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MANDAKH, OYUNCHIMEG - Kyoto University Research Information

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1. 5 2 ed d ed d 1 y l
2. 2 4 1993 121 7 Git PERE g 1 2 a o y 3 mw
3. 147 E
4. H LI 2014 11 Mandakh Oyunchimeg 160
5. x 0 4r 4 07 502
6. Un and 4
7. 35a b 36a b Smith 1991 111
8. LL 6 18 75 25 78 125 laa 63 2 2 73 1laa 3 4 1 73 10096 100 7 zi 62 HIR E
9. 2 3 Haya 3 2 Bamileke Dschang Bamileke Ngyemboon 4 5 Yagua 5 Proximatel a few hours previous to the J siy time of utterance Proximate2 day previous to the jay time of utterance Past 1 roughly one wee
10. 7 LLT fl 2 2 left 2b J 1
11. 11 a Now I put the cake mixture into this bowl and add a drop of vanilla essence Leech1971 Kunihiro 106 1976 8 9 b Za byaluunyihaa zuurmagiig ene tavgand hiigeed deerees ni neg dusal vaniliin sh s nemne Williams 2002 1237 7 H 2
12. ma mss H san bai dramatic heightening 1 H3 ra xan camax 116 W 4 EO HK lee
13. v laa jee chee na ed d vou 144 7 ed d v laa jee chee
14. a 17 He scores goals 16 17 18 1 J FT bi Pf RS 18 I generally often somet
15. 8a 8b jyuh T 8 Ngoihbihn lohk gan yuh Outside fall PROG rain Tt is raining outside 8b Ngoihbihn lohk jyuh y h Outside fall CONT It is raining outside Mair 2012 807 8a 8b 2 9 10 j ch bai saar
16. s na 101 03 a 102 6 3 1 1 EA WAE EA E Tr 103 6 3 1 3 ik 103 E iciiisiiiiisiiiririsssariisissiieiiissssesteritssresrieitrnsue iiaiai it 105 632 1 106 6 3 2 2 KRAKO B C RMM HYE aaa 106 GR Pp NT 107 du m 107 107 6 3 3 BERBER KUKA as ati Row Rt aU NR A MG 108 109 rn RF 110 6 3 5 1 JORRIE HR aa 110 6 3 5 11 111 6 3 5 1 2 2 Pus MEL I E MEL 111 6 3 5 2 na 112 112 6 3 5 2 2 A E 112 63523 113 68324 TARERE H Ension 113 6 3 6 WE iB OBERE E 113 6 3 6 1
17. 7 you did this I would be very happy 57 did Comrie Ced d v laa jee chee
18. 32 100 na ed d ed d v v1 3 125 86 34 4 5 47 laa 1 1 36 jee 41 97 62 1 2 38 42 100 3 ma EP X jee chee L UU CHEE 2 40 100090 2 40 5 Cna 2 100 ed d
19. and 4 2 HE w E M w lt LIH 78 gt ES lt 7h E
20. Schmidt 1831 1849 Neville 1926 1931 1940 m 1951 1954 1970 1974 1987 Sanzheev 1934 1964 1973 1951 Chinggeltei Chinggaltai 1949 2010 1952 Gr nbech and Krueger 1955 1961 Street 1963 Bosson 1964 1968 Hangin 1968 1973 Hans Peter 1969 1989 Svantesson 1991 1993 1993 Jargal and Andrea 1998 Sanders and Bat Ireedui 1999 2002 Lubsangdorj and Vacek 2004 2006 Tserenpil and Kullmann 2008 2009 2009 2009 2010 2011 2012 A65wary 1961 1964 1982 1985 1986 Binnick 1978 1979 1990 2012
21. B NE 148 1961
22. Tn UB de 4 OIRE 143
23. 1 Gmperfective P Dahl 1985 91 Bybee and Dahl 1989 55 Chafe 1970 1 2
24. 2 2 Quirk et al 1972a EXHOD 46 PEx EDWARD 0 primary aspectual passive auxiliary verbs can could may might shall should verbs modal will ll would d auxiliary used to must ought to need dare semi auxiliary verbs HAVE TO BE ABOUT TO lexical verbs PROCRASTINATE Fig 3 1 Verb classe
25. 2 Chaolu 1996 59 61 2 1a b Quirk et al 1985 179 1 1 eternal 3 2 Gmeless present
26. and
27. cd d 1 62 51 2 8 3396 7 29 16 24 100 5 2 3 5 j ch 5 ed d ed d 7 29 16 24 100 ES AT san 42a b ed d GET HH amp san 42 a Dobby was so
28. E Bybee 1985 12 1 GE P 8 E Bybee 1985 161 E E 4 9 to ET T walked Dryer 20
29. 12 ed d J ch 34 26 771 aad 60 47 244 n 3 2 362 saar 0 096 val bal 17 13 3859 1 0 787 hlaar 1 0 787 magts nguut 0 0 tal 7 5 515 a magts nguut when as soon as 3 149 F val bal 17 haar 4 3 14996 127 100 5 2 5 58 b 61a b
30. natural class of events AN Smith 1991 28 30 5 Statey know the answer be in Athens Activityy walk in the park laugh AccompliishmenD
31. 61a b 61 a Bill was knocking at the door b Bill haalga togshij baisan 62a b 62 a John was coughing b Jonn haniaj baisan 63a 63b m 63 a John was nodding his head Quirk et al 1985 208 b Jonn tolgoi dohij baisan 64b
32. 3 3 2 Qc Sweet 1891 Poutsma 1904 1922 Curme 1931 Onions 1932 Millington Ward 1954 Zandvoort 1960 Declerck 1991 2006 Teschner and Evans 2007 Jespersen 1924 1931 1933 Kruisinga 1932 Schibsbye 1965 Quirk et al 1985 Biber et al 1999 Leech and Svartik 1994 Huddleston and Pullum 2002 Leech 1971 2004 Yule 2004 Downing and Locke 20060 2 Declerck 1991 8 13 2
33. situation internal time situation external time 2
34. 6b 7 2 5 stative activity accomplishment semelfactive achievement 7 2 1 SR Smith 1991 38 39 basic level predicates a b c 3 d 7 2 1 1 Quirk et al 1985 202 203
35. ml ERLE Hopper 1982 compleion sequentiality Timberlake 1982 closure Smith 1991 103 o s EI CR x boundedness Dahl 1985 74 75 78 79 Dahl 1985 75 the notion of boundedness is crucial to the choice between Perfective and Imperfective in Russian Song 1997 38 cross linguistically PFV verb will typically denote a single event seen as an unanalysed whole with a well defined result or end state located in the past
36. 2 s LU m 55
37. 4 10 natural class 205 telic atelic telic atelic
38. 1 2 3 4 hypotaxis parataxis 5 5 96 s na 6 1 Dryer 2005 110 113
39. 2 vivo live 6a 02184 6c H 6 EDRR RTE amp eo Benet HH T spero hope comincio start 2
40. 24 26 1997 Bauer 1970 The English perfect reconsidered Journal of Linguistics 6 pp 189 198 1964 B Biber Douglas et al 1999 Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English Pearson Education Ltd Bickel B and Nichols J 2005 Inflectional synthesis of the verb In Martin Haspelmath et al eds 2005 The World Atlas of Language Structures Oxford University Press Binnick R I 1978 On the Underlying Tense of Deverbatives Language 54 number 2 pp 289 299 Binnick R I 1979 Past and Perfect in Modern Mongolian In Henry G Schwartz ed Studies on Mongolia Proceedings of the First North American Conference on Mongolian Studies pp 1 13 Bellingham Western Washington University Binnick R I 1979 Modern Mongolian A Transformational Syntax University of Toronto Press Binnick R I 1990 On the Pragmatic Differentiation of the Mongolian Past tenses Mongolian studies 1
41. Verkyul 1972 1a b 2a b Ga b 1 a Mary walked in the park atelic b Mary walked to school telic X la 1b 2 a Edward smoked cigarettes atelic b Edward smoked a cigarette telic 3 a A famous movie star discovered that little spa telic b Famous movie stars have been discovering that little spa for years atelic Smith 1991 7 Smith 1991 36
42. tentative dv Z ALD multiple class membership Kunihiro 1976 39 43 133 3 har Gz sons H ELT PIZIE tani know realize J haragd zegd sonsogd 7 2 1 2
43. 7 2 1 3 40a b 41a b 40 a There his black robes rippling in a cold breeze stood Severus Snape Rowling 1998 b Har msg l ni h iten salhind dervesen Severus Sneip d reeree zogsoj baiv 41 a He is being at home b Ter gertee baina 42a 434 42 a All he could tell was that he was standing in the stone fireplace of what looked like a large dimly 135 lit wizard s shop Rowling 1998 b Yamar ch baisan ter b deg gereltei uujuu zaitai negen id shidiin delg riin il zuuhan dotor 20250 bailaa 43 a I am living in London b Bi Londond arm darch baina Smith 1991 39 le sit hang
44. 44a 43a 44b 45b bai hevt 44 a Your drink is sitting on the table Smith1991 97 b Chinii uuh yum chin shireen deer baina 45 a Some money is lying on the street b Gudamjind m ng hevtej baina Dowty 1991 174 175 44 45a4 46a 47a 44b 45b 46b 47b
45. laa jee chee v 5 18a b Ced d san bol san yum bol 19a b 23a b sa b c d san 3
46. Perfective aspect Imperfective aspect verb type Mourelatos 1978 lexical aspect Dahl 1985 Filip 2012 aktionsart Brinton 1988 situation type egarac 1990 situation aspect Smith 1991 action Bache 1997 inherent aspect Givon 2001 actionality aspectual class grammatical aspect aspect Dahl 1985 Binnick 1991 Bache 1997 viewpoint aspect Smith 1991 7 CN
47. 6 3 2 3 Leech 1971 12a b Avtobus maan irlee 6 3 2 4 Leech 1971 13 a I open the cage Leech 2004 7 b Bi shuvuunyi toryig ongoilgoj baina 6 3 2 5 11 XC Leech 1971 uk lt t C HH HI H E 12 a Here co
48. 85 Grice 1975 2 4a b 7a b
49. 6 3 7 na na 1 2 2 119 6 3 7 1 na 1 2 2 6 3 7 1 1 na 644 yav
50. 5 6 Bosson 1964 1 Present 2 Future Hangin 1968 23 1 Present 2 Future Poppe 1970 130 1 timeless action may take place in the future or at any indefinite time Sanzheev 1973 92 1 Present 2 Future Binnick 1979 57 1 Timeless action 2 Present 3 Future 1987 16 17 1 2 3 1987 160 161 1 2 1989 74 1 2
51. 1996 77 ask SCC 86 Teech 1971 10 nay find iv advise predict 1 BICIS CH E say tell write read be told be informed 9a b
52. Song 1995 1997 j bai bai telic verb Telic A Tehic B Telic A bai Teiic B
53. v laa jee chee 6 1 b 4 wv laa jee cheey a y b laa c jee chee 5 v laa jee chee 6 laa
54. Comrie 4 TF Mary knocked at the door for 5 minutes Mary knock at the door amp 4 Comrie 19765 5 Perfective Imperfective Habitual Continuous Nonprogressive Progresssive Comrie1976 25 12 Smith 1991 26 36 3 1988 43 17 Comrie 1976 16 21 1988 30 37 phase
55. X 1 Um V s V na V ed d V y jee chee 2 TE T ed d s zn 44 3
56. E cyr yr comwpxyyrax lt x 1 2 2 1 2 3 3 1
57. mn chih 58 5 2 1 3 Comrie 1985 2 5 2 1 1 wv laa jee chee b 7 10a b
58. 1 2 1 3 Rowling 1998 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
59. 27a b aa bol Os 28a b aa 3 vY laa jee chee san 5 2 2 3 h 29a bD 33a b h 29 a no idea that he would shortly be getting much much more than my book Rowling1998 b Gehdee ter minii nomnoos ch il yumtai boloh gej baigaagaa yaj medeh ve dee 30 a They stayed to look after the cows 1984 b Uher malaa haraad ldehgii 31 a I never went hungry when I was at Smeltings Rowling 1998 66 b Bi
60. 2 basic level situation Mary began to read X Mary read Mary fed the cat every day Mary feed the cat dexical aspecD F grammatical aspecD 4b 4a 4b 4 a They built a sandcastle Accomplishment b Jane swam in the river Activity Smith 1991 94 95 a RETANA BUBIUCIHIS US TANZ XQa 25H
61. 1 LA ZY 77 dg Hi Jun mer d IEN H walked brought 3 H E 3 2
62. s na 2 2 s na a O O Bi E ns 3 b c 2 a O x x 3 O A TU 23 do O O 1 5 DUAE a x b 121 c O x 2 3 4 TC
63. 3 Lithuanian Chung and Timberlake 1985 204 4 a dirb au I worked was working work 1sg PAST 12 b dirb u I work am working work 1sg PRES dirb s iu I will work will be working work FUT 1sg Kroeger 2005 149 realis te tha ta hta Grrealis me mah
64. 17 na 9a b 59 a All of a sudden the bar door crashed open and a man came in He took four plunging steps into the bar the way a man walks on a rolling ship and then came to an abrupt standstill Chase 1959 b Haalga genet ongoij guanzand negen orj ireed usan ongotsnyi daivalzan bui tavtsan deeg r baigaa yum shig taahag taahag hiin d r v alhasnaa h shs n yum shig moodoin zogsloo 6 3 6 2 1 2 Ca Leech 2004 160
65. Dryer 2005 282 2 Kwakiutl Kwakiutl Bybee1983 161 3 non obligatory brought 1 OT
66. na na 1 na O s5 h 146 S L 315 5 na hope
67. think know that wh E 234 j R Cna TR Z s om 35 Fi 1B 8 5 I E na 8i ge lee
68. gad bayi gad bai ju bayi Telic A Telic jj bai Telic A Tehc B wa 2008 85 3 31 sx eix exil
69. Song 1997 155 235 243 244 256 283 285 na san aa dag Bybee 198 5 1 2 3 4
70. 24 82 76 Bi 4 Ced d ES ed d 16 5 17 24 29 iOH ed d 24 82 76 5 17 24 29 100 5 23 4 40a b 41 DOKI 2 1 dag 40 a That girl told me that she lived with her grandmother Bruce 1981 b Ter o
71. limited duration 37 a He is being happy Leech 1971 Kunihiro 1976 44 45 b Ter jargaltai baina 38b 38 Leech 1971 35 38 a A child is being ill Leech 1971 Kunihiro 1976 33 b H vchtei baina 39a b 39 It is being available b Ene bol bolomjtoi baij baina
72. base form s Lknow He zowsy na Bi medne Ter medne L f Binnick 1978 Baek 1986 70 1989 Swanteson 1991 Song 1997 Chuluu 1998 2 6 na
73. will verb infinitive 14 a Taardag bolov uu 1984 b Will they fit or not 15 a Edniih manai g r siig ter tom tol nyihoo mn tavih bolov uu yah bol 1984 b Will they put the deer in front of that big mirror or not laa 16a b 18a bb aa 19a b bi laa 20a b laa will shall verb infinitive 16 a Bi Jennig avaad orloo hoyor araas irne biz Rowling 1998 take Ginny and you two come right after us 17 a Bi odoo 87 b T go now 18 a Yostoi ih uuchlaarai h vg dee hoyort ch gesen Oi sanamj ustgah shivshleg heregleh bolloo b A wfu
74. 7 3 Lr H E E 1
75. F gnomic 120 4 Williams 2001 93 Williams 2002 1236 Bybee Williams
76. 142 4E3A NH HHH Ced d s na be V ing V jch bai m Bybee 1985 C
77. 11b 12b nay na Cna se say T E amp 61 b say 34
78. 7 a Chamd n g h n haragdana b Can you see the man 2 O 8 H an ZA Cnay dag 2 na na
79. 4 EF 1998 506 509 5 1998 S10 S O C VO SOV
80. Present Imperfect n Present perfect lee Past Imperfect jee cee Past perfect b Poppe 1970 130 132 Present imperfect ne Past perfect v Present perfect lee Past imperfect jee Binnick 1979 57 58 Present Future tense v n Past tense v w Immediate past past Hangin 1968 23 24 99 114 s cam maa xxss gs9 aa 1993 79 82 muimu 1 ba 2 juqui laa 1997 35 37 43 47 53 128 direct knowlegde Past laa HAE neutral past v indirect knowlegde past jee Song 1997 151 JIaa 1934 26
81. b c 13 13 H 1269 1648 1680 1905 1930 1942 7 7 7
82. cB 1993 3 15 3 3 1 jee
83. 37a 38a laa ya 37 a Za bi ochloo Rowling 1998 b AII right I m coming 38 a Aliv hold Bi ugaana ugaaya b Come on give me some room I m going to wash 6 3 5 2 2 na 39b 39 a Bi chamaig udahg i saijirna itgej baina 112 b I hope you are feeling better soon Huddleston and Pullum 2005 45 6 3 5 2 3 nay 40b 41b would verb infinitive without to 40 a Aavyig margaash irne ah nadad helsen b My brother said me tnat my father would come the day after 41 a Bagshiig gertee baina ter helsen b He said the teacher was at her home
84. 2 2 Style Evidential Tense jee written or spoken no past laa written or spoken yes proximal v written yes no past son spoken yes no past Nelson et al 1998 130 Binnick 2012 215 2200 v 1aa jee san 4 4 Binnick evidential deictic proximal jee inferential deictic distal C V v l4 anaphoric distal na v laa jee 4
85. b Napier b mb giig Attwatert damjuullaa Attwater gool ruu shidlee b Williams 2002 1238 pushing the action forward 9 a The Pope waves to the crowd from the balcony turns round and re enters the room Williams 2002 1238 b Romyin Pap tagtan deerees tsuglasan olon luu garaaraa dallaad ergen orloo c 10 a She powders her nose then she takes a long look at herself in the mirror She puts on her Hpstick then she takes another long look at herself in the mirror She puts on her fur coat Williams 2002 1249 b Ter hamraa budlaa budaj baina Odoo tolind riig harlaa harj baina Uruulaa budlaa budaj baina Odoo tolind harlaa harj baina nehii deelee msl ms j 6 3 2 2 Williams 2002 1237 7
86. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1998 S18 519 IPSE 2 3 4 B 5 8875 8E 6
87. 7 gt jee chee 1 aa b 2 a a 4 hypotaxis parataxis a b c d 6 a 7 a b c a Cv laa jee chee 83 5 4 5 4 1
88. shi zana chih Caadah 4 nili chih jych orhi gt 1998 184 aadah aad orhi Onep6agH1998 184 43
89. 3t FH 2 a I left while Bill was sleeping and Mary was having a bath 2011 120 b Suddenly the phone rang Jill stood up from her chair went over to the telephone and picked up the receiver 2011 120 shift of temporal perspective historic present 3 Suddenly a man in uniform takes me by the arm and asks me what I m doing there 2011 122 3 3 3 16 2011 119
90. 3 4 as b c d 14b san san 3 15b 17b san
91. 4 E 2013 30 X E 3 10 1 2
92. EL mu m 1H dag JV je 51v a gt A TE dag dag na 1989 42 na ve uu har see z see bod think sana remember meder feel sons hear 7a
93. telic 3 Smith xduration static Semelfactive knock cough nod jump x
94. HAE 28 75 67 9 24 33 37 100 82 5 3 ed d ed d 6 43 ed d san 546 ed d 1 aa 131 2
95. lea 8 yskow Barm 6ommo Bg Msmms Gprrig 3 ypcarHa 3 OQ Song 1997 151 160 H TH Chuluu 1998 129 131 134 H na ne qu k 2 7 Banan 1989 35
96. 2011 137 perfecive imperfecive POTOA I Gvozdanovi 2012 784 PIZIE Gaelic
97. A Ei 2i EY E COSS 5 4 2 1 5 4 2 1 1 EA FO X 1 b 7 13a b O v laa jee chee BEJ v 1 a Yamar ih yadrav aa 84 b Blimey I m tired 2 a Za tegeheer oilgov uu Asuuh z il baina uu b Is that clear Any questions 3 a Odoo sanaa chin amrav uu Chase 1959 b Does that satisfy you laa 4 a 60 bayarlalaa hatagtai Braun Rowling 1998 b ah thank you Miss Brown 5 a Uagadogud bas neg iimerh yavdal bolsnyig sanalaa Rowling 1998 b I remember something very similar happening in Ouagadogou 6 a Adal yavdal ingeed duuslaa h vg d ee Rowling 1998 b The adventure ends here boys 7 a Ta odoo ene delhiin hamgiin bayan h n bolloo sh dee b
98. Dahl 1985 78 79 A Song 1997 38 Huang 1987 124 Comrie 1976 16 L X ATA Smith 1991 111 open informationally Swart 2012 757
99. aa FEH 0 769 E 1209 169 82 6260 32 24 43 2 1 525 2 1 525 131 100 11 14 66 h 28 37 33 36 48 01 E h d 75 100 maar 4 100 4 100 756 5 2 3 n INO AE 1 2 3 4 5 J ch E san 6 aad san 7 chih san 8 san bai
100. Verkyul 1972 4a b 5a b b 4 a Mary walked in the park atelic b Mary walked to school telic X 4a 4b 5 a Edward smoked cigarettes atelic b Edward smoked a cigarette telic 6 a A famous movie star discovered that little spa telic b Famous movie stars have been discovering that little spa for years atelic C Smith 1991 7 2 verb particle combinations phrasal verbs aspectual quasi auxiliaries aspectualizers Bolinger 1971 Brinton 1988 Tobin 1993 Brinton 1988 3 4 aspect aktionsart 2
101. v laa jee chee lt i8 7 v laa jee chee v laa jee chee 5 4 2 Yv Jaa ee cheey Cv laa jee chee 7
102. 1985 Vb xor 1987 Lubsangdorji Jugderiin and Jaroslav Vacek 2004 Colloquial Mongolian An introductory intensive course Charles university in Prague Philosophical Faculty Institute of South and Central Asian Studies Seminar on Mongolian studies b M 1989 Lyons J 1968 Introduction to theoretical linguistics Cambridge University press Mair Christian 2012 Progressive and Continuous Aspect In Binnick R I ed 2012 The Oxford Handbook of Tense and aspect pp 803 827 Oxford University Press Oxford New York Majewicz Alfred F 1985 The grammatical category of aspect in Japanese and Polish in a comparative perspective a typological approach Poznan UAM
103. H H j ch bai nul Biri RE dag bo j ch 10 aisui saar BJJ gx 49 b bai bol aad chihaad bai saar bai sam chihsan dag bai HH
104. build a house walk to school Semelfactive X CHRR knock cough AchievemenD reach the top win a race Smith 1991 2 Situations Static Durative Telic State Activity Accomplishment Semelfactive Achievement Smith 1991 30 2 E F 2 F 2 127 3 Smith 1991 29 Smith 1991 28 zub
105. 6 3 5 Es B na 6 3 5 1 s Leech 1971 2004 63 66 Kunihiro 1976 97 101 1 Subordinate future use 2 Futurate use 2 1 2 3 Gf unless when as soon as as 4 that wh 1 2 3 110 6 3 5 1 1 1 26 a TIll tell you if it hurts Leech 1971 Kunihiro 1976 98 b
106. a chih ch Zna shii aadah b HB F dag San 17 valz galz melz j chigna gana lhil ch chan chigna hir E Ihil Vhil ni vhii hii 45 4 O O O 4 2 2 4 2 1 ES HIA
107. y a A pe T x gt E gt 0 2 1 EJE s na 1 2 2
108. 60 a Mallinson enters The girls immediately pretend to be working hard Quirk et al 1985 183 b Malinson orj irne Ohiduud ter darui shurguu ajillaj bui d r esgene 118 6 3 6 2 2 6 3 6 2 2 1 61 a Ex champ dies Leech1971 Kunihiro 1976 17 b Eks avarga nas barjee 6 3 6 2 2 2 62 a Father O Brien gives his first blessing Leech1971 Kunihiro 1976 17 b Etseg Brein anhnyi adislalaa gc baigaa 7 gy 77 n 6 3 6 2 2 3 Leech 1971 63 a The problem was is discussed in Chapter 1 Quirk et a1 1985 182
109. 2 2 2 Bybee et al 1994 2 be going to
110. Song 1997 183 217 218 3 3 direct knowlegde past laa indirect knowlegde past jee neutral past v 2 Chaolu 1995 107 10 Chaolu 1996 84 Chuluu 1998 164 Chaolu Chuluu 26 9 E indirect knowlegde past jee 2 Nelson et al 1998 116 117 Chaolu 1995 v laa jee son 4
111. 51 a Brahm was is the last great representative of German classicism Quirk et al 1985 182 b Bram bol Germanyi classikchuudyin t l l gch baiv yum 6 3 6 1 4 52 a She walked over and kissed him on the cheek What brings you home so early darling 1999 18 b Chamaig min yu ingej ih ert gertee irehed h rgev dee hongor min geed ter t n h rch iren Kunihiro 1976 15 115 hatsar deer n nsev 43a b 7 52a b bai 6 3 6 1 5 53 a Tedniid hoyor h n irn
112. Bybee and Dahl 1989 83 Bybee 1985 141 50 1988 30 18
113. 34a b maar na san 7 1 35 521 17 100 12 9 16 11 14 66 d Ced d maar 4 756 2313145 h 75 ed d3 isi 3X 36 48 01 75 100 bai 4 100 san 546 459 88 09 34 6 52 21 4 04 100 san bol
114. 66 a Algernon is reaching the top Smith 1991 97 b Aljernon orgild hiirch baina 67 a Mary is winning the race b Meri uraldaand t r lj baina 68 a We are solving the problem b Bid asuudlyig shiidej baina 69a b 70a b 69 a m finding my watch b Bi tsagaa olj baina 70 m finding a lot of watches b Bi olon tsag olj baina 71a b O 71 a I was recognising her Huddleston and Pullum 2002 121 b Bi t niig tanij baisan 140
115. v laa jee chee 1 2 3 4 v laa jee chee v laa jee chee 6 laa 6 T 1
116. indefinite past extended now embedded past 3 gt 2 4 Jespersen 1924 269 272 permansive present retrospective variety of the present inclusive past and present Kruisinga 1931 390 391 resultative perfect continuative perfect Leech 1971 31 34 2004 36 40 state up to the present indefinite past recent indefinite past habit in a period leading up to the present resultative past McCawley 1971 104 stative perfect universal perfect existential perfect hot news perfect Comrie 1976 56 61 perfect of result experiential perfect perfect of persistent situation perfect of recent past Quirk et al 1985 192 state leading up to the present indefinite event s in a period leading up to the present habit i e recurrent event in a period leading up to the present Declerck 2006 211 X indefinite including the so called experiential perfect use the hot news reading the re
117. 32a b 84a b 36a b 2 1 2 Leech 2 34 a She is being polite b Ter emegtei eyeldeg baij baina be 134 E be 33a b Leech 1971 35 a He is being a good boy b Ter h baij baina 36 a I am being altruistic b Bi tusch h n baij baina 37a b 5
118. Jespersen 1924 258 262 1931 3 1933 231 32 2 shall will 2 3 Sweet 1891 271 Perfect PluperfecD Future perfecD Preterite future Definite tense
119. 1 Tserenpil and Kullmann yrical sound 3b 6b ma bol bai orsh med 1989 39 3b 6b 1 H 2b ga dag dag
120. 2008 2 3 a b sx ix gaa Iz 72 27 c bai j bai aad 1 bai saar bai d 0 e saar saar aad aad a c 2 1 bai 2
121. 3 v laa jee chee da 1 a I struggled so hard to repress my tears because of some stupid fear I might draw troubles upon myself 1984 b Uilchihval b h yum muugaar ergechih yum shig sanaj tegtlee yund tevchiv 2 a Sorry darling I was reading What did you say Chase 1959 b Uuchlaarai hongor mini Sonin unshih gej ulaigaad anzaarsang i Chi yu helev 3 wonder why someone wanted to flush it away Rowling 1998 b Yagaad niig jorlond hayah bolov gedgiig bi gaihaj baina 4 a And twice I failed to kill you Rowling 1998 b Bi chamaig ustgah geed hoyor udaa b telg itlee 5 What did you say your name was Chase 1959 b Tanii ner hen gelee 6 a Well I warned you didn t 1 b Chamd es helel 7 a He was asking that bloke from the Daily Prophet if he d be able to work the fight into his report said it was all publicity Rowling 1998 b d r tutmiin z n bileg iin h nd ene b gdiig bas bicheerei saihan surtalchilgaa bolloo gej baisan sh 8 a they caught me go away for a year Chase 1959 b Bi barigdlaa gehed neg jil suuna 9 a Lucky that I recorded my memories in some more lasting way than ink Rowling 1998 b Azaar bi riin dursamjuudiig behnees il naidvartai udaan hadg
122. derivational morphology Agrell 1905 4 State know believe have desire love Activity run walk swim drive car Accomplishment make a chair draw a circle push cart recover from illness Achievement recognize spot find lose reach
123. 30b ma s na 6 3 5 1 2 1 33 a Tommorow is Saturday Leech 2004 65 b Margaash byamba garig 34 a Next Christmas falls on a Thursday Leech 2004 65 b Ireh Krismasyin bayar p rev garigt bolno 111 2 35 a The train leaves at 7 30 this evening Leech 2004 65 b Galt tereg oroi 7 30 d h d in 3 36 a Right We meet at Victoria at 9 o clock catch the fast train to Dover have lunch at the Castle Restaurant then walk across the cliffs to Deal Leech 2004 66 b Za tegeheer b gdeeree 9 tsagt Victoriyad uulzaad Dover luu yavah hurdan galt tergend suuna Tegeed Kasl restorand diin hooloo ideed Del h rtel had asgatai gazraar yavna daa 34b 36b
124. 700 500 2002 9 Kalmuck Buriat Dagur Yogur Mongour Baoan Dungshang Moghol 1998 S17 18
125. 5 1 5 156 4 100 293 0300 2013 1 2 3 2002 9
126. 5 2 2 4 maar 34a4 b maar bair na 34 a We wanted to ask you if you ve seen anything funny lately Rowling 1998 b S liin yed yamar negen yer busyin yum ene haviar boloog i biz gej asuumaar baina 1 67 maar bai ed d bai OXZ Ced d
127. NN he pi cu Comrie 1976 35 36
128. 46 a New Orleans is lying at the mouth of the Missippi River b N yu Orleans Misipi golyin amand orshij baina Dowty 1991 174 47 a John s house is sitting at the top of a hill Dowty 1991 174 b Jonnyi baishin tolgoin oroi deer baina Huddleston and Pullum 2002 171 48a 2 48 a We reached the knoll and the peak was standing majestically above the glacier b Bid tolgoin oroi deer garahad m s n golyin deer s rleghen argag i s nderlej bailaa Dowty 1991 175 49a 50 flow run enter 49 a The river is flowing through the center of town b Gol hotyin t v r ursaj baina 50 a The
129. 6 3 6 2 1 6 3 6 2 1 1 ma 2 1 Leech 2004 16 4a 54 a Mr Tulkinghorn takes out his papers asks permission to place them on a golden talisman of a table at my Lady s elbow puts on his spectacles and begins to read by the light of a shaded lamp Dickens Bleak House Chapter 2 Leech 2004 16 b Noyon Tulkinhorn bichgee gargaj iren hadagtain yag hajuud baigaa altan sahius shig jijig shireenii deer tavij boloh esehiig asuugaad n dnii shilee ziitin b rh ltei gerliin dor suun unshij ehlev 54b
130. laa 68 a Bi nair luu ergej orloo Minerva Rowling 1998 b I must go back to the feast Minerva 69 a Harin odoo bi t niig avaad yavlaa Ene minii ajil bish ch gesen Rowling 1998 93 b But got to take him Got to Wouldn t be doing my duty 5 4 2 4 3 jee chee jee chee should have let verb infinitive 70a b jee chee should have past participle 70 a Professor Sneipeer ene argyig demii 1 zaalgaj dee b Shouldn t have let Professor Snape teach us that one Rowling 1998 3 1 v 2 laa 3 jee chee
131. 145 s Cna Cna s 1H na na 4 laa
132. 2 basic level situation Mary began to read Mary read Mary fed the cat every day Mary feed the cat P Comrie 1976 25
133. and 7 56 5 1
134. 1999 Kenny Anthony 1963 Action Emotion and Will London Routledge and Kegan Paul IL 2011 J 1898 la Klein W 1994 Time in Language London Routledge Kroeger P R 2005 Analyzing Grammar An Introduction Cambridge University press Kruisinga E 1931 A Handbook of Present day English 4 vols Groningen Nordhoff Kruisinga E 1932 A Handbook of Present day English 4 vols Groningen Nordhoff 199 Kurylovicz Jerzy 1964 The inflectional categories of Indo European Heidelberg C Winter Lapsangwangtan Sh 1963 Grammar of the Mongol language Compiled by Chinggaltai Frederick Ungar Publishing co New York Leech G N 32004 Meaning and the English verb Pearson Education Limited Great Britain Kunihiro T 1976 Leech and Svartik J 1994 A communicative Grammar of English Longman Group Ltd New York T x 1951
135. DIRE DTE gt 6 amp gt ES M S BITTER E NS ni x LE CER 4 3 Bybee 1985 lexical expression inflectional expres
136. k E s Cna 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3
137. 2 s Cn 5a b 55 gets up to make himself a drink at the bar and Beth comes in from the kitchen She looks tired J Guest Ordinary People 1999 15 b Ter teknees rt uuh yum avahaar bosohod Bet gal togoonoos orj irev Ter ih yadarsan haragdana haragdaj bailaa 6a b na 56 a Harri Hogwardaas ch kwidich toglohoos ch il teigeer riin and Ron Viizli Hermione Granjer naryig g ilne Rowling 1998 b More than anything else at Hogwards more even than playing Quidditch Harry missed his best 117 friends Ron Weasly and Hermione Granger 37a b na 57 a Harri
138. 46a b 7 49a b lose forget 76 OXZ Ced d E chih san Ced d chih san 42 93 33 3 6 67 45 100 X 9 chih san ed d
139. Bybee et al 1994 98 99 11 Georgian O Kartvelian Komi Zyrian Finno Ugric Haida isolate Alaska and British Columbia Ika Chibchan Colombia 3 a Ahmet gel di Ahmet come PST DIR EVD Ahmet came witnessed by the speaker b Ahmet gel mis Ahmet come PST INDIR EVD Ahmet came unwitnessed by the speaker Haan 2005 314 315 eme 3 207 G
140. 1 Aav gertee bai na father home at is Father is at home 2 Aav margaash gertee bai na father tomorrow home at is Father will be at home tomorrow 97 6 2 s na 6 2 1 s Millington Ward 1953 7 9 1 Repeated actions 2 Facts that are always true and facts that are true at the moment of speaking 3 Express customs habits ability 4 To replace the future tense after if unless in case in conditions of Future probability and in statements of cause and effect 5 to replace the future tense
141. Maxim of minimization reduest E b Leech 1971 15 write say learn hear
142. RR 58 a aQ NN naa saa 59 5 2 1 1 Cv laa jee chee 59 5 2 1 2 na kkk 61 5 22 Verbal noun suffixes 64 5 2 2 1 san 64 5 222 aa 65 5 2 2 3 RREA EE h amp OX Bicis ctio tentes ettet enar 66 5 2 2 4 maar 67 69 5 2 3 1 ch bair san 70 5 2 3 2 dag bai san EOD 71 5 2 3 3 Cj ch ahaa 72 5 2 34 dag 73 5 2 3 5 j ch san
143. 104 1 20 1995 1 1993 2010 0 CD Hangin John 1968 Basic course in Mongolian John Krueger ed 1992 Uralic Altaic series vol 73 PH 45 2 35 67 uL T zu Indiana University Bloomington Hangin John G 1973 Intermediate Mongolian textbook for Modern Mongolian Indiana university Uralic and Altaic series Volume 125 The research institute for inner asian studies Indiana university Bloomington Haan Ferdinand de 2005 Semantic distinctions of Evidentiality In Martin Haspelmath et al ed 2005 The World Atlas of Language Structures Oxford University Press Haan Ferdinand de 2012 Evidentiality and Mirativity In Binnick R ed 2012 The Oxford Handbook of Tense and aspect Oxford university press New York Haspelmath M 1995 The converb as a cross linguistically valid category In Haspelmath and K nig Converbs in Cross linguistic Perspective Structure and meaning of adverbial verb forms
144. 1982 M c 124 129 1985 1986 29 2 M 1986 c 128 130 E 2002 ISBN4 475 01851 X 2009 2011
145. don t verb infinitive 58a b 60a b O dort verb infinitive 58 a Sandraad boloog i baihad buuv b But don t panic and get out too early Rowling 1998 59 a Honio h nii hon toi n l lev 1984 b And don t you let your herd of sheep mix with others 60 a Khorloo Dejid hoyoryig m rg ld lchihev 1984 b Don t bring Dejid and Khorloo together may be verb infinitive EA F0 X 61a b may be verb infinitive 61 a Tegj baij chi alganyi amt zev ee 1984 b Maybe you need a slap would verb infinitive 62a b would verb infinitive 62 a Ron chi Harrig avchrahyin tuld yamar negen huul bus yum hiigeeg i biz Harrig teg ballav b and that you didn t do anything illegal to get him out Ron because that would get Harry into 92 trouble too Rowling 1998 not to verb infinitive 63a b 7 65a b O v not verb infinitive 63 a Harin c
146. that O that V backshift sequence of tenses Declerck 1991 4 b ex 41a b x Ac d 15 62 51 2 8 33
147. 91 HIK lt 2 s formal theory of tense gt Reichenbach 1947 Hornstein 1977 1990 Smith 1981 Comrie 1985 Klein 1994 Wada 2001 Declerck 1991 2006 Declerck 1991 TR Declerck 1991 20 X decriptive theory past tme sphere present sector 08 post present sector 3
148. 114 AA EREE CIE ated aQ a n a u fte 114 6 3 6 1 2 kk 115 6 3 6 1 3 6 3 6 1 4 115 6 3 6 1 5 na lee 116 6 3 6 2 116 63 62 1 oscri 117 6 3 6 2 1 1 i 117 ENGL MES quM E TN 118 63 6 22 119 1 7 119 119 119 6 3 7 Cna OXETTRS 119 6 3 7 1 UL 0 DITE E Lees 120 AELIC i aia uE UD MEO 120 63T 12e CIS RBA E unseen or He een RR 120 6 3 7 2 120 120 Use AU Tale
149. 3 3 6 3 1 1 1 a The earth moves round the sun Quirk et al 1985 179 b Delhii naryig toiron ergene ergedeg 2 a Even though water is liquid it gets hard by freezing to ice b Us shingen bolovch m s bolon hatuurna hatuurdag 1998 205 Kunihiro 1976 6 7 102 6 3 1 2 3 a Peru shares a border with Chile Quirk et a1 1985 179 b Peru uls Chiltei hil zalgadag zalgana 4 a The Nile is the longest river in Africa Quirk et al 1983 179 b Nil bol Afrikiin hamgiin go gol yum 6 3 1 3 5 a She knows several languages Quirk et al 1985 179 b Ter hed heden hel medne meddeg 6 a We live near Toronto Quirk et al 1985 179 b Bid Torontogiin oiroltsoo
150. Cna 224 22 a Ta yer n tamhi uu tatdag uu Do you smoke b Tatnaa tatna Yes I do dag na y 2 6 3 4 direction giving na
151. L Sralenberg 1676 1747 Towrorrox 2009 101 3 1 2 4 3 13 13 17 17 20 20 tie 4 1998 514 515 4 1 3 4 3 a
152. v 28 a Za chamd yu tohioldov b What s bothering you laa 29 a Surguuliin hamag baitsaig suitgej duuslaa Rowling 1998 b They re ruining the school cabbages 30 a Chamaas zalhaj g itslee Chase 1959 b You re boring me 31 a Har bi ta nart t niig avchirlaa b Look bringing him out to you jee chee 32 a Honi ih hol Aevtej dee 1984 b The sheep is lying far away 33 a Hervee ilbeer nuusan bol mash sain nuutsaljee Rowling 1998 it has its hiding them very well 89 jee chee 5 4 2 3 2 34a b 1a b v laa jee chee v 34 a Manai zuslangiin muu har baishin hayagdsanaasaa hoish heden jil ch ng r v d Bruce 1981 b Many years have elapsed since we abandoned our little summer country house which grew dark with time 35 a Gerees garalg i hed hichneen ch honochihov doo 1984 b How many days have passed since I was out in the steppe 36 a Honi togtov uu
153. BH C pre present sector present sector conditional tense shift of temporal perspective v 2 3 temporal domain t 15 Comrie 1985 122 pre present sector 3 conditonal perfect tense 4 Declerck temporal domain shift of domain 34 present tme sphere 2 past tense PITO
154. 1 2 3 4 5 6 101 7 na 6 3 1 Leech 1971 unrestrictive
155. 64 a John was nodding to everybody b Jonn h n bolgon luu tolgoi dohij baisan 139 65a b 65 a The man was jumping off the bus when the policeman caught him b Ter h niig avtobusnaas serch baihad ni tsagdaa barij avlaa 7 2 5 66a b 68a b
156. a shii b F zana c Cchih d tsgaa e D f lz valz galz gana 0 7 T aadah 1998 184 tsgaay Jyscamsamnam 1985 205 C shii zana chih
157. 1 Lexical expression 2 Inflectional expression 3 Syntactic expression 2 kill die cause come to know know realize Bybee
158. periphrastic progressive he read 2 3 Bybee and Dahl 1989 77 Bybee et al 1994 20 Degrees of Remoteness EEyidentiality 2 Dahl and Velupillai 2005 269 Comrie 1985 83 88
159. ed d aasai dag ch bol oosoi ya 58 a I wish he was mine he s really divine Rowling 1998 b T niig miniih baigaasai gej bi h sne ter neheer hurmastyin h 59 a Ah if Harry Potter only knew Rowling 1998 b Harri Potter oilgodog ch boloosoi 60 a It s just that the child longed to see his father Also I wanted to meet you 1984 b Ene h hdiig 1 etsgiin ni haruulchihya Ta nartai ch neg uulzaya gej yavaa yum 61 a Bet you loved that didn t you Potter Rowling 1998 b Chi ing lehdee ih durtai baigaa bailg i 1 ed
160. 32a 52 a He is resembling his father more and more as the years go by b Ter jild aavtaigaa ih bolj baigaa 3 4 ad NN H
161. rna maM Myy m a she painted e2 DK JIZ pamt wil will paint 24 ZO painted O SS EE 5 she will na ne non specific tme gnomic situation habituative Chaolu 1996 58 60 n
162. 1 2 3 4 hypotaxis parataxis 5 6 7 7 Cv laa jee chee v laa jee chee C v laa jee chee
163. 8 Smith 1991 28 Smith 1991 28 29 10 Garey 1957 106 Smith 1991 29 a et 3 Smith 1991 Features of the situation types Situations Static Durative Telic State Activity Accomplishment Semelfactive Achievement Smith 1991 30
164. bai t bol 96 38 zx bairh bol bai_h bol TOE fi ir come h bor primary auxiliary be be ing primary auxiliary have have ed H will
165. 1 L TIEF 6 3 3 rr Leech 1971 c Song 1997 155 156 Leech 1971 F n 16 He scores goal ya Chaolu 1996 59 61 s na E
166. hypotaxis 4 1 parataxis Binnick 2012 160 putdng undery puttng alongside Gui iiv i Icame I saw I conquered ii I came I saw I conquered iii
167. 43 a Dobby warned and warned Harry Potter Rowling 1998 b Dobbi anhaaruulaad l baisan 44 a They said something funny A different language I think it must have been Rowling 1998 b Orj irsen h m s neg hachin heleer yariad baisan 45 a Malfoy called her Mudblood Rowling 1998 75 b Malfoi t niig shalbaagan tsust geed baigaa yum ed d aad san 21 100 8 aad san n cd d aad 21 100
168. 5 Verkyul 1972 5 b 7a b 5 a Mary walked in the park atelic b Mary walked to school tehc X 5a Sb 6 a Edward smoked cigarettes atelic b Edward smoked a cigarette telic 7 a A famous movie star discovered that little spa telic Smith 1991 29 16 b Famous movie stars have been discovering that little spa for years atelic Smith 1991 7 Smith 1991 36
169. find read betold be informed 72 b Ayultai shuurga bolno gej 10 tsagiin medeegeer hellee helsen helj baina 48 a I hear that poor Mr Simpson has gone into hospital Quirk et a1 1985 181 b H rhii muu noyon Simpsong hevtsen gej bi sonsloo 49 9 na ge 49 a Tegeed Loghart yum sonsoog i gene b And Lochart said he could not hear it Rowling 1998 6 3 6 1 3 30a 50 a The book of Genesis speaks of the terrible fate of Sodom and Gomorrah Quirk 1985 181 b Genesiin Sodom Gomorra hoyoryin emgenelt huv tavilangiin tuhai g EcL AEREA BEBE 92 61 572012452
170. present sector post 4 past perfect temporal domain 1 4 said wastired said had worked hard was tired would go to sleep said 1 John said he was tired because he had worked hard and that he would go to sleep early Declerck 1991 20 shift of temporal domain
171. 1 auxiliaries particles k clitics Bybee 3 4 2 m 4 2 1 Quirk et al 1972a 70 71 5 ed GB ed a s Kullmann 2005 113 115
172. F JEXEJ ing 2 s Tserenpil and FERE 5 estre o Web 2 3 2 54 8 a san b jee chee c v d laa e Cdag f aa g na h Cna 4 a v b laa c jee chee d na Tserenpil and Kullmann 2005 113 a f
173. 2011 47 proximal evidential deictic laa distal inrefential also mirative deictic jee neutral distal anaphoric v san distal na Binnick 2012 215 Ha 1951 112 Iaa B 1998 204 205 Non past na Past ba be la le je ce Chuluu 1998 127 Past B Present Ha aa nar Future na x Tserenpil and Kullmann 2008 184 Simple present tense of the Imperfect Presens imperfecti Composite present tense x u Composite past tense Present tense of the perfect present perfect raa Preteritum perfecti B Preteritum Imperfecti Immediate future zaa Lubsangdorji and Jaroslav 2004 34 35 59 159 218 3 gt Lapsangwangtan Brosig 22 1
174. Cya dag 7s 2 1 s Cna s
175. Ed Myandas and Batsoyombo 2011 epee Chase 1959 What s better than money 1995 Menre 6aima 4 1 4 Bybee 198 5 lexical expression inflectional expression YR
176. tT KURENAIi Kyoto University Research Information Repository A Comparative Study on the tense and aspect in English and Tide Mongolian Dissertation Author s MANDAKH OYUNCHIMEG Citation Kyoto University Issue Date 2015 03 23 URL http hdl handle net 2433 199382 Right HHHHHHHHHH 2915 04 01 Type Thesis or Dissertation Textversion ETD Kyoto University MANDAKH OYUNCHIMEG ClL IN En qi S Subject O object V verb C complement N noun A Adjective PROG progressive SUBJ subject FUT future VIS visual PST past PFV perfective PP past participle DIR EVD direct evidential INDIR EVD indirect evidential PRES present zero marker Lh
177. Haan 2012 1039 1040 60 jee w Binnick 2012 61 62 2 evidental laa inferential jee jee mirative laa v proximal distal proximal non past 2 1989 Binnick 2012 Song 1997 1993b Chuluu 1998 72 3 3 ed d
178. overt developing involvement of the subject Calver 1946 is used in reporting events merely as such mere occurrence amp mere activity 2 Leech 2004 18 19 momentary verbs transitional verbs activity verbs process verbs verbs of inert perception verbs of inert cognition verbs of attitude state verbs of having and being verbs of bodily sensation be V ing 2
179. 39c Sms 39a 138 b 2 wear put on wear put on 59 a He is wearing a sweater b He is putting on a sweater Ter nooson tsamts ms j baina 60a b 60 a He was wearing long green robes which were dusty and travel worn Rowling 1998 b Baingyin yavdald toosond daragdaj rchiisen nogoon n mr gtei baiv 95 7 2 4
180. 5 4 2 5 71a b 73a b v vuu 71 a Namaig end yamarhuu yanzta1 am dardagiig harav uu Rowling 1998 med har b See what it s like here 72 a Bi ch gesen d rem juramaas z rm rg i baina medev Rowling 1998 b I don t want to break rules you know 73 a Odoo untaya Harav uu neg tsag boloh gej baina Chase 1959 b Let s go to bed Look at the time it s pushing one o clock 5 4 2 6 74a b laa 74 a Hagridyig holduullaa geed yamar ch nemerg i gej heleed baina sh dee Pyuj Rowling 1998 b Yet again Cornelius I tell you that taking Hagrid away will not help in the slightest 94 5 4 2 7 75 b 77a b C v laa jee chee 75 a Mollid helev ee Rowling
181. 4 Iz repetition long durative repetition rhythmic motion walj repetition long durative repetition HT galj repetition long durative repetition 1 Repetitive action frequentative repetition durative repetition i repetition continuous gina gine continuous continuous gi continuous repeated action CIX fully completed perfective cxri short duration rapid or repeated action Quick action Temporary action aadah F 6aiirar Cgaa
182. Ced d aasai 25 dag ch bol oosoi 2 10 ya 5 25 8 40 20 100 13 ed d aasai 5 25 ya 5 25 2 10 dag ch bol oosoi 8 40 20 100 5 2 6 62a b 63 b O
183. 147 T 154 1 v 6 18 7596 25 78 125 v 1 3 125 f 32 100 laa 63 86 34 4 5 4796 2 2 7396 laa 3 4 1 1 1 3696 f 73 100 jee chee 41 97 6290 jee 1 2 38 x 42 100 147 2 40 na 1 20 TER 2 40 5 100 2 100 2 100 7 SEIN 154 63 5 2 2 verb
184. Rowling 1998 b Bi n d r talbaig avchihsan baigaa shiiii dee 54 a You left your binoculars 1984 b Chi durangaa martchihsan baina lee OXZ chih Ced d E E san bai zm pini ed d EMESA HH HH E san 100 E 5679 chih 2 4 100 4 bai 11 chih san bai san 4 100 chih
185. process Smith 1991 46 3 1 the child sleep 137 push cart laugh think about 53 a The child was sleeping b H untaj baisan 2 eat cherries 54 a I am eating cherries b Bi intoor idej baina 3 the wheel revolve 55 a The wheel is revolving b Dugui ergej baina E 7 2 3 6a D
186. j bar j waj gajj 1 aad 1 bai O 2 1 dag bai dag san bai 3 3 3 3 1
187. 1988 58 70 Ced d ed d 43 68 25 2 3 17 45 10 15 88 1 1 59 J 6 9 52 1 1 59 18 63 100 6 ed d 43 68 25 2 3 1796 45 10 15 88 1 1 59 TE
188. Collective 6anam na habitual progressive repeition san perfective aa imperfective durative resultative dag habitual iqajai Cikejei resultative completive 2 2 Sarar apra j bai durative iterative imperfective action progressive aad bai perfective durative iterative continuous repeated action saar bai strong durative continuous Progressive Perfect action san bai perfect 28 dag bai bol chih san bai chih aad bai perfect action maar bai inceptive Chuluu
189. chad yad ol gar med z x 4 pror 2 gar 48 x 5 9 pu p yav go unsh read har see 2 bai bol 1 ehel bar duus ir och or suu orhi av g gar ald tar hevt shah haya chad yad ol med z taar ajee atal avaas bui bii bilee aisui ge primary auxiliary have
190. suppongo suppose 1 ricordo remind udire hear vedere see Marchand 1955 S50 7 A OS b We are reaching the peak c Bid uulyin orgild h rch baina 7 1995 70 E 129
191. 2 3 4 O 5 3 Ht X 3
192. 2 3 na lee 1999 15 23 suddenly all of sudden 1 HH EO 5 H 4 narrative 43 a I was just about to go to bed when all of sudden there s a knock at the door and Sam rushes in Hf 1999 15 b Bi yag orondoo oroh gej baital genet haalga togshin Sem g ij orj irsen irdgiin baina 44 9 nay jw 51v5 96 44 a Saya zamdaa balarlaa Neg shongiin modon deer zarlal baina Avirch garaad unshsan chin Ene mod budagtai gej bichsen baidag baigaa
193. 1998 511 512 i Comrie 1985 1 6 1976 5 tense is grammaticalisation of location in time and aspect is grammaticalisation of expression of internal temporal constituency of events processes etc Comrie
194. 2 r 1988 1985 11 12 3 1 2 3 3 4 2 kill die cause know
195. 26 96 29 77 HJ AZ Rn BH H F san Z 1 3 71 27 00 bai 10 san bai san ed d 26 96 29 san bai 163 719 san 27 100 5 2 3 9 chih san bai 3a b 54 b chih san 53 a I booked the field for today bal
196. HI RB EEL HE d 3 chad K 2 L 2 na ehle ir gar 1 ETV E 104 dag a dag generic gnomic na
197. Quirk et al 1972a 93 temporariness limited duration characterisitc activity incompletion Mindt 2000 249 265 incompletion temporariness iteration habit highlighting prominence emotion politeness downtowning prediction volition intention matter of course 9 incompletion temporariness iteration habit highlighting prominence 4 Leech 2004 14 23 6 duratton imited duration 2 3 Hatcher 1951
198. 42 93 33 chih san 3 6 67 45 100 5 2 3 8 san bai 50a b S2a b san bai 50 a You were seen b Ta nar h nd haragdsan baina 51 a This letter arrived on the morning of the 17 Chase 1959 b Ene zahidal 17 nyi d r ochson baina 52 a Mandon s fingerprints were on the steering wheel Chase 1959 b Joloon deer n Mendonyi huruunyi hee ldsen baisan san bai ed d c san bai Ced d
199. Carlson na med know 1977 444 450 individual level predicates Ez stage level predicates 2 tall be angry d ZW 32 a m being tall b Bi nd r baina 33 being a student b Bi oyutan baina n Kunihiro 1976 45
200. Jacobson 1971 Shifters Verbal Categories and the Russian verb In Jacobson Selected Writings 2 Word and language The Hague Mouton 130 147 Jargal Molomjamts and Andrea Csillaghy 1998 Introduzione Alla lingua Mongolia Universit degu Studi Di Udine Dipartimento di Lingue e civilt dell Europa centro orientale Jespersen O 1924 The Philisophy of Grammar George Allen amp Unwin LTD London Jespersen O 1931 A Modern English Grammar on historical Principles Part IY George Allen amp Unwin LTD London Jespersen O 1933 Essentials of English Grammar George Allen amp Unwin LTD London Jingang 2008 laa jee 137 Joos Martin 1964 The English verb form and meanings Madison and Milwaukee University of Wisconsin Press 1998 4 2 1968 153 2009
201. CT Iam be ch Comrie1976 3 EE E A HHJ grammatical aspect gt Comrie1976 25 lt Gmperfective
202. V jch bai 1 E 2 2 Ced d 3 s na 4
203. 13ay 14a 15a 11 a Yes yes I know what you re thinking Rowling1998 b Tiim tiim bi chamaig yu bodoj baigaag sain medej baina 12 a I was just wondering if he could come b Bi t nii ireh esehiig medmeer baina 13 a He is wondering what to do next Boldbaatar2010 b Ter zalguulaad yu hiihee bodolhiilj baina 14 a John is forgetiing everything he has learned Dowty1991 180 b Jonn sursan b h z ilee martaj baina 15 a He claims that fewer and fewer students are knowing how to write English when they come up to university Huddleston and Pullum 2002 170 b Ih surguul d elsen irehdee mash ts n oyutan angliar herhen bichdegiig medejbaina gej ter yaridag yarij baina Comrie 1976 35 36 131 2 S
204. 62 a No it was Chopin Chase 1959 b Bi bishee Shopen 63 a It belonged to Wilbur Chase 1959 b Uilburyin buu 1 copular verb be ed d ed d ed d 28 75 67 9 24 33 37 100 14 NN ed d
205. E she painted painted she will paint will chitics Comrie 1976 9 inflectional morphology leyo leia periphrasis he was reading
206. Private states 2 1 Intellectual states know believe think wonder suppose imagine 2 RETE s UCBI States of emotion or attitude intend wish want like dislike 3 States of perception see hear feel smell taste seem appear 4 States of bodily sensation hurt ache itch feel Smith 1991 111 the progressive applies only to non stative situations R Cv Ja 10a 4 1 tntellectual states 7 a Harry knew perfectly well they d just be disappointed that the Whomping Willow hadn t squashed him flat Rowling 1998 b Ted uurtai ud mod t niig ter chigt ni havtgailaad hayachihaag id 1 haramsah bolno gej dend sain medej bailaa 2 States of emotion or attitude 8 a I wish I got more letters 130 b Bi ulam olon zahia avahyig hiisch Boldbaatar 2010 3 States of perc
207. 2006 E I TEST 1995 Yule 2004 Explaining English Grammar Oxford University Press New York Zandvoort R W 1960 A Handbook of English Grammar London Lomgmans Zegarac V 1990 Pragmatics and verbal aspect UCL Working Papers in Linguistics 2 pp 113 143 Department of Phonetics and Linguistics University College London 159 D
208. 3 JE 4 E Las s 6 7 3 3 4
209. 8 100 san aa 1 0 76 SER TEH 82 62 60 32 24 43 2 1 525 X 2 1 525 131 100 h 28 37 33 NN h maar K 2 ed d 459 88 09 34 6 52 san SUE 21 4 04 f XE SEE 7 1 3596 521 100 san 8 100 bol 8 100 san 17 100 17 100 68 546 100
210. 3aax Hb 1 1996 2005 Bache 1997 The Study of Aspect Tense and Action Towards a Theory of the Semantics of Grammatical Categories 2 revised edition Frankfurt Main Lang 1989 Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego Warszawa Baek Eung Jin 1986 Tense and aspect in Korean and Mongolian University of Toronto 10 1075 k1 4 06ejb In Korean Linguistics 4 61 74 JI 1988 1984 7he flying deer trans by Ganga Vanchindorj 2006 1997
211. dag bai 3 Ced d E ed d 12 64 2 12 4 24 18 FUE Cod 5 4 ed d 12 64 2 1296 4 24 18 100 5 2 3 3 j ch
212. 1 3 EORR AORE RRA 8a 345 tell I resign
213. 56 a Mary was walking to school Smith1991 5 b Meri surguul baisan Song 1997 382 388 57a 58 b 57 a John is bending his head Song 1997 387 b Jonn tolgoigoo tongoilgoj baina 58 a John is sitting in the chair Song1997 387 b Bat suuj baina Song 1997 386 Song 1997 2
214. 3 2 2 1951 Street 1963 Bosson 1964 Hangin 1968 1973 73 Chinggeltei 2010 1982 Baek 1986 1987 Swanteson 1991 Dugarova 1991 2 1995 Song 1997 Chuluu 1998 Badan 1989 1987 1998 Tserenpil and Kullmann 2008 2009 2005 27 Chuluu 1998 There is no salient inflectional morpheme for marking either the opposition of the perfective and imperfective aspects or the perfect in Mongolian but there are several kinds of single form or compound structure for signaling the sub classes of imperfective and perfect 1987 1 mrirr apra 2 samrar apra 3 rasramrErg apra 3 1
215. 2 Leech1971 Kunihiro 1976 35 27 a Lam smelling the perfume Boldbaatar2010 b Bi nertei us nerlej baina 28 a I am tasting the porridge b Bi sh l amsaj baina 4 States of bodily sensation 29 a My foot hurts My foot is hurting Quirk et al 1985 b Minii h l vd j baina 30 a My back aches My back is aching Quirk et al 1985 b Minii nuruu vd j baina 31 a I feel hungry l am feeling hungry Quirk et al 1985 b Bi ls j baina Comrie 1976 36 Leech 1971 1 feel 2
216. 4 2 telic atelic atelic Smith 1991 28 29 2 Garey 1957 106 Smith 1991 29 2 0 telic
217. Song 1997 151 160 1 Present 2 Future 3 Timeless situations 4 Habitual 5 Progressive Chuluu 1998 129 134 1 Non past meaning referring to the present or future event 2 Non specific time 3 A gnomic situation 4 Habitual meaning 1998 204 205 1 07100 2 3 4 Sanders and Bat Ireed i 1999 34 35 1 Present 2 Future 100 Tserenpil and Kullmann 2008 188 190 191 1 Present 2 Actions that remain the same or lasting truths 3 Future 4 in literature na 1 2 3 4
218. Vowel Harmony 2011 7 na ne no n 4 na l EE a a 6 b B v r g 7rd e ye yo 3 z Wi J l M m H n 0 0 C s T t y u y d f x h m ts mursh Im sch 3 e
219. on soing duration limited duration incompletion contingency mere occurrence pure overt activity 36 simultainety time frame tentative 2 Kurylovicz 1964 McCawley 1971 Comrie 1976 Quirk et al 1985 Smith 1991 Jespersen 1924 Poutsma 1926 Curme 1931 Reichenbah 1947 Comrie 1985 Bybee 1985 159 161 Declerck 1991 20060 Givon 1991 278 284 3 gt current relevance completion result 3
220. 23 a To reach Chugwell we make our way up to the source of the river Ede then skirt the bleak slopes of Windy Beacon crowned by sparse remains of a Bronze Age fort Leech 1971 Kunihiro 1976 24 b Chagweld h rehiin tuld Ed golyin ehiig chiglen gs n Tegeed h rel zevsgiin yeiin shiltgeenii ldegdel oroid n orshih Windi Biikonyi naluug toirch garna 24 a You test an air leak by disconnecting the delivery pipe at the carburetor and pumping petrol into a container Leech1971 Kunihiro 1976 24 b Karbirator deer baigaa damjuulah hooloig holbolg igeer shatahuunaa savandaa shahah zamaar hiin aldagdlyig shalgana 25 a You take the first turning on the left past the roundabout then you cross a bridge and bear right until you reach the public library Leech 1971Kunihiro 1976 24 b Ta ayulg in toirgiig ng r d z n gar tiishee ergene ergeereilerge Tegeed g reer garaad baruun gar tiish ergeheer nomiin san baigaa 23b 24b na 25b aarai Cna
221. Z Leech 1971 Kunihiro 1976 24 238 1 travel itnerary 24a 2 instruction manual instructon manual 25 9 2 Hirtle 1995 265 270 Qtis shown that in direction giving event time is seen as prospective and so differs from that found in habit future and 109 other uses commonly classified as stative or dynamic instruction bookle
222. will infinitive HET used to be V ing baidag j baidag bai saar baidag saar baidag bai have been V ing 1 aad baidag aad baidag bai f chih san baidag chih san baidag bai chih aad baidag chih aad baidag bai saar bai aad baij bai chih san baij bai chih aad baij bai saar baidag saar baij baidag bai aad baij baidag aad baij baidag bai chihsan baij baidag chihsan baij baidag bai 7 1 ehel bar duus jr och yav or suu orhi av g gar ald tar hevt haya C do begin start come get set grow con
223. 1998 205 b Hey watch out The tree is going to fall on our head ll 23 a Min hajuulah tsag bolloo Chase 1959 b P m going to hit the sack 5 4 2 2 3 H laa 24 a Bi tishee orloo going down there 25 a Bi zagasand yavlaa b m going out to fish 26 a Eejee aav mordloo shiiii dee s gee rg ch 1984 88 b Dad s riding off mommy Do you milk offering 27 a Za bi ochloo b AIl right I m coming 2 1 Cv laa jee chee 2 laa 5 4 2 3 5 4 2 3 1 28a b 33a b Cv laa
224. v laa jee chee 5 2 2 2 aa 24a b 7 28a b 24 a I bet you went down some dark alley with an old man with a beard aa b Neg sahaltai vg n degeedee biz Chase 1959 25 a I didn t kill her Chase 1959 b Bi t niig alaagii 65 26 a Didn t you hear him as we were leaving Rowling 1998 b Bidniig garahad yu gej baihyig ni sonsoog i yu 27 a What if she never left the bathroom Rowling 1998 b Ter ugaalgyin r n s hezee ch yavaagiii bol yahav 28 a He knows I didn t shoot him Chase 1959 b Minii buudaagiiig ter h n medne 3 1
225. Momentaneous simple tense momentaneous adverb progressive simple tense durative adverb Stative simple tense momentaneous adverb progressive simple tense durative adverb Achievement simple tense Tmomentaneous adverb progressive simple tense durative adverb Dynamic simple tense momentaneous adverb progressive simple tense durative adverb Accomplishment simple tense momentaneous adverb 4 progressive simple tense durative adverb Activity simple tense momentaneous adverb progressive simple tense durative adverb Smith 1991 state activity accomplishment semelfactive achievement 5 T staic xduration tehic 3
226. 1995 165 16 Jacobson 1957 shifter 2 Declerck 1991 16 2006 147 148 152 2 Present Time Sphere Past Time Sphere Declerck situation 4 past tense the past perfect the condition
227. 2 Smith 1991 111 X the progressive applies only to non stative situations HH Comrie 1976 35 36 9 6 t M 20 Dahl 1985 92 progressives 5Gvozdanovie 2012 784 16 Mair 2012 803 17 Comrie 1976 25 Pn
228. san 9 chih san bai san ui 69 5 2 3 1 j ch bai san 35a b 36a b ed d 35 a We hoped you d only gone one grate too far Rowling 1998 b Chamaig gantshan zuuhaar z rs n baih gej goridoj bailaa 36 a So you never never attacked anyone Rowling 1998 b Tegeed ta hezee ch hezee ch h n haldaj baigaagi i 2 1 2
229. y 6 20 K JI M H IL p C T b X m m uj 2 p p 35 5 7 e y 2 Poppe1970 20 5 1998 505 3
230. 3 J Smith Carlota S 1981 Semantic and Syntactic Constraints on Temporal Interpretation Syntax and Semantics14 Tense and Aspect ed by Philip Tedeschi and Annie Zaenen 213 237 Academic Press New York Smith Carlota S 1983 A theory of aspectual choice Language 59 3 479 501 Smith Carlota S 1991 The Parameter of Aspect Studies in linguistics and Philosophy 43 Dordrecht Boston and London Kluwer Academic Publishers Song Jae Mog 1995 Progressives in Korean and Khalkha Mongolian In SOAS working papers linguistics and phonetics Dept of Phonetics and Linguistics School of Oriental and African Studies London University Song Jae mog 1997 Tense Aspect and Modality in Khalkha Mongolian University of London PhD dissertation Stowell Tim 2012 Syntax In Binnick R I ed 2012 The Oxford Handbook of Tense and aspect pp 184 211 Oxford University Press Oxford New York Street John C 1963 Khalkha structure Indiana University Bloomington Mouton amp CO The Hague The Netherlands 157 Swantesson Jan Olof 1991 Tense Mood and Aspect Lund University Dept of linguistics Working papers 38 pp 189 204 Swart Henriette De 2012 Verbal aspect In Binnick R I ed 2012 The Oxford Handbook of Tense and aspect pp 752 780 Oxford University Press Oxford New York Sweet H 1891 A New Engl
231. 8 Bickel and Nichols 2005 94 NN KDI HH FF 470 5 1 rap gam 1 9
232. laa 5 jee chee 13a bD jee chee 4 laa 5 4 2 2 5 4 2 2 1 will shall verb infinitive 14a b 21a b O v laa jee chee will shall verb infinitive v 14a 15 b hn dag bo v uu
233. san bai 4 100 78 5 2 4 5a b 57a b 55 a and then Dad came home and said you d got an official warning for using magic in front of Muggles Rowling 1998 b getel aav chigd r gertee ireed chamaig maagluudyin n den deer shid z leed albanaas sanuulga avsan gej yarilaa 56 a In my fifth year the Chamber was opened and the monster attacked several students finally killing one Rowling 1998 b Hogvardad sursan 5 dah jild Nuutsat r ongoij hed heden oyutan ruu mangas dovtolj etsest ni neg oyutan hsen 57 a but I have every confidence that if your wife went to Dr Zimmerman s place she would have the very best chance of recovery Chase 1959 b Gevch ehneree tend hevt lvel edgereh hamgiin sain naidlagatai 2 2 Binnick 2012 160
234. 13b say say ge E JE 2576 na E LE H
235. 3 6 6 1 1 na a a b b c c d d e BF BH TS e f f 1 s Cmna 6 3 s na s na
236. bai 39a b ed d 39 a He told me if he finds you he ll kill you Chase 1959 b Herev chamaig olvol alna gej ygr 7 baina 1 ma Someone is asking for you What is she saying Declerck 1991 69 39a b 72
237. 74 5 2 3 6 aad san kk 75 5 2 3 7 chih te AR o D E Pace 76 5 2 3 8 san bai 77 5 2 3 9 chih san bai 78 79 au estu ot Qe eR uu up Ritt 81 5 6 RETE 82 3 5 4 v laa jee chee Subs Piaya A eee 5 42 v laa jee chee amp ee 5 4 2 1 1 5 4 2 2 5 4 2 2 1 will shall verb infinitive 5 4 2 2 2 be going to ver
238. A l n 75 3 3 laa 73 4 jee chee 42 8 v 32 11 1 2 modal remoteness 3 backshift 3 v laa
239. bai 9 Gadaa boroo or j baina It is raining outside Outside rain falling is 10 Gadaa or soor baina It keeps raining outside Outside falling is Mair 2012 807 XA loose translation of 11b which distinguishes it from the mere progressive in 11a might thus be if keeps raining outside 11a 11b 8a 8b 22 The difference is that the progressive gan describes the action of rain falling while jyuh presents the weather as a continuing situation Mair 2012 807 20 31 32 1831 Schmidt Grammatik der mongolischen Sprache
240. 3 5 2 1 2 na Ced d lla b 13a b O na 11 a And Lochart said he could not hear it Rowling 1998 b Tegeed Loghart yum sonsoog i gene 12 a Hermione he didn t have a clue what he was doing Rowling 1998 b Hermione ter yag yu hiigeed baigaagaa r ch gadarlahgii sh dee 13 a What if even worse I told you who d been strangling roosters Rowling 1998 b Azargan tahianuudyig hen alsnyig helchihne gehees z rh ni amaaraa garah shahaj baisan bailg i 2 v laa jee 1
241. cma ma 3 Hp horse is walking on this mountain y A l HH Water is black but turns white when it becomes snow 1998 204 205 na 2 na 3480 JIyBcamBarranm 1987 162 2008 190 BH RE
242. j ch san 2 100 j ch san lm m Tz NN ed d j ch 2 100 E san 2 100 5 2 3 6 aad san 43a b 7 45a b ed d aad san
243. 2 7 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 na Y san dag h aa j baina g 3 ma a Present Imperfect Pr sens imperfecti Praesens imperfecti Simple present tense
244. ES 1988 11 12 16 Filip 2012 7 Verkuyl 1972 lexical aspect ANZ F lexical aspect 13 aktionsart Comrie 1976 6 7 1988 22 23 aktonsart kinds of action
245. Poutsma 1904 29 ante preterite tense ante future tense post preterite tense post future tense Curme 1931 36 Present perfect Past perfect Future Perfect Onions 1932 107 simple tense KAH compound tense 2 simple tense compound tense will would V shall should V have had V en bering ing Zandvoort 1960 3 78 T Perfect HKE Pluperfect RKE T Future perfec0 Preterite Future Declerck 1991 2006 Present Perfect 31256 T Past Perfect Conditional s r Future perfecD Teschner and Evans 2007 38 39 Conditional tense Present Perfect Past Perfect Conditional Perfect tense Present progressive Past Progressive Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive Present Perfect progre
246. a G b cR FEX 123 fT 124 HH 7 1 1 reading EVE 0f bai gt ing eO H Bi unshij baina 080
247. aa 2 3 Chuluu 1998 111 304a b 26a b aa biz sii san san
248. 2 3 4 hypotaxis parataxis 5 27 s na 1 2 3 4 3 6 7 na 7 2 na dag 2 E na
249. derivational expression free grammatical morphemes syntactic expression 5 Ced d dV ed d9 J na v je
250. 1 demonstrations and other self commentaries 3 special exclamatory sentences 4 performatives 4 105 6 3 2 1 Williams 2002 1236 1 commentarial situations 2 demonstration situations O 2 commnetaries where the action over which the speaker has no control and in which the speaker is not personally involved at the moment of speech unfolds before the commentator s eyes X a b c 3 a Williams 2002 1239 8 a Napier passes the ball to Attwater who heads it straignt into the goal Leech 1976 8
251. 3 5 Bybee 1985 12 Bybee 198S 12 b H T FE k 1985 12 8E jen 1 Bybee 198 ES FINZ Jf 05 d Z3 dg x GRESA 2 RE ni 2 2 s 3 4 ing 5 ing H H 42
252. 1983 1984 Baek 1986 Svantesson 1991 1993 1993 1995 Song 1995 Chuluu Chaolu 1995 1996 1998 1997 1996 Nelson et al 1998 2007 2008 Jingang 2008 Ramstedt 1902 1988 1989 Song 1997 Pynmes 1911 1919 8 onne Poppe Sanzheev Chinggeltet Chinggaltai Chuluu Chaolu 21 1914 Jlyscansannau Lapsangwangtan 1951 1963 1987 1964 198 1963 1968 1978 1987 1997 1991 1998 2001 2011 2009 2012 3 2 2 3 2 1
253. Secondary tense 2 P ing Kunihiro 1976 4 33 Preterite Present 2 Non perfecD 2 al 1999 453 Past H C X Kruisinga 1932 29 154 PerfecD Quirk et al 1985 176 Biber et Yule 2004 53 Present tense Preterite or ri Hi D A
254. bai aad bai 3 jbai Csaarbai bai san bai dag bai 30 4 4 bai aad bai saar bai n n j bai n aad bai n saar bai n Sn Sn bai sn aad bai sn saar bai sn laa laa j bai laa aad bai laa saar bai laa jee jee j bai jee aad bai jee saar bai jee KARE 2008 83 jbai
255. 1 J n BF RB D JVA 4 State know believe have desire love Activity run walk swim drive Accomplishment make a chair draw a circle push a cart recover from illness z H 4 ns Vendler 1967 Achievement recognize spot find lose reach Vendler 1967 4 125 2 1 Vendler 1967 4 States Activities Accomphshments Achievements know paint a picture recognize believe walk make a chair spot have swim deliver a sermon find desire push a cart draw a circle lose love drive a car push a cart reach recover from illness die Dowty 1991 54 Smith 1991 6 4
256. Smith 1991 111 general imperfective 18 Chafe 1970 175 p 988 38 7 19 64 28 Mair 2012 807 4096 progressive Mair 2012 804 805 His continuous aspect 2
257. 4 5 O x A O A 1 a O O O x O O X 2 a O x b O x c x O x e f 1 a O O O 122 O O O O c 8 na lee 2 a b
258. 64 1987 horse is walking on this mountain 6 3 7 1 2 162 65a be ve yund yagaad yu 65 a Chi yund ineene ve b Why are you laughing 6 3 7 2 6 3 6 2 1 6 4 Comrie 1985 37 39 Bybee et al 1994 126 Bybee et al 1994 140 141
259. V 2011 120 2011 120 19 2011 122 o o o Mr Nr NY NY o 35 2 Progressive V ing Perfect have V PP 2 Sweet 1891 1898 definite tense incompletiion Jespersen 1924 277 278 expanded tense The purport of the expanded tenses is not to express duration in itself but relative duration compared with the shorter time occupied by some other action Poutsma 1926 290 315 348 Curme 1931 373 377 Kruisinga 1931 237 Palmer 1974 33 55 S8 duration Kruisinga 1931 Joos 1964 106 115 Twadell 1963 9 12 limited duration
260. off on out down up away through back along over warned and warned go on and on and 6 7 nili 51 5 H be V ing hav
261. Im un RS pu S 3 4 Em Z Y 2 closed 1 Bybee 198S 11 Bybee 1985 11 3 Bybee 1985 11 12 Bybee 1985 12 41 THE
262. RER G C on r PME EET OE HS S DORT E na uama kanasqa ZAT dU etu Ro afe PO COR 3 2 1 1 na i 3 212 BAREN BET Maa erbe ote B2 qtd 33 tt ade IPO eS aa aaa S Ro RA 33 n a a naq ah i ah u tole 3 3 3 LE a ax ra M A ARA t 4 2 TANZ esq Ed 42 1 i 42 3 bm BIO RE E NE adul D UM ON 52
263. State Activity Accomplishment Achievement Smith 1991 6 4 Semelfactive knock cough nod jump 5 14 Smith 1991 28 30 a know answer be in Athens TRU VAIO walk in park laugh Accomplishment X house walk to school build a Semelfa
264. Marchand Hans 1955 On a question of Aspect A comparison between The Progressive form in English and that in Italian and Spanish in Studia Linguistica revue de linguitique g n rale et compare Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences HSFR 9 1 2 pp 45 52 154 2008 2007 68 McCawley James D 1971 Tense and time reference in English In Charles J Fillmore and D Terence 28 39 Langendoen eds Studies linguistic semantics 97 113 New York Holt Rinehart and Winston Millington Ward John 1954 The use of tenses in English A new approach for intermediate students Longmans green and co ltd Mindt Dieter 2000 An Empirical Grammar of the English Verb System Cornelsen Verlag Berlin 1996 113 Mourelatos Alexander P D 1978 Events processes and states Linguisti
265. 3 Chuluu 1998 113 copular auxiliary verb bai bol quasi auxiliary verb 1 ehel bar duus ir och yav or suu orhi av 6g 2 chad yad ol gar med 2 1 2 2 bai bol 1 ehel bar duus ir och yav or suu Orhi av g 2
266. 6 3 5 2 4 nay 1989 42 na nu 42 1989 42 b Could you sing one more please s na nay that ffi wh na h
267. aspectual verb particle combinations phrasal verbs aspectual 39 quasi auxiliaries aspectualizers aktionsart subsystem aspect subsystem verb particle combinations phrasal verbs 1L perfective drink up calm down wait out die off wait out pass away carry through bring about put over 2 ingressive hurry up lie down doze off set out pitch in go away continuative iterative hammer away drive on aspectualizers Lingressive begin start come 2 egressive finish quit stop cease 3 continuative keep on go on continue 4 habitual used to take to 40 41 Bybee 198S 11 12 3
268. san 21 100 5 2 3 7 chih san 46a b 49a b cd d chih san 46 a I told you I was lost what were you doing down there anyway Rowling 1998 b Tegeed ch t rchihs n gej helsen sh dee Ingehed ta r yu hiij yavsan yum be 47 a Five minutes passed Bruce 1981 b 5 minut ng rchihl o 48 a I meant to call but I forgot Bruce 1981 b Bi utastaya gej baigaad martchihjee 49 a Why did you pause Bruce 1981 b Ta yagaad zogschihoo ve 5 2 3 5 ch san
269. 1984 b Have the sheep settled down to pasture 37 a Yu hiichihevee 1984 b What have I done laa 38 a Hoyulaa chinii ng rs n minii ireed i hoyort hoyor udaa uulzlaa Rowling 1998 b Twice in your past in my future we have met 39 a Well said my piece b Za bi heleh gee hellee Chase 1959 40 a Bid ene oroin horin negen tsag arvan hoyor minutand tanyi orshin suugaa gazart Hiisgeh tarn hereglesen gesen medeelel avlaa Rowling 1998 b We have received intelligence that a Hover Charm was used at your place of residence this evening at twelve minutes past nine 41 a Chamaig garyin segtei zurag taraaj baina gej sonsloo Rowling 1998 heard you ve been giving out signed photos 42 a Bi neg saihan duuldag h hen Chase 1959 b ve found a girl who can sing 43 a Galt tereg h d lchihl Yavchihlaa sh ii dee Rowling 1998 b It s The trains left 44 a Chi namaig zartsaas mini salgalaa Rowling 1998 b You ve lost me my servant boy 45 a Bi d ng j saya Markus Flint Malfoig zagnaj baihyig harlaa Rowling 1998 just seen Marcus Flint yelling at Malfoy 90 jee chee 46 a Zaluu mm mangas neg ohinyig avaad Rowling 1998 b The very man girl has been snatched by
270. 5 0 2 5 Mary walked to school Mary knocked at the door for 5 minutes Mary knock at the door i 5 Smith 1991 26 36 2 128 b Mary was walking to school Smith 1991 95 Smith 1991 56 2 gt 09 lexical aspect grammatical aspect B F Swart 2012 754 Aspectual class and grammatical aspect are independent theoretical notions but there are clear interactions between them For instance The English Progressive does not easily apply to stative verbs
271. b A bad thing just happened to me on my way There was a notification on a pole So I climbed the pole and looked at the notification It said careful This pole is painted 45a a E 45 a I met Takeda yesterday It was terrible He is drunk He speaks to anybody around him and says he is ready to make them happy http www englishcafe jp b chigd r bi Takedatai uulzlaa Yostoi aimaar baisan Ter shal sogtuu H n bolgontoi ochij yariad 1 ta b hniig az jargaltai bolgohod bi belen sh geed 1 Cowper 1998 14 46ay PAORA K 46 a During my last year of teaching before I retired a strange thing happened One of my student walks into the office and asks to speak to me I always get to work yearly so I do have time to talk to her She tells me she wants to hand her paper in a week before the due date Cowper 1998 14 b Namaig tetgevertee gardgiin urd jil negen sonin yavdal bolson yum Manai neg oyutan manai ajlyin r nd orj ireed tand neg heleh z il baina
272. b Asuudliig deerh hoyordugaar b legt na se lee s na
273. end do result Jm EJ 1048b kinesei movements energiai actualities Dowty 1972 16 telic xf atelic Ryle 1949 Garey 1957 Kenny 1963 Vendler 1967 Mourelatos 1978 Zegarac 1990 Smith 1991 Ryle 1949 149 Achievements Garey 1957 106 elic Vendler 1967 4
274. lexical expression inflectional expression derivational expression free grammatical morphemes syntactic expression 5 H
275. na 6 3 2 Leech 1971 Quirk et al 1985 180 commentaries 2 Kunihiro 1976 8 9 gt 3 1
276. ee 1993 16 Chaolu 1995 107 1996 84 Chuluu 1998 164 X maa B amp 2
277. s Cna 6 3 5 2 na Hangin 1968 23 Tserenpil and Kullmann 2008 188 190 191 na 1 2 3 4 4 li 6 3 5 2 1 na s
278. 1989 18 s naa 2 B na bleached imperfective E text specific uses Cv EH SE Cv laa jee chee 25 p laa laa jee chee Z
279. 1998 3 ekile oei oro suu yav ir bar duus orhi av Chinggeltei 2010 1987 1998 qasramrprm V saar V saar V aad V aad 6ooon V n V n 548 V j V j 6omoxx V j V aad hadaj hadaad V n V saar V V saar Sp 6 V V
280. 31 50 haran harsaar irseer j ch j ch saar saar aad n n n saar saar 6 Brinton 1988 61 begin to V V ing commence to V V ing to V ing start in out toV off V ing set about in aad to V off about V ing to V ing getto V V ing to V ing proceed to V V ing grow to V come on to V keep on V ing go on V ing remain V ing persist in V ing continue to V V ing cease to V V ing finish V ing quit V ing stop V ing desist from V ing forsake V ing cut out V ing used to V take to V to V ing be used accustomed to V V ing be wontto V be given to V ing Brinton 1988 169 175 Downing and Locke 2006 341 342
281. EO Hm 125 7 2 130 130 72 L DEUS 130 7 2 1 2 134 7 2 1 3 135 BM SETTE aestum e 137 7 2 2 EIN 137 7 2 3 amp DEIT 138 724 uuu 139 pus MEE Su PUO M VS 140 TT 141 L E 143 ma Tcro Por 149 1 1 ed d3 7 s na be V ing
282. Herev vdv l bi chamd helne 2 27 a When the spring comes the swallows will return Leech 1971 Kunihiro 1976 98 b Havar bolohoor haraatsainuud ergej irne 3 28 a Next time do as she tells you Leech 2004 63 b Daraa udaa t nii helsneer hiigeerei 26a 27a 284 Gf unless when as soon as as s 26b 27b 28b 4 that wh 29 a Just suppose we miss the plane Leech 2004 64 b Ongotsnoosoo hotsorvol yanaa 30 a The man she marries will have to be rich Leech 2004 64 b T ntei suuh h n bayan baih yostoi 31 a I hope you will win Leech 2004 64 b Bi chamaig yalna gedegt itgeltei baina 32 a Make sure you get up early Leech 2004 64 b Zaaval ert bosoh shaardlagatailbosno shii lbosooroi 31b 32b s gt na 29b
283. J K and Bat Ireed i Jantsangiin 1999 Colloquial Mongolian The complete course for beginners Routedge London and New York 1934 1964 Sanzheev 1973 The Modern Mongolian language Nauka publishing house Central department of 156 Oriental Literature Moscow trans by D M Segal Schibsbye Knud 1965 A Modern English Grammar Oxford University Press London Schmidt LJ 1831 Grammatik der mongolischen Sprache verfasst St Petersburg Schmidt L J 1870 Grammaire Mongole Traduite de Allemand et suivie d Essais traduction Mongole Par A M H Rennes MDCCCLXX 3 B 1964 B
284. a b 67a b lt j ch 34 26 771 E E aad 60 47 244 127 100 BEJE ed d 56a b B specialized converb val bal Ced d bal ed d n 3 2 362 13 385 vch 1 0 787 hlaar 1 0 787 tal 7 515 haar 4
285. after when whenever until till as soon as as directly immediately before while after as long as etc in subordinate adverbial clauses of time 6 To express a future action in a categoric manner 7 Historical present Leech 1971 1 2 3 4 3 Leech 2004 6 13 16 17 1 State use 2 Event use 3 Habitual use 4 Referring to past and future 5 Imaginary uses Quirk et al 1985 179 1 State present 2 Habitual present 3 Instantaneous present 4 Referring to the past 5 Referring to the future 6 In fictional narrative Declerck 1991 2 3 1 the reference is to relatively short interval which includes the moment of speaking 2 refers to an interval which is indefinitely long and encompasses not only the present but also the past and future 3 refers to habitual activity consisting of a repeated number of occurrences the habit includes the moment of speech and extends into the past and possibly also into the future z Kunihiro 1976 7 17 23 25 98 it is not necessary that any of the occurrences should coincide with the moment of speech itself 4 The reference is to a future event 5 Refers to an event that took place in the past and is still relevant at the present moment it is
286. amidardag amidarna 1b 6b nay 1 4a b S N S A be be particle bol ni ba bai S N S A na 2 1b 2b 3b b 6b na dag Tserenpil and Kullmann 2008 188 dag to l
287. at all her usual cheerful self Rowling1998 b Guravdugaar h lemj r h hd dee gehdee Spraut bagsh yerdiinh bayasgalantai baidlaasaa tes ondoo ilerhii taalamjg i d nsger haragdana 23 a Harry s mouth fell open as the full impact of what he was seeing hit him Rowling1998 b Harri mn baigaa z iliig haraad amaa angain gaihaj orhiv 24 a I need some spectacles I am not seeing things so well these days Quirk et al 1985 b Bi n dnii shil avmaar baina Oirdoo yum sain harahgiii baina 25 a A Did you hear bell ring just then Quirk et al 1985 B No I can t hear a thing A There it goes again am hearing it now b A Chi saya honh duugarahyig sonsov uu 132 B g i yu ch sonsogdsong i A Teer dahiad 1 duugarlaa Nadad odoo sonsogdoj 26a 26 a Your soup is tasting better every day T b Chinii hiisen sh l dr s d rt il goyo amttai bolj baina 27a 28a see hear look at listen to smell taste feet
288. gelee Bi ter yed dandaa ert ajildaa ochdog baisan bolohoor nadad t ntei yariltsah tsag baisan yum n g oyutan maan togtooson hugatsaanaas neg doloo honogiin hoino ajlaa huraalgamaar baina gedgiin gedgiin baina gedeg baigaa gelee 114 6 3 6 1 2 Leech 1971 tell write say 1996 77 ask say tell write learm hear see 47 a The ten o clock news says that there s going to be a bad storm Quirk et al 1985 181
289. highway is running past the farm 136 b Hurdnyi zam fermiin ng rch baina 7 2 1 4 belong to concern consist of own resemble cost depend on 1b G1a 51 He told Dumbledore everything except that Mr Weasley owned the bewitched b Noyon Viizli ter mashinyig ezemshij baisan gedgees busdyig Dambldort h rnev Rowling 1998 Leech 1971 Kunihiro 1976 45 46 more and more
290. other languages can have either an absolute or a relative meaning depending on where they occur syntactically In main clauses past tenses are absolute but in most types of complement clauses they are relative CV 5 31a b when Ced d h d 1 tuyed 2 h hugatsaandaa 1 32a b before h aas 33a b h yum bol
291. shocked when he heard Harry Potter was back at Hogwarts he let his master s dinner 74 burn Rowling 1998 b Harri Potter surguul daa ochij chadsanyig sonsood tsochirdsondoo bi ezniihee oroin hoolyig t lj orhison ch san 42a b j ch san ed d9 ch san ed d
292. ter surguuld baihdaa yer ls j zeeg i 32 a The culprit must have known it was only a matter of time before I caught him b Tahin sh tegchid ni namaig barihaas mn niig medej baisan biz 33 a Honestly if you were any slower you d be going backward Rowling 1998 b Naiz mini chi iim udaan oilgotstoi baih yum bol muu daa 3 1 h when before 2 3 29a b 30 ab D n Declerck 2006 15 156 2 Stowell 2012 192 THinite tenses in english and many
293. thus roughly equivalent to have heard 6 Historical present which refers to events that took place in the past Huddleston and Pullum 2002 127 136 1 Present time reference 2 The timeless use of the present tense 3 Extension of the present tense into past time territory 4 Future time reference in main clauses the present futurate 5 Deictic future time in subordinate clauses 6 Future interpretation of a non deictic present tense 1 2 3 4 S 6 6 6 2 2 ma na Poppe 1951 79 1 Allgemein oder gelegentlich geltendes Pradikat ohne jegliche nahere Zeit oder Artbestimmung Chamaas baga chamaig orgono 2 Gegenwart ohne die Hervorhebung dab die Handlung gerade im Augenblick des Sprechens stattfindet Bi medne Tend bai
294. 05 282 Mesa Grande Diegueno Yuman California 1 ta wa PROG 1 SUBJ sit Tam was sitting b 2 a x 1 SUBJ go FUT I will Bickel and Nichols 2005 94 DANION oor BA E ed noninflecting particles will paint F Dryer 2005 282 E
295. 1 Revised in 1952 150 Chinggelte 2010 4 SE Chuluu Ujiediin 1998 Studies on Mongolian verb morphology Ph D dissertation Graduate Department M of East Asian Studies University of Toronto Chung S and Timberlake A 1985 Tense aspect and mood In T Shopen ed Language Typology and syntactic description III grammatical categories and the lexicon Cambridge Cambridge University Press 202 258 Comrie Bernard 1976 Aspect An introduction to the study of verbal aspect and related problems Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1988 Comrie Bernard 1985 Tense Cambridge Cambridge University Press Cowper E 1998 The simple present tense in English A unified treatment Studia linguistica 52 1 pp 1 18 Curme G O 1931 Syntax Boston Heath Dahl Osten 1985 Tense and aspect systems Oxford and New York Basil Blackwell Dahl and Velupillai V 2005 Tense and aspect In Martin Haspelmath et al ed 2005 The World Atlas of Language Structures Oxford University Press Declerck R 1991 Tense in English Its structure and use in discourse London and New York Routledge 1991 2011 De
296. 199 dag 5 Nature Habit Stative Repetitive 1995 64 29
297. 1998 b Not a word to Molly 76 a Za medlee Chase 1959 b Well all right 77 a Bid hoyor uulzalg i udjee Chase 1959 b Long time no see v laa jee chee 2 15 v laa jee V laa jee chee 76 102 34 will shall verb infinitive 3 9 1 be going to verb infinitive 3 8 1 8 2 C l 46 22 Ji 6 don t verb infinitive 4 may be verb infinitive 1 would verb infinitive 1 not to verb infinitive 3 must verb infinitive 1 5 wish never verb 1 simple past tense have verb infinitive 2 should have let
298. 3 pp 47 56 Binnick R I 1991 Time and the verb A Guide to Tense and Aspect Oxford University press New York Binnick R I 2012 The Past Tenses of the Mongolian Verb Meaning and use Koninklijke Brill NV 149 Leiden The Netherlands 1849 Boldbaatar D 2010 English Mongolian Dictionary UB Bolinger D 1971 The phrasal verb in English Harvard University press Cambridge MA Bosson James E 1964 Modern Mongolian A primer and reader Indiana university publications Uralic and Altaic series volume36 Indiana University Bloomington Netherlands Brinton L J 1988 The Development of English Aspectual Systems Aspectualizers and post verbal particles Cambridge Cambridge University Press New York Brosig Benjamin 2009 The Function of the Suffix na in Khalkha Mongolian Altai Hakpo 19 pp 87 112 The Altaic Society of Korea Benjamin Brosig 2012 yrra The meaning and usage of the particle bilee V 37 pp 10 18 Bruce Nigel 1981 My beloved swallows and other childrens stories from Mongolia UB Bybee Joan L 1985 Morphology a study of the relation between meaning and form Amsterdam Benjamins Bybee J Perkins and Pagliuca W 1994 The evolution of gra
299. 6 9 52 me 1159 18 aF 63 100 5 2 3 2 dag bai san 37a b 38a b 37 a I always knew Salazar Slytherin was a twisted old loony Rowling 1998 b Salazar Slizerin bol gajigtai h gshin teneg baisan gej bi rgelj meddeg baisan 38 a We house elves were treated like vermin sir Rowling 1998 b Noyonton geriin ongon bidniig horhoi met iizdeg bailaa 1 71 used to would verb infinitive 2 Ced d
300. 7zes my bus Leech 2004 7 gt gt requist advise predict TIresisn 14 a We accept your offer Leech 1971 Kunihiro 1976 10 b Chinii sanalyig hiileej avlaa h leej avya 15 a I congratulate you Hirtle 1995 267 5 Kunihiro 1976 9 6 Kunihiro 1976 10 107 b Chamd bayar h rgeye nay 10b na 4 laa na
301. Adverbial participles gerunds Berlin and New York Mouton de Gruyter 1995 pp 1 55 152 Hatcher Anna Granville 1951 The use of the progressive form in English a new approach Language 27 pp 254 280 Heger 1967 Temporale deixis und Vorgangsquantit t Aspect und Aktionsart in Zeitschrift f r romanische Philologie Bd 83 pp 518 582 T bingen Hewson J 2012 Tense In Binnick R I ed The Oxford Handbook of Tense and aspect Oxford University Press Oxford New York pp 507 535 Hirtle W H 1995 The simple form again An analysis of direction giving and related uses Journal of Pragmatics 24 pp 265 281 Hopper Paul J 1982 Tense aspect between semantics and pragmatics Typological studies in languagel Amsterdam and Philadelphia John Benjamins Hornstein N 1977 Towards a theory of tense Linguistic Inquiry 8 pp 521 557 Hornstein N 1990 As time goes by Cambridge MA MIT Press Huddleston R D and Pullum G K 2002 Cambridge Grammar of the English Language Cambridge Cambridge University press Huddleston and Pullum G K 2005 A student s introduction to English grammar Cambridge university Huang Lillian Meei jin 1987 Aspect A general system and its manifestation in Mandarin Chinese PhD dissertation Rice University Houston Texas B 1993 2001
302. BA WE RR Quirk et al 1972a 84 tense Comrie 1985 2 48 52 Kroeger 2005 149
303. I drove home and found the front door wide open I drove home I found the front door wide open 7 Converb nonfinite verb form Haspelmath 1995 3 Chuluu 1998 77 TBinnick 2012 160 E 79 F contextual converbs j ch n aad saar vch hlaar magts tal haar 2 Nedjalkov 1995 107 Chuluu 1998 77 The specialized converbs F specialized converbs bal express the particular circumstantial meanings related to such meanings as anteriority posteriority condition concessive successive and purpose etc h CV 5
304. Ron hoyor t n deer oroi b r irne b Harry and Ron went to visit her every evening Rowling 1998 58ay na 58 a Ergen toiron targan tsagaan tahianuud yu ch yum be tonshin tongolzono b Several fat brown chickens were pecking their way around the yard Rowling 1998 Rowling 1998 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Myandas and Batsoyombo 2011 Chase 1959 What s better than money 1995 na 513
305. You are the richest man in the world now 8 a Uilburyig horin jil suuna hemeen sonsloo Chase 1959 b I hear Wilbur is going away for twenty years 9 a But it can t hurt you if someone throws something at you b Gehdee cham ruu yum chuluudlaa geed gemteej chadahg i biz dee jee chee 10 a H chin b r er h n boljee Bruce 1981 b Your boy is a quite a man now 11 a Jaahan tomdjee dee 1984 b It s a bit big for you 12 a Yamar neg yum alga bolj uu Rowling 1998 b Is there anything missing 13 a Ta Beejin hotod ochjee gej bod b Could you guess that you are in Beijing city 5 1 da b 3a b 10 b 12a b 2009 173 175 2
306. a Chaolu 2 Brosig 2009 na aspect oppositons akttonsart independent uses 3 2 1 2
307. aa jee chee na 2 san n aa maar 3 4 b c d e ch san f aad san g chih san h san bai san i san bai san 4 contextual converbs j n aad specialized converbs val bal vch hlaar tal haar 5 6
308. al noun suffixes san aa hn 1 dag maar ON A maar Chuluu 1998 109 san aa maar di Y H nili Bl nil nili ui 5 2 2 1 san 14a b 23a Db ed d san 14 a A fact We contacted the New York police Chase 1959 b Hiisen hereg mundahg i bololtoi N yu Yorkyin tsagdaagiin gazartai holboo barisan 15 a What happened Did you pay her Chase 1959 b Tegeed yu bolson be Ta t nd m ng gs 7 16 a None of them spoke to me b Tednii hen ni ch nadta
309. al tense would infinitive the conditional perfect would have past participle PAST TIME SPHERE TENSES 1995 165 168 2 Declerck 1991 16 2006 147 148 152 4 Past tense nonprogressive past tense form ed d Comrie 1985 19 tlc
310. alj chadjee 10 a I thought you made a mistake but Rowling 1998 b Chamaig aldaa gargajee gej bodoj baital nen heregtee chi 59 3 Comrie 1976 108 1988 172 HEH inferential Haan 2005 314 315 witnessed direcD unwitnessed indirect a Ahmet gel di Ahmet come PST DIR EVD Ahmet came witnessed by the speaker b Ahmet gel mis Ahmet come PST INDIR EVD Ahmet came unwitn
311. arrassowitz wiesbaden Poppe N N 1987 Introduction to Mongolian Comparative Studies Helsinki Suomalais Ugrilainen Seura Quirk R S Greenbaum G Leech and J Svartik 1972a A Grammar of Contemporary English Longman Ltd Group London Quirk R S Greenbaum G Leech and J Svartik 1972b A Comperehensive Grammar of The English Language London Longman Quirk R S Greenbaum G Leech and J Svartik 1985 A Grammar of Contemporary English London Longman Ramstedt G J 1902 Uber die Konjugation ey khalkha Mongolischen Relisingfors Druckerei der finnischen litteraturegesellschaft Reichenbach Hans 1947 Elements of symbolic logic New York The Free Press amp London Collier Macmillan 287 298 1952 Rowling J K 1998 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets London Bloomsbury trans Myandas N Batsoyombo Ts UB NEPKO Publishing 1911 7 7 1919 Ryle Gilbert 1949 The concept of Mind Barnes and Noble Sanders Alan
312. b infinitive EON Baureihe mito pibe edt bid 5 4 2 2 3 AV AN ON amas EE EE 5 4232 Se JU 542 33 542 DT III DOES a ann den etum 5424 1 CV 54242 aa i 54243 jee chee 5 4 2 5 kk apud eec erra arret 54 27 s na 6 2 s RN RR TNR EREMO 6 2 1 s kk iv 622 ma kkk 99
313. bai saar baidag saar baidag bai aad baidag aad baidag bai chih san baidag chih san baidag bai chih aad baidag chih aad baidag bai aad baij bai chih san baij bai chih aad baij bai saar baij baidag saar bai baidag bai aad baij baidag aad baij baidag bai chihsan baij baidag ET chihsan baij baidag bai ehle gar och or ald med una suu yav hevt ir bar duus orhi av 6g guits tavi haya j j saar saar aad aad n n n saar saar 7
314. clerck R et al 2006 The grammar of the English Verb phrase Voll The Grammar of the English Tense System A comprehensive analysis Berlin and New York Mouton de Gruyter Dryer M S 2005 Position of tense aspect affixes In Martin Haspelmath et al ed 2005 The World Atlas of Language Structures Oxford University Press Downing A and Locke P 2006 English Grammar a University course Routledge Taylor amp Francis Group London amp New York Dowty David Roach 1972 Studies in the Logic of Verb Aspect and Time reference in English Ph D dissertation The University of Texas at Austin Dowty David Roach 1991 Word meaning and Montague grammar the semantics of verbs and times generative semantics and in 5 Kluwer Academic publishers Dordrecht The Netherlands 1985 K opxu B 16 115 118 1991 X 2009 LU H nul 151 Filip H 2012 L
315. cs and Philisophy 2 415 434 Nedjalkov V P 1995 Some typological parameters of converbs In Haspelmath K nig Converbs Cross linguistic Perspective Structure and meaning of adverbial verb forms Adverbial participles gerunds Berlin and New York Mouton de Gruyter 1995 pp 97 136 Nelson D Davidson T T L Narantuya Narmandakh Nordby J 1998 Four past tense morphemes in Khalkha Mongol Leeds working papers in linguistics and phonetics No 6 pp115 133 Department of linguistics and phonetics University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT Neville J Whymant 1926 A Mongolian grammar Outlining the Khalkha Mongolian with notes on the Buriat Kalmuck and Ordoss Mongolian London Kegan Paul Trench Trubner amp CO LTD Broadway House 68 74 Carter Lane e c 2009 21427 169 180 1963 1968 1978 1987 10 16 21 1997 Onions 1932 advanced English synta
316. ctive knock iji Achievement the top win a race Smith static ind reach xduration telic 3 2
317. e chee laa v laa jee chee y s na 1 2 3 4 RR N 7 Smith 1991 5 0 5
318. e V en will V have V en used to would V used to be V ing have been V ing Wee keep on goon continue begin Start finish quit stop cease be accustomed to take to off particle out down up away through over 52 along verb and verb verb particle and particle 6 H j bai saar bai aad bai dag bai bol chih san bai j baidag j baidag
319. e lee b Two men came to his home 6 3 6 2 Leech 1971 2004 16 D 19 2012 11 yr Kunihiro 1976 23 0 na v Ha ma lee na 53a
320. eption 9 a I see you ve all bought a complete set of my books Rowling 1998 b Ta nar b gdeeree minii nomyig hudaldan avsnyig bi 4 States of bodily sensation 10 a His gums hurt after the tooth was pulled out Boldbaatar 2010 b Sh dee avahuulsnyi daraa t nii vd j bailaa 7b 7 10b 11a 31a 4 11b 18b 24b 31b Q0 19b 23b 1 Imtellectual states 11a 12
321. essed by the speaker Haan 2005 314 315 Haan 2005 314 315 evidentiality direct evidentials indirect evidentials 2 direct evidentials indirect evidentials indirect evidentials hearsay evidentials inferential evidential 2 Haan 2012 1039 1040 mirativity Mirativi
322. exical aspect In Binnick R I ed 2012 The Oxford Handbook of Tense and aspect Oxford University Press Oxford New York pp 721 751 1961 Vb Garey 1957 Verbal aspects in French Language 33 pp 91 110 Givon T 1991 Markedness in Grammar distributional communicative and cognitive correlates of syntactic structure Studies in Language 15 2 pp 335 370 Givon T 2001 Syntax An Introduction Vol 1 Grammar Comparative and General Amsterdam Benjamins Gronbech Kaare and Krueger John R 1955 An introduction to classical Literary Mongolian Otto Harrassowitz Wiesbaden Gvozdanovi Jadranka 2012 Perfective and Imperfective In Binnick R I ed 2012 7he Oxford Handbook of Tense and aspect Oxford University Press Oxford New York pp 781 802 Hans Peter Vietze 1969 Lehrbuch der mongolischen Sprache VEB Verlag Enzyclopadie Leipzig 1914 1993a 1 VOL 43 49 94 1993b
323. hi 1 am muruih bolgondoo ur d hoichyin yum s h d baiv daa Tegvel ch sainaa zehg i sh b And as for you try not to remind him of the past whenever you are at odds with him or else things won t come to any good 1984 64 1987 166 b Careful not to lose your wallet with money 65 a Hen negnii dunduur garav aa medeetei baigaarai Rowling 1998 b Careful not to walk through anyone v v must verb infinitive EJ FO X 66a b O mustrverb infinitive 66 a Bi chamd yah gej helev ee b I must not tell you wish never verb 4 Simple past tense ed d 67a b wish never verb Simple past tense ed d 67 a Yah gej chamtai Aolbogdov oo bi Chase 1959 b I wish I never had anything to do with you 5 4 2 4 2 laa laa must verb infinitive have verb infinitive 68a b 69a b RED mustrverb infinitive have to verb infinitive
324. hin emeeteigee amidardag nadad helsen 41 all the trees we could ve hit we had to get one that hits back Rowling 1998 b Olon mod baihad bid gantshan uur hilenteig ni olj m rg d g 1 2 2 23 E560 TA 73 here nm and now deictic centre
325. i g solisong i 17 a Why didn t Harry Potter go back home when he missed the train Rowling 1998 b Galt teregneesee hotsorchihood Harri Potter yagaad ger r gee butssangiii 18 a If I thought you d read my private Rowling 1998 b Minii huviin yumyig unshchihan gej medsen bol 19 a I broke into the bungalow and found the gun that killed the Studio guard Chase 1959 b Zunyi baishind nevtren orj kino ildveriin manaanyi h niig alsan gar buug olson 20 a It s a shame you had to see him on a Burning Day Rowling 1998 b Chi t niig shatdag d r ni harsan ni jaahan ichmeer 1 yum 21 a Harry Potter is greater by far than Dobby knew Rowling 1998 b Harri Potter bol Dobbigiin bodsonoos augaa h n yum 22 a I have been waiting for you to appear since we arrived here Rowling 1998 b End irsneesee hoish chamaig 1 h leej bailaa 23 a Then you noticed that after I spoke to it the snake backed off Rowling 1998 b tegvel namaig mogoitoi yarisnyi ter hoishoo bolsnyig anzaarsan biz dee 4 1 san 64 2 san 3
326. imes buy shirts at Harrolds Leech 1971 Kunihiro 1976 13 7 Kunihiro 1976 12 13 8 Kunihiro 1976 13 108 na 19 0 2 1 19 a We go to Brusells every year Quirk et al 1985 179 b Bid Brusel ruu jil b r yavna yavdag 20 A What do you do on Sundays Ta hagas sain d r yu hiideg B I clean my room watch TV and wash my clothes Geree tseverlene tsevreledeg zne zdeg Huvtssaa ugaana ugaadag 21 a Ter d r b r 1 manaid irne irdeg Yostoi yadargaatai b How annoying he comes to my house every day
327. ish Grammar Logical and Historical 2 vols Oxford Clarendon Press Sweet H 1898 New English Grammar part II Syntax Oxford Clarendon Press Teschner Richard V and Evans Eston E 2007 Analyzing the Grammar of English Gerorgetown University Press Washington D C Timberlake Alan 1982 Invariance and the syntax of Russian aspect In Paul J Hopper ed 305 331 Tobin Yishai 1993 Aspect in the English Verb Process and Result in Language Longman London and New York 1951 2009 2002 2011 Tserenpil D Kullmann 2008 Mongolian grammar Admon Co Ltd Twaddell William Freeman 1963 The English verb auxiliaries Brown University press Vendler Z 1967 Verbs and times In Z Vend
328. ive 1995 41 65 66 Cdag 5 a dag a Hadalj avsan m siyg tsoxivol butarna NN b if you smash some ice broken up it will break into pieces 1995 65 a Malchid v l havar zun namriyn ulirald maliynhaa us belcheeriyg toxiruulan hashaa horoo barij vs tejeeliyg ni beltgene b Shepherds in the four seasons of winter spring summer and autumn adjust water and pasture to good condition secure enclosures and prepare hay and feed for their cattle 1995 65 66 103 1 1987 161 162
329. k ago to one 3 1988 19 10 siy month ago Past2 roughly one to two months ago t y up to one or two years ago Past3 distant or legendary past jada Dahl and Velupillai 2005 269 Bybee et al 1994 98 99 Gmmediate versus remote daily cycle 2 Immediate past the situation occurred in the recent or immediate past Remote past the situation occurred long ago in the distant past Ancient past the situation occurred in ancient or mythic times Hodiernal past the situation occurred on the same day as the speech event Pre hodiernal past the situation occurred before the today of the speech event Hesternal past the situation occurred yesterday or on the day precedi
330. ler Linguistics in philosophy Ithaca New York Cornell University Press Pp97 121 Verkuyl Henk 1972 On the Compositional Nature of the Aspects Foundations of Language Supplementary Series Volume 15 Dordrecht Reidel Wada Naomi 2001 Interpreting English Tenses A compositional approach Kaitakusha Co Ltd Tokyo Williams C 2001 The progressive form and non progressive form in English the theory of susceptibility to change CAUCE A Journal of Philology and Pedagogy Special Issue on Teaching and Learning Foreign Languages and Literatures edited by John McRae Sevilla Departamento de Didactica de la Lengua y la Literatura y Filologias Integradas Universidad de Sevilla in press Williams C 2002 Non progressive aspect in English in commentaries and demonstrations using the present tense Journal of Pragmatics 34 pp 1235 1256 H C 1984 100 co b M 91 93 1983 JI c 90 95 158 2012
331. lic voluntary Activity stative duratiVe telic voluntary Accomplishment stative duratiVe telic voluntary Achievement stative durative VOluntary Vendler homogeneity state activity homogeneous T V accomplishment homogeneous Dowty 1991 184 states activities single change of state complex change of state 4 non agentive agentive Non agentive Agentive States be asleep be in the garden be polite be a hero stage level love know object level Interval statives Interval statives sit stand lie sit stand lie with human subject Activities make noise roll rain walk laugh dance Single change of state notice realize kill point out Complex change of state flow from x to y dissolve build a house walk from x to y walk a mile 38 Carlson 1981 31 63 momentaneous hit notice blink stative be full grown remember achievement close miss attack dynamic stand accomplishment run a mile grow write a paper activity play walk use simple tense momentaneous adverbials progressive aspect simple tense durative adverbials
332. lly sorry boys but have to put a Memory Charm on you now Rowling 1998 19 a Petunia chi yah bilee Rowling 1998 b Petunia you will be 20 a H vg d ee ingelee geed yamar ashigtai yum be Rowling 1998 b Boys what good will it do jee chee 21a b jee chee 8 will verb infinitive 21 a Chi ch ene temtseend 1987 168 b It is clear that you will win in this competition A HE 5 4 2 2 2 be going to verb infinitive 257 laa be going to verb infinitive 22a b 23a b OX 21 be going to verb infinitive E laa 22 mod chin
333. ma 2 nuu A m E the world Comrie 1985 50 52 Comrie 1976 3 1943 6
334. mmar tense aspect and modality in the languages of the world Chicago University of Chicago Press Bybee Joan L and sten Dahl 1989 The creation of tense and aspect systems in the languages of the world Studies in language 13 1 pp 51 103 Calver Edward 1946 The uses of the present tense forms in English Language 22 pp 317 325 Carlson Greg 1977 A Unified Analysis of the English Bare Plural Linguistics and Philosophy 1 3 pp 413 456 Carlson Lauri 1981 Aspect and quantification In Tedeschi P and Zaenen A ed Syntax and Semantics 14 Tense and Aspect pp 31 64 New York Academic press Chafe Wallace L 1970 Meaning and the structure of language Chicago and London The University of Chicago Press pp 95 104 Chase J 1959 What s better than money Menre II Vb 1995 on Chaolu Wu 1995 Mongolian Past Tense Markers and their Usage Mongolian Studies 18 pp 85 112 Chaolu Wu 1996 A survey of tense suffixes in Mongolian languages Central asiatic journal International periodical for the languages literature History and Archaelogy of central Asia 40 Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden Chinggaltai 1949 A Grammar of the Mongol Language Printed at the department for printing and distributing the Inner Mongolian Daily News Kalgan Chahar Translated from the origonal Mongol for The Evangelical Allience Mission at Hong Kong 195
335. na gene 3 eine sich wiederholende Handlung iterative Action Chono sain nohoid barigdana 4 Futurum Chi irne uu 1951 105 106 1 2 3 1963 43 1 2 1964 97 100 1 2 3 99 4
336. ng the speech event Pre hesternal past the situation occurred before yesterday Haan 2005 314 316 318 320 2 Fasu a re 2 a pe re VIS come VIS I see it coming Haan 2005 314 2
337. of the Imperfect Presens imperfecti b Present or durative tense c Present Future tense d e f g distal na 7 Y a Preterit imparfait b Past perfect c Pasttense d Definite past tense DopMa g h Mororroxk 1 nar nar l neutral past m neutral distal anaphoric 13 laa a Perfect b Present perfect c Past denn tense d Finite past tense e A f Immediate future g Immediate past h i j k 1 opwMa nar qd r direct knowlegde Past s pr
338. ope think know 6 3 6 5 na 1999 15 1 2 Graver 1986 55 113 6 3 6 1 6 3 6 1 1
339. oximal evidential deictic 19 jee chee a Past Imperfect b pasttense c Finite past tense d zumrezrbHo e EE g h i MoorySryi XE k preterito non testimoniato 1 m indirect past n indirect knowlegde past q distal inrefential also mirative deictic 17 23 3 2 1 1 na fT HHH na 1989 35 38 43 ga 2 A IYL JH
340. rative arise clear terminatively durative bring 37 hatch continuously durative outlast survive iterative momentaneously iterative pant duratively iterative struggle 3 terminative durative continuative iterative Gngressive Curme 1931 373 388 1 durative aspec0 remain keep keep on go on continue 2 point action aspects ingressive aspect He awoke early effective aspect He knocked him out in the fourth round 3 terminate aspect He handed me a book 4 Iterative aspect He threw his head back and haw hawed The fire crackles 4 RH Kenny 1963 171 186 static activity performance 3 Vendler 1967 97 121 state activity accomplishment achievement 4 stative durative telic voluntary 4 State stative durative te
341. rmance jee chee 56 a hen negen etgeed yamar neg z il haij dee Rowling 1998 b Someone s been looking for something 91 57 busdyin hiisniig hiisen bolgoj Aulgailjee Rowling 1998 b So you ve just been taking credit for what a load of other people 5 4 2 4 38a b 70a b O v laa jee chee 5 4 2 4 1 v v v Chuluu 1998 137 the ba be form functions to indicate that unless prevented something may happen i e the inductive prediction This use of the suffix is only associated with the second person subject and it can not be used with the first and third 2 y
342. s Quirk et al 1972a 69 x 2 Quirk et al 198S5 96 1 open class of full verb or lexical verb leave 2 closed class of primary verbs be have do 3 closed class of modal auxiliary verbs will might etc 3 47 ZW Tserenpil and Kullmann 2005 192 Qc bai have there is are bol become bai mm bol ajee atal avaas bui bii bilee chad h tai gui baihaa yum baina bailtai bailgui san bol h gesen yum bololtoi h yumsan hsan san yumsan sansan dagsan haas daa bol g av z gar ald med suu taar orhi hevt tar ge
343. sion derivational expression free grammatical morphemes syntactic expression 5
344. ssive Past Perfect Progressive Conditional Perfect progressive tense Jespersen 1931 3 4 Preterite Present tense phrases PerfecD PluperfecD Expanded Present 179538 2x Expanded Preterite Expanded Perfect Expanded pluperfect Leech 1971 2004 2 3 Tense Schibsbye 1965 PerfecD PluperfecD Huddleston and Pullum 2002 Primary tense
345. sultative reading and the recency reading continuative up to now O Bauer 1970 192 193 telic verb momentaneous verbs I have persuaded him atelic verb He has lived in different parts ofthe world up till now ever since for the last two months never yeD Poutsma 1926 Curme 1931 Kenny 1963 Vendler 1967 Dowty 1972 1991 Carlson 1981 Smith 1991 Poutsma 1926 285 313 momentanous leave arrive dip stab obtain durative indefinitely durative live bear ingressively du
346. tates of emotion or attitude 16 a I was hoping you would give me some advice b Tanyig nadad z vl h baih gej bi itgej baina 17 a She is liking to entertain the students Boldbaatar2010 b T nd oyutnuudyig dailah taalagdaj bailaa 18 a He was intending to go to Nara b Ter ruu yavahaar 7 9 v 7 bailaa 19 a Some rich builder and his wife were coming to dinner and Uncle Vernon was hoping to get a huge order from him Uncle Vernon s company made drills Rowling1998 b n d r diin hoolond barilgyin bayan kompanii zahirlyig ehnertei n hamt ur san ba Vernon t nees r m hiideg kompanidaa zahialga avchih sanaatai baigaa aj 20 a What were you wanting b Ta yu h see ve 21 a Yeah Mum s always wishing we had a house elf to do the ironing Rowling1998 b Ter ch medeej 1 dee eej rgelj 1 yum ind deed gd g geriin ongontoi ch boloosoi gedeg yum Rowling1998 3 States of perception see hear look 22 a Greenhouse three today chaps said Professor Sprout who was looking distinctly disgruntled not
347. the monster Lockhart 47 a Damba ch h nii h n boljee 1984 b Damba has become a stranger indeed 48 a Hen negen archij dee Rowling 1998 b Someone s mopped it up 49 a Ta butsaad irjee Iveen tetgegch nar tanyig halchihaad baihad Hogwardad ergeed irjee Rowling 1998 b You ve back The governors suspended you but you still saw fit to return to Hogwarts 50 a Bi Hedvigiig martchihjee Rowling 1998 forgotten Hedwig 51 a Hogwardyin t h nomyin b h huviig avchihjee Rowling 1998 b All the copies of Hogwarts A History have been taken out 5 4 2 3 3 EA FO X 52a b 57a b v laa jee chee v 52 a Mister Holidei tanyi setgel ih h dl v Chase 1959 b Have you been sweating it out Mr Halliday laa 53 a Ajil yavdal n bolsong i yum baih daa hed honog harlaa alga b I ve been waiting for her probably work of some kind kept her away 54 a Chamaig oloh gej yadlaa Chase 1959 b I ve been trying to get you 55 a Chinii byatshan j jgiig zlee Chase 1959 been watching your little perfo
348. tinue keep finish stop quit used to 1 n aad ehel gar och or suu yav hevt irr bar duus orhi av haya j ch aad saar n SAdT b Z3X helj helj Comrie 1976 30 marker Z 1 1988
349. ty 2 Song 1997 184 185 v laa jee laa Direct knowlegde past jee Indirect knowlegde past v Neutral Past laa Haan 2005 314 2 Haan 2012 1024 3Haan 2005 314
350. verb infinitive 1 95 3 1 3 21 3 109 201 65 5 4 3 v jee 7 17 v 76 1 11 2 laa M MUT S 34 1 22 2 v laa jee chee 3
351. x London Kegan Trench Trubner amp T M 1998 Vb Palmer 1974 The English verb London Longman Poutsma N 1904 1926 A grammar of late modern English 5 vols Groningen P Noordhoff Poutsma N 1922 Mood and Tense of the English verb Groningen Noordhoff 1931 Da3TOBODHOTO 155 1940 Poppe Nikolaus N 1951 Khalkha Mongolische Grammatik mit bibliographie sprachproben und glossar Franz Steiner Verlag GMBH Wiesbaden Poppe Nicholas N 1954 Grammar of written Mongolian Otto Harrassowitz Wiesbaden Poppe Nicholas N 1970 Mongolian language Handbook Center for applied linguistics Poppe Nicholas N 1974 Grammar of written Mongolian Porta linguarum orientalium herausgegeben von bertold spuler und hans wehr Neue serie I Otto h

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