8-GeV電子ビームによるタングステン 単結晶からの陽電子生成の研究
Contents
1. 13 22 ing te V 4 1 N 7 kb ze Soft ep ui ef H 111 018000000 lt 111 gt 0000000 beet 0000 2 74 0000000 d 274 lt 111 gt DU 00000000000 Xe 35mm 1 3 000000000000 00000000000000 1300000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000 00 0 1 110000 0000000000006 2000000000 1 gt 000000000000000000000 lt 111 gt 0000 7 7 Oo L5 000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 00 0000 0000 071000 1 20 36 000000 000000000000000000 199700 000000000 L3 L3 C3 L3 0 00 000 00000 142. ee ee 0 5 MEE NOCTES Ee TIRE L L 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 60 40 0 40 60 25 i nud estem MEE RD e ts eate M SS m ere a TEES FEN Angle mrad ooo E Li oOo ooo ooo 40 0000 3 19000 20 00 00 000 00 000 00 00 0 0000 006000 22mm 000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 3 30 0 000000000 unnppwunn ll __22 In 72 23 109 12 12 4 9 29 uo 13s
3. 0 Planar Channeling 0 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000001000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 1700000 000000000000 Channeling Radiation 0 000000000000 000000000000 00000 UUU 0000000 1 30 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 8 9 E nwo 5 2 2 Y fco0 1 20 000 1 2 3 0 4 0000000000000 Lindhard Anger 0000000000000000006 47 VE 1 4 y gt 1 0 lt 1 1 3 z 0000006000 e 1 6 107 4 0000000000 E HR 000000000000002 74 4 27440000 51000000000 13700 00000 0000 00 0 00 00 00 00 0000 E 8GeV amp 043 0000000 0 000000000 00000
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5. 28 5 Wez2 2 5 3 9mm 31 10 2 2 5 3 32 UUUUUU U U Pe 15MeV c We 2 2 5 3 90mm 22252292 33 et 20MeV c 2 2 5 3 34 uud n GS 35 PEE T7270 TT 36 OffAxisQ 37 38 WcOQ 2mm Wa 5 000000000 39 310 00000000 WeOmmp 4mm 40 3 11 D000000000000000 42 EE tte ME e een ear ses 44 IV UU 11 1 2 1 3 14 2 1 2 2 2 3 24 2 5 2 6 3 1 3 2 3 3 000000000 1 lt 10000000000000000000 000000000 000000000 EEN eee ert PRU ORO oU EE 8 GeV Linac l D lU DL 000000000 Bu mtu Q D gees ake UUUUU UU TO EE NOR E Ee sassa W as ene de Page s 000000000 O10 11 0000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000
6. I3mm U 0 0000000000000000000000 20 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00 3 110000000000000000000000000000 1000000000000000000000000000000000 U 10000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000 10000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000 3 11000000000000000 0 000000000000000000 35 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000 000000000000000000000 DUDU DU Smml 18mm U 0 0 0000000000000 0000 0 000000000000000 0 2 6 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000005 10 15 20 lt 0000 L1 L1 42 ET EZ EE E ELE ES EZ EA E ESI ET EZE ELE EZE EZ EEE 226 GEANT3 y 0000000000000000000000000000 GEANT3OOO 00000 00000000000000000 8GeVD D 000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 190000000000000000 5 10 15 20 MeV c CPU 450 2
7. 2 9000 9010000000000 dE 7 1 nZ a qs 1 gg na I sin 0hvdv 2 6 00000000 1 137000000000 2000 00 000 260 0000 0 9 26 Cherenkov light Wave front n gt 29 000000000000 00000000 8 oe 5 0 9948 0 5449 10 0 9987 0 5484 15 0 9994 0 5491 20 0 9996 0 5494 H 2 5 40 size U 0000000000000000000000000000 590000000 0 00000000000000 1 500 00 UP 5 10 15 200 Mev c U J lt 0590 00 2 50 000000000 590000000 250000000 000000000 5 1 00000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000000 28 DIL 30000000000000000000 0000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 2 19000000000000000000000000000 000000 00000000 00000000 27 0000 000000000000000000000 00000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000 0000 000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000200000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000
8. 14000 000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000 ve 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 1 10000000000000000000000000000 35mm 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000 KEKO LD UI 000000000 Linac D 00 14 0 U 4 0 0000000000 0000000000000 4Gev 1960 000000000000000000 DUDU 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000 1 500000000000000 1 lt 1 000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000 1 lt 000000000000000000000000000002001 0 61000000000000000000000000000000000 D 000000000000000000000000000000000000 20000000000000000000000000 1 5 000000000000 1 lt 0000000 61000 4GeV D IUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU 7 MESTU TEN NOTO O Facilities Target Thickness Flux Peak Power Average Power Drive Deposition Absorption Beam Lp dewa 6 xO s Wc WsRes 6 2x10 i6 4 lt WsRes
9. 00000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000 L3 EJ EJ E3 E3 EH 00000000000000000 0 0 0 0 27 mr 0000000000 00000000000000000000000 00000000 0000000000000 00000000 0 0000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000 00000000 2 900000000000000 000000000 000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000 51
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11. Chi 1 200 t FAIL RICH 2 7 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 D uuu Lead Glass NIM CAMAC prc ce eese poem I Picosecond Beam Current Moniter Pulse Labs 1 Att Amp I oe 645 CH Positron Detector At Amp faci Lucite E Cable 6 db O db 10 2 Positron Detector Att Amp Att pd 1 p I I I o e ae FIC ADC3 Trigger s ae Goniometer X Stage 2 8 J D 25 0 2 sin 0d0 2 1 cos 0 2 4 0 2 400000000000000000000000000000000 00000000 5 0 20 500 00000000 uultu Acceptance Me V c x10 MeV c Sterad 08 003 2475007 2802010 1812010 24 00000000000 27 24 0000 5Mev cH 20 H 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000 000000000 9000 cos 25 2 5
12. Quasi Classical Theory 8 Ij Incident Photon Energy Range GeV A Probability of Pair Production in units of Bethe Heitler 0 1 2 3 7 1 9 14 lt 100 gt 0 000 7000 0 000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Bethe Heiler DD 1000000000000 lt 100 gt 0000000000000 0 00000000000000000000006000 12 143 0000000000000000000000 1 1000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 1 10 0000000 1000000000000000000000000 0000000000000 1 100 000000000000000000 00000 0000 00000000 0000000600 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000 KEK 8 0 000000000000000000000000000000000000 200000000000000000000000000000000 00 5 30 0 000000000000000000000 Single Crystal e e Beam Single b Crystal Amorphous e e 1 10
13. L R 20 0 20 Angle mrad 3 1 0000000000000 0000 0000000000000 2 2mm 5 3mm 9mm 31 0 25 Relative Positron Yield arb unit e o a to E We 2 2mm Pet 10MeV c Relative Positron Yield arb unit m N gt o Relative Positron Yield arb unit o o ES 3 2 2 2mm 5 3mm 9mm 32 0 5 Wc 2 2mm Pe 15MeV c nnd Relative Positron Yield arb unit Relative Positron Yield arb unit Relative Positron Yield arb unit 20 0 20 Angle mrad 3 3 00000000000000000 15 2 2mm 5 3mm 9mm 33 i I Wc 2 2mm 20 0 9 Relative Positron Yield arb unit 2 5 Wce 5 3mm 20 FTTT TTTTTTTTT 0 5 Relative Positron Yield arb unit E pue D pupas 40 60 80 20 0 20 Angle mrad We 9 0mm Pet 20MeV c Relative Positron Yield arb unit 0 3 4 20 2 2mm 5 3mm 9mm 34
14. L mf 1 2 NN 000000000000000 n 10080 f 00000 0000000000000000000 20010 12000000000000000000000000000 5 5 109 510000141 00000000000000000000000 105 s 12 13 0000000000000 000000000000000000 1 30000000000700000 00000000000000000 00000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000 O 0 00000000000 High Z heavy metal target e 14 000000000000000 TI 89 1 1 610000 0000000000000000 2000000000 20000000000 00000000000 2000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000
15. 9 49 i 12 4 33 000000000000000000000000000000 20MeV e 1 20 19000000 2 Zomm lU 100 00000000000 9mm 200 000000000 mmf 0 000000 22mm 0 000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000 000600 34 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 41 Pe 20MeV c e Wc U We 2 2mm Wa 5 10mm wns x Wc 9mm Wa 2 4mm Enhancement 6 8 10 Target Thickness mm U 3 11 0000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000 Gm 000 40 0
16. 0 0000 GeV mm ES 12 Wa 2 1998 9 10 0 6 0 8 1 0 We A 1 2 2 2 2 2 5 GA036 50 Diamond D 14 000000000 0 000000000000000000000000 0000000000 0000000000 07 26 0000000000000 14000000 20000 9000000000 20019 4009000 300 KEK 86 00000000 E Se E T ES 00000000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000000 a OOOO bg 0 0 0 0 0 00000000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000 15 020 21 2000 U 900 20010 400 9000 3000000000000 20000000000 2 2 00 00000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 20010 0 40000000 000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 20010 900000010 5 300000000000030000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 8 Linc DD n DO UH D 00 21000000 0220000000000 2 3000000000000000000000 _ 2 1
17. L3 r3 L3 L3 L3 L3 EJ L3 r3 L3 L3 L3 L3 000000 050 00000 48 UU 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 10 1 11 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 225 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 Livingston U bd EIE SS 2 4 ED ED E 5 del yi GRO Be Ns 6 UUUDUDUUDUUDUUUDUUSLCUDDUUDUUDU 7 EE EBE EE PLE 10 10 A a Ans Ap 11 PEE EB BB uv 12 13 HE EE Ein Ek gt IC LE RO 14 H E EET ETT EP 16 EIER E o d T te ee T asta 18 PP PB SH RRE uk 19 aw d 21 HAA EI eo RUE Am tees 21 22 RE EE eue ea 25 i PUE SEE OU EE 25 r T OTIO IS be 27
18. 45 1x10 4 Jio w Em Presta rates 10 s or 3Q0 000000000000 peak power average power absorption U 1 2 SLCQOO00000000000000000000 2000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 10000 0 0 000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000 05 000000000 14 00000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000 00000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000 141 0000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 O Channeling 000000000 1 6000000000000000000 Axial 0000 00 0 0 0 0 0 0000 3NLC 4 7
19. A 2 2mm Wc 9 m 5 3 ded ttt ttis gt 401 o 9 0mm Wc i i i 3 I i 35 x EE ee ee U E i 5 30 H A epit GE o H 4 gt 5 E 25 U 1 m i i i i 5 20 a bee z I i 5 15 ERER EAE cdr E i 10 Enseigne Age i ER deed e 4 E EE CU Hp OU NAM U ST HIMEN RU M UM M T i 0 5 10 15 20 25 Positron Momentum MeV c U 35 0000000000000 00000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000081 00000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000 100000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000
20. N e e Positron Production Efficienc L L 1 1 1 14 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1221 28 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Target Thickness mm e o o W Crystal Pe 10MeV c W Amorphous i 1 GEANT3 Simulation y Qo 5 A Positron Production Efficienc e 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 U 3 12 44 0 06 WCrystal Pe 15MeV c W Amorphous O GEANT3 Simulation y Qo 5 A e o N Positron Production Efficienc 0 2 EE s a la as 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Target Thickness mm 0 06 WCrystal Pe 20MeV c W Amorphous Simulation y Qo 5 e o Positron Production Efficienc 0 EET 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Target Thickness mm 45 4 000001 UUUU U KEK 86 0000000000000000 00000000 2 2mm 5 3mm 9mm 00000000000000000000 5 10 15 20 00000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000 90 00000000000000 000000000 2 210 00000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000 000000000 2 00
21. 00000000000000 KEK 16 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 22 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 1925000 1900 100 77 9 10000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000 0 3 0 0 14100000 86 00000000000 00000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 2 E E23 EZ 0000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000003000000000000000000000 Linch 22000 DO D U 00 00 0 0 0 0 2nC bunch 00000000000000000000000000 LE EX E Jr 0 0 0 2 0 23 HOUUUU 0 0000000000000000000000000000000 0 0 02 2 0 1 5 9mm 300000000000000000000000000000000000 30 18mm 0 9X4 5 10 0 MesaciyD HD 00000000000 000000000000000000 0 23000000000 043mrad 000000 2
22. 0000000000000000002 2 0000 5 30 0 000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 33 20000 900 20010 2 2 0000 5 1 3 800 9mn D DH 2 4 0 3 900 000000000000000000 200000000 1900000 0 00000000000000000000000 20 00000000 38 Relative Positron Yield arb unit Relative Positron Yield arb unit We 2 2mm Wa 5 0mm 20 060960099 0 60 40 20 20 40 60 0 Angle mrad WOOO 2 20 0 5 10mm 0000000 000000000 00000000000 200000000000000000 39 Relative Positron Yield arb unit Relative Positron Yield arb unit U 3 19 000000000 0000 9mm 0 W 200000000 24mrad 0 0000000000000 Linac We 9 0mm Wa 2 0mm Pe 20MeV c j IEEE E NEM TE ete tes 25 ee gef C vgegaff 2 Down 1 5
23. 05 U 3 2 000000000000 0000000000 3700000000000 000000000000 U 20 00000000000 3 70000000000000 000000000000 0 49 0 05 0 48 0 05 D D 1 000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 3 20 324 2 600000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 240000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 37 N On Axis H We 2 2mm ort Axis m On Axis We 5 3mm Ort Axis e On Axis i ECE MM ema eee eee Bose Wc 9 0mm arb unit Relative Positron Yield Acceptance Positron Momentum MeV c 3 8 0000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000 3 100 3400000000000 3 8 0 0000000000000000000000 Off AxisQ OOO 0000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 00 0 0 000 0000 00 0 00 0 0 00 00000 5 3mm 00000 9mml 0
24. Nucl Instr and Meth in Phys Res B 119 1996 1 29 10 M A Kumakohov Radiation From Charged Particles in S olids American Institute of Physics 1989 11 A W S enz H berall et al Coherent Radiation S ources Springer Verlag 1985 12 J C Kimball et al Phys Rev Lett 50 1983 950 13 A Belkacem et al Phys Rev Lett 58 1987 1196 1141 0000 000000 15 R Chehab et al Orsay Report LAL RT 89 01 1989 16 J Lindhart Phys Lett 12 1964 126 17 K Yoshida et al Phys Rev Lett 80 1998 1437 18 M Inoue et al Nucl Instr and Meth B173 2000 104 19 S Anami et al Nucl Instr and Meth B183 2001 459 49 1201 0000 000000 2000 00000 21 0000 000000 2000 00000 1221 00 0000000 20000 00000 23 T Suwada et al Preprint 2001 6 2001 24 K Sasahara et al KEK Preprint 2001 106 Sep 2001 A 25 T Suwada et al KEK Preprint 2001 141 Oct 2001 A 26 H Okuno et al Proceedings of RREPS Lake Aya Altai Mountanis Russia Sep 2001 27 41 0000000000000000000 00000000 28 0000 00000 000 29 GEANT Detector Descriptionand Simulation Tool http wwwinfo cern ch asd geant 50 1 1 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 E3 L3 O L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 C3 qq J EL DIE EZ J EZ EL EZ A ID L q c L3 L3 q
25. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000 8GeV 0 2nC bunch 0 000000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 UUUUUU 000000000000000000000000000 000 2000000000000000000000000000000 0 0 0 0 ccc 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EI ee E P A ET ES EJ EE E LJ L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 I 2002 48 OH 0000 000000000 0000 2 Final Report of Snowmass 2001 T4 Working Group 31 0000 00000 0000 4 KEK B Homepage http www acc kek jp WW W ACC exp KEKB 5 Review of Particle Physics The European Physical Journal C 2000 80 6 Snowmass2001 Homepage http www snowmass2001 org 7 M L Ter Mikhaelyan Physics Uspekhi 44 6 2000 571 596 8 Allan H Sgrensen and E Uggerhgj Nature 325 1987 311 9 Allan H Sgrensen
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36. 00000000000000000 0 6GeV 1 2 1 40 30 L1 L1 L3 L3 L3 L3 ODO O L3 L3 C3 L3 L3 L3 L3 C3 C3 E3 E ef ES EE a en GE EX EP ESL H 0 00000000 L3 L3 L3 Lr 0 0000000000000000000000000 0000000000000 2 20 0000 5 0000 Gm DU 000 2 4 0 00000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000 1 20 190000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000 9mm 0 00 2 210 J J 6 8 0 00000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0 0 0 L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 46 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000 86 0 00000000000 90 0 0000000000000000000 0 010 0 05 000000000 9mm
37. 000000000000000000000000 323 000000000000000000000000000000000 On Axis 0 0000000000000000000000000000 U Off Axis 00000000000000000000000000000 23 Enhancement Positron Momentum MeV c 3 6 000000000000000 2000000 50 15 29205 2 1 03 3 1 00000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000000000000000 3 10 0 3400000000000000000000000000 3 1000000 3 1000000000000000000 3 60000 3 60000000000000000000005 7 0000000000 5 00000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000 000000000 08 0000000000000000000000 0 000000000000000000000 2 2 0 0000000000 0 000000000000000 0 80000000000000000 L1 36 Pet 20MeV c Reference target a N e a Relative Positron Yield arb unit X mm 3 7 0000000000 08 80000000000000000000000 2 2 0000000000000 2 20 0000000000 Off Axisp 00 0000000 6 mm 00000000000 0000000 00000000 Will 000000 20 0 49 0 05 0 48 0
38. 000000000000000000000000000000 0000 Bebe 0 00000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 30000000000000000000000 10 15 20 Mev 0 0000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000 20019 90000000000 2 2mmq 5 3m 00000000000000000000000 3 100 3400000 00000000000000000000000 V 0 B L3 L3 r3 000 3 LA 000 L3 2000 20010 9 2001 4 2001 9 30 We 2 2mm Pe 5MeV c o o arb unit o o e e aed o Ds o e A T Relative Positron Yield S 5 20 20 Angle mrad Wc 5 3mm Pet 5MeV c 1 arb unit o T a eC o a Relative Positron Yield e ce ee 20 0 20 Angle mrad We 9 0mm Pe 5MeV c Relative Positron Yield arb unit L
39. 0000000000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 209GeVU n 00000000000 42km 0000000000100000 100000000000000 4Gev Un 0 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 3 JLC Japan Liner fi ee a Damping ring To Main ET X DEES Pra amie fim NLC Next Liner Collider SLAC rpm gen e Rei wn H 4 S 1 i gt D a ef TESLA TeV Superconducting Liner Accelerator DESY IF ESTZTZIZESTIITI x lt m ELT EE EECH p CLIC Compact Liner Collider CERN E S 4 pu ku y d Kos JP P mul D EE usay e S KH e oo 2 Bin TH PS Css 4 Enga Lee ki e 1 2 00000000000000000000000 121000 4 Photon Atomic Nucleus 1 3 0000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 1200000000000 B _ NIN
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43. 3 L3 OOH OOH OOOH Gal Teg eal EY EI Livingston Chart Beam Energy eV Proton Collider Tevatron Betatron P Cyclotron LHC J Structure of Quark Proof of 4 the Standard Model ciron Collider of Y Structure of Nucleus Y Structure 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year 0 000 OOU 400000000 1 1 000000000000000000000 1000 0000 011000 000 000 1 of Atom 0 00000000006000 0 0 Beyond the Standard Model 00000 UU U LHC Large Hadron Collider 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000 Japan Linear Collider 00000 amp amp 2000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000 EL E EE rr E E E EZ ESTY EET E 0 00000000000000000000000
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