JuriDiCo: User's Guide - Observatoire de linguistique Sens
Contents
1. Linguistic realizations of Frames Elements court Corriveau J court I Superior Court we appeal action appeal application complaint cross appeal motion proceeding work Figure 6 Linguistic realizations of the FEs that were annotated in the contexts of the term dismiss 6 5 Definition This field provides a definition of the verb This definition may or may not correspond exactly to the definition of the frame For instance the definition of dismiss illustrates the way this verb offers a perspective on the frame Decision contrast definition in Figure 4Erreur Source du renvoi introuvable with Figure 5 6 6 Contexts This field includes two pieces of information three illustrative and simple contexts of the term Figure 7 and about twenty annotated contexts Figure 8 together with a summary table that contains the semantic and syntactic properties of the term One can access the annotated contexts as well as the summary table with the semantic and syntactic properties of the term by clicking on Annotated Contexts Figure 9 Context s Annotated Contexts We would dismiss the appeal Source SCC 2008 9 I would dismiss the cross appeal Source SCC 2007 24 Iwould accordingly dismiss the appeal Source SCC 2009 44 Figure 7 Contexts of the term dismiss 10 I would also DISMISS the cross appeal SCC 2007 41 0 JP 27 06 2010 On all other coun2. Therefore if ASSERT is entered the results will be limited to that sequence only If users enter the sequence ASSE they will get no results Choosing Starting with will generate the terms beginning with the character sequence entered so a search for the sequence ASSE will obtain ASSERT and ASSESS Containing generates the terms that contain the sequence even as a part of the word so the search for AS will obtain entries for ASSERT ASSESS as well as QUASH www peterkuper com Alphabetical list ofterms Alphabetical list of frames Vers o portuguesa Documentation Team Help Search the Juridico Mode Term Y Language English z Precision Exact zl Search Expression M Show equivalences Figure 2 JuriDiCo s search engine Finally if users choose the third option search terms by means of frames they may browse an alphabetically ordered list of frames Figure 3 As mentioned there is only one list of frames regardless of the language version that users may be browsing Assessing JuriDico Alphabetical list of frames Appellate procedure Authorization Conclusion Court examination Duty Incriminating Judging Law interpretation Order Pronouncing a verdict Result Taking into consideration Apply law Case transfer Constitutionality Crime Evidence Investigate Jurisdiction Law making Pay Proof Revealing Testimony Argmentation basis Cause irregularity Con
3. 11 6 7 Equivalents This field provides a full equivalent of the headword Figure 4 When a given term has several full equivalents these are listed When no full equivalent is available a partial equivalent is provided 6 8 Administrative information This field provides information concerning the entry status the entity of the editors and the date when the entry was last updated JuriDico is still under construction and as a result its entries are at different points of the editing process The entry status is a number quantifying the degree of completion of the entry relative to the other entries o status means that the editing is completed Status 1 means advanced editing of the sections actantial structure linguistic realizations of the FEs annotated contexts Status 2 means that only the contexts in which the terms occur are available 7 How to search for frames Users can proceed in three ways they can browse an alphabetically ordered list of frames Figure 3 they can use a search engine Figure 2 or they can browse an alphabetically ordered list of terms Figure 1 8 Frame entries Each frame entry of JuriDiCo contains the following items of information or fields Figure 10 8 1 Definition This field provides a schematic presentation of a situation type that underlies the meaning of a term or of the members of sets of terms along with named participant roles i e FEs The frame definition may specify the
4. 11 137 Seoul Hanshin Publishing Co Fillmore C 1985 Frames and the Semantics of Understanding In Quaderni di Semantica 6 2 222 254 Fillmore C and C Baker 2001 Frame Semantics for Text Understanding In Proceedings of WordNet and Other Lexical Resources Workshop NAACL Pittsburgh June 2001 Fillmore C and S Atkins 1992 Towards a Frame based Lexicon The semantics of RISK and its Neighbors In A Lehrer and E Kittay eds Frames Fields and Contrast New Essays in Semantics and Lexical Organization 75 102 Hillsdale Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 16 Fillmore C and S Atkins 1998 FrameNet and Lexicographic Relevance In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation Granada Spain 28 30 May 1998 Fillmore C C Johnson and M Petruck 20032 Background to FrameNet International Journal of Lexicography 16 3 235 250 Fillmore C M Petruck J Ruppenhofer and A Wright 2003b FrameNet in Action The Case of Attaching International Journal of Lexicography 16 3 297 332 Fontenelle T 2000 A Bilingual Lexical Database for Frame Semantics International Journal of Lexicography 13 4 232 248 Gawron J 2008 Frame Semantics Unpublished document San Diego State University L nneker Rodman B and C Baker 2009 The FrameNet Model and its Applications Natural Language Engineering 15 3 415 453 Petruck M 1996 Fr
5. click on the equivalents so as to access the term entry and verify the equivalence degree between a given term pair 10 Current state of JuriDiCo and future work For the moment JuriDiCo describes the most relevant specialized verbs used in the highest court decisions of Canada and Portugal as well as the frames that the verbs evoke It therefore includes two lists of terms English and Portuguese and a list of frames The frame names their description and participants are always given in English for the time being As future work we envisage an extension of the methodology used to compile JuriDiCo to the description of terms belonging to other parts of speech nouns adjectives adverbs as well as to other languages Also for the moment we do not provide any indication on how frames relate to each other and we do not directly state the semantic relations between terms However the identification of frames and the activity of grouping together the terms into them could be further developed so as to account for that kind of information Finally for the time being the contexts in which the verbs occur and that contain the information used to describe the verbs and assign their equivalents are annotated manually Therefore another improvement to our method could consist in the automatic annotation of the contexts such as the system proposed by Hadouche et al 201a and evaluated in Hadouche et al 2oub As the annotation of contexts is he
6. had two main goals One of them was to test the possibility of using the theoretical and methodological frameworks mentioned above to assign the equivalents of a specific kind of terminological units ie the specialized verbs that occur in legal texts The hypothesis was that a methodology based on the description of terms by means of semantic frames any system of concepts related in such a way that to understand any one of them you have to understand the whole structure in which it fits Fillmore 1982 m would help lexicographers identify the equivalents of terms because semantic frames are language independent to a certain degree Boas 2005 Baker 2009 The descriptions of the terms as well as their equivalents were encoded in a database that functions as an observatory of the equivalence phenomenon for research purposes Another goal of the research was to build a bilingual lexical resource that provides users not only with the equivalents of terms but also with the linguistic and the extralinguistic information related to the terms By linguistic information we mean the syntactic structures in which terms occur the choice of prepositions the actantial structures of verbs the terms combinatorics etc For instance users of JuriDiCo may be interested in learning that the verb to acquit is used with two prepositions The judge acquitted him of murder but convicted him of manslaughter After hearing his alibi evidence the trial jud
7. Es as well as optional slots or non core FEs For instance the Argumentation frame corresponds to a scenario in which parties in a case are called upon to explain why they are accusing someone being accused by someone appealing a decision etc It therefore includes two core FEs Arguer and Argument The FE Arguer can refer to the accuser or to the defendant criminal suit to the petitioner or to the respondent civil suit whereas the FE Argument refers to a statement reason or fact for or against the matter under discussion The terms argue assert contend invoke state and submit all evoke the Argumentation fram but their linguistic behavior may not be exactly the same For instance argue assert and contend are typically followed by that clauses The respondents contend that the order being sought should not be granted whereas invoke is typically followed by a noun phrase The respondents invoke the Business Judgment Rule JuriDiCo also follows the methodology developed by the FrameNet lexicographers Ruppenhofer et al 2010 but some adaptations were made Whereas FrameNet lexicographers describe a frame and then the LUs that evoke it we describe the selected verbs and then group them into frames Pimentel 2012 Frames can group together not only equivalent terms but also certain synonyms near synonyms opposites and related terms within a given language This is the way in which JuriDico accounts for some semantic relations
8. Formal Lexicons International Journal of Lexicography Reimerink A and P Faber 2009 EcoLexicon A Frame Based Knowledge Base for the Environment In J Hreb cek J Hradec E Pelik n O M rovsky W Pillmann I Holoubek and T Bandholtz eds European conference of the Czech Presidency of the Council of the EU TOWARDS eENVIRONMENT Opportunities of SEIS and SISE Integrating Environmental Knowledge in Europe Brno Masaryk University Schmidt T 2006 Interfacing Lexical and Ontological Information in a Multilingual Soccer FrameNet In Proceedings of OntoLex 2006 Interfacing Ontologies and Lexical Resources for Semantic Web Technologies Genoa Italy May 24 26 2006 Schmidt T 2007 The Kicktionary A Multilingual Resource of the Language of Football In G Rehm A Witt and L Lemnitzer eds Data Structures for Linguistic Resources and Applications 189 196 T bingen Gunter Narr Schmidt T 2008 The Kicktionary Combining Corpus Linguistics and Lexical Semantics for a Multilingual Football Dictionary In E Lavric G Pisek A Skinner and W Stadler eds The Linguistics of Football Language in Performance 38 1 23 T bingen Gunter Narr Schmidt T 2009 The Kicktionary A Multilingual Lexical Resource of Football Language In H C Boas ed Multilingual FrameNets in Computational Lexicography Methods and Applications 101 134 Berlin New York Mouton de Gruyter Venturi G A Lenci S Monte
9. JuriDiCo User s Guide www peterkuper com List of terms List of frames Vers o portuguesa Documentation Team Help Search the Juridico Language Engish M Show equivalences Search mode Frames and Tems Precision Containing wd Expression punc E Search Table of Contents MENU RR EE E tee cesar erence teats em 2 2s G alsofJunDiCo m 2 3 Originality of Dies 3 4 Selection of entries 4 POW LO search dicun Nm 4 6 Term entres ope DERBI EU 7 634 Headword iii 7 62 MR 7 63 Actantial SCENE m 8 6 4 Linguistic realizations of the FES uuneeseesssseessensnnnsnsnnnnennnnnnnnnnnnnennnnnnennennnnnn 9 6 5 Definition sise 9 6 06 CODLEXUSRuD DO nERIREEERHRREEEEHNESEERHEREEEEEREREREEERENE EE IE een ete t ee lDt italien 9 6 7 ICING aus nee nee anaes aman n 6 8 Administrative information sus n How to search for frames ee n Krame entries eene mn n Bia CHILLI 5 0cssedanesasesssacesesnsatenansontasnsepesssaeepasseapesessnanssesanndanesanscunasasabasadsnnseasdannsepese n 8 2 PES oo uL EM M MM d 12 I MEENSunti e RER X 12 9 Howto search for equivalents ss 13 10 Current state of JuriDiCo and future work 13 u Obtaining JuriDiCo for research purposes 14 i Tolearn MOTE aue eii a a een 14 1 The team The current version of JuriDico was elaborated by Janine P
10. ame Semantics In J Verschueren J Ostman J Blommaert and C Bulcaen eds Handbook of Pragmatics Philadelphia John Benjamins Ruppenhofer J M Ellsworth M Petruck C Johnson and J Scheffczyk 2010 FrameNet II Extended Theory and Practice ICSI Technical Report Subirats C 2007 Relaciones sem nticas entre marcos en FrameNet Espa ol In J Cuartero and M Emsel eds Vernetzungen Bedeutung in Wort Satz und Text Festschrift f r Gerd Wotjak zum 65 Geburtstag 357 366 Frankfurt Peter Lang Subirats C and S Hiroaki 2004 Spanish FrameNet and FrameSQL Presentation at Building Lexical Resources from Semantically Annotated Corpora 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation LREC Lisbon May 30 2004 Subirats C and M Petruck 2003 Surprise Spanish FrameNet Presentation at Workshop on Frame Semantics International Congress of Linguists July 2003 Prague Czech Republic On the usefulness of Frame Semantics in compiling specialized lexical resources Alves I R Chishman and P Quaresma 2007 The Construction of a Juridical Ontology In Proceedings of ICAIL 07 93 94 June 4 8 Palo Alto CA USA Bertoldi A and R Chishman 2012 Frame Semantics and Legal Corpora Annotation Theoretical and Applied Challenges Linguistic Issues in Language Technology 7 9 1 15 Dolbey A 2009 BioFrameNet a FrameNet Extension to the Domain of Molecular Biology Doctoral
11. ber 201 L Homme M C 1995 D finition d une m thode de recensement et de codage des verbes en langue technique applications en traduction TTR 8 2 67 88 L Homme M C 1998 Le statut du verbe en langue de sp cialit et sa description lexicographique Cahiers de lexicologie 73 2 61 84 L Homme M C 2002 What can Verbs and Adjectives Tell us about Terms Terminology and Knowledge Engineering TKE 2002 Proceedings 65 70 Nancy France August 28 30 L Homme M C 2003 Capturing the Lexical Structure in Special Subject Fields with Verbs and Verbal Derivatives A Model for Specialized Lexicography International Journal of Lexicography 16 4 403 422 L Homme M C 2004 La terminologie principes et techniques Montr al Presses de l Universit de Montr al L Homme M C 2005 Sur la notion de terme Meta 50 4 pp 73 107 L Homme M C 2008 Le DiCoInfo M thodologie pour une nouvelle g n ration de dictionnaires sp cialis s Traduire 217 78 103 15 L Homme M C and J Pimentel 2012 Capturing syntactico semantic regularities among terms an application of the FrameNet methodology to terminology Language Resources and Evaluation LREC 2012 262 268 Istanbul Turkey 21 27 May 2012 Pimentel J and M C L Homme 201 Annotation syntaxico s mantique de contextes sp cialis s application la terminographie bilingue in Van Campenhoudt M T Lino et R Costa d
12. between terms As a result the resource serves a decoding and an encoding function i e it should be helpful for the understanding of legal terminology as well as for the translation and production of legal texts in that it allows users to search the information they need by introducing the knowledge they already have about a concept search by frames or by introducing a term so as to learn about its characteristics search by terms 4 Selection of entries This dictionary is concerned with the basic terms that occur in legal texts although for the time being it only includes terms belonging to the part of speech of verb By term we mean any lexical unit whose meaning may be associated with the subject field of law as well as with the texts genres that are characteristic of a given expert community More specifically candidate terms were extracted from the comparable corpus by means of a term extractor called TermoStat Drouin 2003 They were then validated by applying the lexico semantic criteria provided in L Homme 2004 according to which a given lexical item may be a term if 1 it has a meaning related to the subject field in question 2 its actants or arguments are terms themselves according to criterion 1 3 its morphological derivates are terms themselves according to criteria 1 and 2 at the same time that there is a semantic relation between the lexical item and its derivatives and 4 the lexical item has other paradigmatic re
13. ge acquitted him on both counts By extralinguistic information we mean the conceptual scenarios or background knowledge to which terms refer We call this kind of information frames For example users may be interested in learning about all the terms that can be used to convey the idea that a certain legal document regulates a certain issue Then they may browse the list of frames click on Regulations and access seven English terms codify establish govern mandate prescribe provide recognize and seven Portuguese terms consignar determinar disciplinar estabelecer estatuir estipular prescrever that evoke this scenario Target users of JuriDico include translators technical writers and anyone interested in legal terminology The resource is freely available at http olst ling umontreal ca cgi bin juridico search cgi 3 Originality of JuriDico JuriDiCo differs from the majority of specialized dictionaries as well as from terminology databases in that it provides rich detail about the meaning as well as the grammatical and phraseological profile of the terms actantial structure combinatorial properties at the same time it provides extralinguistic information on terms frames As mentioned JuriDiCo follows the theoretical principles of Frames Semantics Fillmore 1976 1977 1982 1985 Fillmore and Atkins 1992 Frames are conceptual scenarios that contain mandatory meaning slots or core Frame Elements hereafter F
14. guages for special purposes an international handbook of special language and terminology research 1853 1884 Berlin New York W de Gruyter Wiegand H 2002 Equivalence in Bilingual Lexicography Criticism and Suggestions Lexikos 12 AFRILEX reeks series 12 2002 239 255 Wiegand H 2005 quivalenz quivalentdifferenzierung und quivalentpr sentation in zweisprachigen Worterb chern Eine neue einheitliche Konzeption In H Gottlieb J E Mogensen and A Zettersten eds Symposium on Lexicography XI 17 57 T bingen Max Niemeyer Zgusta L 1971 Manual of Lexicography Mouton The Hague Zgusta L 2006 1979 Equivalents and Explanations in Bilingual Dictionaries In M A Jazayery E Polom and W Winter eds Studies in Honor of Archibald A Hill 385 392 Vol IV Mouton The Hague Reprinted in Zgusta L 2006 Lexicography Then and Now 230 235 T bingen Max Niemeyer 20 Zgusta L 2006 1987 Translational Equivalence in a Bilingual Dictionary Bahukosyam Dictionaries 9 1 47 Reprinted in Zgusta L 2006 Lexicography Then and Now 236 261 T bingen Max Niemeyer Other dictionaries and glossaries consulted Black Law s Dictionary 2012 Free Online Edition http blackslawdictionary org Diciondrio Priberam da Lingua Portuguesa 2012 Priberam http www priberam pt dlpo FrameNet 2012 https framenet icsi berkeley edu fndrupal Multilingua
15. imentel in the Observatoire de linguistique Sens Texte OLST http olst ling umontreal ca under the supervision of Marie Claude L Homme JuriDiCo is in part based on the methodology for compiling specialized dictionaries designed in the OLST The OLST currently offers two specialized lexical resources that are available online a dictionary on computing and the Internet called DiColnfo http environment and climate change called DiCoEnviro http olst ling umontreal ca cgi olst ling umontreal ca cgi bin dicoinfo search cgi and a dictionary on the bin dicoenviro search enviro cgi The online version of these dictionaries was encoded in XML format in collaboration with Guy Lapalme Recherche Appliqu e en Linguistique Informatique RALI The XML version and the research prototype were designed by Benoit Alain Patrick Baril Robichaud Guy Lapalme and Vincent St Amour The online version of JuriDico was designed by Benoit Robichaud who also provided technical support throughout the implementation of JuriDiCo 2 Goals of JuriDiCo JuriDiCo is a lexical resource based on the theory of Frame Semantics Fillmore 1976 1977 1982 1985 Fillmore and Atkins 1992 on the FrameNet project Ruppenhofer et al 2010 as well as on the methodology used to compile the DiCoInfo L Homme 2008 It is the product of a doctoral dissertation on bilingual terminography carried out at the Universit de Montr al Pimentel 2012 The research
16. ir Passeurs de mots Passeurs d espoir Actes des 8 mes Journ es du R seau LTT Lexicologie Terminologie et Traduction Lisboa 15 17 Octobre 2009 ditions des archives contemporaines Paris pp 651 670 On Frame Semantics and FrameNet Atkins S C Fillmore and C Johnson 2003 Lexicographic Relevance Selecting Information from Corpus Evidence International Journal of Lexicography 16 3 252 280 Baker C F 2009 La s mantique des cadres et le projet FrameNet une approche diff rente de la notion de valence Langages 4 32 49 Baker C C Fillmore and J Lowe 1998 The Berkeley FrameNet Project In Proceedings of the COLING ACL 86 90 Montreal Canada Boas H 2005 Semantic Frames as Interlingual Representations for Multilingual Lexical Databases International Journal of Lexicography 18 4 39 65 Fillmore C 1968 The Case for Case In Bach and Harms eds Universals in Linguistic Theory 1 88 New York Holt Rinehart and Winston Fillmore C 1976 Frame semantics and the nature of language Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Conference on the Origin and Development of Language and Speech 280 1976 20 32 Fillmore C 1977 Scenes and Frames Semantics Linguistic Structures Processing In A Zampolli ed Fundamental Studies in Computer Science No 59 55 88 North Holland Publishing Fillmore C 1982 Frame Semantics In Linguistics in the Morning Calm
17. ition of the frame the participants in the frame and other terms that evoke the frame Figure 5 For instance Decision is the label attributed to the frame that the verb to dismiss evokes Frame names start by a capital letter The participants in the frame are divided into mandatory participants or core FEs and optional participants of non core FEs A brief definition is provided for each core FE The section Other Terms lists the terms in the same language that were grouped together into the frame Decision The terms that were grouped together into this frame can be synonyms quash near synonyms and antonyms uphold affirm of dismiss Frame Decision Frame Definition COURT determines if a previous DECISION or an APPEAL is valid or invalid When the DECISION or the APPEAL is valid the COURT affirms or upholds it When the DECISION or the DECISION 1s invalid the COURT dismisses or quashes it Core Elements Court The tribunal duly constituted for the hearing and determination of Cases Decision judgment pronounced by a court in settlement of a controversy Appeal proceeding for review of a former decision Non Core Elements Basis Case Extent Manner Means Reason Text Time Other Terms quash uphold affirm Figure 5 The frame field in the entry of dismiss 6 3 Actantial structure The actantial structure lists the semantic acta
18. l Legal Glossary 2012 Vancouver Community College http legalglossary ca dictionary Martin E ed 2003 Oxford Dictionary of Law Oxford New York Oxford University Press Prata A 2005 Dicion rio Jur dico Direito Civil Direito Processual Civil Organiza ao Judici ria Coimbra Almedina Prata A 2010 Diciondrio Jur dico Volume II Direito Penal Direito Processual Penal Coimbra Almedina Termium Plus 2012 http www termiumplus translationbureau gc ca Banque de terminologie g r e par le Gouvernement du Canada
19. lations to other terms validated by the same criteria Often the specialized verbs that were included in JuriDiCo exist in the lexicon of general language but are used in legal discourse in a specific way 5 How to search for terms JuriDiCo can be consulted in three ways Users can browse an alphabetically ordered list of terms Figure 1 they can use a search engine Figure 2 or browse an alphabetically ordered list of frames Figure 3 If users choose the first option they may click on the terms to directly access their description As mentioned for the time being there are two lists of terms a list of the English terms and a list of the Portuguese terms English Terms Top of page Version fran aise Versi n espa ola Vers o portuguese A accuse i adduce affirm amend apply argue assert sess authorize Figure 1 Alphabetical list of terms If users choose the second option Figure 2 they will have to select the research mode by terms by frames or both The research mode called by Frames and Terms provides users with both terms and frames Therefore if REMEDY is entered they will be able to access the term remedy as well as the frame Remedy Users will also have to select the parameter specifying the precision level which defines how closely the sequence entered must correspond to the file contents Choosing Exact will generate only the terms with the exact same spelling as the search term entered by the user
20. lpful for lexicographers and users L Homme and Pimentel 2012 the automatization of the annotation could accelerate and ease the lexicographers work 14 11 Obtaining JuriDiCo for research purposes It is possible to obtain an original XML version of the JuriDiCo for research purposes by making a request to Janine Pimentel janine pimentel umontreal ca 12 To learn more On the methodology used to compile JuriDiCo Pimentel J 2012 forthcoming Description de verbes juridiques au moyen de la s mantique des cadres Terminologie amp Ontologie Th ories et applications Toth 2011 Annecy 26 27 May 20n Pimentel J 2012 Identifying the equivalents of specialized verbs in a bilingual corpus of judgments A frame based methodology Language Resources and Evaluation LREC 2012 1791 1798 Istanbul Turkey 21 27 May 2012 On the methodologies used to compile DiColnfo Hadouche F Lapalme G and L Homme M C 20113 Attribution de r les s mantiques aux actants des lexies verbales In Traitement automatique des langues TALN 2ou 27 juin au 1er juillet 201 Avignon Hadouche F Desgroseilliers S Pimentel J L Homme M C and Lapalme G 201b Identification des participants de lexies pr dicatives valuation en performance et en temps d un syst me automatique In Actes de la 9e conf rence internationale Terminology and Artificial Intelligence TIA u 94 100 Paris France 8 10 Novem
21. magni E Vecchi M Sagri D Tiscornia and T Agnoloni 2009 Towards a FrameNet Resource for the Legal Domain In Processing of 18 legal texts http sunsite informatik rwth aachen de Publications CEUR WS Vol 465 paper8 pdf Last consulted 27 February 2012 On Equivalence in Lexicography and in Terminology Adamska Salaciak A 2010 Examining Equivalence International Journal of Lexicography 23 387 409 Al Kasimi A 1977 Linguistics and Bilingual Dictionaries Leiden E J Brill Arntz R 1993 Terminological Equivalence and Translation In H Sonneveld and K Loening eds Terminology Applications in Interdisciplinary Communication 5 19 Amsterdam and Philadelphia John Benjamins Publishing Company Cop M 1991 Collocations in the Bilingual Dictionary In F J Hausmann et al eds 1989 1991 Worterb cher Dictionaries Dictionnaires Ein internationales Handbuch zur Lexikographie An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography Encyclop die internationale de lexicographie Vol III 2775 2778 Berlin Mouton de Gruyter De Groot G 1990 Die relative quivalenz juristischer Begriffe und deren Folge f r mehrsprachige juristische W rterb cher In M Thelen and B Lewandowska Tomaszczyk eds Translation and Meaning Part I 122 128 Maastricht Euroterm Duda W M Frenzel E Woller and T Zimmermann 1986 Zu einer Theorie der zweisprachigen Lexikographie Linguistiche St
22. manner in which the FEs are given linguistic expression in sentences containing the terms It can also draw considerations on the manner in which certain terms profile the frame e g positively or negatively 12 Decision Frame Definition COURT determines if a previous DECISION or an APPEAL is valid or invalid When the DECISION or the APPEAL is valid the COURT affirms or upholds it When the DECISION or the DECISION is invalid the COURT dismisses or quashes it Core Elements Appeal proceeding for review of a former decision Court The tribunal duly constituted for the hearing and determination of cases Decision judgment pronounced by a court in settlement of a controversy Non Core Elements Basis Case Extent Manner Means Reason Text Time English Terms Portuguese Terms affirm 1 negar dismiss 1 revogar l quash 1 uphold 1 Figure 10 The frame entry Decision 8 2 FEs This section is divided into a list of core FEs or mandatory participants in the frame and a list of non core FEs or optional participants in the frame Each FE is given a semantic label that can be subject field specific like LAW or more general like Act and Protagonist Labels were by some of the frame labels described in FrameNet that are related to the subject field of law When no candidate label was found labels were created based on the typical occurrences of the actants In any case the choice
23. n and F M ller eds Rechtssprache Europas Reflexion der Praxis von Sprache und Mehrsprachigkeit im supranationalen Recht 139 156 Berlin Duncker amp Humblot Sarcevic S 1991 Bilingual and Multilingual Legal Dictionaries New Standards for the Future Meta 4 615 625 Svens n B 2009 A Handbook of Lexicography The Theory and Practice of Dictionary making Cambridge Cambridge University Press Thiry B 2006 El diccionario jur dico biling e como puente entre dos mundos extrafios In II Congreso Internacional de Lexicograf a Hispanica El diccionario como puente entre las lenguas y culturas del mundo Asociaci n Espafiola de Estudios Lexicogr ficos AELex Universidad de Alicante 19 23 de septiembre de 2006 Valero Dom nec E V Pastor Enr quez and A Alcina 2009 The Equivalence of Internet Terms in Spanish and French In A Alcina and M C L Homme eds First International Workshop on Terminology and Lexical Semantics TLS og Observatoire de linguistique Sens Texte OLST Universit de Montr al Van Campenhoudt M 2001 Pour une approche s mantique du terme et de ses quivalents International Journal of Lexicography 14 181 209 Werner R 1999 Das Problem der quivalenz in zwei und im mehrsprachigen Fachw rterb ch In L Hoffmann H Kalverk mper and H E Wiegand eds Fachsprachen ein internationales Handbuch zur Fachsprachenforschung und Terminologiewissenschaft Lan
24. nts of the headword and describes their role with regard to the predicate term This field exists in DiColnfo but not in FrameNet It was adopted here to show how terms depict a given scenario Whereas the FEs are conceptual in nature the actants traditionally called arguments are linguistic entities Therefore the actants of the terms may or may not correspond to the core FEs of the frame that they evoke because the FEs may not always be expressed by all terms that evoke a frame For instance in the case of the term dismiss the actantial structure contains two out of the three core FEs of the frame Decision contrast Figure 4Erreur Source du renvoi introuvable with Figure 5 The actants are represented by a system of labels which describe their semantic role with regard to the predicate keyword For instance the actantial structure of term dismiss is Court Appeal The label Court refers to the official who directs and presides over the hearing and determination of cases judge but most often it refers to the tribunal duly constituted for the hearing and determination of cases court The label Appeal refers to a proceeding for review of a former decision 6 4 Linguistic realizations of the FEs This field lists the terms that instantiate the core FEs expressed by the predicate headword The linguistic realizations of the FEs correspond to the realizations of the actants of the verb and they are most often the head of NPs Figure 6
25. of labels aims to help the dictionary user to quickly grasp the participants in the meaning of terms Definitions are provided for the core FEs 8 3 Terms This field provides a list of the terms in the languages described that evoke a given frame For instance in Figure 10 one can find a list of English terms as well as a list of Portuguese terms that evoke the Decision frame Terms that are grouped together into 13 the same frame can be synonyms quash and dismiss near synonyms antonyms dismiss and affirm or related terms negar and revogar 9 How to search for equivalents Users can find the equivalents of terms in three ways they can browse an alphabetically ordered list of terms Figure 1 they can use a search engine Figure 2 or they can browse an alphabetically ordered list of frames Figure 3 If users access a term entry equivalents are provided when available When a given term has several full equivalents these are listed When no full equivalent is available a partial equivalent is indicated If users prefer to use the search engine they only need to type the term and the search engine will generate results that immediately indicate the equivalent s of the typed term Finally if users decide to search by frames they will access a table that describes the frame and indicates the English and Portuguese terms that evoke the frame and that are therefore equivalents Figure 10 We recommend the user to
26. sulting a lawyer Decision Firing Irregularity Jury Legal relations Petition Prosecutor procedure Review Validity of proceeding Figure 3 Alphabetical list of frames Argumentation Come into existence Contesting Decision type Granting Issues Law applicability Lessening and irregularity Presumption Regulations Right Verdict 6 Term entries Each term entry of JuriDiCo contains the following items of information or fields Figure 4 dismiss vt Status 0 Frame Actantial structure Court court dismiss Appeal appeal Linguistic realizations of Frames Elements Definition A COURT determines that an APPEAL is invalid Context s portugu s negar portugu s partial revogar Written by JP Last update 28 03 2012 Figure 4 The term entry dismiss in JuriDiCo 6 1 Headword This field names the specialized verb with its sense number e g dismiss This number is always displayed even if the term has only one specialized sense The sense number is used in all the other sections in which the term appears In general senses are not arranged in a hierarchical order and the sense numbers do not have a particular meaning except to differentiate the frames that a given verb may evoke Each entry keyword has a label indicating the part of speech to which it belongs Verbs are marked as transitive intransitive or pronominal 6 2 Frame This field includes four pieces of information a frame label a defin
27. thesis University of California Dolbey A M Ellsworth and J Scheffczyk 2006 BioFrameNet A Domain specific FrameNet Extension with Links to Biomedical Ontologies In O Bodenreider ed Proceedings of KR MED 87 94 17 Faber P M rquez Linares C and M Vega Exp sito 2005 Framing Terminology A Process Oriented Approach Meta 50 4 CD ROM Faber P S Montero Mart nez M R Castro Prieto J Senso Ruiz J A Prieto Velasco P Le n Arauz C M rquez Linares and M Vega Exp sito 2006 Process Oriented Terminology Management in the Domain of Coastal Engineering Terminology 12 2 189 213 Faber P P Le n Arauz J A Prieto Velasco and A Reimerink 2007 Linking Images and Words the Description of Specialized Concepts International Journal of Lexicography 20 1 39 65 Garc a de Quesada M and A Reimerink 2010 Frames conceptual information and images in terminology A proposal In M Thelen and F Steurs eds Terminology in Everyday Life 97 121 Amsterdam Philadelphia John Benjamins L pez Rodrigu z C P Faber P Le n Arauz J Prieto Velasco and M Tercedor Sanchez 2010 Terminolog a basada en marcos y su aplicaci n a las Ciencias Ambientales los proyectos Marcocosta y Ecosistema Arena Romanistica 7 10 52 74 Pimentel J M C L Homme and M E Laneville forthcoming General and Specialized Lexical Resources a Study on the Potential of Combining Efforts to Enrich
28. ts we would DISMISS the appeal SCC 2009 32 0 JP 27 06 2010 Accordingly I would allow the appeal and DISMISS the action with costs SCC 2007 38 0 JP 27 06 2010 Figure 8 Annotated contexts of the term dismiss In the annotated contexts Figure 8 the elements are graphically marked in the following ways the keyword term to which the annotation belongs is capitalized the surrounding actants are coded by color each color corresponds to a different label representing a FE the linguistic instantiations of the FEs in sentences appear in bold the head in phrases instantiating the FEs appears in italics The information following the annotated contexts indicates the source the annotation status only o status contexts are displayed the editor s code and the date last updated DISMISS 1 Core Frame Elements Court Sujet SN 16 Lien indirect SN 3 i 10 we 4 superior court comiveauj us this court court it Appeal Objet SN 20 appeal 10 cross appeal 2 action 2 application 2 motion proceeding complaint work NN Non Core Frame Elements Basis Modificateur SAdv 2 Complement SP on 2 accordingly 2 ground 2 i Case Complement SP on count fanner Complement SP on cost Complement SP on 2 reason 2 Reason Figure 9 Summary table with the semantic and syntactic properties of the term dismiss
29. udien Reihe A Arbeitsberichte 142 Berlin Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR Gouws R H 2000 Strategies in Equivalent Discrimination In J Mogensen V Hjernager Pedersen and A Zettersten eds Symposium on Lexicography IX 99 111 T bingen Max Niemeyer Hartmann R R K 2007 1985 Contrastive Text Analysis and the Search for Equivalence in the Bilingual Dictionary In K Hyldgaard Jensenand A Zettersten eds Symposium on Lexicography II 121 132 T bingen Max Niemeyer Reprinted in Hartmann 2007 Interlingual Lexicography Selected Essays on Translation Equivalence Contrastive Linguistics and the Bilingual Dictionary 15 23 T bingen Max Niemeyer Le Serrec A 2008 tude sur l quivalence de termes extraits automatiquement d un corpus parall le contribution l extraction terminologique bilingue Master s thesis Universit de Montr al Nielsen 1994 The Bilingual LSP Dictionary Principles and Practice for Legal Language T bingen Gunter Narr Verlag Piotrowski T 1994 Problems in Bilingual Lexicography Wroclaw Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wroclawskiego 19 Rogers M 2007 Terminological Equivalence in Technical Translation problematic Concept St Jerome and Technical Translation SYNAPS Fagspr k Kommunikasjon Kulturkunnskap 20 13 25 Sandrini P 2004 Transnationale interlinguale Rechtskommunikation Translation als Wissenstransfer In I Burr R Christense
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