7 5 7 3 8 3
81. es poestprecedural complication_rate morbidity rate post procedural complications abnormal behaviour vocalisations physical appearance changesin weight and bedy condition score Inspection and handling Dairy cattle should be inspected at intervals appropriate to the production system and the risks to the health and welfare of the cattle mest circumstances catte_Lactating cows should be inspected at least once a day Some animals may benefit from should be inspected more frequently inspection for example neonatal calves Larson et al 1998 Townsend 1994 cows in late gestation Boadi and Price 1996 Mee 2008 Odde 1996 Proudfoot K et al 2013 newly weaned calves cattle experiencing environmental stress and those that have undergone painful husbandry procedures or veterinary treatment Dairy cattle identified as sick or injured should be given appropriate treatment at the first available opportunity by competent and trained animal handlers If animal handlers are unable to provide appropriate treatment the services of a veterinarian should be sought Recommendations on the handling of cattle are also found in Chapter 7 5 In particular handling aids that may cause pain and distress e g sharp preds electric goads should be used only in extreme circumstances_and_ provided that the animal can move freely Dairy cattle should not be prodded in sensitive areas including the udder face eyes nose or ano genital re
82. gion Electric prods should not be used on calves see also point 3 of Article 7 3 8 Where dogs are used as an aid for cattle herding they should be properly trained Animal handlers should be aware that presence of dogs can stress the cattle and cause fear and should keep them under control at all times The use of dogs is not appropriate in housed systems collection yards or other small enclosures where the cattle cannot move freely away Cattle are adaptable to different visual environments However exposure of cattle to sudden or persistent movement or changes in visual contrasts should be minimised where possible to prevent stress and fear reactions Electroimmobilisation should not be used Outcome based measurables human animal relationship morbidity rate mortality rate behaviour especially altered locomotory behaviour vocalisations reproductive efficiency changes in weight and bedy condition score changes in milk weld Personnel training All people responsible for dairy cattle should be competent according to their responsibilities and should understand cattle husbandry animal handling milking routines reproductive management techniques behaviour biosecurity signs of disease and indicators of poor animal welfare such as stress pain and discomfort and their alleviation Competence may be gained through formal training or practical experience Outcome based m
83. h Standards Commission February 2014 53 294 Annex XXXIV contd Receiving adequate immunity from colostrum generally depends on the volume and quality of colostrum ingested and how soon after birth the calf receives it Animal handlers should ensure that calves receive sufficient colostrum _preferably from their own dam and within 24 hours of birth to provide passive immunity Colostrum is most beneficial if received during the first six hours after birth Where there is risk of disease transfer from the dam colostrum from_a healthy cow should be used Where possible calves should continue to receive colostrum or equivalent for at least five days after birth Where new Recently born calves need te be should not be transported_until the navel has healed and after which time any transport required this should be carried out according to Chapter 7 3 Calves should be handled and moved in a manner which minimises distress and avoids pain and injury Outcome based measurables mortality rate morbidity rate growth rate curve Cow calf separation and weaning Different strategies to separate the calf from the cow are utilised in dairy cattle production systems These include early separation usually within 48 hours of birth or a more gradual separation leaving the calf with the cow for a longer period so it can continue to be suckled Separation is canbe stressful for both cow and calf Newberry and
84. ical factors on dairy cattle should be evaluated when farms are established Efforts should be made to mitigate any negative impacts of those factors including matching dairy breed to location and consideration of alternate sites All facilities for dairy cattle should be constructed maintained and operated to minimise the risk to the welfare of the cattle Grandin 1980 In pasture and combination systems tracks and races between the milking area and paddocks should be laid out and managed so as to minimise the overall distances walked Construction and maintenance of tracks and races including their surface should minimise any risk to the welfare of the cattle especially from foot health Equipment for milking handling and restraining dairy cattle should only be used in a way that minimises the risk of injury pain or distress Manufacturers of such equipment should consider animal welfare when preparing operating instructions Electrified equipment designed to control animal behaviour e g cow trainer electrified gate that has been associated with increased incidence of welfare problems should not be used Electric fences should be well designed and maintained to avoid welfare problems and used only according to manufacturer s instructions Cattle in all housed or pastured production systems should be offered adequate space for comfort and socialisation Kond
85. imentarius org input download standards 10080 CXP_054e pdf Camiloti T V J A Fregonesi M A G von Keyserlingk and D M Weary 2012 Short communication Effects of bedding quality on lying behavior of dairy calves J Dairy Sci 95 3380 3383 Cardot V Y Le Roux S Jurjanz 2008 Drinking behaviour of lactating dairy cows and prediction of their water intake J Dairy Sci 91 2257 2264 Chapinal N A M de Pasill D M Weary M A G von Keyserlingk and J Rushen 2009 Using gait score walking speed and lying behaviour to detect hoof lesions in dairy cows J Dairy Sci 92 4365 4374 Chapinal N A Barrientos M A G von Keyserlingk E Galo and D M Weary 2013 Herd level risk factors for lameness in freestall farms in North Eastern US and California J Dairy Sci 96 318 328 Cook N B M J Marin R L Mentink T B Bennett M J Schaefer 2008 Comfort zone design freestalls do they influence the stall use behavior of lame cows J Dairy Sci 91 12 4673 4678 Dahl G E B A Buchanan H A Tucker 2000 Photoperiodic effects on dairy cattle a review J Dairy Sci 83 885 893 De Paula Vieira A Von Keyserlingk M A G amp Weary D M 2010 Effects of pair versus single housing on performance and behavior of dairy calves before and after weaning from milk Journal of dairy science 93 7 3079 3085 Desire L A Boissy and Veissier I 2002 Emotions in farm animals a new approach to
86. ing parts is imperative to ensure the system functions properly and safe for the cattle OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 47 288 Annex XXXIV contd Mechanical and electrical devices used in facilities should be safe for cattle Dipping baths and spray races are sometimes used in dairy cattle production for ectoparasite control Where these are used they should be designed and operated to minimise the risk of crowding and to prevent injury and drowning Collecting yards e g entry to the milking parlour should be designed and operated to minimise stress crewding and prevent injuries and lameness The loading areas and ramps _including the slope of the ramp should be designed to minimise stress and injuries for the animals and ensure the safety of the animal handlers according to Chapters 7 2 7 3 and 7 4 Outcome based measurables handling response morbidity rate especially lameness mortality rate behaviour especially altered locomotory behaviour changes in weight and body condition score physical appearance lameness growth curve rate Emergency plans Where the failure of power water and feed supply systems could compromise animal welfare dairy producers should have contingency plans to cover the failure of these systems These plans may include the provision of fail safe alarms to detect malfunctions back up generators access te maintenance providers contact
87. lfare in relation to these procedures include ceasing the procedure and addressing the current need for the operation through management strategies breeding cattle that do not require the procedure or replacing the current procedure with a non surgical alternative that has been shown to enhance animal welfare Example of such interventions include dehorning tail docking and identification i Disbudding and dehorning Gnreluding disbudding Dairy cattle that are naturally horned are commonly dehorned in order to reduce animal injuries and hide damage improve human safety reduce damage to facilities and facilitate transport and handling Laden et al 1985 Petrie et al 1996 Singh et al 2002 Sutherland et al 2002 Stafford et al 2003 Stafford and Mellor 2005 Where practical and appropriate for the production system the selection of polled cattle is preferable to dehorning OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 55 296 Annex XXXIV contd ii Performing disbudding at an early age where practicable is preferred rather than dehorning older cattle Thermal cautery of the horn bud by a trained operator with proper equipment is the recommended method in order to minimise post operative pain This should be done at an appropriate age before the horn bud has attached to the skull Guidance from a veterinarian or veterinary paraprofe
88. ls Housed dairy cows should be provided with subdued night time lighting Outcome based measurables behaviour especially altered locomotory behaviour morbidity physical appearance mobility Air quality Good air quality and ventilation is an are important fastor for the health and welfare of cattle by reducing the risk of respiratory discomfort and diseases Air quality is affected by air constituents such as gases dust and micro organisms and is influenced strongly by management and building design in housed systems The air Air composition is influenced by the stecking animal density the size of the cattle flooring bedding waste management building design and ventilation system Proper ventilation is important for effective heat dissipation in cattle and to preventing the build up of effluent gases e g ammonia and hydrogen sulphide including those from manure storage systems and dust in the confinement housing unit Poor air quality and poor ventilation are risk factors for respiratory discomfort and diseases The ammonia level in enclosed housing should not exceed 25 ppm Outcome based measurables morbidity rate behaviour mortality rate behaviour especially respiratory rate or panting coughing changes in weight and body condition seere or growth rate curve Noise Cattle are adaptable to different levels and types of noise However exposure of cattle to sudden and u
89. n the behavior of loose housed lactating dairy cows J Dairy Sci 88 2377 2380 Enemark J M D 2008 The monitoring prevention and treatment of sub acute ruminal acidosis SARA A review The Veterinary Journal 76 1 32 43 EU SCAHAW Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare 2001 The Welfare of Cattle Kept for Beef Production http europa eu int comm food fs sc scah out54 en pdf FAWAC Ireland http www fawac ie publications htm FAWC 1993 Second Report on Priorities for Research and Development in Farm Animal Welfare Farm Animal Welfare Council FAWC Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food Tolworth UK Fisher A D M Stewart G A Verkerk C J Morrow L R Matthews 2003 The effects of surface type on lying behaviour and stress responses of dairy cows during periodic weather induced removal from pasture Applied Animal Behaviour Science 81 1 1 11 Flower and Weary 2006 Effect of hoof pathologies on subjective assessments of dairy cow gait J Dairy Sci 89 2006 pp 139 146 Fraser D 2008 Toward a global perspective on farm animal welfare Applied Animal Behaviour Science 113 4 330 339 Fraser D 2009 Animal behaviour animal welfare and the scientific study of affect Applied Animal Behaviour Science 118 3 4 108 117 Fregonesi J A C B Tucker and D M Weary 2007 Overstocking reduces lying time in dairy cows J Dairy Sci 90 3349 3354 Fregone
90. nexpected noises including from personnel should be minimised where possible to prevent stress and fear reactions Ventilation fans alarms feeding machinery or other indoor or outdoor equipment should be constructed placed operated and maintained in a manner that minimises sudden and unexpected noise Outcome based measurables behaviour especially altered locomotory behaviour changes in milk yield Flooring bedding resting surfaces and outdoor areas In all production systems cattle need a well drained and comfortable place to rest Baxter et al 1983 Baxter 1992 Moberg and Mench 2000 Bell and Huxley 2009 O Driscoll et al 2007 All cattle in a group should have sufficient space to lie down and rest at the same time Kondo ef al 2003 Barrientos et al 2013 Chapinal et al 2013 Particular attention should be given to the provisions for calving areas The environment in such areas e g floors bedding temperature calving pen and hygiene should be appropriate to ensure the welfare of calving cows and new born calves Sepulveda Varas et al accepted OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 45 286 Annex XXXIV contd In housed systems calving areas should be thoroughly cleaned and provided with fresh bedding between each calving Group pens for calving should be managed based on the principle all in all out The group calving pen should be thoroughly cleaned an
91. ng to changes in climatic conditions or physiological state of the cattle Article 7 X 4 Criteria or measurables for the welfare of dairy cattle The following outcome based criteria specifically animal based criteria can be useful indicators of animal welfare The use of these indicators and their appropriate thresholds should be adapted to the different situations where dairy cattle are managed Censideration should alse _be_given te the design of the system These criteria can be considered as a tool to monitor the efficiency impact of design and management given that both of these can affect animal welfare wiltbe affected by both system design and steckmanship Consideration should also be given to the design of the system and stockmanship OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 41 282 Annex XXXIV contd Behaviour Certain behaviours could indicate an animal welfare problem These include decreased feed intake altered locomotory behaviour and posture altered lying time Human animatrelationship altered respiratory rate and panting coughing shivering and huddling grooming and the demonstration of stereotypic agonistic aggressive depressive or other abnormal behaviours Wiepkema et al 1983 Moss 1992 Desire et al 2002 Appleby 2006 Mason and Latham 2004 Lawrence 2008 Chapinel e a 2009 Morbidity rates Morbidity rates including for infectio
92. o et al 2003 Where access to an outdoor area including pasture is possible there may be additional benefits to dairy cattle from the opportunity to graze and exercise and a decreased risk of lameness In all production systems feed and water provision should allow all cattle to have unimpeded access to feed and water DeVries and Keyserlingk 2005 DeVries ef al 2005 DeVries et al 2004 Endres et al 2005 Feeders and water providers should be clean and free of spoiled mouldy sour unpalatable feed and faecal contamination Milking parlour free stalls standings cubicles races chutes and pens should be free from sharp edges and protrusions to prevent injury to cattle Where possible there should be a separated area te closely examine where individual animals can be examined closely and which should have restraining facilities A fespital areafor When relevant sick and injured animals should be provided sothe anima s can be treated away from healthy animals When a dedicated space is provided this should accommodate all the needs of the animal e g recumbent animals may require additional bedding or alternative floors Hydraulic pneumatic and manual equipment should be adjusted as appropriate to the size of cattle to be handled Hydraulic and pneumatic operated restraining equipment should have pressure limiting devices to prevent injuries Regular cleaning and maintenance of work
93. ons due te from routine common procedures management Surgical and non surgical procedures may be performed in dairy cattle for mpreving _animalperformance facilitating management and improving human safety and animal welfare and treatment of certain conditions e g disbudding hoof trimming displaced abomasum However if these procedures are not performed properly animal welfare can be compromised Indicators of such problems could include OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 43 284 Annex XXXIV contd post procedure infection and swelling and pain behaviour reduced feed and water intake post procedure body condition and weight loss morbidity and mortality Article 7 X 5 Provisions for good animal welfare Ensuring high welfare of dairy cattle is contingent on several management factors including system design environmental management and stockmanship which includes responsible husbandry and provision of appropriate care Serious problems can arise in any system if one or more of these elements are lacking Each recommendation includes a list of relevant outcome based measurables derived from Article 7 X 4 This does not exclude other measures being used where appropriate 1 Recommendations on system design and management including physical environment When new facilities are planned or existing facilities are modified professional advice on
94. oup housed dairy calves Applied Animal Behaviour Science 80 3 191 206 Jensen M B R Kyhn 2000 Play behaviour in group housed dairy calves the effect of space allowance Applied Animal Behaviour Science 67 35 46 J hannesson T and S rensen J T 2000 Evaluation of welfare indicators for the social environment in cattle herds Anim Welfare 9 297 3 16 Kendall P E G A Verkerk J R Webster C B Tucker 2007 Sprinklers and shade cool cows and reduce insect avoidance behaviour in pasture based dairy cows J Dairy Sci 90 3671 3680 Kondo S J Sekine M Okubo and Y Asahida 2003 The effect of group size and space allowance on the agonistic and spacing behavior of cattle Applied Animal Behavior Science 24 127 135 Laden S A Wohlt J E Zajac P K and Carsia R V 1985 Effects of stress from electrical dehorning on feed intake growth and blood constituents of Holstein heifer calves Journal of Dairy Science 68 3062 3066 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 62 303 Annex XXXIV contd Larson R L Pierce V L Randle R F 1998 Economic evaluation of neonatal health protection programs for cattle JAVMA 213 6 810 816 Lawrence A B Pryce J E and Simm G 2001 G x EEE the missing link when breeding for welfare In Garner J P Mench J A Heekin S P Eds Proceedings of the 35th Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology The Center for
95. ous food such as silage grass and hay should be available ad libitum to meet metabolic requirements in a way that promotes digestion and ensures normal rumen function Animal handlers should understand the impact of cattle size and age weather patterns diet composition and sudden dietary changes in respect to digestive upsets and their negative consequences displaced abomasum sub acute ruminal acidosis bloat liver abscess laminitis Enemark 2008 Vermunt and Greenough 1994 Where appropriate dairy producers should consult a cattle nutritionist for advice on ration formulation and feeding programmes Particular attention should be paid to nutrition in the last month of pregnancy with regards to energy balance roughage and micronutrients in order to minimise calving and post calving diseases and body condition loss Drackley 1999 Huzzey ef al 2005 Bertoni et al 2008 Goldhawk et al 2009 Jawor et al 2012 Vickers et al 2013 Feeding calves all liquid diets limits the physiological development of the fore stomach_ and the normal development of the process of rumination Calves over two weeks old should have a sufficient daily ration of fibrous food to promote rumen development Reece amp Hotchkiss 1987 Dairy producers should become familiar with potential micronutrient deficiencies or excesses for housed_and pastured production systems in their respective geographical areas and us
96. reaty on European Union the treaties establishing the European communities and related acts Official Journal 340 available at http eur lex europa eu en treaties dat 11997D htm 11997D html Appleby M C 2006 Animal sentience in US farming In Turner J D Silva J Eds Animals Ethics and Trade The Challenge of Animal Sentience Earthscan London pp 159 165 Arab TM CJC Phillips and PN Johnson 1995 The effect of supplementary light on the behavior of housed cattle Pp 143 144 Proceedings of the 29th International Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology Barrientos A C N Chapinal D M Weary E Galo M A G von Keyserlingk 2013 Herd level risk factors for hock injuries in freestall housed dairy cows in the Northeastern US and California J Dairy Sci 96 3758 3765 Barkema HW YH Schukken TJ Lam Beiboer ML G Benedictus and A Brand 1999 Management practices associated with the incidence rate of clinical mastitis J Dairy Sci 82 8 1643 1654 Baxter S H Baxter M R MacCormack J A C Eds 1983 Farm Animal Housing and Welfare Martinus Nijhoff The Hague Baxter M R 1992 The space requirements of housed livestock In Phillips C and Piggins D Eds Farm animals and the environment P 67 91 CAB International Wallingford UK Bell N 2007 Cubicle bedding from The Healthy Feet project University of Bristol United Kingdom http www cattle lameness org uk contendocs Cubicl
97. rent kinds of cubicle flooring Applied Animal Behaviour Science 75 281 292 Martin P and Bateson P 1986 Measuring behaviour Cambridge Univ Press London UK Mason G J and Latham N R 2004 Can t stop won t stop is stereotypy a reliable animal welfare indicator Anim Welf 13 Suppl S57 S69 Feb Mellor D J and Stafford K J 2004 Animal welfare implications of neonatal mortality and morbidity in farm animals The Veterinary Journal 168 118 133 Mench J A Farm animal welfare in the U S A Farming practices research education regulation and assurance programs 2008 Applied Animal Behaviour Science 113 4 298 312 Millman S T Duncan I J H Stauffacher M and Stookey J M 2004 The impact of applied ethologists and the international society for applied ethology in improving animal welfare Applied Animal Behaviour Science 86 299 311 Mee JF 2008 Managing the cow at calving time Proceedings of the 41st Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners 35 43 Menke C S Waiblinger D W F lsch P R Wiepkema 1999 Social behaviour and injuries of horned cows in loose housing systems Animal Welfare 8 243 258 Moberg G P Mench J A 2000 The Biology of Animal Stress Basic Principles and Implications for Animal Welfare CABI Publishing Wallingford Oxon UK Moss R 1992 Definition of health and welfare In R Moss Ed Livestock Health and Welf
98. si J A M A G von Keyserlingk D M Veira and D M Weary 2009 Cow preference and usage of free stalls versus an open lying area J Dairy Sci 92 5497 5502 Gehring R Baynes R E and Riviere E 2006 Application of risk assessment and management principles to the extralabel use of drugs in food producing animals J Vet Pharm Ther 29 5 14 Goldhawk C N Chapinal D M Veira D M Weary and M A G von Keyserlingk 2009 Prepartum feeding behavior is an early indicator of subclinical ketosis J Dairy Sci 92 4971 4977 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 302 Annex XXXIV contd Grandin T 1980 Observations of cattle behaviour applied to design of cattle handling facilities Appl Anim Ethol 6 19 31 Grandin T 1998 Review Reducing handling stress improves both productivity and welfare Prof Anim Sci 14 1 10 Grandin T 2003 Transferring results of behavioral research to industry to improve animal welfare on the farm ranch and the slaughter plant Applied Animal Behaviour Science 81 3 215 228 Grandin T 2006 Progress and challenges in animal handling and slaughter in the U S Applied Animal Behaviour Science 100 1 2 129 139 Hart B L 1987 Behavior of sick animals Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 3 2 383 391 Haufe H C L Gygax B Steiner K Friedli M Stauffacher B Wechsler 2009 Influence of floor type in the walking area of cubicle housing systems on the
99. ssional as to the optimum method and timing for the type of cattle and production system should be sought The use of anaesthesia and analgesia are strongly recommended when performing disbudding and should always be used when dehorning Appropriate restraint systems and procedures are required when disbudding or dehorning Other methods of disbudding include removal of the horn buds with a knife and the application of chemical paste to cauterise the horn buds Where chemical paste is used special attention should be paid to avoid chemical burns to other parts of the calf or to other calves This method is not recommended because pain management is difficult Operators should be trained and competent in the procedure used and be able to recognise the signs of pain and complications that may include excessive bleeding sinus infection Methods of dehorning when horn development has commenced involve the removal of the horn by cutting or sawing through the base of the horn close to the skull Operators removing developed horns from dairy cattle should be trained and competent in the procedure used and be able to recognise the signs of complications e g excessive bleeding sinus infection Tail docking Research shows that tail docking does not improve the health and welfare of dairy cattle animals therefore it is not recommended as a routine procedure te deck the tailis_of
100. that exhibit traits beneficial to animal health and welfare by promoting robustness and longevity These include resistance to infectious and production related diseases ease of calving fertility body conformation and mobility and temperament Outcome based measurables morbidity rate mortality rate length of productive life behaviour physical appearance reproductive efficiency lameness human animal relationship growth rate curve body condition seere outside an acceptable range Artificial insemination pregnancy diagnosis and embryo transfer Semen collection should be carried out by a trained operator in a manner that does not cause pain or distress to the bull and any teaser animal used during collection and in accordance with Chapter 4 6 Artificial insemination and pregnancy diagnosis should be performed by a competent operator_and in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 4 7 Embryo transfer should be performed under an epidural or other anaesthesia by a trained operator preferably a veterinarian or a veterinary para professional_and_in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 4 7 and Chapter 4 8 Outcome based measurables behaviour morbidity rate reproductive efficiency Dam and Ssire selection and calving management Dystocia is canbe a welfare risk to dairy cattle Proudfoot et al 2009 Heifers should not be bred before they reach are at the stage of physical maturity sufficient to
101. tself should be undertaken by a competent person Reasons for humane killing may include severe emaciation weak cattle that are non ambulatory or at risk of becoming downers non ambulatory cattle that will not stand up refuse to eat or drink have not responded to therapy rapid deterioration of a medical condition for which therapies have been unsuccessful severe debilitating pain compound open fracture spinal injury central nervous system disease multiple joint infections with chronic weight loss and premature calves that are unlikely to survive or calves that have debilitating congenital defect as part of disaster management response For a description of acceptable methods for humane killing of dairy cattle see Chapter 7 6 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 5g 299 Annex XXXIV contd Scientific references American Association of Bovine Practitioners 2013 Practical Euthanasia of Cattle www aabp org resources euth asp accessed Nov 28 2013 American Veterinary Medical Association 2013 AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia http www avma org issues animal welfare euthanasia pdf accessed Nov 28 2013 Anderson N 2010 Freestall dimensions for dairy cows Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs http www omafra gov on ca english livestock dairy Anonymous 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam amending the t
102. us and metabolic diseases such as mastitis and_metrtis lameness metabolic_diseases _parasitic_diseases post partum and post procedural complications and injury rates above recognised thresholds may be direct or indirect indicators of the animal welfare status of the whole herd Understanding the aetiology of the disease or syndrome is important for detecting potential animal welfare problems Blecha 2000 Mastitis lameness reproductive and metabolic diseases are also particularly important animal health problems for adult dairy cows Scoring systems such as body condition lameness scoring and milk quality can provide additional information Sprecher ef al 1997 Roche et al 2004 EFSA 2012 Both clinical examination and pathology should be utilised as an indicator of disease injuries and other problems that may compromise animal welfare Post mortem examination is useful to establish causes of death in cattle Mortality and culling rates Mortality and culling rates affect_the length of productive life and like morbidity rates may be direct or indirect indicators of the animal welfare status Moss 1992 Depending on the production system estimates of mortality_and culling rates can be obtained by analysing_the rate and causes of death and culling and the their temporal tempore and spatial patterns of mortality occurrence Mortality and culling rates should can be reported recorded regularly i e daily monthly
103. ve mounting behaviour The animal handler should understand the risks of increased agonistic interactions between animals particularly after mixing groups Gattle that are _suffering 1 isti hd the group B e and Feerevik 2003 Jensen and Kyhn 2000 von Keyserlingk et al 2008 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 51 292 Annex XXXIV contd When other measures have failed cattle that are expressing excessive agonistic activity or excessive mounting behaviour should be removed from the group B e and Feerevik 2003 Jensen and Kyhn 2000 von Keyserlingk et al 2008 Animal handlers should be aware of the animal welfare problems that may be caused by mixing of inappropriate groups of cattle and provide adequate measures to minimise them e g introduction of heifers in a new group mixing of animals at different production stages that have different dietary needs Grandin 1998 Grandin 2003 Grandin 2006 Kondo et al 2003 Horned and non horned cattle should not be mixed because of the risk of injury Menke ef al 1999 When farmers intend to change the phenotype of their animals they should take appropriate measures to reduce this risk Outcome based measurables behaviour_especially e g lying times physical injuries and lesions changes in weight and body condition seere physical appearance e g cleanliness lameness scores changes in milk yiel
104. welfare a critical review Can J Anim Sci 72 721 743 Rushen J A M de Passill 2006 Effects of roughness and compressibility of flooring on cow locomotion J Dairy Sci 89 2965 2972 Sato S K Tarumizu K Hatae 1993 The influence of social factors on allogrooming in cows Applied Animal behaviour Science 38 235 244 Seo T Sato S Kosaka K Sakamoto N Tokumoto K amp Katoh K 1998 Development of tongue playing in artificially reared calves effects of offering a dummy teat feeding of short cut hay and housing system Applied Animal Behaviour Science 56 1 1 12 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission February 2014 64 305 Annex XXXIV contd Sepulveda Varas P J M Huzzey D M Weary and M A G von Keyserlingk accepted Invited Review Behavioural changes related to illness during the periparturient period in dairy cattle Anim Product Sci Sprecher D J D E Hostetler J B Kaneene 1997 A lameness scoring system that uses posture and gait to predict dairy cattle reproductive performance Theriogenology 47 1179 1187 Singh S Saini A L Randhawa S S and Jindal R 2002 Plasma cortisol and other blood constituents in relation to age of disbudding with and without cornual block in Murrah buffalo calves SARAS Journal of Livestock and Poultry Production 18 1 8 Stafford K J Mellor D J Todd S E Ward R N and McMeekan C M 2003 The effect of different
105. y to teats and udders Manufacturers of such equipment should provide operating instructions that consider animal welfare A regular milking routine should be established relevant to the stage of the lactation and the capacity of the system e 9 For example c cows female in full lactation may need more frequent milking to relieve udder pressure A z Animal handlers should regularly check the information_provided by the milking system and act accordingly to protect the welfare of the cows Where a_milking_ machine is_used it should be _ maintained according to the recommendations_of the f i 4 Special care should be paid to animals being milked for the first time If possible they should be familiarised with the milking facility prior to giving birth Long waiting times before and after milking can lead to health and welfare problems e g lameness reduced time to eat Management should ensure that waiting times are minimised Outcome based measurables morbidity rate e g udder health behaviour changes in milk yield milk quality physical appearance e g lesions Painful husbandry procedures Husbandry practices are routinely carried out in cattle for reasons of management animal welfare and human safety Those practices that have the potential to cause pain should be performed in such a way as to minimise any pain and stress to the animal Future options for enhancing animal we

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