国際契約一般条項のソフトロー性
Contents
1.2. 1 2
3. including without limitation including but not limited to any other causes beyond the control of the parties
4. 34 L
5. 52 7 Wis Elec Power Co v Union Pac R R Co 557 F 3d 504 507 7th Cir Wis 2009 But it is essential to an understanding of this case that a force majeure clause must always be interpreted in accordance with its language and context like any other provision in a written contract rather than with reference to its name It is not enough to say that the parties must have meant that performance would be excused if it would be impossible within the meaning that the word has been given in
6. 4 a force majeure event such as act of God war governmental act or labour dispute
7. 234 702 65 5 2014 3 T
8. CISG CISG 79 79 1
9. 197 214 z
10. m
11. 41 40 1 Comis 755 M RIO 2012
12. 687 219 E Lt Force Majeure 4 amp JH Entire Agreement RH Severability Separability Waiver
13. 3 H3E GE HOKEE EREC THV 8
14. d 220 688 65 5 2014 3 plis II Force Majeure fs
15. o 4 4 2005 7 Black s Law Dictionary Bryan A Garner et al eds 9 ed 2009 law The regime that orders human activities and relations through systematic application of the force of politically organized society or through social pressure backed by force in such a society at 962 5
16. 689 221 obligations hereunder due to the occurrence of any event beyond the reasonable control of such party and affecting its performance including without limitation governmental regulations or orders outbreak of a state of emergency acts of God war warlike conditions hostilities civil commotion riots epidemics fire strikes lockouts or any other similar cause or causes hereinafter referred to as Force Majeure is 20 2 Neither party shall be liable to the other party for failure or delay in performance of all or part of this Agreement directly or indirectly owing to Act of God government restrictions war warlike conditions fire riot strike flood accident or any other causes of circumstances beyond either party s control but nothing herein shall relieve either party from its obligation to pay amounts due hereunder Provided however that if such failure or delay exceeds six 6 months then either of the parties hereto may negotiate with the other party as to the termination or modification of this Agreement RE
17. 7 1 749 6 2 3 335 703 235 acts of God 1 acts of God God
18. OM amp A Zi BUSINESS LAW JOURNALJ 61 2013 44 45 CISG 2012 F 339 des eie
19. 2007 245 246 33 UCC 2 615 a Frustration 388 389 UCC 2 615 a a b o
20. ICC LC W
21. 851375 2009 20 79 1 Article 79 1 A party is not liable for a failure to perform any of his obligations if he proves that the failure RK FEIER was due to an impediment beyond his control and that he could not reasonably be expected to have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overcome it or its consequences 1375 2009 39 CISG UCC Friedland J A 2002 Understanding International Business and Financial Transactions New York Matthew Bender amp Company Inc p 163 A
22. 226 694 65 5 2014 3 P3 OFL REKTA 4 77 6
23. 4 3 Seller shall not be liable for any delay in shipment or delivery non delivery or destruction or deterioration of any or all of the Goods or for any default in the performance of this Contract if and to the extent caused directly or indirectly by acts of God such as flood tidal wave lightning typhoon storm earthquake plague or other epidemics or by the public enemy such as war warlike conditions insurrection or revolution or by any occurrence whatsoever not reasonably within Seller s control or otherwise unavoidable including but not limited to casualties such as fire explosion accidents wreck blockades civil commotion strikes lockouts or other labour disputes riots boycotting of Japanese goods bankruptcy or insolvency of the manufacturers or suppliers of the Goods shortage or control of energy supply or raw materials unavailability of transport facilities or loading or discharging facilities port 228 696 65 5 2014 3 or any supplier to such manufacturer of the materials for Goods congestion and the restriction by laws regulations orders or administrative guidance of governmental au
24. 3 10 RH 41 2009 72 697 229 2
25. CC ICC FORCE MAJEURE CLAUSE 2003 Force Majeure clauses excuse a party from liability if some unforeseen event beyond the control of that party prevents it from performing its obligations under the contract amp http www iccbooks com Home force majeure aspx ICC 10 Article 56 Force Majeure 56 56 1 56 1 This Article sets out the circumstances under which a Party may invoke Force Majeure to be released from its obligations The Article also sets out the contractual consequences of such a situation International Chamber of Commerce 2011 ICC Model Subcontract Paris ICC Services Publications at 71
26. mcoterms PH URY b 350 351 EO 9 BER ipit ES ius 44 49 3 10 1 180 182 183 TEES ZMLEI lex mercatoria
27. 2 AER 2009 90 100 693 225
28. D PJ 209 2012 62 70 68 16
29. Paradine v Jane 1647 Aleyn 26 82 Eng Rep 897 25 mplied condition Ram A FA SER GR uou 2 1985 369 371 20 Frustration 377 2 2 615 388 390 2 8 265 Where after a contract is made a party s principal purpose is substantially frustrated without his fault by the occurrence of an event the non occurrence of which was a basic assumption on which the contract was made his remaining duties to render performance are discharged unless the language or the circumstances indicate the contrary 26 144
30. 2 een uisi Mm
31. 1 3 o 21 o our 34 214 215 35
32. 2008 169 7 222 690 65 5 2014 3 2 KEL b
33. any cause beyond the control of 42 146 43 Aly 146 147 230 698 65 5 2014 3 the parties any other cause beyond the control of the parties whether of the same kind as the causes before enumerated or not D 1 B 4 1
34. SET 11 3 12 I CE 8 cxt 2013 2 1 59 60 2012 13 272 273 D 2003 1 1 de facto standard 9 10 24 W 24 HE
35. CA 1 2 oW CA CA l 9 22 10 2008 23 37 2 MES CHRE E OME 2
36. KE LT T N
37. 44 Wf 147 or any other similar or dissimilar causes 45 3 Lee Schwarz Coyle Boulton and Kameda 2014 Important Business Considerations For Successful Entry Into The China Market Journal of Business Case Studies Vol 10 No 1 PP 65 82 Kopp R 2002 Communication problems bedevil non Japanese execs The Nikkei Weekly P 11 Th
38. 47 215 62 82 2 2008 139 48 39 109 49 3 R 2013 245 50 39 40 79
39. 1 1 E ACA 1 6 4 acts of God acts of nature the elements b earthquake c Jk HJ storm typhoon hurricane d flood e tidal wave f lightning g plague epidemics h perils of the sea i landslide j drought k adverse severe weather conditions 1 volcanic eruption m force majeure a war b warlike conditions c hostilities d civil commotion e 4 amp 8 riots f public common enemy g insurrection h E revolution i looting j boycotting of Japanese goods k
40. id Tubi JJ Force Majeure 14
41. 2 3 193 195 2 AER 2005 2009 218 686 65 5 2014 3 vs model law
42. 2008 253 283 6 1998 323 330 331 341 342 350 17 AER 1994 290 296 18 2005 149 170 19 171 195 20 196 204 21 205 229 Q2 2
43. KEW AER 1994 201 TRER JW KK BUSINESS LAW JOURNAL 61 2013 20 21 3
44. 2012 2008 2009 SUR 2009 Force Majeure 39 4 2011 463 465 2010 2012 2005 II 940 1995 64 66 RHR 5 16 22 CA 60 4 2013
45. 1 A 1 A 2 1 B 1 4 3 genus Ejusdem Generis Rule
46. 25380585 C SIME 2012 2008 Fo 2006 1 ILS tH 2007 2003 ABC 4 11 7 1983 476 477
47. Qu 2010 21 22 2002 6 Kameda Naoki 2013 Japanese Global Companies The Shift from Multinationals to Multiculturals Global Advances in Business Communication Vol2 Iss 1 Article 3 P 13 22 English also continues to play an important role as a linking language among peoples of varying cultures and languages http commons emich edu gabc vol2 iss1 3 13 25 Bd
48. 3 196 197 lex mercatoria 7 216 684 65 5 2014 3 oec S49 GE 2
49. 2012 o wu ow 238 706 65 5 2014 3 o m BUSINESS LAW JOURNAL JE HET 7 4 KJ IAR TH 2013 4j o 61 ips ud 1997 BUSINESS LAW JOURNAL 61 2013 44 45 4 2005 1998 2003 2002
50. 232 700 65 5 2014 3 V ICC ICC ICC iX ICC FORCE MAJEURE CLAUSE 2003 Application and General Structure of the Clause This clause known as the ICC Force Majeure Clause 2003
51. TG Jurisdiction A Arbitration ZHE Language Headings 80 1 ILS 2007 40 16 E
52. SERERE 2005 1998 AER 1994 M 2012 Fo 1999 10 2003 161 182 Force Majeure Hardship 42 6 1991 55 80 gt 3 Hi BEAR 2011 1375 2009 20 31 3 AER 2
53. 2 6 7 171 172 177 RO 7 685 217 yu 8J2 5 4 3 2 ESSI voz SES
54. N 3 0 AER 2004 ff Bj 2005 f 349 351 1993 171 MS UH 313 HH
55. i 19 1 Neither party hereto shall be liable to the other party for failure to perform its 17 18 19 Force Majeure Hardship 42 6 77 1991 55 56 5 1998 144 ABC 4 11 7 1983 476 Black s Law Dictionary force majeure clause A contractual provision allocating the risk of loss if performance becomes impossible or impracticable esp as a result of an event or effect that the parties could not have anticipated or controlled at 718
56. A A 1 including but not limited to A 2 including without limitation L B B 1 or any other cause s B 2 or any other similar cause s B 3 by any occurrence whatsoever B 4 or any other similar or dissimilar causes 1 3 5 Neither party shall be liable for delay or nonperformance of its obligations hereunder if it is due to an event of force majeure or any other cause beyond the control
57. 2012 109 a force majeure event such as act of God war governmental act or labour dispute 4 3t 695 227 6 If failure or delay in performance of any obligation under the Agreement except for obligations to make payments is caused by acts of God or without fault of either party neither party shall be liable to the other for any damages arising therefrom 19 Neither party shall be responsible for any failure or delay in the performance of any obligation imposed upon it hereunder except for the payment of monies due nor shall such failure or delay be deemed to be a breach of this Agreement if such failure or delay is due to circumstances of any nature whatsoever which are not within its control and are not preventable by reasonable diligence on its part 25 30 Neither party shall be liable to the other for delay or failure to perform to the extent such delay or failure to perform is due to causes beyond the reasonable control of the party affected
58. Frustration MJE E Urs EE PSU O5 077 f amp 2001 37 1986 2001 27 691 223 lt id CIS
59. Z7 224 692 65 5 2014 3 33 UI 1
60. civil disturbance 1 armed conflict m military activity n state of national emergency a governmental regulations or orders directions b government restrictions acts of government c laws d administrative guidance e quarantine f embargoes g mobilization h requisition i prohibition of export j CA refusal of issuing export import licenses k sanctions 1 H blockade m trade control n decision of any competent authority 4 strikes work stoppage b lockouts c labour disputes troubles dificulties dhsturbances d EX 0 e sabotage a fire b outbreak of a state of emergency c accident d explosion e gat MEM TR breakdown of machinery malfunction of equipment g accident hazards of navigation h catastrophe s lcasualty i des outage s a bankrupt
61. 28 2002 181 197 D RERE k Force Majeure Excusable Delay 111 175 29 j ILS 2000 8 15 30 2010 148 154 31 163 173 32 206 215 33 Bortolotti F 2008 Drafting and Negotiating International Commercial Contracts A Practical Guide Paris ICC Services Publications at 179 Force majeure clause US contract
62. 2 3 1 3 4 35BH 2008 i 2 3 200 215 3
63. ICC ICC FORCE MAJEURE CLAUSE 2003 43 5 OCRSET SOC 51 ICC FORCE MAJEURE CLAUSE 2003 Paragraph 3 http www iccbooks com Home force majeure aspx 701 233 5 a war whether declared or not armed conflict or the serious threat of same including but not limited to hostile attack blockade military embargo hostilities invasion act of a foreign enemy extensive military mobilisation b civil war riot rebellion and revolution military or usurped power insurrection civil commotion or disorder mob violence act of civil disobedience c act of terrorism sabotage or piracy d act of authority whether lawful or unlawful compliance with any law or governmental order rule regulation or direction curfew restriction expropriation compulsory acquisition seizure of works requisition nationalisation e act of God plague epidemic natural disaster such as but not limited to violent storm cyclone typhoon hurricane tornado blizzard earthquake volcanic activity landslide tidal wave
64. Introductory Note on the is intended to apply to any contract which incorporates it either expressly or by reference While parties are encouraged to incorporate the Clause into their contracts by its full name it is anticipated that any reference in a contract to the ICC Force Majeure Clause shall in the absence of evidence to the contrary be deemed to be a reference to this Clause The general structure of the Clause is to provide contracting parties both with a general force majeure formula and with an off the peg list of force majeure events ICC 2003 x amp 3UC v ICC Force Majeure Clause
65. 2010 2008 77 8 2005 HERE IH SS Fe CISG H Ti Ti 1375 3 2011 ES JI BERE PRE 2012 ra 2 106 113 2 2009 2010 TER 322 341 2009 4E 32 42 2011 o 707 239
66. 1996 2 2008 2 198 f 2013 18 23 AER 2008 2009 o 3 2013 2001 1993 2012 8 5 1967 41 63 122 1972 35 37
67. dk EARTH 2012 i 15 Force Majeure Termination Assignment 5E IBE Severability Separability Notices Entire Agreement Amendment Waiver 4X EB 2358 SEHE Governing Law
68. tsunami flood damage or destruction by lightning drought f explosion fire destruction of machines equipment factories and of any kind of installation prolonged break down of transport telecommunication or electric current g general labour disturbance such as but not limited to boycott strike and lock out go slow occupation of factories and premises ICC FORCE MAJEURE CLAUSE 2003 v V Fore Majeure
69. 2 ad abe b a ac x x 1 3 abcdefg abdefghj abcdefghijl abc acde abcdef 2 3 4 a ae x x x g x 1 236 704 65 5 2014 3 H 5 m x x x x x x 1 6 a x x x x x x x 7 agd abcehi abk ab a x 2 x 8 ag ad x x x x X155 9 acd aeg bfl ac acd x x 2 10 x x x x x x x 3 11 abcd ae x a a xX x 4 12 abcdeh acdehj aefgim abcde acdf abcdehi 2 1 13 x ak a c x x 2 x 14 abcdeg ad x a a x x 1 15 a f b c x x x 1 16 abcdegih abdeg abcefijgl abde acdfg bce 2 1 17 abdjk aefgk abfjln abc adfg bcdj S 18 abcde ae aci a ad x x 1 19 x x x x x x x 3 20 a al x x x x x 2 21 bd aeg bcfl ac ac k x 1 22 ag ad x x x x x 2 23 abdgjl adegh bil ab ac 1 x 1 24 abdgjl adegh bil ab ac 1 x 1 25 x x x x x x x 3 26 ac acde abcf ae acd x x 4 27 acd ae x x a xX x 4 28 abdgk aefgm be abce
70. 683 215 EE ERE M ARJHOO 7 7 bar TE Force Majeure Clause JI ICC EmEuttutuBRHBga D 1 77 8 7 2005 106 113 2 AER 2008 23 26 2008
71. 7 252 273 8 1997 370 379 9 412 423 10 424 437 QD 2013 f 67 71 o 2 1996 350 353 14 13 354 363 2010 221 ZO Sales Confirmation Efi 12 204 219 Z0 Ahh 705 237 5
72. Ao 4 M dro UR 6 EZET 144 145
73. a Frustration Jii GE D N 209 220 62 63 23 Ai 144 24 li 144
74. acdh bgj x 1 29 abd ae x a a x x 4 30 x x x x x x X x 31 x an a x x x WE x x 32 ad ag bf a a x 24 X 33 abdg adef acfn abce adih x x 2 1 1 1994 201 2 2 2 2011 178 195 1 G3 3 2006 182 192 4 193 201 5 2003 210 223 6 224 245
75. cases interpreting the common law doctrine 53 2 6 G
76. of the party affected 36 37 38 7 2012 1051 953 39
77. 004 2009 3i 3 2011 2002 ILS 2000 2010 2 2011 Black s Law Dictionary Bryan A Garner et al eds 9th ed 2009 Bortolotti F 2008 Drafting and Negotiating International Commercial Contracts A Practical Guide Paris DROWRH NC d B M w Em d ICC Services Publications DiMatteo L A 2009 Law of International Contr
78. 30 258 259 Q3 2011 204 209 24 210 215 25 216 224 26 225 242 or other similar of different contingency beyond the reasonable control of the parties hereto similar or different o 243 27 2009 201 204 209
79. G 79 79 H KEK GB CISG 32 79 N 28 29 30 31 32 PRED
80. RET odi 279 20 d m 2 22 20 21 22 2 2011 178 195 190 191 TER ML
81. acting 2nd ed The Netherlands Kluwer Law International Folsom R H Gordon M W and Spanogle J A 2010 Principles of International Business Transactions 2nd ed St Paul West Friedland J A 2002 Understanding International Business and Financial Transactions New York Matthew Bender amp Company Inc A 2007 Garro A M 2007 Force Majeure and CISG Article 79 Competing Approaches and Some Drafting Advice Drafting Contracts Under The CISG ed by Flechtner H M Brand R A and Walter M S New York Oxford University Press Inc International Chamber of Commerce 2011 7CC Model Subcontract Paris ICC Services Publications Lee Schwarz Coyle Boulton and Kameda 2014 Important Business Considerations For Successful Entry Into The China Market Journal of Business Case Studies Vol 10 No 1 PP 65 82 O Sullivan J and Hilliard J 2012 The Law of Contract 5th ed Oxford Oxford University Press Poole J 2012 Textbook on Contract Law 11th ed Oxford Oxford University Press ICC ICC Force Majeure Clause 2003 ICC Hardship Clause 2003 http www iccbooks com Home force majeure aspx 2013 12 04 Kameda Naoki 2013 Japanese Global Comp
82. anies The Shift from Multinationals to Multiculturals Global Advances in Business Communication Vol 2 Iss 1 Article 3 http commons emich edu gabc vol2 iss1 3 2013 12 07
83. cy insolvency of the manufacturers suppliers b jis shortage control of energy supply petroleum products fuel electricity c shortage control of water raw materials d unavailability of transport facilities e unavailability of loading or discharging facilities f port congestion g marine strike h substantial changes of the present international monetary system i severe economic dislocation j shortages of labour k moratorium 1 EU cancellation or suspension of shipping orders or freight contracts A U2 B 1 2 3 4 A 1 including without limitation A 2 including but not limited to B 1 orany other cause s B 2 or any other similar cause s B 3 by any occurrence whatsoever B 4 or any other similar or dissimilar causes D 5 A B G a abcde a ab ab x 1 2
84. e Japanese are homogeneous people and don t have to speak and write as much as Americans do What they say by one word they understand ten at 74 EK Vo 46 Webjio f http www practical japanese com 2014 1 H 13 699 231 4
85. thorities such as quarantine embargoes mobilization requisition prohibition of export refusal of issuing export licenses or any other statutory administrative or governmental restriction affecting Seller its agents any shipping agent any carrier any supplier of the Goods to Seller any manufacturer of the Goods 1 IV 1
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