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COMPUTER'S CODE USER MANUAL

1. be virtually heard in the room As an average the auralization time takes less a than 30 seconds of computing time Figure 52 shows the Auralization window opened jox j Files ee HRTF folder HRTF IV Hide results Sections folder MEE TELL Ray file fi 5 z Anechoic signal Acoustic Guitar oS Process Output file foutputsimalway Binaural Results Left ear PaX107 s Right ear PaX107 s 1 000 fm eed qo fi afar HT RE a ae NR Le POR DUE rE AE ade ATER LA 1 DO q 800 800 Havia Pa mt mi 400 a tener Pe gy J i M TIST f MI 200 8 Figure 52 General aspect of the Aura ization window 7 1 The Files frame The Files frame presents a set of selections that are available for the user to choose in order to configure the auralization procedure Figure 53 shows the Files frame in detail 2 Auralization Files HRTF folder Sections folder Configgomos36 dat ststs S Ray file Choose a source m Choose a receiver Anechoicsignal Acoustic Guitar A Output file output signalmay 00 Figure 53 The Files frame inside the window Auralization with several options 7 1 1 HRTF folder The option HRTF Folder allows the user to select the folder where the HRTF s the head related transfer functions are stored In the standard of the computer s code RAIOS these functions are stored at the folder Raios gt Salas gt HRTF T
2. shown in Fig 4 File Edit View Window Help New project i lt Open T Save project Ed save S BL Ext Figure 4 Window of the menu file open showing the different options By selecting the option Open a new window is opened with the same name where the user can select one of the rooms previously saved by the program All of rooms saved by the computer s code RAIOS have the extension pro from project The room files can stay in any directory The standard of the computer s code is the directory Raios gt Salas If a new room is opened in the Edit and View window a warning window will open with the sentence Do you want to save the current project The open room can then be saved before the opening of a project previously stored By selecting the option Save Project the user can save the room currently opened in the Edit and View window with or without the acoustic simulation The simulation results will be saved in the same file The room and its simulation results will be saved with the extension pro We recommend saving the project periodically since at each time an important modification is done or when a new acoustic simulation is run Attention the given name to the project cannot have spaces and must have less than 40 characters For instance room 34 is not a valid name although room 34 is a valid one By selecting the option Save As the user can save the room opened in the Edit and
3. 20 Humidity 50 Pressure atm 1 Suco mens tienes 00 Surface elements triangles 800 Stop Criteri Stop decay dE 60 Frere f Sabine C Eping Fitzroy View elements View reflected rays Do View last rays Preview Start Figure 24 The Run tab showing the frames 4tmosferic conditions Discretization Stop criteria and Preview 5 4 1 The Atmospheric conditions In the Atmospheric conditions frame the values for the following parameters are chosen Temperature C which states the ambient temperature in Celsius degrees Humidity Yo which states the ambient humidity in percent and Pressure atm which states the atmospheric pressure in atmospheres These parameters affect the simulation results because the wave speed depends weakly on them but mainly because the air attenuation depends strongly on these data especially in medium and high frequency ranges 25 5 4 2 The Discretization frame In the Discretization frame an important parameter for running the simulation is selected by the user This parameter is the Surface elements It establishes the number an integer of triangular subdivision of surfaces necessary to the refinement of the diffuse reflections calculus The greater is this number the more accurate are the simulation results and the longer is the computation time There is no standard for this parameter since it depends on the general size and the complexity of the room Th
4. 4 5 Running the computer s code Finally there are two buttons by the end of the tab Run PREVIEW and START By pressing the button PREVIEW the computer s code RAIOS executes the Preview as explained in section 5 4 4 It is recommended to obtain the preview before running the main code By pressing the button START the user starts the simulation A sequence of operations is then presented to the user in the appearance of a small window that informs the number of lost rays If this number is too small compared to the initial total number of rays leaving the sound source then it is not necessary to interrupt the simulation Otherwise the simulation must stop and the room edition must be verified starting by checking the plane s normal signs In the sequel once the OK button is pressed in the lost rays window the following windows are opened just to inform the user about the course of the simulation 1 4 Evaluating data 2 4 Specular processing 3 4 Diffuse processing and 4 4 Final calculations Note that these four phases are the main steps in the computer s code RAIOS simulation 6 THE RESULTS WINDOW The results for each simulation are presented in the Resu ts window for each receiver that must be active in the Edit and View window If more than one sound source is active the simulation result is valid for the sound sources sounding together If more than one receiver is active the results are presented for the last activat
5. 8 Directivity In this line the directivity pattern of the sound source is declared Omni stands for omnidirectional sound sources 5 1 9 Color In this line the user can select a color to distinguish the receiver as it appears in the Edit and View window This is done by pressing the mouse left button with its pointer over the color frame A palette opens to select the color This selection has no effect in the simulation results 5 1 10 On Once selected this option V the sound source becomes active which means that it will be considered in the simulation 5 2 The Rece vers Tab The Receivers tab is available for the user to select distinct parameters for the receivers There is only one frame in this tab the Receivers properties frame where the parameters described below are selected Figure 22 illustrates the Receivers tab in the Data Entry window ox Receiver properties Name Radius x Position y 2 x Target z Rotation Visual radius Color On Figure 22 The Receivers tab showing the frame Receiver Properties 5 2 1 Name In this line a name to be given to the receiver is chosen for ex Microphone 1 Microphone 2 etc The computer s code gives automatically sequential names to the receivers in the format Microphone j where j is an integer if the user doesn t give a name by himself 21 5 2 2 Radius This parameter states the actual radius of the receive
6. Atmospheric Conditions frame 5 4 2 The Discretization frame 5 4 3 The Stop Criteria frame 5 4 4 The Preview frame 5 4 5 Running the computer s code 6 THE RESULTS WINDOW 6 1 HQIR Hybrid Quadratic Impulse Response 6 2 HOSR Specular Quadratic Impulse Response 6 3 HODR Diffuse Quadratic Impulse Response 6 4 DC Decay Curve 6 5 T30 Reverberation Time 6 6 EDT Early Decay Time 6 7 Dso Definition word 6 8 Dgo Definition music 6 9 Cso Clarity Factor word 6 10 Cgo Clarity Factor music 6 11 Ts Center Time 6 12 G Strength 6 13 LG Lateral Strength 6 14 LF Lateral Fraction 6 15 LFC Lateral Fraction Cosine 6 16 ST1 Support Factor 6 17 SPL Sound Pressure Level THE AURALIZATION WINDOW 7 1 The Files Frame 7 1 1 HRTH folder 7 1 2 Sections folder 7 1 3 Ray File 7 1 4 Anechoic signal 7 1 5 Output File 7 2 The Run Frame 7 3 The Binaural Results Frame 8 OTHER FEATURES 8 1 Materials Table 8 2 DXF Files Importation REFERENCES 1 INTRODUCTION This is the User Manual for the computer s code RAIOS When referring to a command or a text in the graphic interface of RAIOS this word will be displayed in ta ic font Words emphasized in this text will be displayed as underlined For this User Manual purposes the considered simulated enclosure being it a room an industrial plant or urban external space will be designated as room 1 1 About the
7. EDT Early Decay Time The parameter EDT Early Decay Time is presented as a global value and by octave bands Figure 31 illustrates the early decay time global and per octave bands 9 Figure 31 EDT and per octave bands The vertical scale is in seconds 6 7 Dso Definition The parameter Dso Definition for word is presented as a global value and by octave bands Figure 32 illustrates the word definition global and per octave bands Figure 32 Dso global and per octave bands The vertical scale is in seconds 6 8 Deo Definition The parameter Dso Definition for music is presented as a global value and by octave bands Figure 33 illustrates the music definition global and per octave bands Figure 33 Dg global and per octave bands The vertical scale is in percentage 6 9 Cso Clarity Factor The parameter Cso Clarity Factor for word is presented as a global value and by octave bands Figure 34 illustrates the word clarity factor global and per octave bands an Figure 34 Cs global and per octave bands The vertical scale is in dB 6 10 Cso Clarity Factor The parameter Cso Clarity Factor for music is presented as a global value and by octave bands Figure 35 illustrates the music clarity factor global and per octave bands Figure 35 Cg global and per octave bands The vertical scale is in dB 6 11 Ts Center Time The parameter Ts Center Time is
8. Licenses There are a few different kinds of license for the computer s code RAIOS Briefly there is the basic license to simulate internal spaces or rooms Also there is a second kind of license for external environments As you will see by reading this Manual the basic license allows the user to simulate external spaces as well nevertheless some practical features are not implemented in the basic license There is another kind of license that allows to simulate rooms with auralization Finally there is a Demo mode restricted in some features with respect to the basic kind of license The computer s code RAIOS is protected with a hardlock Each license of the computer s code has its own hardlock If you bought a license and have your hardlock plugged to your computer verify in the Help menu option About if your license corresponds and if your software recognizes the hardlock Since some part of the code is encrypted in the hardlock the software will not run properly without it Without a hardlock attached to the computer every license of the computer s code RAIOS runs in Demo mode In this mode the computer s code RAIOS is unable to import DXF files and cannot save any modification done in the rooms or any simulation results Except for these restrictions the Demo mode has the same features of the full software The computer s code RAIOS 5 0 has full compatibility with standard Windows based operational systems such as Windows 7 V
9. View window with another name or in another directory For instance if the user wants to save a change made in the room or a simulation run with different parameters it is suggested saving the room with another name The project will be saved in the same directory except if another one is selected by the user Finally by selecting the option Exit a confirmation window is opened asking if the user actually wants to exit the software Take care to save your project before exiting the software otherwise the last version of your project including the simulation results will be lost 1 5 2 The Edit menu By selecting the Edit menu the option Select All is opened giving access to the options Planes Sources and Receivers The options are associated respectively with the planes sound sources and receivers edition Figure 5 illustrates the windows opened by the Edit menu File ie Edit View Window Help ae Select All Planes Sources a Edit and View Figure 5 The window Select A open with the sub windows Planes Sources and Receivers Receivers 1 5 3 The View menu By selecting the View menu the following options are opened Edit and View Data Entry Toolbar and Results By pressing the left mouse button with its pointer over the option the corresponding window is minimized by pressing a second time the window returns to its original size Figure 6 shows the options open with the View menu File Edit View Win
10. all the most usual room acoustic quality parameters for each pair source receiver S R following the ISO standards It also computes the binaural impulse responses for each receiver generating the room auralization at that point It applies to auditorium concert halls opera houses classrooms and several other public spaces such as airports train stations industrial plants and urban external spaces It also computes the steady state sound pressure level global and by octave band linear and with standard filters A B C and D The computer s code RAIOS has a friendly graphic interface based on OpenGL which favors the room visualization as well as its edition i e its construction and modification Moreover the computer code can import DXF Drawing eXchange Format files making it possible to communicate easily with any CAD software For instance architectural projects made in AutoCAD can be imported with this special feature to the computer s code RAIOS The computer s code RAIOS allows to model an arbitrary geometry room and a variable number of sound sources with power spectral density position orientation directivity and number of emitted rays all of them user defined For industrial and urban spaces applications the code can generate distributed sound sources A system of layers allows the association of each internal surface to a material containing the absorption and scattering coefficients per oc
11. are Sources Receivers Surfaces and Run 5 1 The Sources Tab The Sources tab is for the user to furnish various sound source properties This tab presents one frame called Source properties Figure 21 shows the Sources tab selected in the Data Entry window ojx Source properties Name Rays 103 Power w x Position y z x Target y z Rotation Visual radius Directivity Omni Color On Figure 21 The Sources tab activated showing the frame Source properties In the frame Source properties the following parameters are selected 5 1 1 Name An arbitrary name is to be given to each sound source for ex Source 1 Source 2 etc Note that for each sound source created in the Edit and View window a sequencial name in the format Source j where j is an integer is generated by the computer s code So the baptism name is necessary only if the user wants to change this standard 5 1 2 Rays 10 This is one of the fundamental parameters of the simulation which establishes the number of acoustic_rays in the ray tracing model that the sound source will emit in values multiple of 10 Then to run a simulation with 100 000 rays the chosen number must be 100 As a general rule the greater is this number up to a certain limit the more accurate is the calculus and the longer is the computing time The necessary number of acoustic rays to achieve the algorithm convergence depends on the o
12. below This button is useful for instance to change the finishing material of a given surface in order to run a new simulation By pressing the button Rename a window with the name Rename material opens and the user can modify the name of the material However the coefficients do not change This option therefore does not modify the simulation results By pressing the button Insert a new material specified in the frame Surface Properties can be inserted in the Materials database By pressing the button DA Remove the suppression of the material enhanced in the list of materials is provided There is a huge list of materials to feed the Material database in the computer s code RAIOS This list consists of a thousand distinct materials with the corresponding absorption coefficients and few scattering coefficients This table is discussed in Section 8 1 including the communication between the general table of materials and the material database used in a specific project 5 4 The Run Tab The Run tab is to input all the other necessary conditions before running the computer s code itself run a preview see Section 5 4 4 and to begin the room s simulation In this tab there are four frames Atmospheric conditions Discretization Stop criteria and Preview Figure 24 illustrates the tab Run selected in the Data Entry window Pensosunannunsnnnunnnennann ni Sources Receivers Surfaces i Fun atmosphere Temperature FE
13. global and per octave bands 39 Figure 41 ST1 global and per octave bands The vertical scale is in dB 6 17 SPL Sound Pressure Level The parameter SPL Sound Pressure Level in steady state room permanently exited with sound is presented as linear L and with weighting networks A B C and D The sound pressure level linear and with these weighting networks are illustrated in Fig 42 By using the directional keys gt lt the levels global and by octave band for each one of the weighting networks are presented Figure 43 illustrates the sound pressure level with weighting network A in global value and by octave bands Results Figure 43 SPL A global and per octave bands The vertical scale is in dB Note that the global value is the same that appears at the level A of Fig 42 7 THE AURALIZATION WINDOW The Auralization window can be opened from the Window menu in the menu bar if your computer s code RAIOS license admits this alternative If not this option will not be habilitated This window offers the tools to generate the acoustic virtual reality for the selected receiver positions in the room The Auralization window consists of three frames Files Run and Binaural Results To run the room s auralization for a specific receiver the room simulation must be done in advance The computation time depends on the selected auralization parameters and mainly on the duration of the anechoic signal to
14. should not be mistaken by the name of a finishing material since different materials can be applied to the same plane surface It is suggested to use a sequential name as for instance Plane 12 Plane 13 etc c Normal in this line the components in the global Cartesian coordinates system of the internal normal vector of the plane are indicated to mere verification The user can edit these numbers however be aware that an erroneous normal to the plane surface might result from this action and in this case the simulation will be erroneous too To correct the error use the ANVC button see below d ANVC abbreviation for Automatic Normal Vector Correction this button allows the user to verify and correct the directions and signs of the normal for all triangular sub planes of the selected plane These sub planes are automatically generated when the computer s code RAIOS is running the diffuse reflection model see Sections 1 2 and 5 4 5 3 3 The Material database frame The Material database frame is to include the materials that are being used in the project open in the Edit and View window The list of such materials are listed in the space below the buttons A scroll button allows to sweep the materials Four buttons are available for the user Assign Rename Insert and Remove When the button Assign is pressed the active finishing material will be associated to the one previously selected in the material list immediately
15. 52 2005 Bork I Report on the 3 Round Robin on room acoustical computer simulation Part II Calculations Acta Acustica united with Acustica 91 4 753 763 2005 Camilo T S M todo h brido para simula o num rica de ac stica de salas Combina o dos m todos de tra ado de raios e transi o de energia Disserta o de Mestrado COPPE UFRJ 2003 Camilo T S Medrado L O Tenenbaum R A A new software for room acoustics simulation A study of its performance and validation by an international comparison J Acoust Soc Am 122 2396 2002 Camilo T S Tenenbaum R A Coelho J L B Engenharia ac stica auxiliada por computador um m todo h brido para simula o de ac stica de salas Anais do SEMEA 2002 Rio de Janeiro 2002 Camilo T S Tenenbaum R A M todo hibrido para simula o num rica de ac stica de salas Parte 1 combina o dos m todos de tra ado de raios e de transi o de energia Anais do XX Encontro da Sociedade Brasileira de Ac stica Rio de Janeiro 2002 Camilo T S Tenenbaum R A M todo hibrido para simula o num rica de ac stica de salas Parte 2 compara o dos resultados no Round Robin 3 Anais do XX Encontro da Sociedade Brasileira de Ac stica Rio de Janeiro 2002 ISO 3382 1997 Acoustics Measurements of reverberation time of rooms with reference to other acoustical parameters 1997 ISO CD 3382 1 2004 Measurements of the reverberation time Part 1 Perf
16. COMPUTER S CODE RAIOS 9 RAIOS Room Acoustics Integrated and Optmized Software USER MANUAL Version 2 3 Written by Roberto A Tenenbaum TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 About the Licenses 1 2 The Name of the Game 1 3 A Brief History 1 4 The Resources 1 5 The Menu Bar 1 5 1 The File menu 1 5 2 The Edit menu 1 5 3 The View menu 1 5 4 The Window menu 1 5 5 The Help menu 2 THE MAIN WINDOWS 3 THE TOOL BAR 3 1 Viewing Tools 3 1 1 Orbit 3 1 2 Translate 3 1 3 Zoom 3 1 4 Perspective 3 2 Base Plane Tools 3 2 1 Size 3 2 2 Spacing 3 2 3 Move center 3 2 4 Hide Grid 3 3 Room Elements Tools 3 3 1 Select 3 3 2 Move 3 3 3 Rotate 3 3 4 Delete 3 4 Surfaces Edition Tools 3 4 1 Plane 3 4 2 Invert Normal 3 4 3 Copy 3 4 4 Double sided 3 4 5 First Reflection 3 4 6 Close Polygon 3 5 Source and Receiver Tools 3 5 1 Source 3 5 2 Receiver 3 6 Cartesian Coordinates 4 THE EDIT AND VIEW WINDOW 5 THE DATA ENTRY WINDOW 5 1 The Sound Sources Tab 5 1 1 Name 5 1 2 Rays 5 1 3 Power 5 1 4 Position 5 1 5 Target 5 1 6 Rotation 5 1 7 Visual radius 5 1 8 Directivity 5 1 9 Color 5 1 10 On 5 2 The Receivers Tab 5 2 1 Name 5 2 2 Radius 5 2 3 Position 5 2 4 Target 5 2 5 Rotation 5 2 6 Visual Radius 5 2 7 Color 5 2 8 On 5 3 The Surfaces Tab 5 3 1 The Surface Properties frame 5 3 2 The Plane Surface sub frame 5 3 3 The Material Database frame 5 4 The RunTab 5 4 1 The
17. G 2000 Tenenbaum R A Slama J G Balesteros M L Numerical simulation of room acoustics A new approach for source modeling Proceedings of 14 International Congress on Acoustics F6 11 Beijing 1992 49 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Tenenbaum R A Camilo T S M todo hibrido para simula o num rica de ac stica de salas teoria implementa o num rica e valida o experimental Anais do I Semin rio de Musica Ci ncia e Tecnologia Ac stica Musical 26 40 Sao Paulo 2004 Tenenbaum R A Camilo T S Torres J C B Hybrid method for numerical simulation of room acoustics Part 1 Theoretical and numerical aspects J Brazilian Soc Mech Sci and Eng 29 2 211 221 2007 Tenenbaum R A Camilo T S Torres J C B Stutz L T Hybrid method for numerical simulation of room acoustics Part 2 Validation of the computer s code RAIOS 3 J Brazilian Soc Mech Sci and Eng 29 2 222 231 2007 Tenenbaum R A Melo V S G Camilo T S Pimentel I A Aperfei oamento do software RAIOS para simula o num rica de ac stica de salas com inclus o de modelo modal para baixas frequ ncias Anais do XXII Encontro da Sociedade Brasileira de Ac stica Belo Horizonte 2008 Torres J C B Petraglia M R Performance analysis of adaptive filter structure employing wavelet and sparse sub filters ZEEE Proceedings V
18. ained in the release RAIOS 3 In 2001 2002 the computer s code RAIOS 3 took part in the Round Robin 3 an international competition of room acoustics simulators promoted by the acoustics department of PTB Physikalisch Technischen Bundesanstalt the German Metrologic Institute The geometric and finishing material data of a music studio inside the PTB itself were furnished to the 21 groups interested to participate in three phases of crescent complexity Figure 1 illustrates the music studio as seen by RAIOS 3 in phase 3 given in two distinct conditions Figure 1 The test room used in the international comparison Round Robin 3 phase 3 On the left it is seen the room with closed curtains On the right with open curtains There were among the participant groups end users as well as software developers as it was the case of the RAIOS 3 group The groups sent the simulation results to the organizers a procedure that lasted for more than one year In the end all the furnished results were published by the PTB as well as the careful measurements conducted by the organizers Commercial software as well as developing software participated in RR3 The computer s code RAIOS 3 was the software that was ranked as second best position in terms of average errors relative to the measurements in the calculus of the various acoustic parameters Figure 2 presents the average of the mean errors relat
19. cally a tool used to assist in the visualization of the sound propagation The user must first select a sound source and a surface plane Once selected the First reflection tool the solid angle that the sound source sees the plane surface can be observed in the Edit and View window This solid angle is shown as a pyramid with the vertex in the center of the sound source and the base being the polygon of the surface plane If the sound source and or the surface have not been previously selected a warning window appears with the sentence Se ect one source and at least one plane Besides showing the solid angle described above the first reflection is also presented helping to visualize the contributions of the room s boundaries to the sound field inside it This is also a useful tool to illustrate some solutions to clients Figure 17 illustrates the effect of the First Reflection tool applied to a room Note that one sound source and one plane surface have been previously activated 4 Figure 17 The First reflection tool and its effect in the Edit and View window 3 4 6 Close Polygon The last element of this group is the Close Polygon tool that is useful to close a polygon being edited in the Edit and View window Since each polygon must be a closed form this tool allows the user to complete it without any possibility of error To use it just select the tool at the end of the process of editing a plane surface 3 5 Source an
20. d Receiver Tools This small group contains only two edition tools Source and Receiver Figure 18 shows the group with the two edition tools A 2 Figure 18 The group of tools for the edition of sound sources and receivers From left to right Source and Receiver tools 3 5 1 Source By pressing the mouse s left button with its pointer over the icon of this tool the user becomes able to introduce new sound sources The sound sources are represented in the Edit and View window as regular icosahedrons Once selected the tool its position must be chosen First the Cartesian coordinates x y in the base plane are set by moving the mouse s pointer to the desired point and pressing the mouse s left button In the sequel still maintaining the left button pressed the mouse is moved vertically up to the desired coordinate z The values of the Cartesian coordinates might be observed in the sixth group of the tool bar If the same point is selected twice a warning message appears with the sentence Point is identical to its antecessor 3 5 2 Receiver When pressing the mouse s left button with its pointer over this tool the user is able to introduce new receivers The receivers are represented in the Edit and View window as a 32 faces polyhedron resembling to a sphere The procedure to create a new receiver is identical to the one to insert a new sound source see Section 3 5 1 Once selected the Receiver tool the user must choose its pos
21. dow Help os w Edit and View w Data Entry w Toolbar a Edit a a Figure 6 The window View open showing its options 1 5 4 The Window menu By selecting the Window menu the user has access to additional windows not opened in the standard presentation of the computer s code RAIOS The options are Materials Viewer and Auralization The option Materials opens the Materials window where the Material table is found see Sections 5 3 and 8 1 The option Viewer opens a window used to verify the absorption coefficients see Section 5 3 The option Auralization opens the Auralization window which is described in Section 7 There is also the option 7i e Windows that recovers the original window structure of the computer s code RAIOS File Edit View Window Help Tie Main Windows Materials Viewer Auralization Figure 7 The window open in the menu Window showing its options 1 2 7 The Help menu Selecting the Help menu a window with the options He p and About is opened In the option He p the user has access to this manual in chm format The option About gives information concerning your version of the computer s code and the kind of license you have Figure 8 shows the window opened with the He p menu File Edit View Window Help E a fait About Figure 8 The window open in the menu He p showing its options 2 THE MAIN WINDOWS The computer s code RAIOS presents three main screen mod
22. e has a series of entities that are used to represent different geometrical elements Among these the computer s code RAIOS takes two of them the entities Point and 3dPolyline A Point represents a point naturally and is used to represent sound sources and receivers A 3dPolyline is a connected sequence of straight line segments that constitute a unique element This means that a 3dPolyline might not to be in a plane it can be reverse So the user must be careful about this because not all DXF files are appropriate to be imported by the computer s code RAIOS since all surface elements must be plane polygons The operational way to import a DXF file is quite simple First the user must open the Files menu and select the option Open This option opens another window with files to be selected Usually the computer files to be used in the computer s code RAIOS are the ones with extension pro that are generated when a project is saved In this case however the kind of file to be chosen has the extension dxf If the file is compatible it will be imported by the computer s code Figure 55 illustrates the window DXF Import Manager open in the compute s code RAIOS when a dxf file is selected DXF Import Manager r Import Options f Merge with current New Project Planes Entities to Import Sources Ww 3DPolyline W Point Sources 3DFace if Line Sources r Receivers Layer Filters iw Point Receivers re at __ Ins
23. e material database to be used in the work area can be modified by the user But the material properties in the Materials table cannot be modified In the Materials list frame besides the table of materials itself there is a plot with the surface absorption coefficients that helps to evaluate the material at a glance To sweep the list use the vertical scroll bar Finally there is a Close button to close the Materials window 8 2 DXF Files Importation The task involved in the edition of any room in the computer s code RAIOS is manageable by using the edition tools described in Section 3 Furthermore the room is virtually built directly in 3 D with these tools features However for a room with a complex geometry this task may be very time consuming An alternative is to build the room on dedicated CAD software which possesses powerful graphic resources On the other hand many of the room projects to be acoustically simulated are available in a computer file generated by CAD software For this reason the computer code RAIOS possesses an interface to import these files ag The input of data relative to the geometry of the room s boundary surfaces as well as the positions of sound sources and receivers can be done from a dxf drawing exchange format file This kind of file is nowadays an international standard for virtual geometries exchange being created by the AutoDesk Company and used by almost all CAD software A DXF fil
24. e selected value can vary from a set of ten to a few thousands 5 4 3 The Stop criteria frame In this frame the user selects another very important parameter The Stop decay dB which states the maximum attenuation of an acoustic ray in dB in the ray tracing technique before the ray is discarded in the calculus In the computer s code RAIOS the standard value for this parameter is 60 dB If no value is selected the standard value is assumed The bigger this number is the greater is the accuracy and the longer is the time of calculus For running preliminary simulations 30 or even 20 dB of attenuation are good and fast test values For accurate calculus however the standard is almost the best choice The maximum value for this parameter is 120 dB 5 4 4 The Preview frame In the Preview frame the approximate results for the reverberation time global and per octave band following the selection made before are presented In this frame is also shown the sound speed c the global room volume V and the total surface of the boundaries S all in SI unities This preview gives a rough idea for instance of the better stop decay to use in the main computation In the preview a preliminary and very simple calculus using the approximate formulas of Sabine Eyring or Fritzroy is done by the computer s code The user can select one of the formulas to be used Finally there are three selections that can be done by the user View element
25. ed receiver However the simulation is done for all receivers despite of being active of not This means that by activating one by one the results can be seen in the Resu ts window In other words the computer s code stores all the results of a given simulation The simulation results for a given receiver can be seen sequentially by using the vertical directional keys T J in the order below 6 1 HQIR Hybrid Quadratic Impulse Response The HQIR Hybrid Quadratic Impulse Response is presented as a global function and octave bands functions To sweep among the different bands the user can use the horizontal directional keys gt lt Figure 25 illustrates a global HQIR Figure 26 shows a HQRI in the octave band frequency of 2 kHz of 0 0 05 0 1 0 15 02 0 25 0 3 0 35 0 4 0 45 0 5 0 55 0 6 085 0 7 0 75 0 8 0 85 0 9 0 95 Figure 25 HQIR global the vertical scale unit is Pa2x10 and the horizontal scale unit is seconds 2 KHz Hybrid IR Paz 10 s O 005 01 0 15 02 025 0 3 035 04 045 05 0 55 06 065 07 075 08 0 85 0 9 Figure 26 HQIR at the octave band of 2 kHz the vertical scale unit is Pa2x10 and the horizontal scale unit is seconds 6 2 SQIR Specular Quadratic Impulse Response The SQIR Specular Quadratic Impulse Response is presented as a global function and octave bands functions To sweep among the different bands the user can use the horizontal directional keys gt lt Figure 27 illustrates a SQIR
26. elect the anechoic signal available in the computer memory with the extension wav to be convolved with the binaural impulse responses for the conditions selected in the previous item Typically these wave files have duration of 5 to 30 seconds If the selected file is longer than that the auralization procedure may be longer 7 1 5 Output file The option Output file allows the user to select the file to store the output of the auralization procedure The standard of the computer s code RAIOS is the file output_signal wav If no other selection is done the output signal will be stored in that file erasing the previous signal stored there It is recommended to keep the information to select different output files at each auralization Any file with the extension wav in any folder can be selected as output file 7 2 The Run frame The Run frame is to start the auralization procedure There is a box with the option Show results Hide results that allows the user to open or not the Binaural Results frame There is a progress bar that allows the user to watch the computation progress And there is a PROCESS button to start the auralization procedure Figure 54 illustrates the Run frame fugi ee Seg ee Aes Aes Laio dependo ups Pp eat S ARRENENCEHECCCESONEREENERNERTRENI Figure 54 The Run frame Attention If the user opens a project in which the room simulation results had been saved the a
27. ently of being mono or binaural receivers they are represented as spheres in the Edit and View window The visual radius has no effect in the simulation results 5 2 7 Color In this line the user can select a color to distinguish the receiver as it appears in the Edit and View window This selection has no effect in the simulation results 5 2 8 On Once selected this option vV the receiver becomes active i e the simulation results for the last activated receiver will be shown in the mono and binaural results window see Sections 6 and 7 if a simulation has been run for the room 5 3 The Surfaces Tab The Surfaces tab deals with all information about the polygons that define the plane surfaces composing the boundaries of the room and the finishing materials that are applied on the surfaces The tab presents two frames Surface properties and Material database Figure 23 illustrates the Surfaces tab selected in the Data Entry window 29 As usual in CAD software a Layer is an entity that contains elements with the same characteristics For the computer s code RAIOS the different layers are used mainly to store the properties of the finishing materials that cover each plane surface These properties are the absorption coefficients and the scattering coefficients that must be inputted in this tab 10 x Sources Receivers Surfaces Run Surface properties Maternal Knaut 1564 BFS Color M Flane surtar Hest P
28. ert Remove _Insert_ Remove Ead Layer Filters Figure 55 Window DXF Import Manager opened showing its options The window DXF Import Manager has the following frames Import options Planes Receivers and Sources The frame Import options possesses two options The first one is Merge with current an option that allows the user to import a DXF file directly to the open project in the Edit and View window This feature is useful to modify a room outside the computer s code RAIOS and insert the modification The second one is New Project an option that allows to create a new project with the imported room The Planes frame has the options 3Dpo yline and Points i e it allows choosing to import the room geometry and or the sources and receivers The 3R frame Receivers has the option Point receiver which indicates if the user wants to import receivers V or not and the selection of the Layers filters that denominate in the DXF file the receivers to be imported Finally there are the buttons nsert and Remove that act on the considered layers to be imported The Sources frame has two options one for importation of point sources Point sources V and another for importation of lined sources Lined sources V There is also a selection of the Layers fi ters that denominate in the DXF file the sound sources to be imported Finally There are the are the buttons J nsert and Remove that act on the considered laye
29. esponding icon For any one of the tools that follows there is a shortcut key the Esc key which recovers the original view The dynamic speed of the viewing tools can be modified for any of the tools in this group using the shortcut keys Ctrl for moderately fast and Ctrl plus Shift for fast speed The directional keys Ts allow to use the tools in discrete movements instead of using the mouse In this case the shortcut keys Ctrl and Shift alter the speed as described above Figure 12 illustrates the first group of tools Figure 12 Viewing tools constituting the first group of tools From left to right Orbit Translate Zoom and Perspective 3 1 1 Orbit Once selected this tool when pressing the left button of the mouse with its pointer in the Edit and View window with a room open the dynamic rotation of the room is obtained i e the room can be orbited in whatever direction around the view target 3 1 2 Translate Once selected this tool when pressing the left button of the mouse with its pointer in the Edit and View window with a room open the dynamic translation of the room is obtained i e the room can be translated in vertical or horizontal direction 3 1 3 Zoom Once selected this tool when pressing the left button of the mouse with its pointer in the Edit and View window with a room open the dynamic zoom of the room is obtained So the user can dynamically approximate or the contrary the room With
30. g wavelet transforms Proc International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing IV 33 36 Montreal 2004 Torres J C B Petraglia M R Tenenbaum R A Low order modeling of head related transfer functions using wavelet transforms Proc International Symposium on Circuits and Systems III 513 516 Vancouver 2004 Torres J C B Petraglia M R Tenenbaum R A Auriliza o de salas utilizando wavelets para a modelagem das HRTF Anais do SEMEA 2002 Rio de Janeiro 2002 Torres J C B Petraglia M R Tenenbaum R A Auriliza o em ac stica de salas Parte 1 compactacao de HRTFs utilizando wavelets Anais do XX Encontro da Sociedade Brasileira de Acustica Rio de Janeiro 2002 Torres J C B Petraglia M R Tenenbaum R A Auriliza o em ac stica de salas Parte 2 redu o do numero de HRTFs por agrupamento de dire es Anais do XX Encontro da Sociedade Brasileira de Acustica Rio de Janeiro 2002 J F L Naranjo R A Tenenbaum and J C B Torres Using artificial neural networks to generate virtual acoustic reality applied on escape training in blind conditions International Review of Chemical Engineering Vol 2 N 6 pp 754 759 ISSN 2035 1755 November 2010 A 39 40 41 42 43 J F L Naranjo e R A Tenenbaum Computing binaural impulse responses using artificial neural networks Anais do XIII Encontro de Modelagem Computacional Nova Friburgo 2010 J F L Naranjo R A Tene
31. he computer s code RAIOS uses the MIT database There are alternative databases The user can use anyone of them but it must be in the same data format dat and in the same folder 7 1 2 Sections folder The option Sections folder allows the user to select the folder where the spherical sections are stored This is like a pulpy segment of a citrus fruit where the HRTF s are organized The standard folder for the computer s code RAIOS is Raios gt Config and the files are of the kind gomos dat where can assume several integer values or capital letters For instance the files 34 gomo36 dat and gomosA dat are valid files in the Config folder Please go to the Config folder to see the valid files 7 1 3 Ray File The option Ray File allows the user to select the output file of the computer s code RAIOS to use as the input in the auralization process Remember that the user must have a simulation run before the auralization procedure The standard output files from the computer s code RAIOS are files with the extension ray Two selections must be done here Choose a source and Choose a receiver For instance a valid selection would be Source 2 and Receiver 3 In this example the user will hear after the computation the virtual sound at Receiver 3 with Sound Source 2 active at the room opened at the Edit and View window 7 1 4 Anechoic signal The option Anechoic signal allows the user to s
32. igure 56 illustrates the general aspect of the Materials window JA Materials l o x Material Database 14 Open list sp Import to Work area Action Material s li ld Description fs 63 Hz Alfa 125 He 26 walls bricks with 78 holes facingout directly on stonewall 0 05 5 05 DP walls bricks with 7Bholes facingout 50 mm from hard wall with mineralwool 1 48 10 49 28 Walls brickwall casted with tapestry 0 02 0 02 29 Walls brickwall lime cast coated with oil paint 0 01 0 01 30 Walls brickwall with a smooth troweled finish 0 02 0 02 31 Walls brickwall stuccoed with a rough finish 0 03 0 03 32 Walls concrete block with or without plaster painted 0 11 0 11 33 Walls concrete wall rough finish 0 01 0 01 34 walls raised bricks with 19 holes directly on stone wall 014 014 35 Walls rendered brickwork 0 01 0 01 36 Floors concrete floor 0 01 0 01 P 4 b Surface absortion coefficients 8 KHZ 16 KH Figure 56 General aspect of the Materia s window In the Actions frame there are two buttons The first one is the Open list button When pressed the complete table of materials appears There are scroll bars to sweep the list and the coefficients The second one is the Import to work area button The effect is that the material highlighted in the table is copied to the Material database area in the Surfaces tab of the Data Entry window see Section 5 3 3 Note that the material once transferred to th
33. in the octave band of 250 Hz Results E pl xi fas AS 250 Hz Specular IR Pa 10 is Ih 0 oe e Treen L T EC RCA RI IR IR UR ER DAA Ti TAK KI ZIN 0 0 05 0 1 0 15 0 2 0 25 0 3 0 35 0 4 0 45 0 5 0 55 06 065 0 7 0 75 08 0 85 0 9 0 95 Figure 27 SQIR in the octave band of 250 Hz the vertical scale unit is Pa2x10 and the horizontal scale unit is seconds 6 3 DOIR Diffuse Quadratic Impulse Response The DQIR Diffuse Quadratic Impulse Response is presented as a global function and octave bands functions To sweep among the different bands the user can use the horizontal directional keys gt lt Figure 28 illustrates a DQIR in the octave band of 250 Hz IR Results Figure 28 DQIR at the octave band of 500 Hz the vertical scale unit is Pa2x10 and the horizontal scale unit is seconds 6 4 DC Decay Curve The Decay Curve is presented as a global function and octave bands functions To sweep among the different bands the user can use the horizontal directional keys gt lt Figure 29 illustrates several decay curves per octave band Figure 29 Decay curves per octave bands the vertical scale is in dB and the horizontal scale unit is seconds 6 5 T30 Reverberation Time The parameter T30 Reverberation Time is presented as a global value and by octave bands Figure 30 illustrates the results for T3o Figure 30 T3 global and by octave bands The vertical scale is in seconds 6 6
34. indow the dynamic change in the coordinate s origin is obtained When the left button is pressed a point of the base plane is selected maintaining the left button pressed and moving the mouse in the vertical direction z axis the third coordinate can be changed When the left button is released the selected point becomes the new origin in the Edit and View window 3 2 4 Hide grid Once selected this tool the grid is hidden By selecting it again the grid is recovered 3 3 Room Elements Tools This group of tools applies to the room elements planes sound sources and receivers that can be seen in the Edit and View window These tools are necessary for the edition or modification of a room There are four tools in this group Select Move Rotate and Delete Figure 15 illustrates the group of tools for modifying the room elements EPOXI Figure 15 Second group of tools for modification of the room s elements From left to right Select Move Rotate and Delete 3 3 1 Select Once selected this tool when pressing the left button of the mouse with its pointer in the Edit and View window over one room element activates the element This activation means that all other tools in this group will be applied to the active element The element itself is enhanced with a lighter color indicating that it was activated and more important in the Data Entry window see Section 5 the information relative to the element is selected in the co
35. ing the necessary conditions to run the software Finally the bottom window called Resu ts presents the simulation results in a series of sequential windows accessible by using the directional keys Tl The detailed explanation of the presentation of the monaural results is done in Section 6 Each one of the windows described above can be minimized or maximized in the conventional way in the Windows platform providing in the last case a detailed view of its contents Besides the windows cited previously there is a tool bar with icons whose operational functions are presented in Section 3 and a menu bar whose elements are described in Section 1 4 3 THE TOOL BAR Immediately under the menu bar there is a tool bar with each tool identified by an icon and having an operational and specific function described in the sequel following an ordering from left to right The tools are organized in six groups separated in the tools bar by vertical partitions All tools are selected by pressing the left mouse s button while its pointer is over the tool icon In Fig 11 the tool bar of the computer s code RAIOS 9 is shown with the icons and the vertical partitions psamrss a OX BASES LZ ear Figure 11 The tool bar of the computer s code RAIOS 3 1 Viewing tools The first group consists of four room viewing tools Orbit Translate Zoom and Perspective The tools names are showed whenever the mouse pointer is over the corr
36. ision Image and Signal Processing 149 2 115 119 2002 Torres J C B Pe Torres J C B Petraglia M R Tenenbaum R A Sistema eficiente para aurilizacao usando agrupamento e modelagem de HRTFs por wavelets Anais do F Congresso da AES Brasil S o Paulo 2006 Torres J C B Petraglia M R Tenenbaum R A Efficient auralization by grouping directions and modeling HRTF s using wavelets Proc XII International Symposium on Dynamic Problems of Mechanics Ilhabela 2007 Torres J C B Tovo F C Petraglia M R Tenenbaum R A Analise Quantitativa do Simulador Acustico RAIOS Anais do 6 Congresso de Engenharia de Audio da AES Brasil Sao Paulo 2008 Torres J C B Petraglia M R Tenenbaum R A HRTF modeling using wavelet decomposition Anais do XIV Congresso Brasileiro de Automatica Natal 2002 Torres J C B Petraglia M R Tenenbaum R A An efficient wavelet based HRTF for auralization Acta Acustica united with Acustica 90 1 108 120 2004 Torres J C B Petraglia M R Tenenbaum R A Room acoustics auralization HRTF modeling using wavelet transforms Proc X International Symposium on Dynamic Problems of Mechanics 151 157 Ubatuba 2003 Torres J C B Petraglia M R Tenenbaum R A HRTF modeling for efficient auralization Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics 2003 Torres J C B Petraglia M R Tenenbaum R A Low order modeling and grouping of HRTFs for auralization usin
37. ista or XP Nevertheless because of certain check up characteristics imprinted in the hardlock security system the computer s code is restricted to run only in 32 bit versions 1 2 The Name of the Game RAIOS is an acronym for Room Acoustics Integrated and Optimized Software The computer s code in C language implements more than one acoustics propagation model and that s why the word integrated is included in its name It was several times improved in what regarding computer s performance and that s where the word optimized in the name came from 1 3 A Brief History The beginning of the code s development happened in the early 19905 8 20 The first code RAIOS 1 computed the sound pressure level in an arbitrarily 5 shaped room The geometrical acoustics model was adopted and the ray tracing method was applied For this reason the computer s code received its name RAIOS rays which remains used nowadays however with a different meaning In the late 1990s there was an evolution in the computer modeling when time variable was included and the acoustic transient could be computed leading to the estimation of the room impulse responses IR s This version was called RAIOS 2 At the beginning of the 2000s the energy transitions algorithm was introduced in the code allowing the simulation of the diffuse reflections scattering leading to a more realistic reverberant tail The name of the computer s code rem
38. ition Firstly the x y coordinates in the base plane are selected by moving the mouse pointer to the desired point and pressing its left button Then keeping the button pressed the mouse is moved vertically to the desired z coordinate The values of the Cartesian coordinates might be observed in the sixth group of the tool bar If the same point is selected twice a warning message appears with the following sentence Point is identical to its antecessor 3 6 Cartesian Coordinates The last group of tools is a line of Cartesian coordinates in a row together with the button OK v The x y z global coordinates may be inserted by hand one by one with the numeric keys and pressing the button OK to make them effective Or these coordinates can be used only for examination when the coordinates are inserted with the mouse They are useful to verify the vertices of each polygon that composes the room s boundary surfaces or to locate the sound sources and receivers centers x 0 AR z 0 mn y Figure 19 The Cartesian coordinates tool 4 THE EDIT AND VIEW WINDOW The Edit and View window is the bigger window in the standard opening of the computer s code being also the main graphic interface of the software All the necessary tools for editing and modifying a room are available in the tools bar described in Section 3 Three main elements are edited and viewed in the Edit and View window plane surfaces sound sources and
39. ive to the measurements obtained by the software that survived up to the end of the calculation process in RR3 Relative Mean Error T30 LFC D1 Relative Mean Error T30 LF Ra 48 00 ______ 2 16 00 17 50 15 50 ns 6 17 00 15 00 E a ma 16 50 14 50 4 og m11 16 00 E m11 14 00 19 50 mig 15 50 013 13 00 15 15 00 12 50 E 7 1450 __ ag E 20 m20 12 00 E21 14 00 PS m21 Figure 2 The averages of the medium quadratic error with respect to the measurements of the different participants in the Round Robin 3 On the left the average error including the parameters T50 EDT G Cgo Dso Ts and LF is shown On the right including the parameter LFC few participants computed this parameter The yellow bar with the black triangle below identifies the computer s code RAIOS Lower values indicate better results In 2004 a new model for the Head Related Transfer F
40. lation because the plane exists only if the normal points to the inside of the room To invert the plane s normal first select the plane with the Se ect tool see Section 3 3 1 and then press the left mouse s button with its pointer over the icon of the Jnvert Normaltool The normal vector will then be inverted 3 4 3 Copy This tool allows the user to make a copy of one element of the room Its operation is similar to the Move tool see Section 3 3 2 To copy an element being a surface polygon a sound source or a receiver the user must firstly select the element to be copied In the sequel the user must select the Copy tool choose an arbitrary point in the Edit and View window and move the mouse s pointer to another desired point tracing a vector in this window When pressing the left mouse s button at the second point a copy of the element will appear in the Edit and View window translated with respect to the original element as the module and direction of the refereed vector If the user presses the mouse s left button twice at the same point a warning window appears with the sentence Point is identical to its antecessor 3 4 4 Double sided Once selected a plane in the room this tool allows the user to generate a two sided normal This tool is useful when for instance the user wants to introduce a wall or a partition whose width is irrelevant to the simulation procedure 3 4 5 First reflection This is basi
41. mouse s button a color pallet is opened with a virtually infinite number of options It is strongly suggested to use the same color for the same finishing material Absorption and scattering coefficients in this small table the coefficients o and can be manually inserted or merely verified if the finishing material comes from the Material database frame see Section 5 3 3 29 d Scattering patterns in this block some scattering patterns are provided The absorption coefficients are available worldwide but the something doesn t happen with the scattering coefficients This block furnishes a rough scattering pattern for some groups of surfaces By pressing any one of these options the column of scattering coefficients is filled 5 3 2 The Plane surface sub frame In the Plane surface sub frame the user can select or verify some characteristics or properties of the plane where the finishing surface is applied These features are Next Previous Name Normal and ANVC a Next Previous in this line the user has two buttons to choose With these buttons the previous 4 or the next gt surface is selected in the order that they have been inserted in the room The purpose of this feature is to sweep sequentially the surfaces to verify the planes and finishing surfaces which can be very useful especially in complex rooms b Name in this line the name of a plane is selected or verified Be careful The name of a plane
42. nbaum e J C B Torres Computo de las respuestas impulsivas biauriculares usando redes neurales artificiales Anales de las Jornadas de Ingenieria Sonido y Acustica Quito Ecuador 2011 J F L Naranjo R A Tenenbaum e J C B Torres Computing binaural impulse response components using artificial neural networks Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Sound and Vibration Rio de Janeiro 2011 J F L Naranjo R A Tenenbaum e J C B Torres Using artificial neural networks to generate virtual acoustic reality applied on escape training in blind conditions Proceedings of the 21th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering Natal 2011 B Gardner K Martin HRTF Measurements of a KEMAR Dummy Head microphone J Acoust Soc Am 97 n 6 p 3907 3908 1995 AA
43. nt in the DXF file being created a posteriori in the computer s code RAIOS Figure 58 Music room imported to the computer s code RAIOS from the DXF file On Fig 59 an urban environment designed in CAD software is shown It represents part of the neighborhood of Copacabana in Rio de Janeiro city AN Figure 59 An urban environment designed in CAD software The same urban environment as seen in the Edit and View window of the computer s code RAIOS is shown in Fig 60 after the importation procedure from a DXF file Observe the lined sources that represent with good approximation the traffic noise distributed along the streets in red and the point receivers in green Figure 60 Urban environment as seen in the Edit ans View window of the computer s code RAIOS after the DXF file importation 41 REFERENCES 10 11 12 15 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Alarcao D Bento Coelho J L Tenenbaum R A On modeling of room acoustics by a sound energy transition approach Proc EEA Symposium on Architectural Acoustics Madrid 2000 Ballesteros M L Slama J G Tenenbaum R A Numerical simulation of sound propagation applied to urban noise control Proc 21 International Conference on Noise Control Engineering Toronto VI 153 156 1992 Bork I Report on the 3 round robin in room acoustical computer simulation Part I Measurements Acta Acustica united with Acustica 91 4 740 7
44. o points define the axis around which the element s will be rotated Finally a new window is opened asking for the rotation angle in degrees A positive value means a trigonometric rotation Pressing the button OK one can finish the operation The shortcut Esc undoes the last rotation 3 3 4 Delete With one or more elements of a room selected this tool allows to erase it them So to extinguish an element the user must first select it and then delete the element A window is opened asking if you actually want to delete the item Press OX to confirm Once deleted the element cannot be restored 3 4 Surfaces Edition Tools In this fourth group there are six tools Plane Invert normal Copy Double sided First reflection and Close polygon The tools of this group are auxiliary for the plane surfaces edition Figure 16 illustrates the group with its tools LEA TESTA Figure 16 Tools of the fourth group for modifying the surface elements From left to right Plane Invert normal Copy Double sided First reflection and Close polygon 3 4 1 Plane Once selected this tool the user is capable of including a new plane in the room All planes are introduced as a polygon given by its vertices Each polygon can have from three to two hundred vertices If the user needs more than this number the polygon must be divided in parts which is a rare situation The first vertex of the polygon is selected by pressing the mouse s left but
45. ormance spaces 2004 ISO WD 17487 Acoustics Measurement of the sound scattering properties of surfaces 2001 ISO 17497 1 2004 Acoustics sound scattering properties of surfaces part 1 measurement of the random incidence scattering in a reverberant room 2004 Medrado L O Tenenbaum R A Simula o num rica de ac stica de salas implementa o do c digo computacional RAIOS e sua valida o por compara o Anais do XX Encontro da Sociedade Brasileira de Ac stica Rio de Janeiro 2002 Naranjo J F L Tenenbaum R A Torres J C B Melo V S G Simula o num rica de ac stica de salas aperfei oamentos no c digo computacional RAIOS para importa o de arquivos Anais do XII Encontro de Modelagem Computacional Rio de Janeiro 2009 Naranjo J F L Pinto F Tenenbaum R A e Torres J C B Acoustic simulator for urban noise analysis Anais do 30 Congresso Ibero Latino Americano de M t Computacionais em Engenharia Armacao de Buzios 2009 Naranjo J F L Tenenbaum R A e Torres J C B Auriliza o de salas a partir do codigo computacional RAIOS Anais do XXIII Encontro da Sociedade Brasileira de Acustica Salvador 2010 Tenenbaum R A Ballesteros M L Ara jo M A N Ac stica previsional em ambientes fechados aferi o do m todo em camara reverberante Anais do IV Seminario Internacional de Controle de Ru do 41 44 Rio de Janeiro 1992 Tenenbaum R A Qualidade Acustica de Salas 134 paginas UFM
46. presented as a global value and by octave bands Figure 36 illustrates the center time global and per octave bands Figure 36 Ts global and per octave bands The vertical scale is in milliseconds 6 12 G Strength The parameter G Strength is presented as a global value and by octave bands Figure 37 illustrates the strength global and per octave bands Figure 37 G global and per octave bands The vertical scale is in dB 31 6 13 LG Lateral Strength The parameter LG Lateral Strength is presented as a global value and by octave bands Figure 38 illustrates the lateral strength global and per octave bands Figure 38 LG global and per octave bands The vertical scale is in dB 6 14 LF Lateral Fraction The parameter LF Lateral Fraction is presented as a global value and by octave bands Figure 39 illustrates the lateral fraction global and per octave bands Figure 39 LF global and per octave bands The vertical scale is in percentage 6 15 LFC Lateral Fraction Cosine The parameter LFC Lateral Fraction Cosine is presented as a global value and by octave bands Figure 40 illustrates the lateral fraction cosine global and per octave bands Figure 40 LFC global and per octave bands The vertical scale is in percentage 6 16 ST1 Support Factor The parameter ST1 Support Factor is presented as a global value and by octave bands Figure 41 illustrates the support factor
47. r in meters for ex if the user s choice is 0 15 m the receiver will collect the incidence of sound in a disk with 30 cm of diameter This selection is independent for mono or binaural results This selection does not modify the visual radius of the receiver in the Edit and View window 5 2 3 Position x y Z In this line it is selected the global Cartesian coordinates seen in the Edit and View window of the geometric center of the receiver 5 2 4 Target x y z In this line the target of the receiver is selected i e in which direction the receiver points to The user must select an arbitrary point in the Edit and View window and the line connecting the receiver center and this target point establish where the receiver is pointing to If only monaural results are considered this information is irrelevant since the receiver represents a microphone However for auralization results this information is fundamental since in this case the receiver represents a human or dummy head and the HRTF s depend strongly on the head orientation 5 2 5 Rotation In this line a receiver rotation can be specified by the user The rotation is done around the target line discussed above This parameter does not modify the monaural results but has influence in the auralization 5 2 6 Visual Radius In this line the user can select the visual radius of the receiver i e the size that it is viewed in the Edit and View window Independ
48. receivers These three elements can receive colors from an almost infinite pallet It is suggested that for the surface elements one different color should be selected for each finishing material see Section 5 3 The surfaces are necessarily planes and each one constitutes a polygon The surface of a plane that faces the interior of the room see section 3 4 2 for the sign of the normal vector is viewed when one see it from inside of the room and with its normal color However when it is seen from outside of the room the same surface becomes transparent maintaining only its polygonal contour This feature makes a visual understanding easier especially for a room with complex geometry Figure 20 illustrates the same room seen from inside left view and from outside right view showing the importance of the transparence feature in the room understanding especially when viewed from outside i na d d UU H y We Figure 20 Diffuser surfaces in a room viewed from inside a and outside b In a the brown surfaces are solid In b the same surfaces are transparent which makes the room s visual understanding easier 5 THE DATA ENTRY WINDOW The Data Entry window that is located on the right in the standard opening of the computer s code possesses four tabs for the input of data relative to sound sources receivers plane surfaces and the general information for running the simulation The tabs
49. reviits 4 r Mame Plane 141 Momal 097543273 0 2202974 0 ANYE F Hz a 5 Scattering patterns se ala ala Big surfaces E Small surf 500 078 011 a 1000 064 009 udience surfaces 2000 022 007 Closed adjustable reflectors 4000 057 0 05 Ditussor O64 Maternal database Assign Rename Insert Remove Ceiling 5 BFS de Ceiling 5 SFS DifO mnibe Floors BFS Floors SFS Floor 409 BFS Floor 409 SFS Glass 215 Gilass 84 Figure 23 The Surfaces tab showing the Surface properties with the sub frame Plane surface and Material database frames 5 3 1 The Surface properties frame In the Surface properties frame the following parameters are selected by the user a b Material in this line the finishing material of the surface is selected Usually a material from a table of materials called Material database see Section 5 3 3 is chosen In this case the values of the absorption and scattering when available coefficients are automatically inserted in the Material database frame However the user can at any moment introduce a new material In this case the values of the absorption and scattering coefficients must be entered manually Color in this line a color must be selected to distinguish the finishing plane surface from the others This choice has immediate effect in the Ea t and View window and no effect at all in the simulation results When the rectangle Co or is selected with the left
50. rresponding tab To activate a second element just keep the shortcut key Shift pressed while the operation is repeated over the new element In this case the information relative to the last activated element will be presented in the Data Entry window To inactivate an element the operation described above can be done with the right button of the mouse To inactivate all elements previously activated the shortcut key Esc is available 3 3 2 Move Once selected one or more room element s this tool permits to move it them translating the element s following the module and direction of a given vector First the user must select the tool with the left button of the mouse with its pointer over the icon Second a first arbitrary point must be selected in the Edit and View window Third a second point is selected so that the vector that goes from the first point to the second one corresponds to the desired movement The element will then move translate parallel to itself with the module and direction given by the described vector The shortcut Esc undoes the last move 3 3 3 Rotate With one or more elements of a room selected this tool provides the rotation of the element s around a chosen axis and with an angle also selected by the user First the user selects the tool Second the user selects an arbitrary point in the Edit and View window with the mouse s left button Third a second point is selected in the same way These tw
51. rs to be imported Completing the DXF Import Manager window there are the buttons mport to make effective the importation and Cance to interrupt it As previously mentioned not all DXF files even containing the 3 D information for a room will be able to fulfill the requirements of the importation routine of the compute s code RAIOS if the following conditions are not satisfied 1 The first condition naturally is that only the entities Point and 3dPolyline have been used to represent every room s element 2 The Point entity must be used only to represent sound sources and receivers To discriminate them the name of the layer that contains the entity must be a private word For sound sources the private word is src for receivers private word is rec For instance a layer that contains several point sources must have a name such as srclayer01 3 The boundary surfaces can only be represented by polygons built from 3dPolyline entities However the following restrictions should be obeyed so that the imported room is compatible with the computer s code a All vertices of a polygon must be coplanar b All polygons must be closed i e the last vertex must be coincident with the first one The number of vertices of a polygon must be lower than 200 The unity used to measure the length must be meters e The vertices must be inserted in the trigonometric order if seen from the inside part of the room see Fig 56 This is no
52. s View reflected rays and View lost rays These selections are independent one to the others Once selected V View elements the triangular elements that sub divide the plane surfaces for the diffuse reflections calculus are shown in the Edit and View window When selected again this option the triangular elements are suppressed from the Edit and View window Once selected V View reflected rays a small set of reflected rays inside the room are shown Depending on the room complexity this option graphically fulfills the room in the Edit and View window When selected again this option the reflected rays are suppressed Once selected V View lost rays the computer s code shows the acoustic rays that eventually didn t hit any plane surface This feature is very important to aid the correction of fails in the edition or importation of a room When a rather complex room is virtually constructed by direct editing in the Edit and View window or imported from CAD software it is common to find some small DA mistakes in its closing Two kinds of mistakes are more common both with simple solution The first one results from the imprecise closing of two contiguous surfaces The second one results from the inversion of a planes normal With the aid of the feature View lost rays it is quite easy to identify and correct these mistakes When this option is selected a second time the lost rays are suppressed from the Edit and View window 5
53. t a restriction indeed The purpose of that is to anticipate the normal sign by the right hand rule f The name of the layer that contains a 3dPolyline cannot have in any part of it the private words rec or src an A 3 Figure 56 Illustration of the vertices order of a polygon and the right hand rule The thumb points to the interior normal direction 1 oo 2 29 A 3dPolyline entity can be used to create a series of sound sources distributed along it Two pieces of information must be given in the layer s name the number of sound sources N and the sound power level of the whole line Lw For instance imagine that the user wants to create a line source with N sources uniformly distributed on it with the global sound power level Lw It must then be saved in a layer called src lt name gt Lw N where lt name gt is any word chosen by the user A music room still in Project and as viewed in CAD software under two perspectives is shown in Fig 57 The square elements on the roof are suspended diffusers On the bottom left part of the figure an acoustic shell is seen Figure 57 Two perspectives of room in a CAD software The same music room presented Fig 57 is shown in Fig 58 after the importation of the DXF file to the computer s code RAIOS The diffuser and the acoustical shell can be seen in the Edit and View window In this case the sound sources and the receivers were not prese
54. tave band The code itself has an extensive table of finishing materials for greater facility However the user can always easily introduce data for a new material The user can also choose receivers that can be considered as microphones if the monaural responses are expected or dummy heads if binaural responses are desired Several receiver characteristics such as position orientation diameter etc can be selected by the user Depending on your license the computer s code RAIOS 5 calculates also the binaural impulse responses and generates the virtual acoustic reality in selected points inside the room 1 5 The Menu Bar The menu bar has five main menus File Edit View Window and Help To select any one of them just press the left button of the mouse with its pointer on the desired menu Figure 3 illustrates the menu bar File Edit View Window Help Figure 3 The menu bar of the computer s code RAIOS 1 5 1 The File menu By selecting the File menu a window is open with the following options New Project Open Save Project Save As and Exit Selecting the option New Project the user can create a new project i e to edit or to import a new room that doesn t exist in the code files If a room is open in the window Edit and View a warning window will open with the sentence Do you want to save the current project The open room can then be saved before the opening of a new project The window of the File menu is
55. this tool the user can for instance get virtually into or out of the room as much as wished 3 1 4 Perspective Once selected this tool when pressing the left button of the mouse with its pointer in the Edit and View window with a room open the perspective in which the room is seen can be dynamically changed By modifying the room s view with the aid of this first group of tools the user can observe the room under all desired angles distances positions and perspectives These four tools are very useful for instance to prepare presentations of a room simulation on a laptop to a client 3 2 Base Plane Tools The base plane is the rectangle clearly visible in the Edit and View window when a new project is opened This plane contains the Cartesian axis x and y with origin at the rectangle s center The rectangle also contains a grid that covers it with smaller rectangles Note that when moving the mouse pointer over the grid it is moved discreetly and only the grid nodes are considered as valid coordinates Figure 13 illustrates the base plane as it is shown in the Edit and View window without any room open Figure 13 Base plane with the global Cartesian axis x red y green and z lilac this last one orthogonal to the base plane The tools in this group are Size Spacing Move Center and Hide Grid Figure 14 illustrates the tool group for modifying the base plane Figure 14 Second group of tools for modifica
56. tion of the base plane From left to right Size Spacing Move center and Hide grid The speed of the viewing dynamics might be modified for any one of the tools of this group using the shortcut keys Ctrl for moderate fast and Ctrl plus Shift for fast Alternatively to obtain the same effects but now in a discrete way the user can use the directional keys Tl instead of using the mouse In this last case the speed of the viewing dynamics might also be changed with the shortcut keys Ctrl and Shift as stated above For any one of the tools described in the sequel there is a shortcut key Esc which recovers the original configuration of the grid 3 2 1 Size Once selected this tool when pressing the mouse s left button with its pointer in the Edit and View window the dynamic modification of the size scale of the base plane is obtained The effect is similar to the Zoom tool but it is applied only to the grid 3 2 2 Spacing Once selected this tool when pressing the left mouse s button with its pointer in the Edit and View window the dynamic modification of the grid spacing in the base plane is obtained 3 2 3 Move center In the standard mode of the computer s code RAIOS the center of the base plane the origin occupies the central position in the Edit and View window being the view target for the user Once selected the Move Center tool when pressing the left button of the mouse with its pointer in the Edit and View w
57. ton with its pointer over the chosen point The Cartesian coordinates x y z are shown in the sixth group of the tool bar for mere verification By moving the mouse pointer to another point and pressing again the left button a second vertex is selected The user can always verify the Cartesian coordinates x y z as before If the user selects the same point twice a warning message appears with the sentence Point is identical to its antecessor If the user selects a point that does not belong to the plane defined by the previous vertices another warning message appears with the sentence Point outside of plane Since the surface elements must be plane polygons the software doesn t allow the introduction of points that do not belong to a plane The procedure is repeated vertex by vertex To complete the plane element the user must go back to the initial point closing the polygon Then a vector orthogonal to the plane appears The user must then to choose its sign This last step must not be undervalued all planes in space have positive and negative normal The correct normal should point to the interior of the room otherwise this plane will be transparent to the computer s code To finalize the operation the user should press once more the mouse s left button 3 4 2 Invert Normal This tool has only one function to invert the normal vector of a plane As mentioned the sign of the normal vector is essential to the correct simu
58. ules or view windows or simply windows as shown in Fig 10 at its standard opening mode Other windows might be opened in the computer s code including the auralization results window if your license admits The biggest window named Edit and View is the module for editing and visualizing the room being the main graphic interface of the computer s code It is in this window that the edition of a room is done as well as the verification of the correct edition or importation of rooms and other visual applications as the color identification of finishing surface materials the position of sound sources and receivers and so on 73 RAIOS PTB_Studio_RB3V2 File Edit View Window Hel Help 9S QR A o a ox MEETA O 2 m re z Sources Receivers Surfaces Atmospher Temperature C 20 Humidity 50 Pressure atm 1 rDiscretizati Surface elements triangles 800 Stop Criteria Stop decay dB 60 Mean 0 89 s Volume 383 99 n Area 404 63 r Surface disc 1038 c 343 40 m s I View elements J View reflected rays I View lost rays Preview Start Figure 10 General aspect of the standard opening of the computer s code RAIOS showing its main screen modules or windows The window on the right named Data Entry is for data input It possesses four tabs Sources Receivers Surfaces and Run This will be detailed in Section 5 In Fig 10 for instance the Aun tab is active show
59. unction HRTF s based on wavelet transforms and sparse filters was developed leading to a great computing economy in the data processing to generate the room auralization 2227 23 34 In 2006 a modal model was introduced to predict the low frequency behavior increasing the number of different models implemented in the computer s code RAIOS This module is called only below the room s cutoff frequency typically around 63125 Hz In 2009 apart from other improvements the auralization module was fully incorporated to the computer s code RAIOS in its release 4 1 providing the generation of the acoustic virtual reality in a room still in a design phase 36 37 Also in 2009 it was introduced a module for acoustical simulation in external spaces allowing the assessment of acoustical field in urban spaces and the use of the computer s code to predict the sound pollution in such spaces This release is RAIOS 5 In 2010 a model for the HRTF based on artificial neural networks ANN was prepared 4 aiming to generate the binaural responses and as a consequence furnishing the auralization with a stronger numerical efficiency and with a shorter computing time This technique is in its final tests and will be implemented in the computer s code RAIOS in the release 6 1 4 The Resources The computer s code RAIOS 9 calculates the impulse quadratic response of the room the decay curves global and by octave bands and
60. uralization process can be executed as described above However if the simulation was just finished in order to improve memory management the room must be saved and the application closed After that the project can be reopened and then begin with the auralization process a5 7 3 The Binaural Results Once the auralization process is finished a new window is presented to the user with the binaural results This consists on the left and right ear plots of the output signal For instance to see the binaural impulse responses the user must simply choose the Dirac Delta as the Anechoic signal input to the auralization procedure Some few anechoic signals are stored in the Salas folder as well as the files ray pro etc The user can include any anechoic signal wav in the same folder The binaural results are presented as left ear and right ear plots with a sampling rate of 44 100 Hz Figure 55 illustrates the Binaural Results frame Binaural Resul Left ear PaX107 s Figure 55 The Binaural Results frame 8 OTHER FEATURES 8 1 Materials Table As mentioned in Section 5 3 there is a material table with one thousand entries that helps the user to test simulations of a room with distinct finishing This table was extracted from the PTB s table of materials easily found at http www ptb de index_en html The Materials table can be opened in the Window gt Materials menu It has two frames Actions and Materials list F
61. verall size of the room and its complexity varying from a few sets of ten thousands to few millions 5 1 3 Power W With this parameter the sound source power is chosen for ex to choose a sound source with 1 Watt of power corresponding to a sound power level of 120 dB the user must choose the number 1 in this parameter The assumed standard value if no number is given is 1 Watt 5 1 4 Position x y z Here the global Cartesian coordinates x y z of the center of the sound source is given in meters The origin of the coordinates is seen in the Edit and View window 5 1 5 Target x y z In this option the orientation of the sound source is set The user must choose an arbitrary point in the Edit and View window to be the target The direction given by the line connecting the source center and the target point gives the sound source orientation If the source is omnidirectional this information is of course irrelevant 2A 5 1 6 Rotation In this option the receiver rotation is allowed The rotation is done around the target line see Section 5 1 5 and a positive sign means a trigonometric rotation For omnidirectional sources this information is of course irrelevant 5 1 7 Visual Radius mm In this option the visual radius of the sound source is selected in millimeters i e the apparent size of the sound source as seen in the Edit and View window This parameter does not modify the simulation results 5 1

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