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FieldLog v. 3.0: User's Guide and Reference

1. sscsssssseessees 113 TintrO duction s csc cosine gsdeesctess tones cede sence ssdbe se onesSbensccsusb scsectegncss ce teskevschusecudecalee seuebansestbaabinces 113 The Field Log Distr Dutton siii cial inde sects ssescessieatess psec EEEo EEEE ET SERS 113 Installing FieldLog Software Databases and Connecting to Databases ieee 114 Tins tallitig Hilda 114 Installing Sample Data and Creating Project Directories oonccninnnnnnonononcnnnnoncnnnonnconccnn no 115 Connecting to Project Databases oooccnocnocncocconnnoncnnnnannoncnanonnnonnc nn non nc ono cono PEE aN aiik 115 Setting Up a FieldLog Project Under AutoCAD Rl2 oonconicnccnicnicnncccnnnnanonnninnos 115 Setting Up a FieldLog Project Under AutoCAD R13 and R14 116 Note for ODBC Database Users occo eenei eE aE crono nn ncnnononon nc R EEEE canas 118 The Projections Project cccs cis scccccusscescocunesse vases ssovaasscendsvsnsetesscenne ie ia 118 Upgrading From FieldLog v2 83 to VB O ooononicnicnnccnionnonnnoncnnccnnonnconncnnocnncnonnn cnn cnn e 119 Upgrading a v3 0 Project From AutoCAD R12toR13 Rl4 ooonccccnicccccconnnaconnnonnnoncnanonnninno 121 Creating Custom Symbols in AutoCAD for FieldLOg ooooonccnocnonnconnonnnoncnnnnancnncnannnncranonononoo 122 The DXF2S EX Proptains icone os 122 Th SHX2DXE Programs ites bees ees en ici 124 Changing FieldLog Symbols From Shapes to Blocks ooooonccnonnoncnonnonncoconanonnnononanonnccanonanonnos 124 Conclusi
2. Press Enter For Azimuth type 45 then press Enter For Dip plunge in this case type 30 then press Enter Clear the Plot checkbox located at the bottom right of the dialog box eNO go Plot 9 Click Enter Data FieldLog adds the value to the database but not to the map You can now use the fl query command to check whether the information was entered correctly into the database Try it Exercises Before going on to more advanced topics take a moment and do the following exercises e Add a station me2 at the other end of the island use the same date map and so on as for mel FieldLog 3 Users Guide 25 Adding and Editing Data in FieldLog 3 O Fieldlog ERORR Not a Fieldlog entity If you get this message try selecting the entity again You may not have selected the entity correctly or you may have selected an entity that doesn t contain any FieldLog e Add a lithology pillow basalt e Add a foliation s fol1 with strike 117 and dip 54 e Add a sample for assay Make sure you toggle plot back on so that the data ends up on the map When you are finished the map around the island should look similar to the one shown below DES E 54 a 2058 BSLT 45 Editing Data Whether you want to correct mistakes or refine interpretations you can edit any data in a FieldLog database In this section you 1l edit some of the data you just entered into the Sn
3. Raper J F and Maguire D J 1992 Design Models and Functionality in GIS Computers and Geosciences v 18 p 387 394 How we organize projects and databases and what functionality is built into software systems is the topic of this review paper Schetselaar E 1995 Computerized Field Data Capture and GIS Analysis for Generation of Cross Sections in 3 D Perspective Views Computers and Geosciences v 21 p 687 701 An overview of the construction of geologic sections from field data including data collected with systems like FieldLog Webster T L Murphy J B and Barr S B 1998 Anatomy of a terrane boundary an integrated structural geographic information system and remote sensing study of the late Paleozoic Avalon Meguma terrane boundary mainland Nova Scotia Canada Canadian Journal of Earth Science v 35 p 787 801 A good example of the kind of large scale thinking that can be done with GIS and remote sensing Excellent examples of visualization output from a GIS Books Most of these are texts we ve indicated those that are research volumes in the notes and are in general more readable than the papers On the other hand with the exception of Bonham Carter s excellent text these are for the most part geographic and computer oriented rather than addressing concepts of direct interest to geological applications GIS Longley P A Brooks S M McDonnell R and Macmillan W 1998 Geocompu
4. Normal Form every attribute which doesn t compose the primary key must be non transitively dependent on the primary key This results in the following dependencies when applied to the 2nd Normal Form example above site_id gt x y site_id rock_id gt rock_type rock_type gt rock_class site_id struc_id gt feature azimuth dip rock_id feature gt feat_class The following tables Figure B 8 are generated from these dependencies 3 Normal Form site_id x y site_id rock_id rock_type rock_type rock_class 1 100 100 1 1 granite granite plutonic 1 100 100 1 2 dacite dacite volcanic 2 200 200 2 1 granite rhyolite volcanic 2 200 200 2 2 rhyolite etc STATION table LITHOLOGY table ROCK TYPE table site_id struc_id feature azimuth dip rock_id feature feat_class 1 1 foliation 200 20 1 foliation planar 1 2 foliation 200 20 1 lineation linear 2 1 lineation 300 30 1 etc STRUCTURE table STRUCTURE TYPE table Figure B 8 The un normalized table of Figure B 5 arranged in 3 Normal Form 150 FieldLog 3 Users Guide The Relational Data Model It s comforting to see that normalization can lead to intuitive designs and that conceptual notions aren t necessarily distorted by relational requirements There are at least three other normal forms Boyce Codd qe and 5 Boyce Codd is useful whe
5. rock e g each rock at a station is numbered SAMPLE unique station section rock sample e g rock samples photos GENESIS unique station section rock sample e g structure COMPOSE unique station section rock sample e g minerals alteration ANALYSIS unique station section rock sample analysis e g thin sections geochemistry and so on To save your new setup open the Fl Setup button box then click Save FieldLog Setup 120 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Upgrading a v3 0 Project From AutoCAD R12 to R13 R14 Upgrading a v3 0 Project From AutoCAD R12 to R13 R14 To upgrade from AutoCAD R12 to AutoCAD R13 R14 no special upgrade procedure is required Simply follow the instructions above Setting Up a FieldLog Project under AutoCAD R13 and R14 to inform FieldLog about your v3 0 project However because AutoCAD R13 R14 is SQL 92 compliant it reserves many more words than R12 If a database table name or column name uses any of these reserved words the table won t be accessible to FieldLog s commands e g fl add fl edit fl query etc To correct this the improper name must be changed This name change must be performed outside FieldLog using another database system such as dBase FoxPro MS Access and so on The list of reserved words with the most commonly used improper names bolded is ABSOLUTE ACTION ADD ALL ALLOCATE ALTER AND ANY ARE AS ASC ASSERTION
6. ES Fal with AutoCAD Cancel F Exclusive File name enowy mdo X Save as type Microsoft Access Databases mdb 5 In the Table dialog box click New ES snowy Database ol x Tables Queries Forms B Reports Macros E Modules z e You must now decide whether you want to a link your mdb files directly to your FieldLog database using the Link Table option to enable simultaneous editing or b import your FieldLog dbf tables into MS ACCESS modifying them and re importing them back into FieldLog thus overwriting pre existing files You can do this using the Import Table option FieldLog 3 Users Guide 107 Importing and Exporting Data Using the Newton GPS and External Databases Creating FieldLog MS Access Links To start linking tables click Link Table New Table 21x Import Table This wizard creates tables in the current database that are linked to tables in an external file 2 In the Files of type box choose dBase3 A list of your FieldLog project dbf files appears Select the first dbf file you want to link to in this case Trav dbf then click Link Link Lx Look in C snowlake Ej a Ces E EN Chem dbf 2 Form dbf z Minis dbf Struc dbf Link Chem2 dbf Forms dbf 2 Named dbf be Sulph dbf i chron dbf Gsizd dbf 15 Namep dbf 5 Textd dbf Cancel 2 Featr dbf 2 Gsi
7. FWPro reflects your FieldLog database design carefully consider your FieldLog design to facilitate its transfer to FWPro and to optimize the field data recording process What You Need e Newton Connection Utilities NCU These utilities allow you to install software such as Fieldworker Pro onto the Newton They also allow you to connect the Newton to your PC e Fieldworker Connect FWC This software is used primarily to transfer the FieldLog project template to the Newton and to transfer field data from the Newton to your PC Before You Start e Ensure that you have installed FWPro NWC and FWC on your PC 86 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Working with FieldLog and the Newton Backing Up Your Data Although transferring data from the Newton to your PC is relatively easy errors do occur For example you may accidentally overwrite data instead of appending it As a result keep labelled disks with daily backups Remember back up your map as well as your database Terminology FWPro vs FieldLog FieldLog uses column and table in its project database setup vocabulary whereas FWPro uses the words field and screen respectively The word screen can also refer to the Newton screen i e tap on the screen in the FWPro or Newton manuals e Ensure your Newton is connected to your PC e If you haven t used the Newton or FWPro before do the Newton setup tutorial complete the handwriting recognition exercises and r
8. TRAV Fieldate e Increment Checkbox forces FieldLog to repeat and increment by one the last value entered when a new record is created Used to automatically increment unique numbers e g STATI Statnum e Unique Checkbox forces FieldLog to check that an entry is unique in order to prevent duplicates occurring e g STATI Statnum e Minimum and Maximum Boxes forces FieldLog to enforce minimum and maximum values for numeric fields The actual limits are indicated in the boxes e g STRUC Azimuth e Memo Checkbox indicates that the column is a memo where a multiple line message can be typed e Memo fields are very useful for recording descriptive text Though they can be exported to text files they can t be searched Unlike many GIS and database systems FieldLog s memo fields are completely compatible with all SQL compliant databases e g LITHO Comment e Image Checkbox indicates that the column contains a reference to an image file which can be viewed using the Image button This is inactive with AutoCAD R12 but available in R13 14 e Plot indicates that the selected column is to be plotted to the map during data entry This box may be overridden by the Plot button in the fl add panel The Input gt Plot option doesn t affect which columns are to be plotted from a query as those are selected at query time e g STRUC Feature e Default stores the default entry for the column This value is automatically
9. Using External Databases The use of specific external databases won t be covered Refer to the relevant database package manual Note however that you must complete edits in the external database for the change to become visible in FieldLog This automatically happens if you shut down the external database If you want to keep the external database running along with FieldLog and AutoCAD then you can complete the edit function in the database by clicking on another row A pencil icon in the far left column in Microsoft Access for example is indicative that the row is being actively edited If you chose Database in the Import Table dialog box the Register Database Table dialog box appears FIELDLOG Register Database Table R x C Unique Number Treverse Momber Table Name CHEM2 C Station Number l L Gutcrop Mumber l l l l l Table Type Al C Segment Number STATNUM a ROCKN M C Rock Number SAMPLNUM C Sample Number SIO2 AL203 C Analysis Number FE203 FEO C Boundary Number CAO MGO C Unit Number NAZO C Legend Number l l Register Quit Reference Number l l ong Name C Group Number 6 You must now register your new FieldLog table refer to Chapter 7 Registering Your Table for details on table type and required column information Editing FieldLo
10. but the background window appearances may differ somewhat Differences between the AutoCAD versions that affect installation setup and database connectivity are covered in the installation notes Where there are significant differences between the functionality of different versions of FieldLog we explain this in clearly labelled sidebars Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions of the many FieldLog users without their dedication patience perseverance and constructive feedback FieldLog would not have evolved to its present state It s impossible to list all those who have contributed in so many ways but special thanks is due to the Ontario Geological Survey for providing funding and support for the initial development and use of FieldLog and to the Geological Survey of Canada for funding and supporting FieldLog s subsequent evolution Rob Harrap initially developed the manual and Deborah Lemkow significantly assisted in the manual s upgrade Finally the authors wish to thank their families for often bearing the burden of FieldLog s development FieldLog 3 Users Guide CHAPTER 1 Why Use FieldLog Introduction What exactly is FieldLog and what can it do for you Why is it worth the effort of taking a computer into the field and reading a manual such as this one Where does it fit into the goals of mapping and exploration organizations Why are most academic and industry geologists now usin
11. edited plotted or exported to a wide variety of formats reasonable number of rows or records Fields have a data type meaning that a field might store a date an integer a logical true false value or a string of characters including to the displayed map This section provides a brief overview of the query process using the SnowLake database To optimize storage and access of data FieldLog stores all data in relational databases Browsing data stored in relational databases is simply a matter of asking FieldLog to extract some of the information from the database into a FieldLog can store information e z table which looks very similar to a spreadsheet display in many database formats through the use of external To start the query process database drivers such as ODBC or those provided by 1 Choose FieldLog gt fl query AutoCAD FieldLog also provides its own enhanced The Query Panel appears see below The query command lets you dBase II driver quickly review your database as well as create complex multipart queries and output the results in varying ways including to other programs 2 Choose SnowLake from the Project pop up Remember that FieldLog allows you to have a number of separate projects running attached to a single map 3 Type StatBrowse in the Name box Naming the query allows you to rerun it at a later time simply by picking its name from the Query pop up This can save considerable tim
12. group or row 3 To move all data associated with the station select the Station radio button FIELDLOG Object Selection Mode Select objects in same O Station O Table O Group O Row 4 Click OK 5 Drag the station and all associated data to a new location on the right side of the island 6 To place the station in its new location click That s it Note that all the lithology and structural data followed along Moving a Row Occasionally when you move a station some of the station information such as structural symbols may obscure other objects in your view To move the structural symbol for me2 1 Type 1 move in the AutoCAD command line 2 Select the structural symbol for me2 then press Enter The Object Selection Mode dialog box appears In this dialog box you can select items in the same station table group or row 3 To move all data associated with the structural symbol a row in the STRUC table select the Row radio button This limits the changes you make to the selected structural symbol and its associated text representing the dip or plunge 4 Drag the symbol and dip to a new location 5 To place the symbol in its new location click Project SnowLake F Table stati a un 437047 Symbol UTMY 6078998 UTMZ 0 Tree GRIDX 1303 93 GRIDY 2 1115 17 Memo GRIDZ ree STATYPE outcrop Coord STATNUM He AIRPHOTO Image TRAYNUM
13. include such things as rocks soil samples and photographs The overall database structure thus reflects the field mapping process By breaking things into tables long term clarity is enforced and the ability to manage large data sets is enhanced Adding Data to a Table Each time you add field data to an existing database you work with a number of different tables For example after each traverse you ll probably add e A new traverse description to the TRAV table e New stations to the STATI table e One or more lithologies observed at each station to the LITHO table One or more structural measurements per station to the STRUC table e A record of all photographs taken at each station to the PHOTO table e One or more samples to the SAMPL table As briefly noted in Chapter 2 FieldLog manages field data in a relational database Each of the different tables in the database are related to build one coherent database see the side bar for a thematic overview The subdivision of data you enter into the tables reflects the internal organization of the database which reflects the overall structure of fieldwork As you will see in Chapter 7 you can customize this organization to meet your needs Let s assume that you ve done some mapping in the Snow Lake area and are ready to enter some new data to the SnowLake database Getting Ready First use AutoCAD s zoom command to zoom in on the island on the east side of the
14. is limited in the types of changes that can be made interactively FWPro s setup capabilities restrictions include e The addition of columns tables and pick lists is allowed shifting the order of tables columns and pick list terms isn t allowed e New tables can possess a maximum of 7 fields however your project setup on the Newton will reflect your FieldLog database regardless of how many columns are in the table e Only tables that occur once per station e g STATI in SnowLake can be created via interactive FWPro setup Transferring a FWPro Project Template from the PC to the Newton To transfer a FWPro project template from the PC to the Newton 1 Ensure your PC and Newton are connected with a serial cable 2 On your PC e Open Fieldworker Connect FWC e To display the transfer options click Show e To enable editing of the default settings click Unlock e Ensure that the transfer arrow reflects the operation you want to perform i e transferring from PC gt Newton If necessary click Reverse to change the direction of data transfer to reflect PC gt Newton e Specify the Newton HPC transfer options e port select the com port connected to your Newton e speed select the baud rate to reflect the model of Newton used e g Newton 130 2400 baud Newton 2100 9600 baud e control select a flow control to regulate the data transfer e g hardware e Specify the PC Desktop transfer options e directory
15. table named STATI STATION may contain outcrop and traverse numbers as foreign keys linking it to OUTCROP and TRAVERSE table types respectively FieldLog would create four indexes for this table one for the primary key STATIPRD one for the unique number STATIUNQ and two for the foreign keys STATIOUT STATITRV Note that each FieldLog table contains minimally two indexes the first for the primary key and the second for the unique number Indexes are named with standard suffixes depending on the nature of the key Because some foreign key attributes are incorporated into the primary key and thereby automatically indexed the number of indexes possible is less than the total number of foreign keys For example a SAMPLE table type would incorporate station segment rock and sample numbers into its primary key and index these columns once as a part of the primary key A list of the standard index suffixes follows primary key lt table name gt PRI unique number lt table name gt UNQ outcrop number lt table name gt OUT traverse number lt table name gt TRV boundary number lt table name gt BND unit number lt table name gt UNT legend number lt table name gt LEG reference number lt table name gt REF One last index type is FieldLog s memo table index Memo tables are tables ancillary to main database tables They store free format unlimited length
16. where the 2 digit number in this case 15 refers to the UTM zone the 6 digit number 485 072 is the UTM Easting and the 7 digit number 7 071 888 is FieldLog 3 Users Guide 93 Importing and Exporting Data Using the Newton GPS and External Databases Converting gif Files Converting gif files to bmp or tif formats involves using a third party image conversion software package such as Corel PHOTOPAINT or Adobe Simply open the gif file and save it as a bmp or tif file the UTM Northing if UTM meters are selected in the FWPro s GPS Preferences gt Display option otherwise a lat long is reported 41 1 M refers to elevation in Metres above sea level and 4 satellites were used to triangulate Transferring Field Data from FWPro to FieldLog and AutoCAD Once you have collected your observations and measurements you need to transfer this information to your FieldLog database and update both the database and possibly your map This is a 3 step process 1 Export your FWPro field data to a PC as a text file using FWC 2 Import the field data text file to a FieldLog database 3 Plot the results to the AutoCAD map by querying the updated FieldLog database After transferring your data from the Newton to your PC you must also add to your database any information that is not station specific and was therefore not included in data entry on the Newton This includes traverse legend and geological unit informati
17. 279 284 Troop D G and Cherer R M 1991 Development of a Pen Based Computer System for On Site Recording of Geological Field Notes Summary of Field Work and Other Activities 1991 Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous Paper 157 p 126 130 Ullman J D 1988 Principles of Database and Knowledge Base Systems Volume 1 Computer Science Press Rockville Maryland 631 p 134 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Data Models Data Models What is a Database In its simplest form a database is a collection of data that are related in some manner A database management system DBMS permits this data to be stored and manipulated by a computer The manner in which the data is conceptually organized stored and managed largely depends on the type of database system being employed relational database management systems RDBMS today s most prevalent system manage data in tables whereas emerging object oriented database management systems OODBMS use objects Network and hierarchical database systems are alternatives that are less commonly used Data Models Database systems are distinguished by their rules for data organization their data model and by the way these rules are implemented their data definition and data manipulation languages Relational database systems adhere to the Relational Data Model Codd 1970 and typically use a language called SQL Structured Query Language to create and manage databases SQL exist
18. 352 Nyerges T L 1990 Geographic information abstractions conceptual clarity for geographic Modelling Environment and Planning A v 23 no 10 p 1387 1536 Preparata F P and Shamos M I 1985 Computational Geometry An Introduction Springer Verlag New York 398 p 140 FieldLog 3 Users Guide The Relational Data Model Rapier J F and Maguire D J 1992 Design Models and Functionality in GIS Computers and Geosciences v 18 no 4 p 387 394 Rumbaugh J Blaha M Premerlani W Eddy F and Lorenson W 1991 Object Oriented Modelling and Design Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs New Jersey 500 p Surveys and Resource Mapping Branch 1995 British Columbia specifications and guidelines for geomatics Reference series volume 1 Spatial archive and interchange Format Formal Definition Release 3 2 Surveys and Resource Mapping Branch Province of British Columbia p 258 Teory T J 1988 Database Modelling and Design The Fundamental Principles Second Edition Morgan Kaufmann San Francisco California 277 p Ullman J D 1988 Principles of Database and Knowledge Base Systems Volume 1 Computer Science Press Rockville Maryland 631 p The Relational Data Model Relations The relational data model is the theoretical backbone of relational databases It formally defines the rules which underlie most relational database system behaviour These rules are expressed using mathematical conce
19. 6077796 STRUC STATNUM Condition Output 8283 sfoll 210 75 437216 6077796 STRUC FEATURE CHEM STATNUM 8543 sfoll 228 88 435942 6079290 STRUC AZIMUTH CHEM ROCKNUM 8545 stoll 218 40 435817 6079218 STRUC DIP CHEM SAMPLNUM 8547 sfoll 218 42 435812 6078999 STATI BASENUMBER CHEM SIO2 3 8548 sfoll 214 50 435974 6079020 STATI STATNUM eter IAEA 8549 sfoll 217 68 435964 6079115 y 8551 sfoll 242 60 436164 6079253 ne O A 8552 sfoll 254 35 436259 6079208 CHEM MGO List 8553 sfoll 232 50 436065 6079393 EHEM NAZO 8554 sfoll 214 65 436049 6079527 Petr vee 8555 stoll 222 55 436209 6079407 ECR a 8556 sfoll 252 60 436258 6079345 CHEM PH y 17 8557 stoll 238 55 436465 6079414 Connector Column Operator Value a al Apply Top Next Modify Wow 41 Plot K Pr Modiy Dele new Up Down Ba D par paran Ga ii IMAP uild search condition Mare Query Quit Text TXT ae Arcinta FAN Figure B 3a Query menu Figure B 3b Query results plot Figure B 3c Query results plotted as symbols rose and stereo diagrams overlain on geological contacts 132 FieldLog 3 Users Guide A Brief Description of FieldLog Coordinate Systems FieldLog permits ellipsoids projections and transformations to be created and modified In this way it s possible to create a personalized catalogue of coordinate systems Projections are restricted to variations of the following basic kinds geographic transverse mercator
20. AutoCAD on a desktop machine Data import and export are fully supported in FieldLog but require some knowledge of table names and their internal structure To safeguard against error remember to thoroughly back up your entire database project before importing data Re entering field data isn t fun FieldLog 3 Users Guide 11 Importing and Exporting Data Using the Newton GPS and External Databases 112 FieldLog 3 Users Guide APPENDIX A Installing and Upgrading FieldLog Creating FieldLog Symbols Introduction FieldLog 3 is a highly structured program that builds database links data automation methods and geologic reasoning tools into AutoCAD Since it must interface with AutoCAD as well as support its own functions installation and project creation are slightly more complex than in traditional stand alone software This appendix covers AutoCAD installation under AutoCAD R12 R13 and R14 and provides summary notes on upgrading existing FieldLog version 2 projects to FieldLog version 3 It also summarizes advanced issues such as live links between AutoCAD FieldLog and ODBC compliant databases The FieldLog Distribution FieldLog contains 14 files e FLGI2WIN EXE the AutoCADR12 for Windows executable e FL12DOS EXE the AutoCAD R12 for DOS executable e FLG13 EXE the AutoCAD R13 executable e FLG14 EXE the AutoCAD R14 executable e FLGI4ES EXE the AutoCAD R14 executable Spanish e SNOWLAKE
21. Conceptual Modelling Pingree Park Colorado June 1980 Date C J 1990 An Introduction to Database Systems Volume 1 Fifth Edition Addison Wesley New York New York 854 p 1995 Relational Database Writings 1991 1994 Addison Wesley New York New York 542 p Egenhofer M and Frank A U 1987 Object Oriented Databases Database Requirements for GIS in International GIS Symposium The Research Agenda Crystal City Virginia November 1987 Egenhofer M 1992 Why not SQL International Journal of Geographic Information Systems v 6 no 2 p 71 85 Frank A U 1992 Spatial Concepts Geometric Data Models and Geometric Data Structures Computers and Geosciences v 18 no 4 p 409 417 Goodchild M F 1992 Geographical Data Modelling Computers and Geosciences v 18 no 4 p 401 408 Hadzilacos T and Tryfona N 1996 Logical Data Modelling for Geographical Applications International Journal of Geographic Information Systems v 10 no 2 p 179 203 Hughes J G 1991 Object Oriented Databases Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs New Jersey 280 p Hull R and King R 1987 Semantic Database Modelling Survey Applications and Research Issues Associaton for Computing Machinery Computing Surveys v 19 p 201 260 Mattos N M Meyer Wegener K and Mitschang B 1992 Grand Tour of Concepts for Object Orientation from a Database Point of View Data and Knowledge Engineering North Holland p 321
22. Databases Setting Up a FieldLog Project Under AutoCAD R12 In order to use a project with AutoCAD R12 and FieldLog a registration file called FieldLog prj located in AutoCAD s support directory and your PC s AutoExec bat startup file must be modified A line for each project to be used with FieldLog is added to these files These changes allow FieldLog to find the data on the PC to determine the database type and to assign a project name to the files found FieldLog 3 Users Guide 115 1 Using a word processor such as NotePad edit the ascii text file called fieldlog prj in your AutoCAD support directory typically this is acad support for DOS and acadwin support for Windows It should include the following line SnowLake c snowlake dBase3 assuming c snowlake is the directory containing the sample data files There should be no spaces in this file Make sure you save it as an ascii text file not as a word processor file 2 Add the following line to the top of your autoexec bat file typically found in the root directory of your PC e g c autoexec bat set SnowLake c snowlake again assuming c snowlake is the directory with the sample data files The only space should be after the word set Save this file as an ascii text file 3 Reboot the machine If you proceed through the logon process described in Chapter 2 of this tutorial the SnowLake project should now be accessible Successive projects are ad
23. ENEE Tables Queries Forms B Reports 2 Macros Modules d5 Open Design New 6 You can now edit the data Contents of the TRAV table in FieldLog are modified as soon as the edits are made in Microsoft Access Conversely if you edit the data in FieldLog using fl edit or fl query the changes are visible in Microsoft Access FieldLog 3 Users Guide 109 Importing and Exporting Data Using the Newton GPS and External Databases Note Changes made in Microsoft Access aren t reflected in your AutoCAD map drawing You must either fl update your map drawing see Update Chapter 7 or erase the FieldLog entities and replot your data with fl query E TRAV Table N of x TRAVNUM GEOLOGIST NTSMAP FIELDATE SUMMAI a 1AB 63k16 9900628 _ 2 AB 63k16 9900629 3 AB 63k16 9900630 4AB 63k16 9900702 I 522 63k16 9900703 6 AB 63k16 9900704 TAB 63k16 9900705 Lo 8 AB 63k16 9900706 9 AB 63k16 9900709 10 AB 63k16 9900710 he Record 14 4 s bt gt of 27 Ue fz To have MicroSoft Access running at the same time as FieldLog simply minimize the AutoCAD window this allows you to move easily from one package to the other Importing FieldLog Tables into MS Access 1 Select Import Table in the New Table dialog box then click OK New Table N 21x Datasheet View Design View Table Wizard Link Table This wizard imports tables and objects fro
24. FEATURE the feature to be drawn e STRUC AZIMUTH the strike direction of the symbol e STRUC DIP the dip value for the symbol e STATIL UTMX the X location e STATI UTMY the Y location 1 In the Output list select STRUC FEATURE STRUC AZIMUTH STRUC DIP STATI UTMX and STATI UTMY FIELDLOG Query database Project SnowLake Query Name all_s tols Condition Output j SAMPL REASON a SAMPL BASENUMBEF STATILUTMX STATI UTMY STATILUTMZ Area STATI GRIDX p STATI GRIDY fine STATI GRIDZ z STATI STATYPE i STATI STATNUM A STATI AIRPHOTO Tree STATLOUTCRNUM S mbal Connector Column Operator Value struc rearure E gt fton IA Prey Delete New Up Down Build search condition Query Quit Running the Query Now that you ve created conditions and output options you re ready to run the query FieldLog takes the query you create translates it into an SQL statement and passes it to the AutoCAD database engine which attempts to execute it 1 Click Query A message box appears indicating that FieldLog found records that matched your query Depending on how large your database is you may have to wait a few seconds FIELDLOG Querying 62 records found 2 Click OK in the FieldLog message box 3 The Scroll Table dialog box appears displaying a list of values
25. For isis door iden ciabo ia sE aE essa ctecooee ceeds cvavocnavs did dica 150 OVET NOMMALIZ Atl ON aia 151 A ss cho eden yssvuscevsusstedsscuseernes oo densuescressevusecocveeuesaces 152 Fieldhog s Database Designs ssscis tiescssc sceiesct enla 152 FieldLog s Database Design oooocnnccnccnonnnocononinncnnconnconncnnonnonnnonnnonn cnn ran oro ncnn crono nn can non nccnnns 152 Re ferential Integrity o hidrata ideis 155 Functional Dependency and 3rd Normal Form oooconccnccnncnnonononcononononnnonoco nono co nonnnonnnnnnnnos 155 Geologic Influences and Relations ooooonncnnncnononoccnnconncononnncnnonnnonn nono nano rnnonn crono nn ccn non nccnnnns 156 A AA A A AAA EI 156 Annotated Bibliography of GIS for Geologists csssscscessccsssscsecesscssscescecscscescesessscessescsssessosessscsecesees 159 Introducido ala 159 WWW RelerencES ici cs incidir ca ch cus alicia die di 159 NN 160 BOOKS NS 163 GIS ose ses O O O 163 GcolO Y IS PEC deere aoe oe eae ie ities 165 Computer Science Mathematics and PhilOSOPphY ooonococnnnnnoninoninnninoconcnnncnnonanonnnnnornss 166 Graphic Design citaron 169 PREFACE Welcome to the FieldLog 3 Manual A Field Data Management Program for Geologists FieldLog is a software module that runs with AutoCAD the premier personal computer and workstation drafting software program Together they provide an extensive set of cartographic and data analysis tools for field based geologists Fiel
26. However there is a lot of duplicate data with this design which causes performance degradation and introduces several update and delete complications For instance modifying or deleting a station number or its location would affect several rows as would re classifying granites to granitic Maintaining the relationship between structures and their host rock types is also complicated if a rock identifier changes its related structure must be updated Second Normal Form addresses many of these issues 2 Normal Form site id x y site id rock_id rock_type rock_class 1 100 100 1 1 granite plutonic 1 100 100 1 2 dacite volcanic 2 200 200 2 1 granite plutonic 2 200 200 2 2 rhyolite volcanic STATION table LITHOLOGY table site_id struc_id feature feat_class azimuth dip rock_id 1 1 foliation planar 200 20 1 1 2 foliation planar 200 20 1 2 1 lineation linear 300 30 STRUCTURE table Figure B 7 The un normalized table of Figure B 5 arranged in 24 Normal Form In second normal form a single table design can be decomposed into several tables based on functional dependencies between its attributes More specifically second normal form tables are in first normal form and every attribute that isn t part of the primary key must be functionally dependent on the primary key As discussed above primary keys are one or more attributes that uniquel
27. Lake Manitoba Geological Survey of Canada Open File 2776 1 map scale 1 10 000 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Il Starting FieldLog The drawing is rotated relative to the screen by about 50 degrees clockwise This is because the Snow Lake project is based on a user grid and FieldLog understands and maintains the relationship between this grid and standard methods of projecting maps such as UTM The user grid in this case is rotated relative to north and note that the North arrow points off to the upper right on your screen See Map Projections in Chapter 7 for more information Problems loading a database If you get an error during loading e g error 12 it is possible that required AutoCAD components such as ASE external database connections are not installed During the installation process FieldLog established which projects are available on your machine If no names are present in the pop up list the list of available projects was not read This process of identifying projects depends on your version of AutoCAD Refer to Appendix A for further information Opening SnowLake dwg Snowlake dwg contains the linework and cartographic annotation for the SnowLake FieldLog Database Remember that FieldLog relies on AutoCAD to manage all the graphical elements of a map while it adds the underlying database structure for storing geological field information associated with the map To open snowla
28. Note FieldLog sorts single table queries according to basenumbers and multiple table queries according to data values such as station numbers R13 14 Note All results are sorted according to a data value such as station number The Scroll Table dialog box appears FIELDLOG Scroll Table LJ ROCKNUM ROCKTYPE UTMX 1 Granite 436981 LITHO BASENUMBER 1 Pillow Basalt 437064 LITHO STATNUM 1 Quartz feldspar porphyry 434536 LITHO ROCKNUM 1 Quartz feldspar porphyry 434636 LITHO ROCKTYPE 2 Mafic rock 434750 STATI BASENUMBER 1 Mafic Wacke 434750 STATI STATNUM 1 Basalt 434725 STATI UTMX 1 Basalt 434625 STATI UTMY 1 Basalt 434589 STATILUTMZ 1 Pillow Basalt 434579 1 Basalt 434585 1 Pillow Basalt 434658 2 Basalt 434579 1 Pillow Basalt 434579 1 Basalt 434600 i am 2 Apply Top Next Modify Modify All Plot Bot Prey Delete Delete All x Try navigating through the table e Use the slider to view data off of the right side of the table e Click Next or Prev to scroll up or down e Click Top or Bot to jump to the top or bottom of the scroll table e To close the Scroll table click OK About FieldLog Data Tables Although many of the entries in the data tables such as station numbers may at first seem redundant these entries are the key to FieldLog s power Each table contains a column which stores a unique numeric identifier for each row in the table In the SnowLake database this column i
29. OR 2 Tree Conditions using the special operations IS HAS INSIDE OUTSIDE NEAR must be Symbol connected with condition AND condition AND Connector Column The viewing area where query conditions that filter the database are built You don t interact directly with this box except to select existing query conditions for editing The area where you select which fields are displayed in the scroll table that results from running the query Fields used in a query condition are automatically selected in this window Allows a search of a geographic area on the map selected using the mouse or digitizer To use this feature you must select Inside or Outside in the Operator pop up indicating you want to search inside outside a polygonal area Allows a search based on proximity to a line on the map usually known as a buffer search To use this feature you must select Near in the Operator pop up Enter the width of the buffer as a number in the Value field The width must be in the current drawing units Allows you to specify a Value from a hierarchical profile associated with the column selected in Column For example structural data is tied to a structural profile so you can choose the desired structure name to search on by selection from a list if the Column pop up contains the field STRUC FEATURE You must of course select the Column before you use this button As with List this button allows a search based on
30. Palette To output the data to the text file click Plot A message box appears indicating that the records are plotted Using a text editor or word processor open up the text file you just created in this case c Snowlake snow txt The text file should contain the same information as the scroll table That s it You ve done simple spatial and compound queries outputting the results to a table a map and a text file The fl query command is powerful yet relatively simple As you get more familiar with FieldLog you ll begin to naturally think in terms of how to express queries Conclusions In this chapter you learned how to Manipulate the colors of entities by AutoCAD layer Perform a simple query Perform a spatial query Perform a compound query Export data to a text file Plot database data to the map view FieldLog 3 Users Guide 45 Querying a Database The FieldLog Query dialog box can be intimidating and the options available from the data browser are quite diverse However the geological questions that can be addressed using the combination of operators in the Query dialog box allow you to address real world problems with your data And the data mobility and thematic map flexibility of the data browser allow you to migrate your field notes into stereonets thematic diagrams and to other systems A few of the operators found in the Query dialog box may seem fairly strange at first
31. Project Setup dialog box has four columns FIELDLOG Project Setup R x Project Name Project Directory Database Type ASE Links c brownpuddle Y lori cwoody2 DB3 Y meqd98 c meqd98 DB3 Y snowemp cAsnowemp DB3 Y snowlake cAsnowlake DB3 Y snowtest cAsnowtest DB3 Y New Modify Insert Exit e Project Name This is FieldLog s name for your project It s unrelated to actual filenames in the target directory Note project names should NOT be changed once data has been added to a map within the project doing so nullifies the database link between the map and database e Project Directory This indicates the location of the project either on the local PC s hard drive or on a remotely connected hard drive e Database Type This indicates the type of database that is hosting the FieldLog project The default is dBasellI e Database Links Project Catalogues This indicates whether AutoCAD database links are maintained in AutoCAD requires that project addition to FieldLog s links These additional links are required if the databases be arranged in project is to be accessed from AutoCAD MAP or via the AutoCAD SQL accordance with the SQL 92 specification This means that all projects hosted by a specific database type such as dbase III must be stored as sub extension There are four corresponding input fields two text fields for the name and path to a new project a pop up menu for choosing the data
32. This activates the Image button which displays the photo when clicked Press Enter or ESC to clear the photo 6 Use fl edit on the moved station to verify that the position has indeed been updated in the database as shown above Editing a Structural Symbol using Fl edit Now let s change the dip of the structural symbol at me2 1 Type fl edit 2 Select the structural symbol at me2 The Edit table dialog box appears listing the structural data for the selected symbol 3 Select DIP then replace its current value 45 with 55 Your edit panel should look similar to the one shown below Project SnowLake El Table stRuc gt me Symbol FEATURE s foll AZIMUTH 123 Tree DIP 45 TOP Memo BASENUMBER 268 Coord Image Next STATNUM mel a TEV I Attach Change Data Quit M Plot 4 Click OK Your map should now show the changed value of 55 Note that with fl edit you can interactively edit all aspects of a structural measurement or any other database content associated with any map entity created by FieldLog Editing a Photo Caption with Fl query Next le s edit the photo caption atme2 Because the photo isn t shown on the map use the fl query command to access and then edit the caption 1 Use fl query to select all stations with PHOTO STATNUM gt 0 From the selection list choose the following PHOTO STATNUM PHOTO ROLL PHOTO FRAME PHOTO CAPTION PHOT
33. a rotation angle then the text string To change the font or style of the text type Style at the first prompt rather than picking a start point When placing text on a map it s a good idea to place it on a separate layer from the map information That way annotations can be turned on or off Multiple text layers say placenames samplenotes etc are even more flexible Use layer or ddlmodes to make a layer for text Dtext Dtext allows you to place lines of text anywhere on a drawing It s identical to the Text command except that it doesn t exit until you press Return twice Multiple lines of text can be easily entered Rotate Rotate allows you to rotate any drawing entity on the screen using your mouse or digitizer or by specifying the actual rotation angle Rotating a structural symbol or other FieldLog entity doesn t change the value stored in the database only the currently drawn symbol Use Fl edit to change values in the database Rotate is useful for rotating text to coincide with the alignment of features like roads and rivers FieldLog 3 Users Guide 61 Map Preparation with AutoCAD Copy Copy allows you to copy entities one at a time or place multiple copies of the same entity at different locations Scale Scale enlarges or shrinks the selected entity Values between 0 and 1 reduce the entity size whereas values gt 1 increase its size For example an object scaled 5 is 1 2 its original size and an
34. a profile but in this case via a hierarchical browser As with List this button allows a search based on a profile but in this case from a browser showing all the symbols associated with the profile Defines the logical relationship between entries in the Condition list The two possible entries are AND When conditions are related by AND both conditions must be true for the specific entry in the Column table to be returned into the Scroll Table view OR When conditions are related by OR either condition must be true for the specific entry in the Column table to be returned into the Scroll Table view This is the heart of the query table The query built in the Connector Column Operator Value boxes acts on the field in the database indicated by the Column entry So for example to search for station numbers above a certain threshold the column pop up would be set to STATI STATNUM Much of the work involved in setting up a query involves deciding which column to run the query on 34 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Performing a Simple Query Details TABLE 1 Fl Query Dialog Items Note Operator Contains all the acceptable logical operators that FieldLog can use A search condition is satisfied if the Value of the specified Column in the IS HAS INSIDE and NEAR ce database meets the search conditions are non SQL operators especially provided by gt field must be greater than Value FieldLog They
35. airphotos and topographical maps for positioning The GPS data downloads to the FieldLog database via FWPro and the Newton This method of positioning not only eliminates the tedious and lengthy task of calibrating the tablet and digitizing station locations it also eliminates errors introduced while digitizing and calibrating FWPro also allows tracing of macroscopic linear features faults dykes and contacts using a GPS However unless some modifications are made in your project database template FWPro treats these linear features as station point data A significant downside of GPS is that there are times when satellite orbits obstructions and weather combine to make it impossible to get a fix from 3 satellites For more information consult a reference on GPS Before You Begin Ensure you have the appropriate cable and adapter for GPS Newton connection Label which end of the cable goes into which apparatus Make sure both your Newton and GPS have active batteries Carry a backup set of 4 batteries Your GPS unit should be accompanied by a straight forward manual that describes how to navigate its menus using arrow keys guides you through your setup and instructs how to get readings for your current location The life span of GPS batteries is 6 to10 hours for alkaline batteries and 12 to 20 hours for lithium batteries Often GPS report the actual total time in use Typically each time you remove your batteries from the GPS powerpa
36. and that the database consists of tables that you can browse edit and perform sophisticated queries on Building a GIS database is about more than simply browsing records using queries In this chapter you ll discover what s involved in adding data to an existing database The process you ll learn in this chapter is very similar to the one you 11 perform at the end of a day s field work or during data recapture if you choose to use FieldLog to capture notes from maps and field notebooks In this chapter you 1l learn how to e Add data to an existing FieldLog table e Edit existing data e Interactively move data on the graphics screen Before You Begin If you aren t logged on to FieldLog and the SnowLake database follow the steps from Chapter 2 to open snowlake dwg start FieldLog and log on Remember that you need to load FieldLog before you can logon FieldLog 3 Users Guide 17 Adding and Editing Data in FieldLog 3 The FieldLog Data Model The way that FieldLog decomposes field data into distinct tables is called the FieldLog data model more on this in Appendix B In brief the tables mirror kinds of information recorded during a fieldwork session Traverses are about the days work Stations are places where observations happen Lithologies are rock types seen at a station Structures are structural features seen or measured at a station Samples are specimens collected to match observations and
37. between an orthographic affine or projective transformation 7 Choose the affine or projective transformation or whichever reports the lowest error 8 Return to the drawing view press F2 in Windows Now check your projection by placing the crosshair on a point you can identify on your screen but not one that you used for the digitizing process The cursor on the screen should be on the correct location and the coordinates displayed in the text box on the toolbar should be correct for the chosen point on the map If not repeat the tablet calibration with different points Once you have a good fit you re ready to begin working with AutoCAD and FieldLog Layer Use the Layer command to e Create new layers e Change the current drawing layer e Change global characteristics of layers such as colour and linetype 56 FieldLog 3 Users Guide AutoCAD Commands AutoCAD always draws onto the current layer The name of the current layer is always displayed on the border of the drawing you are working on Before doing any work in AutoCAD always make sure that the layer you want to work on is current In general you should use more layers rather than less It s easy to merge two layers onto one if the need arises but very tedious to separate one layer onto two Of course map items that are associated with FieldLog avoid this problem because the database information can be used to direct the output to a specific lay
38. but turn out to be the most useful when it comes to dealing with real often ambiguous geological data At an organizational level the divergence in naming between different mappers has for years been a severe limitation on doing queries in a GIS environment The hierarchy operators in FieldLog based on artificial intelligence techniques directly reflect the core of the mapping problem where are rocks similar rather than only named identically 46 FieldLog 3 Users Guide CHAPTER 5 Attaching Data to Lines Polygons in FieldLog FieldLog does permit polygons to be attributed Data can attached to the polygon s bounding line or a text label can be positioned inside the polygon and linked to a database table that contains the polygon attributes The text label is positioned using the standard fl add functionary It s very useful to label polygons in this second way and to record associated descriptive information including the label location in a database table because most GIS systems require the label and its location before they recognize the polygon See the UNITS table in the SnowLake database for an example Or if the polygons are created using a single enclosing line the data can be attached to the line as described in this chapter In this case the polygon label should be a text column located in the row to which the line is being attached Introduction All of the data you ve w
39. columns in each table reflects your mapping style Because FWPro displays the columns in a vertical list on the Newton you will save time in the field if you arrange these columns according to your preferred data recording sequence FWPro does not allow the order of the columns to be changed furthermore doing so would compromise the similarity between the FWPro and FieldLog databases Making a FWPro Project Template from FieldLog To make a FWPro project template from FieldLog 1 Ensure you are logged on to a FieldLog project 2 In FieldLog choose fl setup gt Save External Setup 3 Click the Fieldworker 2 0 2 3 Pro button then click OK 4 Click the Fieldworker Pro button then click OK FieldLog 3 Users Guide 87 Importing and Exporting Data Using the Newton GPS and External Databases The message FieldLog setup saved appears 5 Click OK The FWPro project template is saved in a file named project txt in your project directory c snowlake project txt for the SnowLake database WARNING If you have data stored on your Newton and you import a new project template into FWPro you will lose all stored data To alter your FWPro setup without losing stored data you must use FWPro s setup capabilities see the FWPro manual Any changes in your FWPro project setup MUST be exactly replicated in your FieldLog project setup BEFORE importing the FWPro data failure to do so will result in FieldLog data import errors FWPro
40. de vt an 84 CHAPTER Importing and Exporting Data Using the Newton GPS and External Databases 85 TMUOMUC HON ENTRE ERE es neces cc esate tdci 85 Working with FieldLog and the Newton eee ceseeeecesceseeeeceeeeeeeeseseeecaeesaecsaeaeceeeseeeeens 85 Why the Apple Newton acssesories sillas pn cds eana eea venus Soro eis serae ieaie iis 86 Why Pieldworker Pro Ada 86 What You Ned zo cuisine pavheane sae ccvenneaaheesse suey 86 Before You Tati ie 86 Loading Fieldworker Pro FWPro on the Newton oooooconoccnccccooncnoncconcconnnnoncconononnncnnccnnnos 87 Creating a Project Template to Use with FWPrO oooooccnicniccnocnnocconnnancnncnononnc conc nocnncnonnn ns 87 Making a FWPro Project Template from FieldLog oooooncnonnoncnocconnnancnannnnnnnnnnos 87 Transferring a FWPro Project Template from the PC to the Newton 88 TEOUDIESHOOMME cotton ooita 89 Data Input on Site Using the Newton FWPro and GPS oocconcciocinocionccnncnnconccnncnnocnnonaninncnncnnos 90 The Newton and FWPTO ooococccocccoconononnconnonnconocononnncononnnonnnnno ran nono cnn Ee LESE E EEEE 90 Global Positional Systems GPS unn a 91 What is GPS ici ci 91 Why Use GPS 2s dt tdo ide 91 Before You BM coasts ENRE E ie ee 92 DetaultsGPS S ets ica oido ion ai 92 Datum Conversie E E E a AEN RE RE E E ae ee 93 Collecting GPS Datazio ie e a A E E aA 93 Transferring Field Data from FWPro to FieldLog and AutoCAD s es 94 Create an Export Text File
41. draw a map based on a particular subset of its database From this perspective FieldLog stores a database of points some tags on lines and associates these with an AutoCAD drawing AutoCAD internally maintains a database of drawn entities and separates these onto layers Data types in geology and basemaps Data type Sample geologic features raster geophysical data continuous field data such as hydro geochemical and geophysical field data point field stations structural measurements sample locations photograph centers and so on height of land monuments benchmarks line faults contacts roads rivers pipelines powerlines and so on polygon geologic units equal value polygons for geochemical data lakes islands town outlines and so on The Curvature Problem When a GIS draws a map from its database it takes careful account of the geographic factors like shape of the earth and desired map projection AutoCAD however is a drafting program and it considers the world flat FieldLog keeps track of a map s projection system typically Universal Transverse Mercator in Canada so that it can back calculate what the geographical coordinates are and take the earth s curvature into account In effect when you digitize or add data points to a FieldLog database you need to explicitly specify to FieldLog the projection system of the current data FieldLog can then correctly store the data in AutoCAD so that keeps track of cur
42. duplicate tuples as distinct structural measurements at a station could have identical attributes STRUCTURE 1 foliation 200 20 1 1 foliation 200 20 1 A primary key can t be established for this relation without introducing another artificial attribute to distinguish between structural measurements containing identical attributes at a site STRUCTURE SITE_ID STRUCTURE_ID FEATURE AZIMUTH DIP_PLUNGE ROCK_ID In practice this artificial attribute STRUCTURE_ID could be employed as a counter for the structural measurements at a site much like ROCK_ID enumerates the rock types at each station from1 n or A Z or it could simply be employed as a global counter of all the structural measurements in the relation this in fact being an enumeration of the number of tuples in the relation or rows in the table The decision to use one or the other method is largely dependent on whether another relation exhibits a existential dependency on STRUCTURE that is on whether another relation requires each structure within a site to be identified It s easier though arguably less natural to simply enumerate the structures within the scope of the whole relation than to enforce enumeration of the structures within each site Both options would lead to the establishment of a proper primary key shown in boldface below Enumeration within a site generates a composite primary key consisting of SITE_ID and STRUCTURE_ID whereas e
43. e All entities created on layer 0 are ignored you can use this layer for annotation e Symbols must be constructed only from the following simple AutoCAD entities lines plines circles or arcs do not use hatches or shapes e Each symbol must reside within a 10 by 10 unit cell i e each symbol must occupy an area not greater than a square 10 drawing units long and wide e Each start or end point of an arc or line should occur on an integer boundary or contain no more than one decimal place of accuracy e g 10 0 or 10 1 are acceptable whereas 10 01 and 10 11 aren t e Each symbol must have a text entity indicating the symbol origin This text string is oriented so that the lower left corner of the first character is the insertion point of the text and hence the origin point for the symbol e To execute the DXF2SHX program use the DOS prompt Some helpful guidelines for symbol creation in AutoCAD 1 Choose Settings gt Drawing aids e Turn grid on set x and y spacing to 0 1 122 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Creating Custom Symbols in AutoCAD for FieldLog Turn snap on set x and y spacing to match grid spacing Click OK 2 On layer 0 draw a workspace box 10 by 10 units 3 Type pline then enter 0 0 10 0 10 10 0 10 0 0 You may want to create a grid with several 10 x 10 cells one cell for each symbol you re creating To create the symbol 1 5 6 Through the AutoCAD layer manager crea
44. finished click Exit FieldLog continues the upgrade process g FieldLog informs you when the v2 83 database has been upgraded to v3 0 To save the new setup click OK h FieldLog then asks to upgrade the map You can upgrade your map s now or later Before a map can be used with v3 0 it must be upgraded by following steps a g and then selecting all FieldLog created entities on the map FieldLog then upgrades the map entities so that they are linked to the v3 0 database Map entities created with v2 83 don t communicate with a v3 0 database until they are upgraded Fl upgrade must be performed once on the database and once for each map associated with the database i When the upgrade process is completed FieldLog notifies you that your database tables may need to be registered more accurately This is an optional advanced procedure To complete the upgrade process you can register your tables more accurately by e Select fl setup from the menu or type 1 setup at the command line then enter Tables Setup Select your project from the list on the right e Click the Table option then select the first table on the right e Click Setup e Select appropriate table types and identify key fields Each table already has a unique number field and station number field other options STATION unique station outcrop traverse SECTION unique station section e g drill hole segments ROCK unique station section
45. from the Column pop up The Area operator in FieldLog must operate on a field that contains location information of some sort Select Inside from the Operator pop up Click Area FieldLog replaces the Query dialog box The Spatial Condition dialog appears Leave it set to Draw fence FIELDLOG Spatial Query Condition E Draw fence R C Select object from map M Close polyline The Select Object From Map option allows you to use an existing item on the map such as a geological unit boundary as a search area Click three or more points to define a polygon bounding fence enclosing your area of interest Make sure you choose a fairly large area so that your query finds some stations Don t close the polygon AutoCAD SNOWLAKE eRe ae Select AREA point or lt U gt ndo last Select AREA point or lt U gt ndo last Select AREA point or lt U gt ndo last 40 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Performing a Spatial Query 8 To finish press Enter This closes the polygon and returns you to the Query panel The Value box should say AREA This indicates that FieldLog has stored a list of points from the map to define the area If it hasn t try again 9 To add the query to the Condition table click Modify The query should now appear in the list box Selecting Data 1 Select the following in the Output list STATI UTMX STATI UTMY STATI STATYPE STATI STATNUM STRUC FEATURE STRU
46. integrity of terminology FieldLog implements such catalogs in two modes as dictionaries diction and their profiles A dictionary contains an archive of geological terms It also contains a definition for each term thus ensuring that a record of the semantic meaning of each term is maintained A hierarchical arrangement of some dictionary items is called a profile and it s the profile which is attached to a column and presented to the geologist during data entry Once a profile is attached the contents of the column are restricted to items from the profile It s possible to configure the column to accept single or multiple terms from the attached profile and multiple choices are recorded in their order of selection so that terms may be arranged in priority sequence Profile items may be assigned an abbreviation for rapid data entry and may also be assigned custom symbology for visualization A dictionary may be associated with many profiles but a profile can only draw its items from one dictionary Profiles permit personalized and project specific collections and arrangements of geological terms to be employed yet also allow standard terminology in the form of dictionaries and their defined semantics to be defined within projects or agencies Profiles and dictionaries can be modified at any time and can contain an unlimited number of terms They are invaluable for data entry FieldLog furthermore presents two additional general utility ta
47. is established and thereafter exclusively handled by the data model For example operations required for extracting data from more than one table relational joins and for the inheritance of critical values between tables during data entry for referential integrity are maintained in a manner transparent to the geologist For example critical items such as site identifiers and sample numbers are propagated to all relevant tables until a new field site is established Table types do have basic requirements A sample table for example must possess columns containing site identifiers and sample numbers Each table must also possess a numeric column whose row value is unique within the table and which acts as the link between the database and any graphic environment such as CAD or GIS By insisting on certain key table elements FieldLog is able to ensure that critical relational rules of behaviour are observed that the database is relatively normalized to third normal form and that referential integrity is at least minimally maintained The conceptual model deals with spatial as well as semantic issues Observed data originates from a geographic location which may be a region outcrop or a site field station Often these observations are made along a travelled path which defines a geographic route traverse In the course of a survey sites and regions are encountered on one or more routes and sites may occur within regions Some observa
48. it 11 Logging on to a FieldLog Database ooonnonnnnnonnccconnnooncconnconnnnonccnnononnnnnnncnonnronnnnnn cc onnnranccnnncnn nos 11 Starting AUtoCAD cnica atea IAE EEEE KEKEE EOE EEEN E iroi ca 11 Opening Snow ake dw ici iii 12 SNA cen cascesdes vas pyobatee de costa tase E Eo EEEE SeSi 12 LOS SIN GON toa Datab se iii 12 Browsing the SnowLake Database oocnnncnonnconconnnononnnonnnoncnancnnccnnonnnonncnncon ano no cono ne non cnn nnncnncnnos 13 About FieldLog Data Tables ici as ii 15 JOLEA TOTA O i i ORE E E E da 15 Ending an AutoCAD Session cee ceeceseeseceseeeecesceeeeeeeseeseaeeseseaecsaesaecsesaecsenseeaeees 16 SUMMARY ois E A A Sea Gs a Sd 16 AutoCAD NOVICES 35 cccssshsnesecscccetescavecsubesetessscusedvnee sec sceuscevad she SKEE lenses acia cisne 16 CHAPTER 3 Adding and Editing Data in Field Log 3 csssccsssscccsssccessscccssssccsscecsssscsssscecscsseesesssseses 17 IntrOdUC HOM iaa Maton tect A a ethos ewes aes oestashe soe 17 Before You B siers vert cevssond ssaduadued cones E A cascade ceva EAE E E AREE ERT 17 Adding Data to a Table AAA 18 Getting Ready cimil 18 Adding New Traverse oss c scsccces csssesscscsotacscceccectesscoeneuecescesvecuaeustevbesseavissbensehesesscusntvaseboses 19 Adding NEw Stanons ti sii 20 Adding Eithology Data ss iii RA AA 21 Adding Structural Data ss it rro ri 22 Adding a Sample to Station Mel ooncnncnicnonnnonnnononnnnnnnnncnnnonnc nono no ono co non
49. key number for the rock number Accept the entry of 7 here and move to the Rocktype field 3 With Rocktype highlighted click List on the right FieldLog 3 Users Guide 21 Adding and Editing Data in FieldLog 3 About Depth The Profile Browser contains a viewing depth field and an Apply button What are these for Geological classification schemes are mostly hierarchical For instance we subdivide rocks into igneous metamorphic and sedimentary classes We subdivide igneous rocks into felsic intermediate mafic and ultramafic The exact level and type of subdivision reflects the specific interests and goals of the mapping geologist Most geologists can agree on the division and subdivision terms for rocks but sub subdivisions and so on quickly become highly personal terms FieldLog is unique because it allows geologists to express queries in geologic terms To a great degree this comes from FieldLog s use of profiles The FieldLog profile allows a query to specify for example all igneous rocks without naming them all the subdivisions know their division e g granite knows it belongs to igneous rocks The Viewing Depth box allows you to specify how deep into the profile hierarchy you see A 0 shows the entire hierarchy a 1 only the divisions a 2 the division and subdivisions and so on Viewing depth can be useful when you want to scan the entire profile without getting overwhelmed
50. oject scaled at 4 is 4 times its original size The x and y aspect ratio remains unchanged When multiple entities are scaled an origin is selected and all entities are scaled relative to this origin This means that the absolute location of all entities changes a very dangerous side effect FieldLog s fl scale command overcomes this problem Erase Erase allows you to select and erase drawing entities Using the mouse you can click on objects to build up a set to erase Pressing Enter deletes the selected entities Undo u deselects the most recently selected entity The window w option allows you to build a selection set by drawing a box To terminate the erase command use Ctrl C R12 13 or press esc for R14 If you erase something you want to keep use the undo command File Management Commands Save Save saves your file to disk quickly It doesn t prompt you for a filename unless this is the first time you ve saved the file Save your work often Save doesn t back up your FieldLog database FieldLog data is automatically saved when entered Save As Save As allows you to save a drawing under a new name This is useful if you want to generate multiple independent backups of a drawing Save As does NOT backup the FieldLog database it only saves the drawing part of the file If you use Save after Save As you ll replace the second version of your file not the original file When a Save As is performed AutoCAD chan
51. optionally positioned on the digital map through visual location or via digitization from some source such as a topographic map or air photograph When several observations occur at a site the data may be stored in more than one table or in more than one row in a table In this case FieldLog propagates critical values between rows or from one table to another in order to reduce data entry time and to enforce proper data connectivity between database tables i e referential integrity constraints For example site identifiers propagate to all rows and tables until a new site is specified FieldLog also permits customizable dictionaries of geological terms to be created and attached to columns for data entry purposes Fig B 1 and for the maintenance of semantic consistency of terminology Once a dictionary is attached to a column the contents of the column are restricted FieldLog 3 Users Guide 129 to one or optionally more terms from the dictionary Dictionaries are unlimited in the number of terms they may contain Viewing depth 0 I Apply ROCK ROCKS E Altered rock Aplitic Aplite Basaltic Palette Basalt Pate Pillow Basalt Diction Dacitic porien Dacite Dacite Breccia Delete Dacite Intrusive meen Dioritic Insert Diorite a Felsic Child Felsite a Felsic Breccia Sibling Felsic Intrusive Felsic Volcanic a Figure B 1 Data entry using a hierarchical profile Mobile Compu
52. or double clicking the Icon in Windows Explorer File Manager This unpacks several files into the AutoCAD support directory 5 For R12 reboot your system 6 For R14 00 and R14 01 re install dbase3 drivers by copying the two ASIDB3 files found at the FieldLog website into your main AutoCAD directory These overwrite the somewhat unstable driver files that come with AutoCAD Several new files appear in your AutoCAD support directory including one called FIELDLOG DCL Installing Sample Data and Creating Project Directories The files associated with a FieldLog project are stored in one directory known as the project directory Installing a project or creating a new project first involves creating a directory to contain the project and then for existing projects copying the project files into the directory and finally notifying FieldLog about the project s name and location To install the tutorial data provided 1 Make a directory for the sample data and name it snowlake e g c snowlake 2 Go to the sample data directory you just created 3 Copy the file SnowLake exe to this directory 4 Extract the data by typing the filename Snowlake or by double clicking on the file s icon 5 Geta directory listing for the sample directory There should be many small files in the directory This installs the sample project data To inform FieldLog about this sample data follow the instructions below Connecting to Project
53. symbol format at the start of the project To change the FieldLog setup from shapes to blocks each symbol definition in the project database requires editing The symbols plotted to your map also need to be updated to reflect the changes in your FieldLog setup This isn t a huge undertaking as you are probably using only a small subset of the symbology available with FieldLog Before you start remember to make a backup of both your database and your AutoCAD map drawing file To edit 1 Go to fl add 124 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Conclusions 2 Select a table that contains a column with an attached list and where the terms in the list are symbolized e g Struc Feature in SnowLake Select Struc Feature and click List Select the first term you want to change and click Palette Click the Block button Click OK Repeat this for all the terms you expect are or will be displayed on your map E O 8 Exit from fl add and Save your setup changes with fl setup gt Save FieldLog setup To update your map symbol entities 1 In AutoCAD turn off and freeze all the layers except for those containing the symbols you want to update 2 Using fl update window the map and press Enter FieldLog applies the symbol changes and converts the shapes to blocks 3 Save your map in AutoCAD Conclusions This appendix provides a basic introduction to FieldLog installation and project setup It also covers h
54. tables and plot any data you want to display to the AutoCAD map by running a query ensuring that you edit the query to reflect the data you want to plot This permits you to plot all relevant data from the desired table You can now edit the placement of information on your map for appearance Do this using one of AutoCAD s move commands You must now add any information to your database that is not station specific and was therefore not input on site using FWPro For example the information pertaining to the TRAV table is not captured on the Newton To add this 1 Choose fl add then select the TRAV table 2 Fill out traverses for all members of the field party FieldLog 3 Users Guide 97 Importing and Exporting Data Using the Newton GPS and External Databases 3 When you have finished entering information in the TRAV table select another non station specific table you want to add information to Sketches FWpro allows you to draw sketches and store them linked to a data entry field Each sketch is uniquely named and this name becomes its filename with a gif extension in the data directory when it s downloaded from the Newton This name is also placed in the data file which is imported into FieldLog Thus in the FieldLog database there will be columns corresponding to sketch fields which contain the filename of the sketch e g in the STRUC table there would be a column called sketch You can display ske
55. text which belongs to acolumn of the main database table Memo table names and their index names are identical memo lt table name gt MEM FieldLog 3 Users Guide 157 Traverse Outcrop Station Drill Hole Segment Drill Hole traverse_id outcrop_id 07 station_id station_id geologist traverse_id joutcrop_id segment_id date outcrop_summary Ojtraverse_id start depth traverse_summary A ARA easting end_depth northing trend elevation plunge station_type mapped_unit station_summary station_id easting northing summary Mineral Lithology Structure station_id station_id station_id it o od segment_id M theme_id y segment_id theme_id segment_id Rock Type List structure_id mineral_id rock_type I theme_id sample_id texture sample_id i color Structure List mineral Mineral List ial ol structure_type min_grainsize wining azimuth max_grainsize mineral dip_plunge percentage assemblage describe protolith comment Rock Sample sample_id station_id segment_id theme_id sample_type sampling_reason description l Thin Section Geochron Geochem sample_id sample_id sample_id thin_id lab _id lab_id Biotite age SiO2 Epidote plus_error Al203 Plagioc
56. that type For example the station table contains instances of field stations and the lithology table contains observed lithologies The totality of the tables forms a database that is thematically complete To achieve this database systems must also provide the means to define and enforce the relationships between tables and in this way model the behaviour between the entity types For instance field sites and lithologies are related in that lithologies are observed at distinct field sites Referential integrity constraints are the mechanism by which relational systems model such and other relationships They require a relation s primary and foreign keys to be identified Primary Key Inherent to the sense that a relation embodies a distinct type of entity is the notion that each tuple within the relation is unique A field site has its own identity which can never be shared with another site likewise a lithology observation at one site can t also be a lithology observation at another site providing the sites are distinct the two observations may be similar may even be expressed using identical wording but nonetheless they are two distinct occurrences The relational database model formalizes this concept by requiring each tuple to contain one or more attributes which in combination are unique within the relation Thus relations can never have duplicate tuples This unique attribute or combination of attributes is called the prim
57. the data is called metadata It s your vital quality control information What This Means AutoCAD was originally designed to draw architectural and machine shop designs In order to use AutoCAD to make maps we need to learn the areas where AutoCAD doesn t handle real world map making problems very well and also to recognize and take advantage of its strengths Potential problems include e Accuracy of linework and closure of polygons e Curvature of the earth introducing distortion in maps of large areas e Problems with scale To address these issues you need to know something about how a GIS works so that you can see how to solve these problems in AutoCAD Data Types in GIS Given that we want to have some GIS capabilities within AutoCAD and might eventually want to export FieldLog data to a full GIS it makes sense to consider how a GIS stores data and how that affects our use of AutoCAD GIS software uses two general data models the Raster andVector Models e The Raster Model models the world as a regular array of cells much like the surface of a television set Attributes are associated with individual cells and the array covers the area of interest This model is well suited to geophysical datasets such as gravity and magnetics to remotely sensed data and to geological data when flexible modelling is paramount Bonham Carter 1994 However it s poorly suited to map production because the cell size places fundam
58. the database for tabular reports Querying the database and plotting the results to the map e Deriving stereonets of structural information via a query e Plotting geochemical diagrams from database tables e Exporting the existing database to advanced GIS software for further analysis So far you ve used fl query to generate browsable scroll tables from the database In this chapter you ll learn how to perform complex queries displaying results on a map generating diagrams and exporting You ll also explore the full power of FieldLog s hierarchical approach to geological data manipulation the core of nomenclature based searches The fl query command is a powerful aspect of FieldLog It s extremely simple to use for basic searches yet provides sophisticated power for advanced users Many of the abilities of fl query are not provided by even the most advanced GIS tools on the market because they were never intended for geological work they are general purpose whereas FieldLog is a specialized GIS tailored for geoscientists FieldLog 3 Users Guide 31 Querying a Database What goes where FieldLog has a very complex set of choices to make when plotting to a map such as what layer to plot on what color to use what symbols to use and so on Plotting parameters for a particular item in FieldLog are stated in a Palette definition Palette is available as a button item on many of the dialogue boxes Pale
59. the mining and business community Spans Spans is a raster GIS well suited to raster analysis and geoscience modelling Stereonet FieldLog generates equal area and equal angle point stereonets and plots them to the current map view Rose Diagrams FieldLog generates rose diagrams and plots them to the current map view Geochemistry FieldLog generates x y plots and x y z plots given a user specified formula relating FieldLog database fields to an x y or x y z grid These are plotted to the map SAMPL SAMPLNUM SAMPL REASON STATI UTMX STATI UTMY STATI STATNUM FIELDLOG Query database LJ Project SnowLake zl Query yl Name PBSRUC Condition Output LITHO ROCKTYPE Pillow Basalt PHOTO BASENUMBEEE AND STRUC FEATURE IS PLANAR SAMPL STATNUM SAMPL ROCKNUM SAMPL THIN ey SAMPL STAIN SAMPL CHEM Liuz SAMPL OTHER SAMPL REASON ES SAMPL BASENUMBEF STATILUTMX tee STATI UTMY Connector Column Operator Value AND STRUC FEATURE IS PLANAR Next Prey Modify Delete New Up Down Build search condition Query Quit 13 To submit your query click Query The resulting scroll table should look similar to the one shown below FIELDLOG Scroll Table x PE FEATURE UTMX UTMY Basalt sufol 434579 60774 SAMPL BASENUMBER Basalt subed 435107 60780 SAMPL STATNUM Basalt sufol 434926 60777 S Basalt sufol 435186 60782 d Basalt s
60. to traditional database and cartographic operations Sophisticated data entry and database query including specialized geologic diagrams are present to augment the map making process Integration with mobile computing devices as well as with more standard methods of field note taking such as traditional field notebooks permits a broad range of data recording options FieldLog has been an integral component of the GSC s regional mapping and rapid digital map publication methodology since 1991 Geologic Map Construction Geologic maps depict geologic observations and interpreted geologic objects which are often inferred from the observational data The exact representation of these objects as map entities is scale dependent and the geometry may vary between point line polygon surface and volumetric objects The identification or deduction of geologic objects is iterative evidence is gathered and hypotheses are formulated which are supported or refuted by further evidence This is an analytic process where data are mutable and prone to re classification or re interpretation during the course FieldLog 3 Users Guide 127 of the mapping In this context a field system must ultimately be an aid to the thinking process as much as it must be an efficient mechanism to record and store thoughts Effective gathering of data is the first priority in this process soon followed by a need to recast the data into different scenarios Under FieldLo
61. universal transverse mercator lambert conformal conic double stereographic and user defined coordinate systems Coordinates and map entities can be converted from one projection to another Transformations may further be defined to convert coordinates from a user grid to other grids or orthogonal projections Distribution Currently FieldLog is distributed electronically at no cost on an as is basis from the following Internet address http gis nrcan gc ca You must complete a registration form before downloading the software You can also purchase a bound version of the users guide and tutorial as a GSC Open File from the GSC Publications office February 2001 This manual is available and will remain available in the future in electronic formats on the Internet site Formal software support is not provided by the GSC but the author will respond to questions and comments regarding the software Short courses on its use are occasionally presented at scientific meetings and at the GSC Bibliography Bonfati F and Monari P D 1995 Conceptual Modelling as a means for organizing geological information in Proceedings of the Joint European Conference and Exhibition on Geographical Information March 26 31 The Hague p 442 447 Brodaric B 1992 Geologial Survey of Canada FieldLog v2 83 Geological Survey of Canada internal publication 95 p Brodaric B and Fyon J A 1989 Ontario Geological Survey FieldLog a microcom
62. 14 629 W Average if Al Points H 29 readings LatLongs GPS i teadings average Average fom Display Screen HO STATI page 1 one of 29 readings Automatic Trail Save GPS Dat FieldName Value Y STATI LITHO PHOTO SAMPL STRUC GPS Preferences OPS Test Device Preferences Device Test o OF 3 P al Names Dates Extras gt Undo Find Assist scroll arrove for Bth Oth etc fields Figure B 2 A FieldLog project database on the Apple Newton using the Fieldworker software for data entry The Station table is displayed Operating Platforms FieldLog operates in AutoCAD s cartographic environment which it extends to include additional geographic and geologic processing capability AutoCAD was chosen because of its popularity its cartographic excellence its liberal development environment and its ability to run on many hardware and operating system platforms Of the operating systems supported by AutoCAD FieldLog currently functions within DOS Windows 3 1 95 and NT It currently uses all current versions of AutoCAD including releases 12 13 and 14 FieldLog can interact with a variety of database systems primarily because all relational database activity is performed transparent to the geologist using SQL Structured Query Language which is platform independent Relational databases such as dBase ODBC e g MS Access Oracle and so on are thus accessibl
63. 21 y Hee UTMX Prey I Attach Change Data Quit M Plot FieldLog 3 Users Guide 27 Adding and Editing Data in FieldLog 3 R13 R14 Note In AutoCAD R13 and R14 you can navigate and display up to four tables from the original fl edit table In R12 you can only navigate and display one additional table Note that changes made to the navigated tables aren t applied to the map as only the database is modified Limits on Modifying Tables in R12 R13 R14 If you use fl query in R12 you ll notice that the modify buttons are often greyed out when you arrive in the Scroll Table display In other words you can t modify any of the data on the display This is due to a limitation in AutoCAD s support for the Structured Query Language SQL around which FieldLog is built AutoCAD only allows edits when all displayed data comes from a single table Notice in the photo editing exercise we only select items from the photo table all of the entries are prefixed by PHOTO If we had selected any entries from other tables for example STATI STATNUM we wouldn t be able to modify the data in the table because the scroll table would contain items from more than one table In R13 and R14 on the other hand all scroll tables are modifiable R13 14 Note Digital photographs may be viewed if the column in the PHOTO table contains the filename and if the Image option is set under the Input button
64. 29 X 839 p Research Level Book The classic reference on relational database theory design and applications Definitely not a light read Probably not a good first book on databases but definitive Foley J D Van Dam A Feiner S K and Hughes J F 1990 Computer Graphics Principles and Practice Second Edition Addison Wesley ISBN 0 201 12110 7 Research Level Book A classic encyclopedic reference on theoretical and practical issues in photorealistic computer graphics The book is very clearly written and explains all of the fundamental concepts and methods that GIS systems exploit The overall aim of this book is more towards realistic scene building rather than interactive graphics but the overall coverage is so good that the book remains a very good reference Huff P 1954 How to Lie with Statistics Norton and Company The classic reference to the deliberate and accidental lies that statistics can generate Very short and readable and a good companion to Monmonier s follow up How to Lie with Maps Norman D A 1993 Things That Make Us Smart Defending Human Attributes in the Age of the Machine Addison Wesley ISBN 0 201 58129 9 Norman is one of the parents of the Cognitive revolution in psychology and a very clear writer on how information and structure in the real world interacts with the mind to FieldLog 3 Users Guide 167 produce confusion and chaos What a tool is and what data is req
65. 96 Spatially linked relational database management of petrology and geochemistry using FieldLog v3 0 a worked example from the Bathurst mining camp New Brunswick in Current Research Part E Geological Survey of Canada Geological Survey of Canda Paper 96 E p 255 260 de Roo J A van Staal C R and Brodaric B 1993 Application of FIELDLOG software to structural analysis in the Bathurst mining camp New Brunswick in Current Research Part D Geological Survey of Canada Paper 93 1D pp 83 92 Rumbaugh J Blaha M Premerlani W Eddy F and Lorenson W 1991 Object Oriented Modelling and Design Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs New Jersey 500 p Ryburn R J Blewett R S Stuart Smith P G and Williams P R 1993 Users Guide to the National Geoscience Mapping Accord Field Database Australian Geological Survey Organization Record 1993 049 54 p Schetselaar E 1995 Computerized Field Data Capture and GIS Analysis for Generation of Cross Sections in 3 D Perspective Views Computers and Geosciences v 21 no 5 p 687 701 Sharma K N M Gobeil A Hebert C Lamothe D and Lebel D 1998 Guide d utilisation des geofiches Ministere des ressources naturelles Quebec 30 p Struik L C Atrens A and Haynes A 1991 Handheld computer as a field notebook and its integration with Ontario Geological Survey s FieldLog program in Current Research Part A Geological Survey of Canada Paper 91 1A p
66. 996 Hierarchy Theory A Vision Vocabulary and Epistemology Columbia University Press ISBN 0 231 08481 1 A wonderful to the point look at hierarchical systems their role in science and their behaviour To me this rates with Kuhn s Structure of Scientific Revolutions 166 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Books for laying very general and overarching rules for how human understanding in science works Brooks F 1995 The mythical man month Anniversary Edition Addison Wesley ISBN 0201835959 336 p If you are doing computer work as opposed to thinking about it this book is an essential read Brooks discusses the art of running a software development team and dispels many notions that at first seem like common sense but in fact are incorrect like the common assumption that adding programmers to a team will speed up development Although there are newer books on this subject this one cuts to the core is readable and doesn t wander off into jargon and businesspeak Cleveland W S 1993 Visualizing Data Hobart Press Summit New Jersey ISBN 0 9634884 0 6 360 p A statistical graphics book that lays out standards of good statistics and design Statistical graphics are very common in GIS and statistical arguments are at the core of many research applications of GIS in the geosciences Date C J 1995 An Introduction To Database Systems Sixth Edition Addison Wesley Reading Massachusetts ISBN 0 201 543
67. AT AUTHORIZATION AVG BEGIN BETWEEN BIT BIT_LENGTH BOTH BY CASCADE CASE CAST CATALOG CHAR CHARACTER CHAR_LENGTH CHARACTER LENGTH CHECK CLOSE COALESCE COLLATE COLLATION COLUMN COMMIT CONNECT CONNECTION CONSTRAINT CONSTRAINTS CONTINUE CONVERT CORRESPONDING COUNT CREATE CROSS CURRENT_DATE CURRENT_TIME CURRENT_TIMESTAMP CURRENT_USER CURSOR DATE DAY DEALLOCATE DEC DECIMAL DECLARE DEFAULT DEFERABLE DEFERRED DELETE DESC DESCRIBE DESCRIPTOR DIAGNOSTICS DISCONNECT DISTINCT DOMAIN DOUBLE DROP ELSE END END EXEC ESCAPE EXCEPT EXCEPTION EXEC EXECUTE EXISTS EXTERNAL EXTRACT FALSE FETCH FIRST FLOAT FOR FOREIGN FOUND FROM FULL GET GLOBAL GO GOTO GRANT GROUP HAVING HOUR IDENTITY IMMEDIATE IN INDICATOR INITIALLY INNER INPUT INSENSITIVE INSERT INT INTEGER INTERSECT INTERVAL INTO IS ISOLATION JOIN KEY LANGUAGE LAST LEADING LEFT LEVEL LIKE LOCAL LOWER MATCH MAX MIN MINUTE MODULE MONTH NAMES NATIONAL NATURAL NCHAR NEXT NO NOT NULL NULLIF NUMERIC OCTET_LENGTH OF ON ONLY OPEN OPTION OR ORDER OUTER OUTPUT OVERLAPS PARTIAL POSITION PRECISION PREPARE PRESERVE PRIMARY PRIOR PRIVILEGES PROCEDURE PUBLIC READ REAL REFERENCES RELATIVE RESTRICT REVOKE RIGHT ROLLBACK ROWS SCHEMA SCROLL SECOND SECTION SELECT SESSION SESSION_USER SET SIZE SMALLINT SOME SQL SQLCODE SQLERROR SQLSTATE SUBSTRING SUM SYSTEM_USER TAB
68. C AZIMUTH STRUC DIP Note that as usual we select the STATI UTMX and STATI UTMY columns so that our output options include required location information 2 Click Query and then OK when the message box appears The Scroll Table dialog box appears listing the data FEATURE AZIMUTH DIP UTMX UTMY STATYPE sufol 215 63 435581 6078027 outcrop STRUC BASENUMBE sufol 355 74 435664 6077636 outcrop STRUC STATNUM sufol 215 82 436288 6077669 outcrop STRUC FEATURE v 65 75 436288 6077669 outcrop STRUC AZIMUTH fu 207 83 436152 6077541 outcrop STRUC DIP sufol 177 82 436067 6078109 outcrop STATILBASENUMBER sufol 22 65 435959 6078023 outcrop STATILUTMX sufol 208 85 436393 6077880 outcrop STATI UTMY STATI STATYPE RTATILSTATNUM sufol 10 0 436231 6077897 outcrop sulay 240 55 437154 6078344 outcrop HE E Apply Top Next Modify Modify All Bot To Moe e Your specific display may differ from the one shown above because it s likely you ll have chosen a different area of the map If no data appears you chose an area with no measurements Return to fl query and rerun StrucArea on a larger section of the SnowLake map Remember to click Modify to update the condition after you have selected a new area Plotting Data Next you ll add all measurements found by the query to the map view Remember that FieldLog maintains the geological database independent of FieldLog 3 Users Guide 4 Queryin
69. D R13 and R14 permits digital versions of the photographs to be displayed from the database if the digital filename is stored within a column and if that column has been designated as an Image using the Input button These tables divide the normal data collected in a field mapping project into pieces that are related by identification numbers e g station number sample number lab number and so on to generate a single flexible structure The exact fields or columns present in each table vary depending on the needs of the 76 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Modifying FieldLog s Table Structure R13 R14 Note In AutoCAD R13 and R14 there is an additional button in the Fl Setup menu bar Project Setup is used to establish links between AutoCAD and FieldLog projects In AutoCAD R12 this is done by editing files directly See Appendix A for details The Delete and Purge Options Delete makes FieldLog unaware of the table and also permits you to permanently erase the table and its data Use Delete with great care Purge is a house keeping operation that will eliminate deleted rows that are invisible to you This compresses the table and improves database performance It is worthwhile to occasionally perform this operation on your database but note that purged items cannot be recovered so use it cautiously organization the SnowLake database is for government geological survey style mapping Most often modifying this
70. ELDLOG Import Table R x intended for import causes 3 To locate your file click File Project C Database C Textfile FieldLog to reject the row 4 Click Import If you chose Text file the Import Text File dialog box appears FIELDLOG Import Text File x Impor text file C Program Files AutoCAD R141 str Ms Table Name Text Delimiter projection gt FT Fieldworker e Table Select the FieldLog table you want to append update in this case STRUC The columns of the STRUC table appear in the right column of the screen e Column Select all the columns in the database column list that correspond to columns in your text file excluding BASENUMBER FieldLog imports text file columns by matching the first text file column with the first selected database column the second text column with the second selected database column and so on Not all database columns need to be selected and there may be gaps between selections FieldLog assumes all text columns are selected but ignores any text columns for which there are no corresponding database columns selected e g when 3 104 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Importing Database Tables and Text Files into FieldLog Databases database columns are selected and there are 5 text file columns Note that the order of the columns in the text file MUST be identical to the order of the columns in the database e Column Delimiter Enter a Colu
71. EOUS LAYERING sula day Child solay da FLOW CONTACT O Sibling suflow R s flow bed Ok Quit 7 To force the change into the fl edit dialog box click OK and then Enter Data to commit the change to the database Note Prior to plotting an x bed to the map you must specify a Palette definition for it To do this use the Palette button as described above A properly constructed set of profiles and dictionaries can make a big difference in the internal consistency and thus utility of a field geological database Field terminology is itself inherently hierarchical and so by treating this hierarchical organization explicitly FieldLog provides unique tools for geological analysis Modifying FieldLog s Table Structure Palettes profiles dictionaries and input controls determine how data is entered into a series of tables to produce a self consistent geologically useful database and how items from this database are plotted to the map But the actual data content is also controlled by the table structure of the database which is built from logical building blocks the FieldLog data model that reflect the mapping process From these building blocks geologists can construct databases that are tailored to individual and specific project needs As discussed in Appendix B data models are adapted to specific applications but generally have a common overall structure This reflects the fact that while we are all colle
72. ER 7 Customizing FieldLog oocccoonooonnconncconnnonncoonnconncnonoconncnononconcnnnnnonncrononnnnnonoroo conce S Ssss neon nos 65 NS NN 65 Warn ia 65 Customizing FieldLog Palettes ooooocnnonocnnonnonnnanononononononancnn nro nono non keisrit ocn no conc re cnn oeiki seukse sos 66 Pal ttes and Profiles dato 66 Using Palett s cosido toni 67 Example of Modifying Palettes oononcccnnnonnnonconnnanonnnonnnoncnancnn non nonnnonnorncon ocn nooo non nena n ona nnnncnernss 68 Before You Beitia iii 68 Simple Palette Changes cessive Biche data 68 Controlling Data Entry with Input 0 eee ceeceeeceeeeeeeeaeeseecaeesaecsecaeesecscnsecnseseeeeseaeeees 70 FieldLog Dictionaries and Professione e a E E EE R EO 72 Examples of Using Dictionaries and Profiles ooooocnnnnnnninnnonnnnnnoncnaninncrnncn cnn no conc no cn onnnnncnncrnos 72 Before You BM avi sovecoansd suave R EAREN 72 Dictionary Access ninia ied saev secu EE EEEE EELE TEE E ESEESE 73 Profile ModifiGatiOn isir ernea a raose e aeaa eeens E e S E e ARESE EnA 74 Modifying FieldLog s Table Structure oooocnnncinnnonnonnconcnnccnnononnnncnno ran onn crono nn non corn ncn nc onn coronaci n 75 Example Using Table Setpro eerror ereiaro osit oes airen eaei 77 Table Setup and Registration i orire i Ae EEEE RE E OEE ORE E E EER 78 Grouping Data a di 80 MAPS A A A 81 PI Upd ate so scoscocsccsenstscscctvesseveescnsssdosscedeesassnteectesasstede A sii 83 Conclusions a e inet nda neki
73. EXE the Sample data e SNOWEMP EXE an empty database e SNOW1314 EXE sample digital photos and geophysics for AutoCAD R13 and R14 e FIELDMAN EXE FieldLog v 3 0 User Guide and Manual in Postscript FieldLog 3 Users Guide 113 e SNOWARC ZIP sample geophysical data e FIELDMAN PDE FieldLog v 3 0 Users Guide and Manual in PDF format e FLGI4ES PDF FieldLog v 3 0 User Guide in PDF format Spanish e ASIDB3 EXE DBASE 3 driver for AutoCAD R14 00 or R14 01 e ASIDB3 XMX DBASE 3 driver for AutoCADR14 00 or R14 01 The first 9 are self extracting pkzip archives and unpack into many small files when they are double clicked in Windows The snowarc zip file must be extracted either with WinZip or by using the command pkunzip d snowarc To view the PDF files you must download Acrobat Reader The last two files are dbase drivers The drivers shipped with AutoCAD R14 are unstable and need to be re installed into your main AutoCAD directory There is a FAQ at http gis nrcan gc ca FieldLog doesn t support AutoCAD 2000 or any of its variants Installing FieldLog Software Databases and Connecting to Databases To use FieldLog you must install the full version of AutoCAD for DOS or Windows Specifically the AutoCAD database environment ASE must be installed correctly If you aren t sure these are installed reinstall AutoCAD on your machine with all options set A full installation guarantees that all necessary components are inst
74. Form site_id x y rock_id rock_type rock_class struc_id 1 100 100 1 granite plutonic 1 1 100 100 2 dacite volcanic 2 2 200 200 1 granite plutonic 1 2 200 200 2 rhyolite volcanic table continued feature feat_class azimuth dip srock_id foliation planar 200 20 1 foliation planar 200 20 1 linear linear 300 30 Figure B 6 The un normalized table of Figure B 5 arranged in 1st Normal Form FieldLog 3 Users Guide The Relational Data Model Tables in first normal form Figure B 6 can t contain repeating column types such as rock_typel rock_type2 and so on Multiple instances of a column type such as rock type are instead appended as new rows and common data are repeated in each row For instance each separate structural reading is recorded into a new row containing repeated station information such as the station number and its location The table thus grows in length instead of in width This treats the most pressing problem of data loss as 1 normal form doesn t impose limits on the number of data occurrences and thus permits all relevant data to be recorded Furthermore including identifiers for each lithology and structure at a station allows structures to be related to lithologies For example both foliation measurements at station 1 are hosted by the granite and the lineation at station 2 isn t associated with any specific rock type
75. GIS itself A good collection of papers to look through if you are interested in the full range of spatial techniques from GIS to geophysical image interpretation to geostatistics Bonham Carter G F 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Geoscientists Modelling with GIS Pergamon Tarrytown New York ISBN 0 08 42420 1 398 p This is the only real GIS book that focuses on geoscience issues It gets into the math very quickly and focuses on modelling to find ore deposits but the introductory material is also good This book is well suited to be a second book on GIS in other words read after you have read an introductory book on GIS such as Jones book for example FieldLog 3 Users Guide 165 De Paor D G 1996 Structural Geology and Personal Computers Elsevier ISBN 0 08 043110 0 A collection of papers covering a wide range of data collection presentation and analysis topics Particularly useful for structural geologists but also a good overview of communications hypermedia efforts and mapping tools Drury S 1993 Image Interpretation in Geology Chapman and Hall London Sooner or later you will need to integrate airphoto information or perhaps even remote sensing data into your work Drury provides a clear overview of geologic features as they manifest in imagery Gunther O 1998 Environmental Information Systems Springer Verlag ISBN 3 540 60926 A very interesting but very odd book Gunt
76. Il leave them intact Click the Quit button Profile Modification We ll now modify the structural profile to include a specialized type of bedding an observed crossbed xbed This means defining the relationship of xbed to other items in the profile and creating a new dictionary entry for the term 1 2 Access the structure entered in the last exercise using l edit Select the feature entry To open the Profile browser click List Select s bed We ll introduce a special case of the s bed symbol xbed which is a child of s bed To force FieldLog to enter the new Profile entry as a child of the currently selected item click the Child radio button Enter x bed in the data entry field at the bottom of the dialog To place the new item xbed into the profile click Insert Fill in the dictionary item with a definition for the new term e g Longname x bed Shortname xb Definition cross bedding and click Change Data 74 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Modifying FieldLog s Table Structure Saving the Setup Once you have changed a profile or dictionary you should force FieldLog to save the changes in case there is a crash From the fl setup button menu choose Save FieldLog Setup You should now see a new subtype of s bed Viewing depth 0 Apply FEATR NATMP PLANAR BEDDING subed s bed Palette sen sobed Diction PILLOW pay suplw s plw Delete soplw IGN
77. LE TEMPORARY THEN TIME TIMESTAMP TIMEZONE_HOUR TIMEZONE_MINUTE TO TRAILING FieldLog 3 Users Guide 121 TRANSACTION TRANSLATE TRANSLATION TRIM TRUE UNION UNIQUE UNKNOWN UPDATE UPPER USAGE USER USING VALUE VALUES VARCHAR VARYING VIEW WHEN WHENEVER WHERE WITH WORK WRITE YEAR ZONE Creating Custom Symbols in AutoCAD for FieldLog The DXF2SHX Program FieldLog contains libraries with variations of the most common symbols used in geological cartography NATMAP shx OGS shx and Metamorhpic shx However in some cases you may need to create your own symbol library to reflect the cartographic needs of your operating environment Creating a new symbol library to use with FieldLog involves drawing the symbols in AutoCAD exporting them to a dxf format and converting the dxf file to a shx symbol library using the antiquated DXF2SHX EXE DOS program The DXF2SHX program converts a DXF file drawn in AutoCAD to an AutoCAD SHX symbol file format The DXF2SHX program works best with AutoCAD R12 The program doesn t convert dxf files generated from R14 even if they are saved as R12 dxf without some low level recoding using a text editor word processor Some rules for drawing symbols in AutoCAD e Each symbol and its components must be placed on its own AutoCAD layer e The symbol s layer name becomes the symbol name e Each symbol layer name should be alphanumeric and contain no special characters
78. MEA If you are using a GPS you will undoubtedly come across the terms NMEA or NMEA 0183 In 1983 the National Marine Electronics Association USA developed a voluntary standard for Interfacing Marine Electronics Devices NMEA 0183 This Standard defines signal requirements data transmission protocol timing and specific sentence formats for a 4800 baud serial data connection The standard has been periodically updated For more information on NMEA go to www4 coastalnet com nmea of choice appears to be post processing Where the geology is less exposed a greater emphasis is placed on the actual field observations and notes and the data collected is generally point data A field mapping style of predominantly regional mapping of moderate to poorly exposed rock generally places users into the latter category where real time selective availability system SA is used GPS readings are funnelled directly to the Newton on the outcrop without intermediary processing but with reduced accuracy and resolution Since SA scrambling was stopped this translates to 10m accuracy more than adequate for regional mapping For regional scale mapping of 1 50 000 to 1 250 000 the SA accuracy of 30 100 metres is usually acceptable Fieldworker also does some on site averaging which helps increase the level of accuracy Even at 1 50 000 this represents 0 5 2mm accuracy the same level of accuracy achieved when using traditional methods of
79. MODIFY About Complex Queries It is easy to get misleading results from any complex query especially those that involve multiple conditions When in doubt work through the query slowly and make sure the query does what you want Most people run into problems when using the AND connector For example the following condition is impossible Feature s foll AND Feature s fol2 The Feature column can contain only one value s foll or s fol2 but not both In this case OR is required to indicate that both s foll and s fol2 occurrences are to be returned from the query The and IS operators are also often misused Use the operator when you want the condition to return a single value e g s foll all s foll measurements Use the IS condition when you want the condition to return a family of values e g IS Planar all planar measurements TABLE 1 Fl Query Dialog Items Up Inserts an empty search condition into the Condition list above the currently selected entry Down Inserts an empty search condition into the Condition list below the currently selected entry Query Runs the query if the query is valid Cancel Closes the query box cancelling the query Select SnowLake from the Project pop up The only choice in the Query pop up is the StatBrowse query from Chapter 3 We ll make a new query here so leave the pop up blank In the Name box type SEol Search Remember that by naming a search yo
80. NSIDE if you choose a location field in the Column pop up e g UTMX or UTMY in the SnowLake database you can then search for stations inside a specified area The Area button allows you to specify the target area by specifying the bounding polygon OUTSIDE as with INSIDE but the query returns features that are outside the area specified using the AREA button NEAR allows a buffer search it finds all features within a specified distance of a line specified with the Line button Specify the buffer distance in drawing units in the Value field Value This field accepts logical alphabetic and numeric entries that must be satisfied by the search condition For example if you want to find all station numbers greater than 100 you put 100 in this field Next Selects the Condition directly below the currently selected one Use Next when editing existing conditions Conditions can also be selected by clicking on them with the mouse Prev Selects the Condition above the one that s currently selected Modify Overwrites or enters the selected entry from the Connector Column Operator Value fields into the Condition list To modify an existing condition or insert a new condition you must click this button Delete Deletes the selected entry in the Condition list FieldLog 3 Users Guide 35 Querying a Database Note To create a new blank condition you must click UP or DOWN Then simply create the condition and click
81. O BASENUMBER Run the query When the Scroll Table appears click Bot to move to the bottom of the table Select the me2 entry then click Modify O 8 N Select the caption then replace the current text with Fascinating structures at me2 6 To exit click OK Note that the entry has changed 28 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Summary That s it for adding and editing Save your drawing and log out of the SnowLake database Summary In this chapter you learned how to e Add new data to an existing FieldLog database e Move data interactively on the map by item station and table e Edit values in the FieldLog database by selecting them on the display e Edit values in the FieldLog database by selecting them with a query The ability to add data to a database by interactively working on a screen map is an effective way to capture data from analogue field notebooks or to recapture historic data Many field geologists are finding however that it s more effective to capture the data digitally in the field and then simply import the captured digital data directly into a database in the base camp This is covered in Chapter 8 Editing is an essential part of day to day usage of any field data capture system Editing inevitably precipitates organizational difficulties when working on larger projects who has the right to change data Furthermore databases that are hosted on multiple machines can quickly become internall
82. ON char 250 146 FieldLog 3 Users Guide The Relational Data Model primary key SITE_ID ROCK_ID foreign key SITE_ID references STATION SITE_ID on delete cascade on update cascade e g for STRUCTURE SITE_ID STRUCTURE_ID FEATURE AZIMUTH DIP_PLUNGE ROCK_ID the statement would be create table STRUCTURE SITE_ID integer not null STRUC_ID integer not null FEATURE char 20 not null AZIMUTH integer DIP_PLUNGE integer ROCK_ID integer primary key SITE_ID STRUC_ID foreign key SITE_ID references STATION SITE_ID on delete cascade on update cascade foreign key SITE_ID ROCK_ID references LITHOLOGY SITE_ID ROCK_ID on delete set null on update cascade In this way relational databases bind related concepts and allocate appropriate behaviour to them Normalization As noted above decomposing a concept into multiple relations is performed for both conceptual clarity and efficient database design More often than not these two directions coincide as the theory of effective database design called normalization is founded on the inherent semantic relationships within a set of data In normalization the relationships between data are expressed as functional dependencies and they may exist only within one relation between attributes of the relation During normalization the functional dependencies within a relation may cause the relation to be further subdivided normalized into two or more d
83. TATI table 3 Leave the UTM and GRID x y and z values blank 20 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Adding Data to a Table Why a Key Number If FieldLog included rock descriptions as part of the STATION table you would have to make assumptions about data collection during database setup How many rocks at most would you leave room for in the STATI table Any unused fields would still occupy space in the tables so your database would be highly inefficient By keeping rock descriptions in a separate table the LITHO table any number of rock descriptions can be entered Each description represents one row in the table Each is uniquely identified by the combination of a station number and lithology code The lithology code could be a sequence number representing the Ist 2nd 3r lithology at the station or it could be a code from a geological legend e g 2a If the UTM or GRID x y and z contain values you won t be able to interactively select a point FieldLog assumes that because you left them blank you want to pick the location interactively 4 Select STATNUM type me1 then press Enter 5 For AIRPHOTO type none then press Enter 6 For TRAVNUM type 29 since this was the last traverse number you entered it should by default already be in the table 7 Click Enter Data The dialog box disappears and acrosshair with the station symbol and number appears on the map If your digitizer was
84. TRAVNUM 30 extend onto other areas of the map where the OUTCRNUM 3 observations linked would a AIRPHOTO none be out of context A single record can be linked to BASENUMBER use provided value multiple AutoCAD entities but a single AutoCAD entity can 4 Make sure that the Attach checkbox is selected you want to link the only be linked to one record outcrop table entry to the outcrop s outline Adding later links will sever E FIELDLOG Add to Table E earlier ones Project SnowLake El Table ourer TRAVNUM 30 Lizi OUTCRNUM 3 AIRPHOTO none msn CAE Overwriting Links BASENUMBER 2 E Memo FieldLog maintains only one database link for any AutoCAD Tae entity it creates If you link an COMMENT AutoCAD entity to a row in the database and later link the entity to another row the first F Attach Input Palette Points M Plot link is overwritten destroyed a PAE TA However the contents of the Quit database are unaffected 5 Click OK 6 Select the outcrop s outline then click to attach p SUCCESS Object attached continue linking 7 When prompted for more links click No FieldLog 3 Users Guide 49 Attaching Data to Lines Verifying that an Attachment Worked The point of attachments is that you can access tabular data by clicking on a drawing entity the entity and the table become conceptually linked and this link persists if the data is exported You can check whether an attachment
85. They went into the block database To replace them insert the block To insert a block 1 Type Insert then the block name 2 Enter the insertion point followed by a scale factor 1 for X 1 for Y unless you want the block size to change and a rotation angle 0 to leave the block unrotated AutoCAD inserts the block Attributes are user defined data that are embedded within a block You can put text or numeric fields with prompt names inside any block When it inserts a block AutoCAD prompts you for values for the attributes This is a simple way to build up a database map combination We don t recommend it within FieldLog as FieldLog provides more FieldLog 3 Users Guide 63 Map Preparation with AutoCAD sophisticated ways to build a database than simple attributes See the Attributes section of the AutoCAD Reference Manual for more information Before you make a block and attribute set consider carefully FieldLog is designed to provide symbol database combinations exactly like blocks and attributes but much more powerfully and simply If the needed changes can be made via a FieldLog table consider going through the Setup process and including the new item in your FieldLog database rather than maintaining two separate database systems A general rule is if the data is geological it should be in FieldLog FieldLog maintains symbols as either blocks or shapes in AutoCAD drawings However prior to using with FieldL
86. To insert the condition into the Condition table click Modify 36 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Performing a Simple Query Details R13 14 Note In AutoCAD R13 and R14 the Scroll Table dialog box has an additional output item called Image or Sketch This allows you to review all raster images that were returned by the query for example you can use it to review field photographs The images are shown sequentially in the AutoCAD window For each picture you can show it or not in effect acting as a pause between images After the last image is displayed press Enter to finish Press Ese to stop image viewing In AutoCAD R13 and R14 two radio buttons appear with Plot Options that allow you to specify whether you want all query items plotted or only the rows you select The Clear button unselects all currently selected rows There should now be an item in the main body of the dialog If a row in the main body is highlighted you can edit it by changing the characteristics in the pop ups and then clicking Modify once again Choosing the Output for a Query Now that you ve set up your condition and entered it into the Condition list you must choose the type of output you want Let s output the results onto snowlake dwg In other words we ll direct the features that meet the query condition all s fol s to be plotted to the map To output the symbols on the map FieldLog needs to know e STRUC
87. a e Ki S Geological Survey of Canada Open File 3239 B Brodaric R Harrap and D Lemkow FieldLog v 3 0 User s Guide and Reference Geological Survey of Canada Queen s University Kingston Ontario 2001 Natural Resources Ressources naturelles 1 1 E q Canada Canada Canada FieldLog Manual Version 3 0 Table of Contents PREFACE vursan aasia e ee E E S ES OAE CO A TO S ES E ETE E 1 A Field Data Management Program for GeologistS oooonnconnnonnonnconconocnncononnonn conc cnncnancnn cin ncnnnos 1 About This Manual 0 c scsccscscossecucdhcussscsceusasesecseh suse scsscheveceecebacescuess cbcuscbusechouessuvecugbebenstbsnbebovbsesy 2 Organization of the Tutorial sen e E R nie aia A E aE SESS 3 Font Conventions iesenii eini as ies 3 A Note On FieldLog Plattorms sasiik tine ie biaee nue viel E E E 3 NI NO 4 CHAPTER 1 Why Use Field L0g ccsssscssscssssscssccsscssssscccsssccscsscecsssscscssecssssnessessscssscsscsscesssoscssesessecesee 5 O 5 Back Sound PEE O ie tod 5 The Field Mapping ProtESSo reiese i i n AA RE AERE AREE RER RE 6 About Classification a r a a Gh a EE ra e ost nection R S 7 The Field Analysis and Cartography Process cceccecsesessseesecseessecseceseeseceseeseenseeeeeeeeeaes 8 SUMMARY A il 9 CHAPTER 2 Starting Field Log ccsssccscsssscssssscesccscscscescecscsssscesscsecessesceessssescsssccesosseseese cnesssscsssesssosees 11 IMtrOdUCHON air ti
88. a cas 3 Formi ndx 2 Legnp1 ndx B Minl2 ndx 2 Ntsmp2 ndx 3 St 3 Form2 ndx 3 Legnp2 ndx E Minls1 ndkx 3 Outcrpri ndx 3 st 3 Forms1 ndx B Lithomem ndx 2 Minls2 ndx BJ outcrtrw ndx 3 st Cancel 3 Forms2 ndx Lithopri ndx 2 Named1 ndx 3 Outcrung ndx 3 St 3 Gsizd1 ndx 3 Lithoung ndx 2 Named2 ndx B Photopri ndx a sti Advanced 3 Gsizd2 ndx 2 Mafidi ndx 2 Namepl ndx 2 Photoung ndx 2 Te 3 Gsizp1 ndx 2 Mafid2 ndx 2 Namep2 ndx 2 Rocknurn ndx 23 Te B Gsizp2 ndx 3 Mafip1 ndx 2 Natmp1 ndx B Rocks1 ndx 3 Te 2 Legnd1 ndx 3 Mafip2 ndx 2 Natmp2 ndx B2 Rocks2 ndx 3 Te 3 Legnd2 ndx B Minerpri ndx E Mts1 ndx 3 Samplnum ndx Jun 3 Legndpri ncx B Minerung ndx E Nts2 ndx E Samplprindx Bun 3 Legndung ndx B Minl1 ndx B Ntsmpi ndx B Samplunq ndx alun Find files that E these search criteria File name oo Text or property Eind Now Files of type dBASE Index ndx v Last modified any time New Search 60 file s found 5 Open the TRAV table in MS Access by selecting the Table tab and double clicking TRAV or by single clicking TRAV and then clicking Open Note that you aren t creating a new dbf file but are linking to the dbf file resident in the FieldLog project database If you deleted the linked file in your mdf database file you would only be deleting the link to FieldLog ES snowy Database kh
89. a entry process allows point entities to be simultaneously added to the database and map as symbols or text This procedure doesn t hold for other map entities such as lines or polygons they must first be added to the map using AutoCAD s standard cartographic functions and then linked to a database description during data entry Each AutoCAD map and thus each map entity has positional information referenced to a previously established coordinate system taken from FieldLog s catalogue of cartographic projections Positional information is copied from the map to the FieldLog database only for designated points whereas positional information for other map entities remains in the AutoCAD map When entering data field observations may be typed locations may be digitized and either can be imported from external text or database tables A digital topographic map is usually used as a backdrop onto which the observations are plotted When observations are imported from external sources such as mobile data collection devices they are retrieved from the database and plotted to the map via a user directed query process When observations reside in paper notebooks or forms they are manually entered by selecting a table and entering information into the columns of a new row Column contents are verified according to various parameters configured by the geologist If verified the new row is inserted into the table and the values of selected columns are
90. abase dialog In R12 you must manually select the project each time Not only can layers be assigned a colour but they can also be used to control the visibility of objects on the map If map objects have been thematically grouped into layers then it is possible to make visible invisible any combination of map layers The ability to highlight or hide certain data allows you to easily build a variety of thematic maps from one basemap Another way to do this is to physically remove data from the map but not from the database Both methods have their place layers are useful for thematic control while removing data is useful for making a particular layer simpler to understand and less crowded when plotted Performing a Simple Query Details Now let s do a simple query find all S FOLT s in the SnowLake database and add them to your map This time we ll go through the process in detail so you can see what each section of the query box is actually contributing to the process To start the query process 1 Type 1 query in the AutoCAD command line or select it from the FieldLog menu The Query database dialog box appears FIELDLOG Query database Project SnowLake E Query El Name Output CHEM STATNUM a CHEM ROCKNUM CHEM SAMPLNUM CHEM SIO2 CHEM AL203 Area CHEM FE203 CHEM FEO line CHEM CAO CHEM MGO CHEM NA20 CHEM NI CHEM CR CHEM PB Condition Wee m symbol Con
91. able pop up 12 When you re finished adding data click Cancel This doesn t cancel the entries you ve just made it simply ends your current data entry session Adding New Stations When adding a new station to a FieldLog database you must enter the station coordinates after all the key to a spatial database is that 1t records not only descriptive information usually called attributes but also spatial location You can enter coordinates by e Typing in the actual numeric value in the current projection system e Pointing with a digitizer or mouse to the station location on the screen e Pointing with a digitizer or mouse to the station location on a map or air photo secured to a digitizing tablet you must first calibrate the map or photo to the AutoCAD map see Tablet Calibration in Chapter 6 During actual field work you might be digitizing the location from a calibrated airphoto grabbing the data from a hand held computer or GPS digitizing from a sketch map or visually comparing a sketch on the screen with a paper map For simplicity we ll use this final method here In this lesson you 11 learn how to locate a station by interactively choosing a point on the screen This is the least rigorous of the methods allowed because the location will be specified via approximate visual placement 1 To open the Add to Table dialog box type 1 add or choose FieldLog gt fl add 2 Select the SnowLake project and the S
92. agram These options are contained in the Symbol Setup dialog shown below DText Profile FEATR Text Value lem sol Font Layer s FoL1 Around Colour Size Angle M Symbol Shape Block iy Ang Offset Library 2 SUPPORTINATMAP SHX Position 0 Symbol S FOL1 X offset 0 000000 Y offset 0 000000 D Fil M Solid Z offset 0 000000 Fattern Line Width Associate Lo Quit Palette controls can be associated with various parts of a database setup permitting groups of database items to share a Palette control If every possible combination of layer colour symbol orientation and so on had to be set for every possible entry in an entry field database setup would be incredibly tedious This is alleviated by allowing you to specify symbology at different levels of database setup Palettes and Profiles FieldLog allows symbol palettes to be assigned at two levels first any column in a table may have a palette attached to it Second any item in a profile may have a palette specification 66 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Using Palettes Symbols Symbols in AutoCAD are built from individual line segments or other graphic entities and reside in libraries that are named with shx extensions The FieldLog distribution comes with three Canadian structural symbol libraries OGS shx GSC shx and NATMAP shx offer
93. ake map its North angle is actually about 50 degrees from the right Clockwise angles Enter Y for azimuthal angle measurements or N for standard Cartesian counter clockwise method In order to plot oriented data measured using standard azimuthal techniques i e strike dip direction this parameter must be set to Y You can experiment with the symbol size and text height parameters as you use a map For example the size of symbols and text already present on a map may be modified using the fl scale command Experimenting with north angles is more problematic and shouldn t be necessary If the angle values are wrong any plotted symbols are incorrectly rotated and you must either carefully erase these and replot after correcting the north angle value or preferably apply the fl update command to the plotted symbols and their angles are corrected after correcting the north angle value Fl Update You may want to update your map to reflect changes made to your database for example replace old symbols with symbols from a new library or reposition FieldLog entities after transforming database coordinates This can be easily done using the fl update command 1 In AutoCAD turn off all the layers except for layers containing the FieldLog data you want to update 2 Select fl update from the FieldLog menu Your cursor returns to the screen waiting for entity selection Select some entities to update and p
94. alled Ensure that you have installed your latest version of AutoCAD For R12 this means R12_c4 for Windows and R12_c3 for DOS Earlier releases contain significant bugs Installation involves three separate procedures 1 Installation of the FieldLog software package 2 Installation of sample empty or preexisting databases 3 Instructing FieldLog to recognize the appropriate database If you are a first time user you probably want to install the sample database so that you can do the tutorial Those starting a new project will likely be use SnowLake or a pre existing database Installing FieldLog To install FieldLog under Windows 3 1 Windows 95 or Windows NT 1 Go to the AutoCad Support directory i e acadwin support for R12 windows acad support for R12 DOS r 3 win support for R13 and Program Files AutoCAD R14 support for R14 114 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Installing FieldLog Software Databases and Connecting to Databases 2 For R12 R13 if you have acustom AutoCAD menu file stored in this directory and you have named it ACAD MNU copy it under a new filename ACADold MNU since FieldLog writes a new ACAD MNU file into this directory as it unpacks 3 Copy one of the FieldLog executables flg 12win exe flg12dos exe flg13 exe flg14 exe into the AutoCAD support directory using DOS File Manager or Windows Explorer 4 Execute the FieldLog file you copied by typing its name at the DOS prompt
95. ally called a data model A data model is formally defined as a set of fundamental conceptual objects and mathematical and logical rules that govern their behaviour The rules are usually expressed in terms of how and why objects may exist and what interactions are permitted Codd 1980 The formal objects and operators of a data model are generally abstract in nature and form a language in which real world situations may be expressed Generally such languages are intended to be mapped into computing FieldLog 3 Users Guide 135 constructs easing the transition from the real world to the abstract and finally to the computer This process usually requires the identification of key concepts within a specific real world domain as seen through the eyes of an expert and an expression of their interactions using the data model s conceptual objects and operators In this sense a data model may be seen as a tool kit composed of concepts operators and their rules of behaviour all used to describe some real world phenomenon for computing purposes In its most abstract sense a data model provides the logical framework in which the real world may be described for computing However there exist many possible levels of examination in this process At one level it can be described as a rigorous abstract notation for describing some real world domain and on another level it can be seen as way of organizing and manipulating data pertaining
96. areas See Chapter 6 for notes on digitizing Associating Data with the Outcrop Creating a New Entry First create a new Traverse entry for your whirlwind island visit 1 Type 1 add in the AutoCAD command line 2 Select SnowLake from the Project pop up 48 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Line Attachments 3 Select TRAV from the Table pop up 4 Enter the following values TRAVNUM 30 GEOLOGIST me NTSMAP 63k16 FIELDDATE 19960405 SUMMARY Detail on Island Outcrop 5 To add the traverse to the database click OK Adding an Outcrop Description Linking Logic Outcrops are conceptually to FieldLog areas of geological interest that Wien pidas database may contain more than one station Since you drew an outcrop outline it s formation to entities on the only natural that you now associate an outcrop table entry with that map there are a few things to linework There will then be a logical link between the two and this link is keep in mind passed on if you export the data to another GIS program e You re trying to build links where the items are conceptually linked Use links sparingly to avoid To add an outcrop description Type 1 add in the AutoCAD command line or pick it from the menu chaos 2 Select OUTCR from the Table pop up Be aware of the size of the 3 Enter the following values entity you re linking to If it s a pline it may very well
97. ary key For instance in the STATION table each field site is assigned a unique station number called SITE_ID its uniqueness qualifies it to be the primary key Likewise in the LITHOLOGY table multiple rock types may be observed at each site and each rock type is uniquely numbered within each site The first rock type at a site is 1 or A the second 2 or B and so on The combination of SITE_ID and ROCK_ID therefore form a distinct combination of attributes for the LITHOLOGY relation and thus form its primary key These types of primary keys are often also called natural keys as they are composed of attributes naturally recorded with each entity Sometimes it s necessary to introduce an artificial attribute into the relation in order to establish a primary key Consider the STRUCTURE relation below which records structural measurements FieldLog 3 Users Guide 143 STRUCTURE SITE_ID FEATURE AZIMUTH DIP_PLUNGE ROCK_ID Like lithologies structural measurements are recorded at field sites and thus this relation contains a site identifier SITE_ID It also contains a description of the measurement by documenting its type FEATURE and its geometrical emplacement in terms of its intersection with horizontal AZIMUTH and the vertical DIP_PLUNGE planes of the earth s surface A lithology identifier ROCK_ID is included in order to indicate the host lithology It s quite possible in this relation to have
98. base type and a lectores ofateolii n toggle to turn links on and off The New button empties all of the input fields location on the hard drive in preparation for placing a new project on the list The Insert button adds a If a specified project is stored in project definition using the variables in the four fields When a new project a directory named c data field is inserted FieldLog attempts to verify that the Project Catalogue restriction then all other projects must be is met see box at left but doesn t verify that the directory exists or contains subdirectories of c data as well a valid FieldLog project Project Names Once a directory has been specified you can log on to the database and FieldLog may erroneously create tables add data and so on permit two projects to be assigned to the same data directory This prevents both The Delete button removes a project from the list but only if it s not currently logged on If the project removed was the last of its type e g projects from being available dBaselll the catalogue restriction is lifted for the subsequent added This can only be corrected via database Note that deleting a project specification does NOT delete any of the ASICFG program located the project files it merely makes the project unknown to FieldLog in the ACAD support directory FieldLog 3 Users Guide 117 The Modify button allows the database directory and link setting to be changed If t
99. bers to keep samples associated with their source stations FieldLog 3 Users Guide 79 Customizing FieldLog e A sample number to store the data recorded on the sample for human identification purposes e It may optionally also contain a Rock Number to associate the sample with a specific lithology observed at the station Most tables require not only a unique number but also one or more other key columns to uniquely identify the table For example the statnum column uniquely identifies the STATION table though STATION also contains a basenumber column as its unique number Required key fields for the table types include e ANALYSIS unique analysis and station numbers e SAMPLE unique sample and station numbers e COMPOSITION unique and station number optionally rock number e GENESIS unique and station number optionally rock number e ROCK unique and station number e SEGMENT unique station and segment numbers e STATION unique and station number optionally traverse and outcrop numbers e OUTCROP unique and outcrop number optionally traverse number e TRAVERSE unique and traverse number e BOUNDARY unique and boundary number e UNIT unique and unit number e LEGEND unique and legend number e REFERENCE unique and reference number e DICTIONARY unique and item name e OTHER unique Of course you may want to include other links to create a more highly interrelated database setup For example linki
100. bles references reference and the miscellaneous category of other other Any non dictionary table may contain a reference number which refers to material residing in a reference table A FieldLog database may contain more than one reference table and it s up to users to select the appropriate reference table during querying and other operations The remaining table category other permits tables to be incorporated into the model without conforming to FieldLog s general data 154 FieldLog 3 Users Guide FieldLog s Database Design model However FieldLog doesn t allow these tables to be related to any other FieldLog table they become stand alone tables in the field database Thus FieldLog contains 15 primary concepts which represent the range of table types manipulated by the system in the relational environment A complete list of these types follows Where the conceptual name differs from the logical relational implementation the logical name is enclosed in brackets analysis sample composition compose disposition genesis theme rock partition segment site station region outcrop route traverse boundary unit legend reference dictionary diction and other These are discussed in detail below Referential Integrity FieldLog s logical table types are discussed below Each table type is briefly described and relevant primary foreign and candidate keys are listed Referential inte
101. bservation FieldLog provides this basic conceptual structure to the geologist and permits it to be 152 FieldLog 3 Users Guide FieldLog s Database Design implemented by individuals in very different ways by refining and adapting the concepts into a personalized database definition Because FieldLog operates with a relational database the data model s geologic concepts are translated into relational database constructs for data processing which constitutes its logical design Relational databases and thus FieldLog organize data in tables consisting of columns and rows The data model is applied to this organization by classifying each table as a geologic concept e g a site a sample an analysis and so on from the data model and this classification causes the tables to inherit relational properties governing the database s behaviour In a table columns represent types of data to be stored and the rows represent instances of those columns For instance a site table may contain columns containing the locations and site identifiers of field observations Every occurrence of a site with its accompanying identifier and location would constitute a new row in the table FieldLog requires the geologist to describe a field project as a set of tables containing columns Each table is associated with a geologic concept from the data model Once a table is registered with the model in this way its interaction with other tables
102. by details gt The Select from Profile browser appears Viewing depth 0 I Apply ROCK ROCKS z Altered rock Aplitic Aplite Basaltic Basalt mj Pillow Basalt Diction Dacitic Delete Dacite Dacite Breccia Dacite Intrusive Dioritic Insert Diorite Felsic Child Felsite Sibling Felsic Breccia Felsic Intrusive Felsic Volcanic z Click Pillow Basalt then OK Interactively place the lithology code on your map by pressing Enter Data and positioning the lithology code on the map FieldLog returns you to the add panel Y W LT You re finished adding lithology information To exit click Quit Adding Structural Data Next you ll add some structural data 1 Open fl add then select the STRUC table IELDLOG Add to Table 7 a Project SnowLake yl Table struc List Symbol Tree Memo Coord image TOP BASENUMBER 268 STATNUM met I Attach Input Palette Points M Plot Notice that the Statnum is already filled in Because the STATI table ties station mel to traverse 29 future queries could search for structures observed on a specific traverse 22 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Adding Data to a Table Just as the profile for rock types keeps track of rock types hierarchically FieldLog can be set up to store structural symbols hierarchically planar versus linear bedding versu
103. calibrated and you had a station on map or airphoto to enter you would now align the digitizer cross hair with the station or the digitizer and click Here though you ll work in a relative mode by visually estimating a location 8 Move your mouse or digitizer until the crosshair is on a point at the left side of the island southwest side then click to place the data Note that the station number is automatically positioned beside the symbol Remember during setup you specify what database information appears on the map and what information is simply stored in the database For more information on symbol setup see Chapter 7 Customizing FieldLog FieldLog returns you to the Add to Table dialog and automatically increments STATNUM by one Because FieldLog assumes you ll be quickly adding blocks of data it defaults to the next station number After the station has been entered the map should look like the one shown below To view the map you can close the fl add panel by clicking Quit or by dragging the panel to one side using your mouse Adding Lithology Data Now we ll add lithological information for the newly created station Once again we do this using fl add 1 If the fl add panel is not displayed open it using the menu or the command line 2 Select the SnowLake database and the LITHO table Notice that the station number is already correctly filled in and we can begin by adding the Lithology Note that there is a
104. called SIUBED is inseparable from SIUBED bedding data plotted to the map by a FieldLog query Digitized or imported data that you wish to keep separate from your database should be placed on a distinct layer such as SIUBED_digitized a drawing to be printed on monochrome or colour printers and at different scales is painless AutoCAD achieves this type of control when you assign similar data to layers Each layer can be shown or hidden have colour globally changed and have linework properties changed without affecting other drawing layers Combining select layers can deliver thematic maps that neatly sidestep the clutter problem In addition secondary information such as legends and annotation can be stored on separate layers and displayed only when plotting final output This speeds display times and further reduces clutter during routine data entry and manipulation If you take the time before you start a project to set up layers that are well suited to your needs you will be rewarded by flexibility and elegant control throughout the use of the drawing Whenever possible separate data according to theme and different source onto individual layers it s trivial to combine layers later on but laborious to split a layer once the drawing is under way Keep careful track of what sources were used and what limitations or assumptions are associated with the data This can save you endless trouble later on In GIS this data about
105. ciostonicniieac ctas iii EAS isis 37 Performing a Spatial QU Giros 39 Selecting a Query Area on a Map occonncccccnonncononononnnonncnnocnncnnonnnonnn non nnnnrnc nn crono rn non nc ann cn nennnnns 39 Selectins Data nicol did 41 Plotting Dita ate 41 Performing a Compound QUETY errien esaea ae B aaa r E E EER 43 Besinning the QUIN A Ge ae to 43 Setting Up Cond seei au een en eat she E 8 43 Exporting Query Res Uli 44 Conclusion cis cies daria 45 CHAPTER 5 Attaching Data to LiN S ocoocconnonnocnocanonanonnconncnnnonnonnconnoonconnconoonnonnconnonnncnnconoonn con oon oca resors 47 Introduction NN 47 Eine Attachments tiende ata Bab dd de old ee told ares sabina ota e beis 47 Adding an Outcrop to Your Dra WiNB ocococccccconnnonconnnanonnnononanonancnn con ncnn cnn non no rn non nc cn non nonnnons 48 Associating Data with the OUtCrOp ooooconccnonnnonconcnanonnnonnonnconncnno cono nonnnonn non ran cnn cnn crn corn cnn nos 48 SAA staessovads saeueosunsetevacburtancussuesvebosemnevtesieend 48 Adding an Outcrop Description 0 0 0 cece ceceeeeeeceeeeeeeeseeeeecaeesaecseesaecseenseeatens 49 Verifying that an Attachment Worked oooconccnicnocnnccnocnnonnonnnononononnccononnconccononan ns 50 COMCIUSIONS es E O E EEE E E EEO OES 50 UM A sd DS ET 50 CHAPTER 6 Map Preparation with AutoCAD essesesseeesssessooessoosssececoecesocsssoeessecesoeesoosssooessecessoeesoosssoossseeee 51 IMC A nc ee ios eh os eee ey eee 51 Drawin aMaP si A in e
106. ck you have to reset the defaults Default GPS Settings To transfer location data from a GPS unit to the Newton the baud connection and collection settings of the GPS unit must match the GPS settings of the Newton These settings are located under Setup on the GPS unit refer to your GPS manual and under on the Newton Extras gt FWPro gt i information icon near bottom left of screen gt GPS Preferences You also have to choose the appropriate settings from picklists for Receiver Accuracy units Coordinate type Grid and Display and Datum Conversion all of which are on your Newton GPS Preferences screen Your Newton GPS preference screen includes 92 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Global Positional Systems GPS Receiver Accuracy 100 Metres toggle between ft amp m pull down picklist with preset values Connect 4 Serial 9600 baud Collect 4 GGA Display Grid pull down picklist with preset values Datum Conversion choose from picklist below Select 4 Last Point Only Average of All Points Average from Display Automatic Trail Save GPS Data Note There are at least a dozen different types of protocol or in GPS terminology Sentences used when collecting GPS data The most common sentence is GP GGA GPS Fixed Data See your GPS reference manual or a GPS text for more information Datum Conversion The most commonly used method for datum conversion is Average from Display With this met
107. click Plot MAP STRUC BASENUMBER STRUC STATNUM STRUC AZIMUTH STRUC DIP STATI BASENUMBER STATI STATNUM STATI UTMX STATI UTMY STATI UTMZ Column delimiter Symbol scale 0 000 Text delimter Text height 0 000 Projection Snowlake Grid E Symbol File Name Plot Quit Palette This is equivalent to plotting just the structural symbols with adjacent dips FieldLog s palette setup for the Struc feature column knows which symbol to use and knows to access Struc azimuth to get rotation information The Palette is accessible from the Plot dialog box Also note that plotting the azimuth itself results in rotation amount being plotted to the map as text FieldLog plots the output When it s finished FieldLog displays a message with the number of records plotted and warns of any values it couldn t plot 6 To exit the scroll table click OK Your map should now contain a large number of foliation measurements they ll show up in red if the layer s fol is set to red as done earlier in this exercise With a plotter hooked up you could print a quick plot of first phase foliations a custom map in less than 10 minutes And if you named the query it takes less than a minute to reuse the query 38 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Performing a Spatial Query Navigation in AutoCAD To move around an AutoCAD drawing use the foll
108. click the Bot button 24 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Adding Data to a Table Note that me is now in the list along with UTMX UTMY and other attributes you added earlier FIELDLOG Scroll Table UTMX UTMY UTMZ STAT 437422 6077733 8768 LITHO BASENUMBER 437450 6077422 8769 LITHO STATNUM 437450 6077422 8769 LITHO ROCKNUM 437587 6077472 8773 LITHO ROCKTYPE 437587 6077472 8773 STATI BASENUMBER 437253 6079594 8799 STATILUTMX 437123 6079652 8800 STATI U 437123 6079652 8800 STATI UTM 437189 6079826 8801 STATI STATNUM 437189 6079826 8801 437381 6079816 8802 437381 6079816 8802 437452 6079743 8803 437447 6079583 8811 436922 6078952 mel poa Oey Top J Next Modify a Bot_ _Prev_ Delete Delete an cf Adding Information To Existing Stations You can go back at any time and add or modify information at existing stations In this section we ll add another structure measurement a lineation to mel and force it to remain hidden Hiding information is useful when you want a complete database yet don t want your map to be too crowded 1 Start fl add using the menu or AutoCad command line 2 Choose the STRUC table To change the current station to me select STATNUM type me1 then press Enter 3 For Feature click Tree The Tree Selection dialog box appears 4 Click Linear then L Fabric then the lu symbol FieldLog returns you to the Add to Table dialog box
109. cting field data for specific purposes there are large commonalities in fieldwork in general For example in the SnowLake database the following tables are central e TRAVerse table This table provides a place to record information that describes and documents a traverse which often comprises a day s work but at the very least is a thematic series of stations e OUTCRop table The Outcrop table records groups of stations that are geographically linked to a single outcrop A single outcrop may have any number of associated stations e STATIon table The station table stores location and identification information describing a station the site of a series of geological observations Multiple stations can be associated with a single traverse or outcrop FieldLog 3 Users Guide 75 Customizing FieldLog e LITHOlogy table The Lithology table hosts information about a rock type observed at a station It contains rock name and various descriptive physical attributes Multiple lithologies can be associated with a single station e STRUCture table The Structure table records structural data including type and orientation details Multiple structures can be associated with a single station Alternatively structures can be associated directly with a specific lithology allowing analysis showing the relationship between lithology and structures present e SAMPle table The Sample table is derived from the lithology table and
110. d R14 e Start AutoCAD Load FieldLog and in fl setup gt Project Setup insert a new project definition specifying the project name e g MyProject its location e g c mydatadirectory and database type e g dBasellI This project definition should be listed in the main panel after being inserted 3 You may want to copy the projection definitions from the SnowLake sample dataset into your project directory This involves copying the fidatum dbf flproj dbf flxform dbf and flxpoint dbf files from the SnowLake project directory i e c snowlake into the v2 83 project directory i e c mydatadirectory 4 Upgrade your project database do all of the following steps carefully in order FieldLog 3 Users Guide 119 Start AutoCAD and Load FieldLog if this is not already done b Logon with fl logon c Select fl upgrade from the menu or type 1 upgrade at the command line d To select the project you want to upgrade click it e To start the upgrade click OK FieldLog proceeds to upgrade each table in your database f FieldLog interrupts the upgrade process and asks you load any symbol libraries you want to use with the project If FieldLog is able to locate the OGS NATMAP and GSC symbol libraries it automatically loads them and they should appear in the main panel Any additional libraries can be specified at this point Use the File button to locate the libraries and the Load button to load them When
111. d bibliography to key references for further learning about GIS We don t expect that FieldLog will be the final repository of all geological information you will collect In fact most users eventually migrate their data to a desktop GIS such as ArcView or MapInfo or to a full GIS such as ArcInfo for integration with remotely sensed data geophysical and geochemical imagery and so on This manual briefly covers the export of data from FieldLog to other systems FieldLog 3 Users Guide A Note On FieldLog Platforms Organization of theTutorial The chapters in the tutorial are quite short and you should be able to find a topic by chapter title relatively quickly or by referring to the Table of Contents Boxed information delivers details that the average user might not need to know When in doubt start reading the box and if you don t see the need to continue stop In effect the boxes are appendix material that we ve inserted into the text to elaborate on the text There are four sections in this manual e Section 1 Introduction and User Overview This section explains exactly where FieldLog fits relative to other software tools you may have used or seen and what role it addresses in the organization e Section 2 Tutorial Chapters 2 to 5 With geological field data and maps from a project in northern Manitoba the tutorial gets you up and running with FieldLog quickly and efficiently e Section 3 Integration I
112. d text editors to exporting data to advanced GIS tools such as ArcInfo and MapInfo In this chapter we focus on capturing and storing measurements and observations collected on an outcrop using the Apple Newton and GPS We also discuss importing this data into FieldLog and describe how to export the data in a variety of formats Working with FieldLog and the Newton Many hand held computers can record field data including GPS information about outcrops in a format you can easily and seamlessly download into a PC FieldLog database and subsequently plot to an AutoCAD map The Apple Newton coupled with Fieldworker Pro software is one of the hand held systems that has been used extensively with FieldLog Geologists collect data in the field using the Newton and a GPS download the data at the field camp onto their PC as a text file and then append the data to their FieldLog Project database The new data is then plotted providing an up to date map that can be printed to scale using portable printers Other geological features such as contacts or structures can be added to the hardcopy map or directly on the digital map as the field season progresses FieldLog 3 Users Guide 85 Importing and Exporting Data Using the Newton GPS and External Databases About the Newton There are several Newton models the 120 130 2000 and 2100 The 2100 offers increased speed and memory capabilities the 130 has 1 MB of memory while t
113. dLog is designed to e Provide a consistent and efficient data entry environment for all field data e Provide a powerful yet flexible organization scheme for field data e Extend the capabilities of field researchers by providing a simple search environment that enables them to ask questions about data in the field e Seamlessly handle coordinate issues such as map projections and user grids e Seamlessly integrate existing data sources both towards field research questions and building a final map product e Simplify the problem of regional compilation by providing geological glossaries of terms that may be consistent between many projects e Provide a painless export mechanism so that data can be passed on to other users or cartographic specialists for final map production FieldLog delivers all of these functions and many more in an easy to use and efficient package Furthermore FieldLog provides long term benefits to users via e Simple and complete GIS export and data import capabilities Consistent interface and operation across multiple operating system platforms and between local and corporate databases FieldLog 3 Users Guide 1 About AutoCAD AutoCAD is primarily designed for the cartographic drafting of objects that are not specially located on the earth s surface As a result while many of its tools are useful for cartography it has fundamental limitations when it comes to geological map construction These limitat
114. data from defined positions it doesn t allow the construction of a proper geological map since geological maps typically e Show contact types e Have shaded coloured or symbolic patterns to indicate lithology e Make extensive use of secondary text and drawing for legends and location insets also known as cartographic annotation FieldLog 3 Users Guide 51 Map Preparation with AutoCAD About Themes If you use other GIS software especially Arc Info you ll often see the word theme but rarely the word layer This reflects the conceptual foundations of each type of software CAD software doesn t focus on what data is just on drawing it GIS software on the other hand is totally concerned with what the data is and often doesn t even have a permanently visible display area You should get in the habit of thinking of each AutoCAD layer as a distinct conceptual theme as this leads to a more flexible layer structure in the long term To overcome these shortcomings various AutoCAD functions must be invoked When you need to produce a map using FieldLog and AutoCAD FieldLog uses the data you enter to provide the geological constraints for linework showing contact and other geological relations Some lines may have FieldLog data attached however most of the linework starts and ends as AutoCAD not FieldLog entities Typically map production is aided by reference to historical maps A new map is p
115. ded the same way though each project requires a unique name and distinct project directory to contain its files Setting Up a FieldLog Project Under AutoCAD R13 and R14 Under AutoCAD R12 the location of projects and their host database type is stored in the FieldLog prj file This file is not used by FieldLog for AutoCAD R13 and R14 In AutoCAD R13 the necessary information to locate and identify a database is stored in the AST INT file in the AutoCAD directory and in AutoCAD R14 it is stored in the Windows Registry These files aren t modified manually but are instead handled by a new command fl setup gt Project Setup under the fl setup menu of FieldLog see fl setup instructions listed below Before you can use FieldLog within AutoCAD you must insert FieldLog into your AutoCAD menu located at the top of your screen 1 In AutoCAD choose Tools gt Customize Menus The Customize Menus screen appears In the blank File Name box type FieldLog then click Load Select the Menu Bar tab From the Menu Group selection set choose FieldLog Highlight Help in Menu Bar then click Insert Ss PF Y Dn A FieldLog menu appears on your AutoCAD menu bar to the left of Help 6 To exit the dialog box click Close 7 Load FieldLog from its FieldLog pull down menu in AutoCAD Then click the fl setup gt Project Setup button 116 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Installing FieldLog Software Databases and Connecting to Databases The
116. ded to project specific databases It handles multiple projects simultaneously to simplify organization and provides cartographic functionality through AutoCAD to draw a publication quality map For digital capture FieldLog supports importing field data from PDA Personal Digital Assistants handheld computers such as the Apple Newton and the direct import of tables captured in delimited format from GPS receivers It also can be used directly in the field running on a pen or mouse based portable The only limitation in this process is that the computer must be capable of running AutoCAD To date this rules out using Windows CE based palmtops to run FieldLog directly The advantage of digital capture over recapture is clear by providing capture on the outcrop the GIS is bound to be more complete more consistent and also may aid in the mapping process by allowing limited analytical work on the outcrop By being captured direct to digital time spent recapturing the data in the evening can instead be directed towards map production thinking about the data and carrying out analysis About Classification When geologists examine a sample or geological structure they are fitting what they observe into a classification scheme based on their knowledge of geological methods and theory Scientific terminology is a rigorous system for classifying observations in a way that allows unambiguous communication at least as an ideal When categoriz
117. describe objects relationships attributes and methods A logical model doesn t describe the details of how the database is to be physically arranged in the computer which is the realm of the physical model and so is somewhat abstract Logical modelling uses diagramming techniques similar to conceptual modelling although with a greater focus on specifics of database content and arrangement and so is somewhat removed from the domain expert s conceptual model of the system observed Physical Modelling The physical model specifies the details of implementing the logical model in a specific database type and on a specific computer system The physical model is thus concerned with the physical implementation of the logical model For instance attributes are assigned a data type integer real fixed length character string or variable length character string and so on Collections of such attributes are stored as records A series of records on the computer is called a file while in a relational system a series of records is called a table The physical model also usually strives to optimize the performance of the database by organizing the physical aspects of the implementation in the most favourable manner Typically considered is the physical distribution of the database its partitioning onto one or more computers the clustering of certain database portions various indexing techniques and so on These options are highly database specif
118. dwg and log on FieldLog 3 Users Guide 47 Attaching Data to Lines Adding an Outcrop to Your Drawing 1 Zoom in on the island on the left side of snowlake dwg j NA Once you ve zoomed in the island should fill the center half of your screen 2 Use the layer or ddlmodes command to make a new layer named outcrop and make it the current layer Its name should appear in the layer display in the upper left part of the AutoCAD window All new drawing entities are placed on this layer While FieldLog automatically places new AutoCAD entities on proper layers as it creates them you have to do this manually for linework you add using AutoCAD commands such as pline AutoCAD s default layer is always the active layer 3 Use AutoCAD s pline command to sketch a quick outcrop on the island near the bay Use pline s close option to finish the outcrop s outline with a perfect closure If you re unfamiliar with pline and other drawing commands read Chapter 6 for a brief introduction or refer to your AutoCAD manual Wiis So J Y A WW Arc Close Halfwidth Length Undo Width lt Endpoint of line gt Arc Close Halfwidth Length Undo Width lt Endpoint of line gt lArc Close Halfwidth Length Undo Width lt Endpoint of line gt c Close the pline properly If you re going to migrate data to a desktop or workstation GIS environment you must properly close the linework that defines polygonal
119. e Internet and the number of available datasets is ever growing Desktop decision support tools have the potential to help with the facts of life listed above if all of the data is compatible with these tools In many businesses decision support tools based on relational databases are completely interwoven with corporate structure and function supporting tasks ranging from inventory control to market prediction These tools directly respond to large datasets rapid decision making reality of recent times In many ways these tools have created the current situation GIS tools are specialized decision support tools that handle data where spatial location is a significant part of the decision making process In fact traditional decision support tools are rapidly merging with GIS tools since most business scientific and governmental decisions do involve questions of location and spatial relationships In a typical mapping office desktop GIS tools ranging from specialized geophysical and geochemical processing packages through to Internet hosted data browsing tools are being used to make decisions faster with larger and more diverse datasets In many ways GIS tools define a new communications medium since by hosting all of the critical information in an organization in one environment they promote collaborative and cross disciplinary decision making The down side of the use of GIS tools is that all data must be collected or reprocessed int
120. e begun the transfer on your PC but before you click OK to this message If you tap the Newton s Import button too early cancel then re tap it before you click OK 5 On your Newton e Tap Import The Newton status line displays Newton ready to receive data 6 On your PC e In response to the Tap Import on your HPC now message click OK You should see your project tables displayed on your Newton as they are loaded When the transfer is finished the status line displays Transfer is complete Verify in FWPro that your project setup information was transferred correctly by going into the tables and checking that all of your fields are present Pay particular attention to the last table Troubleshooting If the tables don t load properly try the following e Repeat the transfer without making any changes e Check to make sure the Newton transfer settings match your PC settings and that you have the proper com port dedicated to your Newton e Repeat the transfer using a lower baud rate in the transfer settings e Use a text editor to open up the txt file and check the syntax against the examples in the FWPro manual you may be missing an EOF statement FieldLog 3 Users Guide 89 Importing and Exporting Data Using the Newton GPS and External Databases Note If you are using the Newton 2100 and your transfer fails you may need to hit the reset button Otherwise each subsequent transfer attempt may fail even i
121. e discussion above e Projection In the Projection field select the coordinate system of the points in the text file This field only becomes active if you are importing data into a table containing coordinates e g in the SnowLake database the coordinates are stored in the STATI table The incoming coordinate system doesn t need to match the database s coordinate system as FieldLog converts them appropriately if possible e g it converts incoming lat long geographic coordinates to the UTM Zone 14 and User Grid coordinates of the SnowLake database e Append Update If you re appending data click Append Click Update to overwrite existing data Update is only available when the database table and incoming data can be uniquely identified by a column value e g Statnum in STATI or a combination of column values e g Statnum Rocknum in LITHO Update searches database tables for the matching values and if successful replaces the database columns with those from the text file If no matching values are found Update inserts a new row e Fieldworker This option is only valid when importing location data files from the Fieldworker Pro data entry software i e those data files that contain location coordinates This option sets defaults for the column list column delimiter and text delimiter 5 Click Import FieldLog 3 Users Guide 105 Importing and Exporting Data Using the Newton GPS and External Databases
122. e from this modern client server environment FieldLog 3 Users Guide 131 Database Query Queries are performed using a visual interface which permits the user to thematically filter the database and view the results in tabular form Database filters are constructed using conditional statements which are composed of thematic spatial or hierarchical components and which are connected with AND or OR logical operators Fig B 3a Query results are displayed as a virtual table Fig B 3b Row contents in the resulting table may be browsed deleted and modified singly or globally The results may also be plotted to the active AutoCAD map using customized geological map symbols Fig B 3c they may be manipulated to produce custom diagrams i e stereonet rose geochemical and pie diagrams and may be exported to a variety of formats Supported query export formats include tabular representations as text files and database tables as well as direct translations to GIS using the following exchange mechanisms ArcInfo ArcView E00 MapInfo MIF and SPANS TBA formats The user can designate which columns to export and can scale the symbology or alter the coordinate system for each type of format Project SnowLake F Query Name STATNUM FEATURE AZIMUTH DIP UTMX UTMY 54 stol 111 54 437047 6078998 STRUC BASENUMBE y 8283 sfoll 182 83 437216
123. e layer sfol If there is no value in the palette attached to the profile entry FieldLog examines the palette for the entry that is the parent in the profile hierarchy i e Foliation to the original data value It continues to move up the hierarchy i e to Planar until the top is reached or until a value is found FIELDLOG Select from Profile 2 Viewing depth 0 Apply FEATR NATMP PLANAR BEDDING subed eed Palette sobed _Patette PILLOW Diction suplw Diction s plw soplw Delete IGNEOUS LAYERING sulay Insert s la ales 6 Child FLOW CONTACT ae suflow Sibling s flow soflow At first look this structure is quite complex but consider this instead of specifying for each structural symbol in the profile how to rotate to the correct azimuth this is simply set in the column s palette Instead of explicitly designating the position of text such as the dip or plunge for each structural symbol in the profile these can be assigned to the Planar and Linear items and thus inherited by the remainder of the structural items in the profile This resulting system is both flexible and powerful Using Palettes When modifying or setting up palettes remember that the purpose of the hierarchy of symbol palettes is to avoid having to make a new entry in multiple places If you are symbolizing a group of symbols anything common to the group belong
124. e layering is defined using fl setup the FieldLog configuration menu item but can be overridden within the Plot Options dialog box using the Palette button as discussed earlier 42 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Performing a Compound Query About Connectors And and or are examples of condition connectors These can be a bit confusing And returns only records that satisfy both listed conditions perfectly Or returns records that satisfy either condition Remember that a field in the database with only a single value per field can t have different values and so the and operator always returns an empty set if you do acompound and query on it Think about this X a AND X bis impossible Performing a Compound Query Finally let s do a compound query A compound query finds data that meets the conditions contained in two or more separate condition rules Here is our query in geological terms Query in geological terms Translated to FieldLog query Find all pillow basalt samples that have a Condition 1 LITHO ROCKTYPE planar structural measurement occurring Pillow Basalt at the same Station S Join and Condition 2 STRUC FEATURE IS Planar Before you begin use AutoCAD s zoom command to zoom to the extents of your map If FieldLog is not loaded and or you are not logged on to the SnowLake database do so now Beginning the Query 1 Type 1 query in the AutoCAD command line 2 In the Qu
125. e when re using complex queries FieldLog 3 Users Guide 13 Starting FieldLog Error Messages Three common situations result in error messages during the FieldLog query process If there is no corresponding data in the database FieldLog returns a no data error This doesn t indicate a true problem If the query returns a column name that is reserved by AutoCAD FieldLog returns an error The number of records that FieldLog indicates were found during the query process is often incorrect because the calculation indicates an interim total calculated before the final query is complete This is an unavoidable limitation of the AutoCAD database environment FIELDLOG Query database Project SnowLake E Query E Name StatBrowse Condition Output SAMPL CHEM 2 SAMPL OTHER SAMPL REASON SAMPL BASENUMBEF STATILUTMX STATI UTMY STATI UTMZ ISO STATILGRIBY STATI GRIDZ J STATI STATYPE ey z STATI STATNUM STATI AIRPHOTO Connector Column Operator Value E E H Modify Delete New Query Quit Next Prey Build search condition Tables in the SnowLake database include STATI the station table STRUC the structural table LITHO the lithology table and so on representing data typically recorded at a field site Each table is independent but can be related or joined to the others to build a complex query Here all we want
126. ead the FWPro manual for background information Loading Fieldworker Pro FWPro on the Newton To load FWPro onto the Newton 1 On your PC open the Norton Connection Utilities NCU e From the horizontal menu bar select the Newton pull down menu and choose Settings e In Port to Listen On select the com port dedicated to your Newton e In Speed select 9600 for the Newton 2100 or 2400 for the Newton 130 e Click OK 2 On your Newton click the Dock icon e Click 4 connect and change the settings to match those on your PC for example serial 9600 e On the bottom right of the Dock screen click Connect The Connection status line should now say Connecting to Newton device using Com port 1 You can watch the progress of the installation by viewing the time bar on either your PC or Newton When the installation is done close down the NCU on your PC To verify that FWPro is installed on your Newton tap EXTRAS FWPro should now reside under 4 unfiled icons Creating a Project Template to Use with FWPro FWPro data entry forms i e the project template can be generated by FieldLog or you can create them manually in FWPro To maintain correspondence between your FieldLog and FWPro databases and to take advantage of advanced project setup features that are automatically generated by FieldLog use FieldLog to create the project template Before you generate a project template from FieldLog make sure the order of the
127. efer to Chapter 4 1 Choose fl query Create a query that reflects the database subset you want to export You must include an x y coordinate in your query output to export the data to a spatial file format such as E00 MIF TBA or TXT 2 At the FieldLog query Scroll Table dialog box select your file export format from the Plot To pull down menu at the lower right corner of the screen MAP Image or Sketch TABLE Text TXT Arcinfo E00 MapInfo MIF Spans TBA Stereo Diagram Rose Diagram Chem Diagram Pie Diagram FieldLog 3 Users Guide 101 Importing and Exporting Data Using the Newton GPS and External Databases 3 Once you have selected your export file format thePlot Options dialog box appears FIELDLOG Plot Options x MapInfo MIF STRUC BASENUMBER Column delimiter Symbol scale 0 000 Text delimter E Text height 0 000 Projection Utm Zone 14 NAD27 Symbol STRUC FEATURE File Name Plot Quit Palette 4 Fill out the plot options Refer to the fl export options above for more details on how to do this 5 Click Plot 6 FieldLog lists the entities being plotted When finished it displays the total number plotted in a message box Exporting Data Using Digital Exchange Format DXF in AutoCAD The DXF file is a widely used complex ascii file format accepted by several platforms packages ArcInfo CorelDraw MiniCAD AutoCAD to name a few Eac
128. eign key relations are also altered e If nullifies is specified they are made null e Ifadefault value such as system is specified they are changed to this default value Similarly when a station number is deleted from the STATION table the options may specify that the operation is invalid if matching foreign key values exist that all matching foreign keys are also deleted or changed to null or a default value SQL handles these options through phrases that are incorporated into the definition of the relation on delete cascade on delete set null on delete set default and on delete restrict as well as on update cascade on update set null on update set default and on update restrict A related but somewhat different constraint considers whether a foreign key can be null that is whether it s existentially dependent on the primary key The SQL syntax incorporates the key words not null for this For example the SQL statements for creating the STATION LITHOLOGY and STRUCTURE relations would resemble the following e g for STATION SITE_ID X_LOCATION Y_LOCATION DATE the statement is create table STATION SITE_ID integer not null unique X_LOCATION integer Y_LOCATION integer DATE integer primary key SITE_ID e g for LITHOLOGY SITE_ID ROCK_ID ROCK_TYPE DESCRIPTION the statement is create table LITHOLOGY SITE_ID integer not null ROCK_ID integer not null ROCK_TYPE char 30 not null DESCRIPTI
129. ental limits on the quality of output data and because entities such as roads that are contiguous in the real world are modelled as discrete disconnected cells FieldLog 3 Users Guide 53 Map Preparation with AutoCAD Projection Systems Projection systems are mathematical ways to transform geographical coordinates on a sphere onto flat coordinates Datum Besides selecting the proper projection for your area you must also specify the datum used For example North American Datum 1927 North American Datum 1983 The datum is a measurement of the Earth s ellipsoid used in calculating a projection The same point on the earth s surface differs by as much as 200 metres in the UTM projection if the correct datum isn t used Projection information is usually listed in the border section of a map e The Vector Model on the other hand breaks objects down into points lines polygons and possibly other entities such as faces surfaces or volumes associating attributes with any or all of these FieldLog is a limited GIS in that it handles points well has limited capacity to attach attributes to lines does very little with polygons or other geometric data types and uses AutoCAD for drawing vectors rapidly A robust GIS would contain a database of points lines polygons and possibly other geometric data types and it would permit information to be associated with any of these It could then also
130. er as needed Options with Layer are Make S et New ON OFF Color Ltype Freeze THaw LOck Unlock Most of options require that you know the layer name you want to act on and the spelling must be exact The DDLMODES command does the same thing as the Layer command but works graphically We encourage you to use it instead The various Windows AutoCAD versions also present toolbar icons for layer control The options for layers are lists existing layers OFF makes a layer invisible to the user but still accessible from the database ON makes a layer visible Freeze makes a layer invisible and inaccessible to editing commands Thaw makes a frozen layer visible and accessible to editing commands Lock makes a layer inaccessible to editing commands doesn t affect visibility Unlock makes a locked layer accessible to editing commands Color and sets default colour and linetypes for the entities on the layer Ltype Make creates a new layer and makes it the current layer the layer any new entities go on by default New creates a new layer but doesn t make it current Set makes an existing layer current DDLMODES This command is a dialog box equivalent of the Layer command It lists all layers in the drawing enabling you to easily keep track of the layers you ve created and their characteristics If you click the Layer toolbar this is the dialog you see To change the properties of a layer click a layer name then an optio
131. erivative relations An attribute set i e one or more attributes is functionally dependent on another attribute set in the relation if the presence of one set of attribute values in a tuple always coincides with the presence of the other attribute values For instance in the un normalized table below rock class is functionally dependent on rock type Whenever granite occurs in the rock type column plutonic occurs in the rock class column or Rock Type gt Rock Class Rock Type functionally determines Rock Class Note that the opposite Rock Class gt Rock Type isn t true because an instance of plutonic for example doesn t necessarily yield granite there being more than one type of plutonic rock Functional dependencies are transitive For instance if Site_id gt Rock Type and Rock_Type gt Rock_Class then Site_id gt Rock_Class FieldLog 3 Users Guide 147 Un normalized site_id x y rock_typel rock_class1 rock_type2 rock_class2 1 100 100 granite plutonic dacite volcanic 2 200 100 granite plutonic rhyolite volcanic table continued featurel feat_class1 azimuth1 dip1 feature2 feat_class2 azimuth2 dip2 foliation planar 200 20 foliation planar 200 20 lineation linear 300 30 Figure B 5 An un normalized table of field observations at two field sites Normalization is prompted by p
132. ertex to the next vertex Move allows you to move the current vertex Break splits the polyline at the current vertex Width changes the width of the currently selected line segment The other options are used less often Remember that you can use Move and End to move a vertex exactly onto another vertex to close a polygon for example Other things you might want to do with pedit are override the colour of a line or change a linetype or width Normally you use width 0 lines in AutoCAD so that lines appear sharp at any zoom However you may want to assign lines a definite thickness This can be useful for emphasizing faults and other features It s usually better to put all similar features on one layer and make a special linetype for that layer Read about linetypes in the AutoCAD Reference Manual Osnap Osnap modes or Object Snap modes are modifications to the way AutoCAD runs other commands rather than independent commands Object Snap forces AutoCAD to modify the placement of features such as vertices by referring to the drawing area surrounding the click point and then doing a quick operation Available operations are Endpoint Midpoint Center Node Quadrant Intersection Insertion Perpendicular Tangent Nearest and Quick The most useful one is Endpoint To set the object snap 1 Choose Settings gt Object Snap 2 Select the Endpoint checkbox 60 FieldLog 3 Users Guide AutoCAD Commands 3 Adjust the si
133. ery database dialog box select SnowLake from the Project pop up 3 Name the query PBStruc Setting Up Conditions To set up a condition requiring all selected stations contain Pillow Basalts 1 Select LITHO ROCKTYPE from the Column pop up 2 Select from the Operator pop up 3 Click List then choose Pillow Basalt Pillow Basalt should now be displayed in the Value edit box This selects all stations where a pillow basalt was observed 4 To add this to the Condition list click Modify 5 To insert the next condition below this one click Down You must establish a relationship between the second rule and the first To get results that meet both rules 6 Select AND from the Connector pop up 7 To choose only planar structures select STRUC FEATURE from the Column pop up Select JS from the Operator pop up 9 To get a list of available structures click Tree 10 Select Planar then click OK 11 Click Modify 12 Select the following output values LITHO ROCKNUM LITHO ROCKTYPE FieldLog 3 Users Guide 43 Querying a Database Other Plot Output Options You ve learned how to plot the results of a query to a text file Other options include Arc Info E00 E00 files are the standard interchange file for ArcView Arc View 2 Arc Info and ArcCAD If you need Geological Survey regional data chances are it s available in E00 format Map Info MIF Map Info is a desktop and laptop GIS common in
134. esthetically pleasing The Group functionality is accomplished by grouping rows in the database that contain the related observations You can group rows in a table by creating a column that contains the name of the group where A is the name given to the first set of grouped data and B the second and so on In this case groups A and B represent linked foliations and lineations Creating group capabilities is a two step process 1 Create a column for the grouping name e Choose Fl setup gt Table Setup and in this case select the STRUC table e Click the Column radio button e To create a new column click New then input the name grp e Now Save Move the column using the Move command so that it s below the dip column 2 Register the table e Click the Table radio button then Setup You ll be in the table registration screen e The Group Number bottom right of screen is now active click the button and type in the group column name grp e Click Register Be sure to save your fl setup After entering data that includes group values the end results look like this Station Feature strike dip grp 1 foliation 200 20 A 1 foliation 145 35 A 1 foliation 330 60 B 1 foliation 350 48 B NOTE Don t use GROUP as a column name It s a RESERVED word in AutoCAD R13 14 sql language If you use it you won t be able to access your database and will have to change the column title using an external database If you a
135. etween points in the database and the map when the database and map coordinate systems differ FieldLog won t be able to perform any operations on the map until a projection is specified in Map Setup Often in field mapping some of the data being added to a database is purely graphical in nature such as road locations grid lines and lakes The Map Projection pop up allows you to specify the projection for this graphical data so that any field data in the associated FieldLog database can be correctly located and plotted to the map during Fl Add Fl Query and so on The actual FieldLog database may store coordinates in a coordinate system other than the map s and as long both are clearly specified the FieldLog engine converts between them whenever required Database coordinate systems are specified using the Points button in fl setup gt Table Setup as described above Symbol scale This is the default size scale factor for map symbols AutoCAD draws symbols using blocks or shapes which are objects composed of a group of lines and curves amalgamated into a complex shape The size of these blocks or shapes is specified at the time of creation in drawing units Since drawing units differ dramatically in size depending on map projection and since map scales vary dramatically in scale depending on geological purpose you usually have to scale symbols up or down to suit the map currently in use For example the symbol libraries that come wit
136. ey do 2 Enter the data in the Add to Table dialog box according to the values listed below STATNUM mel ROCKNUM 1 SAMPLENUM als for this station THIN N no thin section STAIN N CHEM N OTHER REASON not stained not chemically analyzed leave blank to assay 3 Before finishing click the Plot box to empty it This allows data to be placed only into the database and not on the map 4 Click Enter Data You ve added a sample to the SAMPL table Note that you didn t have to enter a location the database assumes the sample coincides exactly with its station Adding a Photograph Caption to the Photo Catalog In the Add to Table dialog select the SnowLake database and the PHOTO table 1 Enter data into the Add to Table dialog box according to the values listed below STATNUM mel ROLLI 1 FRAME3 12 CAPTION Interesting feature in outcrop 2 Again make sure the Plot box is clear 3 To add the station click Enter Data 4 When FieldLog returns you to the Add to Table dialog box click Cancel to return to AutoCAD For more information on photo captions see Editing a Photo Caption Using Fl query to Check a Station s Values We ll now check to see if you re adding the data correctly by using FieldLog s fl query command 1 Type fl query or choose FieldLog gt fl query 2 To rerun your StatBrowse query pick it from the list then click Query 3 To move to the bottom of the list
137. f columns in a FieldLog table contains coordinate information and to define the projection system for that information We ll return to this shortly 78 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Modifying FieldLog s Table Structure 2 Click the Setup button The Register Database Table dialog box appears This is a complex dialog and we only examine it superficially Unique Number BASENUMBER Traverse Number Outcrop Number Table Name SAMPL Table Type EE r Station Number STATNUM C Segment Number STATNUM C Rdyk Number ROCKNUM ROCKNUM SAMPLNUM Sample Number SAMPLNUM THIN STAIN Analysis Number CHEM OTHER Boundary Number REASON BASENUMBER Unit Number Legend Number Register Quit C Reference Number Long Name Group Number This dialog is roughly divided into three sections The lower left displays the available columns in the selected table in this case Sampl The upper left chooses the table type in this case a Sample Table The right section permits the assignment of columns from the table to the required logical components in the data model This allows FieldLog to link tables within a database For example each FieldLog table must contain a numeric column which in turn contains unique numbers for each row in the table The Unique Number edit box in the right pa
138. f you have solved the initial problem TYPICAL FIELDWORKER PRO STATI SCREEN Station Number Se quence station pick list for project number Pennan sepe ace be ghg At A Se que ace corth aes afer De e All O AS Era a a rgweee E IIb ee CET 6 9 1096 9 12 PM ama f 47 29 651 N_66 14 629 W 29 readings Latlong OPS i readin gs average sac HO STATE page 1 Impl ads FieldName Value YSTATI GEOLOGIST ROGERS Jones Average if Al Points Average from Display Automatic Tral Save GPS Data GPS Preferences OPS Test Device Preferences Device Test Sees 50 _ Names Dates Extras gt Undo Find Assist scroll arrove for Bth Oth etc fields Data Input on Site Using the Newton FWPro and GPS The Newton and FWPro Your project template should now be loaded onto your Newton and FWPro should be ready to accept input data Prior to entering data remember that FWPro refers to FieldLog tables as screens and to columns as fields 90 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Global Positional Systems GPS GPS Techniques There are basically 3 different GPS methods real time selective availability SA differential correction using post processing methods and real time differential correction using FM radio broadcasts The choice of one system over another requires a cost benefit analysis Ideally you want real time points captured in the field and co
139. file s found 5 Open the TRAV table in MS Access by selecting the Table tab and double clicking TRAV or by single clicking TRAV and then clicking Open 110 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Summary Note Your FieldLog dbf files won t be modified unless you overwrite the original FieldLog database file with the MS Access database file 6 To overwrite update the FieldLog database file with your mdb database file choose File gt Save As Export When you re entering changing data in an external database you can enter any value regardless of whether that value is present in a FieldLog picklist or dictionary FieldLog rules to control data entry won t be in effect Your only data restrictions are length of field as your external database uses the setup values for column character length input under f1 setup gt table setup gt column gt setup This means that you have to ensure that the spelling and syntax of your edited entries match those values predetermined in FieldLog Subsequent queries won t include misspelled entries in a queried selection set Remember that changes made using your external database won t be reflected in your AutoCAD map drawing You must either update your map drawing see Update Chapter 7 or erase the FieldLog entities and replot your data with fl query Summary FieldLog is capable of working alongside other database software whether it is running on a handheld field computer or alongside
140. fore it s critical that projection information is well managed To create a projections project create a new project using fl setup R13 ora text editor R14 depending on your version of AutoCAD Name this new project Projections You may further wish to copy the projection example files from SnowLake 1 e fldatum dbf flproj dbf fixform dbf flxpoint dbf into the directory for this new project to gain access to the wide variety of defined projections therein Upgrading From FieldLog v2 83 to v3 0 To update FieldLog from version 2 83 to 3 0 you must upgrade your v2 83 database and any AutoCAD maps containing data linked to that database This is a four step process 1 Back up your entire project onto a safe reliable backup medium Consider backing it up twice 2 You must inform FieldLog where the v2 83 project can be found In AutoCAD R12 e Add a project definition line to your Autoexec bat as explained above for the sample data For example set MyProjectName c mydatadirectory If you have multiple projects on this machine one set statement in your autoexec bat file is required for each project e Add a project definition file to your AutoCAD support directory as explained above for the sample data For example MyProject c mydatadirectory dBase3 If you have multiple projects on this machine each project is described by a separate line in your FIELDLOG PRJ file e Reboot your system In AutoCAD R13 an
141. from the Project pop up R13 14 Note 3 Select TRAV from the Table pop up In R13 and R14 the first project Now that you ve chosen to add a new traverse to the database FieldLog oe A displays the possible data fields associated with the traverse in the Add to Table form This is a data entry form for filling out FieldLog s tabular information By providing a rigorous data entry form FieldLog supports uniform detail in a database In R12 you must manually select the project each time 4 Select TRAVNUM Type 29 in the edit box at the bottom of the screen then press Enter Tf the entry is valid FieldLog selects the next item in the table If the entry is invalid a message appears at the bottom of the Add to Table dialog box 5 For GEOLOGIST type ME in the Edit box then press Enter Normally you d type your initials here but we don t know your initials and we need these later for a query Note that 1f you try to enter a long name here FieldLog returns an error In the setup of the SnowLake database this field was deliberately kept short 6 For NTSMAP click List the top right most button FieldLog 3 Users Guide 19 Adding and Editing Data in FieldLog 3 Why Have a Traverse Table During a typical data entry session you add data for one day of mapping or one traverse Why bother explicitly keeping track of traverses This simple once a day entry enables you to do sophisticated queries such as di
142. g computer mapping technologies in their day to day work In this chapter we cover these questions and introduce spatial information technology traditionally called Geographic Information Systems GIS Background There has been a fundamental change in field mapping in the past decade as more and more mapping organizations ranging from geological surveys through to prospectors come to terms with three fundamental facts of life e Decisions are being made in shorter and shorter timeframes e Decisions are being based on larger and larger datasets e Decisions are being influenced by ever wider ranges of datatypes Whereas field mapping and exploration decisions twenty years ago were often based on the personal knowledge of a single expert referring to one map and at most a few reports many decisions now draw on diverse data from technologies such as digital geophysics compiled geochemical atlases remotely sensed data and compiled geological maps available in digital form These datasets hosted on computers rather than in report and map format are ever larger and have already largely surpassed the ability to be used without information systems tools The transition was and continues to be sped on by the rapidly decreasing costs of both the software and compiled data sources datasets that a decade ago would have been impossibly expensive are FieldLog 3 Users Guide 5 Why Use FieldLog now available at no cost across th
143. g Data Using External Databases When editing your project database it s often convenient and advantageous to adopt a data view format more versatile than FieldLog s which is limited by the capabilities of AutoCAD There are two approaches The first approach links the FieldLog database directly to the external system permitting either system to edit the same database simultaneously 1 e it s possible to edit FieldLog data in AutoCAD FieldLog and MS Access at the same time The second method requires the data to be exported to an external system in this case MS Access where it is modified and re imported into FieldLog Note It may be prudent to make a copy of your entire FieldLog database before editing it Editing Your Database Using MS Access Open up an external database In this example we use Microsoft Access 1 Start MS Access 2 Choose File gt New Database 106 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Editing FieldLog Data Using External Databases 3 Blank database is highlighted Click OK r AEI New General Databases Preview not available En DBase III 4 Give your new Access database a name e g SnowLake and place it in FieldLog is based on the Dbase your FieldLog project directory e g c SnowLake it s given the III model All of its files are in extension mdb for Microsoft Access database Click Create DB3 format and DB3 drivers are used to access data and link a sows O c
144. g a Database the map so that you routinely add and remove symbols from the map as you do cartographic work and analysis 1 To plot the data select MAP from the Plot pop up The Plot Options dialog box appears MAP STRUC BASENUMBER STRUC STATNUM STRUC FEATURE STRUC AZIMUTH STRUC DIP STATI BASENUMBER STATI UTMX STATI UTMY STATI STATYPE STATI STATNUM Column delimiter Symbol scale Text delimter Text height Projection Snowlake Grid Symbol File Name Plot Couit Palette Notice that depending on the type of plot option Plot Options allows you to override some of the projection palette delimiter and size parameters When plotting to a map only the size parameters are available Symbol scale denotes a scale factor to be applied to symbols whereas Text height refers to an absolute size in drawing units for plotting the text 2 Select STRUC FEATURE STRUC DIP STATI STATNUM and STATI STATTYPE then click Plot 3 Zoom in on the new data AutoCAD SNOWLAKE lA11 Center Dynanic Extents Left Previous Vnax Window lt Scale X XP gt Other corner Command Note that FieldLog has placed a variety of different data types on the map station numbers structural symbols and dip values If you examine the layer definitions within AutoCAD you ll see that the symbols are layered by data type Th
145. g a geologic map usually begins as one or more digital topographic basemaps which are originally purchased from some third party typically a government agency The maps may also be directly scanned and digitized Once acquired the base maps are registered in some coordinate system which defines their geographic position A project database is constructed by the field geologist to contain the field data and to interact with the maps Project databases may be derived from corporate templates or may be begun anew Once a project database is established data can be simultaneously added to the maps and to tables in the database In this process field data may be displayed on several maps and a map may contain data from several projects Though FieldLog allows several projects to be active during a session its functions only operate on one project at a time For instance query contents can t be selected from more than one project in any one query Field observations typically are sites or boundaries and these are added to the base map as points or line segments Their attributes are entered into the database at the same time These supporting data are manually entered into the FieldLog database from field notebooks or forms or are digitized from air photographs and topographic maps using small digitizing tablets They may also be imported from mobile computing devices such as GPS satellite based Global Positioning Systems and PDA hand held Personal D
146. g a range of acceptable values for a column e g 1 n or by relating a lookup table containing acceptable terms for the column granite dacite and so on Although analogous tables and relations aren t equivalent The order of tuples or attributes is unimportant to a relation whereas it does matter to a table Duplicate tuples are disallowed whereas duplicate rows may be permitted in tables though strictly speaking it isn t good practice When a table is physically stored on a 142 FieldLog 3 Users Guide The Relational Data Model computer it s often referred to as a file and its components become records and fields instead of rows and columns respectively Most users are typically confronted with the tabular i e logical representation of a relational database system as the physical and conceptual layers usually remain hidden The following is a list of commonly used loosely equivalent terms RELATIONAL TABULAR PHYSICAL Relation Table File Tuple Row Record Attribute Column Field Implied in the definition of a relation is a sense that the relation embodies a distinct type of entity such as a station or a lithology and that a collection of such relations constitute a database which is thematically related such as a set of geological field observations A relational database may then consist of many related tables each representing some distinct entity type and each populated with instances of
147. ge Shared Data Banks Communications of Association for Computing Machines v 13 no 6 1980 Data Models in Database Management in Proceedings of Workshop on Data Abstraction Databases and Conceptual Modelling Pingree Park Colorado June 1980 Date C J 1986 Relational Database Selected Writings Addison Wesley New York New York 497 p 1990 An Introduction to Database Systems Volume 1 Fifth Edition Addison Wesley New York New York 854 p 1995 Relational Database Writings 1991 1994 Addison Wesley New York New York 542 p Egenhofer M 1992 Why not SQL International Journal of Geographic Information Systems v 6 no 2 p 71 85 Teory T J 1988 Database Modelling and Design The Fundamental Principles Second Edition Morgan Kaufmann San Francisco California 277 p Ullman J D 1988 Principles of Database and Knowledge Base Systems Volume 1 Computer Science Press Rockville Maryland 631 p FieldLog s Database Design FieldLog s Database Design Underlying all FieldLog components and functions is a conceptual data model that consists of geologic concepts and their rules of interaction The data model is an abstraction of the geological mapping process where concepts common to most geologic mapping activities are identified and their general relationships defined In this sense the mapping process is grossly distilled to a series of commonly performed activities with common objects of o
148. ges the name of the currently open drawing and leaves the original drawing untouched on disk DXFOUT DXFOUT allows you to export a DXF file DXF is the standard CAD and low end GIS way of exchanging spatial data you can import a DXF into CorelDRAW or Illustrator for example to make slides for a presentation DXFOUT opens a dialog box and asks for a filename and directory It then asks for decimal places of accuracy 6 is often sufficient unless you are importing into a GIS where maximum accuracy usually 16 is desirable and proceeds to write the file to disk 62 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Advanced Issues WBLOCK vs BLOCK BLOCK groups objects for use ina current drawing file only WBLOCK extracts drawing entities into a separate drawing file This drawing file can then be inserted into other drawing files For example a digitized obscure symbol not found in any resident FieldLog shape library could be saved as a wblock and then inserted whenever necessary into your current drawing file DXFIN DXFIN allows you to import a DXF file DXFIN opens a dialog box and asks for a file name and directory It then brings in the entities from the file and places them on the view at appropriate places When making maps you can get bizarre results if you DXFIN a file from one map projection into another map projection AutoCAD doesn t directly support map projections To get around this import the DXF into an empt
149. gitize a map sloppily you end up with a sloppy database Not only must the drawing entities be accurately placed but it s important that they close This means that you must ensure that any polygon you use to represent a geological unit is completely and perfectly closed in by linework Linework that appears closed at one scale may in fact be open You can check this by zooming in Truly closed linework remains closed despite unlimited zooms on any given vertex AutoCAD has tools to ensure a polygonal area is closed when you digitize it We ll discuss these later in this chapter Scale Finally any map has a nominal scale If we digitize a basemap at 1 25000 for use in a 1 250 000 soil survey the basemap will be unnecessarily detailed meaning wasted hours of digitizing and will often be cluttered as well If we digitize a basemap at 1 25000 for use in a 1 5000 detailed mapping project the basemap will likely be too crude to use This means that you should carefully choose sources at an appropriate scale and choose appropriate data types when you make a map At 1 25000 an outcrop might be a small polygon At 1 250 000 it s a point At 1 5000 it might actually contain several smaller polygonal areas Choosing the right representation for features is often just as important as accurately digitizing them in the first place One useful trick is to make a sketch map at the final scale of your project say the scale of a map you have to delive
150. gnored To transfer the newly acquired data to your FieldLog database 1 Open AutoCAD gt FieldLog Logon to your project in this case SnowLake 2 Choose fl import 3 To locate your file click File Enter or select the file name in the File Name box 4 Click the Text file radio button FIELDLOG Import Table R x Project snowake O O H File Name CAPWC Temp LITHO tt C Database Text file Import Quit 5 Click Import The FieldLog Import Text File dialog box appears FIELDLOG Import Text File x Import text file CFW C Temp LITHO tt ls Table Name LITHO pe CHEM LEGND Column Delimiter Text Delimiter Projection PHOTO BASENUMBER T Fieldworker 6 Select the FieldLog table you want to append update in this case LITHO The columns of the LITHO table appear in the right column of the screen 7 Select all the columns excluding BASENUMBER 8 In the Column Delimiter box type tab 9 Leave the Text Delimeter box blank 10 In the Projection box scroll and enter the appropriate projection This box is active only if you re importing data into a table that contains coordinates e g in the Snowlake database the projections are stored in the STATI table 11 If you are importing into your main table e g the STATI table e Select the Fieldworker option The column on the right side of the screen becomes blank e Ensure that you have filled out your p
151. grity constraints aren t specified as FieldLog expects these to be defined within the host database environment Referential integrity isn t specified during table creation in FieldLog as the acceptable syntax varies from one database system to another FieldLog does however maintain many intra table constraints such as attribute uniqueness null values defaulting and so on during its operations Inter table constraints such as update and delete actions are respected by FieldLog if specified within the database environment For instance when using an MS Access database with FieldLog referential integrity can be specified within MS Access and is maintained for all FieldLog operations Functional Dependency and 3 d Normal Form FieldLog s database model places each table into 3rd Normal Form in fact into Boyce Codd Normal Form as well by virtue of its general logical design In this design users must select from within each table one or more attributes to serve as a primary key for the table They can also select other attributes from each table and designate them as foreign keys which must conform to some pre defined foreign key options In effect FieldLog provides a relational framework that users may populate with personal choices In doing so every attribute in a table which doesn t compose the primary key is functionally non transitively dependent on the primary key Each table contains a primary key usually a composite ke
152. gs gov dm The North American Data Model is an attempt to provide a generic flexible and portable data model for field geology The current version is based on the semantics of geologic data and on relational database theory The NADM web page highlights current versions and ongoing research NCGIA Core Curriculum WebSite http www ncgia ucsb edu education curricula giscc The NCGIA maintains this resource site for teachers needing overview material to extend their courses on GIS It provides fairly succinct coverage of most major issues in GIS FieldLog 3 Users Guide 159 Core Curriculum in RS WebSite http www research umbc edu tbenjal The RSCC provides an overview of the main ideas in remote sensing intended for practitioners who need teaching materials and a review of new topics Many figures are included online for download Digital Chart of the World WebSite http www maproom psu edu dcw The Digital Chart of the World is a reference map of the major features on the globe It includes human and natural features in separate GIS themes at a nominal scale of 1 1 Million The Penn State Map Room provides online access to the DCW in ArcInfo format National Geospatial Clearinghouse http mapping usgs gov nsdi The NSDI provides online access and metadata for a huge variety of global and local GIS data useful in geologic mapping projects It is a portal to remote sensing and GIS catalogues maintained b
153. h AutoCAD version is accompanied by an updated DXF version and this causes some software packages to be incompatible with some DXF formats For example CorelDRAW 7 doesn t accept dxf files from AutoCAD R14 It s also critical to realize that when exporting FieldLog data via DXF non AutoCAD products can t recognize database information associated with entities in the DXF file Shapes verses blocks AutoCAD drawings that contain FieldLog symbols as AutoCAD shape entities often fail to be transferred via dxf to other graphic packages e g CorelDRAW However AutoCAD block entities are often successfully converted which means you should change shapes to blocks in AutoCAD prior to DXF export You can convert symbols to blocks at any time but it s easier to do so at the start of a project see appendix A for details about converting shapes to blocks FieldLog s default symbol representation is the shape but it can equally well use blocks In either case FieldLog must obtain the symbol definitions from one or more shx symbol libraries Alternatively exporting via WMF Windows Metafile or EPS Encapsulated Poscript formats tends to preserve both symbol types shapes or blocks but may result in the loss of some other graphic characteristics such as the recognition of a symbol as a single entity versus a series of unrelated lines depending on the receiving software package To create a dxf file 1 As dxfout is an AutoCAD comma
154. h FieldLog OGS SHX GSC SHC and NATMAP SHX contain symbols drawn at 10 units in length Specifying a Symbol Scale of 2 would double all subsequently drawn symbols to 20 map units in length 82 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Fl Update Note that this default Symbol Scale can be overridden for individual columns or elements of a symbol dictionary using the Palette button in fl setup gt Table Setup fl add or fl query Text height Default height for text in current drawing units Unlike Symbol Scale which magnifies or diminishes symbols Text Height sets the actual size of text drawn to the map As with Symbol Scale map projection differences mean that the needed height for text must be established visually based on a combination of map scale and projection In practical terms annotation text should be about 5 10 mm high on the final printed map Since map scales for output often vary dramatically the default text height value can be overridden with the Palette button available in fl setup gt Table Setup fl add or fl query North angle The angle from right on the map measured counter clockwise which represents North or 0 degrees This value is used to correct the rotation of structural symbols to take into account rotated map projections and user grids Valid responses are 0 360 For a normal map where north is to the top of the page the value would be 90 Because a user grid was superimposed on the SnowL
155. he 2100 has 4 MB and is four times faster Because Apple stopped producing the Newton in March 1998 you can only buy second hand Newtons available from third party retailers Non Newton handhelds are being used with various degrees of success Newton Accessories The Newton 2000 and 2100 come with a cable and a connection adapter for GPS up downloading printing and so on The adapter is fragile as it protrudes from the Newton when plugged in You can protect it by securing it to the Newton using duct tape Or you can use a serial card for external connectivity use an 8 to 16 MB card to allow for backups Newtons use 2 double AA batteries good for about 2 days of field work Why the Apple Newton Despite its demise the Apple Newton is still the hand held system most actively used with FieldLog It has a powerful pen based operating system OS with hand writing recognition and a touch sensitive screen making it invaluable when inputting data into a field database The Newton also supports a GPS interface many other external connections and has proven itself in the field The effectiveness of its Windows CE successors is unknown at this time However because the import export capabilities relevant to this chapter are software specific and not hardware dependent much of the following discussion also applies to non Newton hand helds Why Fieldworker Pro Fieldworker Pro FWPro is commercial software www fieldworke
156. he name or type of database is to be modified you must delete the current database reference and reinsert it with a new name type Note for ODBC Database Users For ODBC projects registered to FieldLog the Directory field must not only specify the location of the directory but also the name of the database file in which the FieldLog data resides For example for MS Access databases this database file possesses an MDB extension e g c snowlake snowlake mdb The catalogue restriction applies to the location of ODBC files Projects must also be registered with the Windows ODBC driver To register a project with ODBC go to the Control Panel in Windows and choose the Windows ODBC Drivers icon The ODBC Data Source Administrator dialog box appears If there isn t currently a data source called ODBC click Add to create one Select the appropriate driver type from the list and then click Finish Enter ODBC as the new data source s name and select your database as the default data source Click OK to save the data source configuration The database should now be accessible and any other database with a similar driver will also be accessible The name here ODBC of the data source must be identical to the name of the ODBC environment which you are using in the ASI Registry These steps are required for AutoCAD to function correctly with ODBC The Projections Project Under FieldLog 3 the name Projections is reserved for a special purp
157. hen done Station me4 Feature s bed Azimuth 123 Dip 54 3 Let s assume that in this case we want to check on the exact meaning of s bed in the dictionary Select the Feature column and then click the List button 4 In the Select from Profile browser choose s bed and then click the Diction button FieldLog 3 Users Guide 73 Customizing FieldLog Misspelled Profile Items To correct a misspelled profile item you must delete it and insert a correctly spelled item 5 The Edit Table dialog box appears with the dictionary definition for s bed listed FIELDLOG Select from Profile Viewing depth 0 Apply FEATR NATMP PLANAR BEDDING subed s bed sobed PILLOW suplw s plw soplw IGNEOUS LAYERING sulay s lay solay FLOW CONTACT suflow s flow soflow Palette Diction Delete Insert Child Sibling FIELDLOG Edit Table Project SnowLake E Table y list BASENUMBER 4 Symbol LONGNAME s bed SHORTNAME N Tree DEFINITION bedding top known Memo Coord T Image Next BASENUMBER M Cannot edit column BASENUMBER I Attach Change Data Quit Brey E M Plot Note that no short form is defined Also since this is a simple table just like all other FieldLog tables it is viewed in the standard fl edit dialog The dictionary items could be modified at this point but we
158. her sets out to lay a framework for systems that manage environmental data and really doesn t pull it off The interesting thing is that the book is still quite useful There is too little GIS for this to be a GIS book and the rest covers subjects as diverse as object oriented database systems and modelling metadata management systems and the semantics of environmental data All of the sections are clear informative and useful but somehow they just don t seem to add up to a book with the title Environmental Information Systems Koch G S Jr and Link R F 1971 Statistical Analysis of Geological Data Dover New York New York ISBN 0 486 64040 X 438 p A thorough somewhat mathematical treatment of all aspects of geologic statistics Not particularly accessible but complete The section on geological statistics on computers is amusingly dated Computer Science Mathematics and Philosophy Adriaans P and Zantinge D 1996 Data Mining Addison Wesley Longman Harlow U K ISBN 0 201 40380 3 159 p Data mining is the task of finding relationships in very large databases Many of the methods are similar if not identical to those used in mainstream GIS and in fact there is an increasing convergence between the three fields of machine learning GIS and data mining This book is a short and readable introduction to the core concepts of data mining many of which can be directly used in GIS analysis Ahl V and Allen T F H 1
159. hich applies to all domains is the NULL value it signifies the attribute value is undefined For instance a NULL date value in the FieldLog 3 Users Guide 141 STATION relation indicates the date on which the station was visited is unknown The actual relations could resemble the following STATION 1 100 100 06 06 96 2 200 200 06 06 96 LITHOLOGY 1 1 granite 1 2 dacite 2 1 granite 2 2 rhyolite Two stations each containing two lithologies are described above Thus the STATION relation contains two tuples and the LITHOLOGY relation contains four The number of tuples is the relation s cardinality whereas the number of attributes in each tuple is its degree Tables In actual database systems relations are depicted and implemented as tables A relation corresponds to a table a tuple corresponds to a row in the table and an attribute corresponds to a column in the table Note the tabular representation of the STATION and LITHOLOGY relations in Figure B 4 STATION SITE_ID X_LOCATION Y_LOCATION DATE 1 100 200 06 06 96 2 200 200 06 06 96 LITHOLOGY SITE_ID X_LOCATION Y_LOCATION DATE 1 100 200 06 06 96 2 200 200 06 06 96 SITE_ID ROCK_ID ROCK_TYPE DESCRIPTION 1 1 granite 1 2 dacite 2 1 granite 2 2 rhyolite Figure B 4 The STATION and LITHOLOGY relations as tables Domains are often implemented as column constraints by specifyin
160. hod you can view all readings as a scatter diagram allowing you to eliminate outliers before the average is calculated Average of All Points is calculated from all GPS points collected at the field location For both Average options field observation data can be input while the location readings are being calculated in the background Use Last Point when you are confident that the current reading is accurate enough to use The last coordinate read is retained and no averaging is performed You can select these options through Display which is located on your station screen beside the GPS button FWPro manual describes the process of capturing location data Collecting GPS Data Turn on the GPS as soon as you reach your station as the GPS can take 10 minutes or more to track the 3 satellites needed for triangulation A status line on your GPS display tells you how many satellites it has found The GPS can also function independently without plugging into the Newton allowing you to move about the area making observations and entering measurements When you have finished entering data simply plug the GPS unit into the Newton You may still have to wait for a final satellite transmission or for FWPro to average your data When the GPS has finished calculating the location coordinates the information appears on your STATI table screen near the top of the display You should see something like this 15 485 072 41 1M 7 071 888 4 satellites
161. ial location whether it s a site or partition within a site Therefore other than their vertical partitions stratigraphic sections and drill hole segments can be described in the same general manner as non partitioned sites or regions This implies that field survey drill hole and stratigraphic section data can coexist within one semantic model and also within a single database structure FieldLog has indeed been often applied in these various situations Apart from observational data FieldLog also provides concepts to manage interpreted information such as geological boundaries boundary legends legend and units unit These interrelated concepts may further be associated to the field observations used to deduce them Thus reasonably thorough information about any geologic boundary can be maintained in FieldLog Each boundary may be related to more than original field observation by including the boundary identifier with the field observation Successive boundaries may then in turn be related to a geologic unit with the inclusion of a unit identifier in the boundary description Both units and boundaries may be classified or described by a legend The legend label must be included in the boundary or unit description to achieve this In addition to implementing geologic concepts FieldLog also permits customizable catalogs of geological terms to be created and attached to columns for data entry purposes and for the maintenance of semantic
162. ic Often they cause the logical model to be rethought In fact database design is typically a cyclic process where any aspect of the overall model may be refined based on issues encountered in any of the conceptual logical or physical levels The cycle is the result of ongoing interaction between the users of a system the domain expert s the database designer and the database manager for the project Geographical and Geometric Modelling Traditional business database systems treat a concept s properties as discrete attributes often grouped in tables in the relational model to optimize performance or query potential or for other considerations Spatial data however has the added complication that many attributes aren t business concepts like sales revenue or names but represent physical objects that not 138 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Data Models only have physical characteristics composition temperature but also have spatial extent Extent includes such considerations as the semantic basis of any concept the nature of its connectivity to other objects and to its neighbours in space and the temporal changes that it may undergo At the logical and physical levels real world entities must be represented in a fashion amenable to flexible and rapid access and analysis and this places serious limitations on which conceptual models can be translated into valid logical models In GIS historical efforts concentrated
163. id iad Seale tiie 51 Whats ALOCADA A ee ee 52 Grouping Datacenter 52 Data Types 1 GIS ud land nmin iene ae 53 CIOSULE ioe iS 54 li A olaaa 55 AutoCAD Commands iscsi a a a a a a Mies naive ER 55 Organizational Commands i nn E E aE E E E EE 55 New Map ei enea A OO 55 Tablet Calibration coaer nennen e Ea eE eri EEEo EENES EIAS 56 YN NN 56 DDEMODES sets 57 EOI tdi is 58 Und iia 58 Navigation and Display Commands c ococonccnocnnoncononononnninncnnocnncnnocnncononnn ono n nan rnn cnn cnn can conan 58 Moira odiando 58 PM A A oa Eana Ee oa 58 LO dni 58 RedrWiessiioili eds casas iia A en IA ctas caia 59 O ON 59 MA A A 59 Drawing Commands suitte siii e T linia epocas dial 59 DO tice ndeueycteetacvastevsaiavasseved since ibeubeus akcounenserbete 59 Pl a ce aaa 59 Pi A Aa 60 OM rc iia 60 E ai DI KO NN 61 TEXT O 6l DA NN 61 Ro E csecbevtatscevusvesde ste costae savadengsens e EE ER er ETOT TEE E ETOR E Eee iE k eevee 6l COPY e A iii 62 Si E E E S AT 62 a E NN 62 File Management Commands nissene inati an a a e e E Ei eas 62 Vi adi E E E E AEEA 62 SAVEA Suen e a ea a aA ea e a An E ei EINA 62 DXFOUT ossccscsccncescscsbetesiavecscteoedasiecneteseescestevnecvads sabe EE EEEE TEER EE EE 62 DXFIN E E 63 WIBLOCK proa aa aae aa a a ie DE EEE AE ES 63 INSERT iii 63 Advanced ISSUES cirios li ias ide id tdi 63 Bl cks andAttribUtesiiiacanian and 63 XREF Sucia 64 EEX POG occiso iones tool 64 SA a ON 64 CHAPT
164. ide the current screen window 2 Type a unique name that s easy to remember then press Return Don t set yourself up for a disaster use a name that you haven t used before You can use the date and month for the last few digits of a name to force it to be unique for example SVOW9512 would be a map in Snow Lake started in December 1995 Tablet Calibration AutoCAD directly supports graphics tablets In AutoCAD a user can lock a digitizer to a drawing mathematically so that regardless of the current drawing scale or view data entered on the digitizer is transformed and correctly entered into the drawing To calibrate a tablet 1 Type tablet at the command prompt If you have a digitizer properly configured AutoCad gives you the option of calibrating it 2 Type cal AutoCAD asks you to pick a point Pick a point on the map that you can accurately find on your screen or that has known coordinates in the coordinate system of your AutoCAD drawing 3 Click a point placing the crosshair as carefully as possible AutoCAD prompts you for the coordinates 4 Either type in the coordinates separated by a comma or else click the point on the screen that corresponds to the map point digitized 5 Repeat this procedure for a second point diagonal from the first then a third point and so on for most maps four points is adequate for digitizing 6 Press Return AutoCAD offers some statistics and asks you to choose
165. ier in this chapter Setup controls the data type parameters for the indicated column For example the Thin column has the characteristics Table SAMPL R Column THIN Type CHAR Length 1 Decimals 0 Quit You can add a new column to the Sample table by clicking New typing a column name and pressing Enter The new column name appears at the bottom of the column list in the right panel FieldLog assigns it a data type of Char and a Length of 6 To modify these click to select the column and then use the Setup parameters to alter the default data type Finally click Save to save the new table structure Table Setup and Registration Although many of the characteristics you set when creating a table are at the level of columns such as data input controls and profiles the most complex setup process is to actually determine the logical place of a new table in the FieldLog data model This is done using the Setup button once a table has been selected from the table list the Table radio button is then active As an example we ll examine the overall setup of the Sample table and its place in the FieldLog data model 1 Return to the Table Setup dialog box and then select Project SnowLake and Table Sampl At this point the Delete Purge and New buttons and the Setup and Points buttons become accessible Points is a special button that allows us to tell FieldLog that a specific set o
166. if you enter a table name and try and save it FieldLog returns an error message you must create at least one column for the new table before FieldLog allows you to save your setup column setup is discussed below 4 Next select the Sample table by clicking Sampl in the list of tables Notice that the Delete and Purge buttons are now available Also available are the Setup and Points buttons these are discussed below in the Table Registration and Points Registration sections 5 Click the Column radio button The list at the right now shows the columns in the table that are available for editing Here we have selected the column Thin which records whether or not a particular sample is intended for thin sectioning FieldLog 3 Users Guide 77 Customizing FieldLog C Project SnowLake STATNUM r ROCKNUM CTable SAMPL SAMPLNUM Column THIN STAIN y Delete Save New Setup Points Input Palette Move Purge Note that the Delete New and Move buttons are now active These act on the selected column performing the indicated action Delete removes a column from the table New creates a new column type in a new column name and press Enter and Move moves a column from its current position to a new one On the right we now have access to the Setup Input and Palette buttons Input and Palette are for setting default input controls and palette settings respectively as discussed earl
167. igital Assistants or more sophisticated portable units Some of the data are symbolized on the map either via manual digitization or through importation and plotting via queries and some of them reside in the database as supporting evidence This data entry stage typically involves the entry of site information into the database and the display of select portions on the map Boundary data may also be recorded and digitized at this time Mesoscopic observations such as station locations structural measurements and rock type characteristics are recorded and plotted with FieldLog and macroscopic observations such as contacts folds and faults are drawn using AutoCAD s line and polygon drawing mechanisms they may also be imported from pre existing digital geology maps or from portable field computers Once in digital form the evolving map is typically plotted at scale on a regular i e daily basis using page size printers The plotted pages are joined often with tape and this growing paper mosaic represents the field map Often interpretive features such as geological contacts are sketched by hand onto this mosaic and subsequently digitized when and if confirmed As the geological story unfolds the various hypotheses depicted as disconnected boundaries on the map are joined to form polygons which eventually partition the geographic extent of the map In this process observed supporting data are often reclassified using FieldL
168. ing a great variety of symbols If you need to define your own shape libraries refer to Appendix A and experiment with the programs for manipulating symbols SHX2DXF EXE and DXF2SHX EXE FieldLog s data entry and data query processes are column based data is added to tabular rows which consist of columns and queries return a table of columns Even FieldLog s dictionaries and profiles are attached to columns More significantly columns are selected for plotting in both the data entry and query procedures Thus when a symbol is to be plotted FieldLog first inspects the column s e g Rocktype in LITHO Palette parameters and utilizes those that are specified For those parameters without a value at the column level FieldLog reads the data item in column e g monzogranite and checks in the profile to see if a Palette value has been defined for the data item If so then it tries to find the missing symbol parameters here If some parameters are still not found FieldLog traverses up the hierarchical profile searching for them in the Palette definitions of any parent profile items e g in Granite and Igneous If no symbol or text parameter is specified in this process though other parameters could be defined FieldLog simply prints the data item as text onto the map For example as shown in the figure on the preceding page s foll is present in the palette has a specified symbol from a specified library and will be placed on th
169. ing an observation there are two issues that become central the consistent use of terminology by members of a mapping team and a consistent level of detail of classification Much of the query functionality and data entry tools in FieldLog are built around supporting consistent field observations so that the field mapping database will be as useful as possible These tools as a result have explicit ways of dealing with terminology FieldLog 3 Users Guide Why Use FieldLog Why AutoCAD FieldLog is a module that runs within AutoCAD Why isn t it an independent program AutoCAD is a high end CAD program with hundreds of features and a thick set of manuals It provides interactive drawing tools support for digitizers and other specialized hardware and handles the storage of spatial information internally FieldLog adds only the specialized geological and GIS tools that are lacking in AutoCAD AutoCAD s drawing tools layer support linetypes and hatching allow sophisticated maps to be produced quite easily The combination of a colour inkjet printer a laptop running FieldLog a digitizer and a word processor turns a bush camp into a map production studio The Field Analysis and Cartography Process Once consistent data is captured into a field system such as FieldLog it s straightforward to carry out decision support analysis using the data Typical questions asked of spatial data are Locating
170. ions include e No support for real world coordinate systems Limited support for managing data external to the map No extensions for geological data handling The first limitation is a reflection of AutoCAD s inability to accommodate for the curvature of the earth s surface Most field projects cover large enough areas that this will introduce significant errors into a map The second limitation has to do with AutoCAD s limited tools for managing databases attached to maps The third limitation reflects the fact that AutoCAD is not tailored for geological data entry query or analysis These problems are solved by having FieldLog provide tools for map projections geological database management and analysis Thus AutoCAD makes a suitable foundation for field mapping only if projections and other geologic tools are built in These form a significant part of FieldLog as you will see in this introductory manual About This Manual This manual covers the basic FieldLog system and includes a tutorial covering general use of the FieldLog system installation customization and downloading importing and exporting of data It also contains notes on using AutoCAD for preparing maps Geographic Information Systems technology draws upon a wide variety of source fields ranging from mathematics through cartography and computer science As we cannot hope to cover all of this material in this FieldLog manual attached is an annotate
171. it doesn t really care about the topic of the drawing but it draws very well nonetheless From a geological point of view the structure of AutoCAD is based around storing linework text and symbols and then layering these entities for the convenience of the user AutoCAD has a large number of tools for e Controlling the view of the drawing you can see e Adding and removing map entities e Layering data Grouping Data As different thematic data accumulates in one drawing confusion can result due to clutter interference between map entities and the difficulty of tracking original source characteristics for diverse data Ideally each theme or related bunch of drawing entities should be stored independently so that they can be viewed individually or in any combination We want for example to be able to view all of the roads in a map area but sometimes we d like to hide them so that they don t obscure geological relationships We also want to be able to control colours and linework styles dots dashes and so on by theme so that modifying 52 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Introduction Layer Notation FieldLog when plotting data to the map automatically assigns the data to an AutoCAD layer You must therefore ensure that data sets that you have digitized or imported and that may not be in the FieldLog project database have their own unique layer names For example digitized data placed on an AutoCAD layer
172. ke dwg 1 Choose File gt Open 2 Select snowlake dwg from the snowlake directory or where you installed the sample files 3 Click OK The SnowLake drawing appears AutoCAD SNOWLAKE File Edit View Assist Draw Construct Modify Settings Render Model Fieldlog Help ESZA ffolsle Wale AETA First corner Other corner Command pan Displacement Second point Command Starting FieldLog Now that you ve opened a drawing you can start FieldLog You can do this manually or using the FieldLog menu If you don t see a FieldLog menu at the top of your screen refer to Appendix A for installation instructions To start FieldLog 1 Choose FieldLog gt Load FieldLog A message in the AutoCAD command line indicates that FieldLog has loaded Now you re ready to log on to a specific database Logging on to a Database Each time you open FieldLog you must indicate which database s you want to use Several databases can be active at one time enabling you to compartmentalize a project into several independent sub projects or display adjoining project data on one map See Chapter 7 for more information about project setup To log on 1 Choose FieldLog gt fl logon 12 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Browsing the SnowLake Database R13 R14 Note The Connect to database dialog box appears When logging on in AutoCAD R13 and R14 only projects not already logged o
173. lase minus_error Fe203 etc method etc etc Figure B 11 A skeleton database design for geological field observations and drill hole observations The mineral rock and structure lists represents catalogs of geological terminology 158 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Annotated Bibliography of GIS for Geologists Introduction This bibliography is a starting point for people interested in reading the literature on GIS and Geoscience data management The bibliography lists papers and books of interest to someone who has collected data in the field and now wants to do something with it The first section provides a list of papers and books with notes on what they are about and why they might be interesting The second section contains a list of readings that are recommended based on what you re trying to accomplish while learning about these methods We ve included some books that are inspirational and some books from related fields especially remote sensing as related skills are essential in strong use of GIS This list was compiled by Rob Harrap with suggestions from Boyan Brodaric It s by no means complete and we would welcome hearing suggestions or complaints This list lives on the web at http geol queensu ca harrap robh html and you should be able to find an updated version there WWW References NADM WebSite http www geology us
174. line dtext etc and then proceed Navigation and Display Commands Move Move allows you to move objects on the screen For example you can move text labels from place to place You can also move geographically referenced data such as outcrops but their corresponding database values won t change To move FieldLog data use Fl edit Pan Pan allows you to shift your view of the drawing AutoCAD distinguishes between the drawing which is all of the entities you ve entered and that have been loaded through FieldLog and the view which is your current screen view of that drawing Because AutoCAD treats all graphic entities mathematically you can zoom in or out infinitely although your data quickly falls below or above the scale of the view Pan allows you to shift the view side to side or up and down without changing the scale Simply type pan then choose a point Choose a second point to show AutoCAD where to shift the first point Try it a couple of times to get the idea Zoom Zoom allows you to change the size of the display of your drawing Together with pan zoom is the command you ll most often use to get different views of your data Useful options are zoom gt e zooms to the entire extent of your current database zoom gt W allows you to pick a new view window with the cursor zoom gt p returns to the previous zoomed view of a drawing this is useful for returning to a smaller scale view after you zoom in for a cl
175. lotted onto a base that is either digitized from an existing paper map or onto an existing digital map that represents the topographic and cultural features of the map area If you are digitizing the base yourself chances are that you 11 be doing this in AutoCAD using the commands reviewed below If you purchase a base map from a governmental or third party source you can normally purchase it in DXF the AutoCAD transfer format Regardless you need to know a minimum amount about AutoCAD to be effective with FieldLog This chapter provides the core of that required knowledge AutoCAD is a relatively straightforward program But like any program it s useful to have both a conceptual background how it works and a procedural background how to get it to perform We ll start with a conceptual background What is AutoCAD AutoCAD is a Computer Aided Drawing or Design CAD program AutoCAD is a very sophisticated set of tools for putting graphic entities such as linework and text into a file that can then be viewed and printed Like FieldLog AutoCAD has at its core a database The difference is that AutoCAD s database is oriented around rapid drawing not geological research While AutoCAD can quite efficiently represent a line or a point in two or three dimensions it doesn t try to track what that linework means to the user Think of AutoCAD as a highly paid draftsperson who carries out your instructions for making a drawing
176. lt Endpoint of line gt 3 To add more vertices just click Close draws a line segment from the last vertex to the first vertex of this polyline closing a perfect polygon Undo removes the previous segment A useful option that isn t listed is End If you type End while in the Pl command mode and then press the spacebar AutoCAD asks you to pick a vertex You can pick any vertex on the screen and AutoCAD draws a segment from the previous position to the exact position of the chosen vertex This is a useful way to ensure that polylines close onto each other since Close only allows a polyline to close on itself You can set up FieldLog 3 Users Guide 59 Map Preparation with AutoCAD Line Widths and Linetypes In AutoCAD line widths can t be changed globally but must be edited individually at the pedit width prompt In AutoCAD line thickness usually refers to the z height value A cartographic quick fix for changing the linewidths of pre existing lines is to assign unique colours to layers of lines Then through AutoCAD s print gt pen assignments dialog box change the pen default width by selecting the appropriate colour pen and assigning a new value This change isn t reflected on your screen The pedit linetype gen option doesn t refer to changing your linetype but controls the location of a pattern within a line segment i e do you want your line pattern to start at the beginning of
177. m an external file into the current database 2 In the Files of Type box choose dBase3 A list of your FieldLog project dbf files appears Select the first dbf file you want to import 3 Click Import A Successfully imported table message appears 4 Click Close after importing all the tables you want to edit or view Import k 2 x Look in C snowlake ac fall 2 Chem dbf 2 fitable dbf E Mafip dof E Rocks dbf 2 Chem2 dbf E Fheform dbf 2 Miner dbf 2 sampl dbf 2 chron dbf Flxpoint dbf 2 Minl dbf E Stati dbf Cancel Featr dbf E Form dbf E Minls dbf E Struc dbf 5 flcolumn dbf 2 Forms dbf S Named dbf E Sulph dbf Advanced S Fidatum dbf E Gsizd dbf E Namep dbf 2 Textd dbf 2 Flpoint dbf 2 Gsizp dbf 2 natmp dbf E Textp dbf 2 Flproj dbf Legnd dbf E Nts dbf E Trav dbf 2 flqout dbf S Legnp dbf E Ntsmp dbf E Units dbf flqpoint dbf 2 Litho dbf 2 Outcr dbf 2 flquery dbf 2 Lithomem dbf E Photo dbf fisymbol dbf E Mafid dbf E Rock dbf Find files that match these search criteria File name bat Text or property Eind Now Files of type ETE Last modified any time gt New Search Not all file types are installed by default To add other file types run the Setup program click Add Remove Data Access Change Option Additional file types are also available in the Office 97 ValuPack jas
178. management display and analysis functions The TBA VEC file a Spans generated file is used to import into Spans data analysis packages Like ArcInfo and MapInfo Spans is a GIS that has strong data management display and analysis capabilities The TXT file this format is extremely versatile and exportable to many different kinds of software packages word processing graphics CAD spreadsheets and databases For example the FieldLog projection definition template is exported to FWPro in a special txt format Exporting Data Using Fl export You must open your current AutoCAD drawing file before choosing fl export Once invoked fl export prompts you to create an export selection set by selecting entities from the screen If your selection set covers a large area you should turn off and lock all AutoCAD layers containing information that you don t want to export You can use any of AutoCAD s common selection mechanisms to build a selection set e g windowing an area to select its inhabitants Once the selection set is built and selection completed FieldLog starts the exports FIELDLOG Export Options N x Project snowake Plot l CHEM STATNUM AE EA CHEM ROCKNUM Arcinfo EDO CHEM SAMPLNUM MapInfo MIF CHEM SIO2 Spans TBA CHEM AL203 CHEM FE203 CHEM FEO CHEM CAO CHEM MGO CHEM NAZO Column delimiter Tita Steele i Text delimter Dea height El Projection Sn
179. mand line e Select your new symbol library the newly generated shx file and load it e To insert your symbol type shape e Type the name of your symbol e Your new symbol appears and you re prompted for the insertion point size and rotation of the symbol The SHX2DXF Program The FieldLog package also contains the corollary to DXF2SHX the SHX2DXF program This program converts an AutoCAD symbol library SHX files into a DXF format from which it can easily be viewed or revised The DXF file created by SHX2DXF contains each symbol from the SHX symbol library In AutoCAD each symbol occupies its own AutoCAD layer annotated by its symbol name The program must be executed using the DOS prompt At the command line type SHX2DXF SHXfilename SHX DXFfilename DXF Changing FieldLog Symbols From Shapes to Blocks FieldLog represents symbols equally well as either AutoCAD blocks dwg files or shapes shx files by default FieldLog uses shapes FieldLog MUST draw all symbols from one or more shape symbol libraries regardless of the method of representation selected 1 e shape vs block So why change the format For symbols exported as dxf to import correctly into other software packages the symbols need to be initially plotted as blocks or converted from shapes to blocks prior to export Although symbols on a map can be changed from shapes to blocks at any time during the life of a project it s easier to set change the
180. map When you re done the island should fill about a tenth of your screen AutoCAD SNOWLAKE File Edit View Assist Draw Construct Modify Settings Render Model Fieldlog Help w Now you re ready to add the following field geological information to the SnowLake database e Anew traverse e Two stations on the island e Lithologies for each station e A sample at one station 18 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Adding Data to a Table e A photo at the other station e Structural measurements at both stations As you add the new data note that you first enter the data into the database then on the map FieldLog setup allows you to specify what database details appear on the map during this data entry process As well any query you run can output to the AutoCAD map so you can always dynamically add more map symbols and text later Adding a New Traverse 1 Type 1 add or choose FieldLog gt fl add The FieldLog Add to Table dialog box appears To shift between rows in the forms section point using your Project SnowLake Ej Table TRAV El mouse digitizer or press the List Return Enter key Symbol If you shift to a field that Fer Form requires a value you won t be BASENUMBER 31 Memo able to move away from that and field until you enter a value N i mage TRAVNUM i Edit box I Attach Input Palette Points M Plot 2 Select SnowLake
181. mmands i e you can verify that you have moved the proper entity by checking to see if there is a residual tick mark in the appropriate area Regen To force AutoCAD to recalculate a view from the drawing database type regen AutoCAD frequently does a regeneration when you change the view of the drawing Regenerations can be quite slow especially on computers without much RAM Be prepared to wait a few minutes Also in R14 a regen must be performed before raster images such as geophysical maps are properly displayed in the background List List allows you to select and display the characteristics of drawing entities It s useful for quickly determining what layer an entity is on Drawing Commands Line Don t use this command with FieldLog Pline Pline is the command yov ll use the most when drawing your map Pline is short for PolyLine Use pline to draw lines where each line segment connects from the previous line segment s vertex You can use pline to draw geometric shapes like boxes that have only a few vertices or by using many vertices almost smooth shapes like shorelines or rivers With pline every time you click with the mouse or digitizer you leave a vertex To end the command press Return To add a pline 1 Typepline Pline returns From Point 2 Move your pointer to the first location you want a vertex then click After the first vertex the options change to Arc Close Halfwidth Length Undo Width
182. mn Delimiter usually or TAB or leave blank FieldLog imports data on a line by line basis The end of a line indicates the end of a row and the beginning of a new row Individual columns fields within a row are separated by a delimiting character the column delimiter and FieldLog considers a field s contents to consist of the characters embedded between these delimiters e g for the comma delimited row field1 field2 field3 there exist 3 fields field1 field and field3 This may be a problem when the delimiting character exists in the field s text as it s considered the end of a field e g suppose field2 contained a comma as in field1 field 2 field3 then 4 fields would be erroneously recognized field1 field 2 and field3 This problem can be overcome by using text delimiters which surround text fields and permit column delimiters to be embedded within them e g using the double quote as text delimiter in the row field1 field 2 field3 would result in three fields being recognized field1 field 2 and field3 Remember that the single quote is a special database character that if embedded in the text causes the row to be to rejected during import e Text Delimeter Enter a Text Delimeter usually or leave blank Text delimiters surround text fields causing all the characters between them to form the contents of a field see th
183. mn still selected click the List button The hierarchy browser for the structural palette appears Since we want to use colour to distinguish between Planar and Linear features only these items need to be symbolized in the hierarchy There is no need to set the colour for any of the child items of Planar and Linear as FieldLog moves up the hierarchy and finally reaches the Planar Linear items and their colours Also notice that the position of text around a Planar feature is set to 1 this indicates that associated text such as dips or plunges plot immediately beside any Planar symbol Click Planar then the Palette button Click the Color button and choose red from the choices offered To return to the hierarchy browser click OK ay Profle FEATR Text Value PLANAR ltem PLANAR Font Layer PLANAR Around Colour red Size I Symbol 6 Shape Block Angle ER Ang Offset 3 Position 1 X offset 0 000000 Y offset 0 000000 I Fill F Sol Z offset 0 000000 Pattern O ES Associate Quit FieldLog 3 Users Guide 69 Customizing FieldLog Making New Profiles and Dictionaries Once you have created anew profile and dictionary you need to fill it with valid entries After exiting Data Entry Setup you should see that the list item is available in fl add and fl edit for this column You can no
184. mports either database tables or text files through its database or text options respectively When importing database tables the database table format must match the format of the FieldLog database For example if the FieldLog database is stored in dBase3 format dbf then only dBase3 tables can be imported Importing a database table involves insertion of a new table into your FieldLog database project If for example you want to import a new FieldLog 3 Users Guide 103 Importing and Exporting Data Using the Newton GPS and External Databases FieldLog database table CHRON containing geochronologic results called CHRON dbf you must use the database import option This option requires the table to be first identified from within your FieldLog directory and then to be registered to a FieldLog project Remember that FieldLog uses a rigorous data model Certain fields need to be present in the table if it is to be registered to a project see Chapter 7 for table registration Importing data as text files involves inserting new rows into pre existing FieldLog tables or overwriting existing rows within these tables Note Before importing any data into your database make a backup Importing Data Reserved Characters in Text 1 Choose fl import File Import 2 Choose either the Text file or Database option The single quote is a reserved character in SQL dependent databases Its occurrence in text FI
185. must be connected to any other condition using AND e lt field must be less than Value e lt field must be less than or equal to Value condition AND condition e gt field must be greater than or equal to Value e field must be equal to Value NOT field must be not equal to Value LIKE allows searches based on wild cards Valid wild cards in SQL the foundation of FieldLog are e _ the underscore character This wild card substitutes for any single character in the position indicated For example the search STRUC FEATURE LIKE SFOL_ would return all structural features SFOL1 SFOL2 and so on e the percent character This wild card substitutes for any number of characters in the position indicated For example the search STRUC FEATURE LIKE 1 would return all structural features ending with 1 NOT LIKE is similar to Like except that it returns those entries that fail to match the criterion IS acts on hierarchies in profiles within FieldLog It returns elements that are of the indicated type as well as its subtypes For example the search STRUC FEATURE IS BEDDING would return the BEDDING SUBED S BED and SOBED features from the SnowLake database HAS is the logical complement to the Zs operator It returns elements that are of the indicated type or its super types For example the search STRUC FEATURE HAS BEDDING would return the BEDDING and PLANAR features from the SnowLake database I
186. n a relation has more than one primary key each composed of more than one attribute with at least one attribute shared between the keys If this situation doesn t occur Boyce Codd is equivalent to 3 Normal Form The 4 and 5 Normal Forms address anomalies arising from dependencies among data that aren t functional but are related to multiple occurrences of values in the data and to joined tables These last three normal forms are less frequently encountered Generally adherence to 3 Normal Form suffices for many database designs Over normalization At times adherence to normal forms can cause a database design to be overly decomposed It s ultimately the designer the domain expert that must direct the level of normalization balancing utility against complexity For instance we could include in our LITHOLOGY table an attribute listing the minerals noted in the rock type Figure B 9 The one attribute may contain several mineral names site_id rock_id rock_type Minerals 1 1 granite bi chl qtz 1 2 dacite plag chl 2 1 granite 2 2 rhyolite LITHOLOGY table Figure B 9 A lithology table containing a Minerals field that can host multiple mineral names The functional dependency site_id rock_id gt rock_type minerals doesn t argue for segregating minerals into a separate table though this could be a valid design decision The semantic basis for maintaining a single table argues tha
187. n addition to knowing the commands effective map production involves organization and planning The key points in building maps in AutoCAD are 1 All data must be in the same map projection and datum with the same projection parameters 2 Whenever possible put thematically distinct information on seperate layers 3 Distinct sets of layers such as topographic bases can be kept pristine and imported into working maps with XREF 4 Document your work and backup often 64 FieldLog 3 Users Guide CHAPTER 7 Customizing FieldLog Introduction FieldLog provides support for field data capture through a data model well suited to the needs of most field geologists The data model provides building blocks for the construction of personal database structures in which the field data resides For example the database used in this tutorial SnowLake exemplifies a data structure well suited for the needs of survey geologists interested in capturing a wide variety of field observations and dependent laboratory results into a single data management system This example data structure is also populated with real field data Your needs may be substantially different from those of the workers in the SnowLake area This might include differences in symbolization differences in terminology and classification schemes and differences in depth of detail This chapter assumes that you want to make minor changes to an existing FieldLog p
188. n are available Database Name EMITEN in the pop up list User Name Rob Harrap Password Epica Symbol Errors In some cases symbol libraries Select project fail to load properly If this occurs simply click OK to continue This may mean some If you were logging on to a corporate database you would need a user symbols may not be available name and password Because the demo files are local and unprotected to you when plotting or you can leave the User Name and Password fields empty inputting data 2 Select SnowLake from the Database Name pop up then click OK FieldLog begins loading the project description including the list of tables in the database symbol specifications coordinate systems saved database queries and so on When FieldLog finishes loading the SnowLake database it returns you to the standard AutoCAD command prompt Now that you ve loaded an AutoCAD drawing FieldLog and a sample database you are ready to browse the database Browsing the SnowLake Database Relational Databases A fundamental operation in FieldLog or any other GIS involves asking a Relational databases organize question then analysing the answer Normally GIS queries either return a list information in tables Each of valid data that satisfy the question or else a map showing this data In table can have multiple FieldLog queries return their results in a query table which can then be columns or fields and any surveyed visually
189. n box FieldLog 3 Users Guide 57 Map Preparation with AutoCAD Note The End command was discontinued in AutoCAD R14 Important Note If you accidentally press Enter when specifying the origin or target location during Move AutoCAD may move the entity into a remote location far from your map area Perform an Undo to recover the lost entity Note Occasionally the Zoom gt E causes your map to appear as a small dot on the screen This occurs because some entities are at an extreme position far from the map see note above You need to delete these outliers before zooming using the extents option again End and Quit End saves the current drawing and exits AutoCAD Quit exits without saving but before quitting AutoCAD gives you the option of saving any unsaved changes Undo Undo reverses the last action performed in AutoCAD Undo is useful if you ve just erased something important modified a feature you shouldn t have modified and so on Don t use it to undo a mistake in FieldLog If you do something in FieldLog itself FieldLog changes the database tables it maintains in the background Undo doesn t undo changes to database tables so if you undo something on the AutoCAD map that actually involves FieldLog manipulations of the database you create inconsistencies between your map and the FieldLog database Before using undo check to make sure the last operation was an AutoCAD operation like p
190. n of American Geographers ISBN 0 89291 214 6 order from AAG 1710 16th St Washington D C 20009 3 1980 A classic small readable introduction to making presentable and accurate maps using GIS Much of the material is adapted from traditional cartography but in a way that highlights how GIS tools fit in This is a how to not a theory book see instead MacEachren s How Maps Work nor a case study book see instead Tufte s Envisioning Information Vincent R K 1997 Fundamentals of Geological and Environmental Remote Sensing Prentice Hall 0 13 348780 6 Research Level Book By the time you get to the midpoint of this book you will know more about the physics and engineering of remote sensing systems than you thought possible And then come the case studies which illustrate the application of multiband remote sensing data to geological exploration kimberlite precious and base metals and oil and environmental monitoring Very good reasonably complete affordable one stop shopping for a remote sensing book Unwin David 1981 Introductory Spatial Analysis Methuen ISBN 0 416 72200 8 212 p A mathematical treatment of map relationships but quite accessible and relatively inexpensive Geology Specific Agterberg F P and Bonham Carter G F 1989 Statistical Applications in the Earth Sciences Geological Survey of Canada Paper 89 9 ISBN 0 660 13592 2 588 p This volume is as much about geostatistics as it is about
191. nd you must have AutoCAD running with your current drawing file loaded FieldLog doesn t need to be running 102 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Importing Database Tables and Text Files into FieldLog Databases 2 If you re only exporting a few items you can leave unwanted layers on and use the selected option Otherwise everything that isn t frozen or locked is exported so turn off freeze and lock any layers that contain information not required for transfer 3 Choose File gt Export 4 Choose the dxf format in the Save as file type box Save in A snowlake File name Snowlake cxf Save Save astype AutoCAD R14 DXF dxf ad Cancel 5 Click Options if you want to export only selected entities if you want to change the file format to binary or if you want to change the level of accuracy the number of decimal places exported in the ascii format You can t set Options unless you have selected the dxf format Export Options x DXF Out Format Decimal places of accuracy 0 to 16 6 BINARY M Select Objects 6 Save the file You are returned to your drawing and prompted for your selection set If you don t use the Options dialog box saving the file causes everything not frozen or locked to be included in the dxf file Importing Database Tables and Text Files into FieldLog Databases FieldLog imports external data via the fl import command FieldLog i
192. nector Column Operator Value E E H Modify Delete New Query Quit Next Prey Build search condition Up Down i TABLE 1 Fl Query Dialog Items Project If you have more than one database open this allows you to choose which one to query Normally you only have one database open but in large or complex projects you may elect to spread the project between several sub projects each with its own name and database Enables you to select from previously created searches providing you named them Most queries are used frequently so get into the habit of using the Name box and giving queries common sense names Query Name The place you type in a name for the current query The query is available the next time you return to fl query FieldLog 3 Users Guide 33 Querying a Database TABLE 1 Fl Query Dialog Items Note Condition If you inadvertently click on a column that you don t intend to use FieldLog includes it in the output list Make sure you check your output list before issuing a query as the selected columns affect the search results Output Area Query Nesting i i Line FieldLog doesn t permit nesting of conditions Conditions must follow one of the following patterns 1 condition OR condition List OR AND condition OR condition OR AND 2 condition AND condition AND OR condition AND condition AND
193. nel represents this logical entity For FieldLog to be able to use a table it must know which actual column in the table represents this unique number concept In the Sample table the column containing unique numbers is called Basenumber and thus Basenumber appears within the Unique Number edit box For the FieldLog data model to be practical it requires one or more other links to be specified between tables depending on the type of table These links are represented by the Traverse Number Outcrop Number Station Number and so on concepts listed in the right panel When a table type is chosen some of these links become activated indicating the possible links available Of the activated links some are mandatory and others are optional FieldLog doesn t permit the table to be registered until all mandatory links are specified The actual column in the table that corresponds to an activated link may be specified by selecting the link typing the name of column into the edit box beside the link or alternatively clicking the column name in the bottom left panel automatically placing the column name in the edit box of the selected link As a general rule the closer the table is to the top of the list the more required links will exist The Sampl table previous page has relatively few requirements It must have e A unique number for record identification usually called Basenumber e A placeholder for FieldLog to store Station Num
194. ng in a Unit Number would allow a direct association between the geological unit and the sample The degree to which you interrelate information in the database is a reflection of the needs of your project FieldLog provides a powerful environment for storing data at the cost of a data model that requires care and handling When working on the table setup for a project be sure to do a backup and test the changes thoroughly before returning to normal use Grouping Data If you are doing detailed mapping in geologically complex areas you may want to group various observations For example you may want to group related foliation and lineation measurements in a location where each lineation exists on the plane of one of the foliations Grouping is particularly beneficial when you are plotting your data to the map from a query If you don t group your data all structural data for that station plots directly on top of each other making it impossible to discern which lineation goes with which foliation unless you have 80 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Map Setup your note book or the FieldLog database open in front of you However once you have grouped the data this is done initially in fl add or retroactively using fl edit or spreadsheets the selection set prompted through the Fl move command enables you to move the grouped data together This function allows you to peel off the data pairs on screen and place them where it is a
195. nn cnn cnn cnn cnn cnn nonncnns 23 Adding a Photograph Caption to the Photo Catalog oconnonicnninnnnninnconononconocancnnccnncnnonan ns 24 Using Fl query to Check a Station s Values oooonccnonnnocnncnonnnononancnnnnncnnc nono nc cn non nc cnn cnnonnn ns 24 Adding Information To Existing StatiONS o oonocnocnnonnnoncnnnonnnanonancnn non ncnn ono non corn non nc canon ncnnnnns 25 EXOTCIS O viral iai 25 Editine Data aii patatas 26 Editing a Station s LOCAtiOM occonconnnninononnnononncnononnccnncnno cono nonnn nono nn nano rnn cnn non no rn non nc anc cn ncnnnnns 26 Moving a Station cicle 26 Moving a ROW sds case dica ses cedeh upads chan E A O A AAA 27 Editing a Structural Symbol using Fl edit 0 eee cee ceeeceeceseeesceeeeseseaeeeeesnesseeeaeenaes 28 Editing a Photo Caption with Fl query oooocccccconcnonconnnanonnnononanonancnn cnn nonn cnn non nc rn non nc canon nnnnn ns 28 SUMMALY atomic aati 29 CHAPTER 4 Querying a Database ssscssssscsssscsssscccsssccccsssccssssesssssscsssessssscessssscsssseesscssessessscsssscssesseees 31 Introduction iii 31 Before You Bel ad 32 Ben tits of Using Lay Scsi di 32 Performing a Simple Query Details ooonncnnncnonnnoconononnnonnnoncnnnonncnnnonno non on ncnnocnncn nn non onnnrnncnncnnos 33 Choosing the Input for a Quaid nio ee Rae 36 Choosing the Output for a QUETY ooooccncccononnconnconcnnncononnnoncnnnnnancnnncnn cnn i i a nc canon Eees 37 Running the Query cicoi
196. ns orientation data and written notes In a traditional mapping operation the data is recorded in an analogue form in a notebook and when manipulation is necessary the geologist laboriously works through the notebook and produces a summary The summary is often a thematic map keyed to illustrate some aspect of the data or a specialized diagram such as a stereonet FieldLog 3 Users Guide Background a visual representation of data that allows general trends to be noted and conclusions to be drawn In fact perhaps the last thing a field geologist really needs is to have a project s field data strewn through various notebooks with each query concerning the data requiring extensive reading notetaking and manual summarizing on diagrams All of these take time away from mapping and divert it to clerical duties This is where a GIS can help The crucial balance that must be achieved is between the power of the GIS to aid in analysis and graphic production versus time spent entering data in the first place There have been two approaches to the problem of using GIS to date e Collection of traditional analogue notes and then recapture into a GIS either in the evening or post season Collection of digital notes on the outcrop possibly using Global Positioning System GPS navigation to simplify location finding FieldLog 3 supports both types of data capture For recapture it provides an interface whereby field notes can be ad
197. nstallation and Customization This section covers the use of AutoCAD for map preparation installation of FieldLog under AutoCAD 12 13 and 14 and a brief introduction to customizing FieldLog to serve your specific needs e Section 4 Exporting and Importing of Data This section covers importing and exporting data as well as editing data through external databases Font Conventions Text in courier font indicates a command that you type For example to log on to FieldLog Type fl logon then press Return Bold text in Times Roman font indicates an action you can carry out using either your mouse and the pull down menus or the keyboard For example to save a file Choose File gt Save from the AutoCAD menu or type save at the command line and then press Return A Note On FieldLog Platforms FieldLog currently runs only with AutoCAD for Windows and DOS Currently supported versions include AutoCAD 12 for DOS and 12 through 14 for Windows 95 and NT There are currently no plans to port FieldLog to other systems or to support AutoCAD 2000 and beyond There have been dramatic changes to AutoCAD across the supported platforms and we can t hope to cover all of the detailed differences This manual was written to explain the use of FieldLog 3 running with FieldLog 3 Users Guide AutoCAD 12 for Windows All screen captures are from that system FieldLog s appearance is fairly constant across all the supported platforms
198. numeration of the tuples in the relation produces a single primary key of STRUCTURE_ID STRUCTURE SITE_ID STRUCTURE_ID FEATURE AZIMUTH DIP_PLUNGE ROCK_ID STRUCTURE 1 1 foliation 200 20 1 1 2 foliation 200 20 1 2 1 lineation 300 30 NULL or STRUCTURE SITE_ID STRUCTURE_ID FEATURE AZIMUTH DIP_PLUNGE ROCK_ID STRUCTURE 1 1 foliation 200 20 1 1 2 foliation 200 20 1 2 3 lineation 300 30 NULL A primary key in a relation provides what is commonly called object identity a means of uniquely identifying each tuple in a relation or row in a table It reinforces the implied sense of the relation as a collection of distinguishable similarly attributed objects Because of this attribute values which form part or all of the primary key in a tuple may not have a null or blank value and must comprise a unique value for each tuple in the relation A relation may contain more than one set of attributes which provide object identity each of the attribute sets may be called keys superkeys or candidate keys The selection of a primary key from these is typically arbitrary unless there are overriding semantic reasons to prefer one over the other 144 FieldLog 3 Users Guide The Relational Data Model Foreign Key Primary keys don t capture any sense of the association between relations this is the purview of foreign keys A foreign key documents how a relation interacts
199. o a format compatible with the system For many subdisciplines of mapping such as geophysics and remote sensing the data as collected is in fact digital and so all that is required is reformatting into compatible standard data structures Other data however is principally analogue and considerable additional work must be expended to capture this data into a GIS Geological field mapping data is a prime example of traditional analogue data that many organizations are now striving to capture or in many cases recapture into GIS If the geological field data is to be incorporated into the decision making process the data must both be digital and be of consistent detail and quality to support the types of questions that facilitate mapping and exploration FieldLog addresses the issue of capturing field data directly To understand what functionality it incorporates we need to examine the field mapping process in more detail The Field Mapping Process Geological mapping and research is fundamentally a problem of collecting data at various places and then manipulating the information directly or indirectly either during the field season or after the season is finished to produce a report which is almost always accompanied by a map and explanatory graphics Most field data that needs to be manipulated is located at a specific point in space almost always on the surface of the earth and most field data occurs as descriptive classificatio
200. o optimize data access particularly querying FieldLog uses indexing extensively but only in AutoCAD R12 R13 R14 databases aren t indexed Query operations are dominated by two basic operations joining tables based on common attribute values and searching attributes for specific ranges of values It s possible to predetermine indexes for the first of these events since the joining of tables during query operations in FieldLog must be based on the foreign key relationships between the tables these are established during the setup phase prior to using any table Thus FieldLog indexes all primary and foreign keys as well as the unique number used for linking the database to a map Predicting which other attributes in the database need indexing is impossible as queries are arbitrary Therefore FieldLog restricts itself to indexing the key attributes FieldLog permits 15 different table types which result in 11 possible foreign keys to relate tables analysis number sample number rock number segment number station number outcrop number traverse number boundary number unit number legend number reference number and unique number FieldLog therefore creates an index for the primary key and each foreign key in a table 156 FieldLog 3 Users Guide FieldLog s Database Design Indexes are named by including the table name as prefix and appending standard three letter suffixes for the different index types For instance a
201. og s database design An annotated bibliography of GIS for Geologists which lists websites papers and book references 50 FieldLog 3 Users Guide CHAPTER 6 Map Preparation with AutoCAD Introduction AutoCAD is a powerful computer aided drafting CAD program It enables you to draw and display maps FieldLog builds on this infrastructure to construct a field data system Unfortunately AutoCAD also contains many functions that are of little or no use for geological map production data archiving and query based data access so that navigating the regular AutoCAD documentation can be frustrating and intimidating This chapter provides a quick overview of AutoCAD and briefly describes the AutoCAD commands you must know to use FieldLog effectively FieldLog v3 was developed to support AutoCAD versions R12 14 which is reflected in differences between the AutoCAD interfaces This chapter assumes that you are running AutoCAD R12 for Windows Command line data entry hasn t changed significantly between the supported versions so we assume that you re typing commands rather than using menus At this time there are no plans for the further development of FieldLog to support newer versions of AutoCAD such as AutoCAD 2000 Drawing a Map As discussed in Chapter 1 FieldLog is a specialized but rudimentary GIS that primarily stores point data This means that while it s well suited to storing querying and outputting field
202. og s editing capabilities which ensure that map and database equivalency is maintained AutoCAD s standard functions are used to edit all non FieldLog data The evolution of geologic insight for a map area often involves the utilization of tools such as stereographic plots as well as geophysical overlays FieldLog provides either the resources to perform these tasks or to export the data painlessly so that it can be further integrated into more sophisticated and specialized systems such as GIS or other geological plotting packages Ultimately the results of such deliberation are returned to FieldLog as new 128 FieldLog 3 Users Guide A Brief Description of FieldLog geologic objects on the map or as changes to existing map entities The end result is a geologic field map with an underlying database of field observations Data Entry FieldLog maintains field observations in a relational database which is linked to one or more digital AutoCAD maps In a typical project most field data are stored in the relational database and a subset of these data are displayed on the map However some map entities such as geological boundaries may exist solely as cartographic objects without being additionally described in the field database FieldLog permits map entities of any geometric shape e g points lines or polygons and cartographic type e g symbols text lines and so on to be described in the database Furthermore the dat
203. og all symbols must reside in shape libraries that are loaded by FieldLog before any symbols are plotted to a drawing Refer to the Appendix A for instructions on how to create shape libraries XREFs There are times it s useful to temporarily include material for other drawings in a FieldLog map The XREF command allows the contents of any AutoCAD drawing to be attached as background to a drawing in use The attached reference drawing can t be edited but can be temporarily modified in display color and behavior by the DDLMODES command All layers in the attachment appear with their drawing name as a prefix As long as the projection parameters of the attachment and the drawing are matched exactly XREF can be useful if the two drawings are projected differently they don t superimpose properly and XREF is useless Explode If you need to disassemble a symbol or user block in AutoCAD use the Explode command to select and break up the block If a FieldLog database record is attached to a block then that linkage is lost upon exploding However for blocks such as stereonets FL creates links to the entities inside the block where exploding the block exposes the database links and permits the database contents associated with them to be browsed with fl edit Summary AutoCAD contains a great variety of commands for making accurate drawings many which are useful for making geologic maps This chapter covers the essential commands I
204. og you re primarily building a database not drawing a map A few well structured queries can plot anything from the a database to the map at any time Don t get preoccupied with what you do or do not initially plot to the map When in doubt reduce clutter on the map by keeping data in the database only R13 R14 Note In AutoCAD R13 and R14 it is possible to preview raster images stored in TIFF Targa and CompuServe GIF R13 only and Windows Bitmap R14 only formats To do this a column is designated as an image column using Input Setup and FieldLog then interprets the text as a filename The text is entered during fl add The image is displayed when the user clicks on the Image button during editing and is hid when Enter is pressed If no path is specified in the filename FieldLog looks in the project directory for the image file e g c snowlake rocks tif If a relative path is specified FieldLog looks relative to the project directory e g c snowlake images rocks tif Using an absolute path FieldLog looks in the specified place e g c images rocks tif This allows you to store references to digital photography sketches and other raster images in the database and to display them using FieldLog Notice how easy it is to runa saved query As you continue to use FieldLog get in the habit of naming any queries that might be useful later Give them descriptive names so you ll remember what th
205. on If you made sketches on the Newton you must also transform your sketches into a format compatible with AutoCAD FWPro exports sketches as gifs which AutoCAD can t import You can convert gifs into either bmp or dxf formats using a utility program The detailed steps to bring FWPro data from a Newton to a PC follow Create an Export Text File on the Newton 1 On the Newton select your current project 2 Click Station then select Export 3 Input the station values at the From and To station prompts 4 Use the following settings for the rest of the screen 4 Data All excluding sketches or All including sketches Note Sketches significantly increase the download time and also require re formatting from gif to AutoCAD FieldLog compatible formats bmp wmf and so on 6 GPS Format Fieldworker 4 Delimited by Tab Y Field Names Many tables include Station name Connection at 9600 To DOS Flow Control None via Serial This finishes the export on the Newton Transfer the Export File from the Newton to the PC using FWC After completing the Newton gt Export screen you re ready to transfer the file to your PC On your PC 94 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Global Positional Systems GPS Open Fieldworker Connect FWC To change your default settings click Unlock Make sure that the transfer arrows reflect the operation you want to perform i e transferring from PC to Newton or vice ve
206. on a A e cs 125 APPENDIX B FieldLog Data Models Relational Databases and FieldLog s Database Design 127 A Brief Description of FieldL OB ccc ccc ecccciecos diante ides cae a sidesscun tet iaesencevidan E E 127 ADM amos id 127 Geologic Map Construction si isse ie ceseesecesceseeeeceseceeceseseeecaeeeeecaeesaecsesaeesecesessenseeseeegs 127 Data D i EE O Cessenes tueevs Ge seueetnaesinnes vee 129 Mobile Computing ancien ae nie ee Da KRE R 130 Operating Platforms comi o 131 Database Query cotill n 132 Coordinate Systems cicoiccoic noite scenie eksisin oeeo o sE aS Eo ea hienas 133 Distribution aoier enais eaae ee ERO At E EOE EERENS 133 Bibliography chives iier ennenen enir no eae cd EES iad do AKIE EAE E Epa AESi 133 IDEIA Kole C REEE ts 135 Whatis a Database T enean e oe ae Ale E E E UR Ee 135 Data Model KE cis 135 Data Modelling 2 A ee es WS 135 Conceptual Modeling oir 137 Eogical Modelin Torso E EEEE EA E RE ORR Ree as 138 Physical Modellini n m ram a E e ogee dejan R P E 138 Geographical and Geometric ModelliN8 oncnncnnncnicnnonnnoncancnnncnncnononacono coronan co nonnnonnnnnnnnos 138 Bibliography viii a ii 139 The Relational Data Modelscroniin nin 141 Relais A EEEE VEETEE ESEA 141 Table AEE TE EERE e o sit ao da e rta E E A AES NEATE 142 E tick E E tere Betas ao es aes hog a As 143 Pore on KA 145 Normalization ii A Aaa di 147 istNormal FOL intro ilatina edad drid 148 21d Normal For ida 149 Std Normal
207. on the NewWtON ooooocnncnnccnocnnonnonccononononnccnnonnconccononan ns 94 Transfer the Export File from the Newton to the PC using FWC ee 94 Transfer the Data File to Your FieldLog Database 000 0 eee eeeeeeeeeeeeee tees 95 Plot New Data to the Map by Querying FieldL0og ooononncinnnnonionnnonconccnnconannnons 97 A E cess lescostces NEEE OET 98 Exporting Data from Your FieldLog Database oocncnncnincnocnonnnoncnononncnnnon cnn nocnnonnocnnonnnnnncnncrnos 98 Exporting Data Using Fl export ooooocnncconioccoonconconncononnnoncnononononnncnn cnn ncnn cnn non arco non arca non nennnnns 99 Exporting Data Using FI query cece ce ceseeesceseeeeceeeeseeaeceseesecesceseeseseseeeeseaeseaeeaeenaes 101 Exporting Data Using Digital Exchange Format DXF in AutoCAD 102 Importing Database Tables and Text Files into FieldLog Databases 000 0 eceeeeee teeters 103 Importing Dita eee ea ete eee cna ted a RG es 104 Editing FieldLog Data Using External Databases ooccnicnonnnccnncnncnnnonccnncnnonancnn crac conc rano nacos 106 Editing Your Database Using MS ACCESS coccoccoocconoconoonconncnancnnncononanonnconoco non nono nonnnonnnnnnrnss 106 Creating FieldLog MS Access Links oooooonncnncnnonnonnnoncnnninncnnncn nono cononnnonccnnnnnos 108 Importing FieldLog Tables into MS Access ooooccocccoccnncconconccnncnonnncononanonananannns 110 SUMA ta lala 111 APPENDIX A Installing and Upgrading FieldLog Creating FieldLog Symbols
208. on the logical and physical models which have led to two alternative and allowable conceptual approaches to representing spatial objects the continuous surface and the discrete approach Goodchild 1992 Frank 1992 Burrough 1992 In brief the continuous i e raster approach models spatial objects by subdividing space into numerous cells usually a regular orthogonal grid and associating attributes with the cell locations directly The discrete i e vector approach models spatial objects as points lines polygons surfaces and enclosed volumes Attributes are associated with whichever data type makes the model the most flexible and conceptually clear At a more abstract level many representations of physical objects are a mix of continuous and discrete models and as these approach being true conceptual models they may become difficult or impossible to implement directly Frank 1992 In fact each of the two general approaches can be described in terms of more abstract stratagems by which spatial reality is conceptualized Frank lists several such perspectives sets of points surfaces euclidean constructions partitions cells graphs cognitive spaces and so on and notes that they can t often be implemented directly they are effectively conceptual models of geographical reality Frank 1992 Their implementation requires finite constraints that give rise to certain geometric objects and mathematical relationships Fo
209. orked with so far in this tutorial is associated with points on a map Structural geology measurements samples and photos are all keyed to a station location just as they would be when you recorded them in your notes Associating database entries with point entities on the map is the normal mode for FieldLog data though not the only possible one While most field measurements are well suited to being treated as points there are cases where it s useful to label other entities usually linework with FieldLog database records This labeling would allow a direct association between features such as faults and contacts and the FieldLog database The data could then be accessed by clicking on the drawing using Fl edit In fact in a full GIS for an area there would likely be point data such as station based observations line data such as contacts and lake shores and polygonal data such as geological unit extents FieldLog directly supports the generation of line and point datasets concentrating of course on the point data AutoCAD especially versions before R14 is extremely limited in handling polygonal data However as discussed in the sidebar it s possible to label polygons in FieldLog In this chapter the final chapter of the tutorial you 11 learn how to associate FieldLog data with linework Line Attachments If you aren t logged on to FieldLog and the SnowLake database follow the steps from Chapter 2 to open snowlake
210. osciences v 18 p 495 400 Real world data and GIS data models are not always a good match Why this is so and what can be done about it is the topic of this classic paper Carver S Heywood I Cornelius S and Sear D 1995 Evaluating field based GIS for environmental characterization Modelling and Decision Support International Journal of Geographical Information Systems v 9 p 475 486 A technical look at the use of GIS in environmental evaluations Cheng T and Molenaar M 1999 Objects with Fuzzy Spatial Extent Photogrammatic Engineering and Remote Sensing v 65 p 797 801 Real world objects are not as well delimited or clearly characterized as we would often like to think when building GIS datasets Fuzzy logic is one way to address these issues Currie A and Ady B 1990 GEOSIS Project Knowledge Representation and Data Structures for Geoscience Data in Statistical Applications in Statistical Applications in the Earth Sciences ed by Agteberg F P and Bonham Carter G F Geological Survey of Canada Paper 89 9 p 111 116 A classic early attempt to integrate hierarchical domains as used in FieldLog into GIS projects in the geosciences Egenhofer M 1992 Why not SQL International Journal of Geographic Information Systems v 6 p 71 85 The underlying data language used to express queries in a GIS places real limitations on what can be done This quite technical paper addresses SQL the
211. ose look at something 58 FieldLog 3 Users Guide AutoCAD Commands Some Useful Hotkeys The following commands can be activated by typing a single letter hotkey and pressing return e move m e pan P zoom Z e redraw Y e pline pl e erase e e undo u e circle c e hatch h Important Note If you type End when you re not in a pline sequence you end your AutoCAD R12 13 session This isn t a disaster as AutoCAD saves your map when it closes but you have to load and logon to FieldLog again You ll have also lost your calibration information and must recalibrate GRIPS An easy method to edit an entity s shape is to use its grips boxes placed on top of vertices or at insertion points To activate the grips select an entity by clicking it or windowing it The grips can then be selected and easily moved Pressing the esc key once deselects the grips and pressing esc again deselects the entity and terminates the procedure In AutoCAD R12 use ctrl c instead of esc Redraw AutoCAD frequently clutters up the drawing area with small ticks and lines that represent temporary markers used during editing To clean up a view type redraw Although this command is very fast it doesn t recalculate the view from the database Setting the AutoCAD environment variable blipmode to off prevents these ticks from being placed Ticks however can be useful in tracking the history of recently performed co
212. ose project used to maintain a library of ellipsoids projections and transformations This allows users to centralize this information even if many individual FieldLog projects are being used It also allows users to share projections with other users without risking sharing actual data The Projections project doesn t normally have any tables other than those used for ellipsoids projections and transformations i e fldatum dbf flproj dbf flxform dbf flxpoint dbf FIELDLOG Projection Setup N x bl Si ATS77 P E I Dbl Stereo Metric NAD27 Name Snowlake Grid sich Ba Type USER z Units E Ve Fa North init New Modify Insert Delete Exit Whenever FieldLog loads it checks to see if a project called Projections has been defined If so it automatically loads this project and makes all of the projection information available to all subsequent FieldLog projects FieldLog ensures that all changes and additions to the projections environment are kept in this central 118 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Upgrading From FieldLog v2 83 to v3 0 location Projection information from individual projects is then added to this projection catalog when the projects are logged on Any changes to projection information cause all the projection information to be saved to the common location as well as to any loaded projects There
213. ou now get very accurate readings Why Use GPS The use of GPS with FieldLog remains optional GPS technology has changed dramatically over the past few years lower prices improved accuracy and quicker positioning speeds make it a viable alternative to traditional data location methods There also appears to be a direct correlation between field mapping areas and systems used It seems that where the geology is well exposed the geologist is getting into high precision GPS and related gadgetry for example laser glasses which transmit digital images and vectors directly to a computer A large emphasis is placed on immediate cartography and 3d visualization and the technique FieldLog 3 Users Guide 9 Importing and Exporting Data Using the Newton GPS and External Databases GPS Equipment You need an adapter or serial card to connect the GPS to the Newton This is the same adapter used to connect the Newton to the PC GPS units become more expensive as they increase in reception speed and accuracy e g centimetre accuracy these typically possess a stronger receiver as well as more channels for receiving satellite information Solar Flares and GPS Solar flares sometimes affect GPS However flares severe enough to affect GPS and communications are rare usually forecasted and warnings are issued There is a solar activity number you may want to check periodically 303 497 3235 What is N
214. out Object Selection When you decide to move an object on the map there s some ambiguity about what you re trying to accomplish You might want to Move all data associated with a station STATION Shift all data associated with a table by an offset from the station location this is useful for placing structural data beside stations rather than on top of them TABLE Move only a selected database entry from a single table ROW To accommodate all of these possibilities FieldLog displays the Object Selection Mode dialog box whenever you use fl move Navigating Tables Notice that once you have selected me2 the Table pop up list remains available In FieldLog you can navigate to any table related to the currently selected fl edit item Once you re finished editing the second table using Change Data saves your edits and returns you to the previous table Quit cancels any edits and returns you to the previous table simply an AutoCAD entity you could use the move command or drag the object dynamically However since it s a FieldLog station you must move not only the graphic representation of the object on screen but also the coordinates stored in the FieldLog database 1 Type 1 move at the AutoCAD command line 2 Select the station symbol the X for station me2 then press Enter The Object Selection Mode list box appears You can use this list to select all items in the same station table
215. ow to make a new symbol library using the program DXF2SHX and how to convert symbols drawn as shapes to symbols drawn as blocks When importing FieldLog v2 83 files into FieldLog v3 0 a wide variety of minor but irritating problems can occur Check the FieldLog web site for tips and tricks additions to the manuals and for information on contacting the authors FieldLog 3 Users Guide 125 126 FieldLog 3 Users Guide APPENDIX B FieldLog Data Models Relational Databases and FieldLog s Database Design A Brief Description of FieldLog Abstract FieldLog is a software tool developed by the Geological Survey of Canada GSC to aid geologists in the digital management of geologic field data It provides a means to digitally record retrieve display and analyse field observations and to supplement cartographic map preparation and geologic interpretation FieldLog maintains a relational database within an AutoCAD environment and connects to several popular GIS systems through export formats It s founded on a data model which consists of geological concepts common to the mapping process Project databases their cartographic representation referenced coordinate systems and glossaries of geologic terms are completely configured and modifiable by the geologist The data model defines much of the internal database and cartographic behaviour insulating the geologist from many technical details and providing enhancements
216. owLake database There are two principal ways to access FieldLog data for editing If the value you want to edit is tied to a visible object a structural symbol a station marker and so on you can edit the value using fl move or fl edit by simply invoking the command from the menu or command line and clicking on the object on the screen If the value isn t visible first find the data using fl query highlight the row you want to change or add to then click Modify to change its value We ll start by moving an existing station If FieldLog isn t running and you aren t connected to the SnowLake database follow the steps from Chapter 2 to open snowlake dwg and log on to the database Editing a Station s Location Try using fl edit to inspect a station Note that the station has coordinates that were captured from the mouse interactively FIELDLOG Edit Table mem Project SnowLake gt Table STATI 2437033 7 Symbol UTMY gt 6079015 UTMZ 0 Tree GRIDX 1303 93 Ese GRIDY i 1121 74 Memo GRIDZ 20 STATYPE outcrop Coord STATNUM 54 AIRPHOTO i A TRAVNUM 2A UTMX 437033 MZ Prey I Attach Change Data Quit F Plot information y Moving a Station After entering station me2 you realized that you placed it in the wrong location You want to move it a few meters up the right side of the island If this were 26 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Editing Data Ab
217. owing commands e zoom to zoom in or out the W option in zoom allows you to pick a window to zoom in to e pan to move around on the view by shifting the current view in small increments See Chapter 6 AutoCAD review for more information on these and other AutoCAD commands We ve covered a lot in this section The possible Operator choices in FieldLog are a bit intimidating at first but remember that these options are the key to FieldLog s power and flexibility Take some time to try each one out Now let s try another query retrieving geological features from an area on the map using the Inside operator Performing a Spatial Query Now that you know how to perform a simple query you re ready to perform a more sophisticated query a spatial query on a selected area of your drawing Spatial queries are key features of GIS software any database can do queries such as finding all s foll s But few databases can find all s fol s within a highly irregular area The advantages of FieldLog are the geological nature of the database including the fact that you can build hierarchical lists of terms and the ability to do spatial searches just as an advanced GIS package would In fact because you can express your spatial queries using hierarchical relationships FieldLog surpasses most GIS packages in terms of expressing complex geological queries Before you begin the query use AutoCAD s zoom command to set
218. owlake Grid File Name Point C Line C Polygon T Text data Plot Quit 1 Choose Fl export from the AutoCAD menu or command line e Project select a FieldLog project from which to export database data If no project is selected only cartographic entities with no attached database information are exported FieldLog 3 Users Guide 99 Importing and Exporting Data Using the Newton GPS and External Databases e Plot select the export format i e TXT E00 TBA MIF as discussed above Notice that different export formats activate various export options this is summarized in the table below File type Data type Input fields Common available input values TXT all types column delimiter comma text delimiter double quote E00 point symbol scale text height line none polygon none MIF point column delimiter blank symbol scale text height line column delimiter blank polygon column delimiter blank TBA point column delimiter blank line none polygon none e Database select the database columns that you want to export with each map entity Note that a FieldLog map entity is associated with at most one row in one database table Therefore selecting columns from more than one table results in many empty fields despite there being data in the actual tables It s best to select map entities and database columns from one table a
219. p modelling is oriented to relational databases Concepts are called entities interactions between them are relationships and a concept s compositional characteristic is an attribute Object Modelling on the other hand refers to concepts as objects to interactions as associations to behaviour as methods and to an object s static characteristics as attributes Theoretically it s possible to implement the various types of conceptual models within any database system but in practice it s often easier to match conceptual model types to specific FieldLog 3 Users Guide 137 database systems In effect commercial implementations of conceptual diagramming techniques have blurred the boundary between conceptual and logical models Logical Modelling Unlike conceptual models logical models tend to refer to a specific type of database system They are in this sense a step toward actual implementation Whereas a conceptual model describes a real world subject area abstractly a logical model refines the conceptual model for use with a specific type of database system such as the relational or object oriented systems A logical model for a relational system describes the key relational elements entities relations attributes primary keys foreign keys integrity and referential constraints and so on everything in fact required to describe a working design in the relational paradigm The analogous object logical model would
220. placed in the column during data entry e g TRAV Fieldate There are obviously many controls here that can affect how data entry progresses The most crucial for day to day work are the required and unique checkboxes These can be used to enforce a minimum level of detail and to prevent index numbers such as lab sample numbers from being entered incorrectly FieldLog 3 Users Guide 71 Customizing FieldLog Short Name Abbreviations You can use short names during data entry You type the short name and FieldLog automatically replaces it with the long name In fact only the unique part of the short name must be entered for FieldLog to determine which long name is being referenced This greatly speeds data entry FieldLog Dictionaries and Profiles Perhaps the most revolutionary feature of FieldLog is the incorporation of terminology dictionaries and profiles into the basic operation of the program Dictionaries and profiles allow organizations and users to control the use of terminology during the creation and upkeep of a database and can thus ensure some level of uniformity across large projects Since the dictionary profile combination is a set of standard database tables they can be distributed between projects to enforce standards organization wide One common implementation of this involves the creation of corporate dictionaries and profiles where the corporate profile is a core subset of terms from the a corpora
221. pts borrowed from set theory In the relational data model relations are analogous to sets and are manipulated using the set operators union intersection difference and product as well as the additional relational operators select project join and divide A relation consists of many tuples and each tuple contains the same number of attributes Attributes are usually named and are selected from a set of possible scalar values called a domain Thus it s possible to speak of a relation definition consisting of attribute names and their domains as well as the relation occurrence which consists of many instances tuples of attribute values Consider the following relation definitions STATION SITE_ID X_LOCATION Y_LOCATION DATE LITHOLOGY SITE_ID ROCK_ID ROCK_TYPE DESCRIPTION For a particular field site the STATION relation records as attributes an identifier SITE_ID a location X_LOCATION Y_LOCATION and a date of observation DATE Each observed rock type at that station is enumerated and described in the LITHOLOGY relation with the following attributes the site identifier SITE_ID the number of the rock type at the site ROCK_ID the rock type name ROCK_TYPE and its description DESCRIPTION The domain for SITE_ID and ROCK_ID may be the set of positive integers 1 n whereas the domain for rock types may consist of the set of allowable rock types granite basalt and so on A final type of attribute value w
222. ptual logical and physical models Frank 1992 These are summarized below Conceptual Modelling Conceptual Modelling strives to depict a real world subject area according to how the user perceives it A comprehensive description of the subject area is constructed by isolating key concepts and by describing their static and dynamic properties Static properties represent a concept s descriptive characteristics and dynamic properties describe the actions it may undertake including its interaction with other concepts Using a language analogy static properties are nouns and dynamic properties are verbs For instance static properties of visible objects are crudely observable features while dynamic properties describe what these features can do how and when they interrelate and how they react when other properties are changed In general a complete conceptual model for a system approaches being a complete physical chemical model of the system and in many cases is unobtainable There exist many conceptual modelling methods They vary in the types of interactions permitted between concepts and how the concepts are described In addition each method possesses a diagramming technique for its presentation All conceptual modelling methods strive to be unaffected by the type of database to be employed however today s most popular commercial methods tend to be oriented to one database framework or another For instance Entity Relationshi
223. puter based methodology to store process and display map related data Ontario Geological Survey Open File Report 5709 73 p Broome J Brodaric B Viljoen D and Baril D 1993 The NATMAP Digital Geoscience Data Management System Computers and Geosciences v 19 no 10 Pergamon p 1501 1516 Carver S Heywood I Cornelius S and Sear D 1995 Evaluating field based GIS for environmental characterization Modelling and decision Support International Journal of Geographic Information Systems v 9 no 4 p 475 486 Currie A and Ady B 1990 GEOSIS Project Knowledge Representation and Data Structures for Geoscience Data in Statistical Applications Statistical Applications in the Earth Sciences ed by Agterberg F P and Bonham Carter G F Geological Survey of Canada Paper 89 9 p 111 116 FieldLog 3 Users Guide 133 Date C J 1990 An Introduction to Database Systems Volume 1 Fifth Edition Addison Wesley New York New York 854 p Giles J R A 1995 Geological Data Management Geological Society Special Publications 97 Geological Society of London 185 p Lenton P 1991 Geodata User s Manual Manitoba Energy and Mines Field Data Entry System for Geological Data Recording Internal Publication Manitoba Energy and Mines 38 p Norwegian Geological Survey 1992 GBAS Et PD System for lagrig og bruk av berggrunnsgeologiske feltdata NGU report 92 230 Rogers N and Brodaric B 19
224. r com that turns the Apple Newton into a geological data entry device in many cases it has replaced the traditional field notebook Fieldworker allows data entry screens to be configured by the user and subsequently used for site based data entry It also receives and records GPS information Geologists can still use airphotos and topographic maps to visually locate themselves in the field but will need to digitally capture the locations into their FieldLog database using a digitizing tablet There are now several versions of Fieldworker including some 2 0 to 2 3 that don t suit geological data Fieldworker Pro is very flexible and geologically useful It permits segregation of observation types at a station and then permits multiple occurrences of that type to be recorded in other words it s fully relational For example multiple lithologies structural measurements photographs and samples can be recorded at a site When used in conjunction with FieldLog the Fieldworker Pro setup must be identical to your FieldLog database design You can do this easily by generating the FWPro data input template directly from FieldLog as discussed below Although FWPro allows you to build data entry templates interactively to maintain correspondence between FieldLog and FwPro database designs you should make changes in FieldLog and transfer them to FWPro FieldLog also has advanced design features unavailable from the FWPro setup process Because
225. r in the near future Do points best represent outcrops at this scale What scale basemap do you need A little intuition and thought goes a long way here and saves you a lot of time in the end AutoCAD Commands The remaining part of this chapter details key AutoCAD commands and provides some insight on how they are used with FieldLog This section isn t intended to replace the AutoCAD Reference manual It focuses on commands from the point of view of drawing a map The commands are organized as follows Organizational Commands Navigation and Display Drawing File Management and Program Extensions The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of more advanced AutoCAD features and a discussion of AutoCAD and AutoLISP issues for users interested in more sophisticated interaction with their maps Organizational Commands New Maps To start anew map 1 Choose File gt New AutoCAD prompts you for a new drawing name FieldLog 3 Users Guide 55 Map Preparation with AutoCAD Note Digitize only within the calibrated area errors are introduced and compounded when moving outside the calibrated area Air photo distortion increases towards the edges of the photo so try and limit digitizing to the central portions of the photo Toggle Switches TABLET MODE F10 12R 13R TABLET MODE F4 14R Switching out of TABLE MODE is particularly useful when you want to view pan over to a segment of your map outs
226. r instance Frank notes that the partition concept which embodies the notion of a space segmented into connected and non overlapping regions can be implemented in a topological data model composed of node and edge primitives These primitives respect certain topological relations from which spatial properties such as adjacency overlap and intersection can be calculated This set of topological rules and mathematical operators forms the logical framework for the partition concept The various means of actually implementing these rules and operators constitute a physical model which can also be referred to as data structure For example the TIN triangular irregular network structure is an example of a specific implementation of the partition concept and its logical design TINs use a topological data structure consisting of interconnected triangles of varying size and with shared edges to represent a surface Bibliography Brodie M L Mylopoulos J and Schmidt J W 1984 On Conceptual Modelling Springer Verlag New York Burrough P A 1992 Are GIS Data Structures Too Simple Minded Computers and Geosciences v 18 no 4 p 395 400 FieldLog 3 Users Guide 139 Cattell R G G 1996 The Object Database Standard Object Data Management Group ODMP 93 Morgan Kaufmann San Francisco California 184 p Codd E F 1980 Data Models in Database Management in Proceedings of Workshop on Data Abstraction Databases and
227. re adding grouped columns and grouping your data retroactively you need to use fl update on the entities on the map or replot them from a query Map Setup Map Setup assigns a projection to the AutoCAD map permitting FieldLog to associate the map with an actual location on the earth s surface Map Setup also controls the default display preferences for the plotting of symbols and text onto the AutoCAD map It doesn t affect the actual data in the database it simply controls defaults on the current projection system FieldLog 3 Users Guide 8l Customizing FieldLog Transformation Setup In order to transform coordinates between user defined coordinate grids and standard projections e g converting between the SnowLake user grid and UTM you need to define a transformation using fl setup gt transformation gt setup To define a new transformation provide a name and the source and target projections Then in the Points dialog input paired reference points from both projections FieldLog calculates a function for the conversion and lists the amount of error at each point AMAO 6077154000 asa 750783 ATAA EU aam aem nona Tot PNS eror Era Deges oipojromi I x Y Um Zone 14NAD2 x Y Snowshoe Pa ton voi net vee 5 Et Symbol Scale Note Even though FieldLog plots symbols as either blocks or shapes every
228. re than one relation For instance in the examples above the field station concept is represented by the totality of the STATION LITHOLOGY and STRUCTURE relations This fragmentation generally occurs for two reasons technically because it improves database performance and conceptually because the fragment relations also represent concepts with individual importance By linking these fragments with foreign keys the notion of a composite concept i e the field station is retained without losing its individual components In practice the composite concept often stems from a central relation and the relations composing the concept are related via the presence of common attributes which are in fact foreign keys For example each of the STATION LITHOLOGY and STRUCTURE relations contain a station number SITE_ID identifying the site This station number is the primary key for the STATION relation but comprises only part of primary key for the LITHOLOGY or STRUCTURE relations Because foreign keys must relate to a primary key the station number attributes in the LITHOLOGY and STRUCTURE relations are foreign keys which relate to the station number primary key of the STATION relation This is sensible since the STATION relation is the central relation Notice that by this definition foreign key relationships can t be designated between the LITHOLOGY and STRUCTURE relations This rule is enacted specifically for managing referential integri
229. records information for collection purposes For instance samples collected may be for geochemistry geochronology petrology or oriented for structural purposes Multiple samples can be associated with a single lithology e LEGND table The Legend table stores map legend information including age relations and stratigraphic nomenclature It s used in assigning regional nomenclature to a set of map data e MINERal table The Mineral table records specific instances of minerals observed in Tables Setup lithologies Multiple mineral observations may be associated with a single lithology Dictionary Setup sie e CHEMistry table Projection Setup The Chemistry table is an example of a data source that is from outside the field environment in this case from a geochemical survey associated with specific samples Although this data originated as a spreadsheet from a lab it Transformation Setup Symbol Library Setup has been seamlessly imported and incorporated into the SnowLake project Save Fieldlog Setup e UNITS table eee s The Units table records positions at which labels may be placed to uniquely Exit define polygons for the construction of a polygonal geological map When exported to a desktop GIS the Units table is used to attribute polygons constructed from AutoCAD linework e PHOTO table The Photo table catalogues photographs taken in the course of field mapping FieldLog operating within AutoCA
230. ress Enter FieldLog updates all of the selected entities replacing old symbols with new ones or repositioning entities in new locations Remember that you can use the w option to window an area instead of manually selecting entities 3 Save your map in AutoCAD FieldLog 3 Users Guide 83 Customizing FieldLog Conclusions FieldLog customization is essential when adapting an existing project setup to suit the needs of a new field mapping area It is almost always easier to modify an existing project than to create a new one from scratch The empty version of the SnowLake database SnowEmp is included with the FieldLog distribution as a template for building new projects It contains the SnowLake data structure all dictionaries and profiles as well as all input and display preferences from the SnowLake sample project Only the actual data has been removed Finally remember that carelessly done table modifications cause big problems Always back up a database and associated drawings before modifying the setup and test the new setup thoroughly 84 FieldLog 3 Users Guide CHAPTER 8 Importing and Exporting Data Using the Newton GPS and External Databases Introduction FieldLog is a rudimentary GIS that stores and manipulates geological field information One of its strengths lies in its interface capabilities which range from importing field data from hand held computers or various database systems an
231. ritten or whether the incoming data is added to an existing data file This is particularly useful when multiple users are downloading data daily as it combines their observations into one set of text files that can then be imported into FieldLog as a single set Specify a filename in the edit box beside Open for the configuration the configuration can be recalled afterwards by opening the filename To save the configuration click Save Click Transfer The Newton status line informs you what table is being transferred The PC status line shows how many bytes of data have been transferred to your PC When the transfer is finished a Transfer is complete message appears Click OK Transfer the Data File to Your FieldLog Database After transferring data from the Newton your data directory contains dat data files and txt setup files It s good practice to review the downloaded dat files prior to importing them into FieldLog You can use any word processing software for this If you change the dat files you MUST save them as plain text files Failure to do so prevents them from being successfully imported into the FieldLog database most word processors add FieldLog 3 Users Guide 95 Importing and Exporting Data Using the Newton GPS and External Databases hidden codes to files as they are saved which interfere with FieldLog data import Note Only tables that contain data get transferred Empty tables are i
232. roblems maintaining referential integrity within and between relations For example consider the un normalized table in Figure B 5 From a design perspective this table represents a novice s first attempt at organizing field data The columns represent various field observation types and each row represents the data for a distinct field station This design is attractive because it can be maintained in a single spreadsheet however it s problematic in many ways To accommodate more than one type of structure or rock type at a station multiple columns must be added to the table Because the number of observations at a station is unpredictable the table either needs infinite width or must be restricted to a fixed number of observations For instance the table above allocates space for two lithologies and two structures Either option is problematic A very wide table means many empty cells which results in a bigger databases degraded database performance and is difficult to visualize and thus understand A narrow table with limited columns such as the one above prevents important data from being included in the database Furthermore it can be semantically ambiguous For example are the foliations at station 1 hosted by the granite the dacite or neither It also faces certain update inefficiencies Reclassifying granites to granitic requires a traversal of the complete table First Normal Form fixes some of these problems 1 Normal
233. roduction to the history and methods of knowledge representation especially to graph based methods A very difficult read but essential for those interested in the philosophical underpinnings of data modelling reasoning and advanced analysis Stefik M 1995 Introduction to Knowledge Systems Morgan Kaufmann San Francisco California ISB 155860 166X Research Level Book An exhaustive clear and essential guide to representing knowledge in any form and in particular to representing knowledge using computer systems The coverage of symbol systems representation and semantics are the best I ve read and the well reasoned examples illustrate the technical material very well Knowledge Systems are to GIS what GIS is to CAD the next evolutionary step and the challenge of building a meaningful geoscience information system as opposed to a confused one is well aided by books such as this one 168 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Books Teory T J 1988 Database Modelling and Design The Fundamental Principles Second Edition Morgan Kaufmann San Francisco California 277 p Research Level Book A solid reference on database modelling methods for those who do this regularly and need to know the details Graphic Design Tufte E R 1990 Envisioning Information Graphics Press Cheshire Connecticut This book is an absolute classic and perhaps the most cited book in graphic design and cartography of the last decade U
234. roject and briefly introduces customization of the palettes profiles and table structure within a project Warning Changes to the fundamental structure of FieldLog can lead to unanticipated adverse side effects Before customizing FieldLog back up your database completely Once a change has been made take the time to do a wide variety of queries data entry and editing examples and map editing before attempting major work with the modified system Bailes A H and Galley A G 1993 Geology of the Anderson Stall volcanic hosted massive sulphide area Snow Lake Manitoba Geological Survey of Canada Open File 2776 1 map scale 1 10 000 FieldLog 3 Users Guide 65 Customizing FieldLog Customizing FieldLog Palettes At some point you may want to modify the way that FieldLog symbolizes data to the map The Palette controls the display characteristics of items as they are plotted to the map For example the possible variables in a palette specification are e Text value and font if text is to be printed e Symbol library and symbol name if a symbol is to be printed e Layer the new entity should be placed on e Colour of the new entity e Size of the new entity e Orientation angle of the new entity e Angular offset e Position of a text item around a symbol e X Y Z offsets relative to station location e Line width for entities with controllable line width e Solid or pattern fill type for the wedges of a pie di
235. rojection correctly 12 If you are appending data click Append This adds the data from the text file to the database table If you are overwriting existing data then click Update Update is selectively available depending on the type of database table 96 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Global Positional Systems GPS Alternative Export Formats in AutoCAD If you are exporting an AutoCAD map to CorelDRAW and your drawing doesn t require any more editing before printing it may be useful to export as a Windows metafile WMF or an Encapsulated Postscript EPS file These options are available in AutoCAD under the File gt Export gt Save as file type list The advantage of using wmf and eps is that the FieldLog symbols will come across to CorelDRAW regardless of whether they are shapes or blocks When you save as wmf you are returned to your drawing file and prompted for a selection set When you save as eps it saves the entire file on screen as a screen dump or print file 13 Click Import FieldLog lists the number of rows imported along the bottom of the screen If a row of data can t be imported an error message appears which must be cleared by clicking OK before the import process will resume Rows that can t be imported are written to an err error file beginning with the table name e g LITHO ERR This file can be edited as necessary and re imported as a text file Plot New Data to the Map by Q
236. rrected on site using FM broadcasting However in remote areas broadcasters are typically out of range except for coastal areas where the coast guard is able to provide the service In addition these GPS units tend to be more expensive than GPS for selective availability systems Post processing requires a base station and an expensive GPS The GPS locations are kept on the GPS rather than on the Newton then processed Finally the two data sets are combined in a database such as FieldLog or in a spreadsheet Note that S A has been turned off recently resulting in more accurate basic readings Post processing and real time corrections may still be required for very high precision locations To enter data activate your Newton and open FWPro by selecting the Fieldworker Pro icon located in the EXTRAs bin Select your project name from the pull down menu at top left hand corner of the screen FWPro defaults to the STATI screen when a project is first opened If you are using GPS turn it on as soon as you arrive at your new next station as positioning and averaging of the location point data takes a few minutes FWPro lets you input other station data i e structural measurements lithological observations while processing the location information in the background When the GPS has finished calculating the location coordinates the information appears on your STATI table screen near the top of the display 1 Fill o
237. rsa If necessary click Reverse to change the direction of data transfer The screens look different for each direction of file transfer Fill out the fields Select the Com port dedicated to the Newton and the Baud rate that reflects the model of Newton you re using The default fields in the lower right side should look like this e Directory specifies the directory that receives the data e Multiple users places files from different Newtons in separate directories one for each user Use this when users have different FieldLog databases e Split creates or appends to separate files for each screen table type This is required by FieldLog which can only import tables individually The filename of the text file inherits the FWPro screen name with a dat extension e g Lith dat You can allow users to supply alternate file names by activating the Ask for file names option discussed below FWC also creates some txt files for its internal use e New Directories when this option is selected and the directory specified above doesn t exist or if directories for multiple users don t exist FWC creates them otherwise the transfer fails e Ask for file names prompts the user for filenames when creating new files for the downloaded data This allows users to name files instead of using default file names e g struc dat e Append determines whether a new data file is created for incoming data and the old one overw
238. s below the horizontal Alternatively FieldLog supports the dip direction method of recording planar structures where the trend and plunge of the steepest line in the plane is measured as a lineation AutoCAD Symbol Positions AutoCAD places text around predefined symbols using a simple 8 position system In this notation a 1 indicates that the text is placed to the right a 3 to the top a5 to the left anda 7 to the bottom The even numbers represent the diagonal quarters The Symbol Setup dialog box should appear D Text Table STRUC Text Value Column FEATURE Font Layer Around Colour Size 2 500 Angle AZIMUTH I Symbol Shape Block Ang Offset mA N 2 Position 0 syma X offset 12 000000 Y offset 0 000000 Fin M Solid Z offset 0 000000 Pater Line Width Associate Quit Notice that there is a section for colour What happens if we pick a colour here That colour is subsequently used for all plotted structures as it overrides the colours specified in the AutoCAD layer setup Since we want to set two different colours not one global colour leave the dialog box by clicking Quit We need to control palette symbolization through the profile for structural data because that s where different types of structures can be symbolized independently After returning to fl add with the Feature colu
239. s called basenumber and it unambiguously identifies individual records rows These unique values allow FieldLog to unambiguously separate what might otherwise be identical records Data is spread between many tables for flexibility and data integrity but the tables are related by common column values For example rather than repeating station level information such as station location or field date for each lithology in LITHO FieldLog uses the STATNUM value found in both tables to relate station information indirectly If you have four lithologies at one station this means you only have to enter station information once The organization of a database into small tables to reduce redundancy is called database normalization Logging Off When you re finished using a FieldLog database log off the database This allows FieldLog to terminate any connections to external databases and close down internal connections clearly 1 Type 1 logoff in the AutoCad command line or choose FieldLog gt fl logoff The Disconnect from database dialog box appears 2 To select the SnowLake database click it or click Select 3 Click OK FieldLog 3 Users Guide 15 Starting FieldLog Database activity isn t affected by the File gt Save process as all database manipulations are immediately saved on execution If its configuration has been changed FieldLog also saves changes to its setup during the File Save process Simpl
240. s either in the column s palette or perhaps in the profile parent s symbolization FieldLog 3 Users Guide 67 Customizing FieldLog One of the most powerful features of palettes is that they allow dynamic symbolization where the symbols on a map convey multiple meanings through the use of the available cartographic variables typically colour size orientation symbol type and lineweight In a traditional map a structural symbol conveys orientation through orientation type of structure through symbol type and dip through associated text A dynamic symbolization might colour structural symbols to reflect steep and shallow dips and avoid using the dip text totally There is no limit to the number of possible dynamic symbolizations of a FieldLog dataset However bear in mind that a map that others must use must have either recognizable standard symbols or else a very clear legend Example of Modifying Palettes To look at both the symbolization process and dynamic symbolization we ll make some basic modifications to the symbol palette for the structure table in SnowLake and examine the results Before You Begin If you aren t logged on to FieldLog and the SnowLake database follow the steps from Chapter 2 to open snowlake dwg and log on e Start AutoCAD then open SnowLake dwg e Load FieldLog using the menu e Logon to the SnowLake database using fl logon from the AutoCad command line or the FieldLog men
241. s foliations and so on Now we ll use the structural browser to pick a first phase foliation from the selection offered Click the Feature field then the Tree button The Symbol Tree browser appears ik Quit Next rro Paene Click Planar then Foliation then s foll and click OK To add the chosen symbol to the table press Return Enter 123 as the azimuth and 45 as the dip Your browser should look like the one shown below FIELDLOG Add to Table Project SnowLake El Table struc STATNUM mel FEATURE soll AZIMUTH 123 pido DIP 45 T MEE BASENUMBER 268 RIENE conri Image FP Attach Input Palette Points M Plot 4 D Quit 6 Click Enter Data then place the symbol on the map 7 Your map should look similar to the one shown at the right 8 To exit the Add to Table dialog box click Quit Congratulations you ve successfully added a station a lithology and a structural measurement to the FieldLog database Adding a Sample to Station mel For practice and to illustrate a few other features of FieldLog we ll now guide you through entering some more data to the map In the Add to Table dialog box select the SnowLake database and the SAMPL table FieldLog 3 Users Guide 23 Adding and Editing Data in FieldLog 3 To Plot or Not to Plot Remember that when you add data to FieldL
242. s for the production of final output maps and diagrams Furthermore AutoCAD is available on many hardware platforms enabling you to use the combination of FieldLog and AutoCAD in situations ranging from a laptop in the field to a workstation in the lab FieldLog 3 Users Guide Why Use FieldLog 10 FieldLog 3 Users Guide CHAPTER 2 Starting FieldLog Introduction This is the beginning of the introductory tutorial to FieldLog We assume here that FieldLog is installed and working and that the sample data for the Snowlake tutorial project is installed If this isn t the case refer to Appendix A Installing FieldLog and then return here Because FieldLog is an extension to AutoCAD you must operate it from within AutoCAD In this chapter you learn how to Log on to FieldLog e Browse a sample database Log off FieldLog Logging on to a FieldLog Database Starting AutoCAD Before you can log on to a FieldLog database you must start AutoCAD and open a drawing Refer to your AutoCAD manual for instructions on starting AutoCAD and opening a drawing In this tutorial we use snowlake dwg a map of the Snow Lake area of northern Manitoba This map has all of the common elements found in a geological field map a topographic base location information geologic contacts and a coordinate system Bailes A H and Galley A G 1993 Geology of the Anderson Stall volcanic hosted massive sulphide area Snow
243. s in two formal versions SQL 89 SQL 1 and SQL 92 SQL2 Object oriented systems are less well defined but many adhere to an evolving object model Cattel 1996 that proposes a syntax for database definition ODL and another for database manipulation OML these are typically implemented in conjunction with existing object oriented programming languages such as Java or C The emerging SQL3 standard attempts to bridge the gap between the relational and object worlds by providing a common database language However it s still in development Data Modelling Modelling is a complex task which attempts to capture the intricacies of real world situations including the characteristics of real world objects events and object event interrelations Modelling by its very nature is from a particular point of view often a combination of the view of an expert in the system being described the earth wildlife surface geology and an expert in implementing models on computer systems databases forward modelling Thus the modelling process occurs at many levels of abstraction for any described situation In a geological mapping situation the real world objects modelled typically range widely from the details of individual observations to their interconnections to their synthesis into explanatory structures When the modelling process is intended to produce a data manipulation framework the conceptual setting in which it occurs is typic
244. s that were more specifically types of granitoids Examples of Using Dictionaries and Profiles Although Dictionaries and Profiles can be created modified and deleted using advanced tools in fl setup gt Dictionary Setup you can make basic changes to existing Profiles using the Profile browser accessed with the List button on the fl add panel You can also create new Profiles using the Input button This allows you to modify Profiles during data entry to reflect new terminology and create new Profiles when a column in a table could benefit from a classification system Before You Begin If you aren t logged on to FieldLog and the SnowLake database follow the steps from Chapter 2 to open snowlake dwg and log on e Start AutoCAD then open SnowLake dwg 72 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Examples of Using Dictionaries and Profiles e Load FieldLog using the menu e Logon to the SnowLake database using fl logon from the AutoCAD command line or the FieldLog menu At this point you should see a map of the SnowLake area Zoom out to view the entire map before you start the dictionary profile tutorial Dictionary Access 1 Use fl add to add a new station on the map using the following values UTMX UTMY UTMZ leave blank Station Type Outcrop Station Number me4 airphoto none Traverse Number 30 Outcrop Number none 2 Add a structural observation for this station using the following values Don t click Enter Data w
245. sing hundreds of examples from past centuries Tufte covers all aspects of making clear and informative graphics and maps Tufte E R 1983 The Visual Display of Quantitative Information Graphics Press Cheshire Connecticut Tufte s first book is not strictly about spatial graphics but it is a classic in illustrating techniques for making graphs and charts clear and informative Tufte E R 1996 Visual Explanations Graphics Press Cheshire Connecticut Tufte s latest book and most ambitious is an attempt to look at what defines understandability in information graphics A source of inspiration for thematic diagrams more than a directly applicable book on cartography or map design the book is beautifully laid out and written FieldLog 3 Users Guide 169 170 FieldLog 3 Users Guide
246. specify the directory containing the project template e g cASnowLake for the SnowLake project e multiple users ignore e split ignore e allow filesearch ignore e send project data or projects may be uploaded to FWPro 88 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Working with FieldLog and the Newton Problem Solving Other Alternatives FWPro has excellent troubleshooting Their manual is a good place to start Their web site also has an informative FAQ dealing with transfer problems If all else fails contact FWPro and they will try and advise you FWPro Import Project Notes Large project setup files with many pick lists can exceed the Newton s memory capacity and cause projects to only load partially To overcome this eliminate or shorten some of the pick lists e Specify a filename in the edit box beside Open for the configuration the configuration can be recalled afterwards by opening the filename e To save the configuration click Save 3 On your Newton e Choose Extras gt Unfiled Icons then select FWPro e At the top left corner select Project then Import e Change the information in the Options box to reflect the settings from the PC 4 On your PC e Click Transfer e Select your project template file i e project txt e Click Open FWC responds with Tap Import on you HPC now Don t click OK in this message box yet Note You MUST tap the import button on the Newton AFTER you hav
247. splaying mapping done by one geologist or mapping done after a certain date About Space Location on the surface of the earth is specified using a coordinate system In Canada the two common methods used are geographic coordinates or latitude longitude and Universal Transverse Mercator or UTM UTM is a map projection or a method of transforming locations on a globe to a flat sheet with a minimum of distortion FieldLog can convert between most major projections and can simultaneously record locations into multiple projections automatically converting between them as data is entered The SnowLake database is an example of where two coordinate systems are used the map is stored in a user grid coordinate system and the positions are transcribed into UTM The Select from Profile dialog box appears listing possible values FIELDLOG Select from Profile 7 Choose 63k16 then click OK 8 Once you re back in the Add to Table dialog box press Enter 9 For FieldDate type 19960621 or today s date then press Enter 10 For Summary type Quick tour of island then press Enter 11 To add the record to the traverse table click Enter Data at the bottom FieldLog assumes that you ll be adding more traverses to the database so it increments the traverse number by one and returns you to the Add to Database dialog box If you want to enter data to another table you can easily change tables using the T
248. standard database query language and its limitations Frank A U 1992 Spatial Concepts Geometric Data Models and Geometric Data Structures Computers and Geosciences v 18 p 409 417 A thorough review of data models as used in GIS with an excellent reference list attached FieldLog 3 Users Guide 161 Frodeman R L 1996 Envisioning the Outcrop Journal of Geoscience Education v 44 p 417 427 A review of the philosophical issues in field data collection from a philosopher who went back to school to study geology Gahegan M 1997 The Visualization of Relationships Between Geographic Datasets Proceedings of Geocomputation 1997 and SIRC 1997 p 335 343 This paper presents an attempt to look at the complex relationships in geographic data using visualization tools in 2d and 3d Although fairly academic the kinds of approaches here will show up in the next generation of GIS tools on the market Goodchild M F 1992 Geographic Data Modelling Computers and Geosciences v 18 p 401 408 We don t only collect data we then do something with it The analysis that follows data collection is the topic of this paper Krige D G 1999 Essential basic concepts in mining geostatistics and their links with geology and classical statistics South African Journal of Geology v 102 p 147 151 A review of the concepts of geostatistics including comments on validation and biases Geostatistical tools are ke
249. structure for your own work involves adding fields to tables the overall table structure is usually constant Changing the table structure is a straightforward process in FieldLog and is managed by Fl Setup gt Table Setup Example Using Table Setup As an example we ll examine the table structure underlying the Sample table Choose FieldLog gt FI Setup Choose Setup gt Table Setup The Table Setup dialog box appears N a FIELDLOG Table Setup SnowLake Table Column Delete Save New Setup Points Input Palette Move Purge Cen Use the radio buttons to select the project table or table column to modify To select a table a project must be first selected Type Char indicates that this is an alphanumeric field Length indicates that only a single character is recorded Decimals is in this case are irrelevant The alternative choices for Type are variations on numeric types including floating point real and integer values in various precisions To exit column setup click Quit 3 Select the SnowLake project Click the Table radio button A list of available tables appears AAA Project SnowLake Table SAMPL Column UNITS z Delete Save New Setup Points Input Palette Move Purge 1 Note that at this point the New button is available allowing us to create an entire new table However
250. subsets of the data that have specific characteristics where are the granite outcrops where are the steep structural fabrics where are the mafic rocks that were sampled where are the sedimentary rocks with known bedding orientation that also had tops determined Locating subsets of the data based on location isolate all of the stations that are in the northeast quadrant of the map for output to a more detailed map find all structural measurements that were made within 1km of a specified fault zone plot a stereonet of all structural measurements in an irregular area Locating subsets based on complex combinations of characteristics and location make a stereonet of all planar fabrics recorded in mafic volcanics within an irregularly defined zone where the mapping was done by a specified geologist Since a spatial decision support system can handle most possible geological questions in principal the usual limiting factor on analysis is the availability and continuity of suitable data Consistency of terminology and detail is crucial FieldLog supports these type of analysis by providing a rigorous data model for the storage of the field information and by providing powerful database and spatial search tools to act on the stored data FieldLog is capable of performing composite searches including any of the types used as examples above and returning the solution to the question as a table Once inspected the resul
251. symbol must originate from an AutoCAD shape library FieldLog provides tools to ease the construction of these libraries See Appendix A Suggested symbol and text sizes scale symbol text size size 1 20 000 12 25 1 50 000 40 80 1 250 000 200 400 and symbol display Whenever you start using a new map with an existing FieldLog database project you MUST perform map setup The map setup preferences are actually embedded in the map and saved with the map when you perform an AutoCAD save e g File gt Save Thus map setup need only be performed a single time for each map and once the map is saved those preferences are activated each time the map is used with FieldLog Of course to change Map Setup preferences the map must be saved for the changes to take effect in future sessions 1 To access map setup click Map Setup in the FieldLog Setup button box The Map Setup dialog box appears SnowekeGid Bl 2 500000 Map projection Symbol scale Text height 4 500000 40 000000 North angle Clockwise angles Y Note that although these values pertain only to the current map associated with a FieldLog database they are all required for FieldLog to function Projection before using a map with FieldLog you must assign a working projection to the map This projection relates points on the map to actual locations on the earth s surface It also permits seamless conversion b
252. t a time This means a separate export should take place for each database table e Column delimiter is the character that separates columns in the export file Typical column delimiters are commas spaces and tabs For all delimiters except tabs only the actual character is typed into this field e g For tabs the word tab must be typed e Text delimiter is the character that encloses text columns The double quote is a common text delimiter Note that if your database contains this character in data entries significant problems will result e Symbol scale is a scale factor applied to exported symbols Leaving this field blank causes symbols to be exported at their current size e Text height is the new text height Leaving this field blank causes text to be exported at its current height on the map e Projection selects the output coordinate system FieldLog assumes the output coordinate system is that of the current map If you want to project the map to another coordinate system e g UTM to lat long geographic select an alternate projection from the list e File name type a complete file name e g c SnowLake structdata E00 e Spatial data type choose one of the three spatial data type buttons 100 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Exporting Data from Your FieldLog Database e Point for exporting symbols i e shapes blocks and text Select the Text option if you want to attach database information to
253. t each entry under minerals represents a distinct assemblage and not a composition of separate observations From the alternate perspective where each entry in the minerals column is an individual observation as opposed to the totality of the assemblage it may be wiser to create a MINERALS table Figure B 10 In fact if minerals isn t considered an assemblage then the LITHOLOGY table above would be un normalized as it would contain repeating values albeit within a single column In that case it should be decomposed MINERALS table site_id rock_id rock_type site_id rock_id minerals percentage 1 1 granite 1 1 biotite 10 1 2 dacite 1 1 chlorite 20 2 1 granite 1 1 quartz 30 2 2 rhyolite 1 2 plagioclase 10 LITHOLOGY table 1 2 chlorite 20 Figure B 10 The Figure B 9 table normalized FieldLog 3 Users Guide 151 From this example it s evident that database design must reflect the semantic underpinnings of the subject area In doing so it s first necessary to determine what these semantic concepts are before arranging them into a database schema The task of identifying relevant concepts and relations for inclusion in the database represents another aspect of database design Bibliography Bonham Carter G F 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Geoscientists Modelling with GIS Pergamon Tarrytown New York p 43 50 Codd E F 1970 A Relational Model of Data for Lar
254. tation John Wiley and Sons New York New York ISBN 0 471 98575 9 278 p Research Level Book A collection of papers on computation with geospatial data Not specifically geological and transcends GIS to talk about spatial data in general Interesting as a view on what the current research directions in spatial computing are FieldLog 3 Users Guide 163 Borrough P A and McDonnell R A 1998 Principles of Geographical Information Systems Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 823365 5 A very solid introduction to GIS and some aspects of spatial statistics Key features are a solid treatment of error analysis fuzzy set approaches to GIS and a detailed overview of interpolation techniques Laurini R and Thompson D 1992 Fundamentals of Spatial Information Systems Academic Press ISBN 0 12 438380 7 680 p Research Level Book Everything you never wanted to know about the internal workings of GIS including both advanced raster techniques and vector techniques This is not a book about USING GIS as much as a book about how the GIS works A good book for finding out what is going on behind the scenes MacEachren A M 1995 How Maps Work Representation Visualization and Design Guilford Press ISBN 0 89862 589 0 Research Level Book This book is as much about how we see maps as it is about how maps are physically made whether by computer or hand While it won t directly teach you about GIS data structures and s
255. tches in FieldLog by querying the database and displaying selected image columns You can also display sketches by plotting a symbol for the filename to the map and then retrieving the database record for that symbol with fl edit selecting the image name column and clicking the Image button However before images can be viewed they must be converted from gif format to bmp or tif formats and the filenames in the FieldLog database must be changed accordingly Exporting Data from Your FieldLog Database One of FieldLog s strengths is its interface capabilities Data can be easily exported in a wide variety of formats compatible with other platforms Export format options in FieldLog include ArcINFO E00 MapINFO MIF spans TBA VEC and TXT files for exporting to text editors spread sheets word processors and most other data oriented software In addition many software packages can directly read FieldLog tables since these are simply Dbase III format tables If you do use FieldLog tables directly make sure that the program you re using doesn t modify the table structure as this would cause problems with FieldLog The cartographic aspect of FieldLog data can also be exported as DXF Digital Exchange Format and many GIS packages directly read AutoCAD files Lines contacts faults and other macroscopic features drawn using AutoCAD as well as topographic bases are generally exported using dxf format There are t
256. te dictionary arranged in a hierarchical manner Geologists are encouraged to retain this core during daily operation but they may evolve the lower levels of the hierarchy to meet individual and project needs Thus a degree of corporate uniformity is maintained without sacrificing flexibility of use The dictionary is in fact a form of metadata that store definitions abbreviations and long forms of common geological terms Dictionaries enforce not only common spelling of a term but also provide an easy way to check definitions and so support a uniformity of usage of terms a much more difficult problem in large GIS projects The profile is essentially a hierarchical view of the terminology within a dictionary It also links to palettes to provide controls on symbology and links to the dictionary to provide access to the meaning of the terms Arranging geological terms hierarchically is crucial in recording and especially analysing geological observations since the inexact nature of geological fieldwork virtually guarantees that descriptions will be more specific in well exposed and geologically clear cut areas and more general in poorly exposed or highly ambiguous areas As FieldLog can search within hierarchies using the fl query tool it s possible to analyse data despite differences in the level of classification For example a hierarchical query looking for granitoids would find not only rocks labelled as granitoids but also rock
257. te different layer names for the different symbols you re creating Make the layer of the symbol you want to create current Create the symbol using pline or arc taking care to start and end arcs and plines on 1 grid points Label your symbol and give it a point of origin by typing its name using dtext The start point of the text becomes the point of origin Save the drawing file Repeat steps 2 to 5 for each symbol created Make a dxf file e InRl4 Make a version R12 dxf and save to the Program Files AutoCADR14 Support directory Open the dxf file in a word processing package or text editor Scroll down to the table section and modify the Dimstyle table portion to look like this 0 TABLE 2 DIMSTYLE 70 0 0 ENDTAB 0 ENDSEC Save your file as a dxf text file e In R12 Save your dxf file to Acadwin Support directory Go to the DOS prompt either using the Start gt Programs gt Command Prompt icon in Windows or shell out in AutoCAD by typing shell and then pressing enter twice At the command line type FieldLog 3 Users Guide 123 DXF2SHX DXFfilename DXF SHXfilename SHX e The conversion program executes quickly and ends with writing shapes done if all went well e To exit DOS type exit and press Enter e To verify the process has worked correctly begin a new drawing in AutoCAD load the symbol library and insert a shape e Type load at the com
258. text e g when the only information being plotted from a table is a text field such as lithology or geologist names Don t select the text option if the text is related to a symbol e g structural symbol and dip as database information would be generated in the export file for both the symbol and the text e Line for exporting plines e Polygon for exporting single closed plines i e polygons Note If you want to export 3 different types of spatial data point line polygon then you must create three separate export files Moreover if you want to export database data with each map entity then each table could need to be exported separately requiring 3 spatial data types x N database tables export files 2 Click Plot 3 You are prompted to make your entity selection set Select the entities to export from the screen then press Enter to begin exporting After completion FieldLog reports the number of entities plotted to the file Exporting Data Using Fl query Fl query generates an export file through the usual FieldLog fl query process However instead of plotting your results to a map you can plot them to an export file Your data selection set won t be confined to your current drawing file but can be any subset of your entire project database Unlike fl export the fl query export files are generated with cartographic defaults that can be modified For information on performing FieldLog database queries r
259. that match your query If you move to the bottom of the list you should see the two measurements mel and me2 that you entered into the database FieldLog 3 Users Guide 37 Querying a Database FIELDLOG Scroll Table STATNUM FEATURE AZIMUTH DIP UTMX UTMY 54 sfoll 111 54 437047 6078998 8283 sfoll 182 83 437216 6077796 8283 sfoll 210 75 437216 6077796 8543 sfoll 228 88 435942 6079290 8545 sfoll 218 40 435817 6079218 8547 sfoll 218 42 435812 6078999 8548 sfoll 214 50 435974 6079020 8549 sfoll 217 68 435964 6079115 8551 sfoll 242 60 436164 6079253 8552 sfoll 254 35 436259 6079208 8553 sfoll 232 50 436065 6079393 8554 sfoll 214 65 436049 6079527 8555 sfoll 222 55 436209 6079407 8556 sfoll 252 60 436258 6079345 8557 soll 238 55 436465 6079414 Top Next Modify Modiiy All i Bot 2 a eee MAP TABLE Text AT Arcinfa FNN 4 To plot the symbols select MAP from the Plot pop up Remember that AutoCAD is acting as a drafting engine and FieldLog is acting as a notes storage and query engine If you plot to a map FieldLog tells AutoCAD to draw new symbols to the map Unlike the results in many desktop GIS programs these entities are permanent and have to be erased manually to clear them The Plot Options dialog box appears asking which items to plot Depending on what you re plotting you may be able to specify parameters Select STRUC FEATURE and STRUC DIP then
260. the line or have it centred over the entire length The linetype can be preset by assigning a specific line type to a specific layer When lines are added to this layer they inherit the assigned linetype Linetypes can be changed by editing the layer attribute or by selecting individual lines and using the chprop command to modify them Scale you may have to adjust the scale of the linetype in order to see the pattern attributed to the line This is done using the Itscale command The default value is 1 The lower the value the more patterns dashes for example per line segment AutoCAD to always try to find a vertex to jump to whenever you click the cursor a useful feature for making maps see OSNAP below Pedit Pedit allows you to modify an existing polyline Things you can do with pedit include e Assign a width to the line e Edit a vertex e Join lines and close polygons Options under pedit include Close Join Width Edit vertex Fit Spline Decurve Ltype gen Undo eXit lt X gt Primarily you use pedit to join lines close polygons change line widths and rearrange polyline vertices using a pedit submenu called Edit vertex Options under Edit vertex are Next Previous Break Insert Move Regen Straighten Tangent Width eXit lt N gt N shifts the currently selected vertex shown on your screen as an X on a vertex to the next vertex P shifts the currently selected vertex shown on your screen as an X on a v
261. ting FieldLog v3 0 takes advantage of affordable pen based data entry technology offered by the Apple Newton by exporting a field database structure to the Newton and importing collected data from it The FieldLog database format is transferred to the Apple Newton where it is displayed intact including all relevant hierarchical profiles Fig B 2 Commercial software Fieldworker operates on the Newton to receive the FieldLog project template and present it for data entry Data may be hand written on a touch sensitive screen or typed on a small screen resident keypad A GPS can be connected to the Newton and its locations directly read by the Fieldworker software permitting complete data entry to occur in the field The resultant data are exported to FieldLog in a specialized text file format and are merged into the project database FieldLog interfaces to mobile computing devices other than the Apple Newton using standard import export formats FieldLog v3 0 has also been successfully utilized on the outcrop via portable pen based computers operating AutoCAD under the Windows 95 NT operating systems 130 FieldLog 3 Users Guide A Brief Description of FieldLog TYPICAL FIELDWORKER PRO STATI SCREEN Station Number Sequence station pick list for project number Newstathy SPORE ACE be ghg ca Se que ace covth aes afer De be All O Esa j o NR 96292 4 EQU 69 1996 9 12 PM a seal Last Point Only 47 29 651 N 66
262. ting oriented description of some logical data model The results of a modelling process must ultimately be applied in a computing environment be it spatial GIS Geographical Information System or non spatial RDBMS Relational Database Systems Object Oriented Database Systems or both Before this can occur a model must first minutely and exactly describe the type and behaviour of the information to be managed by the database This process usually involves the undertaking of requirements analysis and database modelling resulting in a particular database design for a given subject area and set of data Once a design is formulated it can be initiated within a database system the resultant database can be populated with data and finally the database becomes useful for thematic querying It s important to design and populate the database for optimum querying both in terms of conceptual completeness as well as performance efficiency A bad database design can result in slow incomplete or incorrect responses Database design is generally conducted in stages consisting of requirements analysis and data modelling The needs of a subject area are identified during the requirements analysis and these in turn lead to the identification of critical concepts their interactions and other implementation criteria all of which constitute the database model Database models are as discussed usually described at the three levels of semantic conce
263. tions are further defined by spatial partition segment often vertical within their site or region of origin a stratigraphic section at some field site or a drill core segment within a drill hole Once spatial positioning is accounted for the relationships between observed data are semantic in nature as observers are discipline specific Geologists observe rock soil scientists observe soil and biologists observe flora or fauna These themes are generally described in terms of their composition compose or disposition genesis all of which may be sampled Composition describes a theme s internal constitution such as mineralogy or alteration within rocks whereas disposition describes the theme in terms of its setting and the processes leading to its specific often physical configuration Disposition may be described within a specific theme type or it may be macroscopic to the theme For instance structural processes display the following characteristic it s possible to discuss FieldLog 3 Users Guide 153 faulting within a rock type at a site and also to discuss regional scale faulting which encompasses the site All of themes rocks compositions minerals or dispositions structures may be sampled sample Samples may further undergo various analysis analysis such as geochemical geochronological petrographic and so on Themes compositions dispositions samples and analyses can be attributed to any spat
264. to do is look at an unfiltered portion of the database we don t want to look at the entire database just few of the fields from two tables This is achieved by selecting some of the database columns from the Output list Because no further constraint is placed on the database all the occurrences of data from those columns are returned as rows in the result table This amounts to building a quick summary of your field database and is analogous to asking the question show me all the data stored in the specified fields 4 Choose the following from the Output list LITHO ROCKNUM LITHO ROCKTYPE STATI UTMX STATI UTMY STATI UTMZ These correspond to a numeric identifier for each lithology at a station as well as a rock name from the LITHO table and a station location from the STATI table You can select and deselect entries on the list with successive mouse clicks 5 Torun the query click OK A message box appears indicating that FieldLog is running the query When the query is done click OK to display the query results where you can use the Scroll Table dialog box to quickly view large amounts of data 6 Click OK 14 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Browsing the SnowLake Database Note that the columns in the table aren t aligned This can happen if your Windows system font isn t set to a fixed width spacing Fixed width spacing is possible in DOS and Windows 3 1 but not in Windows 95 98 NT environments R12
265. to the real world domain at the physical level of the computer in terms of bytes records and files Any one of these perspectives are commonly referred to as a type of data model Hence the term data model is often used to describe the product of a modelling process usually as a database design for a particular real world domain as well as the method and rules of abstraction used to generate such representations of reality For instance it isn t uncommon to speak of geometric data models or geological data models these are each abstractions containing domain specific concepts and rules that are widely applicable In another sense however the computing paradigm in which the models are formed be it relational object oriented or some other is also a data model of a data model i e a meta model such as UML Rumbaugh et al 1999 as it describes how the domain models are created and how their architecture behaves In some cases the domain specific model is called a database model Burrough 1992 Teory 1988 as database design is the ultimate purpose at hand This notion of the model being directly expressed as a database design may be attributed to the seminal work of Codd on relational databases Codd 1970 which has caused data modelling to become inextricably linked with database design As a result the relational data model has become the standard example of a data model This initial notion of a data model providing both a concept
266. ts can be dynamically displayed on the current map view plotted as a thematic diagram such as a stereonet or rose diagram exported to another desktop GIS tool or archived to disk FieldLog further supports naming the question itself so that a library of common questions can be built up to speed analysis In addition to the ability to search and display results the system must also be capable of handling cartographic design as required by a geological map Advanced GIS tools can produce publication quality maps with ease in fact most modern maps are produced using GIS At the level of field geology needs are more modest and the ability to draw polygonal areas lines with variable linetype and add text labels is often sufficient to make field maps FieldLog supports cartography via AutoCAD using the traditional AutoCAD drawing tools to handle line text and polygonal area drawing and extending AutoCAD greatly to handle the dynamic display of text structural symbology and descriptive data interactively between the field database and the current map FieldLog 3 Users Guide Summary Summary FieldLog is a rudimentary GIS that stores geological information at points or related to linework It provides projection transformation and export support and has an intuitive and very powerful geological query mechanism that can create various geological diagrams FieldLog runs within AutoCAD which provides excellent drafting tool
267. ttes are covered in Chapter 7 Before You Begin If you aren t logged on to FieldLog and the SnowLake database follow the steps from Chapter 2 to open snowlake dwg and log on e Start AutoCAD then open SnowLake dwg Load FieldLog using the menu e Logon to the SnowLake database using fl logon from the AutoCad command line or the FieldLog menu At this point you should have a map of the SnowLake area displayed Zoom out to view the entire map before you start the tutorial Benefits of Using Layers In Chapter 6 we ll discuss the importance of AutoCAD layers for separating different data types during map preparation In this section we briefly introduce you to using AutoCad layers in FieldLog The following assumes you re familiar with basic AutoCAD functionality The foliations we added to the SnowLake database in Chapter 3 are on a layer named S FOL 1 To open AutoCAD s layer control panel type ddlmodes in the AutoCAD command line or select the analogous icon from one of AutoCAD s toolbars AutoCAD s Layer Control dialog box appears o thew _ Thaw Freeze Current Layer 0 Layer Name Color Linetype 0 white CONTINUOUS OGEOP oe cyan CONTINUOUS AME_FRZ Site conminuous LUaleek Lock BORDER_MAP On white CONTINUOUS BORDER_TRANSFORM white CONTINUOUS Cur VP The CONTACTS ne yellow CONTINUOUS DRAINAGE BA blue CONTINUOUS New vp fiw white CONTINUOUS white CONTINUOUS
268. ty between the relations it doesn t prevent LITHOLOGY and STRUCTURE from being related say in a query but it does prevent them from being existentially dependent Foreign keys are initially specified with this goal in mind as they are declared solely for clarifying the nature of the existential dependence of the foreign key with its target relation This is usually specified in terms of behaviour for inserting updating or deleting tuples from the database For instance when the value of a primary key is modified should any related foreign key tuples FieldLog 3 Users Guide 145 also be modified If a primary key value is deleted should the tuples containing its foreign key values also be deleted Each of these questions may be typically answered by one of four action options restricts cascades nullifies or defaults The database operation could thus be restricted from occurring it could cascade to the related tables it could set to null the foreign keys in the related tables or it could change the foreign key values to a pre determined default value For instance altering a station number value SITE_ID in a tuple in the STATION relation could be responded to in one of the following ways by the related foreign keys e If identical station numbers exist in STRUCTURE or LITHOLOGY then the system prohibits alteration of the station number restricts e If cascades is specified then the matching station numbers in the for
269. u At this point you should have a map of the SnowLake area displayed Zoom out to view the entire map before you start the palette tutorial Simple Palette Changes In this exercise we ll change the palette for structural symbols so that all planar structures plot in red and all linear structures plot in green 1 First zoom in to an area where you can see an existing structure Type 1 add at the command prompt or select it from the menu and select the STRUC table Notice palette button near the bottom of the dialog box This is how we ll access the palette 2 Select the Feature column in the table then click the Palette button 68 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Example of Modifying Palettes About Structural Measurements Structural observations are representations of the three dimensional orientation of observed features Since a simple observation of strike and dip by itself is ambiguous does a strike of 80 degrees mean that the object dips off to the right or left a common method for recording structures is to record planar structures such that when looking in the direction of the strike the object dips off to the right This is informally known as the right hand rule Using this system strikes range from 0 to 360 degrees and dips from 0 to 90 degrees For linear objects record the trend as the facing direction when the object plunges away and down and the plunge as the angle at which it drop
270. u can reuse it easily Furthermore if there s an error you don t have to re enter the entire query Choosing the Input for a Query First you choose the table you want to query and then you select the columns that you want included in the query Remember that the tables are organized to roughly mimic the organization of fieldwork traverses stations and structure lithological sample and photo observations Here we want to look for structural information 1 Select STRUC FEATURE from the Column pop up Connector Column Op 4 STRUC FEATURE STRUC FEATURE M STRUC AZIMUTH struc STRUC TOP STRUC BASENUMBER Build search c The current line in the Condition box queries the feature name in the Structure table Since this is the field that names the individual structural entities this is where you search to eliminate structures that don t meet chosen criterion Select from the Operator pop up Click inside the Value edit box then click Tree The Tree Selection dialog box appears Tree selection is based on a hierarchical organization of nomenclature Select s foll from the PLANAR gt FOLIATION section of the tree S foll appears inside the Value edit box If you know the name of the value you want to query you can type its name directly into the Value edit box The query we ve entered STRUC FEATURE s foll finds any entries in the structure table that are s foll s
271. ual framework as well as a logical mapping into computing constructs has been under review for some time Computational driven frameworks usually expressed in form of an algebra with mathematical operators as in the relational model are seen as being generally insufficient in expressing many semantic relationships between data Because of this conceptual models use semantically richer often non mathematical operators However this results in their translation to computing environments being more complex or impossible to implement with commercial systems In fact semantic models are often generalized to logical models such as the relational model which in turn may be implemented with more ease directly on a computer The generalization of a domain specific and operator rich semantic model to a logical model is fraught with difficulties The semantic logical split in design leads to the concept of abstract modelling occurring at two levels the conceptual and the logical Each may in fact use a separate underlying data model for their expression and are in fact quite removed from the specific details of the computing environment In addition the specific physical configuration of the computing implementation may also be considered and this third layer is referred to as a physical model It s also often referred to as 136 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Data Models a data structure but also inadvertently as a data model being a compu
272. uch it will make your maps much clearer Unique and very challenging due to the breadth of issues covered from neural aspects of perception to map symbolization to GIS Monmonier M 1991 How To Lie With Maps University of Chicago Press Chicago Illinois ISBN 0 226 53415 4 A very readable guide to intellectual self defence in map interpretation and analysis Not specifically a GIS book but a key guide to understanding how maps may be used to mislead Peuquet D J and Marble D F 1990 Introductory Readings in Geographic Information Systems Taylor and Francis ISBN 0 85066 856 5 A collection of wide ranging references on GIS divided into background practical applications and more theoretical design and evaluation sections The practical applications section is somewhat dated but the other sections are still classics in the fundamentals of GIS The book is similar to a textbook in scope but in self contained paper form Jones C 1997 Geographical Information Systems and Computer Cartography Longman ISBN 0 582 04439 1 A wonderful compact overview of all aspects of GIS and cartographic systems ranging from the basic to the very advanced Readable useable accessible Limited number of color plates keeps the price down but limits what can be shown in remote sensing sections 164 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Books MacEachren A M 1994 SOME Truth with Maps A Primer on Symbolization and Design Associatio
273. uerying FieldLog It is often advantageous to immediately visualize imported data particularly in collaborative and multi disciplinary mapping situations If you have downloaded data from the Newton you must plot the new data to the map on a table by table basis This requires a separate query plot operation for each imported file table Since you can name queries in FieldLog this is not as arduous as it sounds You simply need to modify a standard query In FieldLog 1 Choose fl query 2 Starting with the STATI table e In the condition box specify the station range you just transferred e g stati stanum gt 52 AND stat stanum lt 252 e Name this query using a name that reflects the range e g st53 252 e In the Output box select stati statnum stati utmx stati utmy Stati utmz and stati statype e Run the query e Plot the statnum and the column which contains the outcrop symbol usually either statype or statumx to the AutoCAD map Select another table e g LITHO and select the query name reflecting the range of stations you want to plot in this case st53 252 e Inthe Output box select stati statnum stati utmx stati utmy stati utmz litho statnum and litho rocktype Remember that you always need the UTM values when plotting to the map e Run the query e Plot any lithological information usually litho rocktype that you want to display on the map 4 Systematically go through your remaining
274. ufol 436781 60796 LITHO BASENUMBER Basalt sufol 436781 60796 LITHO STATNUM Basalt sfoll 436209 60794 Image or Sketch TABLE Exporting Query Results Before exiting the query you can also export the results to a text file This is useful for preparing a report exporting data into another program or archiving subsets of a database To export query results to a text file 1 Select Text txt from the Plot pop up 44 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Conclusions 2 For output select all items except for those ending in BASENUMBER These are internal FieldLog record numbers and generally aren t useful outside of the program Select UTM ZONE 14 NAD27 from the Projection pop up FieldLog allows you to re project the station locations This can be crucial when e Exporting data into other programs e Matching specific data format requirements e Standardizing data archives Type c 1snowlakel snow txt in the File Name edit box assuming you ve put your sample data in the c snowlake directory FIELDLOG Plot Options SAMPL BASENUMBER SAMPL STATNUM SAMPL REASON LITHO STATNUM LITHO ROCKNUM LITHO ROCKTYPE LITHO CLRWEATH LITHO CLRFRESH STRUC BASENUMBER Column delimiter Symbol scale 0 000 Text delimter Text height 0 000 Projection Utm Zone 14 NAD27 Symbol File Name c snowlake snow txt Plot Quit
275. uires an understanding of what humans are and are not and what limitations they have A glorious book Phillips J L 2000 How To Think About Statistics Sixth Edition W H Freeman amp Company New York New York ISBN 0 7167 3654 3 202 p Statistics is at the core of GIS analysis and this is a good introduction to the fundamental ideas of statistics The treatment is highly descriptive and the reasoning aspect is emphasized Rumbaugh J Blaha M Premerlani W Eddy F and Lorenson W 1991 Object Oriented Modelling and Design Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs New Jersey ISBN 0 13 629841 9 500 p Research Level Book A very good detailed introduction to object modelling and design both for those doing object oriented programming and for those working with object databases Technically challenging but an important foundation for serious programmers and designers Sowa J F 2000 Knowledge Representation Logical Philosophical and Computational Foundations Brooks Cole Pacific Grove California ISBN 0 534 94965 7 593 p Research Level Book Knowledge Representation is the subset of Artificial Intelligence research that deals with how we can store visualize and manipulate representations of real world knowledge in a computer The object oriented programming movement is a direct result for example of research on knowledge representation in simulation languages carried out in the 1960s This book is a thorough int
276. umn called the Unique Number to exist in each table and to contain unique values This provides the system with an unambiguous way of referring to a row and hence to a field observation in a table Other columns such as the station number column in the STATI table may also be unique For more details on relational databases and FieldLog see Appendix B R13 14 Note Images AutoCAD R13 and R14 support the direct incorporation of images into a FieldLog database Supported file formats are R13 TIFF GIF TARGA TGA R14 TIFF TGA BMP unavailable for the column highlighted Dictionary names are a maximum of 5 characters long e Viewing Depth specifies the number of levels visible in the profile browser e Delimiter specifies the character used to separate multiple choices for a profile e Multiple Select Checkbox indicates that the current column may contain multiple entries separated by a delimiter e Edit Checkbox indicates whether the current column is editable e Certain fields are used internally by FieldLog and should not be modified by users The unique number is an example of this e Required Checkbox specifies whether the column must be filled in e Required fields are a crucial tool for ensuring that a minimum level of data is collected and recorded e g STATI Statnum e Repeat Checkbox forces FieldLog to repeat the last value entered into this column when a new record is created e g
277. ut the STATI screen Click on black diamonds to the right of the field name to access picklists If the screen has more than 6 data entry fields black vertical scroll arrows located in the centre of the screen just below the 6th field become active allowing you to scroll down to the 7th or 8th field To get to the next screen either click the black diamond to the left of STATI or click one of the horizontal scroll arrows to the right of the STATI screen 2 Fill out all the screens for that station the same way you would add data to the FieldLog database using Fl add 3 Make sure that you have received the GPS information for the station before moving on to the next station Global Positional Systems GPS What is GPS Global Positioning System GPS is based on a field receiver getting signals from satellites located high 17 600 km above the earth in a stable orbit The travel time of each signal transmitted by a satellite and received by the GPS receiver is computed and your location on the earth s surface is then calculated by triangulation Signals from at least 3 of the 24 orbiting satellites are required for an accurate location signals from a 4th satellite allow your receiver to resolve altitude information Importantly since May 2000 the U S Government has removed intentional scrambling of the GPS signals they were originally scrambled to prevent other governments from using the data to guide missiles This means y
278. vature and other projection problems FieldLog is flexible in this because in addition to standard systems and projections such as UTM Lambert and Geographic Coordinates lat long FieldLog allows you to define a user defined grid projection system It s extremely important that when you digitize a piece of a map you tell FieldLog the correct projection system and datum otherwise FieldLog and AutoCAD can t handle the data correctly Closure The fundamental requirements of a vector GIS are that e Points are accurately positioned e Polygons close exactly 54 FieldLog 3 Users Guide AutoCAD Commands About Basemaps If you re about to embark on a major field project using FieldLog you re facing not only the task of FieldLog setup but also the task of basemap preparation To properly digitize a typographic basemap is a daunting task You may want to consider purchasing digital basemaps from the federal provincial or state government or a third party source In Canada 1 20 000 scale basemaps are available for some areas of provinces from the provincial government 1 250 000 scale basemaps are available from the federal government All are available as DXF files which FieldLog can easily load and if necessary re project to suit your specific needs Accurate positioning includes not only proper placement on the curved surface of the earth but also correct absolute placement if you di
279. w use the Insert and Delete buttons within List to populate your profile See the notes on Profiles below 8 Now set the color of linear structures to green Notice that the position of text around a Linear feature is set to 3 this indicates that associated text such as dips or plunges plot immediately above any Linear symbol Press OK 9 Return to the browser click OK and exit to fl add Quit fl add 10 Run a query using fl query to display all structures you should be able to do that by now If not see chapter 4 Note that they plot in red and green dependent on type We ve just seen that the symbolization controls in FieldLog allow customization that supports dynamic symbolization for making thematic maps Controlling Data Entry with Input One of the key problems facing geological database builders is quality control Misspellings informal terminology and missing data can cripple a GIS database FieldLog has two methods for dealing with this problem First profiles and dictionaries act as on line references for spelling and meaning and allow typing to be replaced by selection from lists to avoid spelling errors Second FieldLog supports controls on all columns in all tables that restrict data access types force columns to be completed and do simple checking on entered data The input controls are accessible from fl edit fl add and fl setup For the statnum field of the STATI table the data entry setup dialog bo
280. white CONTINUOUS white CONTINUOUS Set Ltype Select All W Current Rename PFilters 7 Clear All On Set Color 2 Select the S FOL layer then click Set Color The Select Color dialog box appears 3 Choose red from the Standard Colors list then click OK 4 To exit the Layer Control dialog box and return to your map click OK Note that the foliation symbols and their dip measurements are now red It s a good idea to set AutoCAD s colors up so that different data types have different colors This allows you to keep track of what is going where and where data is in cluttered areas of the map 5 Zoom out to see the whole map 32 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Performing a Simple Query Details Thinking in Queries First of all remember that for a query to be useful it must make geologic sense Before running a query think through what you are doing In this case we are going to isolate all of the first phase foliations observed in the SnowLake area by the workers who built the SnowLake FieldLog database Thinking through the logic carefully can prevent major mistakes in the long run Prior to executing a query that will plot to the map save the drawing You can then revert to the saved drawing if the result is inappropriate or if an error occurs R13 14 Note In R13 14 the first project is automatically selected in the query dat
281. with another relation describing its existential dependency on the other relation A relation is existentially dependent on another relation if it is inconceivable for the first relation to exist without the presence in the database of the second relation For instance it would be meaningless to associate lithology observations or structural measurements to a non existent site field observations are fundamentally dependent on the site at which they were observed Removing the site from the database invalidates any related observations Field data typically contains other existential dependencies such as samples and mineral observations with lithologies and analyses with samples and therefore also with lithologies It s possible for relations to be associated without being existentially dependent they may in fact be simply related For example in some databases most rock samples are collected at well designated field stations however it may also be permissible within this database for a rock sample to be collected without defining a formal field station These rules between relations are called referential integrity constraints Referential integrity is inherently included in the foreign key concept To maintain referential integrity between tables a foreign key consists of one or more attributes that match a primary key in another table Foreign keys are necessary because in the relational model a concept is often distributed amongst mo
282. wo methods for exporting FieldLog data using fl export and fl query Fl export exports some basic AutoCAD entities such as plines shapes blocks and circles and retains their cartographic appearance e g size angle location and so on and related database information in the export file Fl export only exports data plotted to the AutoCAD map You must export database data that s not on the map using fl query Fl query exports data that has been selected via a query even if it isn t plotted to a map The four different export file formats E00 MIF TBA VEC and TXT are available using either method The E00 file an ESRI generated file format is used to import into ArcINFO and ArcView Cartographers using ArcINFO to produce publication quality maps use E00 because they can easily import data no data massaging is necessary It maintains layer integrity and the point data records the location information as well as any rotational information of symbols Database information may remain attached to the cartographic entities if the user chooses Geologists export as E00 98 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Exporting Data from Your FieldLog Database files because they can easily bring their E00 file into Arcview and view manipulate and analyse their data in conjunction with other data sets The MIF file a MapInfo generated file is used to import into MapINFO Like ArcInfo and Spans MapInfo is a GIS that has strong data
283. worked by clicking a drawing entity that should contain attachments Now verify that the outcrop is attached to the database 1 Type 1 edit then click the outcrop s outline If you attached the station to the outcrop correctly the Edit Table dialog box for outcrop 3 appears IELDLOG Edit Table 7 a Project SnowLake El Table outcR gt St Symbol OUTCRNUM KA p AIRPHOTO none Tree COMMENT E BASENUMBER ne Memo Coord image Next TRAVNUM 30 P TEV M Attach Change Data Quit M Plot Conclusions In this chapter you learned how to e Attach data to screen entities e Verify that the attachment took place Summary This tutorial introduced the main concepts you need to use FieldLog Now you re ready to work as a FieldLog user If you want to learn more about FieldLog and AutoCAD here s what you ll find later in this manual Chapter 6 provides details on AutoCAD Chapter 7 covers setup and customization procedures Chapter 8 covers import export procedures and using external databases It also has instructions for mobile computing using an Apple Newton including on site data entry and data transfer to FieldLog Appendix A includes installing FieldLog software and databases project setup software upgrades and custom symbol libraries Appendix B contains a description of FieldLog data models relational databases and FieldL
284. x contains FIELDLOG Data Entry Setup Table STATI Column STATNUM M Edit MRequired MRepeat Profile Mincrement M Unique Fl Maximum Dictionary i Memo I Image M Plot Viewing depth Default Delimiter Minimum i Q M Multiple Select Hadam Quit The Table and Column referred to are indicated at the top of the dialog box The main features of the dialog box are e Profile Name if a profile is attached to the column it s named here To attach a new profile simply name it here and a table is created automatically once the OK button is clicked If the option is greyed out adding a profile is unavailable except through setup or is inappropriate for this column type To attach a new profile you must also define a new dictionary Profile names are a maximum of 5 characters long e Dictionary Name if a dictionary is attached to the column it s named here To attach a new dictionary name it and a table is created automatically once the OK button is pressed If the option is greyed out dictionaries are 70 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Controlling Data Entry with Input Uniqueness FleldLog stores two fundamental types of information in its tables field data and setup information i e information about how the database and project are configured Part of the configuration information for each table is the Unique Number FieldLog requires a numeric col
285. y clear the resulting message to continue saving FIELDLOG Disconnect from database DBMS Database Owner Project dBASE3 SnowLake cAsnow2 Select projects to be logged off Ending an AutoCAD Session To save your drawing and exit AutoCAD 1 Choose File gt Save Remember that FieldLog automatically saves your field observations in a database but all associated map graphics are stored in an AutoCAD drawing dwg file that must be manually saved If you don t save the AutoCAD drawing you lose all graphics that you added or changed dur ing your FieldLog session 2 Choose File gt Exit AutoCad Summary In this chapter you learned how to e Start AutoCAD e Open a Drawing e Start FieldLog e Log on to a FieldLog database e Browse a FieldLog database using the fl query command e Log off e Save an AutoCAD drawing e Exit AutoCAD AutoCAD Novices If you re new to AutoCAD you might want to read Chapter 6 Map Preparation with AutoCAD before continuing the tutorial 16 FieldLog 3 Users Guide CHAPTER 3 Adding and Editing Data in FieldLog 3 Introduction In Chapter 2 you learned how to start FieldLog log on and log off a FieldLog database using fl logon and fl logoff You also reviewed one section of the sample SnowLake database using fl query The key points in Chapter 2 are that databases are external to an AutoCAD drawing which means you need to connect to them explicitly
286. y consisting of several columns as well as a candidate key the unique number which is required for linking to maps and other GIS However because this candidate key isn t composite Boyce Codd normalization complications are avoided and each FieldLog table therefore by definition conforms to se Normal Form For example consider the Sample relation SAMPLE site_id rock_id sample_id sample_type sample_description unique_id It can be related via foreign keys to the station segment rock boundary unit legend and reference tables Its primary key can consist of some or all identifiers from these same tables station number segment number rock number and sample number For example station 1001 3 rock type 2nd sample The critical functional dependencies for this example are site id rock_id sample_id gt sample_type sample_description FieldLog 3 Users Guide 155 site_id rock_id sample_id gt unique_id unique_id gt sample_type sample_description unique_id gt site_id rock_id sample_id Clearly every non primary key attribute is functionally non transitively dependent on the primary key and the relation is in 3 Normal Form Each of FieldLog s table types adhere to this general structure There s one final element of FieldLog which appears to contradict normalization FieldLog allows users to permit multiple entries into a database column particularly where a dictionar
287. y drawing project it using fl project into the desired projection save the reprojected version and then insert the new drawing into the original using INSERT WBLOCK The WBLOCK command writes a block or the entire drawing out to a disk file creating a new DWG file Use this command to get blocks used for symbology out of one DWG file and into another If an entire drawing is exported it can be inserted as a block into another drawing this is an easy way to create composite maps where one map is at a different level of detail than another INSERT Inserts a named block onto the map allowing the user to specify rotation and scale as desired If a drawing is named the entire drawing is converted into a block and written into the file on the fly Advanced Issues Blocks and Attributes Blocks are structures in AutoCAD that are built up out of smaller drawing entities An example might be a north arrow with an N and an arrow or a template for a drawing name date and author Any number of entities may be included with a block up to and including an entire drawing To make a block 1 Make sure all of the related entities are visible then typeblock 2 Type in a unique block name 3 Enter a base insertion point which is the point on the block that the aggregate is inserted around Try this out it isn t exactly intuitive 4 Select the objects you want included in the block The entities disappear Don t worry
288. y identify a row in the table Consider the 1st Normal Form table of field observations It yields the following functional dependencies site_id gt x y site_id rock_id gt rock_type site_id rock_id gt rock_class since rock_type gt rock_class site_id struc_id gt feature azimuth dip rock_id FieldLog 3 Users Guide 149 site_id struc_id gt feat_class since feature gt feat_class From these functional dependencies it s clear that our 1 Normal Form table should be decomposed into three tables adhering to 2d Normal Form This decomposition is intuitive as it should be resulting in tables containing station lithology and structure data Many of the previous update anomalies are overcome largely due to the elimination of much redundant data and the introduction of foreign keys and referential integrity constraints between the tables see the foreign key section above For instance deleting a station from the station table eliminates all lithologies and structures related to that station Modifying a station number or rock identifier is also only performed once with the changes propagated via foreign keys to any related tables However re classifying granites to granitic still requires the complete LITHOLOGY table to be traversed 3rd Normal Form 3 Normal Form overcomes this problem by disallowing attributes to be functionally dependent on the primary key via transitivity In 3
289. y inconsistent if great care isn t exercised Exactly what is entered and the organization of the database itself is an essential part of FieldLog usage The combination of the profiles and forms in FieldLog enforce a level of data collection and furthermore a degree of terminology control that guarantee that large databases are internally consistent The structure shown for the SnowLake dataset is fairly typical of a geological survey s normal focus during mapping but of course all users will want to customize FieldLog to some degree Refer to Chapter 7 for details of customization FieldLog 3 Users Guide 29 Adding and Editing Data in FieldLog 3 30 FieldLog 3 Users Guide CHAPTER 4 Querying a Database Introduction Although FieldLog would be useful if all it did was allow you to plot data to a map and build database files containing field data FieldLog actually does much more it leverages the power of relational databases and CAD programs to enable geologists to change the way geological map analysis is done While serving as a cartographic tool it also incorporates queries similar to those found in geographic information systems and further adds a new class of queries based on a model of how geological nomenclature works Although most of the work you 1l do in FieldLog is data entry and editing the payoff comes when you mine the database for information You can mine your database by Querying
290. y is attached At first this seems to contradict the first rule of normalization However from the discussion above these entries are semantically viewed as one item see the minerals example in the normalization section above Geologic Influences and Relations Finally in the section below all observational table types analysis sample rock can be related to boundary and unit tables This captures the sense that a field observation may critically determine or influence some interpreted entity such as a contact or unit Similarly most table types can be related to some legend entity indicating they impacted the existence of that legend entity For instance a map polygon may be classified by a legend unit indicating that the polygon contributed to the establishment of the legend unit In addition every table type except other may contain a bibliographic reference The final possible relation is the grouping construct which associates two or more rows in a table A column is specified as the grouping column and common values in that column within a station rock sample and so on are considered a group by various FieldLog map operations For instance a station may contain many structural measurements two of which are related perhaps a lineation occurring on the plane of a foliation These could be designated as belonging to a structural group within the station thus defining the relation between them Indexing T
291. y requirements in effectively using sampled data such as geochemical and geophysical measurements Laxton J L and Becken K 1996 The design and implementation of a spatial database for the production of geological maps Computers and Geosciences v 22 p 723 33 A review of the attempts at the British Geologic Survey to build a system for constructing and disseminating geologic maps Examines the issues in digitizing and cartography in detail Milne P Milton S and Smith J L 1993 Geographical Object Oriented Databases A Case Study International Journal of Geographic Information Systems v 7 p 39 55 Object oriented databases offer particular strengths to geological work This early technical paper on OODBMS in GIS sets the stage for current research Newell R G Theriault D and Easterfield M 1992 Temporal GIS Modelling the Evolution of Spatial Data in Time Computers and Geosciences v 18 p 427 33 Handling time in a GIS is tricky and this paper looks at some of the key problems 162 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Books Nyerges T L 1991 Geographic Information Abstractions Conceptual Clarity for Geographic Modelling Environment and Planning A v 23 p 1483 1499 This paper discusses the issue of abstraction in GIS including classification generalization and aggregation issues It delves into the philosophy of GIS modelling including temporal models and the nature of geographic reality
292. y the USGS Papers Baker V L 1999 Geosemiosis Bulletin of the Geological Society of America v 111 p 633 645 An interesting and controversial look at the philosophy of geology based on the semiotic approach in cultural studies Bishr Y 1998 Overcoming the semantic and other barriers to GIS interoperability International Journal of Geographical Information Systems v 12 p 299 314 Interoperability refers to the ability of multiple software systems to share access to data In large projects this is a key issue in whether software tools really help an organization Many of the issues deal with the semantics of data as reviewed in this technical paper Brodaric B and Fyon J A 1989 OGS FieldLog A microcomputer based methodology to store process and display map related data Ontario Geological Survey Open File Report 5709 73 p An early paper on FieldLog and what it can do Read it to see how far FieldLog has progressed 160 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Papers Broome J Brodaric B Viljoen D and Baril D 1993 The NATMAP Digital Geoscience Data Management System Computers and Geosciences v 19 p 1501 1516 A team review by staff at the Geological Survey of Canada this paper summarizes the data flow and cartographic process at the Survey and points out key problems in data management in a large organization Burrough P A 1992 Are GIS Data Structures Too Simple Minded Computers and Ge
293. your view so that the island containing stations mel and me2 is on the right extremity of the screen and fills about 5 of the screen width Selecting a Query Area on a Map In this query you Il pick an area on your drawing and ask FieldLog to list all of the existing structural measurements for that area Make sure you ve zoomed to approximately the area shown in the following figure 1 Type 1 query in the AutoCAD command line or select it from the FieldLog menu 2 In the Query dialog box select SnowLake from the Project pop up 3 In the Name field type StrucArea FieldLog 3 Users Guide 39 Querying a Database Using Objects to Select Areas If you use an existing object to define an area FieldLog allows you to close the object to complete the polygon automatically The object must however be a continuous uninterrupted polyline If Close Polyline is toggled off then FieldLog doesn t accept open polylines to indicate areas Note FieldLog doesn t permit edges of the polygon to overlap This message appears if this occurs Fieldlog ERROR Polygon edges cannot intersect Picking a point outside the AutoCAD window may also cause this message to appear To remedy this cancel the polygon with ESC R13 14 or Ctrl C R12 and start over AutoCAD SNOWLAKE Invalid window specification First corner Cancel Command To choose an area select STATI UTMX
294. ze of the search area using the Aperture Size slider Until you clear the checkbox in the Object Snap dialog box any click that s close enough to an existing vertex that the existing vertex falls inside the Aperture box size there will be a small box around the cursor to show you the size is shifted to the existing vertex instead of appearing at the click location This is useful in map production If the aperture is set relatively small you can quickly draw polygons and always close them exactly try to pick an existing vertex and Osnap automatically shifts the click point for an exact match Try it To use Osnap from the command line type Osnap then type Endpoint for the mode To adjust the aperture size in pixels on your screen type Aperture A value of about 12 isa good starting point Chprop The chprop command allows you to change various properties of selected AutoCAD objects The chprop options are Colour LAyer LType ItScale Thickness colour changes the objects colour layer places the objects on a different layer Itype changes the linetype Itscale changes the linescaling of an object thickness this refers to the z value height The chprop command overrides the object s existing properties For ease of editing maintain cartographic properties at the layer level rather than varying them object by object Text Text allows you to place a single line of text on a drawing It requests a start point a height
295. zp dbf E Natmp dbf 2 Textp dbf 2 Flcolurn dbf Legnd dbf 2 Nts dbf ay Tray dbfi Advanced 2 Fldaturn dbf 2 Legnp dbf 2 Ntsmp dbf 2 Units dbf Flpoint dbf 2 Litho dbf Outcr dbf 2 Flproj dbf E Lithomem dbf 15 Photo dbf Gal Flsymbol dbf 2 Mafid dbf 2 Rock dbf Fitable dbf E Mafip dbf 2 Rocks dbf 2 Fbeform dbf E Miner dbf E Sampl dbf 2 Fbpoint dbf E Minl dbf E Stati bf Find files that a these search criteria File name a Text or property z Eind Now Files of type dBASE IV dbf Last modified any time New Search Not all file types are installed by default To add other file types run the Setup program click Add Remove Data Access Change Option Additional file types are also available in the Office 97 ValuPack az file s found You re prompted to choose an index file ndx which controls the sequence of rows in the database and improves query efficiency If you re using AutoCAD R13 R14 ignore this option and click Cancel For R12 and below click all ndx files prefixed with the name of the table you selected above e g travpri ndx then click Select 108 FieldLog 3 Users Guide Editing FieldLog Data Using External Databases 4 Ifthe link is successful the message Successfully linked to table appears To clear this message click OK To quit linking click Close or select another dbf to link to and repeat the process Look in C snowlake

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